Eufemia (født i 400-talet, død 523 eller 524, var en byzantinsk kejserinde, gift med kejser Justinus I.

Hun skal oprindelig have været en slave og konkubine for sin ejer. Hun hed tidligere Lupicina, hvilket betyder hunulv, Lupae, og var et andet navn for gadeprostituerede. Da hun blev kejserinde, byttede hun til samme navn som Sankt Eufemia, som hun ska have været interesseret af. Til trods for, at hun ikke siges at have haft nogen indflydelse på politikken, skal hun ifølge kirken have forvaltet den del af statens anliggender, som angik religionen. Hun modsatte sig ægteskabet mellem Justinian og Theodora. Det var dem forbudt at gifte sig ifølge loven, som ikke tillod ægteskab mellem samfundsklasserne. Først efter hendes død kunne ægtefællen ændre loven og gøre det muligt for parret at blive gift.

Østromerske Kejserdømme
Kejserinder

Eufemia (kejserinde)


El Castillo o Torre de Berroquejo o Barroquejo es una fortificación ubicada en el municipio de Jerez de la Frontera, en la provincia de Cádiz. Se encuentra situada a unos 10 km de Medina Sidonia, en su camino a Jerez de la Frontera, cerca del cruce que conduce a Puerto Real. Es Bien de Interés Cultural, con categoría de Monumento (código: 110200039).

Estado

Sólo persiste una torre cuadrada sin cubierta en cuyas esquinas se aprecian los arranques de la bóveda. No queda prácticamente nada de la cerca, si bien se distinguen restos de paredones.

Localización
Su construcción se realizó junto al camino que conectaba Jerez con Gibraltar, camino que actualmente se ha convertido en la Autovía Jerez - Los Barrios.

Historia
Construido en el . Citado con el nombre de Berrueco, también ha sido considerado como uno de los posibles lugares donde estuvo Doña Blanca presa por orden de Pedro I. Puede considerarse como una de las fortalezas alfonsinas de la Orden de Santa María de España.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Torres y castillos en torno a Jerez
 Fotos
 El Castillo de Berroquejo

Arquitectura de Jerez de la Frontera
Berroquejo
Puerto Real
Castillos de la Orden de Santa María de España

Castillo de Berroquejo


Swiss Chalet é uma cadeia de restaurantes casuais fundada em 1954 em Toronto, Ontário . O Swiss Chalet tem franquias na maioria das províncias canadenses, mas cerca de 80% estão em Ontário e nenhuma em Quebec. O Swiss Chalet é subsidiária da Recipe Unlimited, que também é dona da rede de fast food Harvey's . As franquias Swiss Chalet e Harvey compartilham muitos locais.

As franquias Swiss Chalet incluem uma variedade de pontos de venda . As localizações da empresa geralmente têm um tema arquitetônico alpino, uma sala de jantar, um balcão de retirada e entrega. Alguns apresentam janelas drive-thru, enquanto outros locais em certas áreas urbanas são apenas balcões de entrega e são mais parecidos com restaurantes de fast food . A marca também possui um sistema de pedidos de comida online . A Recipe Unlimited vende molho Swiss Chalet exclusivo, molho e marinadas (como misturas em pó) em supermercados canadenses.

História
O primeiro restaurante Swiss Chalet, na 234 Bloor Street West, Toronto, funcionou por 52 anos. Foi fundado por Rick Mauran, filho de Maurice Mauran e fundador do ainda existente Chalet BBQ de Montreal. O edifício apresentava tetos com vigas expostas no estilo chalé suíço . Esta loja fechou em 2006 e foi demolida em 2009 como parte de um condomínio.

No início dos anos 2000, a Cara Operations fechou todos os seus restaurantes em Quebec e nos Estados Unidos.

A empresa voltou para Saskatchewan com um local no sul de Regina, embora esse local não apareça mais em seu site. Em 2008, a Air Canada adicionou produtos alimentícios do Swiss Chalet ao seu menu de compra a bordo.

Em 2010, dois dos três restaurantes Swiss Chalet restantes nos Estados Unidos fecharam. Eles estavam localizados nos subúrbios de Buffalo, Nova York . Em 1º de junho de 2011, o único restaurante da empresa em operação em Porto Rico fechou.

A empresa iniciou uma parceria com o programa de fidelidade Scene+ em fevereiro de 2015.

Em 31 de março de 2016, a controladora da empresa, Cara Operations, anunciou que iria adquirir a St-Hubert, uma rede de restaurantes de frango assado com sede em Quebec, no verão de 2016 por CAD $ 537 milhões.

Tarifa

A tarifa do restaurante é baseada em seu prato principal, frango assado . O Quarter Chicken Dinner, prato exclusivo do restaurante, inclui uma coxa ou peito de frango assado com "Molho Chalet", um pãozinho e um acompanhamento . O acompanhamento mais popular do Swiss Chalet são as batatas fritas Chalet. As batatas fritas Chalet foram alteradas em 2015 e novamente em 2020, tendo críticas mistas.

Veja também

 Lista de cadeias de restaurantes canadenses
 restaurante de frango
 Lista de restaurantes de frango
 St-Hubert - uma rede semelhante com sede em Quebec, de propriedade da Recipe Unlimited desde 2016

Referências

Cadeias de fast-food do Canadá
Empresas do Canadá
Recipe Unlimited
Empresas fundadas em 1954

Chalé Suíço


The Federal Department of Finance (FDF, , , , ) is one of the seven departments of the Swiss federal government. The department is headquartered in Bern and headed by a member of the Swiss Federal Council, Switzerland's finance minister. Initially, in 1848, the department was called "Department of Finance", then, from 1873 "Department of Finance and Customs", until it received its present designation in 1978.

Organisation
The Department is composed of the following offices:

 General Secretariat
 State Secretariat for International Financial Matters (SIF)
 Federal Finance Administration (FFA): Responsible for the budget, financial planning, financial policy, the federal treasury and financial equalisation between the Confederation and the cantons. It also supervises the federal mint and the Central Compensation Office (CCO) in Geneva (responsible for implementing the Swiss social security).
 Federal Office of Personnel (FOPER): Responsible for human resources management, personnel policy and personnel training.
 Federal Tax Administration (FTA): Responsible for federal revenue collection and the application of federal tax laws in the cantons.
 Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOCBS): Responsible for monitoring the import, export and transit of goods, collecting customs duties, traffic charges and taxes.
 Swiss Border Guard, which carries out border police duties.
 Federal Office of Information Technology, Systems and Telecommunication (FOITT): Provides IT services for the federal administration.
 Federal Office for Buildings and Logistics (FOBL): Responsible for property management, central procurement of non-durable goods, federal publications and the production of the Swiss passport.

The following independent authorities are affiliated to the FDF for administrative purposes:
 Swiss Federal Audit Office (SFAO): The federal government audit office. Examines accounting practices and verifies the proper and efficient use of resources by the administration, other public service institutions and subsidy recipients.
 Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA): Regulates banks, insurances, securities dealers, investment funds and stock exchanges, as well as the disclosure of shareholding interests, public takeover bids and mortgage lenders.
 Federal Pension Fund (PUBLICA): Provides insurance coverage to employees of the federal administration, the other branches of the federal government and associated organisations.

List of heads of the department

 1848–1850: Josef Munzinger
 1851 only: Henri Druey
 1852 only: Josef Munzinger
 1853–1855: Henri Druey
 1855–1856: Josef Martin Knüsel
 1857–1858: Jakob Stämpfli
 1859–1861: Constant Fornerod
 1862–1863: Josef Martin Knüsel
 1864–1867: Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel
 1868 only: Victor Ruffy
 1869 only: Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel
 1870–1871: Paul Cérésole
 1872 only: Karl Schenk
 1872–1873: Johann Jakob Scherer
 1873–1875: Wilhelm Matthias Naeff
 1876–1878: Bernhard Hammer
 1879 only: Simeon Bavier
 1880–1890: Bernhard Hammer
 1891–1899: Walter Hauser
 1900 only: Robert Comtesse
 1901–1902: Walter Hauser
 1903 only: Robert Comtesse
 1904 only: Marc-Émile Ruchet
 1905–1909: Robert Comtesse
 1910 only: Josef Anton Schobinger
 1911 only: Robert Comtesse
 1912–1919: Giuseppe Motta
 1920–1934: Jean-Marie Musy
 1934–1938: Albert Meyer
 1939–1943: Ernst Wetter
 1944–1951: Ernst Nobs
 1952–1954: Max Weber
 1954–1959: Hans Streuli
 1960–1962: Jean Bourgknecht
 1962–1968: Roger Bonvin
 1968–1973: Nello Celio
 1974–1979: Georges-André Chevallaz
 1980–1983: Willy Ritschard
 1984–1995: Otto Stich
 1996–2003: Kaspar Villiger
 2004–2010: Hans-Rudolf Merz
 2010–2016: Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf
 2016–2022: Ueli Maurer
 2023–present: Karin Keller-Sutter

See also
 Federal budget of Switzerland
 Federal administration of Switzerland

References

External links
Official website

Finance
Switzerland
Finance
Switzerland, Finance
Finance in Switzerland

Federal Department of Finance


Devletlibaba, Balıkesir ilinin Sındırgı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı Osmanlı Devleti zamanından gelmektedir. 1800'lü yıllarda kurulmuştur.
Karakeçili Yörükleri tarafından kurulmuştur. Kurulduğu bölge Karakeçili yörüklerinin kışlak merkezidir.
Yörükler yer seçiminde, göç ettikleri bölgenin hayvan otlatmaya müsait olup olmadığına, su bolluğuna ve iklim şartlarının elverişliliğine bakar; şartlar olumsuzlaştığında ve 'öletlik' diye tabir edilen salgın hastalık zuhur ettiğinde, şartların uygun olduğu bölgelere göç ederlerdi. Devletlibaba Yörüklerinin de ilk çıkış yeri Bilecik Söğüt'tür.  Söğüt'ten Kütahya Domaniç yaylasına, Domaniç yaylasından da bir ilkbahar günü Akdağ'a göç etmişlerdir. Burada sonbahara kadar kalmışlar, iklim elverişsizliğinden Çayır adı verilen mevkie yerleşmişlerdir. Çayır'da uzunca süre konakladıktan sonra öletlik zuhur etmiş;  hastalıktan sağ kalanların bir kısmı Bigadiç'in Karkın Köyü yakınlarına, bir kısmı da Binmurt yakınlarına göç etmiştir.
Sultan Abdulaziz Yörüklerin konar-göçer özelliği sebebiyle, orduya asker bulmakta zorluk çekmektedir. Bunun üzerine tüm uç beylerine Yörüklerin yer gösterilerek, yerleşik düzene geçmesi gerektiği fermanını göndermiştir. Çorum beyi (=Düvertepe) Gece Kuşu Ahmet Vefik Paşa Devletlibaba Yörüklerine Osmanlar mahallesi yakınlarında bir yer göstermiştir; ancak arazinin yapısı (toprağının et çamuru oluşu) ve hayvan otlatmaya müsait olmayışı sebebiyle, Paşadan kendilerine başka bir yer göstermelerini istemişler; Paşa da yer seçimini tamamen kendilerine bırakmıştır. Bunun üzerine mahallenin şu an bulunduğu mevkii yurt edinmişlerdir. Böylece uzunca bir sürelik konar-göçer serüveni son bulmuş; yerleşik düzene geçilmiştir. Devletlibaba ismini de bu sebeple Ahmet Vefik Paşa kendisi vermiştir. Mahallenin adının mezarlıkta Osmanlıca olarak da yazıldığı görülmektedir.Milli direnişte İbrahim Ethem Akıncı'nın bölge halkının örgütlemek için kullandığı yerlerden birisidir.

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 99 km., Sındırgı ilçesine 40 km. uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sındırgı'nın mahalleleri

Devletlibaba, Sındırgı


Una follia (título original en italiano; en español, Una locura, conocida también con el título Il ritratto parlante, "El retrato parlante" o La folia di carnovale, "La locura de carnaval") es una farsa en un acto con música de Gaetano Donizetti y libreto en italiano de Bartolomeo Merelli. Se estrenó en el Teatro San Luca de Venecia el 17 de diciembre de 1818.

Notas y referencias

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de Gaetano Donizetti
Óperas de 1818
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia
Óperas perdidas

Una follia


Maracena, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin en çok nüfusa sahip olan ve güney sınırında bulunan, Endülüs otonom bölgesine bağlı sekiz eyaletinden Akdeniz'e kıyısı bulanan Granada'ya bağlı 170 belediyeden biridir. Maracena belediyesinin nüfusu 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 17.232 kişidir.

Granada'nın belediyeleri

Maracena


Sólo el amor, también conocido como Ángel Parra canta a Pablo Neruda o en francés Ángel Parra chante Pablo Neruda es el trigésimo quinto álbum oficial en estudio del cantautor chileno Ángel Parra como solista. Fue lanzado originalmente en Chile en 2004, y luego reeditado en Europa, en donde el autor vivió varios años producto de su exilio durante la dictadura militar de su país.

Todo el disco se basa en musicalizaciones compuestas por Ángel (salvo la última compuesta por su madre, Violeta Parra) de poemas de Pablo Neruda, ganador del Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1971 y junto con quien publicó el disco Arte de pájaros en 1966. Así, este álbum se suma a una serie de trabajos del cantautor relacionados con otros escritores: Pisagua (1973), basado en una novela de Volodia Teitelboim; Chile de arriba a abajo (1968), en conjunto con el escritor Manuel Rojas; La travesía de Colón (1991), con el español Ramón Chao; Amado, apresura el paso (1995), de la otra Premio Nobel de Literatura de Chile, Gabriela Mistral, y Eróticas (1998), con la francesa Régine Deforges.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Álbumes de Chile de 2004
Álbumes de Ángel Parra
Álbumes de Warner Music Group
Álbumes homenaje a Pablo Neruda
Álbumes en español

Sólo el amor


Republika Hrvatska i Portugalska Republika održavaju diplomatske odnose od 3. veljače 1992. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Lisabonu.

Veleposlanici
Veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske u Portugalskoj Republici osnovano je odlukom predsjednika Republike od 22. veljače 1993.

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Portugal na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Portugal

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Portugalu


Kokosova laguna () izgleda kao mali nepotpuni koraljni atol uz jugozapadnu obalu Guama u blizini sela Merizo. Proteže se oko 5.5 km u smjeru istok-zapad i 3.5 km u smjeru sjever-jug, pokrivajući područje veće od 10 km2.

Otoci Cocos i Babe nalaze se na vrhu južnog dijela koraljnog grebena Merizo i odvajaju Kokosovu lagunu od otvorenog oceana na jugu. Na istoku je laguna odvojena od grebena Achang uskim kanalom Manell koji vodi do zaljeva Achang. Na sjeverozapadu kanal Mamaon odvaja lagunu Cocos od glavnog otoka Guam i omogućuje pristup brodom do Meriza. Jugoistočno od kanala, sve do zaljeva Achang, greben nije odvije od glavnog otoka Guama. Duž zapadne strane koraljni greben se mjestimično otkriva, ali nema otoka.

Daljnje čitanje
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science

Bibliografija
The Island of Guam By Leonard Martin Cox
Bendure, G. & Friary, N. (1988) Micronesia:A travel survival kit. South Yarra, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Izvori

Reljefni oblici na Guamu
Lagune
Koraljni grebeni

Kokosova laguna


Elginerpeton é um gênero de peixe ósseo que viveu durante o período Devoniano, conhecido por pedaços de um crânio.

Elpistostegalia
Animais do Devoniano
Espécies fósseis descritas em 1995

Elginerpeton


Sarıgazi, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:
 Sarıgazi, Sancaktepe - İstanbul ili Sancaktepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Sarıgazi, Geyve - Sakarya ili Geyve ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Sarıgazi


Peyton Roi List (Florida, 6 de abril de 1998) es una actriz y modelo estadounidense, conocida por su papel como Emma Ross en la serie original de Disney Channel Jessie y en su spin-off Bunk'd. Desde 2019 interpreta a Tory Nichols en la serie Cobra Kai de Netflix.

Primeros años
Peyton List nació en Orlando, Florida, el 6 de abril de 1998, pero se mudó con su familia a Nueva York a la edad de cuatro años. Desde muy pequeña demostró gran afinidad por la actuación, actuando en pequeños musicales y obras de teatro en su escuela, con el paso del tiempo también  demostró interés por el modelaje, apareciendo en más de 5000 anuncios de televisión. Empezó su carrera en la actuación profesional apareciendo con papeles menores en películas como 27 Dresses, Remember Me, Confessions of a Shopaholic y en la exitosa serie de televisión Gossip Girl.

Carrera

Actuación
List empezó a tener más reconocimiento en el mundo de la actuación después de aparecer junto a Robert Pattinson en la película Recuérdame Remember Me como Samantha, una chica  que intimida a la hermana menor del protagonista. En 2010, List apareció en la película de Disney El aprendiz de brujo, y en Secrets in the Walls de Lifetime Movie Network, junto a Jeri Ryan y Kay Panabaker.

Más tarde protagonizó Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2: Rodrick Rules y Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3: Dog Days, en el papel de Holly Hills, el interés amoroso de Greg. Pero lo que la convirtió en una actriz más reconocida fue cuando encarnó el papel coprotagonista de Emma Ross, la mayor de cuatro hermanos, en la exitosa serie de Disney Channel Jessie actuando junto a Debby Ryan, Cameron Boyce, Skai Jackson, Karan Brar y Kevin Chamberlin. Tras 4 temporadas la serie terminó en 2015, tras esto Disney ordenó un spin-off protagonizado por List, Brar y Jackson, titulado Acampados. Tras tres temporadas como protagonistas, en diciembre de 2018 se confirmó que List, Brar y Jackson ya no serían parte de la serie, debido a otros proyectos personales. Además, List y Jackson afirmaron que además de dejar Bunk'd también se irían posiblemente por completo de su trabajo en Disney Channel.

En 2017, coprotagonizó junto a Logan Paul la película de terror para YouTube Premium, The Thinning. Una película que gusto tanto al público que fue ordenada una segunda parte, y posiblemente una tercera.

En 2018, hizo parte de la serie Light as a Feather interpretando a Olivia Richmond, una de las cinco protagonistas.
Desde 2019 forma parte del elenco de la serie de Netflix Cobra Kai, en el papel de Tory. La serie es una continuación de la película de 1984 Karate Kid. Ese mismo año protagonizó la película Gothic Springs en el papel de Blair.

Se ha confirmado su participación para el cortometraje The Girl in The Woods en el papel principal de Carrie, el filme está propuesto para estrenarse a finales de 2020 y en filme musical, Valley Girls, un reboot de la película de 1983 con el mismo nombre.

Modelaje
Alternando su carrera de actriz, comenzó  su carrera como modelo después de firmar con Wilhelmina Models a los 14 años, el 12 de julio de 2012. Su primer trabajo fue una campaña para Tommy Hilfiger en diciembre de 2012, en 2013 fue modelo múltiples veces para la revista Justice.
Participó también en desfiles de White Sands Australia y Leah Madden. Para finales del 2013, List había sido fotografiada para Kiss, Elle, OK! y Girlfriend.

Durante una entrevista en 2014, List afirmó ser una gran fan de America's Next Top Model, la artista afirma que aplicó muchos de los consejos que recibían las participantes a su propio trabajo. En 2016, List comento que Blake Lively es su gran referente en el mundo de la moda. La estrella de Disney adora cada outfit que luce la actriz y ha confesado que sigue a la intérprete de Gossip Girl en Instagram y busca cada diseño que luce para inspirarse en sus looks.

El 21 de noviembre de 2017, Peyton firmó un contrato con The Society Management. En los meses siguientes posó para V Magazine.

Tras su época de «Chica Disney», comenzó su carrera de modelo a un ámbito más profesional.
Ha sido parte de grandes eventos en el mundo de la moda como Semana de la Moda de Nueva York en 2019 y Victoria's Secret Fashion Show en 2018, junto a otras exitosas modelos como Kendall Jenner, Gigi Hadid y Naomi Campbell.
Durante la primavera de 2019, List desfiló para Marc Jacobs en Nueva York, para Lacoste en Londres, para Ralph Lauren en Milan y para Chanel en París.

Desde octubre de 2019, List ha sido la cara de marcas exitosas de maquillaje y cosméticos para la piel como MAC Cosmetics, Victoria Secret Beauty, L'Oréal, CoverGirl, y Too Faced, de la cual tiene su propia línea de cosméticos, "Better Than Sex".

Música
En octubre de 2018, List anuncio vía Instagram que su primer sencillo saldría el 2 de noviembre, tema que causó mucha controversia entre sus fans ya que la artista nunca se había dado a conocer como cantante y había sido escuchada cantar pocas veces en temas de Disney.
Finalmente el 2 de noviembre de 2018 se estrenó su sencillo bajo el nombre de «Liar Liar» con opiniones mixtas según el público.

Tras el fallecimiento de su compañero en Jessie, Cameron Boyce, List confirmó vía Twitter e Instagram que estaba en proceso de producción su nueva canción dedicada en parte a Boyce. El 23 de agosto de 2019, se subió el video musical con el nombre de «Don't Cry» en colaboración con el rapero Cannon.

Otros proyectos
En 2018, List saco su propia línea de ropa bajo el nombre «List by Peyton», inspirado exclusivamente en su propia vestimenta.

Filmografía completa

Cine

Televisión

Vídeos musicales

Reconocimientos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Florida
Actrices de voz de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Artistas de Disney
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Modelos femeninas de Estados Unidos
Mellizos
Mujeres del siglo XXI
Modelos infantiles de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Nueva York
Actrices infantiles de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI

Peyton List (actriz nacida en 1998)


Gammelmosevej Station er en kommende letbanestation på Hovedstadens Letbane (Ring 3-letbanen) i Gladsaxe Kommune. Stationen kommer til at ligge på Buddingevej, umiddelbart syd for krydset med Gammelmosevej ved linje 300S' nuværende stoppested. Stationen kommer til at ligge midt på vejen og kommer til at bestå af to spor med hver sin perron med adgang via fodgængerfeltet i krydset. Stationen forventes at åbne sammen med letbanen i 2025.

Stationsforplads
På stationsforpladsen vil Gladsaxe Kommune efter planen etablere cykelstativer, skraldespand, siddemulighed og belysning. Derudover påtænkes etableret overdækning, en servicestation samt parkeringsplads til elcykler.

Referencer

Stationer på Ring 3 Letbane
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Gladsaxe Kommune

Gammelmosevej Station


An Dendrochilum murrayi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Richard Sanders Rogers ngan Cyril Tenison White. An Dendrochilum murrayi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Papua New Guinea. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum murrayi


L'Akademisches Kunstmuseum est un musée d'art situé à Bonn, en Allemagne. C'est le plus ancien musée de Bonn et abrite la collection d'antiquités de l'université de Bonn avec plus de  statues et reliefs antiques et plus de  originaux. Il est localisé dans un bâtiment néoclassique à l'extrémité sud du Hofgarten, près du palais électoral.

Musée d'art en Allemagne
Musée à Bonn
Université rhénane Frédéric-Guillaume de Bonn
Musée gréco-romain

Akademisches Kunstmuseum


Letonia a participat la Jocurile Olimpice ca țară independentă de la ediția din 1924 de la Paris până la invazia și ocuparea sovietică din 1940, apoi începând cu Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1992. Codul CIO este LAT.

Medalii după olimpiadă

Medalii la Jocurile de vară

Medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Letonia la Comitetul Internațional Olimpic
  Rezultate olimpice ale Letoniei pe Sports Reference

Letonia la Jocurile Olimpice


Interstate 210 may refer to:

 Interstate 210 (California) or the Foothill Freeway, a major east–west freeway running through the valleys north and east of Los Angeles
 Interstate 210 (Louisiana), a bypass route in Lake Charles
 Interstate 310 (Mississippi), a proposed freeway in Biloxi, originally proposed as Interstate 210
 Interstate 165 in Mobile, Alabama, previously designated as Interstate 210

2

Interstate 210


is a village located in Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2016, the village has an estimated population of 1,683 and a population density of 21 persons per km². The total area is 81.79 km².

Ecotourism
The village of Higashi is one of the most remote places on Okinawa island and has become a hotspot of ecotourism. Okinawa's first ecotourism association was established in Higashi in 1998, with various associations eventually combined in 2005 to become the Higashi Village Tourism Promotion Association. One major project was the building of a ten-hectare mangrove forest called Hirugi Park, built around Gesashi Bay, the largest such forest on the island. The mangroves had been designated as a natural Monument of Japan in 1972 and were eventually incorporated into Yambaru National Park in 2016.

Education
Schools are: Higashi Combined Kindergarten, Elementary, and Junior High School (東幼小中学校), Arume Kindergarten and Elementary School (有銘幼小学校), and Takae Elementary School (高江小学校).

Notable residents
 Ai Miyazato, golfer
 Yūsaku Miyazato, golfer

See also
 Yambaru

References

External links

 Higashi official website

Villages in Okinawa Prefecture

Higashi, Okinawa


René Caillié (født 19. september 1799 i Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon, Deux-Sèvres, død 17. maj 1838 i La Gripperie-Saint-Symphorien ved Rochefort) var en fransk Afrikarejsende.

Caillié er bekendt for den rejse, hvorved han erhvervede sig den af det franske geografiske selskab udsatte pris på 10 000 francs for den rejsende, der først kunde nå Timbuktu. Rejsen varede fra marts 1827 til september 1828 og gik fra Sierra Leone ved Guineabugten til Timbuktu og derfra gennem Sahara til Tanger i Marokko. Han udførte denne eventyrlige rejse alene, forklædt som maurer og med yderst knappe hjælpemidler. Efter sin hjemkomst fik han foruden prisen en årlig pension på 1 000 francs.

Kilder

Opdagelsesrejsende fra Frankrig
Franskmænd i 1800-tallet

René Caillié


Mahinda Martínez y Díaz de Salas ( botánica mexicana, se desarrolla en las líneas de investigación de la botánica, florística, taxonomía y biología de plantas acuáticas actualmente es Profesora investigadora de Tiempo Completo para la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, inscrita en el S.N.I. nivel 1 dentro de sus actividades académicas es trabajar con el Laboratorio de Botánica Fanerogámica.

Formación y Experiencia Académica
En 1984, concluyó su licenciatura en Biología, por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana UAM, Unidad Iztapalapa.

Y en 1993, el doctorado, por la Universidad de Texas en Austin.

Es especialista en diversas especies de plantas (Solanáceas, plantas acuáticas), de las cuales ha realizado estudios, observaciones, análisis sobre la diversidad florística y genética en diversos cuerpos de agua ubicados en Amealco y Huimilpan, Querétaro.

Ha realizado diferentes proyectos patrocinados por CONACYT, CONCYTEC y SEMARNAT

Bibliografía

Una nueva especie de Chaunanthus (Cruciferae) endémica de Querétaro, México. Acta Botánica Mexicana 81: 1-7 . 2007.

Descripción anatómica vegetativa de dos especies de Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 77: 81-87 --------------, . 2006.

A new species of Tzeltalia (Solanaceae) from Mexico. Brittonia 57: 35-38 --------------, . 2005.

Listado de plantas vasculares conocidas de la Sierra de Guatemala, Gómez Farías, Tamaulipas, México. Biotam 1: 21-33 . 1989.

Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae), problemática maleza acuática de reciente introducción en México. 58 Bot. (Nº. único) : 97-102 . 1987.

 Biota acuática de arroyos y ríos: cuencas Lerma-Chapala y Pánuco: manual de identificación. Coordinadores: Raúl Pineda López, Edmundo Díaz Pardo, Mahinda Martínez. 2009, 175 pp, ISBN 9786077740254

. 2004. Guía de plantas comunes del Parque nacional El Cimatario y sus alrededores. Edición ilustrada de Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Licenciatura en Biología, 85 pp.

. 2003. La familia Solanaceae en Jalisco: el género Physalis. Volumen 16 de Colección Flora de Jalisco. Editor Universidad de Guadalajara, 126 pp. ISBN 9702703697

. 1997. Manual de prácticas de laboratorio del curso de botánica. Editor UAQ, 75 pp. ISBN 9688452017

Reconocimientos Científicos

 Miembro de Sociedad Botánica de México

Fuentes
 . 1992. Authors of plant names: a list of authors of scientific names of plants, with recommended standard forms of their names, including abbreviations. Edición	reimpresa de Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 732 pp. ISBN 0947643443

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Su extenso currículo

Alumnado de la Universidad de Texas en Austin
Botánicos de México
Escritores de divulgación científica
Escritores en español
Escritores en inglés
Exploradores de México
Profesoras de México

Mahinda Martínez


The Implacable-class aircraft carrier consisted of two aircraft carriers built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Derived from the design of the , they were faster and carried more aircraft than the older ships. They were initially assigned to the Home Fleet when completed in 1944 and attacked targets in Norway as well as the . Subsequently, they were assigned to the British Pacific Fleet (BPF).

 was the first ship to go to the Pacific and attacked Japanese-controlled oil refineries in Sumatra en route. She participated in Operation Iceberg, the invasion of Okinawa in March–April 1945. s arrival in the Pacific was delayed by a refit and she did not begin operations against the Japanese until June. The sister ships participated in the attacks on the Japanese Home Islands in July and August. Indefatigable was the only carrier chosen to continue operations after most of the BPF withdrew to prepare for further operations in early August. After the Japanese formal surrender in September, Implacable ferried Allied troops and prisoners of war back to Australia and Canada for the rest of the year.

The sisters returned home in 1946; Indefatigable was used for the rest of the year to transport troops before being placed in reserve in 1947 and Implacable became the training carrier for Home Fleet. Indefatigable was converted into a training ship and reactivated in 1950 for service with the Home Fleet. Implacable was relegated to the reserve that same year and modified into a training ship in 1952. The sisters were scheduled for modernisation during the mid-1950s, but it was cancelled as the modernisation of the carrier in the queue ahead of them proved to be too expensive and lengthy. The sisters were decommissioned in 1954 and sold for scrap in 1955–1956.

Background and description
The Implacable class had its origin as an improved version of the Illustrious-class aircraft carriers for the 1938 Naval Programme while still remaining within the  available from the tonnage allowed by the Second London Naval Treaty. The initial change was to increase the carriers' speed to no less than  which required the addition of a fourth steam turbine and associated propeller shaft. Offsetting the additional weight of the machinery meant reductions in armour thicknesses in the hangar deck and the bulkheads at the ends of the hangar. At the same time the Director of Naval Construction (DNC) was developing a different modified Illustrious design (Design D) to carry an additional dozen aircraft (a total of 48) in a lower hangar that also incorporated the additional machinery of the initial design with the sacrifice of even more armour. Hangar height was initially planned as  in the upper hangar to accommodate the new Fairey Albacore torpedo bomber and  in the lower hangar to accommodate taller amphibious aircraft, but a later change in policy raised the upper hangar height to . Design D was submitted to the Board of Admiralty on 2 August 1938 and approved on 17 November.  In April 1939 the lower hangar's height was reduced to 14 feet to compensate for the thickening of the hangar side armour to  and the idea of carrying amphibians in the hangar was abandoned.

The Implacable-class ships were  long overall and  at the waterline. Their beam was  at the waterline and they had a draught of  at deep load. The ships were significantly overweight and displaced  at deep load. Their complement was approximately 2,300 officers and enlisted men in 1945. They had metacentric heights of  at light load and  at deep load as completed.

The ships were fitted with four Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft using steam supplied by eight Admiralty 3-drum boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of , enough to give them a maximum speed of . On their sea trials, the ships reached speeds of  with . The Implacable class carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at .

The  armoured flight deck had a maximum width of . The arrestor cables, crash barricades, aircraft catapult and lifts were designed to handle aircraft up to  in weight. The carriers were fitted with nine arrestor cables aft that were designed to stop landing, at speeds of up to . They were backed up by three crash barricades to prevent landing aircraft from crashing into aircraft parked on the ship's bow. In case of damage to the rear flight deck, the Implacable-class ships also mounted three additional forward arrestor cables to permit aircraft to land over the bow. A single BH3 hydraulic catapult was fitted on the forward part of the flight deck to launch 20,000-pound aircraft at ; lighter aircraft could be launched at a maximum speed of . The ships were equipped with two lifts on the centreline, the forward of which measured  and served only the upper hangar, and the aft lift () which served both hangars. The upper hangar was  long and the lower hangar was  long; both had a uniform width of . Both hangars had a height of only 14 feet which precluded storage of Lend-Lease Vought F4U Corsair fighters as well as many post-war aircraft and helicopters. In case of fire the upper hangar could be divided by two fire curtains and the lower hangar had one fire curtain. Designed to stow 48 aircraft in their hangars, the use of a permanent deck park allowed the Implacable class to accommodate up to 81 aircraft. The crewmen, maintenance personnel and facilities needed to support these additional aircraft were housed in the lower hangar. The ships were provided with  of petrol, only enough for approximately five sorties per aircraft.

Armament, electronics, and armour
The ships' main armament consisted of sixteen QF  Mark II dual-purpose guns in eight powered RP 10 Mk II** twin-gun turrets, four in sponsons on each side of the hull. Unlike the Illustrious-class ships, the roofs of the gun turrets were flat and flush with the flight deck. The gun had a maximum range of  at an elevation of +45° and a ceiling of . Their light anti-aircraft defences included five octuple mounts for QF 2-pounder ("pom-pom") anti-aircraft guns, two on the flight deck forward of the island, one on the aft part of the island and two in sponsons on the port side of the hull. A single quadruple 2-pounder mount was also fitted on the port side of the hull. The 2-pounder gun had a maximum range of . The two ships were also fitted with approximately sixty Oerlikon 20 mm autocannon in varying numbers of single and twin-gun mounts. These guns had a maximum range of , but many were replaced by 40 mm Bofors AA guns when the ships were transferred to the Pacific War as the 20 mm shell was unlikely to destroy a kamikaze before it hit the ship. The Bofors gun had a maximum range of . Two additional quadruple "pom-pom" mounts were added to Implacable before she joined the British Pacific Fleet in 1945. After the war, more Oerlikons were exchanged for Bofors guns. By April 1946, the sisters had 11–12 Bofors guns and 19–30 Oerlikons each.

The 4.5-inch guns were controlled by four Mk V* (M) fire-control directors, each mounting a Type 285 gunnery radar. Two of the directors were positioned on the flight deck, one each fore and aft of the island, a third was on the island, aft of the funnel, and the fourth director was on the port side of the hull, below the flight deck. Each director sent its data to a Fuze Keeping Clock AA fire-control system for gunnery calculations. Each "pom-pom" was provided with its own Mk IV director that carried a range-only Type 282 gunnery radar.

The specifics of the Implacable-class ships' radar suite is not readily available in published sources. They were fitted with the Type 277 surface-search/height-finding radar on top of the bridge and a Type 293 target indicator radar on the foremast. The ships probably carried Type 279 and Type 281B early-warning radars, based on the radars fitted aboard the Illustrious-class carrier  late in the war.

The Implacable-class ships had a flight deck protected by  of armour. The sides of the hangars were designed to be  thick to protect the hangar from low-level attacks with  semi-armour-piercing bombs, but were supposedly thickened to  late in the design process at the cost of reducing the height of the lower hangar. Naval historian Norman Friedman wrote: "Ironically, it appears that the ships were actually built with 1.5-inch ... armour." The ends of the hangars were protected by 2-inch bulkheads and the armour of the hangar deck ranged from  in thickness.

The waterline armour belt was  thick, but only covered the central portion of the ship to form the armoured citadel. The belt was closed by 1.5 to 2-inch transverse bulkheads fore and aft. The underwater defence system was a layered system of liquid- and air-filled compartments as used in the Illustrious class and was estimated to be able to resist a  explosive charge. The magazines for the 4.5-inch guns lay outside the armoured citadel and were protected by 2 to 3-inch thick roofs, 4.5-inch sides and 1.5 to 2-inch ends.

Planned modernisation
The two Implacables were tentatively scheduled to be modernised in 1953–55 with Implacable following Victorious. The draft Staff Requirements were drawn up in July 1951. This included combining the two hangars into a single  hangar, strengthening the flight deck and aircraft handling equipment to deal with  aircraft, enlarging the lifts to , adding a gallery deck between the hangar and the flight deck to accommodate the additional personnel required, the addition of steam catapults, and the increase of her aviation fuel stowage to . Other desired improvements were new boilers to increase her endurance, more space for the latest radars, and the replacement of her anti-aircraft armament with the British version of the 3"/70 Mark 26 gun and sextuple mounts for the Bofors guns.

By October 1951, the estimated completion date for Victoriouss modernisation was already a year past the initial estimate of April 1954. Implacable was scheduled to begin her modernisation in April 1953 for completion in 1956, but the Director of Dockyards pointed out that existing schedules prevented her from beginning any earlier than April 1955 unless the modernisations of two cruisers and the guided missile test ship RFA Girdle Ness were delayed. The Controller of the Navy asked if the time and cost of the reconstruction could be reduced, but the minimum modifications were the most expensive as they involved structural alterations. The Controller ordered the Director of Dockyards to plan for rebuilding Implacable between June 1953 and December 1956 even after the latter protested that even a limited modernisation would require about three-quarters of the structural work of the original plan and that the shortage of skilled workers (already insufficient for Victorious by herself) would delay work on both ships. In order to reduce the amount of structural work, the requirement to replace the boilers was cancelled and the ship would receive existing radars instead of systems then still under development. In January 1952, the ship's new armament was finalized at six twin-gun 3"/70 mounts and three sextuple Bofors mounts. Five months later the Admiralty decided that Victorious would be the last fleet carrier modernised as experience showed that the process would take longer and cost more than was practicable.

Ships

Construction and service

Two ships were originally planned, but only one carrier was included in the 1938 Naval Programme as the other was delayed a year by the government. While under construction, the ships had their forward lift enlarged to take non-folding aircraft like the Hawker Sea Hurricane and the early models of the Supermarine Seafire, the flight deck was widened abreast the forward lift, splinter protection was added as were seven diesel generators, each in their own watertight compartment. All these changes increased the ships' displacement by  at deep load.

Implacables construction was suspended in 1940 in favour of escorts needed in the Battle of the Atlantic so that the two carriers were launched within days of each other. She embarked portions of her air wing for training in late August and was assigned to the Home Fleet on 7 October at Scapa Flow after working up. She joined ships searching for Tirpitz a week later and some of her Fairey Fireflies spotted the battleship off Håkøya Island near Tromsø. Subsequently, her Fireflies successfully attacked targets in Norway. In late October, the carrier's Seafires arrived and she participated in Operation Athletic off the Norwegian coast, sinking four warships and two merchant ships and damaging a German submarine. In November and December, Implacable provided air cover for minelaying operations and attacked German shipping off the Norwegian coast. On 15 December she began a refit at Rosyth preparatory to her transfer to the BPF, which included augmenting her light AA armament.

When the refit was completed on 10 March 1945, the ship embarked an enlarged air wing with 81 aircraft (48 Seafires, 12 Fireflies, and 21 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers), the largest number of aircraft aboard a British carrier up to that time. Implacable arrived at Sydney, Australia, in May and joined the other carriers of the 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (1st ACS) at Manus Island after their return from the invasion of Okinawa in June. On 14–15 June, the carrier attacked the Japanese naval base at Truk. After working up with the other carriers, the ship sailed with the 1st ACS on 6 July to rendezvous with the American carriers of Task Force 38 off the Japanese home island of Honshu ten days later. The British carriers began flying sorties against Japanese targets on Honshu on 17 July and Implacables aircraft, before departing the area on 11 August to replenish, flew over 1,000 sorties. She arrived at Sydney on 24 August and spent most of the rest of the year ferrying Allied prisoners of war and soldiers back to Australia and Canada. In January 1946, together with her sister Indefatigable and several other ships, she made a number of port visits in Australia and New Zealand. The ship was refitted in Sydney in preparation for her return home on 3 June where she became the deck-landing training carrier for the Home Fleet.

Implacable temporarily became a trials carrier in October 1947 as her own air group was not yet ready and she was refitted from October to December 1948 in preparation of service as the Home Fleet flagship. She embarked a squadron each of de Havilland Sea Hornets and Blackburn Firebrands in April 1949 and became the flagship of Admiral Sir Philip Vian on 29 April. A squadron of de Havilland Sea Vampires flew from her deck later that year and her air group was augmented by a squadron of Fairey Barracudas in 1950. Implacable was placed in reserve in September 1950 and slowly converted into a training ship by the addition of extra accommodation and classrooms, including the addition of a deckhouse on her flight deck. She was recommissioned in January 1952 as the flagship of the Home Fleet Training Squadron. Together with Indefatigable, she was present during the Coronation Fleet Review of Queen Elizabeth II on 15 June 1953. Four months later, Implacable ferried a battalion of troops from Plymouth to Trinidad in response to a crisis in British Guiana. She was decommissioned on 1 September 1954 and sold for breaking up on 27 October 1955.

While Indefatigable was still conducting builder's trials, a de Havilland Mosquito landed aboard on 25 March 1944, piloted by Lieutenant Eric Brown. This was the first landing by a twin-engined aeroplane on a carrier. After working up the ship was assigned to the Home Fleet in early July 1944 with an air group of Seafires, Fireflies and Barracudas. On 17 July, she participated in Operation Mascot, an attack on Tirpitz that was foiled by German smoke screens. The following month, Indefatigables aircraft provided air cover to minelaying operations and attacked targets in Norway. She was also assigned to a series of attacks on Tirpitz, Operation Goodwood, in late August which failed to significantly damage the battleship.

Indefatigable was assigned to the BPF in November and she arrived in Colombo, Ceylon, on 10 December where she joined the 1st ACS. Together with the other carriers of the BPF, she attacked oil refineries in Sumatra in January 1945 (Operation Lentil and Operation Meridian) before sailing to Sydney to prepare for operations in the Pacific. The BPF joined the American Fifth Fleet at Ulithi on 20 March and attacked airfields on the Sakishima Islands, south of Okinawa, beginning on 26 March, as part of the preparations for Operation Iceberg. During these operations, Indefatigable became the first British carrier to be hit by a kamikaze when one penetrated the combat air patrol (CAP) and struck the base of her island on 1 April. The bomb carried by the kamikaze did not detonate and this limited casualties to 21 men killed and 27 wounded. Damage to the ship was minimal and the flight deck was back in operation thirty minutes later. After Okinawa had been secured, the BPF arrived back at Sydney on 7 June and Indefatigable was delayed rejoining operations as she required repairs to her machinery. She departed Manus on 12 July and reached the coast of Japan eight days later. Her aircraft began attacking targets in the Inland Sea on 24 July. Most of the BPF withdrew as planned on 10 August to prepare for Operation Olympic, the invasion of Kyushu scheduled for November, but Indefatigable and several other ships remained to represent Britain at the end of operations. The ship's aircraft flew missions on 13 and 15 August; during the last of these missions, her Seafires shot down eight of twelve Mitsubishi A6M Zeros while losing one of their own and an Avenger gunner shot down another Japanese aircraft. After the ceasefire, her aircraft continued to fly CAP and flew reconnaissance missions looking for Allied prisoners of war.

Indefatigable arrived at Sydney on 18 September and began a leisurely refit that lasted until 15 November. After touring Australia and New Zealand, she arrived at Spithead on 15 March 1946 where she was modified to accommodate over 1,900 passengers. She ferried troops to and from Australia, Ceylon, Singapore and America for the rest of the year before being placed in reserve at the beginning of 1947. The ship was modified for use as a training ship and recommissioned in 1950 for service with the Home Fleet Training Squadron. She was decommissioned at Rosyth in October 1954 and towed to Gareloch in June 1955 where she was listed for disposal. Indefatigable was sold for scrap in September 1956 and subsequently broken up.

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

 Armoured aircraft carrier action and damage reports, 1940-1945
 Newsreel footage of Implacable class aircraft carriers operating Seafires, Fireflys and Avengers in the Pacific

Aircraft carrier classes

Ship classes of the Royal Navy

Implacable-class aircraft carrier


UBC Botanical Garden, at the University of British Columbia, was established in 1916 under the directorship of John Davidson, British Columbia's first provincial botanist. It is the oldest botanical garden at a university in Canada.

The garden measures approximately 44 hectares (440,000 m2 / 110 acres) and includes over 8000 different kinds of plants. Visitors to the garden should expect to spend a minimum of one hour exploring the garden. Gardens include an Asian garden, an alpine garden, a native plants garden, a food garden and a physic (medicinal) garden.

In 2002, the UBC Centre for Plant Research became the research arm of the UBC Botanical Garden. The Centre for Plant Research examines topics such as plant adaptation, genomics and phytochemistry. The Botanical Garden and the Centre for Plant Research are both encompassed by UBC's Faculty of Science.

UBC Botanical Garden also administers the Nitobe Memorial Garden, a traditional Japanese garden located on campus.

External links

 website of the garden's journal, Davidsonia

Botanical gardens in Canada
Gardens in Canada
Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research
Botanical research institutes
Research institutes in Canada
Parks in British Columbia

UBC Botanical Garden


Rifaximina este un antibiotic din clasa rifamicinelor, fiind utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Deși este un analog de rifampicină, rifaximina nu prezintă activitate pe genul Mycobacterium, fiind utilizată în diareea călătorului, sindromul de colon iritabil și în encefalopatia hepatică. Calea de administrare disponibilă este cea orală.

Rifaximina a fost aprobată în Statele Unite pentru uz medical în anul 2004.

Utilizări medicale

Reacții adverse

Note

Vezi și
 Rifabutină
 Rifapentină
 Rifampicină

Rifamicine
Diazoli
Piridine
Naftaline
Acetați
Medicamente orfane

Rifaximină


O comportamento adaptativo é o comportamento que permite a uma pessoa (geralmente usado no contexto de crianças) lidar com seu ambiente com maior sucesso e menos conflito com os outros. Este é um termo utilizado nas áreas de psicologia e educação especial. O comportamento adaptativo refere-se às habilidades ou tarefas cotidianas que o indivíduo comum é capaz de concluir.

Comportamentos sociais ou pessoais não construtivos ou perturbadores às vezes podem ser usados para alcançar um resultado construtivo. Por exemplo, uma ação repetitiva constante pode ser reorientada para algo que cria ou constrói algo. Em outras palavras, o comportamento pode ser adaptado para outra coisa. Os padrões comportamentais mudam ao longo do desenvolvimento de uma pessoa, ambientes de vida e construções sociais, evolução de valores pessoais e expectativas dos outros.

Comportamento humano
Psicologia do desenvolvimento

Comportamento adaptativo


Anicet Koplin, né le 30 juillet 1875 à Preußisch Friedland en Prusse-Occidentale dans une famille germano-polonaise et mort le 16 octobre 1941 à Auschwitz, est un moine d'origine allemande. Il prit le nom de Kolinsky par solidarité envers les polonais. Il est mort en 1941, gazé à Auschwitz par les nazis.

Jeunesse et études

Vocation

Anicet Koplin est né comme bon nombre de frères mineurs dans un milieu socialement modeste, au sein d'une famille d'ouvriers. En 1893, il fait son noviciat dans le monastère alsacien, alors allemand, de Sigolsheim avant de s'installer comme moine-mendiant dans les rues de Varsovie auprès des plus pauvres.

Première Guerre mondiale
Pendant que la Première Guerre mondiale a lieu en Europe de 1914 à 1918, il soutient à sa manière l'effort patriotique de l'Empire allemand en écrivant des poèmes patriotiques.

Apostolat

Apostolat dans les rues de Varsovie
Après un séjour en 1900 dans la Ruhr auprès d'ouvriers industriels polonais, il acquiert une sainteté dans les rues de Varsovie où on le surnomme le « saint François de Varsovie », considérant tous les hommes comme ses frères et surtout les plus pauvres. Cette expression et cette réputation de sainteté sont en grande partie dues au père Ripert, supérieur des franciscains de Varsovie en 1928. Aux riches, il demande du pain pour les pauvres et, aux pauvres, des prières pour les riches.

Agent de pompes funèbres pour les pauvres
Il fait également office d'agent de pompes funèbres pour les pauvres. Quand une personne de condition modeste meurt dans le dénuement le plus total, sans rien laisser pour payer ses funérailles, Anicet Koplin prend en charge lui-même ces dépenses.

Une érudition au service des pauvres
Lors des premiers mois de l'occupation de la Pologne par les Allemands, il utilise sa connaissance de la langue et la culture allemandes pour aider les pauvres dans leurs démarches administratives.

Résistance au nazisme
Son rôle dans la résistance spirituelle au nazisme est majeur, dans la mesure où il distribue des tracts qui dénoncent le national-socialisme, ce qui lui vaut d'être arrêté et enfermé dans la prison de Pawviak avec vingt-et-un autres frères.

Martyre
Il est arrêté par la Gestapo et déporté dans un wagon à bestiaux au camp de concentration et d'extermination d'Auschwitz pour avoir sauvé des juifs, car il considérait tous les hommes comme frères. Il subit comme torture psychologique le rasage de la barbe après un interrogatoire musclé le jour de l'ascension 1941. Il est l'un des 108 martyrs polonais de la Seconde Guerre mondiale béatifiés en 1999 par le pape Jean-Paul II.  Il souligna le caractère héroïque de la résistance spirituelle au nazisme de la part de religieux polonais.

Béatification
Il est béatifié le  lors de la visite du pape Jean-Paul II au camp de concentration d'Auschwitz-Birkenau. Il est inscrit au martyrologe des frères capucins italiens.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Th. Desbonnets, De l'intuition à l'institution, 180 p., éd. franciscaines, Paris, 1983.

Articles connexes

 Ordre des capucins
 Auschwitz
 Résistance Polonaise

Lien externe

 http://har22201.blogspot.com/2013/06/les-108-martyrs-de-leglise-polonaise.html

Capucin allemand
Seconde Guerre mondiale
Catholique allemand opposé au Troisième Reich
Martyr catholique au XXe siècle
Naissance en juillet 1875
Naissance dans la voïvodie de Poméranie
Naissance dans la province de Prusse-Occidentale

Anicet Koplin


O Projeto Afripédia foi lançado em meados de junho de 2012 e está em andamento. O objetivo é expandir o acesso off-line à Wikipédia na África francófona e incentivar os africanos a contribuir para a Wikipédia. O projeto instala servidores sem fio e intranet Kiwix-serve locais e fornece treinamento e suporte de manutenção.

Os sócios fundadores são a Wikimedia France, o Institut Français e a Agence universitaire de la Francophonie.  O francês é falado por cerca de 120 milhões (2010) de pessoas na África, espalhadas por 24 países francófonos.

O acesso à Wikipédia a partir de chaves USB não era novo na África, mas as chaves costumam estar muito desatualizadas, onde a Afripédia é atualizada regularmente. Muitas das universidades parceiras não têm internet banda larga, e algumas sequer têm acesso à internet.

O projeto oferece conteúdo adicional além da Wikipédia, como o Wikcionário. Qualquer conteúdo que seja empacotado primeiro em um arquivo ZIM pode ser retransmitido pela rede Afripédia; Project Gutenberg e Wikisource, por exemplo, estão disponíveis como arquivos ZIM.

O projeto também incentiva a formação de clubes Afripédia para usuários locais.

O projeto foi descrito como uma medida paliativa digna, até que o acesso à Internet possa ser desenvolvido em toda a África.

Linha do tempo

 Outono de 2011 - Primavera de 2012: Preparação do projeto, formação de parceria, desenvolvimento do algoritmo Kiwix
 15 de junho de 2012: Acordo assinado em nome da Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, o Institut français e a Wikimedia France, por Bernard Cerquiglini (AUF), Xavier Darcos (IF) e Rémi Mathis (WMFr).
 Julho de 2012: Apresentação do projeto e do protótipo no Forum mondial de la langue française, em Québec:
 6 a 9 de novembro de 2012: formação de 15 líderes de 12 países da África Oriental e Central realizada no Campus numérique francófono da Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, em Abidjan, na Costa do Marfim; implantação de 15 pontos de acesso offline (plug computador + chave USB + roteador wifi);
 24 a 28 de junho de 2013: Segundo treinamento e implantação, em Kinshasa;
 14 a 18 de outubro de 2013: Terceiro treinamento e implantação, em Yaoundé;
 29 de setembro a 3 de outubro de 2014: Quarta, Antananarivo.

Veja também

 Internet-na-Caixa
 AfroCrowd

Referências

Francofonia
Wikipédia

Projeto Afripédia


المسمية (كان اسمها قديماً فاينا) بلدة سوريا ومركز ناحية المسمية تتبع إدارياً منطقة الصنمين في محافظة درعا. بلغ عدد سكانها 1,498 نسمة حسب تعداد عام 2004.

الجغرافيا

تقع المسمية في منطقة اللجاة الصخرية الوعرة في حوران وتبعد عن العاصمة دمشق حوالي 40 كم جنوبا وعن مدينة درعا بحوالي 70كم إلى الشمال الغربي وعن مدينة الصنمين حوالي 20كم وعن خبب 7كم. , وأيضا تقع المسمية على الطريق الروماني القديم، طريق دمشق - بصرى (رصيف العربات) ويلاحظ ذلك جلياً في الجهة الجنوبية من المدينة حيث الرصيف بحالة جيدة مع تصويناته الجانبية وجزيرته الوسطى إضافة لتناثر العديد من كسر وأجزاء المنحوتات والتماثيل الأثرية.

التاريخ

التقديرات تقول انها تأسست في القرن الأول الميلادي وكان اسمها فاينا (phaena) وفي بداية القرن الثاني إلى السابع الميلاديين أطلق عليها اسم أم الزهور.أما تسميتها الحالية (المسمية) فتعني في اللغات القديمة  القرية الأم .
المسمية من حيث تكوينها المعماري ووموقعها الجغرافي كانت إحدى المراكز الدفاعية لمدينة بصرى زمن الغساسنة وأثار أبراج المراقبة ما زالت باقية.
خرج منها أعضاء بلديات ورؤساء مجالس مدن، في زمن اليونان والرومان أيدت ذلك الوثائق اليونانية المدونة عن تاريخ مدن بلاد الشام بحيث تشير الوثائق أن قرى همان وشعارة وخبب (ابيبا) وكريم كلها كانت تتبع المدينة الأم المسمية. تمركزت فيها مفارز عسكرية من الفوج الروماني الثالث الغالي والسادس عشر فلافيا فيرما، وفيها الكثير من الكتابات ذات المحتوى العسكري.
انتشرت فيها المسيحية منذ القرن الرابع الميلادي، وتم ترفيعها إلى مرتبة أسقفية ومن أساقفتها المشهورين «ماركوس» من القرن الرابع الميلادي، و«مالخوس» من القرن الخامس، يذكرها «جورجيوس كبريوس» مع مدينة نوى. ويقال ان بولس الرسول الذي هرب من دمشق قد اختبأ بها واحتمى بسلطتها وتنقل فيها لمدة ثلاث سنوات.
وسماها في رسالته (أرض العرب) لينشر تعاليم المسيحية، في قرى اللجاة وقرى بصرى وبادية حوران. تؤكد الكتابات القديمة بأن أهل مدينة المسمية كانوا من الأثرياء في إحدى الحقب حيث انهم كانوا يملكون أراض ومقاطعات خارج حدود مدينتهم.
تم الاعتماد على بعض الينابيع الطبيعية في المدينة لسد حاجاتها، ونقلت إليها أيضا كميات من مياه قرية الشرايع الواقعة للغرب منها بحوالي2,5كم. ولا تخرج في طراز العمارة عن مواقع اللجاة من حيث الاعتماد على لحجر البازلتي الأسود في بنائها المعماري.

القلعة

مساحة كبيرة عمارة متقنة قناطر وأقواس مرتكزة على أعمدة وتيجان كورنثنية صدر البناء عبارة عن حنية نصف دائرية كبيرة الحجم يعلوها شكل صدفي وسط أقواس نصف دائرية تتوالى امتداداً باتجاه الأمام مع أقواس بمحاريب من كافة الجهات وهو يشابه لحد ما لمعبد الآلهة تيكة في خبب والصنمين المماثل له بفترة البناء.
في عهد الأحتلال العثماني في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي حول الأتراك القلعة إلى مخفر عثماني (كركون) وذلك عن طريق هدمه بشكل كامل ثم إعادة بنائه بطراز متكرر بالاعتماد على عناصر البناء السابق وجلب عناصر أخرى من محيط الموقع، والبناء مستطيل الشكل مؤلف من طابقين أبعاده 45×18م حيث تتوزع الغرف على حهاته الثلاث باستثناء الجهة الجنوبية.وللقلعة مدخلين واحد من الجنوب والآخر من الشمال يقود عبر درج حجري للطابق الثاني أبعاد كل مدخل 2.5×3>

مراجع

 كتاب (سورياالجنوبية حوران) للباحث والمؤرخ منير ذيب
 تاريخ مدن بلاد الشام(الوثائق اليونانية) ترجمة حسان عباس عمان
 - 11k - جريدة الثورة
 esyria.sy/edaraa/index.php?p=stories&category=ruins&filename=200705171439011 - 54k عنوان الوصلة
 - 30k - موقع درعا

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة الصنمين
بلدات سوريا
تجمعات الروم الكاثوليك في سوريا
محافظة درعا
مدن وبلدات رومانية في سوريا

المسمية (سوريا)


Torres Strait Islanders ( ) are the Indigenous Melanesian people of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).

There are five distinct peoples within broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups, Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir. Torres Strait Creole is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian, and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking and mask-making.

Demographics

Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Pacific Islands. Today the islands are multicultural, having attracted Asian and Pacific Island traders to the beche-de-mer, mother-of-pearl and trochus-shell industries over the years.

The 2016 Australian census counted 4,514 people living on the islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as Papua New Guinean; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.). In 2006 the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the Torres Strait area.

People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those with both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal ancestry numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).

Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland, mainly at Bamaga, Seisia, Injinoo, Umagico and New Mapoon in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.

In June 1875 a measles epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80% of their people, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.

Administration

Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.

Today, the Torres Strait Regional Authority, an Australian government body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.

Further to the TSRA, there are several Queensland LGAs which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:
the Torres Strait Island Region, covering a large proportion of the Island;
the Northern Peninsula Area Region, administered from Bamaga, on the northern tip of Cape York; and
the Shire of Torres, which governs several islands as well as portions of Cape York Peninsula, is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.

Ethnicity

Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly Melanesian descent, distinct from Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and some other Australian islands, and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of New Guinea.

The five-pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups; another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.

Pre-colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of Papua New Guinea, several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of Cape York on the Australian continent.

Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.

Encyclopaedia Britannica: the Eastern (Meriam, or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).
Multicultural Queensland 2001 (a Queensland Government publication): five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).
Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group (Boigu, Dauan and Saibai), the Near Western Group (Badu, Mabuiag and Moa), the Central Group (Yam, Warraber, Coconut and Masig), the Eastern Group (Murray, Darnley and Stephen), and the TI Group (Thursday Island, Tabar Island, Horn, Hammond, Prince of Wales and Friday).

Ethno-linguistic groups include:
Badu people, based on the central-west Badu island
Kaurareg people, lower Western Islanders, based on the Muralag (Prince of Wales Island) group.
Mabuiag (or Mabuygiwgal) people, across a number of the islands.
Meriam people, who living on a number of inner eastern islands, including Murray Island (also known as Mer Island) and Tabar Island.

Languages

There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a creole language.

The Western-central Torres Strait Language, or Kalaw Lagaw Ya, is spoken on the southwestern, western, northern and central islands; a further dialect, Kala Kawa Ya (Top Western and Western) may be distinguished. It is a member of the Pama-Nyungan family of languages of Australia.

Meriam Mir is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four Eastern Trans-Fly languages, the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.

Torres Strait Creole, an English-based creole language, is also spoken.

Culture
Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian. The people have long been agriculturalists (evidenced, for example, by tobacco plantations on Aureed Island) as well as engaging in hunting and gathering. Dugong, turtles, crayfish, crabs, shellfish, reef fish and wild fruits and vegetables were traditionally hunted and collected and remain an important part of their subsistence lifestyle. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. Dugong and turtle hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea. The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.

The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with Australian Aboriginal and Papuan culture. Historically, they have an oral tradition, with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.

Post-colonisation
Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of Christianity. After the "Coming of Light" (see below), artefacts previously important to their ceremonies lost their relevance, instead replaced by crucifixes and other symbols of Christianity. In some cases the missionaries prohibited the use of traditional sacred objects, and eventually production ceased. Missionaries, anthropologists and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in London and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.

In 1898–1899, British anthropologist Alfred Cort Haddon collected about 2000 objects, convinced that hundreds of art objects collected had to be saved from destruction by the zealous Christian missionaries intent on obliterating the religious traditions and ceremonies of the native islanders. Film footage of ceremonial dances was also collected. The collection at Cambridge University is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.

During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song, weaving and producing a few items for particular festive occasions. In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers trying to salvage what was left of traditional knowledge from surviving elders influenced the revival of interest in the old ways of life. An Australian historian, Margaret Lawrie, employed by the Queensland State Library, spent much time travelling the Islands, speaking to local people and recording their stories, which have since influenced visual art on the Islands.

Art
Mythology and culture, deeply influenced by the ocean and the natural life around the islands, have always informed traditional artforms. Featured strongly are turtles, fish, dugongs, sharks, seabirds and saltwater crocodiles, which are considered totemic beings.

Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make turtleshell masks, known as krar (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and le-op (human face) in the Eastern Islands.

Prominent among the artforms is wame (alt. wameya), many different string figures.

Elaborate headdresses or dhari (also spelt dari), as featured on the Torres Strait Islander Flag, are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.

The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait (1970) and Tales from the Torres Strait (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly. While some of these stories had been written down by Haddon after his 1898 expedition to the Torres Strait, many had subsequently fallen out of use or been forgotten.In the 1990s a group of younger artists, including the award-winning Dennis Nona (b.1973), started translating these skills into the more portable forms of printmaking, linocut and etching, as well as larger scale bronze sculptures. Other outstanding artists include Billy Missi (1970-2012), known for his decorated black and white linocuts of the local vegetation and eco-systems, and Alick Tipoti (b.1975). These and other Torres Strait artists have greatly expanded the forms of Indigenous art within Australia, bringing superb Melanesian carving skills as well as new stories and subject matter.  The College of Technical and Further Education on Thursday Island was a starting point for young Islanders to pursue studies in art. Many went on to further art studies, especially in printmaking, initially in Cairns, Queensland and later at the Australian National University in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.

An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled Zugubal, was mounted at the Cairns Regional Gallery in July 2015.

Music and dance

For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller" (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and totemic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".

Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), clappers and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances. Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.

Artist Ken Thaiday Snr is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the hammerhead shark, a powerful totem.

Christine Anu is an ARIA Award-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her cover version of the song "My Island Home" (first performed by the Warumpi Band).

Sports
Sports are popular among Torres Strait Islanders and the community has many sporting stars in Australian and international sports. Sporting events bring together people from across the different islands and help to connect the Torres Strait with mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. Rugby league is especially popular, including the annual 'Island of Origin' tournament between teams from different islands. Basketball is also extremely popular.

Famous sports-people include Muara (Lifu) Wacando, who was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Humane Society for her sea rescue during the 1899 Cyclone Mahina; 1964 Olympic basketballer Michael Ah Matt; 1976 Paralympian field athlete Harry Mosby; 1980 and 1984 Olympic basketballer Danny Morseu; NBA players Patty Mills and Nathan Jawai; and 2013 Super Bowl winner Jesse Williams.

Religion and beliefs
The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai, their spiritual belief system, represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world. They follow the instructions of the Tagai.

Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples' Dreaming and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in oral history.

Oral history

One of the stories passed down in oral history tells of four brothers (bala) named Malo, Sagai, Kulka and Siu, who paddled their way up to the central and eastern islands from Cape York (Kay Daol Dai, meaning "big land"), and each established his own tribal following. Sagai landed at Iama Island (known as Yam), and after a time assumed a god-like status. The crocodile was his totem. Kulka settled on Aureed Island, and attained a similar status, as god of hunting. His totem was the fish known as gai gai (Trevally). Siu settled on Masig, becoming god of dancing, with the tiger shark (baidam) as his totem. The eldest brother, Malo, went on to Mer and became responsible for setting out a set of rules for living, a combination of religion and law, which were presented by Eddie Mabo in the famous Mabo native title case in 1992.

The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a "skull house" by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of Charles Eaton, in 1836.

Introduction of Christianity

From the 1870s, Christianity spread throughout the islands, and it remains strong today among Torres Strait Islander people everywhere. Christianity was first brought to the islands by the London Missionary Society (LMS) mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane and Rev. Archibald Wright Murray, who arrived on Erub (Darnley Island) on 1 July 1871 on the schooner Surprise, a schooner chartered by the LMS. They sailed to the Torres Strait after the French Government had demanded the removal of the missionaries from the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia in 1869. Eight teachers and their wives from Loyalty Islands arrived with the missionaries on the boat from Lifu.

Clan elder and warrior Dabad greeted them on their arrival. Ready to defend his land and people, Dabad walked to the water's edge when McFarlane dropped to his knees and presented the Bible to Dabad. Dabad accepted the gift, interpreted as the "Light", introducing Christianity to the Torres Strait Islands. The people of the Torres Strait Islands adopted the Christian rituals and ceremonies and continued to uphold their connection to the land, sea and sky, practising their traditional customs, and cultural identity referred to as Ailan Kastom.The Islanders refer to this event as "The Coming of the Light", also known as Zulai Wan, or Bi Akarida, and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July. Coming of the Light, an episode in the 2013 documentary television series Desperate Measures, features the annual event.

However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the Christian God was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.

Religious affiliation, 2016 census
In the 2016 Census, a total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander people (out of a total of 32,345) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity. (Across the whole of Australia, the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion.)

Traditional adoptions

A traditional cultural practice, known as kupai omasker, allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to, with one example being "where a family requires an heir to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land". Other reasons might relate to "the care and responsibility of relationships between generations".

There had been a problem in Queensland law, where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state's Succession Act 1981, with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents. On 17 July 2020 the Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice. The bill was passed as the Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020 ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.

Notable people
 Martin Nakata, the first doctorate degree holder from Torres Islands, proponent of Indigenous Standpoint Theory
 Eddie Koiki Mabo, land rights campaigner who played a major role in a landmark decision which now characterises Australian law on land and title
 Patty Mills, NBA player and captain for the Australian Boomers first Olympic medal win.
 Nathan Jawai, basketball player
 Sam Powell-Pepper, Australian Football League player for Port Adelaide
 Albert Proud, Australian Football League player for Brisbane Lions
 Cynthia Lui, the first Torres Strait Islander elected to the Parliament of Queensland
Ken Thaiday Snr, artist based in Cairns
 Sam Thaiday, Australian National Rugby League player for the Brisbane Broncos
 Dane Gagai, Australian National Rugby League player for the Newcastle Knights
 Christine Anu, pop singer and actress, known for her song "My Island Home"
 Tanya Hosch, social activist based in Adelaide, South Australia
 Allira Toby, soccer player in the W-League.
 Vanessa Lee-AhMat the first Torres Strait Islander PhD graduate from Griffith University School of Medicine.
 Kwami Dai, Assistant Bishop in the Anglican Diocese of Carpentaria
 Ted Mosby, Assistant Bishop in the Anglican Diocese of North Queensland

See also

 Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)
 Australian frontier wars
 Blue Water Empire
 Indigenous Australians
 Indigenous health in Australia
 List of Indigenous Australian firsts
 Papuan people

 Torres Strait 8, relating to climate change and the Australian Government

Footnotes

References

Further reading
Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands
Blue Water Empire - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people
Contemporary stories by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

External links

Torres Strait Regional Authority
'The Coming of the Light' Celebrating 150 years of Christianity in the Torres Strait 1 July 2021 – John Oxley Library Blog, State Library of Queensland.
ReTold: a retelling of stories and songs from Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait by Margaret Lawrie 2010 – State Library of Queensland
Strait Home / State Library of Queensland

Torres Strait Islands culture

Torres Strait Islanders


المقحل الحقلي أو ترانزستور الأثر الحقل  اختصاراً FET، هو نبيطة (مقحل) أحادي الاتجاه يتكون من 3 عناصر رئيسية المنبع، البوابة، المصب وينتقل التيار بين المنبع والمصب (أو بين المصب والمنبع لإنه أحادي القطب) عبر قناة ذات موصلية تتغير حسب جهد البوابة الكهربائي . ويعتمد نوع المقحل على نوعية تطعيم القناة، فإذا كانت القناة سالبة فإن (الإلكترونات هي حاملات الشحنة الأكثرية) و(الفجوات الإلكترونية هي حاملات الشحنة الأقلية) فتكون النبيطة شبه موصل سالب أما إذا كان تطعيم القناة موجبا فتصبح النبيطة شبه موصل موجب

أنواع المقاحل الحقلية
يعتمد المقحل الحقلي على تأثير المجال الكهربائي في التحكم بموصلية القناة الواصلة بين المنبع والمصب ويتولد المجال الكهربي عن طريق تطبيق جهد كهربي على البوابة ذات المعاوقة الكبيرة فينتج مجال كهربي تزداد شدته بازدياد جهد البوابة ويتولى التحكم بموصلية القناة.
وتنقسم المقاحل الحقلية حسب تركيب البوابة والقناة وطريقة العزل بينهما إلى :

 ترانزستور حقلي وصلي
 الموسفت
 (موسفت النمط الافقاري) أو ترانزستور حقلي ذو بوابة معزولة بالنمط الافقاري
 موسفت النمط الاغنائي
 موسفت ثنائي البوابة

اقرأ أيضا
 جوليوس إدغار ليلينفيلد
 مضخم عملياتي
 بوابة منطقية

المراجع

أنواع الترانزستورات
اختراعات عربية
اختراعات كورية جنوبية
اختراعات مجرية
اختراعات مصرية
اختراعات نمساوية
اختراعات يابانية

ترانزستور الأثر الحقلي


Katarinina palača je palača ruskih carica Katarine I., Elizabete i Katarine II. Velike. To je bivša rezidencija ruske carske obitelji. Nalazi se u gradu Puškinu u blizini Sankt Peterburga. Jedna je od najraskošnijih baroknih palača u povijesti, a dovršena je 30. srpnja 1756. godine.

Carsko selo je muzejski kompleks u sklopu kojega je Katarinina palača u gradu Puškinu. Godine 1711., nakon proglašenja Katarine "istinskom vladaricom", započinje formiranje carske rezidencije, koje je do 1918. godine nosilo naziv Carsko selo. Od ožujka 1918. godine, nakon nacionalizacije, Carsko selo je pretvoreno u muzej koji je nazvan Dječje selo (rus. Детское Село). Godine 1937. naselje je preimenovano u Puškin (rus. Пушкин) po pjesniku Aleksandru Puškinu. Muzejsko naselje je 1992. godine ponovno dobilo natrag svoje ime, Carsko selo.

Katarina I. započela je izgradnju palače 1717. godine. Angažirala je njemačkog arhitekta Johanna-Friedricha Braunsteina da osmisli ljetnu palaču. Tijekom vladavine kćeri Petra Velikog, carice Elizabete, Mihail Zemcov dizajnirao je novu palaču, čija je izgradnja započela 1744. godine. Godine 1745. Zemecov učenik, Andrej Kvasov, radeći sa Savvom Čevakinskim, proširio je palaču na 300 metara. Novu palaču su činile: srednja kuća, dva bočna krila, kapela i konzervatorij, sve povezano s četiri galerije s visećim vrtovima. Tada 1751. godine, Bartolomeo Rastrelli poduzeo je veliki napor na obnovi, integrirajući nekoliko zgrada, dajući palači karakteristične snježno bijele stupove, nebesko-plave zidove, s pozlaćenom štukaturom, kupolama kapela i skulpturama za koje je bilo potrebno skoro 100 kg zlata. Rastrelijev interijer temeljio se na baroknom stilu.

Katarina II. Velika smatrala je da je palača staromodna. Zaposlila je škotskog arhitekta Charlesa Camerona, koji je napravio jedno krilo u neoklasicističkom stilu. Također je promijenio osobne caričine stanove.

Nakon Katarinine smrti carska obitelj počela je koristiti palaču Pavlovsk i palaču Aleksandra. Palača je uništena tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Obnova je započela ubrzo nakon odlaska njemačkih snaga. Sada je palača uglavnom obnovljena i otvorena je za razgledavanje.

Galerija

Izvori

Muzeji u Rusiji
Građevine u Rusiji
Barokne građevine
Rokoko arhitektura
Ruske turističke atrakcije
Svjetska baština u Rusiji

Katarinina palača


Hexanitroethan ist eine aliphatische Nitroverbindung. Im Molekül sind alle sechs möglichen Substituentenpositionen jeweils durch eine Nitrogruppe ersetzt. Als hochnitrierte Verbindung wirkt es als starkes Oxidationsmittel und ist ein Explosivstoff.

Darstellung und Gewinnung
Eine erste Herstellung wurde schon 1914 durch Wilhelm Will beschrieben. Diese gelingt durch die Umsetzung des Kaliumsalzes des Tetranitroethans mit Salpetersäure.

Das Kaliumsalz des Tetranitroethans kann in einer Synthesesequenz ausgehend vom Tribromnitromethan gewonnen werden. Im ersten Schritt erfolgt eine Dimerisierung zum Tetrabromdinitroethan.

Im zweiten Schritt erfolgt eine nucleophile Substitution mit Kaliumnitrit zum Dibromtetranitroethan.

Das Tetranitroethansalz entsteht dann durch die weitere Umsetzung mit Kaliumcyanid.

Eine für eine industrielle Herstellung praktikable Synthese geht von Furfural aus, welches im ersten Schritt unter Ringöffnung oxidativ zur Mucobromsäure (2,3-Dibrommalealdehydsäure) bromiert wird. Alternativ kann auch Furan-2-carbonsäure als Edukt verwendet werden. Im Folgeschritt wird die Mucobromsäure bei Temperaturen kurz unterhalb von Raumtemperatur mit Kaliumnitrit zum Dikaliumsalz des 2,3,3-Trinitropropionaldehyds umgesetzt. Die Zielverbindung erhält man durch die Nitrierung dieses Salzes mittels Salpetersäure und Schwefelsäure bei −60 °C.

Eigenschaften
Hexanitroethan kann in zwei polymorphen Kristallformen auftreten. Unterhalb einer Temperatur von 18 °C liegt die Kristallform II vor. Am Umwandlungspunkt bei 18 °C erfolgt die Bildung der Kristallform I mit einer Umwandlungsenthalpie von 12,4 kJ·mol−1. Die Kristallform I schmilzt bei 135,5 °C.

Hexanitroethan ist ein explosionsgefährlicher Stoff im Sinne des Sprengstoffgesetzes. Wichtige Explosionskennzahlen sind:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tabelle mit wichtigen explosionsrelevanten Eigenschaften:
|Sauerstoffbilanz || 42,7 %
|-
|Stickstoffgehalt || 28,01 %
|-
|Normalgasvolumen || 678 l·kg−1
|-
|Explosionswärme || 3020 kJ·kg−1
|-
|Spezifische Energie || 813 kJ·kg−1 (68,1 mt/kg)
|-
|Bleiblockausbauchung || 24,5 cm3·g−1
|-
|Detonationsgeschwindigkeit || 4950 m·s−1
|-
|Verpuffungspunkt ||175 °C
|-
|Schlagempfindlichkeit || 10 Nm
|-
|Reibempfindlichkeit || mit 253 N Stiftbelastung Zersetzung
|}

Die thermische Zersetzung wurde am Feststoff und in Lösung schon ab 60 °C detektiert. Oberhalb von 140 °C kann die Zersetzung explosionsartig erfolgen. Die Zersetzung verläuft als Reaktion erster Ordnung. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit ist dabei in Lösung signifikant höher als im Feststoff. Für die Zersetzung des Feststoffs kann die folgende Gleichung formuliert werden.

Bei der Zersetzung in Lösung wird im ersten Schritt Tetranitroethylen gebildet, welcher über seine Diels-Alder-Addukte z. B. mit Anthracen oder Cyclopentadien nachgewiesen werden kann.

Bei der Umsetzung in Alkoholen unter Rückfluss erfolgt eine Addition an das intermediär gebildete Tetranitroethylen. Die gebildete Dinitroalkoxyalkylstruktur ist nicht stabil und bildet nach Umlagerung der Nitrogruppe zum Salpetrigsäureester und Abspaltung von Stickoxiden den entsprechenden Ester der Dinitroessigsäure.

Der Dinitroessigsäureester dimerisiert bei der Lagerung langsam zum entsprechenden 3,4-Bis(alkoxycarbonyl)furazan-2-oxid. Bei höheren Temperaturen kann der Dinitroessigsäureester zum Dinitromethan verseift und decarboxyliert werden.

Verwendung
Hexanitroethan kann in Treibsätzen als sauerstoffausgleichender Zusatz eingesetzt werden.

Einzelnachweise

Nitroalkan
Sprengstoff

Hexanitroethan


هناك ثلاث أشكال للوسائط التفاعلية هي:

الأول: الوسائط المعلوماتية التي يمكن أن تضيف من خلالها معلومات وهي الصوت والفيديو والرسوم المتحركة.

الثاني: الوسائط الاتصالية : وهي التي تتيح إمكانية التواصل مع المستخدمين الآخرين للشبكة وهي : البريد الإلكتروني والمنتديات وحجر الثرثرة...الخ

الثالث: الوسائط التفاعلية وهي التي تتيح إمكانية استخدام النص الفائق (الارتباط التشعبي أو الهايبر تكست) مع الوسائط المتعددة.

مراجع

اتصالات تسويقية وتنشيطية
إعلام جديد
تقنيات دعاية وإعلان
دراسات إعلامية
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