Australian Open-mesterskabet i damesingle 2018 var den 92. turnering om Australian Open-mesterskabet i damesingle. Turneringen var en del af Australian Open 2018 og hovedturneringen blev spillet i Melbourne Park i Melbourne, Victoria, Australien i perioden 15. - 27. januar 2018, mens kvalifikationen blev spillet samme sted den 10. - 14. januar 2018.

Inden turneringen havde fem spillere muligheden for med et godt resultat at overtage førstepladsen på WTA's verdensrangliste fra Simona Halep. De fem spillere var Caroline Wozniacki, Garbiñe Muguruza, Elina Svitolina, Karolína Plíšková og Jeļena Ostapenko. Finalen blev et opgør mellem de to topseedede spillere, Halep og Wozniacki, og dermed blev den kamp direkte afgørende for hvem, der efter turneringen blev nr. 1 på WTA's verdensrangliste.

Mesterskabet blev vundet af andenseedede Caroline Wozniacki, som i finalen vandt med 7-6(2), 3-6, 6-4 over førsteseedede Simona Halep, og som dermed vandt den første grand slam-titel i sin karriere, og som samtidig genvandt førstepladsen på WTA's verdensrangliste. Begge spillere havde tidligere været i to grand slam-finaler uden at vinde, og ingen af dem havde tidligere været i Australian Open-finalen. Wozniacki spillede sin 43. grand slam-turnering, og kun tre kvinder før hende havde brugt flere turneringer på at vinde deres første grand slam-titel i damesingle: Flavia Pennetta (49), Marion Bartoli (47) og Jana Novotná (45).

Både Wozniacki og Halep måtte undervejs i turneringen afværge adskillige matchbolde, inden de nåede frem til finalen. Wozniacki var i anden runde bagud med 1-5 og 15-40 i tredje sæt mod Jana Fett, inden hun med seks vundne partier i træk fik kæmpet sig tilbage i kampen og vandt med 3-6, 6-2, 7-5. Halep var ligeledes ilde ude i sin tredjerunde-kamp mod Lauren Davis, hvor hun sejrede efter at have afværget tre matchbolde i træk for første gang i sin karriere ved stillingen 10-11, inden hun sikrede sig sejren med 4-6, 6-4, 15-13 i en kamp der tangerede rekorden for flest partier i en damesinglekamp ved Australian Open. Og hun gentog kunststykket i sin semifinale, hvor hun sejrede med 6-3, 4-6, 9-7 over 2016-mesteren Angelique Kerber efter at have været nede med to matchbolde ved stillingen 6-5 i tredje sæt. Det var første gang i tennissportens åbne æra, at begge finalister i en grand slam-turnering havde afværget matchbolde undervejs til finalen.

Den forsvarende mester, Serena Williams, stillede ikke op til sit titelforsvar, fordi hun fortsat genoptrænede efter fødslen af sit første barn.

Pengepræmier og ranglistepoint

Den samlede præmiesum til spillerne i damesingle androg A$ 21.520.000 (ekskl. per diem), hvilket var en stigning på ca. 11,3 % i forhold til året før.

Højdepunkter

Kvalifikation

15-årige Marta Kostjuk kvalificerede sig til hovedturneringen ved at vinde tre tre-sæts-kampe i træk i kvalifikationen, hvor hun deltog på et wildcard som den regerende vinder af juniortitlen i pigesingle. Hun blev dermed den første 15-årige kvinde, der kvalificerede sig til en grand slam-hovedturnering i damesingle i 13 år. Sidst det skete var ved Australian Open 2005, hvor Sesil Karatantjeva ligeledes spillede sig igennem kvalifikation og hvor Nicole Vaidišová var direkte kvalificeret til hovedturneringen på grundlag af hende ranglisteplacering.

Første runde

Hele ni af de ti amerikanske spillere i aktion på førstedagen, den 15. januar, måtte forlade turneringen allerede i første runde, heriblandt de tre højst rangerede amerikanere. Det foregående år finalist, femteseedede Venus Williams, måtte se sig besejret med 6-3, 7-5 af den tidligere top 10-spiller Belinda Bencic, der på sin vej tilbage til toptennis efter en håndledsskade havde vundet to turneringer på ITF Women's Circuit og to WTA 125K Series-turneringer i slutningen af den foregående sæson. 10.-seedede Coco Vandeweghe havde været plaget af sygdom op til mesterskabet og tabte med 7-6(4), 6-2 til Tímea Babos, som dermed vandt over en top 10-spiller for første gang i sin karriere, mens US Open-mesteren, den 13.-seedede Sloane Stephens, tabte sin sjette kamp i træk siden triumfen i New York City, da hun måtte se sig besejret af Zhang Shuai med 2-6, 7-6(2), 6-2. Derudover tabte også Alison Riske, Jennifer Brady, Catherine Bellis, Sofia Kenin, Taylor Townsend og Irina Falconi, så den eneste amerikanske sejr på førstedagen blev vundet af Nicole Gibbs, der besejrede lucky loseren Viktorija Tomova med 6-1, 6-1.

I en anden interessant første runde-kamp mellem den regerende og en tidligere French Open-mester besejrede den 20-årige Jeļena Ostapenko den 17 år ældre Francesca Schiavone.

Marta Kostjuk blev den yngste vinder af en hovedrundekamp i Australian Open i 22 år, da den 15-årige kvalifikant i første runde besejrede 25.-seedede Peng Shuai med 6-2, 6-2.

Seedede spillere, der tabte i første runde: Venus Williams [5], Coco Vandeweghe [10], Kristina Mladenovic [11], Sloane Stephens [13], Dominika Cibulková [24], Peng Shuai [25], Petra Kvitová [27] og Jekaterina Makarova [31].

Anden runde

Seedede spillere, der tabte i anden runde: Garbiñe Muguruza [3], Johanna Konta [9], Julia Görges [12], Anastasija Sevastova [14], Anastasija Pavljutjenkova [15], Jelena Vesnina [16], Darja Kasatkina [22], Daria Gavrilova [23] og Mirjana Lučić-Baroni [28].

Tredje runde

Seedede spillere, der tabte i tredje runde: Jeļena Ostapenko [7], Ashleigh Barty [18], Agnieszka Radwańska [26], Lucie Šafářová [29] og Kiki Bertens [30].

Fjerde runde

Seedede spillere, der tabte i fjerde runde: Caroline Garcia [8], Magdaléna Rybáriková [19], Barbora Strýcová [20] og Anett Kontaveit [32].

Kvartfinaler

Seedede spillere, der tabte i kvartfinalerne: Elina Svitolina [4], Karolína Plíšková [6] og Madison Keys [17].

Semifinaler

Caroline Wozniacki blev den første, der gik videre til finalen, da hun i sin semifinale vandt med 6-3, 7-6(2) over Elise Mertens. Dermed kvalificerede hun sig til sin første finale ved Australian Open og den første grand slam-finale siden US Open 2014.

I en af de mest dramatiske semifinaler i mesterskabets historie sejrede Simona Halep i den anden semifinalekamp med 6-3, 4-6, 9-7 over 2016-mesteren Angelique Kerber efter at have været nede med to matchbolde ved stillingen 6-5 i tredje sæt. Haleps sejr sikrede, at finalen blev et opgør mellem to spillere, der aldrig tidligere havde vundet en grand slam-titel i deres karrierer.

Seedede spillere, der tabte i semifinalerne: Angelique Kerber [21].

Finale

Hovedturnering

Deltagere

Hovedturneringen har deltagelse af 128 spillere, der er fordelt på:
 108 direkte kvalificerede spillere i form af deres ranglisteplacering pr. 4. december 2017 (seks uger før turneringens start).
 8 spillere, der har modtaget et wild card.
 12 spillere fra kvalifikationsturneringen.

Seedede spillere

De 32 bedst placerede af deltagerne på WTA's verdensrangliste pr. 8. januar 2018 blev seedet:

Følgende spillere blandt de 32 bedste på WTA's verdensrangliste meldte afbud til mesterskabet.

Wild cards

Otte spillere modtog et wild card til hovedturneringen. Spillernes verdensranglisteplacering pr. 8. januar 2018 er angivet.

Wang Xinyu og Jessika Ponchet opnåede deltagelse i en grand slam-hovedturnering for første gang.

Oprindeligt var den tidligere dobbelte mester, Viktoryja Azaranka, blevet tildelt et af de otte wildcards, men hun meldte afbud til mesterskabet for at koncentrere sig om kampen om forældremyndigheden over sin søn.

Kvalifikanter

12 spillere kvalificerede sig fra kvalifikationsturneringen til hovedturneringen.

Det var første gang nogensinde, at Magdalena Fręch, Ivana Jorović, Anna Kalinskaja og Marta Kostjuk kvalificerede sig til en grand slam-hovedturnering.

Lucky losers

Efter kvalifikationen var begyndt, meldte to af de direkte kvalificerede spillere fra hovedturneringen imidlertid afbud, hvilket gav plads til yderligere to spillere fra kvalifikationsturneringen som "lucky losers".

Det første gang nogensinde, at Viktorija Tomova og Bernarda Pera kvalificerede sig til en grand slam-hovedturnering i damesingle.

Resultater

Ottendedelsfinaler, kvartfinaler, semifinaler og finale

Første, anden og tredje runde

Kvalifikation

I kvalifikationsturneringen spillede 96 spillere om 12 ledige pladser i hovedturneringen. Heraf havde otte spillere modtaget et wildcard (WC). Turneringen blev spillet i perioden 10. - 14. januar 2018 og var opdelt i 12 sektioner med otte spillere i hver, og vinderen af hver sektion gik videre til hovedturneringen. Følgende 12 spillere kvalificerede sig til hovedturneringen som vinder af sin sektion:

  Anna Kalinskaja
  Anna Blinkova
  Zhu Lin
  Viktorija Golubic
  Irina Falconi
  Denisa Allertová
  Ivana Jorović
  Viktória Kužmová
  Marta Kostjuk
  Anna Karolína Schmiedlová
  Luksika Kumkhum
  Magdalena Fręch

Følgende spillere kvalificerede sig til hovedturneringen som "lucky losers":

  Viktorija Tomova
  Bernarda Pera

15-årige Marta Kostjuk deltog i kvalifikationen på et wildcard, udstedt af Tennis Australia fordi hun året før havde vundet juniortitlen i pigesingle, og den unge ukrainer udnyttede chancen til fulde ved at vinde tre kampe i træk i tre sæt. Dermed blev hun den første 15-årige kvinde, der kvalificerede sig til en grand slam-hovedturnering i damesingle i 13 år. Sidst det skete var ved Australian Open 2005, hvor Sesil Karatantjeva ligeledes spillede sig igennem kvalifikation og hvor Nicole Vaidišová var direkte kvalificeret til hovedturneringen på grundlag af hende ranglisteplacering.

Det også første gang nogensinde, at Magdalena Fręch, Ivana Jorović, Anna Kalinskaja, Viktorija Tomova og Bernarda Pera kvalificerede sig til en grand slam-hovedturnering.

Kvalifikationen havde bl.a. deltagelse af to tidligere semifinalister i Australian Open-mesterskabet i damesingle. Den 39-årige schweizer Patty Schnyder var i semifinalen i 2005, og havde egentlig indstillet karrieren i 2011. Men i 2015 vendte hun tilbage til turneringstennis, og i juli 2017 vandt hun sin første kamp ved en WTA Tour-turnering efter sit comeback. russiske Vera Zvonarjova havde ikke været væk fra elitemiljøet lige så længe som Schnyder men havde dog holdt pause i to år for at pleje diverse skader og på grund af graviditet. Den tidligere dobbelte Australian Open-semifinalist fra 2011 og 2015 havde gjort comeback i løbet af 2017 og forsøgte at kvalificere sig til sin første hovedturnering i grand slam-sammenhæng, siden hun nåede semifinalen i netop Melbourne i 2015.

Ingen af de to spillere formåede imidlertid at spille sig videre fra første runde. Vera Zvonarjova tabte 2-6, 6-2, 0-6 til sin landsmand Anna Kalinskaja, mens Patty Schnyder samtidig måtte forlade kvalifikationen, fordi hun tabte til amerikaneren Bernarda Pera med 3-6, 6-7. Samme skæbne overgik i øvrigt den tidligere US Open-finalist, Roberta Vinci, der også tabte sin første kamp i kvalifikationen på trods af, at hun var seedet som nr. 19. Den 34-årige italieners overmand var den unge, 19-årige russer Anna Blinkova, der sejrede med 6-3, 6-2.

En fjerde veteran, Sara Errani, formåede at spille sig helt frem til finalen i sin sektion, hvor hun dog tabte med 4-6, 1-6 til Luksika Kumkhum.

Resultater

Se også
 Australian Open-mesterskabet i herresingle 2018
 Australian Open-mesterskabet i herredouble 2018
 Australian Open-mesterskabet i damedouble 2018
 Australian Open-mesterskabet i mixed double 2018

Eksterne henvisninger
 Australian Open

Noter

Australian Open 2018
2018
WTA Tour 2018


Glenea cleome é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe em 1867.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

cleome
Coleópteros descritos em 1867

Glenea cleome


Ivan Senta, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Igrač RK Metković 1963.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2011. na svjetskom prvenstvu plasirao se na 8. mjesto.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši

Ivan Senta


Joyce Mansour nee Joyce Patricia Adès, (25 July 1928 – 27 August 1986), was an Egyptian-French author, notable as a surrealist poet. She became the best known surrealist female poet, author of 16 books of poetry, as well as a number of important prose and theatre pieces.

Biography
Mansour was born in Bowden in England, to Jewish-Egyptian parents and lived in Cheshire for a month before her parents moved the family to Cairo, Egypt. During her youth, Mansour excelled as a runner and a high jumper. She also competed in equestrian competitions.

Mansour first came in contact with Parisian surrealism while still living in Cairo. She moved to Paris in 1953 at the age of 20. In 1947, her first marriage at the age of 19 ended after six months when her husband died. Her second marriage was to Samir Mansour in 1949 and they divided their time between Cairo and Paris. Mansour began to write in French.

She died of cancer in Paris in 1986.

Career
Mansour's first published collection of poems, titled: Cris, was published in Paris in 1953 by Pierre Seghers. This collection of work references male and female anatomy in explicit language that was unusual for the time.  Religious language can also be found. However, it is inverted, replacing what would be Christ with the lover. References of Egyptian mythology are also present in Cris. Mansour references the White Goddess as well as Hathor.

In 1954, Joyce Mansour became involved with the surrealist movement after Jean-Louise Bédouin wrote a review praising Cris in Médium: Communication surréaliste that May. Joyce Mansour actively participated in the second wave of surrealism in Paris. Her apartment was a popular meeting place for members of the surrealist group. L'exécution du testament du Marquis de Sade, the performance piece by Jean Benoît took place in Mansour's apartment.

She collaborated with representatives such as Pierre Alechinsky, Enrico Baj, Hans Bellmer, Gerardo Chávez, Jorge Camacho, Ted Joans, Pierre Molinier, Reinhoud d'Haese and Max Walter Svanberg.

Work

Poetry
 « Cris», Ed. Seghers, París, 1953
 « Déchirures», Les Éditions de Minuit, París, 1955
 « Rapaces», Ed. Seghers, París, 1960
 « Carré blanc», Le Soleil Noir, París, 1966
 « Les Damnations», Ed. Visat, París, 1967
 « Phallus et momies», Éd. Daily Bul, 1969
 « Astres et désastres», 1969
 « Anvil Flowers», 1970
 « Prédelle Alechinsky à la ligne», 1973
 « Pandemonium», 1976
 « Faire signe au machiniste», 1977
 « Sens interdits», 1979
 « Le Grand Jamais», 1981
 « Jasmin d'hiver», 1982
 « Flammes immobiles», 1985
 « Trous noirs», Ed. La pierre d'Alun, Bruxelles, 1986 (illustrated by fundamental Peruvian painter Gerardo Chávez)
 Emerald Wounds: Selected Poems, published by City Lights Books. 7/11/2023. .

Prose
 « Les Gisants satisfaits», Jean-Jacques Pauvert, París, 1958
 « Jules César», Éd. Pierre Seghers, París, 1956
 « Le Bleu des fonds», Le Soleil Noir, París, 1968
 « Ça», Le Soleil Noir, París, 1970
 « Histoires nocives», Gallimard, París, 1973

Bibliography
 Marie-Francine Mansour, Une vie surréaliste, Joyce Mansour, complice d'André Breton, France-Empire, 2014.

References

Further reading
 Marie-Claire Barnet, La Femme cent sexes ou les genres communicants. Deharme, Mansour, Prassinos, Peter Lang, 1998
 Jean-Louis Bédouin, Anthologie de la poésie surréaliste, Éd. Pierre Seghers, Paris, 1983, p. 285
 Adam Biro & René Passeron, Dictionnaire général du surréalisme et de ses environs, co-édition Office du livre, Fribourg (Suisse) et Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1982
 Stéphanie Caron, Réinventer le lyrisme. Le surréalisme de Joyce Mansour, Droz, Genève 2007.
 Stéphanie Caron, « De la création comme (re)commencement. Petit aperçu sur la genèse des récits de Joyce Mansour : le cas "Napoléon" », in Pleine Marge n° 37, mai 2003
 Georgiana Colvile, Scandaleusement d'elles. Trente-quatre femmes surréalistes, Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1999, pp. 186–195.
 Georgiana Colvile, « Joyce Mansour et "Les Gisants satisfaits", trente ans après », in Avant-Garde no 4, Rodopi, 1990.
 Marco Conti, Joyce Mansour, l'eros senza fine, Poesia no 127, Crocetti, 1999
 Alain Marc, Écrire le cri, Sade, Bataille, Maïakovski..., preface by Pierre Bourgeade, l'Écarlate, 2000
 J. H. Matthews, Joyce Mansour, Rodopi, Amsterdam, 1985
 Marie-Laure Missir, Joyce Mansour, une étrange demoiselle, Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 2005
 Richard Stamelman, Le Fauve parfum du plaisir, poésie et éros chez Joyce Mansour, Lachenal & Ritter
 Richard Stamelman, La Femme s'entête, la part du féminin dans le surréalisme, Lachenal & Ritter "Pleine Marge", 1998

1928 births
1986 deaths
20th-century British poets
Egyptian Jews
Jewish poets
Egyptian women poets
Surrealist dramatists and playwrights
Surrealist artists
Women surrealist artists
Surrealist writers
Egyptian surrealist writers
Surrealist poets
British surrealist writers
British surrealist artists
British women poets
French surrealist writers

Joyce Mansour


The Oregon Zoo, originally the Portland Zoo and later the Washington Park Zoo, is a zoo located in Washington Park, Portland, Oregon, approximately  southwest of downtown Portland. Founded in 1888, it is the oldest zoo west of the Mississippi River.

The  zoo is owned by the regional Metro government. It currently holds more than 1,800 animals of more than 230 species, including 19 endangered species and 9 threatened species. The zoo also boasts an extensive plant collection throughout its animal exhibits and specialized gardens. The zoo also operates and maintains the  narrow gauge Washington Park & Zoo Railway that previously connected to the International Rose Test Garden inside the park, but currently runs only within the zoo.

The Oregon Zoo is Oregon's largest paid and arguably most popular visitor attraction, with more than 1.6 million visitors in 2016. The zoo is a member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

History

Founding
The Oregon Zoo was founded in 1888, making it the oldest North American zoo west of the Mississippi. It all began with two bears purchased by Richard Knight – one brown bear and one grizzly. A former seaman turned pharmacist, Knight began collecting animals from his seafaring friends. He kept his collection in the back of his drug store on Third & Morrison streets. When caring for the animals became too large a responsibility he sought to sell them to the city of Portland.  Instead of buying the animals, the city offered to give Knight two circus cages and allowed him to place the caged bears on the grounds of City Park (now called Washington Park).

Care and feeding of the bears, however, still fell to the Knight family and friends. It was not long before Knight addressed the city council again regarding the bears. Just five months later, he offered to donate the bears, along with their cages, to the city. Portland City Council accepted his offer on November 7, 1888, and thus began the Portland Zoo. Located in Washington Park, it was sometimes referred to as the Washington Park Zoo.

By 1894, there were over 300 animals in the zoo's collection. In 1925, the zoo moved to the site of the present Portland Japanese Garden, still within Washington Park.

Hoyt Park
The zoo moved again in 1958–59 to its current site, designed by Lawrence, Tucker & Wallmann. This was located in Hoyt Park, west of Washington Park, but some years later the two parks were combined as Washington Park. At this time, the Portland Zoo Railway was constructed to connect the zoo to its former site in Washington Park and other attractions there. The zoo's move to the new, much larger site was made in stages, over more than a year, with the first animals being moved in spring 1958 and limited public access being opened in June 1958, one day after the first section of the Zoo Railway opened.  During the transition period the new zoo was only open on weekends, as most animals were still at the old site awaiting completion of their new enclosures.  However, the new railway operated six days a week until mid-September. Meanwhile, the old zoo remained in operation, but in May 1959 was restricted to pedestrian access only, closed to automobile access, for its last months of operation.

Washington Park
The zoo at its current site opened on July 3, 1959.  It was renamed the Portland Zoological Gardens at that time, but remained commonly known as the Portland Zoo. The elephants and big cats were not moved to the new zoo until November.  A new interchange was constructed on the adjacent freeway, the Sunset Highway, for better access to the new zoo.

Elephants
The zoo became popular locally in 1953, when Rosy the Asian elephant was acquired. The zoo became world-famous in 1962 when the Asian elephant "Packy" was born.  He was the first elephant born in the Western Hemisphere in 44 years and was (as of 2010) the tallest Asian elephant in the United States at 10.5 ft (3.2 m) tall. A total of 28 more calves have been born at the Oregon Zoo, including seven sired by Packy (two of which, Shine and Rama, remained at the zoo), making it the most successful zoo elephant breeding program in the world.  On August 23, 2008, Rose-Tu, the granddaughter of the zoo's first elephant Rosy, gave birth to a son named Samudra. The birth made Samudra the first third-generation captive-born elephant in North America.

Attendance in 1962, the year in which Packy was born, was 1.2 million people. Over the next several years, the number of animals declined, from 450 (representing 150 species) in 1962 to 386 (representing 123 species) in 1976, and annual attendance also declining over the same period, reaching its lowest point in 1975, with 448,198 visitors.

Metropolitan Service District
Until 1971, the zoo was operated by the City, and then by the Portland Zoological Society under contract to the City. In 1976, area voters approved a tax levy plan under which the zoo was taken over by the Metropolitan Service District (or MSD, now known as Metro). Ownership of the zoo passed to Metro on July 1, 1976. Metro has continued expansion projects, aided by donors, sponsors and volunteers.

Later in 1976, MSD renamed the zoo the Washington Park Zoo after a naming contest. The railway was renamed the Washington Park and Zoo Railway two years later.

The decline in attendance seen in the 1960s and 1970s eventually began to reverse, and the zoo recorded 752,632 visitors in 1984 and 897,189 in 1986.

Oregon Zoo
The Metro Council changed the zoo's name from the Washington Park Zoo to the Oregon Zoo in April 1998. In September of that year, the zoo became accessible by the region's MAX light rail system, with the opening of a Westside MAX line featuring an underground Washington Park station. In 2003, the zoo began participation in a California condor recovery program started by San Diego Wild Animal Park and Los Angeles Zoo. The program is designed to breed California condors to be released into the wild and save them from extinction.

In November 2008, regional voters approved a $125 million bond measure to improve infrastructure, enhance older exhibits and increase access to conservation education and the degree of sustainability. Attendance at the zoo reached a record 1.6 million visitors for their 2008 to 2009 year. The record was due in part to the birth of another baby elephant. A new record was set the following year with 1,612,359 people visiting the zoo. The zoo again brought in more than 1.6 million visitors in 2016.

On February 9, 2017, Oregon Zoo staff decided to euthanize Packy after a long struggle with drug-resistant tuberculosis. He was laid to rest at an unidentified city-owned "wooded, grassy area" that is not open to the public. At the time of his death, Packy was 54 years old.

Exhibits

Africa Rainforest
Opened in 1991, the Africa Rainforest exhibit covers  and was built at a cost of $4.3 million. In addition to animals, the exhibit includes artwork and the Congo Ranger Station, a mock up of a safari expedition. Animals in the exhibit include Rodrigues fruit bats, straw-colored fruit bats, spotted-necked otters, West African slender-snouted crocodiles and crested porcupines. The rainforest includes three main areas: the Bamba Du Jon Swamp, which houses West African lungfish, African bullfrogs and reptiles; the rainforest aviary, which houses lesser flamingos, hadada ibises and white-faced whistling ducks and the main rainforest area.

Africa Savanna
The Africa Savanna exhibit first opened in April 1989 and is  in size. This exhibit includes animals typical of East Africa and includes an aviary and areas for large mammals. These include eastern black rhinos, bontebok, Speke's gazelle, naked mole-rats, red-tailed monkeys, Masai and reticulated giraffe, and African spurred tortoises. The zoo kept a plains zebra named Citation until her death in 2013. The zoo had also kept a pair of hippos named Poppy & Bubbles until March 2018, when they were moved to the Fort Worth Zoo so the zoo could expand their rhinoceros habitat.

Predators of the Serengeti, a $6.8 million exhibit which opened in September 2009, expanded the Africa Savanna  into the site of the former Alaska Tundra exhibit which used to house: Muskoxen and Grizzly Bears. Animals in the exhibit include African predators like lions, cheetahs and African wild dogs, along with other animals nearby such as common dwarf mongooses, ring-tailed lemurs, northern red-billed hornbills and a Central African rock python. The zoo previously had lions, but closed the exhibit in 1998 to build Steller Cove. The three new lions come from zoos in California, Virginia and Wisconsin. On September 4, 2013, it was announced that five-year-old Neka, one of the zoo's two female lions, was pregnant and would likely soon give birth, it then happened in late 2013, as she gave birth to three cubs, named Kamali, Zalika and Angalia respectively. In August 2014, it was announced that the other lioness, Kya, was due herself. On September 8, 2014, Kya gave birth to a litter of four lion cubs. Three days later, however, one of the cubs had to be humanely euthanized due to an untreatable leg injury.

Discovery Plaza

Built in the remaining portion of the 1959 feline building (the rest was demolished to make way for Steller Cove), the Amur Cats exhibit is planted to evoke a northern Asian forest. The Discovery plaza exhibit now houses red pandas and Amur tigers.

The exhibit formerly contained a pair of Amur leopards with a 19 year old male named Boris being one of the oldest Amur leopards in captivity. Boris was euthanized on October 10, 2018

Elephant Lands

Three female (Sung-Surin "Shine", Rose-Tu, and Chendra; Lily died on November 29, 2018) and two male (Samudra and Samson) Asian elephants are displayed at the popular elephant exhibit.  All were born at the zoo, with the exception of Chendra, who was orphaned in the wild; and Samson, who was acquired from the Albuquerque Zoo. Chendra is the first Borneo elephant in the United States. On November 30, 2012, at 2:17 a.m., Rose-Tu and the late Tusko (who are also the parents of Samudra) had a female calf Lily, weighing about 300 lbs (136 kg) at birth. There is a swimming hole in which up to ten elephants can simultaneously completely submerge, sandy ground for comfortable walking and a scratching station, which the elephants often choose to scratch their head, sides, belly, etc. The exhibit was recently enlarged from  to , expanding into the same location as the elk and wolves (now gone) once were. Construction for the expansion began in 2013, and included a variety of terrain (meadows, forests, and mud wallows with sand lining the whole enclosure), a timed-feeding system to provide more natural stimulation, and an eco-friendly heating system to keep them warm year-round. Areas of the exhibit such as the Encounter Habitat were completed in summer of 2014, and their new habitat was finished in autumn of 2015.

Great Northwest
This exhibit includes wildlife from the western portions of the Pacific Northwest, and has eight areas: Black Bear Ridge, Eagle Canyon, Cascade Stream and Pond, Cougar Crossing, Cascade Crest, Trillium Creek Family Farm, and Steller Cove. Cascade Canyon Trail connects each of the exhibits, except Steller Cove, and includes a suspension bridge that offers views of Black Bear Ridge.

Opened in 1998, Cascade Crest is a mountain-like exhibit made mostly of basalt and features a snow cave, cirque lake, and twisted alpine trees. The  exhibit cost $11.6 million and is located near the entrance to the zoo. The only animals are mountain goats.

Black Bear Ridge is the next exhibit along the Cascade Canyon Trail. The $2 million area opened in 2007 and is home to American black bears Black Bear Ridge has three black bears (two males and one female) added in April 2010 after the previous three had been euthanized for health reasons. Their names are Tuff, Dale, and Cubby. A fourth, Takota, died in 2023 during a routine medical procedure.

Eagle Canyon is the next exhibit along the trail and has two bald eagles   This  area opened in 2004.

Cascade Stream and Pond is the oldest of the Great Northwest exhibits, having opened in 1982. It features North American beavers, North American river otters, painted turtles and ducks including buffleheads, cinnamon teals, hooded mergansers, northern pintails, northern shovelers, redheads and wood ducks.

Cougar Crossing features two cougars, Chinook and Paiute, in a  facility that opened in 2006.

Next to Cougar Crossing is Condors of the Columbia. Three California condors, Kaweah, Tyrion and "432" (unnamed), moved into this new exhibit on May 24, 2014. These condors came from a large breeding facility located near Redland, Oregon.

The last area along the Cascade Canyon Trail is the Trillium Creek Family Farm. Opened in 2004 at a cost of $1 million, animals are presented by high school students who also explain local farming historical trends, technology, and demonstrate related activities such as composting, shearing, and agriculture. A variety of domestic animals such as pygmy and Pygora goats and chickens are part of the farm's exhibits.

The final area of the Great Northwest Exhibit is the Steller Cove which features animals and plants from the Oregon Coast. The $11 million exhibit opened in 2000 and includes a tide pool and kelp forest populated with harbor seals and sea otters.

Nature Exploration Station
The Nature Exploration Station is part of the zoo's education complex that opened in 2017. It includes interactive educational exhibits, an insect zoo with living insects and other arthropods, being raised for release into the wild. Some of the species include Australian walking sticks, emperor scorpions, giant African millipedes, Madagascar hissing cockroaches and Mexican redknee tarantulas.

Penguinarium

The zoo has a Penguinarium which exhibits Humboldt penguins, Originally built in 1959, it was extensively remodeled in 1982 to represent the Peruvian coast, and remodeled again in 2011 to improve water efficiency.

Polar Passage
Opened in 2021, Polar Passage features polar bears in an exhibit modeled on the Arctic tundra and coast that includes naturalistic landscaping, tundra plants, elevated areas for long views, shallow and deep saltwater pools, and areas to accommodate family groups.

Primate Forest
The Primate Forest contains Red Ape Reserve, a 2010 indoor/outdoor exhibit housing Bornean and Sumatran orangutans and northern white-cheeked gibbons, and a chimpanzee indoor/outdoor habitat that opened in 2021.

The zoo housed the world's oldest Sumatran orangutan, Inji, who celebrated her 59th birthday on January 30, 2019. Inji was humanely euthanized January 9, 2021 after keepers noticed her failing health.

Behind the scenes animals
The zoo also houses some behind the scenes animals such as Blue and Gold macaws, rabbits, Toucans, reptiles, a kinkajou, a prehensile-tailed porcupine, and a two toed sloth.

Other attractions
 Wildlife Live! summer shows, weather permitting
 Summer concert series
 Zoolights: December holiday evenings light display
 Washington Park and Zoo Railway
 Carousel

Conservation

The Oregon Zoo collaborates with wildlife agencies and conservation organizations on recovery projects for imperiled species including California condors, western pond turtles, northern leopard frogs, Oregon silverspot butterflies and Taylor's checkerspot butterflies. Through its Future for Wildlife grants program, the zoo funds projects that directly contribute to the survival, health and welfare of free-living populations and ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. The zoo manages a community science project to monitor the American pika and was the first zoo in the world to successfully breed critically endangered Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits and Oregon silverspot butterflies.

The zoo's Integrated Conservation Action Plan (ICAP) centers on four regions: Pacific Northwest, Arctic, Southeast Asia and West Africa. In 2012 the Oregon Zoo became the first zoo to draw blood samples from polar bears without the use of anesthesia, leading to the development of a groundbreaking polar bear conservation science program. The zoo has since partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey on polar bear diet, energetics, and movement studies. In Borneo, the zoo supports elephant conservation by funding two ranger positions, and partners with Malaysian and Indonesian organizations to mitigate human-wildlife conflict and improve animal welfare for elephants and orangutans.

California Condors
In 2001 the zoo joined the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's California Condor Recovery Program. California Condors are slow to reproduce, laying only one egg every one to two years.  In 2003 the first six condor breeding pairs were brought to the zoo's 52-acre Johnsson Center for Wildlife Conservation. As of 2019, 79 chicks have hatched, 56 Oregon Zoo-reared birds have gone out to field pens for release, and over 50 have been released into the wild.

The zoo also manages community-based conservation education efforts, including the Non-Lead Hunting Education Program, to protect condors and other wildlife from lead poisoning, the greatest cause of wild condor mortality. Ingesting carcasses riddled with toxic lead fragments results in approximately 50 percent of known causes of condor deaths since 1992.

Pacific Northwest Frogs and Turtles
From 1998 to 2012 the zoo partnered on a recovery effort for endangered Oregon spotted frogs, a candidate for listing under the federal Endangered Species Act, and currently collaborates on a head-start and release program for northern leopard frogs.  Frog eggs are collected and hatched at the Oregon Zoo or the Cedar Creek Correction Center, which has partnered with the zoo since 2009. Juvenile frogs are then released into the wild, with a goal of creating a self-sustaining population. The captive rearing project works in collaboration with regional zoos and aquariums to save Pacific Northwest frog species imperiled by loss of habitat, invasive predators and the deadly chytrid fungus, which has quickly spread from Africa to threaten amphibian populations worldwide.

The Oregon Zoo's Western Pond Turtle Recovery Project has helped establish two new western pond turtle populations in the Columbia River Gorge, where invasive bullfrogs have driven the tiny species to the brink of extinction.  Infant pond turtles are collected and raised in the project lab at the zoo until they large enough to be safely released back into the wild. More than 1,500 turtles have been released in the Columbia Gorge since 1990, with a 95 percent annual survival rate.

Butterflies
In 1999, at the request of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Oregon Zoo joined with Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo in an Oregon silverspot butterfly captive rearing program to save a species once found from California to British Columbia and now reduced to five isolated populations. Around 2,000 butterflies have been raised from larvae and released each year at the Oregon coast. For this work the two zoos were jointly awarded the 2012 AZA North American Conservation Award. In 2019, the Oregon Zoo successfully bred a captive silverspot butterfly for the first time in the world, producing in 269 viable offspring.

Additionally, the zoo has partnered with the Coffee Creek Correctional Facility to train inmates who volunteer to help raise and care for the critically endangered Taylor's butterfly. Habitat degradation due to invasive species, urban development and agriculture have reduced the Taylor's checkerspots' native habitat by 99 percent. The Taylor's checkerspot captive rearing project has raised and released over 28,000 butterflies.

Borneo Elephants
Oregon Zoo's Care and Conservation of Borneo Elephants program supports projects in Sabah, Malaysia, to reduce human-wildlife conflict, create safe travel corridors for elephants and other wildlife in degraded landscapes and provide care for injured or orphaned elephants. The Zoo partners with Seratu Aatai to promote co-existence between people and elephants through research and educational outreach to local communities, government agencies, the palm oil industry and academics.

In 2015 the Woodland Park Zoo, Houston Zoo, Oregon Zoo and HUTAN-KOCP founded the "Borneo Elephant Zoo Alliance" with the goal of ensuring long-term survival of the Bornean elephant in the wild. The alliance focuses on enhancing scientific knowledge of elephant ecology and conservation status and reducing human-animal conflict in the Kinabatangan River area through community outreach, public policy, and use of technology.  In recent years, Oregon Zoo's work with HUTAN-KOCP has focused primarily on forest preservation and reforestation for the benefit of both elephants and orangutans.

Intertwined with these efforts is managing the impact of palm oil production. The Oregon Zoo is a member of the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), which has developed and is implementing global environmental and social standards for sustainable palm oil. As a member, the Oregon Zoo has committed to using only RSPO certified palm oil.

Incidents and controversies

The birth of Packy in 1962 began an elephant breeding program at the Oregon Zoo, resulting in a total of 28 elephant calves being born to date, of which seven were sired by Packy. Of these, however, 15 died prematurely and the whereabouts of two calves are unknown. Some elephants such as Stoney, Sabu, and Prince were sold to the circus, a few elephants such as Hanako and Dino were loaned to other zoos, whereas Emma and Teak were sold to private buyers.

On July 4, 1970, three intoxicated men broke into the zoo at night. One of them was killed by the zoo's two lions while he was showing off by lowering himself into their enclosure. The next night, one of the men broke into the zoo again and shot both of the lions. The incident stirred a public outcry against the men, including the victim of the mauling and sparked a wave of donations to replace the lions.

In April 2000, Rose-Tu, a female elephant born at the zoo, was severely abused by her handler, resulting in 176 lacerations including puncture wounds allegedly due to the handler attempting to shove a bullhook into her anus. It was speculated that the trauma suffered by her as a result of this experience may have compromised her ability to raise calves. The handler was dismissed by the zoo and sentenced to two years probation and 120 hours of community service, the most severe punishment allowed by state laws at the time. As fallout from this incident, Animal Legal Defense Fund authored the Rose-Tu law, signed by Governor John Kitzhaber in 2001. The law made Oregon the first U.S. state to legally recognize the link between animal abuse and violence toward people, and increased the penalties for animal abuse.

In December 2012, the Seattle Times brought to light that the new-born elephant Lily, sired by Tusko, a bull elephant on loan from the elephant rental company Have Trunk Will Travel, was contracted to be owned by the private company. After widespread public outcry, the zoo raised funds to acquire both Tusko and Lily from Have Trunk Will Travel for $400,000 in February 2013.

In May 2014, then-director Kim Smith and lead veterinarian Dr. Mitch Finnegan were dismissed by Metro, the agency governing the Zoo, over alleged lapses in protocols following the death of Kutai, a 20-year-old orangutan, during surgery. After the Zoo protested the veterinarian's termination at Metro Council, he was rehired in July.

In June 2014, six tamarin monkeys died two days after arriving at the zoo from Harvard's New England Primate Research Center. The incident, along with previous primate deaths in Massachusetts, prompted a USDA investigation of the Harvard center that had transported the monkeys.

The animal welfare organization In Defense of Animals has rated Oregon Zoo on their Ten Worst Zoos for Elephants list for seven years. The animal rights group "Free the Oregon Zoo Elephants" has been campaigning to end the zoo's captive breeding program and release the elephants to a sanctuary. The organization and their goals have been met with support from activists and celebrities such as Bob Barker and Lilly Tomlin, but has been criticized by experts such as Dr. Senthilvel K.S.S. Nathan, from Malaysia's Sabah Wildlife Department, particularly in response to the call for removal of the zoo's critically endangered Borneo elephant, Chendra. Dr. Nathan was recently dismissed from his position for sexual and financial misconduct.

Public access
Parking at the Oregon Zoo costs $2 per hour, to a maximum of $8 per day.
The Washington Park light rail station provides regional public transit access to the Oregon Zoo. TriMet bus route 63-Washington Park no longer serves the zoo via Washington Park as of summer 2022.

See also
The Continuity of Life Forms, a mosaic by Portland architect and artist Willard Martin that was originally installed at the former entrance to the zoo in 1959, and was re-installed outside of the zoo's new education center in July 2016.
 Charles Frederic Swigert Jr. Memorial Fountain, also installed at the Oregon Zoo

References

External links

1888 establishments in Oregon
Metro (Oregon regional government)
Music venues in Portland, Oregon
Parks in Portland, Oregon
Tourist attractions in Portland, Oregon
Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)
Zoos established in 1888
Zoos in Oregon

Oregon Zoo


Cymbospondylus (uma palavra grega que significa "espinha de barco") foi um ictiossauro do início do basal que viveu entre os anos intermediários e posteriores do período Triássico (240-210 milhões de anos atrás). Anteriormente, o gênero era classificado como um shastassaurídeo, no entanto, trabalhos mais recentes o consideram mais basal.

Descoberta
Os fósseis foram encontrados nos alpes do sul da Bacia Germânica e em Nevada, e a primeira espécie foi nomeada por Joseph Leidy em 1868. Não foi até o início de 1900 que os primeiros esqueletos completos foram descobertos.

C. youngorum foi escavado de uma unidade de rocha chamada Fossil Hill Member nas Montanhas Augusta de Nevada, o crânio bem preservado, junto com parte da espinha dorsal, ombro e forefina, datam do Triássico Médio (247,2-237 milhões de anos atrás), representando o caso mais antigo de um ictiossauro atingindo proporções épicas.

Até o momento, as espécies válidas são as espécies-tipo C. piscosus, C. buchseri, C. nichollsi, C. duelferi e C. youngorum. Outras espécies são declaradas como sinônimos (C. grandis é sinônimo de C. piscosus) ou como duvidosamente válidas.

Répteis pré-históricos
Répteis marinhos
Ichthyosauria
Répteis do Triássico
Espécies fósseis descritas em 1868

Cymbospondylus


João Baptista de Mattos (Rio de Janeiro, 24 de junho de 1900 - Rio de Janeiro, 21 de maio de 1969) foi um militar brasileiro tendo sido o primeiro negro a chegar a patente de marechal no Brasil.

Biografia
Nascido no dia 24 de junho de 1900 no Rio de Janeiro, filho de uma família simples e com poucos recursos, João Baptista de Mattos foi alfabetizado e teve acesso à instrução primária formal, em uma escola pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Depois, estudou no Colégio Pedro II. Ingressou no Exército Brasileiro (EB) em 1918, aos 17 anos de idade, quando prestou prova de seleção para a Escola Militar do Realengo(Atual Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras). Aprovado, iniciou seus estudos como Aspirante da Arma de Infantaria.

Mattos concluiu a Escola Militar em 1921 e foi designado para servir em Florianópolis, sendo promovido a 2º Tenente e, em pouco tempo, 1º Tenente e depois Capitão. Enquanto Tenente do Exército serviu em Florianópolis, Curitiba, Maceió, Salvador, Recife e na então Capital Federal. Casou-se com Olga Braga Gomes, em 1923, tendo sete filhos.

Também se formando Bacharel em Direito na década de 1930 em Niterói, Mattos serviu em cerca de 13 estados da federação ao longo de sua carreira, sempre se destacando perante os demais oficiais. Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, como Major e Tenente-Coronel, esteve à frente do treinamento dos oficiais da Força Expedicionária Brasileira (FEB). Segundo relatos, ele foi impedido de participar na Campanha na Itália pelo General Dutra, então Ministro da Guerra, por preconceito contra oficiais de alta patente negros.

Ao longo de sua vida envolveu-se ainda em diversos círculos letrados, voltados para a pesquisa histórica e geográfica brasileira. Foi presidente do Instituto de História e Geografia Militar do Brasil, tesoureiro da Sociedade Brasileira de Geografia, membro efetivo do Instituto Histórico do Sergipe, Rio de Janeiro e Pará, círculos que denotam sua inserção no mundo intelectual.

Atingiu o generalato no final da década de 1940 e em 27 de julho de 1954, já com o posto de General de Divisão, ele foi nomeado oficial de gabinete do ministro da guerra, assumindo a função em 10 de agosto, para auxiliar na administração do Exército. Neste período, o Presidente da República Getúlio Vargas reunia forças para tentar resistir às investidas desestabilizadoras, operadas contra o seu governo. Em 1961 comandou a 9ª Região Militar, já como General de Exército.

O General João Baptista de Mattos foi promovido ao posto de Marechal em 1964, chegando ao mais alto posto do Exército Brasileiro na época, tendo ido para a Reforma logo depois. O falecimento de Mattos, no dia 21 de maio de 1969, no Rio de Janeiro, rendeu diversas, homenagens e hoje ele dá nome a algumas escolas e ruas do Brasil.<ref>{{Citar web|ultimo=|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/opiniao/2021/11/4962898-o-marechal-negro-no-pais-da-democracia-racial.html|titulo=O marechal negro no país da democracia racial|data=|acessodata=2022-01-08|website=Opinião|lingua=pt-BR}}</ref>
 Livros

 Os monumentos nacionais - Piauí'', 1947.

Marechais do Brasil
Militares do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Oficiais generais afro-brasileiros

João Baptista de Mattos


Le ru d'Enghien, ru de Montlignon, également dénommé ru Corbon à Montlignon et à Eaubonne, est un ruisseau des départements du Val-d'Oise et de Seine-Saint-Denis  en région Île-de-France, ayant sa source dans la forêt de Montmorency sur le territoire communal de Saint-Prix en amont du château de la Chasse. Il alimente le lac d'Enghien. Ses eaux  qui se jetaient dans la Seine à Épinay-sur-Seine, rejoignent un collecteur en aval de ce lac.

Dénominations
Le ru d'Enghien est dénommé ru de Corbon sur les plans de Montlignon et d'Eaubonne du nom de son principal affluent. Il était également nommé ru d'Ormesson du lac d'Enghien à la Seine. Il est parfois limité à son cours compris entre l'étang en amont du château de la Chasse qui recueille les eaux de plusieurs ruisselets d'un vallon de la forêt de Montmorency et le lac d'Enghien en aval duquel ses eaux sont détournées dans un collecteur.

Géographie
Dans sa partie amont, le ru est la réunion de plusieurs ruisselets ayant leur source dans la forêt de Montmorency, ru du Petit Moulin, ru de la Fontaine Sainte-Ragedonde, ru de la Chasse qui se rejoignent dans un étang en amont du château de la Chasse, auquel succèdent deux étangs. Ces plans d'eau sont des bassins de rétention aménagés à la fin des années 1950.
En aval de ces étangs, le ruisseau s'écoule en grande partie à l'air libre, parallèlement à la rue de Paris à Montlignon où il reçoit le ru de Corbon dont la source est située dans la forêt de Montmorency et qui lui donne une de ses dénominations. Le ru d'Enghien ou ru de Corbon traverse plusieurs plans d'eau, au centre du parc de Maugany, dans le parc de Bury à Montlignon puis le bassin des Moulinets à Eaubonne. À Eaubonne, en aval de ce bassin de retenue, le ruisseau est recouvert à l'exception d'un court passage à l'air libre en amont d'un lavoir. Il longe le côté est de l'avenue Jean-Jacques Rousseau puis le côté ouest de la rue d'Enghien (où son tracé se devine par les marches qui descendent vers les rues perpendiculaires), passe sous la voie ferrée près de la gare du Champ de courses d'Enghien, sous la rue Rabelais (son tracé se devine par une ligne de végétation au milieu de la pelouse du parc au sud de cette rue) puis sous le boulevard intercommunal du Parisis (voie autoroutière). Le confluent en rive droite avec le ru du Grand Gril, affluent souterrain qui prend sa source à Ermont, est situé sous ce passage après lequel le ruisseau réapparaît à l'air libre dans le bassin des cressonnières qui alimente le petit lac Nord et le lac d'Enghien.

En aval du lac d'Enghien, un collecteur  achemine les eaux dans la station d'épuration d'Achères sauf en période de pluie où elles rejoignent la Seine.

Le ru d'Enghien s'écoulait en quasi-totalité à l'air libre jusque dans les années 1950.
À Enghien, son cours, rappelé par la rue de l'abreuvoir, correspondait à l'allée verte. À Épinay-sur-Seine, le ru était à l'emplacement de la rue des Saules, du parc des Saules (les deux ponts sous la voie ferrée sont établis à son passage), de la rue de la Chevrette, de la rue du Commandant Louis Bouchet, de l'avenue de Jarrow. Ses alentours ont été urbanisés à partir des années 1960. Au-delà, le ru s'écoulait jusqu'à la Seine à l'ouest de la rue de l'Yser.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau à Eaubonne
Jean-Jacques Rousseau déclare sa passion en juin 1757 à la Comtesse d'Houdelot près d'une cascade au bord du ruisseau à Eaubonne. L'écrivain raconte cet épisode dans le Livre IX des Confessions.

Affluents
Les principaux d'affluents contributeurs, sont en rive droite, le ru de Corbon à Montlignon, le ru du Grand Gril en limite de Saint-Gratien et d'Eaubonne, en rive gauche, le ru des Haras à Épinay.
Des étangs s'étendaient aux confluents avec le ru de Corbon et avec le ru des Haras. Ces étangs ont été asséchés pour urbaniser leur emplacement. La rue de l'étang à Épinay garde la mémoire de l'ancien étang Coquenard visible sur les anciennes cartes (de l'État-Major et Cassini).

Annexes

Galerie

Références

Affluent de la Seine
Cours d'eau dans le Val-d'Oise

Ru d'Enghien


Gazipaşa, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 77 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 27 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Gazipaşa, Alaca


Wales es el nombre en inglés de Gales (Reino Unido). Puede referirse a:

Artes y espectáculos
Cine
 The Outlaw Josey Wales, película estadounidense.

Teatro
 Wales Millennium Centre, centro de artes escénicas de Cardiff, la capital de Gales.

Televisión
 BBC Wales, división de la BBC para Gales.
 ITV Wales & West, franquicia de la cadena de televisión ITV1 para Gales.

Lugares
Australia
 Nueva Gales del Sur (en inglés New South Wales), estado.

Canadá
 Isla Wales, isla canadiense deshabitada.

Estados Unidos
 Wales (Alaska), localidad de Alaska.
 Wales (Dakota del Norte), ciudad en el condado de Cavalier, estado de Dakota del Norte.
 Lake Wales, ciudad en el condado de Polk, estado de Florida.
 Wales (Maine), pueblo en el condado de Androscoggin, estado de Maine.
 Wales (Massachusetts), pueblo en el condado de Hampden, estado de Massachusetts.
 Municipio de Wales. municipio ubicado en el condado de St. Clair, en el estado estadounidense de Míchigan.
 Wales (Nueva York), pueblo en el condado de Erie, estado de Nueva York.
 North Wales, borough en el condado de Montgomery, estado de Pensilvania.
 Wales (Utah), localidad del condado de Sanpete, estado de Utah.
 Wales (Wisconsin), villa en el condado de Waukesha, estado de Wisconsin.

Personas
 Jimmy Wales (1966-), fundador de Wikipedia.
 Wally Wales (1895-1980), actor estadounidense.

Otros usos (miscelánea)
 Prince of Wales Country Club, club social y deportivo chileno.
 Universidad Johnson & Wales, universidad privada en Providence, Rhode Island, Estados Unidos.
 HMS Prince of Wales,  nombre de al menos siete buques de la Royal Navy.

Desambiguación de términos similares
 Welsh
 Welch
 Walsh

Wales (desambiguación)


Maurkönguló (fræðiheiti: Lariniodes patagiatus) er tegund áttfætla af krossköngulóarætt. Hún er útbreidd um allt norðurhvel. Á Íslandi hefur hún fundist víða um land, en þó sjaldgæf.

Tilvísanir

Hjólaköngulær
Áttfætlur á Íslandi

Maurkönguló


Skolen for livet! er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1978 instrueret af Kristen Bjørnkjær og Annelise Alexandrovitsch efter deres manuskript.

Handling
Forældre er enige om, at børnene SKAL lære noget. Filmen skildrer dernæst 3 muligheder: Den gammeldags, en mere moderne form med vekselvirkning mellem skole og samfundsliv og endelig i en drømmesekvens, lærerens forskrækkede vision: Hvis han virkelig skulle lære børnene kun det, de netop skal bruge for at klare sig.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1978

Skolen for livet!


Cẩm Vân (født 31. maj 1959) er en vietnamesisk sangerinde.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Vietnam

Cẩm Vân


Spužva Bob Skockani: Spužva u bijegu treći je film iz franšize o Spužva Bobu Skockanom.

Likovi

Radnja

Zanimljivosti

Činjenice

Kulturne poveznice

Greške

Sinkronizacija

Glasove posudili
Spužva Bob i Kalamarko: Daniel Dizdar
Patrik i g. Klještić: Robert Bošković
Kadulja: Ivan Colarić
Plankton: Nikola Marjanović
Poseidon: Dražen Čuček
Luna: Karmen Sunčana Lovrić
Tajnik: Mladen Badovinac

Ostali glasovi
Vojko Vrućina
Domagoj Jakopović Ribafish
Robert Ugrina
Drago Celizić
Frano Ridjan
Dora Jakobović
Lorena Nosić
Nancy Abdel Sakhi
Darin Pavišić
Božo Kelava
Mihael Pal
Marta Simikić
Boris Barberić
Marko Jelić
Martina Kapitan Bregović
Božidar Peričić
Tin Rožman
Nikica Viličić
Damir Keliš
Maša Pocrnić

Tehnička obrada
Studio: Duplicato Media d.o.o.
Režija: Tomislav Rukavina
Režija vokalnih izvedbi: Martina Kapitan Bregović
Prijevod i adaptacija: Tomislav Rukavina
Stihovi: Tomislav Rukavina

Američki animirani filmovi 2020-ih

Spužva Bob Skockani: Spužva u bijegu


An Carex digitalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Willdenow. An Carex digitalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. d. digitalis
 C. d. floridana
 C. d. macropoda

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex digitalis


Freedom kan henvise til:

 sange
 Freedom (Robert Miles-sang) – sang af Robert Miles
 Freedom (Wham!-sang) – sang af Wham!

 album
 Freedom (Sanne Salomonsen-album) – album med Sanne Salomonsen
 Freedom (Akon-album) – album med Akon
 Freedom (Neil Young-album) – album med Neil Young

 andet
 Freedom (DJ) – dansk DJ

Freedom


أَبُو مَحْمُودْ حَمِيدٍ بْنْ اَلْخِضْرْ اَلْخَجَنْدِي، هو فلكي ورياضي مسلم طاجيكي ؛ والذي عاش في اواخر القرن العاشر للميلاد وساعد في بناء المرصد الفلكي بالقرب من مدينة الري ( والتي تقع بالقرب من مدينة طهران اليوم) في إيران. ولد في مدينة خجند ( طاجيكستان حاليا) في حوالي 940 ميلادية وتوفي سنة 1000 للميلاد.

حياته
لا نعرف سوى القليل عن حياة الخجندي ولم يصل إلينا منه سوى كتاباته التي تمت إنقاذها والملاحظات التي كتبها نصر الدين طوسي. ويبدو من العادل القول من وجهة نظر وملاحظات نصر الدين طوسي أن الخجندي كان واحداً من الحكام الفارسيين الذين حكموا المجتمع المغولي في إقليم خودزهاند، وبهذا لا بد وأن ينحدر الخجندي من سلالة العائلة الحاكمة.

إنجازاته العلمية

في علم الفلك
من إنجازات الحضارة الإسلامية في علم الفلك، عمل الخجندي بتشجيع ودعم مالي من الأمراء البويههيين في مدينة  بإيران؛ حيث عرف بأنه باني أول وأضخم مرصد فلكي متحرك في العالم وذلك في السنة 994 للميلاد.

كما قام الخجندي بحساب الميل المحوري بدقة ليكون قيمته: 23 درجة و32 دقيقة و19 ثانية ( 23.53ْ)، والتي كانت عبارة عن تحسين معنوي للقيمة التي حسبها الإغريقيين القدماء: 23 درجة و51 دقيقة و20 ثانية (23.86ْ)؛ ولا تزال القيمة التي حسبها الخجندي قريبة جداً للمقياس الحديث وهو: 23 درجة و26 دقيقة (23.44ْ).

في الرياضيات
ومن منجزات الحضارة الإسلامية في الرياضيات، أعلن الخجندي بوضوح وجود حالة خاصة من مبرهنة فيرما الأخيرة عندما يكون قيمة ن= 3، ولكن محاولته لإثبات النظرية كانت غير صائبة. يمكن أن يعزو فضل اكتشاف قانون الجيب للمثلثات الكروية إلى الخجندي، ولكنه لا يزال غير واضح إذا كان الخجندي هو أول من اكتشف قانون الجيب؛ أو إذا كان أبو النصر منصور أو أبو الوفا هما من اكتشفاه أولاً.

المراجع

المصادر الخارجية
 تاريخ الإسلام العلمي

دارسون بويهيون
رياضياتيون فرس في القرن 10
رياضياتيون من العصر الذهبي للإسلام
صانعو أدوات علمية
علماء فرس
علماء فلك في العصور الإسلامية الوسطى
فلكيو القرن 10
فلكيون فرس من العصور الوسطى
فلكيون مسلمون
مخترعون في القرن 10
مخترعون مسلمون
مخترعون من العصر الذهبي للإسلام
مسلمون في القرن 10
مواليد 940
مواليد عقد 940
مواليد في خوجاند
وفيات 1000
فلكيون إيرانيون في القرن 10

أبو محمود الخجندي


Moon Bay est une baie qui a une largeur de  et une profondeur de  . Elle se situe au large de l'Antarctique. Plus précisement dans îles Shetland du Sud, sur la côte est de l'île Livingston, entre Edinburgh Hill et Renier Point. Les glaciers Sopot Ice Piedmont, Iskar, Huron, Struma, Kaliakra, Panega et Debelt alimentent la baie. Lîle Half Moon  et Elemag Reef se situent à Moon Bay.

La baie était sans doute déjà connue des chasseurs de phoque de la région dès 1821. Elle a été redécouverte en 1935 par l'équipage du Discovery II lors des Discovery Investigations. La baie fut probablement nommée par eux à cause de sa proximité avec l'île Half Moon, qui se trouve à l'entrée de la baie.

Cartes

 Îles Shetland du Sud. Carte topographique à l'échelle 1:200000. Feuille DOS 610 W 62 60. Tolworth, Royaume-Uni, 1968.
 Îles Shetland du Sud. Carte topographique à l'échelle 1:200000. Feuille DOS 610 W 62 58. Tolworth, Royaume-Uni, 1968.
 Islas Livingston et Decepción. Carte topographique à échelle 1:100000. Madrid : Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.
 LL Ivanov et al. Antarctique : île Livingston et île Greenwich, îles Shetland du Sud. Carte topographique à l'échelle 1:100000. Sofia : Commission des noms de lieux antarctiques de Bulgarie, 2005.
 LL Ivanov. Antarctique : île Livingston et îles Greenwich, Robert, Snow et Smith. Carte topographique à l'échelle 1:120000. Troyen : Fondation Manfred Wörner, 2009.
 Base de données numérique de l'Antarctique (ADD). Carte topographique de l'Antarctique à l'échelle 1:250000. Comité scientifique pour la recherche antarctique (SCAR), 1993–2016.

Références

Liens externes
 Répertoire géographique composite du SCAR de l'Antarctique

Baie en Antarctique

Moon Bay


The River Dargle () is a river that flows from the Wicklow Mountains in Ireland to the Irish Sea. It forms Powerscourt Waterfall, receives the Glencree and Glencullen Rivers, and later the Glenmunder Stream / County Brook, and the Swan River at Bray, and reaches the sea at Bray Harbour.

Course
The Dargle rises in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland, on the southern slopes of Tonduff . It flows down the Glensoulan hanging valley, to fall over the  Powerscourt Waterfall. The Dargle then flows through the Glencree valley where it is fed by the River Glencree, before flowing east for a further . It receives the Glencullen River, and later the Glenmunder Stream, also known as the County Brook or Ballyman Stream. A final small tributary, the Swan River, joins opposite the People's Park, Little Bray. The final  section reaches the Irish Sea at Bray Harbour.

Name
The river's name in Irish refers to the tint of red in the rocks at its source.

Historical events

Battle of Bloody Bank
In August 1401 the O'Byrne clan of County Wicklow, who periodically raided Dublin, encamped a large mercenary army, composed mainly of their relatives, the O'Meagher clan, on the banks of the Dargle near Bray. The authorities in Dublin received advance warning of the intended raid from the Walsh family of Carrickmines, whose lands stood directly in the path of the mercenary army. Led by John Drake, who was three times Lord Mayor of Dublin, the citizens of Dublin supported by the Walsh clan, scored a decisive victory, commemorated as the Battle of Bloody Bank, over the O'Byrnes and O'Meaghers on the banks of the Dargle. The slaughter was so terrible (one estimate puts the death toll at 4000, although this was probably an exaggeration) that the area became known as Bloody Bank until it was renamed in the nineteenth century as Sunny Bank. The outcome greatly improved the security of Dublin, and seriously weakened the power of the O'Byrne clan.

Cultural references
Sir Walter Scott visited the area in 1825 and mistakenly assumed that Dargle was the name for any glen, etc. He used the word in his novel Redgauntlet seven years later: Glen, nor dargle, nor mountain, nor cave, could hide the puir hill-folk.

About 1838 the eminent judge Philip Cecil Crampton, who lived at St. Valery House, by the Dargle, became a supporter of the temperance movement: to show his fidelity to the cause, he emptied the entire contents of his wine cellar into the river.

The folk song Waxies' Dargle makes an indirect reference to the river. Non-religious holidays in Dublin - especially tradesmen's days off - were traditionally referred to as a "Dargle Days" (from the habit of the Irish upper classes of travelling to the banks of the Dargle to picnic and engage in field sports such as tennis, on such days). The "Waxie's Dargle", on the other hand, is a humorous reference to the annual outing of the Dublin shoe-makers and repairers (who were known as "Waxies", from their habit of periodically running a ball of wax along the string as they stitched) to Irishtown on the River Dodder.

See also
Rivers of Ireland

References

External links

Dargle River River Guide

Dargle
Bray, County Wicklow

River Dargle


Hindon  est une petite localité de l'intérieur de la région d'Otago, dans l'Île du Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
Elle est localisée à  au nord-ouest de la cité de Dunedin dans la chaîne de , tout près de l'angle de la plaine de .
La ligne de chemin de fer de la ligne des gorges de Taieri passe à travers la ville de Hindon sur son chemin entre la cité de Dunedin et la ville de Middlemarch.

Population
Hindon a actuellement une population d'environ .
Au moment de la ruée vers l'or, la population était d'environ .

Toponymie
Hindon fut dénommée par le super-intendant provincial , qui possédait des terres dans le secteur, bien que l'origine du nom lui-même soit inconnue.

La zone était un centre d'activité important durant la dernière partie de la ruée vers l'or du centre d'Otago, avec plusieurs mines ayant fonctionné pour l'extraction du   au niveau de la localité de Hindon et à proximité de « Barewood».
La taille du centre-ville a régressé nettement après la fin de la ruée vers l'or.
Il reste peu de chose de ces mines, bien que l'on puisse trouver quelques restes de batteries de tri au hasard chez quelques fermiers locaux.

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Otago

Hindon (Otago)


Tenitra Michelle Williams (d. 23 Temmuz 1980), Amerikalı şarkıcı, şarkı yazarı, yapımcı ve oyuncu. 2000'lerin başında Destiny's Child grubu ile ünlendi. Günümüzde solo çalışmalar yapmaktadır.

Diskografi

Stüdyo albümleri
 Heart to Yours (2002)
 Do You Know (2004)
 Unexpected (2008)
 Journey to Freedom (2014)

Toplama albümler
 Heart to Yours/Do You Know (2006)

Singlelar
 2002: "Heard a Word"
 2004: "Do You Know"
 2008: "We Break the Dawn"
 2008: "The Greatest"
 2008: "Hello Heartbreak"
 2013: "If We Had Your Eyes"
 2013: "Fire"
 2014: "Say Yes" (Beyoncé ve Kelly Rowland eşliğinde)

Ödülleri

Filmografi

Broadway müzikalleri
 2003: "Aida" (Aida rolünde)
 2007: "The Color Purple" (Shug Avery)

Televizyon
 2007 "BET Awards '07"
 2006 "Celebrity Duets"
 2006 "Half & Half"
 2006 "In The Cutz"
 2006 "WrestleMania 22"
 2006 "The 20th Annual Soul Train Music Awards"
 2006 "The 48. Annual Grammy Awards"
 2006 "14. Annual Inner City Destiny Awards"
 2005 "Jimmy Kimmel Live"
 2005 "The Oprah Winfrey Show"
 2005 "ESPY Awards"
 2005 "Live with Regis and Kathie Lee"
 2004 "The Oprah Winfrey Show"
 2004 "The Record of the Year 2004"
 2004 "Strictly Come Dancing"
 2004 "35th Annual GMA Music Awards"
 2004 "The 18th Annual Soul Train Music Awards"
 2003 "2003 Trumpet Awards"
 2002 "The 29th Annual American Music Awards"
 2001 "Intimate Portrait"
 2001 "Christmas in Rockefeller Center"
 2001 "1st Annual BET Awards"
 2001 "E! True Hollywood Story"
 2001 "Sen kväll med Luuk"
 2000 "The Famous Jett Jackson"
 2000 "The 2000 Billboard Music Awards"
 2000 "2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards"
 2000 "Christmas in Rockefeller Center"
 2000 "VH1 Divas 2000: A Tribute to Diana Ross"

Turneler
 2002 Heart to Yours US Tour
 2003 Do You Know Dünya Turnesi
 2004 Uluslararası Turne (Luther Vandross ve Angie Stone ile)

Dış bağlantılar
 Michelle Williams Online
 Michelle Williams - MySpace
 Michelle Williams - Internet Movie Database
 Destiny's Child Resmi Web Sitesi

1980 doğumlular
Rockford, Illinois doğumlular
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın pop şarkıcı-söz yazarları
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Destiny's Child üyeleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
Afrikalı Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
Afrikalı Amerikalı kadın şarkıcılar
Afrikalı Amerikalı Hristiyanlar
Afrikalı Amerikalı şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları

Michelle Williams (şarkıcı)


QSO B0836+710 ou 4C 71.07 est un lointain blazar multi-émetteur connu pour avoir un immense jet de matière. Ce blazar se situe dans la constellation de la Grande Ourse à 9.8 milliards d'années-lumière.

Découverte
QSO B0836+710 a été découvert par le WEBT  (Whole Earth Blazar Telescope) en 2019. La découverte a été faite dans le domaine des rayons X.

Caractéristiques
L'étude du WEBT avec les images d'archive du SWIFT et celle du FERMI a permis de mesurer l'émission d'ultraviolet, rayons X et gamma.

Lors de l'étude du WEBT une variabilité dans le domaine des ondes radio a été relevée ; selon le WEBT cette variation serait due à une corrélation des jets de QSO B0836+710.

Cette étude a aussi permis d'estimer la vitesse des gaz du disque d'accrétion ainsi que la masse du trou noir de QSO B0836+710 (3 milliards de masses solaires).

Selon l'étude du FERMI le signal du blazar est polarisé. Pour qu'un signal soit polarisé il faut que l'objet en question doive avoir un champ magnétique très puissant, le relevé du FERMI montre un champ magnétique d'environ 1015 tesla.

Une ré-étude par le satellite Chandra a relevé une très intense émission de rayons X (de 0.1 à 10 keV jusqu'à 1 MeV).

Référence

Blazar

QSO B0836+710


Rat Burana est l'un des 50 khets de Bangkok, Thaïlande.

Histoire

Points d'intérêt
 Pont Rama IX

Notes et références

Liens externes

Khet de Bangkok

Rat Burana


කොප්පරා යනු වියැලුනු පොල් මාංශය හෝ මදය හෝ වෙයි. පොල් තෙල් මෙයින් උකහා ගන්නා බැවින් බොහෝ පොල්-නිෂ්පාදනය කරන රටවල වැදගත් කෘෂිකාර්මික වෙළෙඳ භාණ්ඩයක් බවට කොප්පරා පත් වී ඇත. පශු සම්පත සඳහා පෝෂ්‍යයක් ලෙසින් භාවිතා කෙරෙන පුන්නක්කුද මෙහිදී නිපැයේ.

නිෂ්පාදනය
සාම්ප්‍රදායික ලෙසින් කොප්පරා ගානු ලැබීමෙන් හා ඇඹරීමෙන් පසුව ජලය බහා නැටවීමෙන් පොල් තෙල් නිස්සාරණය කරනු ලැබේ. ශාන්තිකර දූපත් සංස්කෘතීන් විසින් මෙය බොහෝ කල් සිට භාවිතා කල අතර දකුණු මුහුදේ සහ දකුණු ආසියාවේ ක්‍රියාත්මකවූ වෙළෙඳුන්ට 1860 ගණන් වලදී මෙය ඉතා වටිනා වාණිජ භාණ්ඩයක් විය. සැමෝවාහී  ඔහුගේ අත්දැකීම් මත පදනම්ව ඔහු අතින් ලියැවුනු  රොබට් ලුවී ස්ටීවන්සන්ගේ 1893 වෘත්තාන්ත අන්දරය ද බීච් ඔෆ් ෆාලේසා රචනය කිරීමට ඔහුව පෙළඹූයේ 19වන-සියවසේ කොප්පරා වෙළෙඳාම බව කියැවේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

පොල්

කොප්පරා


An Specklinia dodii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Specklinia dodii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Specklinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Specklinia

Specklinia dodii


Premiile César 2011, reprezentând cea de-a 36-a ediție a ceremoniilor César, prezentată de Academia de artă și tehnică cinematografică (Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma), a avut loc la data 25 februarie 2011, în Paris, Franța, pentru a celebra și premia filmele realizate în 2010. Ceremonia a fost prezidată de Jodie Foster și prezentată de Antoine de Caunes. Audiența a fost entuziasmată de prezența actriței Olivia de Havilland, invitata de onoare a festivalului, primind-o cu ovații în picioare.

Câștigătorii și nominalizații

{| class=wikitable style="width="150%"
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

 Des hommes et des dieux (Despre oameni și dumnezei)
 Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life Heartbreaker The Names of Love Mammuth On Tour The Ghost Writer| valign="top" width="50%"|

Roman Polanski – Scriitorul din "umbră")
 Mathieu Amalric – On Tour
 Olivier Assayas – Carlos
 Xavier Beauvois – Despre oameni și dumnezei
 Bertrand Blier – The Clink of Ice
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|Éric Elmosnino – Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life
Gérard Depardieu – Mammuth
Romain Duris – Heartbreaker
Jacques Gamblin – The Names of Love
Lambert Wilson – Despre oameni și dumnezei
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Sara Forestier – The Names of Love
Isabelle Carré – Romantics Anonymous
Catherine Deneuve – Potiche
Charlotte Gainsbourg – The Tree
Kristin Scott Thomas – Sarah's Key
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Michael Lonsdale – Despre oameni și dumnezei
Niels Arestrup – The Big Picture
Francois Damiens – Heartbreaker
Gilles Lellouche – Little White Lies
Olivier Rabourdin – [Despre oameni și dumnezei]]
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Anne Alvaro – The Clink of Ice
Valérie Bonneton – Little White Lies
Laetitia Casta – Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life
Julie Ferrier – Heartbreaker
Karin Viard – Potiche
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Edgar Ramirez – Carlos
Arthur Dupont – Bus Palladium
Grégoire Leprince-Ringuet – The Princess of Montpensier
Pio Marmai – Living on Love Alone
Raphaël Personnaz – The Princess of Montpensier
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Leïla Bekhti – Tout ce qui brille
 Anais Demoustier – Living on Love Alone
 Audrey Lamy –, Tout ce qui brille
 Léa Seydoux – Belle Épine
 Yahima Torres – Black Venus
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

The Names of Love – Baya Kasmi, Michel Leclerc
On Tour – Mathieu Amalric, Marcelo Novais Teles, Philippe Di Folco, Raphaëlle Valbrune
Le Bruit des glaçons – Bertrand Blier
Of Gods and Men – Étienne Comar, Xavier Beauvois
Mammuth – Benoît Delépine, Gustave Kervern
| valign="top" width="50%"|

The Ghost Writer – Robert Harris, Roman Polanski
The Tree – Julie Bertuccelli
The Princess of Montpensier – Jean Cosmos, Francois-Olivier Rousseau, Bertrand Tavernier
The Big Picture – Éric Lartigau, Laurent de Bartillat
Potiche – Francois Ozon
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life
Heartbreaker
Lights Out
Turk's Head
Tout ce qui brille
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Caroline Champetier – Despre oameni și dumnezei
Christophe Beaucarne – On Tour
Pawel Edelman – The Ghost Writer
Bruno de Keyzer – The Princess of Montpensier
Guillaume Schiffman – Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Hervé de Luze – The Ghost Writer
Luc Barnier – Carlos
Annette Dutertre – On Tour
Marie-Julie Maille – Despre oameni și dumnezei
Marilyne Monthieux – Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Daniel Sobrino, Jean Goudier, Cyril Holtz – Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life
Philippe Barbeau, Jerome Wiciak, Florent Lavallee – Oceans
Jean-Marie Blondel, Thomas Desjonquieres, Dean Humphreys – The Ghost Writer
Jean-Jacques Ferran, Vincent Guillon, Éric Bonnard – Despre oameni și dumnezei
Olivier Mauvezin, Séverin Favriau, Stéphane Thiebaut – On Tour|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Alexandre Desplat – The Ghost Writer
Bruno Coulais – OceansGrégoire Hetzel – The TreeDelphine Mantoulet, Tony Gatlif – KorkoroYarol Poupaud – Bus PalladiumPhilippe Sarde – The Princess of Montpensier| valign="top" width="50%"|

Caroline De Vivaise – The Princess of Montpensier
Olivier Beriot – The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-SecPascaline Chavanne – PoticheAlexia Crisp-Jones – On TourMarielle Robaut – Despre oameni și zei|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|

Hugues Tissandier – The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec
Michel Barthelemy – Despre oameni și dumnezeiGuy-Claude Francois – The Princess of MontpensierAlbrecht Konrad – The Ghost WriterChristian Marti – Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life| valign="top" width="50%"|Oceans Benda Bilili! Cleveland vs. Wall Street Into Our Own Hands Yves Saint Laurent - Pierre Bergé, l'amour fou|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|The Illusionist Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds The Man in the Blue Gordini Logorama A Cat in Paris| valign="top" width="50%"|Logorama Monsieur l'Abbé Petit Tailleur Une pute et un poussin Un Transport en Commun|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|The Social Network Heartbeats Bright Star The Secret in Their Eyes Illegal Inception Invictus| colspan="2" valign="top" width="50%"|
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" valign="top" width="50%"|

Quentin Tarantino
|-
| align="center" colspan="2"  valign="top" width="50%"|

Yaël Fogiel and Laetitia Gonzalez
|-
|}

 Filme cu multiple nominalizări și premii

Următoarele pelicule au primit multiple nominalizări:

Următoarele filme au primit premii multiple:

 Audiență
Ceremonia a fost urmărită în direct de circa 2,9 milioane de telespectatori, ceea ce corespunde cu 14.5% din audiența din Franța.

 Vezi și
 Oscar 2011 (ediția a 83-a)
 Premiile BAFTA (ediția a 64-a)
 Premiile europene de film (ediția a 23-a)
 Premiile Lumières (ediția a 16-a)
 Premiile Margritte (ediția întâi)

 Referințe

 Legături externe

 Official website

 Ediția a 36-a a Premiilor César la AlloCiné''

2011
2011 în film
Premii de film din 2011

Premiile César 2011


Mit dem Chef nach Chenonceaux ist eine Kurzgeschichte von Alfred Andersch. Sie schildert den Wochenendausflug von drei deutschen Männern nach Frankreich, wo sie verschiedene Touristenziele besichtigen.

Inhalt
Der Deutsche Doktor Honig reist mit seinem Chef Herrn Schmitz und dessen Chauffeur Jeschke nach Frankreich, um an einem verlängerten Wochenende die Kathedralen und Loire-Schlösser nach einem Abhaksystem zu besichtigen. So wird erwähnt, dass die drei an einem Tag "zwei Kathedralen und elf Schlösser gemacht" hätten. Die Reise beginnt in Paris und endet im Loiretal, nachdem man zuvor Versailles, das nach Herrn Schmitz, "vergammelt sei" besucht hatte. Der Chef fährt mit diesen negativen Kommentaren über den verfallenden Zustand der Bauten fort, während der Doktor  die Architektur bewundert. So sagt Herr Schmitz, dass die Franzosen sich in ihrer Vergangenheit mit Bauten übernommen hätten, da sie nicht in der Lage waren, diese zu erhalten.

Während der Reise erkrankt Doktor Honig und  wird von Herrn Schmitz besucht. Bei diesem Gespräch wird klar, dass Herr Schmitz, der bisher nur schlecht von den Bauten sprach, diese eigentlich verehrt – und es ihn schmerzt, diese vergammeln zu sehen. Andersch drückt es folgendermaßen aus:

"[…] Herrn Schmitz's Traum war ein Traum von funkelnden Fabriken und funkelnden Schlössern, eine Phantasmagorie aus glänzenden deutschen Fabriken und nagelneuen französischen Kathedralen […], glänzend und für alle Ewigkeit gemacht: Krefeld und Versailles."

Schmitz sagte zuvor zu Honig, es sei "gut zu wissen, dass die heilige Johanna von irgendwem finanziert worden ist" und etwas später, Honig solle ihm eine heilige Johanna zeigen, er würde sie finanzieren.
Als Honig Herrn Schmitz' Beziehung zu den Bauwerken begreift, wird ihm klar, dass es keine heilige Johanna mehr gibt und dass sich "nirgends auch nur der kleinste Fetzen eines Mythos entdecken ließ, den Herr Schmitz hätte finanzieren können".
Sie verlassen die Kathedrale von Bourges, wo sie ein Denkmal des Jacques Coeur, der die heilige Johanna finanzierte, besichtigt hatten und werden von Jeschke mit dem frisch gewienerten Wagen abgeholt, den der Doktor als Sarg bezeichnet.

Form und Sprache
Die Sprache der Kurzgeschichte besteht aus langen Sätzen und besitzt keine Pointe als solche, sondern zielt auf eine Erkenntnis heraus.
Der Text besteht hauptsächlich aus Sätzen mit Satzeinschüben, sehr vielen Nebensätzen und ausführlichen Beschreibungen der Personen oder der Umgebung:

"Jeschke, hager und schwärzlich, sicherlich überzeugter Kartoffelesser, musterte finster die Platte, gab aber nach einigen Versuchen zu, die Leberwurst sei ausgezeichnet, was angesichts seiner sonstigen Schweigsamkeit bemerkenswert war und Herrn Schmitz veranlasste, seinen Appetit nicht weiter zu zähmen und sich Proben aus Jeschkes Hors d'oeuvre zu fischen; er forderte auch den Doktor auf, Jeschke zu entlasten, aber Honig zog es vor, seine Weinbergschnecken abzuwarten und, bis sie kamen, den beiden Männern zuzusehen: dem steif aufgerichteten dürren Jeschke, der keinen Knopf seiner grauen Livreejacke öffnete und mit der Gabel von oben her im Aufschnitt stockerte […]"

Die Satzstruktur verkürzt sich bei Dialogen, beispielsweise bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten zwischen Schmitz und dem Doktor:

"Gestern, in Versailles, war Herr Schmitz beinahe explodiert, als er den Zustand des Schlosses gesehen hatte. 'Nee', hatte er gemeint, 'so vergammeln darf man dat Ding nicht lassen.' Er nannte das Versailler Schloss 'dat Ding'. Der Doktor hatte etwas von delikater Patina gesagt, aber Herr Schmitz hatte den Einwand nicht gelten lassen."

Figuren

Doktor Honig
Honig ist Mitarbeiter und Mitglied des Führungsstabes von Schmitz' Firma. Er reist mit Schmitz nach Frankreich, obwohl er wie auch die anderen der Reisegesellschaft nicht Französisch spricht, was er  als seine "grosse Bildungslücke" bezeichnet. Wegen seines Interesses für die Kunst wird er von seinen Kollegen 'Kunst-Honig' genannt. Hönig lässt sich auf Diskussionen mit Schmitz über die Kunst ein. Nach Herrn Schmitz' Aussage, versteht der Doktor mehr von Kunst als er selbst.

Herr Schmitz
Schmitz ist  Chef einer Textilfirma und reist mit Doktor Honig und seinem Chauffeur Jeschke nach Frankreich, um die dortigen Bauwerke zu besichtigen. Er äußert sich abwertend über die 'vergammelten' Gebilde. Dies, weil er nicht etwa die Bauten verabscheut, sondern weil er "es nicht ertrug, dass die Dinge, die er liebte, alt und dreckig geworden waren".
Er ist wohlgenährt ("in gesundes, festes Fett verpackt") und hat eine Leidenschaft für gutes Essen. Er sei aber, so der Doktor, nicht dick, sondern ernähre sich nur vom Besten. Schmitz hasst 'Ja-Sager' und 'glatte Zustimmung'. Er fährt einen schwarzen "Dreikommazwo-Liter-BMW"  mit zitronenfarbener Lederpolsterung, was  auf seinen ausgesuchten Geschmack hindeutet.

Jeschke
Jeschke ist Schmitz' Fahrer. Er wird als hager, schwärzlich und schweigsam beschrieben und ist misstrauisch gegenüber Unbekanntem. Er trägt eine graue Livreejacke.

Deutung

Beziehung zwischen Honig und Schmitz
Honig wird von Schmitz bezahlt, ist also von diesem abhängig, weiß aber gleichzeitig mehr über Kunst als letzterer. Ihre Beziehung ähnelt der eines Künstlers und eines Mäzens: Honig, der Kunstfachmann, und Schmitz, der Arbeitgeber, der davon träumt, dass Kapital und Kunst verschmelzen.
Zudem versucht Andersch in dem Text einen Kontrast zu erschaffen zwischen dem typischen Werbegraphiker und dem scheinbar neureichen Kapitalisten. Er bricht das Klischee dieser zwei typischen Figuren durch ironische Situationen und Dialoge. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die Szene, in der der Doktor Jeschke beneidet, der nicht die Bauten besichtigen muss, sondern im Wagen Kaffee trinken darf.

Jeanne d'Arc
Schmitz, der nicht mehr der Jüngste ist, vergleicht sich selbst mit den Erbauern dieser Schlösser, die zwar zu ihrer Zeit strahlten wie momentan seine Fabrik, Jahre später allerdings vergammelten. Anders als Jaques Coeur, dessen Grab er besuchte und dem ein Denkmal gewidmet wurde, hat er keine Jeanne d'Arc, die er finanzieren könnte und wird deshalb am Ende auch nur in einem unbedeutenden, schwarzen Sarg – dem BMW – abgeholt.

Mythos entdecken
Die Geschichte enthält wenig Spannung, eine typische Pointe in Form einer Wendung fehlt. Das Augenmerk des Textes liegt auf der Entdeckung Honigs, was Schmitz wirklich von den Bauten hält. Er realisiert, dass es in der Reise – und dem Text – eigentlich darum ging, einen "Mythos zu entdecken, den Herr Schmitz hätte finanzieren können". Die Geschichte ist also kein typischer Text, der auf eine Pointe herausläuft, sondern eine Geschichte, die auf einen Erkenntnisvorgang zusteuert.

Textausgaben
Der Text wurde in der Anthologie Geister und Leute zusammen mit mehreren anderen Kurztexten von Andersch publiziert.
Geister und Leute. Zehn Geschichten. [Erstausgabe] Olten 1958.
Geister und Leute: Zehn Geschichten. Diogenes-Verl. 2006. ISBN 3-257236050
Weitere:
 Mit dem Chef nach Chenonceaux. Alltägliche Geschichten aus der BRD. Eine Anthologie. Hg.: Annie Voigtländer. Berlin, Weimar, 1976

Weblinks
"Mit dem Chef nach Chenonceaux" auf Leixoletti.de

Einzelnachweise

Literatur (Deutsch)
Kurzgeschichte
Werk über Jeanne d'Arc
Alfred Andersch

Mit dem Chef nach Chenonceaux


Pavel Pernikov, né en 1992, est un militant biélorusse des droits de l'homme ainsi qu'un contributeur à Wikipédia, prisonnier politique.

Biographie
Entre 2010 et 2015, il étudie à l'université A.S. Pouchkine à Brest en Biélorussie.

Wikipédia
Il s'est inscrit à Wikipédia le  sous le pseudonyme Pr12402. En sept ans, il réalise plus de  de l'encyclopédie.

Selon le Centre Viasna des droits de l'homme, Pavel Pernikov est arrêté le 3 novembre 2021

Le , son compte Wikipédia a un comportement suspect, supprimant des paragraphes de plusieurs articles de Wikipédia en biélorusse et Wikipédia en russe concernant l'opposition politique au chef d'État Alexandre Loukachenko.

Dans le détail, les passages touchés sont : les sanctions contre le chef d'État Alexandre Loukachenko, les décorations de la militante Veronika Tsepkala, les réactions internationales à la suite de la détention de la femme politique Maria Kolesnikova, les événements de 2020-2021 dans l'article sur la liberté d'expression en Biélorussie, la résolution du congrès américain dans l'article consacré au régime de Loukachenko et les réactions dans la liste des personnes tuées lors des manifestations de 2020 et 2021. Sur la version russe, les passages supprimés concernent : le statut de prisonnière politique de Maria Kolesnikova, le régime autoritaire de Loukachenko et de nombreux exemples dans l'article sur la censure en Biélorussie. Le lendemain, son compte est bloqué. La compromission du compte ne fait aucun doute pour le wikipédien interrogé par le journal Mediazona.

Trois mois plus tard, le , le bureau du procureur de Brest annonce poursuivre un  pour avoir discrédité la République du Bélarus sur Wikipédia (article 369-1 du code pénal).

Le , le tribunal de Brest le condamne à deux années de détention pour avoir , en contribuant notamment aux articles de Wikipédia en biélorusse portant sur le militant d'opposition  et la journaliste d'investigation Veronika Tcherkassova. Il est également déclaré coupable d'avoir publié, sur le site Internet d'une organisation de défense des droits de l'homme, un article sur la torture et la mort dans les lieux de détention.

Plusieurs organisations de défense des droits humains, dont Viasna, considèrent Pavel Pernikov comme un prisonnier politique.

Autres
Pavel Pernikov est membre du conseil d'administration de la section biélorusse de la Société internationale pour les droits de l'homme.

Références

Articles connexes
 Censure en Biélorussie
 Censure de Wikipédia
 Droits de l'homme en Biélorussie
 Mark Bernstein, contributeur à Wikipédia emprisonné en Biélorussie

Histoire de Wikipédia
Personnalité biélorusse du XXIe siècle
Prisonnier d'opinion biélorusse
Naissance en 1992
Wikimédien

Pavel Pernikov


Baywatch este un film american de acțiune și comedie din 2017 regizat de Seth Gordon. Este bazat pe serialul de televiziune cu același nume. Este scris de Mark Swift și Damian Shannon, cu actorii pe Dwayne Johnson, Zac Efron, Alexandra Daddario, Kelly Rohrbach, Jon Bass, Ilfenesh Hadera și Priyanka Chopra în rolurile principale.

Filmările au început la 22 februarie 2016, în Florida și Savannah, Georgia. Filmul a fost lansat în Statele Unite ale Americii la 25 mai 2017 de studioul Paramount Pictures și a avut încasări de 86 milioane dolari în întreaga lume.

Distribuție

 Dwayne Johnson - Locotenentul Mitch Buchannon
 Zac Efron - Matt Brody
 Priyanka Chopra - Victoria Leeds
 Alexandra Daddario - Summer Quinn
 Jon Bass - Ronnie Greenbaum
 Kelly Rohrbach - C. J. Parker
 Ilfenesh Hadera - Stephanie Holden
 Yahya Abdul-Mateen II - Sergentul Garner Ellerbee
 Rob Huebel - Căpitanul Thorpe
 Hannibal Buress - Dave, The Tech
 Oscar Nunez - Consilierul Rodriguez
 Amin Joseph - Frankie
 Jack Kesy - Leon
 Belinda Peregrín - Carmen
 Pamela Anderson - Căpitanul Casey Jean Parker

 David Hasselhoff - Mentorul

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme de acțiune din anii 2010
Filme de comedie din anii 2010
Filme din 2017
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Seth Gordon
Filme Paramount Pictures
Filme cu acțiunea pe plaje
Filme bazate pe seriale de televiziune

Baywatch (film)


Belh Vilayeti (Farsça, Peştuca:  بلخ, Balkh) Afganistan'ın 34 vilayetinden birisidir.

Belh Vilayeti'nin yönetim merkezi Mezar-ı Şerif şehridir. 17.249 km2 yüzölçümündeki vilayetin nüfusu 1.123.948'dir.

Belh'in Tarihi
Belh şehri, bölgenin en eski şehirlerinden birisidir ve Kuzey Amu Derya'dan yaklaşık olarak MÖ 2000–1500 yılları arasında göç eden Hindu-Avrupa dilini konuşan Aryan kabilesinin ilk şehri olarak düşünülür. Araplar onu, eskiliği sebebiyle 'Ummu'l Beled' veya "Şehirlerin Anası" olarak adlandırırdı.

Mevsim değişikliği, onun topraklarının çok verimli olduğu zamanlarda şehrin terkine yol açmıştı. Bölgeyi Şehirlerin Anası olarak adlandıran ve Zerdüşt'ün Belh'te doğduğuna inanan yerel halk, bölgenin mükemmelliğinin ve antikliğinin farkındadır. Ve ayrıca Zerdüştler tarafından Zerdüşt'ün orada gömülü olduğuna inanılır. Şehrin kuruluşu efsanevi olarak Kiyumers'e dayandırılır (ki o Pers Romulus'udur) ve en azından çok erken tarihlerde Hamedan, Ninova ve Babil'in rakibi olduğu kesindir. Anahita'nın kutsal tapınağının burada bulunduğu inancı uzun süre yağmacıları şehre çekmiştir.

Zerdüşt'ün kurduğu Zerdüştlük dini'nin uzun süre merkezi olduğu ve Zerdüşt'ün buranın duvarları arasında öldüğü Firdevsî'nin şiirlerinde geçmektedir. Ermeni kaynakları Partlı Arsac'ın, başkentini burada kurduğunu göstermektedir. Bazı uzmanlar Kavi İmparatorluğu'nun birçok mitolojik krallarının Belh civarlarındaki bölgelerin yerel yöneticileri olduğuna inanmaktadır. Xuanzang'ın Anıları'ndan öğrendiğimize göre, onun 7. yüzyıldaki gezisinde şehirde veya yakınlarında bine yakın budist tapınağı, üç bin cemaat, bir dizi budist anıtı ve diğer dinlerin mabedleri varmış. En kayda değer olanı çok değerli (para açısından) bir buda heykeline sahip olan Nava Vihara'ydı. Bu tapınak Pramukh adı verilen Kashmiri Brahmin'leri tarafından yönetiliyordu. Arap fethinden kısa süre önce, tapınak Zerdüştlerin ateş tapınağı olmuştu. Bu binanın meraklı ilgisi, Belh'in kilden yapılmış bir şehir olduğunu, kum yığınları, altı kapı ve 3 km'ye varan genişliğiyle tasvir eden 10. yüzyılın bir Arap gezgininin yazılarında bulunur. Gezgin, ayrıca bir kaleden ve bir camiden de bahseder.

Ancak Persler'in 7. yüzyıldaki İslami fethi sırasında Belh, Halife Ömer ordularından Belh'e kaçan Pers İmparatoru için gözcü karakolu ve güvenli bir sığınak sağlamıştı. Daha sonra, 9. yüzyılda Yakup bin Laith as-Saffar'in hükümdarlığı zamanında, İslam bölgenin halkı arasında sağlam bir şekilde kök salmıştı.

12. yüzyılda İdrisi, Belh'te birçok çeşit eğitim kuruluşlarının varlığından ve Belh'in aktif ticareti devam ettirdiğinden bahseder. Hindistan ve Çin'e kadar uzanan önemli ticari rotaları vardı.

1220'de Cengiz Han, Belh'in halkını katletmiş ve savunmaya elverişli tüm binalarını yerle bir etmiştir. Fakat bunlara rağmen Marco Polo, şehri hâlâ "asil ve mükemmel bir şehir" olarak tasvir edebilmiştir.

16. yüzyılda, Özbekler Belh'e girmiştir. 1640'larda Moghul Şah-ı Cihan, Özbeklerle nafile bir şekilde savaşmıştır. Aurangzeb gençlik yıllarında Belh'in hükümdarlık tahtına geçmiştir. 1736'da Belh, Nadir Şah tarafından ele geçirilmiştir. Durani Monarşisi altında Afganların eline geçen Belh, 1820'de Kunduz'lu Şah Murat tarafından fethedilmiştir ve bir süre Buhara Emirliği'nin gündeminde kalmıştır. 1850'de Muhammed Akram Han Belh'i ele geçirmiş ve o zamandan beri Afgan yönetiminde kalmıştır.

Belh'in Antik Enkazları
Antik Yunanlar ve Ahameniş İmparatorluğu zamanında oluşmuş eski toprak tabakalarının kazıları 2003'te başlayana kadar hiçbir profesyonel arkeolojist Belh'te çalışma fırsatı bulamamıştı.

Daha önce inşa edilen Budist yapıları, İslam dönemindekilerden daha dayanıklı olduğunu kanıtladı. Top-Rustam, yerden 46 m çapında, tepeden 20 m çapında ve 15 m yüksekliğindedir. Dört dairesel kubbenin çökmesi, muhtemelen dört koridorun delinmesine yol açmıştır. Binanın temeli 60 cm'lik güneşte kurutulmuş kare tuğlalardan yapılmıştır ki bu tuğlalar 10–13 cm kalınlığındadır. Taht-e Rustem eşit olmayan kenarlarla -V- şeklinde planlanmıştır. Açıkça görülür ki, kerpiçten yapılmıştır. Çinli gezgin Xuanzang'ın bahsettiği Nan Vihara'yı bu enkazlarda tanıyabiliriz. Bu çevrede başka birçok bu yapılara benzer binaların enkazı vardır. Mezar-ı Şerif yolundaki enkazların yığınları, modern Belh'in üzerinde bulunduğu topraklardaki eski şehir alanının muhtmelen daha eski olduğunu temsil eder.

1911'de Belh
Sabz Mescidi'nin kalıntıları, Yeşil Cami adını seramikle kaplı kubbesinden almıştır.

Belh'te sel zamanında sıtmanın patlak vermesi sonucu bölgenin başkenti 1870'te Mezar-ı Şerif'e kaydırılmıştır. 1911'de Britannica Ansiklopedisi; 4000 metre karelik enkazın ortasında 500 Afgan yerleşeni, bir Yahudi kolonisi ve küçük bir pazar tasvir etmiştir.

Batı kapısından girerken ansiklopedi yazarlarının Cuma Mescidi'nin enkazlarını farkettiği üç tane kemerin altından geçersiniz. Dışarıdaki duvarların, genellikle tamamen bakımsız, 10,5 ila 11,3 km ile şehri çevrelediği tahmin edilir. Güneydoğuda bu duvarlar yüksek kum tepelerindedir.

Kale ve sığınak kuzeydoğudadır ve şehirden oldukça yüksek çıplak bir kum yığınının üzerindedir, duvarla çevrilidir ve ikisinin de hendekleri vardır. Ancak birkaç sütunun enkazından başka bir şey kalmamıştır Yeşil Cami'nin Abu Nasr Parsa'nın türbesi olduğu söylenir. Önceki medresenin kemerli girişinden başka bir şey kalmamıştır.

Şehirde 1911'de birkaç yüz gerilla tarafından bir karakol kuruldu. Bu gerillalar, Mezar-ı Şerif'in kenarında Takhtapul'da askeri destek alan Afgan-Türkistan'ın düzenli ordularındandı. Kuzeydoğu tarafındaki bahçeler bir kervansaray içerirdi. Ki bu kervansaraylar Platanus Orientalis adı verilen bir grup görkemli "chenar" ağacının gölgelendirdiği bahçenin bir kenarını oluşturuyordu.

Günümüzde Belh
Bir modernleştirme projesi 1934'te uygulamaya konmuştur. Bu kapsamda sekiz cadde yapılmış, barınaklar ve çarşı-pazarlar inşa edilmiştir. Modern Belh, genellikle İran koyunu diye bilinen koyunun yününden elde edilen pamuğun endüstrisinin ve badem,  karpuz yetiştiriciliği gibi tarımsal faaliyetlerin merkezidir. Eski harabelerden ve yerleşkelerden kalma bir dizi, ilgi kaynağı olan görülecek yerler vardır:
 Sayed Subhan Kuli Han'ın medresesi
 Khwaja Nasr Parsa'nın türbesi ve camisi olan Bala-Hesar
 Kadın şair Rabia Belhi'nin kabri
 Dokuz Kubbeli Cami (bu güzelce süslenmiş cami, Afganistan'da bilinen en eski islami anıttır. Ve ayrıca Hacı Piyade ile de ilgilidir.)
 Tap-e Rustam ve Takht-e Rustam

Kültürel rolü
Belh, oradan Pers Aryanlar'ın İran ve Hindistan'ın değişik yerlere göç ettiği ana şehirdi. Birkaç yüzyıl Pers Aryan medeniyetinin yayılmasında kilit şehir olarak rolünü korumuştur.

Belh, Fars dilinin ve edebiyatının gelişmesinde çok önemli bir role sahipti. Fars edebiyatının eski eserleri, aslen Belh'ten gelen yazarlar ve şairler tarafından yazılmıştır. Birçok ünlü Pers şairi Belh'ten gelmiştir:

 10. yüzyılda yaşayan ve Fars şiir tarihinin ilk kadın şairi olan Rabia Belhi
 Dakiki Balkhi, 10. yüzyıl
 9. ve 10. yüzyılın şairlerinden olan Şahid Balkhi, Abul Muayed Balkhi, Abu Şükür Balkhi, Marufi Balkhi
 Unsuri Balkhi, 10. ve 11. yüzyıl şairi
 Enveri Belh'te doğup Belh'te vefat etmiştir, 12. yüzyıl şairi
 İbni Sina, 10. yüzyılın ünlü filozofu ve bilim insanı, babası Belh'in yerlilerindendir.
 Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi, Belh'te doğup Belh'te eğitim görmüştür, 13. yüzyıl

Vilayetin ilçeleri
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Fillmore is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Hume, Allegany County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 603. It was originally known as "The Mouth of the Creek" but was named for President Millard Fillmore in 1850. The former village of Fillmore dissolved its incorporation and is now simply a named hamlet southeast of the town center of Hume. Fillmore is the mailing address of the Hungarian Scout Camp, the main campsite of the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, although the camp is technically within the neighboring town of Granger. Fillmore is also the site of the Most Holy Family Monastery which was deemed a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in February 2017.

Geography
Fillmore is located where Cold Creek joins the Genesee River, at approximately  above sea level, at the junction of County Road 4 and New York State Route 19 and New York State Route 19A. The hamlet is  southeast of the town center of Hume and  north of Houghton on Route 19 and  south of Rossburg (another hamlet in the town of Hume) on Route 19A.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Fillmore CDP has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

References

Hamlets in New York (state)
New York (state) populated places on the Genesee River
Former villages in New York (state)
Census-designated places in Allegany County, New York
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Hamlets in Allegany County, New York

Fillmore, New York


Percival's sister is a role of two similar but distinct characters in the Holy Grail stories within the Arthurian legend featuring the Grail hero Percival (Perceval). The first of them is named Dindrane, the second is usually unnamed and is known today as the Grail heroine.

Dindrane
Dindrane (or Dandrane, Danbrann, Dandrenor, Dindraine, etc.) is a character in the Old French romance Perlesvaus, or The High Book of the Holy Grail, an anonymous prose altered adaptation of (and a sequel to) Chrétien de Troyes' unfinished poem Perceval, the Story of the Grail. A sister of King Arthur's knight Percival, who rescues her from an evil bride kidnapper, Dindrane lives out her days as a maiden in the Grail Castle, together with her brother (Percival) and mother. The latter is Yglais, herself a sister of King Pelles and widow of Alain "the Large", lord of the valley and castle of Kamaalot (Camelot).

The pre-cyclic version of the Prose Lancelot names her Heliabel, describing her as even more beautiful than Guinevere. Heliabel later evolved into the character of Galahad's mother.

Grail heroine

Contrary to popular notion, Dindrane in the 13th-century Perlesvaus is not the sister of Percival who dies helping him (with Galahad and Bors) achieve the Holy Grail. This distinct latter character appears, unnamed, in the Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal (Quest for the Holy Grail) and its successors—and in the same context as Agresrizia in the 14th-century Italian Tavola Ritonda.

Though frequently left unnamed, Perceval's sister is a prominent figure in many of the Grail romances, sometimes dubbed the "Grail heroine". According to Anna Caughey, Thomas Malory's portrayal of Percival's sister in his 15th-century Le Morte d'Arthur characterizes her with an unusual "seizure of power and agency for a Malorian [good] woman that has previously been seen only in ambivalent or actively evil figures such as Nynyve or Morgan le Fay."

She is first encountered upon her brother (sometimes half-brother)'s return to their mother's castle, where she tells him that their mother has died. Percival leaves her either in the care of their hermit uncle or (in other texts) at the Castle of Maidens. She later meets up with Percival, Galahad and Bors, telling them who she is (she does not mention her name prior to this). She proceeds to inform them of the Sword of the Strange Belt, the magical Ship of Solomon, the Tree of Life, and other aspects of her destiny. The travellers board the Ship of Solomon, intent to complete the mystical Grail quest. After leaving the ship, they encounter a castle with a leprous mistress; told that only the blood of a maiden princess can cure the chatelaine's leprosy, Percival's sister opts to donate hers, but succumbs to the blood loss and dies. As per her dying wish, the damsel's body is set adrift in a boat (without a crew) to float to the holy city of Sarras. In some versions, Lancelot (Galahad's father) finds her vessel and buries her in Palais Esperitel; in others, she is interred by Galahad and Bors when they land at the port of Sarras, after which they proceed to win the Grail.

See also
 Elaine of Corbenic

References
Footnotes

Citations

External links
Perceval's Sister at The Camelot Project

Arthurian characters
Holy Grail

Percival's sister