القرص المتفرق أو المبعثر هو قرص نجمي دوار بعيد في النظام الشمسي مليء بأجسام جليدية صغيرة مبعثرة، وهي مجموعة فرعية من عائلة الأجسام وراء نبتونية. تصل الانحرافات المدارية للأجسام داخل القرص إلى القيمة 8، وتصل
زوايا ميلانها إلى 40 درجة، وتتجاوز قيمة حضيضها الشمسي أكثر من 30 وحدة فلكية (4.5 x 109 كيلومتر أو 2.8 x 109 ميل).يعتقد أنّ هذه المدارات المتطرفة تكونت نتيجة التبعثر الثقالي الذي سببته الكواكب الغازية العملاقة، وتبقى هذه الأجسام عرضة للاضطراب الذي يسببه كوكب نبتون.

يمكن لمدارات هذه الأجسام أن تمتد لأكثر من مئة وحدة فلكية على الرغم من أنها تقترب من الشمس حتى 30 إلى 35 وحدة فلكية. وهذا ما يجعل هذه الأجسام المبعثرة من أبرد وأبعد الأجسام في النظام الشمسي. يتداخل القسم الداخلي من القرص المبعثر مع منطقة على شكل طارة تدور أجسامها بشكل تقليدي وتُسمى هذه المنطقة حزام كايبر . أمّا حدود القرص الخارجية فتدور بعيدةً جدًا عن الشمس وأكثر بعدًا عن المسار الشمسي من حزام كايبر من الجهتين العليا والسفلى.

وبسبب طبيعة القرص غير المستقرة، يعتقد علماء الفلك اليوم بأنّ القرص المبعثر هو المكان الأصلي لأغلب المذنبات الدورية في النظام الشمسي، بالإضافة إلى القناطير التي تشكّل مجموعة من الأجسام الجليدية بين كوكبي المشتري ونبتون، كونها تشكل مرحلة متوسطة في هجرة الأجسام من القرص إلى النظام الشمسي الداخلي. ترسل الاضطرابات التي تولدها الكواكب الغازية العملاقة مثل هذه الأجسام باتجاه الشمس، محولة إياها إلى مذنبات دورية. يُعتقد أنّ العديد من الأجسام الموجودة في سحابة أورت تكونت في القرص المبعثر. لا يمكن تمييز الأجسام المنفردة بشكل كبير عن الأجسام القادمة من القرص المبعثر، ومن الأجسام التي يمكن أن نعتبرها من هذه المجموعة كويكب «سدنا».

اكتشافه
استُخدمت أجهزة المقارنة الوميضية بشكل تقليدي في علم الفلك لاكتشاف الأجسام في النظام الشمسي. إذ تتحرك هذه الأجسام بين عمليتي تعريض – تستغرق خطوات هذه العملية وقت طويل مثل التعريض، وتطوير الرقائق أو الأفلام الفوتوغرافية، وبعدها يستخدم الناس المقارن الوميضي للكشف اليدوي عن الأجسام المحتملة. مكّن استُخدام آلات التصوير التي تعتمد على الأجهزة المقارنة للشحنة في التلسكوبات خلال الثمانينيات من القرن العشرين من إنتاج صور إلكترونية مباشرة يمكن تحويلها بسهولة إلى صور رقمية. أتاحت عمليات المسح معدل إنتاجية أكبر لأنّ الأجهزة المقارنة للشحنة تلتقط الضوء بشكل أكبر من الأفلام ( 90% من الضوء الوارد مقارنة ب10% للأفلام) ويمكن إجراء الوميض على شاشات كومبيوتر قابلة للتعديل. وكانت النتيجة حدوث فيضان من الاكتشافات، إذ اكتُشفت الآلاف من الأجسام وراء نبتونية بين عامي 1992 و 2006. كان أول جسم معروف من القرص المبعثر هو 1996 تي إل 66، حدد علماء الفلك وجوده من جبل مونا كيا في هاوي عام 1996. حدد علماء الفلك ثلاثة أجسام أخرى في نفس المسح في عام 1999 وهي: 1999 سي في 118، 1999 سي واي 118، و1999 سي إف 119. أوّل جسم مُكتشف مُصنّف بمثابة جسم من القرص المبعثر هو 1995 تي إل 8، الذي اكتُشف في العام 1995 ضمن مشروع سبيس واتش.
حُدّد أكثر من مئتي جسم من القرص المبعثر منذ العام 2011، منها (229762) 2007 UK126 ( الذي اكتشفه شوامب، وبراون، ورابينوفيتش)، و2002 تي سي 302 (اكتُشف ضمن مشروع تعقب الأجرام القريبة من الأرض)، وإريس (اكتشفه براون وتروخيو ورابينوفيتش)، وسدنا (اكتشفه براون وتروخيو ورابينوفيتش)، و 2004 في إن 112 (اكتُشف ضمن مشروع المسح البروجي العميق)، على الرغم أنه من المفترض أنّ عدد الأجسام في حزام كايبر مساوٍ لعدد الأجسام في القرص المبعثر إلّا أنّ الأرصاد تميل إلى أنّ عدد الأجسام في القرص المبعثر المرصودة حتى الآن أقل بكثير نظرًا لبعدها الكبير.

تقسيم الفضاء وراء نبتوني
تقسم الأجسام وراء نبتونية إلى قسمين: حزام كايبر والقرص المبعثر. وتشكّل سحابة أورت المُفترضة المخزون الاحتياطي من الأجسام وراء نبتونية، على الرغم من أنه ليس هناك أرصاد مباشرة تؤكد وجود سحابة أورت. يقترح بعض الباحثين فضاء انتقالي بين القرص المبعثر والقسم الداخلي من سحابة أورت مملوء «بأجسام منفصلة».

القرص المبعثر مقابل حزام كايبر
حزام كايبر: هو طارة قليلة السماكة نسبيًا أو «فضاء على شكل كعكة الدونات». يمتد ضمن مساحة 30 إلى 50 وحدة فلكية. تنقسم الأجسام ضمن حزام كايبر إلى توزيعين أساسيين: أجسام حزام كايبر الكلاسيكية أو « كيوبوانوس» والتي تقع في مدارات لا تتأثر بنبتون، وأجسام حزام كايبر الرنّانة، وهي أجسام يسيطر عليها نبتون ضمن نسبة مدارية دقيقة هي 2:3 (تدور الأجسام مرتين لكل ثلاث دورات يقوم بها نبتون) وبنسبة 1:2 (تدور الأجسام مرة واحدة لكل دورتين يقوم بها نبتون). تُدعى هذه النسب بالرنينات المدارية، وهي تسمح للأجسام ضمن القرص المبعثر أن تبقى ضمن مناطق كان من الممكن أن يزيلها التأثير الثقالي لنبتون على مدى عمر النظام الشمسي، لأنّ الأجسام غير قريبة كفاية من نبتون لتبعثرها جاذبيته. تُعرف الأجسام المحجوزة ضمن الرنينات المدارية بنسبة 2:3 باسم «بلوتينو» لأنّ بلوتو هو العضو الأكبر في هذه المجموعة، أمّا الأجسام ضمن الرنينات المدارية بنسبة 1:2 تُسمى «توتينوز».

على عكس حزام كايبر، يمكن لنبتون أن يحدث اضطراب في توزع الجسيمات في القرص المبعثر. تدخل أجسام القرص المبعثر ضمن النطاق الثقالي لنبتون عندما تكون ضمن أكبر اقتراب لها منه (تقريبًا 30 وحدة فلكية)، لكنها من جهة أخرى تبتعد مسافات تصل لأضعاف هذه المسافة. تقترح الأبحاث الجارية أنّ القناطير فئة من الكويكبات الجليدية التي تدور بين المشتري ونبتون، وربما تكون ببساطة أجسام من القرص المبعثر عبرت إلى النظام الشمسي الداخلي بسبب نبتون، جاعلًا منها أجسام تدور في مداره بدلًا من أجسام مبعثرة وراء نبتونية. تقوم بعض الأجسام مثل (29981) 1999 تي دي 10بالتشويش على الاختلافات (جعل التمييز صعبًا)، وقد صنفت منظمة مركز الكواكب الصغيرة التي صنّفت رسميًا جميع الأجسام وراء نبتونية القناطير وأجسام القرص المبعثر معًا في نفس الفئة.

ولكن قامت منظمة مركز الكواكب الصغيرة بالتمييز بين حزام كايبر والقرص المبعثر، فاصلةً الأجسام التي تدور في مدارات مستقرة (حزام كايبر) عن الأجسام التي تدور في مدارات مبعثرة (القناطير والقرص المبعثر). ومع ذلك، فمازال الفرق بين حزام كايبر والقرص المبعثر غير واضح جدًا، ويرى الكثير من علماء الفلك أنّ القرص المبعثر ليس تجمعًا منفصلاً بل منطقة خارجية من حزام كايبر. يستخدم مصطلح آخر لأجسام القرص المبعثر وهو «أجسام حزام كايبر المبعثرة».

يقترح موربيديلي وبراون أنّ الفرق بين الأجسام الموجودة في حزام كايبر وتلك الموجودة في القرص المبعثر أنّ الأجسام الأخيرة نُقلت نصف محاورها الرئيسية بسبب مواجهة نبتون بشكل بعيد أو قريب. ولكن التجارب السابقة لم تشهد مواجهات قريبة. هذا التصور غير ملائم بالنظر إلى عمر النظام الشمسي، إذ تستطيع الأجسام «المحاصرة بالرنين» الانتقال من الحالة المبعثرة إلى الحالة غير المبعثرة العديد من المرات (والعكس بالعكس). هذا يعني أنّ الأجسام وراء نبتونية تستطيع الانتقال بين حزام كايبر والقرص المبعثر ذهابًا ورجوعًا مع مرور الوقت. لذلك اختاروا تعريف المناطق بدلًا من تعريف الأجسام، معرّفين القرص المبعثر «المنطقة من الفضاء المداري التي يُمكن أن تزورها الأجسام المواجهة لنبتون» ضمن نصف قطر نطاق هيل، أمّا حزام كايبر فهو «المنطقة من الفضاء المداري التي يُمكن أن تزورها الأجسام المواجهة لنبتون ضمن نطاق نصف قطره أكبر من 30 وحدة فلكية». أي المنطقة من النظام الشمسي المليئة بالأجسام التي تكون أنصاف محاورها الرئيسة أكبر من 30 وحدة فلكية.

المراجع

انظر أيضًا

 سحابة أورط
 حزام كايبر

 كواكب القنطور الصغيرة
 قرص حطام
 أو أر 2007 2007 OR10

 بلوتو
 كوكب قزم
 هجرة الكواكب

أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1996
القرص المتفرق والأجرام المنفصلة
النظام الشمسي
منطقة وراء نبتونية

قرص متفرق


19. Europsko prvenstvo u atletici održano je u švedskom gradu Göteborgu od 7. do 13. kolovoza 2006. godine. Natjecanja su se održavala na stadionu Ullevi, koji je bio borilište Svjetskog prvenstva u atletici 1995.

Himna prvenstva bila je pjesma grčko-švedske pjevačice Helene Paprizou Heroes, s kojom je nastupila na Pjesmi Eurovizije te godine.

Najviše odličja osvojila je Rusija. Od njih 35, dvanaest je bilo zlatnih. Njemačka i Francuska osvojile su po četiri zlatna odličja, dok je domaćin Švedska osvojila sveukupno šest odličja, od čega tri zlata.

Najstarija natjecateljica na prvenstvu bila je jamajčanska sprinterica Merlene Ottey, koja je nastupala za Sloveniju.

U povodu prvenstva, Hrvatska pošta je izdala prigodnu poštansku marku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica natjecanja u pismohrani Wayback Machine

Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Švedskoj
2006
Atletika u Švedskoj

Europsko prvenstvo u atletici – Göteborg 2006.


Neboder Hekla, (fr. Tour Hekla) 220-metarski je neboder koji se trenutno gradi u Puteauxu, u okrugu La Défense. Dizajnirao ga je francuski arhitekt Jean Nouvel. Zgrada je građevinsku dozvolu dobila u lipnju 2016. godine. Gradnja je započela u svibnju 2018. za isporuku zakazanu za početak 2022.

Kada bude dovršena, bit će to najviši neboder u okrugu La Défense kao i druga najviša zgrada u Francuskoj. Trošak projekta procjenjuje se na 248 milijuna eura.

Vidi još
 Popis najviših nebodera svijeta
 La Defense

Izvori
 Neboder Hekla

Neboderi u Parizu

Hekla (neboder)


Danmarks sjoveste mand er en dansk kortfilm fra 2005, der er instrueret af Mads Kamp Thulstrup efter manuskript af Jacob Weinreich.

Handling
En evigt jaloux stand-up-komiker er sygeligt fikseret i sin kones gøren og laden, og det bliver en stor belastning for dem begge.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Danmarks sjoveste mand


Santa Fe Depot pode se referir a:
 Santa Fe Depot (San Diego)
 Santa Fe Depot (Santa Fé)

Desambiguação

Santa Fe Depot


Sirga o 'sirgas pueden referirse a lo siguiente:

 Camino de sirga, un camino que a orillas de los ríos y canales sirve para llevar las embarcaciones tirando de ellas desde tierra.
 Sirga (cable rotatorio), un cable mecánico empleado para la transmisión de movimiento rotatorio entre distintos órganos mecánicos.
 Sirga (náutica), una maroma o cabo que sirve para llevar las embarcaciones tirando de ellas desde tierra, desde el camino de sirga, principalmente en la navegación fluvial. También, el modo de arrastre y navegación propiamente dicho.
 SIRGAS, Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las Américas.

Enlaces externos

Sirga


Henry Davis McHenry (* 27. Februar 1826 in Hartford, Ohio County, Kentucky; † 17. Dezember 1890 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1871 und 1873 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Henry McHenry war ein Sohn von John H. McHenry (1797–1871), der zwischen 1845 und 1847 ebenfalls den Staat Kentucky im Kongress vertrat. Der jüngere McHenry besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der Transylvania University in Lexington und seiner 1845 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Hartford in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Politisch war McHenry Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Von 1851 bis 1853 sowie nochmals zwischen 1865 und 1867 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. In den Jahren 1861 bis 1865 gehörte er dem Staatssenat an. Von 1872 bis zu seinem Tod war er Mitglied des Democratic National Committee.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1870 wurde er im zweiten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1871 die Nachfolge von William N. Sweeney antrat. Bis zum 3. März 1871 absolvierte McHenry eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress. Danach praktizierte er wieder als Anwalt in Hartford. Im Jahr 1890 war er Delegierter auf einer Versammlung zur Überarbeitung der Verfassung von Kentucky. Henry McHenry starb am 17. Dezember 1890 in Hartford, wo er auch beigesetzt wurde.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Senats von Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1826
Gestorben 1890
Mann

Henry D. McHenry


Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and many other species of even-toed ungulates, including gaurs, buffaloes, large antelope, deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs. The disease was characterized by fever, oral erosions, diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality. Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations. Rinderpest was mainly transmitted by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air. After a global eradication campaign starting in the mid-20th century, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001.

On 14 October 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that field activities in the decades-long, worldwide campaign to eradicate the disease were ending, paving the way for a formal declaration in June 2011 of the global eradication of rinderpest. On 25 May 2011, the World Organisation for Animal Health announced the free status of the last eight countries not yet recognized (a total of 198 countries were now free of the disease), officially declaring the eradication of the disease. In June 2011, the United Nations FAO confirmed the disease was eradicated, making rinderpest only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out (outside laboratory stocks), following smallpox. In June 2019 the UK destroyed its stocks of rinderpest virus, held at the Pirbright Institute in Surrey, which were most of the world's retained samples. This followed the completion of a digital record of the virus's genetic code, thereby obviating the need to store samples as a protective resource in case the virus re-emerges. Researchers at Pirbright and the United Nations expressed a hope that the other samples in laboratories around the world will also be destroyed, totally eradicating the virus from the Earth.

Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle. The term Rinderpest is a German word meaning "cattle-plague". The rinderpest virus (RPV) is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. The measles virus possibly emerged from rinderpest as a zoonotic disease around 600 BC, a period that coincides with the rise of large human settlements.

Virus
Rinderpest virus (RPV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. Like other members of the Paramyxoviridae family, it produces enveloped virions, and is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The virus is particularly fragile and is quickly inactivated by heat, desiccation and sunlight.

Measles virus evolved from the then-widespread rinderpest virus most probably between the 11th and 12th centuries. The earliest likely origin is during the seventh century; some linguistic evidence exists for this earlier origin. In 2020 research on the measles virus has suggested a modified understanding of the evolution of rinderpest. Work on preserved older samples of measles (1912 and following) have been tested in various ways to determine the likely trajectory of the measles virus' divergence from rinderpest. It is thought based on this study that the earliest date at which the divergence could have occurred is the sixth century BC.

Disease and symptoms

Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations. The disease was mainly spread by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air.

Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and nasal and eye discharges. Subsequently, irregular erosions appear in the mouth, the lining of the nose, and the genital tract. Acute diarrhea, preceded by constipation, is also a common feature. Most animals die six to twelve days after the onset of these clinical signs. The delayed appearance of these signs of illness account for the steady spread of the disease once a historical outbreak began. An animal infected by rinderpest undergoes an incubation period of 3–15 days. Signs of the disease only manifest at the end of that time. Cattle and wild ungulates will normally die 8–12 days after signs of the disease emerge, by which time the animals may have travelled far from the place of infection and been mixed with many other animals.

History and epizootics

Early history
The disease is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle. Other cattle epizootics are noted in ancient times: a cattle plague is thought to be one of the 10 plagues of Egypt described in the Hebrew Bible. By around 3,000 BC, a cattle plague had reached Egypt, and rinderpest later spread throughout the remainder of Africa, following European colonization.

In the 4th century, Roman writer Severus Sanctus Endelechius described rinderpest in his book, On the Deaths of Cattle.

18th century
Cattle plagues recurred throughout history, often accompanying wars and military campaigns. They hit Europe especially hard in the 18th century, with three long panzootics, which although varying in intensity and duration from region to region, took place in the periods of 1709–1720, 1742–1760, and 1768–1786. In the 18th century a deadly outbreak between 1769 and 1785 resulted in universal governmental action, but with somewhat divergent responses. The Dutch and the German principalities demanded quarantines and strict burial practices; England and large parts of Italy (the Papal States) saw slaughter of infected animals; in the Austrian Netherlands (Flanders) the response was inspection and precautionary slaughter coupled with compensation to the owners. There was no code of practice and no standard response. But for a hundred years thereafter in German-speaking countries there was intense focus on the problem of Rinderpest.

Inoculation
In the early 18th century, the disease was seen as similar to smallpox, due to its analogous symptoms. The personal physician of the pope, Giovanni Maria Lancisi, recommended the destruction of all infected and exposed animals. This policy was not very popular and was used only sparingly in the first part of the century. Later, it was used successfully in several countries, although it was sometimes seen as too costly or drastic, and depended on a strong central authority to be effective (which was notably lacking in the Dutch Republic). Because of these downsides, numerous attempts were made to inoculate animals against the disease. These attempts met with varying success, but the procedure was not widely used and was no longer practiced at all in 19th-century Western or Central Europe. Rinderpest was an immense problem, but inoculation was not a valid solution. In many cases, it caused too many losses. Even more importantly, it perpetuated the circulation of the virus in the cattle population. The pioneers of inoculation did contribute significantly to knowledge about infectious diseases. Their experiments confirmed the concepts of those who saw infectious diseases as caused by specific agents, and were the first to recognize maternally derived immunity.

Early English experimentation
The first written report of rinderpest inoculation was published in a letter signed "T.S." in the November 1754 issue of The Gentleman's Magazine, a widely read journal which also supported the progress of smallpox inoculation. This letter reported that a Mr Dobsen had inoculated his cattle and had thus preserved 9 out of 10 of them, although this was retracted in the next issue, as it was apparently a Sir William St. Quintin who had done the inoculating (this was done by placing bits of material previously dipped in morbid discharge into an incision made in the dewlap of the animal). These letters encouraged further application of inoculation in the fight against diseases. The first inoculation against measles was made three years after their publication.

From early 1755 onwards, experiments were taking place in the Netherlands, as well, results of which were also published in The Gentleman's Magazine. As in England, the disease was seen as analogous with smallpox. While these experiments were reasonably successful, they did not have a significant impact: The total number of inoculations in England appears to have been very limited, and after 1780, the English interest in inoculation disappeared almost entirely. Almost all further experimentation was done in the Netherlands, northern Germany and Denmark.

Further trials in the Netherlands
Due to a very severe outbreak at the end of the 1760s, some of the best-known names in Dutch medicine became involved in the struggle against the disease. Several independent trials were begun, most notably by Pieter Camper in Groningen and Friesland. The results of his experiment in Friesland were encouraging, but they proved to be the exception; testing by others in the provinces of Utrecht and Friesland obtained disastrous results. As a result, the Frisian authorities concluded in 1769 that the cause of rinderpest was God's displeasure with the sinful behavior of the Frisian people, and proclaimed 15 November a day of fasting and prayer. Interest in inoculation declined sharply across the country.

In this climate of discouragement and scepticism, Geert Reinders, a farmer in the province of Groningen and a self-taught man, decided to continue the experiments. He collaborated with Wijnold Munniks, who had supervised earlier trials. They tried different inoculation procedures and a variety of treatments to lighten the symptoms, all of them without significant effect. Although they were not able to perfect the inoculation procedure, they did make some useful observations.

Reinders resumed his experiments in 1774, concentrating on the inoculation of calves from cows that had recovered from rinderpest. He was probably the first to make practical use of maternally derived immunity. The detailed results of his trials were published in 1776 and reprinted in 1777. His inoculation procedure did not differ much from what had been used previously, except for the use of three separate inoculations at an early age. This produced far better results, and the publication of his work renewed interest in inoculation. For the period of 1777 to 1781, 89% of inoculated animals survived, compared to a 29% survival rate after natural infection.

In the Netherlands, too, interest in rinderpest inoculation declined in the 1780s because the disease itself decreased in intensity.

In other countries
Apart from the Dutch Republic, the only other regions where inoculation was used to any significant level were northern Germany and Denmark. Experiments started in Mecklenburg during the epizootic of the late 1770s. "Insurance companies" were created which provided inoculation in special "institutes". Although these were private initiatives, they were created with full encouragement from the authorities. Though neighboring states followed this practice with interest, the practice never caught on outside Mecklenburg; many were still opposed to inoculation.

While some experimentation occurred in other countries (most extensively in Denmark), in the majority of European countries, the struggle against the disease was based on stamping it out. Sometimes this could be done with minimal sacrifices; at other times, it required slaughter at a massive scale.

19th century
There were major outbreaks of cattle plague documented from the mid-century onwards. Responses to these outbreaks differed across the world.

Rinderpest in 19th-century Europe

A major outbreak affected the whole of the British Isles for three years after 1865. In August 1865 an Order of the British Privy Council required the slaughter of rinderpest-affected cattle. By early May 1867 the overall slaughter total was around 75,000 cattle, which at that time had a value of approximately £10 per head. Initially £55,000 was granted (after a period of delay) to compensate farmers where they complied with the slaughter directive but had no other source of compensation.  In certain areas, such as Aberdeenshire and Norfolk, farmers had banded together to provide mutual assurance by creating a resource pool against the risk of rinderpest. Because the initial slaughter regime was not backed by compensation, it was the presence of a voluntary mutual assurance scheme that drove down the infection rates by guaranteeing payment for compliance with the government instruction. The Privy Council ordered a detailed investigation of the disaster, which reported in 1868

In 1871 there was held an international Rinderpest convention in Vienna. It was purposed to establish mechanisms for reporting outbreaks to warn neighbouring countries, and so as to establish policies for inspections, quarantines and disinfections as well as monitoring the cattle trade.

Rinderpest in 19th-century Africa

Around the turn of the century, a plague struck in Southern Africa. Spinage establishes a critical commentary on the theory that in 1888 rinderpest was introduced into Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) by the invading Italian army, which supposedly brought with them infected cattle from India. The procurement chain is not traced beyond an Egyptian businessman from Cairo, but it is possible that the British Army got their draft oxen from India. However, the documentary chain only supported limited negative conclusions. "There is therefore no evidence in contemporary accounts that the rinderpest panzootic was imported from India with infected oxen to provision the Italian landing at Massawa." It may now be impossible to disentangle the probabilities of where rinderpest initially came from- invading Italians, invading Egyptians or local break-outs in Eritrea. Once in progress, the infection eventually spread to the shores of Lake Victoria and into German Tanzania.

Sunseri concentrates on the detailed progress of the epizootic in German Tanzania, endeavouring to show that the disease was known to be present but was not officially recognised as being rinderpest. He emphasises in particular the failure by the German government to rely on or accept a post mortem in 1892 professionally medically conducted on an affected animal that had been duly diagnosed as having rinderpest. The diagnosis was procured at the personal behest of the governor and remitted to Berlin. It appears that awareness of a cattle plague in general did not amount to the German government accepting that the plague was rinderpest, for which measures of a strict kind were prescribed in Germany itself. The governor, Julius von Soden, personally lost his own herd, and this may have led him to secure the post-mortem so as to challenge the official diagnostic silence. The impact on African-owned herds was drastic.

The disease was locally described as "sadoka" and it also affected local wildlife. Sunseri's thesis basically explains the German government's failure to recognise the true nature of the disease as permitting ineffective policies. The local German government was short of cash, without a vet until the late 1890s and surrounded by innumerable serious cattle diseases apart from rinderpest. The 1885 protectorate status of Tanzania (ruled by the German East Africa Company) had been interrupted by coastal rebellion: when formal German rule began and the military went inland in 1891 to "pacify" areas, they encountered massive cattle deaths ostensibly due to viral spread from wildlife (one assumes at waterholes).  Some observers themselves described the outbreak as rinderpest, whereas argument and debate continued because of essentially lack of consistent information and detailed investigation. When the German governor requested confirmation as to a course of action, he would have been fully aware of the administrative consequences, had matters been dealt with in Germany (quarantines, slaughter policies, disinfection controls of cattle transport and control of products suspected of contact with contaminated animals).

In the event, the post-mortem was reviewed in Berlin and determined to be incomplete: a diagnosis could only be made on the ground by a vet. Funding vets was not a priority as most of the cattle by then (1892) had died. Meanwhile, a German staff doctor with an interest in animal diseases opined (two long Reports for the German Colonial Service) that the problem must be an Africa-specific matter not the familiar rinderpest. His confusion may derive from the absence of impact of rinderpest on German wildlife. This is now explained by the fenced and manicured German agricultural landscape of the day being insufficiently "wild" and livestock normally being kept apart. By 1893 government regulatory response was as though the disease had been rinderpest in Germany (and included preventive slaughter). Cattle exports were banned in 1893 (to improve local stocks not on grounds of confining spread, as some cattle were exempt). Nevertheless importation, legal or illegal or rebranded via Zanzibar, reached the British colonies in the south.

Marquardt concentrates on the detailed progress of the disease in South Africa during the 1896 outbreak. Between 1896 and 1897, 95% of the cattle in South Africa were killed by the disease. The primary spreading agency seems to be the common use of waterholes by wild ungulates and herded cattle. The herded cattle were normally in transit and the long incubation period and delayed symptoms meant that spreading had taken place before illness was realised. His initial case study is Southern Bechuanaland settled as it then was by two distinct cattle-focused groups: the Tswana people and the Boers. It was flat, hot and dry and was considered good cattle-raising country. Water was regularly available by drilling 20-30 feet below the surface, though many farms had water only by drilling 50-100 feet down. From 1882 onwards, designated Tswana reserves were created adjoining white farms in many instances. African pastoralism was constrained by this. From 1895, increasing numbers of white settlers (now administered from the Cape) evicted the Tswana and tension between these groups was inevitable. The 1896 drought resulted in fewer watering places being available, and a greater density of usage including both groups of cattle-owners and the wild animals. By May 1896 the vast Clober farm had become a focus of infection with immediate slaughter policies in place. Three river drinking places, mainly used by the Tswana group, recorded over 12,000 head of cattle regularly each; the government was reluctant to embark on wholesale destruction. The government tried, and failed, to stop herds crossing rivers and perpetuating stock-mingling. The spread of the disease was relentless in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The connection between rinderpest and starvation was recognised by the British government as cause for urgent intervention by delivery of food relief. In 1896 30,000 tons of mealies (corn) were delivered for the relief of the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Meanwhile, The Crocodile River in the Transvaal was reported as choked with cattle and other animal corpses, but remained in use. During the dry season the government made no attempt to control use of the watering holes, fearing the consequences if they did. The Boers essentially did no better, mainly because they continued to migrate their cattle between parcels of land rather than remaining stationery within a particular parcel.

Complaint by both Boer and Tswana groups was focused on the government rather than mutual hostility. Fencing, and quarantining coupled with killing of infected cattle, was a policy barely controllable in the expanses of the colony, though it had some success in England. However, fencing resulted in herd-mingling and consequent infection. The Tswana herds were quarantined together; the Boer herds were also quarantined but on their own land. The system was very unpopular. The policy was scorned and pilloried in the press: plenty of reports came out to the effect that the disease was spread by the quarantine guards and by the vets, all of whom were less than careful about disinfecting themselves. It is plausible that the major spreader of disease should be negligent government officials or contractors moving directly from areas known to be diseased to other areas in protective quarantine. In Southern Bechuanaland alone over 400 men were hired as quarantine guards. Owners from both groups resisted the guards and the Boers vigorously resisted the killing of their cattle. It is likely both groups raised the fences, and several Boer groups deliberately spread the disease in order to claim the compensation. By 1896 it was generally recognised the government campaign had completely failed, overwhelmed by a storm of contributory causes to the spread of the disease.

The outbreak in the 1890s killed an estimated 80 to 90% of all cattle in eastern and southern Africa. Sir Arnold Theiler was instrumental in developing a vaccine that curbed the epizootic. The consequences for the Africans were especially severe. Though cattle numbers revived subsequently, the consequent human toll was mass starvation in the absence of herding, hunting and farming. It is estimated that the human losses were as high as one-third of the population of Ethiopia and two-thirds of the Maasai people of Tanzania. This famine caused significant depopulation in sub-Saharan Africa, allowing thornbush to colonise. This formed ideal habitat for tsetse fly, which carries sleeping sickness, and is unsuitable for livestock; "hence the European view of an empty unspoiled Africa teeming with game".

Rinderpest in 19th-century Asia
Japan also sustained the presence of rinderpest in the 19th century as illustrated in an anonymous print. The disease was present for centuries in China, Japan and Korea. Japanese black and Korean yellow breed cattle were known to be especially susceptible to it.

In 1868 there was a serious outbreak of rinderpest in India, which was investigated by Colonel James Hallen of the Indian Cattle Plague Commission leading to the publication of his survey in 1871. The Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory from 1893 was at Mukteshwar in India. It hosted much research work and many samples. Its founding director was British pathologist Alfred Lingard.

In India, some farmers were reported as not hostile to tigers because of the consideration that their attacks on diseased or weaker animals reduced the risk of rinderpest.

20th century
In his classic study of the Nuer of southern Sudan, E. E. Evans-Pritchard suggested rinderpest might have affected the Nuer's social organization before and during the 1930s. Since the Nuer were pastoralists, much of their livelihood was based on cattle husbandry, and bride-prices were paid in cattle; prices may have changed as a result of cattle depletion. Rinderpest might also have increased dependence on horticulture among the Nuer.

Rinderpest was eradicated from Japan in 1922, as recorded by the Nippon Institute for Biological Science. Distinguished Japanese scientist and Director of the Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Junji Nakamura (1903-1975), was a major researcher into rinderpest, and the contribution of his work to the worldwide eradication of rinderpest was acknowledged by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. The FAO posthumously presented a certificate of appreciation in 2011.

A more recent rinderpest outbreak in Africa in 1982–1984 resulted in an estimated US$2 billion in stock losses.

Vaccination
In 1917–18, William Hutchins Boynton (1881–1959), the chief veterinary pathologist with the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture, developed an early vaccine for rinderpest, based on treated animal organ extracts.

In 1959, rinderpest vaccine was prepared at government laboratories in Abuko in The Gambia from the spleen of infected cattle.

Walter Plowright worked on a vaccine for the RBOK strain of the rinderpest virus for about a decade, from 1956 to 1962. Plowright was awarded the World Food Prize in 1999 for developing a vaccine against a strain of rinderpest. In 1999, the FAO predicted that with vaccination, rinderpest would be eradicated by 2010.

Eradication

Widespread eradication efforts began in the early 20th century although, until the 1950s, they mostly took place on an individual country basis, using vaccination campaigns. In 1924, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) was formed in response to rinderpest.  In 1950, the Inter-African Bureau of Epizootic Diseases was formed, with the stated goal of eliminating rinderpest from Africa. With the loss of its wildebeest population, the Serengeti experienced radical fire regime shift to intense annual wildfires. During the 1960s, a program called JP 15 attempted to vaccinate all cattle in participating countries and, by 1979, only one of the countries involved, Sudan, reported cases of rinderpest. In the decades since the wildebeest have returned to the Serengeti and tree cover has returned with them.

In 1969, an outbreak of the disease originated in Afghanistan, travelling westwards and promoting a mass vaccination plan, which by 1972, had eliminated rinderpest in all areas of Asia except for Lebanon and India; both countries were the site of further occurrences of the disease in the 1980s.

During the 1980s, however, an outbreak of rinderpest from Sudan spread throughout Africa, killing millions of cattle, as well as wildlife. In response, the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign was initiated in 1987, using vaccination and surveillance to combat the disease. By the 1990s, nearly all of Africa, with the exception of parts of Sudan and Somalia, was declared free of rinderpest.

Worldwide, the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme was initiated in 1994, supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization, the OIE, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. This program was successful in reducing rinderpest outbreaks to few and far between by the late 1990s. The program is estimated to have saved affected farmers 58 million net euros.

The end was in sight by 2000 when only the Horn of Africa and Pakistan appeared to have a continued presence. Mariner et al., 2000 introduced participatory disease surveillance to rinderpest efforts. The last confirmed case of rinderpest was reported in Kenya in 2001. Since then, while no cases have been confirmed, the disease is believed to have been present in parts of Somalia past that date. The final vaccinations were administered in 2006, and the last surveillance operations took place in 2009, failing to find any evidence of the disease.

The Mariner method continued to be used in those two locations (the Horn and Pakistan) to track down possible lingering refugia in the coming years. In 2008, scientists involved in rinderpest eradication efforts believed a good chance existed that rinderpest would join smallpox as officially "wiped off the face of the planet". The FAO, which had been co-ordinating the global eradication program for the disease, announced in November 2009 that it expected the disease to be eradicated within 18 months.

In October 2010, the FAO announced it was confident the disease has been eradicated. The agency said that "[a]s of mid 2010, FAO is confident that the rinderpest virus has been eliminated from Europe, Asia, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, and Africa," which were the locations where the virus had been last reported. Eradication was confirmed by the World Organization for Animal Health on 25 May 2011.

On 28 June 2011, FAO and its members countries officially recognized global freedom from the deadly cattle virus. On this day, the FAO Conference, the highest body of the UN agency, adopted a resolution declaring the eradication of rinderpest. The resolution also called on the world community to follow up by ensuring that samples of rinderpest viruses and vaccines be kept under safe laboratory conditions and that rigorous standards for disease surveillance and reporting be applied. "While we are celebrating one of the greatest successes for FAO and its partners, I wish to remind you that this extraordinary achievement would not have been possible without the joint efforts and strong commitments of governments, the main organizations in Africa, Asia and Europe, and without the continuous support of donors and international institutions", FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf commented.

The rinderpest eradication effort is estimated to have cost $5 billion.

Stocks of the rinderpest virus are still maintained by highly specialized laboratories. In 2015, FAO launched a campaign calling for the destruction or sequestering of the remaining stocks of rinderpest virus in laboratories in 24 countries, citing risks of inadvertent or malicious release.

On 14 June 2019, the largest stock of the rinderpest virus was destroyed at the Pirbright Institute.

Use as a biological weapon
Rinderpest was one of more than a dozen agents the United States government researched as potential biological weapons before terminating its biological weapons program.

Rinderpest is of concern as a biological weapon for the following reasons:
 The disease has high rates of morbidity and mortality.
 The disease is highly communicable and spreads rapidly once introduced into nonimmune herds.
 Cattle herds are no longer immunized against RPV, so are susceptible to infection.

Rinderpest was also considered as a biological weapon in a United Kingdom government programme during World War II.

See also

 Murrain
 Ovine rinderpest
 Rift Valley fever
 Smallpox

Footnotes

General references

External links

 The IAEA's activities with rinderpest
 Rinderpest reviewed and published by WikiVet
 FAO Maintaining Global Freedom from Rinderpest
 OIE Rinderpest disease card

Animal viral diseases
Biological anti-agriculture weapons
Bovine diseases
Eradicated diseases

Rinderpest


Henny Meijer (født 17. februar 1962) er en tidligere hollandsk fodboldspiller.

Hollands fodboldlandshold

|-
|1987||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Holland

Henny Meijer


සුපර්නෝවා යනු විශාල තාරකාවන්ගේ පරිණාමයේ අවසාන අදියරයි.

සියලූම ආකාරයේ තාරකා කිසියම් දිනක මිය යායුතුයි. එයින් ඇතැම් තාරකාවක් ඉතාසන්සුන්ව මිලින වී මිය යන අතර ඇතැම් තාරකා මියයන්නේ සුපර්නෝවා නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ඉතාමත් ප‍්‍රචණ්ඩවූ අතිශයින් දැවැන්ත පිපිරීමක් සමගයි. සුපර්නෝවා අවස්ථාවකට පත්වී මිය යාමට නම් තාරකාවක ස්කන්ධය අපේ සූර්යාගේ ස්කන්ධය මෙන් අට ගුණයක්වත් විය යුතුයි. සුපර්නෝවා පිපිරීමක් ඇතිවන්නේ තාරකාව සතු හයිඩ‍්‍රජන් ඉන්ධන ප‍්‍රමාණය දැවී යාමෙන් පසු තාරකාව රතු දැවැන්තයෙකු (Red giant) බවට ප‍්‍රසාරණය වීම නිසයි. මෙසේ ප‍්‍රසාරාණයවන තාරාකාවේ මදය වඩවඩා ගිනියම් වීම නිසා හයිඩ‍්‍රජන් සහ හීලියම් සංඝටනය වීමෙන් වඩා සංකීර්ණ වු ඔක්සිජන්, කාබන් සහ කැල්සියම් ද අනෙකුත් මූල ද්‍රව්‍ය 86 ද බිහිවෙනවා. ඊළඟට සිදුවන්නේ තාරකාවේ මදය කඩාවැටී සුපර්නෝවා පිපිරීම සිදුවීමයි . එසේ තාරාකාව පුපුරායාමේදී තාරකාව තුළ බිහිවූ සියළු මූලද්‍රව්‍ය අවකාශයේ විසිරි ගොස් නව තාරකා බිහිකිරීමට දායක වෙනවා. එය හරියට මිය ගිය සත්ව ශාකාදී ජීවීන් පසට ජීර්ණය වී යලි අළුත් ජීවීන් බිහිකිරීමට දායක වෙනවා වගෙයි.එසේම මෙම පිපිරීම් වලින් හටගන්නා තරංග හේතුවෙන් එය ආසන්නයේ පිහිටා ඇති වස්තූන් ද විශාල වශයෙන් හානි වීම් වලට ලක්වේ.

සුපර්නෝවා


Relax er det 13. studiealbum af den danske sangerinde og sangskriver Anne Linnet, der blev udgivet i 2003 via Circle Records.

Spor
På albummet var sangene:

Referencer

Anne Linnet-album
Album fra 2003

Relax (album)


اللاعبون الفرنسيون

  أحمد ميهوبي
  ألان أوليو
  ألان كافيليا
  ألان مويزان
  ألبرت إمون
  ألكسندر بيس
  ألكسندر هاو
  ألو ديارا
  أليكسيس جينيت
  أنتوني برايزات
  أنتوني ريفيلير
  أنتوني مونير
  أندريه بيران
  أندريه غاي
  أندريه غريلون
  أندريه ليروند
  أنغل رامبيرت
  أنغيلو هوغيز
  أوليفر بيرنارد
  أوليفر رويير
  أوليفير بيليسي
  إرنست تشولتز
  إرنيست نونغ
  إريك أبيدال
  إريك بيان
  إريك تابوردا
  إريك روي
  إريك كارير
  إميل أنتونيو
  إنريكو ألبرتو
  إيمي جاكيه
  باتريس لوكو
  باتريك بالداسارا
  باتريك بايلوت
  باتريك كارتيرون
  باتريك ويردي
  باسكال أولميتا
  باسكال بيديمونتي
  باسكال فوجير
  برنار بواسييه
  برونو جينيسيو
  برونو نغوتي
  بريان بيرغونيو
  بيرنارد بويسير
  بيرنارد فيرينيو
  بيرنارد لاكومب
  بيرنارد لهومي
  بيغوي لوييندولا
  بينوا بيدريتي
  بيير تشافروندير
  بيير سينيبالدي
  بيير فلاميون
  بيير لايغل
  بيير-ألان فراو
  توني فيريل
  تيموثي كولودزيتشاك
  ثاندي بولاك
  جاك غريمونبون
  جاك غليزينسكي
  جاك فيليب
  جان ألان بومسونغ

  جان بالوتش
  جان بايزا
  جان بول بيرناد
  جان بيلفير
  جان بيير أورتس
  جان بيير تيسير
  جان تيغانا
  جان دجوركاييف
  جان دوماس
  جان غاليسي
  جان فرانسوا جودار
  جان فرانسوا دوميرغي
  جان فرانسوا لاريوس
  جان كريستوف ديفو
  جان كلود صأمويل
  جان كلود نادون
  جان لوك ساسوس
  جان لويس ديسفينيز
  جان مارك تشانيليت
  جان مارك فالادير
  جان مارك فورلان
  جان مارك مولين
  جان ميشيل رايموند
  جوان هارتوك
  جورج بروست
  جوزيه باسكواليتي
  جوزيه برويسارت
  جول سبروليا
  جوليان فيالي
  جويل مولر
  جيراردو جيانيتا
  جيريمي بريتشيت
  جيريمي بيد
  جيريمي بيرثود
  جيريمي تولالان
  جيريمي كليمينت
  حاتم بن عرفة
  داميان بليسيس
  دانييل برافو
  دانييل رافير
  دانييل زويريب
  دومينيك مارايس
  ديفيد ليناريس
  ديفيد هيليبويك
  دينيس باباس
  رايموند دوتو
  روبرت بلان
  روبرت موينيت
  روبيرت فاليتي
  رولاند فييرا
  رومان بيني
  رومان سارتر
  ريموند دومينيك
  ريمي ريو
  ريمي غارد
  ريمي فيركوتر
  رينالد بيدروس
  رينيه بوتشي
  رينيه روكو
  زافير باراو
  زيرسيز لويس

  ساندي بايلوت
  ستيد مالبرانك
  ستيف مارليت
  ستيفان بايل
  ستيفان بروي
  ستيفان بيراك
  ستيفان روتش
  سعيد ميهامها
  سوفور رودريغيز
  سيباستيان سكيلاتشي
  سيباستيان غريمالدي
  سيباستيان فاوري
  سيدريك أوراس
  سيدريك باردون
  سيدني غوفو
  سيرج بلان
  سيرج كييزا
  سيلفان إدانغار
  سيلفان ديبلاس
  سيلفان مونسورو
  سيلفان ويلتورد
  غاي جينيت
  غاي غاريغيز
  غاي هاتشي
  غريغوري بيتيول
  غريغوري كوبيه
  غيسلاين أنسيلميني
  غيل دي روكو
  غيل روسيت
  غيلبيرت بونفين
  غيلبيرت كاري
  غيوم لاكور
  فابريس فيوريزي
  فابيان ديبيك
  فرانسوا بريسون
  فرانسوا فيليكس
  فرانسوا كلير
  فرانسوا كونرادي
  فرانسوا ليماسون
  فرانك بريو
  فرانك جوريتي
  فرانك دوريكس
  فرانك غافا
  فريد بن ستيتي
  فريدريك بيكيون
  فريدريك ني
  فريديريك باتويلارد
  فريديريك رو
  فريديريك ريبيرو
  فريديريك زاغو
  فريديريك فوريت
  فلوري دي ناللو
  فلوريان موريس
  فلورينت بالمونت
  فلورينت لافيل
  فلورينت مارتي
  فلورينت مالودا
  فيرناند ديفلامينك
  فيكاش دوراسو
  فيليب فيولو

  فيليب نديورو
  فيليكس لاكويستا
  كاميلي نينل
  كريستوف ديسبويلونز
  كريستوف ديغويرفيلي
  كريستوف ديلموتي
  كريستوف كوكارد
  كريستيان باسيلا
  كريم بن زيما
  كلود أرنو ريفينيت
  كلود روبين
  كلود هوغيز
  كيفن جاكموت
  كيفين بارالون
  كيلي بيرفيلي
  لامين جاساما
  لودوفيك جيولي
  لوران فورنييه
  لورينت ديبروسي
  لورينت ديلامونتاني
  لورينت كازانوفا
  لورينت كورتوا
  لورينت موريستين
  لورينت مونتويا
  لوسيان ديغيورغس
  لوسيان فارمانيان
  لوسيان كوسو
  لوسيمي كارابويه
  لوك بوريلي
  لوك ريمي
  ماثيو بودمر
  مارسيل أوبور
  مارسيل لوبورني
  مارسيل نواك
  ماكسينس فلاتشيز
  مانويل أموروز
  مايك والتر
  مايكل تشارفيت
  مايكل رول
  مايكل كولوريدو
  مراد بن حميدة
  مصدق سنوسي
  ميشيل زيوولكو
  ميشيل مايلارد
  ميشيل هابيرا
  نيكولاس بريت
  نيكولاس بويديبويس
  نيكولاس رابويل
  هوبيرت فورنير
  هوغو لوريس
  هيرولد غولون
  هينري زامبيلي
  وارين جاكموت
  يانيس تافر
  يفيس تشاوفو
  يفيس ماريوت
  يوسف وسام
  يوهان تروتشيت
  يوهان تشاربينيت
  يوهان غوميز

اللاعبون الأوروبيون

  دوبريفوي تريفيتش
  رايكو أليكسيتش
  سلوبودان توبالوفيتش
  ليوبومير ميهايلوفيتش
  ميلوش بورساتش
  ميودراغ زيفالييفيتش
  باتريك مولر
  جاك فاتون
  جان تاميني
  فرديناند بروهين

  ماركو غراسي
  روبيرت كاكيوني
  فابيو غروسو
  فرانسيسكو ميغليوري
  ماتياس تشياكيو
  إريك كولد جينسين
  توربين فرانك
  كاي كريستيانسين
  إروين كوفر
  فيكتور نورينبيرغ

  أكي هيالمارسون
  كيم كالستروم
  توماس بفانكوتش
  كورت ليندر
  تياغو مينديز
  ماريو كولونا
  سيمو نيكوليتش
  ميراليم بيانيتش
  إريك أسادوريان
  أوستاب ستيكيو

  إريك ديفلاندر
  جاسيك باك
  جورج هاركوس
  جون كارو
  مارك كروساس
  ميشيل فالك
  ميك مكارثي
  ميلان باروش
  يان بوبلوهار

لاعبون من خارج القارة الأوروبية

اللاعبون من قارة أمريكا الجنوبية

  إدملسون
  إديرسون
  إلبر جيوفاني
  أندرسون
  بيرز كونستانتينو

  جونينهو برنامبوكانو
  سوني أنديرسون
  فابيو سانتوس
  فريد تشافيز
  كريس

  كلاوديو كاسابا
  مارسيلو دجيان
  نيلمار
  سيزار ديلغادو
  كلاوديو جارسيا

  نيستور كومبان
  هيكتور مايسون
  إلدو مانيرو
  روبيرتو كاباناس

اللاعبون من قارة أفريقيا

  حليم بن مبروك
  خالد ليموتشيا
  عبد الحميد كرمالي
  عبد القادر غزال
  علي بوعافية
  كريم ماروك
  ياسين هيما
  جمال عليوي

  عزيز بودربالة
  علي العمري
  محمد بوعزة
  محمد عبد الرزاق
  جان ماكون
  إيوجين نجو ليا
  جوزيف جوب
  رومارين بيلونغ

  مارك فيفيان فويه
  جون مينساه
  عبيدي بيليه
  مايكل إيسيان
  ساماسي أبو
  ستيفن إيتيان
  عبد القادر كيتا
  ديمبا توري

  لاميني دياتا
  فريدي كانوتي
  محمدو ديارا
  إيوجين كابونغو
  جان جاك ندومبا
  جيمس ديباه
  كيلي يوغا
  لودوفيك أسيمواسا

أولمبيك ليون
قوائم لاعبي كرة قدم حسب النادي في فرنسا
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون

قائمة لاعبي أولمبيك ليون


Zumbul (hijacint; lat. Hyacinthus), manji rod jednosupnica s tri priznate vrste lukovičastih trajnica iz porodice šparogovki koje rastu po Euroaziji i Sjevernoj Americi, poglavito u Iranu i Turkmenistanu. U Hrvatskoj je prisutna vrsta istočnjački zumbul (H. orientalis), mirisna trajnica s brojnim kultivarima.

Ime roda došlo je po istoimenom cvijetu koji je prema Homeru niknuo iz krvi ubijenog Hijakinta.

Vrste
 Hyacinthus litwinowii Czerniak.
 Hyacinthus orientalis L.
 Hyacinthus transcaspicus Litv.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Hyacintheae

Zumbul


An Pennisetum basedowii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes ngan Charles Edward Hubbard. An Pennisetum basedowii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pennisetum

Pennisetum basedowii


Andrea Bocelli (d. 22 Eylül 1958; Lajatico, Pisa ili, Toskana); İtalyan tenor, söz yazarı, besteci ve albüm yapımcısıdır. Beş aylıkken doğuştan glokom teşhisi kondu ve bir futbol kazasının ardından 12 yaşında tamamen kör oldu. Bocelli akşamları piyano barlarında ve yerel şarkı söyleme yarışmalarında yarıştıktan sonra, Sugar Music etiketi ile ilk kayıt sözleşmesini imzaladı. 1994 yılında ün kazandı ve yeni gelenler kategorisinde şimdiye kadar kaydedilmiş en yüksek notlarla "Miserere" adlı 44. Sanremo Müzik Festivali'nin ön turunu kazandı.

1982'den beri Bocelli, hem pop hem de klasik müzikten 15 solo stüdyo albümü, üç büyük hit albümü ve dokuz opera kaydetmiştir. Dünya çapında 90 milyondan fazla albüm satılmıştır. Klasik müziği uluslararası pop listelerinin zirvesine taşıyan crossover (caz müziğin günümüzde popüler olan hali) sanatçısı olarak başarılı olmuştur. İlk derleme albümü Romanza, tüm zamanların en çok satan albümlerinden biri iken, Sacred Arias tarihte herhangi bir solo sanatçının en çok satan klasik albümüdür. Uluslararası şöhretine büyük katkıda bulunan "Con te Partiro" isimli parça ile Avrupa'da birçok ülkede 6 aya yakın bir süre müzik listelerinin başında yer aldı.

Andrea Bocelli, eşi Enrica'dan boşanmış olup, iki erkek çocuk babasıdır ve hukuk fakültesi mezunudur. 1998'de Bocelli, People dergisinin 50 En Güzel Kişisinden biri seçildi.

Celine Dion "Tanrı'nın şarkı söyleyecek bir sesi olsaydı, Andrea Bocelli'ye çok benzerdi." demiştir. ve plak yapımcısı David Foster'ın Bocelli'nin sesini sık sık dünyanın en güzel sesi olarak tanımladığını söyledi.

Bocelli ilk online konserini Koronavirüs günlerinde "Umut İçin Müzik" adıyla 12 Nisan 2020'de YouTube ve kişisel web sitesinde canlı yayımlanmak üzere Milano katedralinde verdi. YouTube'da 3,5 milyon canlı izlenmeye ulaştı.

Hayatı

İlk dönemleri
Andrea Bocelli, Alessandro ve Edi Bocelli'nin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Doktorlar, çocuğun bir engelli olarak doğacağını tahmin ettikleri için çifte onu aldırmalarını tavsiye etmişlerdir. Doğumda Bocelli'nin görme ile ilgili birçok sorunu olduğu açıktı ve sonunda konjenital glokom teşhisi kondu. Annesinin kendisini doğurması ve doktor tavsiyesini dinlememesi kürtaja karşı çıkması için en büyük sebeplerden olduğunu belirtti.

Bocelli, ailesine ait küçük bir çiftlikte büyüdü. Babasını 2000'de kaybetti.

Bocelli çocukluk döneminde de müzikle ilgiliydi. Anesi, müziğin onu teselli edecek tek şey olduğunu düşüncesindeydi. 6 yaşında piyano derslerine başladı ve daha sonra flüt, saksafon, trompet, trombon, gitar ve davul çalmayı öğrendi. Bocelli'nin dadısı olan Oriana ona Franco Corelli'nin ilk plağını verdi. Bocelli ilk defa o zaman tenor ve kariyere ilgi göstermeye başladı. Henüz 7 yaşındayken, ünlü sesleri tanımaya ve ilgi göstermeye başlamıştı.

12 yaşında, Bocelli dernek futbol maçında meydana gelen bir kazadan sonra görüşünü tamamen kaybetti. Bir maç sırasında top tutarken (kaleciyken) beyin kanaması geçirdi. Doktorlar, görüşünü kurtarmak için son bir deneme yapmak istediler ve sülüklere başvurdular, ancak başarısız oldular. Bocelli, 12 yaşında kör kaldı.

Bocelli çocukluğunda şarkı söylemeye çokça zaman harcadı. İlk konserini doğduğu yerden çok uzak olmayan küçük bir köyde verdi. İlk şarkı yarışmasını 14 yaşında Viareggio'daki Margherita d' Oro'da "O sole mio" ile kazandı. 1980 yılında liseyi bitirince, ardından hukuk eğitimi için Pisa Üniversitesine gitti. Para kazanmak için akşamları barlarda piyano çalıp, şarkı söyleyen Bocelli, 1987'de Enrica ile tanıştı ve sonrasında evlendi. Hukuk fakültesini tamamladı ve bir yılını mahkemeye atanan avukat olarak geçirdi.

1990 sonrası ve özel hayatı
Bocelli Enrica Cenzatti ile 27 Haziran 1992'de evlendi ve iki çocuğu oldu. İlk çocukları Amos Şubat 1995'te doğdu. İkinci oğulları Matteo, Ekim 1997'de doğdu. Çift 2002'de ayrıldı.

30 Nisan 2000'de Bocelli'nin babası Alessandro Bocelli öldü. Annesi onu cesaretlendirerek, yapmak istediklerine teşvik etti ve böylece 1 Mayıs'ta Roma'da Papa II. John Paul için şarkı söyledi ve hemen cenaze töreni için eve döndü. 5 Temmuz'daki performansında PBS için American Dream—Andrea Bocelli's Statue of Liberty Concert, 1999 albümü Sogno'dan engnoz Sogno'yu (Rüya) babasının anısına adadı.

Bocelli 2002'de tanıştığı ikinci eşi ve menajeri Veronica Berti ile yaşıyor. Bu evlilikten Virginia (2012) adlı bir çocuğu oldu.

Kör olmasına rağmen, Bocelli ata binme tutkunudur ve İnter taraftarıdır. İtalya'nın Adriyatik kıyısındaki Jesolo'daki plajın bir bölümüne de 11 Ağustos 2003'te Bocelli'nin adı verilmiştir.

Diskografi

 II Mare Calmo Della Sera (1994)
 Bocelli (1995)
 Viaggo Italiano (1995)
 Romanza (1997)
 Hymn for the World (1997)
 Hymn for the World 2 (1998)
 Aria - The Opera Album (1998)
 Sogno (1999)
 Sacred Arias (1999)
 Verdi (2000)
 Requiem (2000)
 La bohème (2000)
 Cieli di Toscana (2001)
 Sentimento (2002)
 Tosca (2003)
 Il trovatore (2004)
 Andrea (2004)
 Werther (2005)
 Amore (2006)
 Credo (2006)
 Cavalleria rusticana (2007)
 Pagliacci (2007)
 The Best of Andrea Bocelli: Vivere (2007)
 Carmen (2008)
 Incanto (2008)
 My Christmas (2009)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Bocelli'nin resmi websitesi

1958 doğumlular
Pisa ili doğumlular
1990'ların şarkıcıları
2000'lerin şarkıcıları
2010'ların şarkıcıları
İtalyan tenorlar
İtalyan erkek şarkıcılar
İtalyan pop şarkıcıları
İtalyan söz yazarları
İtalyan besteciler
Engelli İtalyanlar
Pisa Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Dünya Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
BRIT Ödülü sahipleri
Kör müzisyenler
Decca Records sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar
İtalyan klasik müzisyenler

Andrea Bocelli


Olaylar
 457 - I. Leo, Doğu Roma İmparatoru oldu.
 1550 - III. Julius, Papa oldu.
 1727 - İbrahim Müteferrika, Osmanlı'da basılmak üzere ilk kitap baskı kalıpları hazırlattı.
 1840 -  Hacı Karandıqo Berzeg komutasında ''Karadeniz Kıyı Hattına'' yönelik operasyonlar başladı
 1898 - Émile Zola'ya, Alfred Dreyfus'u savunmak için L'Aurore gazetesinde Fransa Cumhurbaşkanına hitaben kaleme aldığı açık mektup J'accuse için iftira davası açıldı.
 1900 - Britanyalı İşçi Partisi kuruldu.
 1914 - Charlie Chaplin'in ilk filmi, "The Little Tramp" gösterime girdi.
 1921 - T.C. Resmî Gazete çıkmaya başladı.
 1929 - Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti (Kızılay) günü ilk kez kutlandı.
 1934 - Paris'te ayaklanmalar sürüyor; Fransa Başbakanı Édouard Daladier istifa etti.
 1935 - Ünlü masa oyunu Monopoly'nin patenti alındı.
 1941 - Britanyalılar, Bingazi'yi aldı.
 1942 - Hırvat Naziler, Banja Luka'da aralarında 551 çocuğun da bulunduğu 2 bin 300 sivil Sırpı katlettiler.
 1952 - Türkiye'de mevcut olan Oda ve Borsaların yetkilileri, bir araya gelerek teşkil ettikleri Genel Kurulla Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği (TOBB) kuruldu.
 1962 - ABD, Küba ile olan tüm ihracat ve ithalatını durdurdu.
 1964 - The Beatles müzik grubu, New York'un JFK Havaalanına indi ve böylece ilk ABD turneleri başlamış oldu.
 1966 - İzmir Kula ve Yün Mensucat Fabrikası'nda, 70 gündür süren greve polis müdahale etti; 25 işçi, 4 gazeteci, 8 er ve 13 polis yaralandı.
 1968 - Ağrı'da sıcaklık eksi 48 dereceye düştü; çevredeki göl ve ırmaklar dondu.
 1968 - Zonguldak'ta 7000 işçi Türkiye Maden İşçileri Sendikası'nı bastı; polis işçilere karşı cop ve göz yaşartıcı bomba kullandı. İşçiler sendika tarafından kandırıldıklarını ileri sürdüler.
 1971 - İsviçre'de kadınlara seçme hakkı verildi.
 1973 - TBMM'de kabul edilen bir yasa ile "Maraş" iline "kahramanlık" unvanı verildi; ilin adı "Kahramanmaraş" oldu.
 1974 - Grenada, Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını kazandı.
 1977 - SSCB, Soyuz 24 uydusunu fırlattı.
 1979 - Her iki gezegenin keşfinden bu yana; Plüton, ilk kez Neptün'nün yörüngesinin içine girdi.
 1980 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'ne Giden Süreç (1979- 12 Eylül 1980): Uğur Mumcu, Erdal Eren tarafından öldürülen Piyade Er Zekeriya Önge'nin ölümünden duyduğu üzüntüyü yazdı: "... atılan kurşunla öldürülen inzibat eri Zekeriya Önge'nin ana ve babası da gözyaşları içinde, bağırlarına taş basıyor... Akıtılan kanı, bir başkasının kanı ile temizlemeye olanak yoktur; hele akıtılan kan yoksul bir inzibat erinin kanıysa..."
 1983 - Eski Devlet Bakanı ve Başbakan Yardımcısı Turgut Özal, "Artık yeniden bürokrat olamam, müsteşarlık yapmam mümkün değil. Kendi programımı uygulayabilirsem parti kuracağım. Ancak ikinci, üçüncü adam olarak belirli işleri yapmak mümkün olmadığı için kendi programımı kendim yapacağım" dedi.
 1984 - Amerikalı astronot Bruce McCandless, uzayda ilk kez serbest yürüyüş yaptı.
 1986 - Haiti'de, 28 yıl süren aile yönetimi, Başkan Jean-Claude Duvalier'nin Karaipler'den kaçması ile son buldu.
 1990 - Amasya'nın Merzifon ilçesi'ndeki Yeniçeltek Kömür İşletmesi'nde, grizu patlaması meydana geldi. 3 işçi öldü, 63 işçi toprak altında mahsur kaldı.
 1990 - SSCB'nin dağılması: Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi güç monopolünü devretmeye hazır olduğunu açıkladı.
 1991 - Haiti'nin ilk seçilmiş Başkanı Jean-Bertrand Aristide, görevine başladı.
 1992 - Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu üyesi ülkeler arasında Avrupa Birliği'ni oluşturan Maastricht Antlaşması imzalandı.
 1992 - Thomas Oaster tarafından Uluslararası Erkekler Günü ilk defa dile getirildi. Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından desteklendi.
 1995 - Uzay mekiği Discovery, Rus uzay istasyonu Mir ile tarihi buluşmasını gerçekleştirdi.
 1998 - Kış Olimpiyat Oyunları, Japonya'nın Nagano kentinde başladı.
 2006 - FIFA Disiplin Kurulu, Türkiye-İsviçre müsabakasında meydana gelen olumsuz olaylar sebebiyle, Türkiye millî futbol takımına 6 maç seyircisiz oynama ve para cezası verdi.
 2007 - Bakü-Tiflis-Kars demiryolu projesinin uygulanmasına ilişkin antlaşma, Gürcistan, Azerbaycan ve Türkiye Hükûmetleri arasında Tiflis'te imzalandı.
 2009 - Victoria'da çıkan orman yangını sonucu 173 kişi öldü ve bu yangın Avustralya tarihinin en büyük doğal afeti oldu.
 2011 - Aden Körfezi açıklarındaki Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri (TSK) deniz unsurlarının, görev süresinin bir yıl daha uzatılmasını öngören Başbakanlık Tezkeresi, TBMM'de kabul edildi.
 2011 - Sudan Devlet Başkanı Ömer el-Beşir, Güney Sudan'da Kuzeyden ayrılma konusunda yapılan referandumun sonuçlarını resmen kabul ettiğini duyurdu.
 2012 - 23 gün önce Başyargıcı tutuklattığı için Hükûmet karşıtı protestolar nedeniyle Maldivler Cumhurbaşkanı Muhammed Naşid istifa etti.
 2013 - Zambiya'da gerçekleşen otobüs ve kamyon kazası nedeniyle en az 51 kişi öldü.
 2014 - Afrika dışındaki en eski ayak izi İngiltere'de bulundu.
 2014 - Rusya, Soçi'de Kış Olimpiyatları'nın açılış töreni gerçekleşti.

Doğumlar
 574 - Prens Shōtoku, Asuka Dönemi Japonya İmparatorluk Ailesi üyesi ve devlet adamı (ö. 622)
 1102 - Matilda, İngiltere Krallığı kraliçesi (ö. 1167)
 1478 - Thomas More, İngiliz yazar ve devlet adamı (ö. 1535)
 1693 - Anna İvanovna, Rus çariçesi (ö. 1740)
 1741 - Johann Heinrich Füssli, İsviçreli ressam (ö. 1825)
 1804 - John Deere, Amerikalı sanayici (ö. 1886)
 1812 - Charles Dickens, İngiliz yazar (ö. 1870)
 1837 - James Murray, İngiliz sözlükbilimci ve filolog (ö. 1915)
 1839 - Nicolaas Pierson, Hollanda ekonomist ve Liberal devlet adamı (ö. 1909)
 1841 - Auguste Choisy, Fransız mühendis ve mimarlık tarihçisi (ö. 1909)
 1842 - Alexandre Ribot, Fransız siyasetçi (ö. 1923)
 1867 - Laura Ingalls Wilder, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 1957)
 1870 - Alfred Adler, Avusturyalı psikiyatrist (ö. 1937)
 1873 - Thomas Andrews, İrlandalı gemi mühendisi ve iş insanı (ö. 1912)
 1875 - Lore Alford Rogers, Amerikalı bakteriyolog ve süt bilimcisi (ö. 1975)
 1877 - Godfrey Harold Hardy, İngiliz matematikçi (ö. 1947)
 1885 - Hugo Sperrle, Alman mareşal (ö. 1953)
 1885 - Sinclair Lewis, Amerikalı yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1951)
 1887 - Eubie Blake, Amerikalı piyanist ve besteci (ö. 1983)
 1889 - Josef Thorak, Alman heykeltıraş (ö. 1952)
 1901 - Seyfettin Özege, Türk bibliyograf (ö. 1981)
 1904 - Arif Nihat Asya, Türk şair (ö. 1975)
 1905 - Ulf von Euler, İsveçli fizyolog ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1983)
 1906 - Puyi, Çin İmparatoru (ö. 1967)
 1907 - Cevdet Kudret, Türk yazar ve edebiyat tarihçisi (ö. 1992)
 1913 - Ramón Mercader, İspanyol suikastçı (Lev Troçki'nin katili) (ö. 1978)
 1927 - Juliette Gréco, Fransız şarkıcı ve aktris (ö. 2020)
 1929 - Aysel Gürel, Türk söz yazarı ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 2008)
 1934 - Anestis Vlahos, Yunan aktör ve siyasetçi
1940 - Toshihide Maskawa, Japon Kuramsal fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2021)
 1946 - Héctor Babenco, Arjantin doğumlu Brezilyalı film yönetmeni, senarist ve yapımcı (ö. 2016)
 1946 - Pete Postlethwaite, İngiliz aktör (ö. 2011)
 1947 - Teoman Duralı, Türk filozof, mütefekkir ve akademisyen. (ö. 2021)
 1947 - Wayne Allwine, Amerikalı seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2009)
 1954 - Dieter Bohlen, Alman müzisyen
 1955 - Miguel Ferrer, Amerikalı oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2017)
 1962 - David Bryan, Amerikanlı müzisyen ve Bon Jovi grubunun klavyecisi
 1962 - Eddie Izzard, Yemen asıllı İngiliz komedyen, oyuncu ve yapımcı
 1962 - Garth Brooks, Amerikalı country müzik sanatçısı
 1965 - Chris Rock, Amerikalı komedyen
 1968 - Sully Erna, Amerikalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, gitarist ve Godsmack grubunun üyesi
 1968 - Yıldıray Şahinler, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı
 1971 - Kerem Kupacı, Türk dizi ve sinema oyuncusu
 1972 - Essence Atkins, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1974 - J Dilla, Amerikalı rapçi ve prodüktör (ö. 2006)
 1974 - Steve Nash, Kanadalı basketbolcu ve Phoenix Suns basketbol takımı oyuncusu
 1975 - Rémi Gaillard, Fransız komedyen ve aktör
 1975 - Wes Borland, Amerikalı gitarist (Limp Bizkit grubu üyesi)
 1976 - Amon Tobin, Brezilyalı DJ, prodüktör, senarist ve Two Fingers grubunun üyesi
 1977 - Mariusz Pudzianowski, Polonyalı karışık dövüş sporcusu
 1977 - Tsuneyasu Miyamoto, Japon futbolcu
 1978 - Ashton Kutcher, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1978 - Daniel van Buyten, Belçikalı futbolcu
 1978 - Marina Kislova, Rus kısa mesafe koşucusu
 1979 - Cerina Vincent, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1979 - Tawakel Karman, Yemenli gazeteci, aktivist ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi
 1982 - Mickaël Piétrus, Fransız basketbolcu
 1983 - Christian Klien, Avusturyalı araba yarışçısı ve eski Formula 1 pilotu
 1987 - Kerli Kõiv, Eston şarkıcı
 1988 - Mübariz İbrahimov, Azeri asker (ö. 2010)
 1989 - Nick Calathes, Yunan basketbolcu
 1989 - Alexis Rolín, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1989 - Elia Viviani, İtalyan profesyonel bir bisikletçi
 1990 - Gianluca Lapadula, İtalyan asıllı Perulu millî futbolcudur
 1990 - Dalilah Muhammad, Amerikalı atlet
 1992 - Sergi Roberto, İspanyol futbolcudur
 1992 - Ksenia Stolbova, Rus artistik buz pateni sporcusu
 1993 - Diego Laxalt, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1996 - Pierre Gasly, Fransız Formula 1 pilotu
 1997 - Nicolò Barella, İtalyan futbolcudur

Ölümler
 1311 - Kutbeddin Şirazî, İranlı din ve astronomi bilgini (d. 1236)
 1407 - Jakub Plichta, Leh Katolik rahip ve Vilnius'un ikinci piskoposu (d. ?)
 1724 - Hanabusa Itchō, Japon ressam, kaligraf ve haiku şairi (d. 1652)
 1799 - Qianlong, Çin'in Qing Hanedanı'nın altıncı imparatoru (d. 1711)
 1823 - Ann Radcliffe, İngiliz yazar (d. 1764)
 1837 - IV. Gustav Adolf, İsveç kralı (d. 1778)
 1878 - IX. Pius, Katolik Kilisesi dini lideri (en uzun süre hüküm süren) (d. 1792)
 1880 - Arthur Morin, Fransız fizikçi (d. 1795)
 1881 - Henry B. Metcalfe, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve ABD Temsilciler Meclisi üyesi (d. 1805)
 1885 - İvasaki Yataro, Japon finansör ve Mitsubishi'nin kurucusu (d. 1835)
 1894 - Adolphe Sax, Belçikalı mucit (d. 1814)
 1918 - Louis Renault, Fransız hukukçu, eğitimci ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (d. 1843)
 1921 - John J. Gardner, Amerikalı politikacı (d. 1845)
 1929 - Karl Julius Beloch, Alman tarihçi (d. 1854)
 1937 - Elihu Root, Amerikalı hukukçu ve devlet adamı (d. 1845)
 1958 - Ahmet Nesimi Sayman, Osmanlı devlet adamı (İttihat ve Terakki'nin son Hariciye Nazırı) (d. 1876)
 1960 - İgor Kurçatov, Rus fizikçi (d. 1903)
 1979 - Josef Mengele, Alman Nazi doktor (d. 1911)
 1979 - Pyotr Gluhov, Sovyet yazar (d. 1897)
 1985 - Matt Monro, İngiliz şarkıcı (d. 1930)
 1986 - Minoru Yamasaki, Amerikalı mimar (İkiz Kuleler) (d. 1912)
 1999 - Hüseyin bin Tallal, Ürdün Kralı (d. 1935)
 2001 - Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Amerikalı yazar ve havacı (d. 1906)
 2003 - Augusto Monterroso, Guatemalalı yazar (d. 1921)
 2004 - Necdet Seçkinöz, Türk bürokrat (d. 1927)
 2006 - Dürrüşehvar Sultan, son Osmanlı halifesi Abdülmecid Efendi'nin kızı (d. 1914)
 2008 - Sırrı Gültekin, Türk oyuncu, film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1924)
 2010 - İlhan Arsel, Türk akademisyen, yazar, araştırmacı ve senatör (d. 1920)
 2015 - Billy Casper, Amerikalı golfçü (d. 1931)
 2015 - René Lavand, Arjantinli sihirbaz (d. 1928)
 2015 - Marshall Rosenberg, Amerikalı psikolog (d. 1934)
 2015 - Dean Smith, ABD'lü basketbol çalışıtırıcısı (d. 1931)
 2016 - Juliette Benzoni, Fransız yazar ve romancı (d. 1920)
 2016 - Roger Willemsen, Alman yazar ve televizyon sunucusu (d. 1955)
 2017 - Svend Asmussen, Danimarkalı caz müzisyeni (d. 1916)
 2017 - Richard Hatch, Amerikalı oyuncu, yazar ve yapımcıdır (d. 1945)
 2017 - Tzvetan Todorov, Fransız-Bulgar filozof, tarihçi (d. 1939)
 2018 - John Perry Barlow, Amerikalı şair ve deneme yazarı, sığır üreticisi (d. 1947)
 2018 - Mickey Jones, Amerikalı baterist ve aktördür (d. 1941)
 2018 - Jill Messick, Amerikalı film yapımcısı (d. 1967)
 2018 - Nabi Şensoy, Türk diplomat (d. 1945)
 2018 - Pat Torpey, Amerikalı hard rock şarkıcısı ve bateristi (d. 1953)
 2018 - Catherine G. Wolf, Amerikan psikolog ve insan-bilgisayar etkileşimi uzmanı (d. 1947)
 2019 - Albert Finney, 5 kez Oscar'a aday gösterilmiş, Emmy ödülü sahibi İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1936)
 2019 - Yalçın Menteş, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı ve televizyon oyuncusu (d. 1960)
 2019 - Jan Olszewski, Polonyalı muhafazakâr bir avukat ve politikacı (d. 1930)
 2019 - Frank Robinson, Eski Amerikalı profesyonel beyzbol oyuncusu ve menajeri (d. 1935)
2020 - Orson Bean, Amerikalı komedyen, yapımcı, yazar, tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1928)
2020 - Hong Ling, Çinli genetikçi, profesör (d. 1966)
2020 - Nexhmije Pagarusha, Arnavutluklu şarkıcı (d. 1933)
2020 - Ann E. Todd, Amerikalı aktris ve kütüphaneci (d. 1931)
 2020 - Li Wenliang, Çinli göz hekimi. Daha sonra pandemi haline gelen yeni nesil koronavirüsü dünyaya duyuran isimdir. (d. 1986)
 2021 - Louise Elisabeth Coldenhoff, Endonezyalı asker (d. 1935)
 2021 - Giuseppe Rotunno, ödüllü İtalyan görüntü yönetmeni (d. 1923)
 2021 - Moufida Tlatli, Tunuslu film yönetmen, editör ve siyasetçi (d. 1947)
 2022 - Margarita Lozano, İspanyol aktris (d. 1931)
 2023 - Tonya Knight, Amerikalı vücut geliştirme sporcusu (d. 1966)
 2023 - Friedel Lutz, eski Alman milli futbolcu (d. 1939)
 2023 - Alfredo Rizzo, İtalyan orta mesafe koşucusu (d. 1933)
 2023 - Eyüp Türkaslan, Türk futbolcu (d. 1994)
 2023 - Yakup Taş, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1959)

Tatiller ve özel günler

Kaynakça

0207
07

7 Şubat


Palmekål bruges om:
 Grønkålssorter med smalle blade som kan ligne palmer, bl.a. Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia
 De spiselige blade af visse palme-arter, kaldet kålpalmer.

Palmekål


Eberhard Weber (born 22 January 1940, in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German double bassist and composer. As a bass player, he is known for his highly distinctive tone and phrasing. Weber's compositions blend chamber jazz, European classical music, minimalism and ambient music, and are regarded as characteristic examples of the ECM Records sound.

Biography

Weber began recording in the early 1960s, and released The Colours of Chloë (ECM 1042), his first record under his own name, in 1973. In addition to his career as a musician, he also worked for many years as a television and theater director. He has designed an electric-acoustic bass with an additional string tuned to C.

Weber's music, often in a melancholic tone, frequently utilizes ostinatos, yet is highly organized in its colouring and attention to detail. He was an early proponent of the solid-body electric double bass, which he has played regularly since the early 1970s.

From the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Weber's closest musical association was with pianist Wolfgang Dauner. Their many mutual projects were diverse, from mainstream jazz to jazz-rock fusion to avant-garde sound experiments. During this period, Weber also played and recorded with pianists Hampton Hawes and Mal Waldron, guitarists Baden Powell de Aquino and Joe Pass, The Mike Gibbs Orchestra, violinist Stephane Grappelli, and many others.

Starting with The Colours of Chloë, Weber has released 13 more records under his own name, all on ECM. The ECM association also led to collaborations with other ECM recording artists such as Gary Burton (Ring, 1974; Passengers, 1976), Ralph Towner (Solstice, 1975; Solstice/Sound and Shadows, 1977), Pat Metheny (Watercolors, 1977), and Jan Garbarek (10 recordings between 1978 and 1998).

In the mid-1970s Weber formed his own group, Colours, with Charlie Mariano (soprano saxophone, flutes), Rainer Brüninghaus (piano, synthesizer) and Jon Christensen (drums). After their first recording, Yellow Fields (1975), Christensen left and was replaced by John Marshall. The group toured extensively and recorded two further records, Silent Feet (1977) and Little Movements (1980), before disbanding.

Since the early 1980s, Weber has regularly collaborated with the British singer-songwriter Kate Bush, playing on four of her last six studio albums (The Dreaming, 1982; Hounds of Love, 1985; The Sensual World, 1989; Aerial, 2005).

During the 1980s, Weber toured with Barbara Thompson's jazz ensemble Paraphernalia.

Since 1990, Weber's touring has been limited, and he has had only two new recordings under his own name: The 2001 release Endless Days is an elemental fusion of jazz and classical music flavors, fitting well the moniker chamber jazz. His main touring activity during that period was as a regular member of the Jan Garbarek Group. On the occasion of his 65th birthday, in March, 2005 he recorded  Stages of a Long Journey, a live concert with the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra and featuring Gary Burton, Wolfgang Dauner and Jan Garbarek. In 2009 ECM also re-released his albums Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements as a 3-CD collection titled "Colours".

In 2007, Weber suffered a stroke and was subsequently unable to perform. In a January 2010 interview with Die Welt, he spoke about his medical condition and future projects.

Weber was awarded the prestigious Albert Mangelsdorff-Preis in November 2009. A box set of his 1970s works was released by ECM Records the same month.

Weber's latest albums, Résumé (2012) and Encore (2015) comprise solos from his performances worldwide with The Jan Garbarek Group, overdubbed with keyboards/treatments by Weber, sax by Garbarek, and flügelhorn by Ack Van Rooyen.

His autobiography, Résumé, was published in 2015. An English translation by Heidi Kirk - Eberhard Weber: A German Jazz Story - was published in October 2021.

In 2021, Lyle Mays posthumously released the 13-minute recording Eberhard, revised from a 2009 composition debuted at Lawrence University and written as a tribute to Weber's influential compositional style.  It was awarded a Grammy for Best Instrumental Composition in 2022.

Discography

As leader
 The Colours of Chloë (1974)
 Yellow Fields (1975)
 The Following Morning (1976)
 Silent Feet (1977)
 Fluid Rustle (1979)
 Little Movements (1980)
 Later That Evening (1982)
 Chorus (1984)
 Orchestra (1988)
 Pendulum (1993)
 Endless Days (2001)
 Stages of a Long Journey (2007)
 Résumé (2012)
 Encore (2015)
 Hommage à Eberhard Weber (2015)
 Once Upon a Time (Live in Avignon) (2021)

Compilation albums
 Works (ECM, 1985)
 Rarum: Selected Recordings (ECM, 2004)
 Colours (ECM, 2010) (reissue compiling Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements)

As sideman
With Gary Burton
 Ring (ECM, 1974)
 Passengers (ECM, 1976)
With Kate Bush
 The Dreaming (1982)
 Hounds of Love (1985)
 The Sensual World (1989)
 Aerial (2005)
With Jan Garbarek
 Photo with Blue Sky, White Cloud, Wires, Windows and a Red Roof (ECM, 1979)
 Paths, Prints (ECM, 1981)
 Wayfarer (ECM, 1983)
 It's OK to Listen to the Gray Voice (ECM, 1985)
 All Those Born with Wings (ECM, 1987)
 Legend of the Seven Dreams (ECM, 1988)
 I Took Up the Runes (ECM, 1990)
 Twelve Moons (ECM, 1992)
 Visible World (ECM, 1995)
 Rites (ECM, 1998)
With Pat Metheny
 Watercolors (ECM, 1977)
With Ralph Towner
 Solstice (ECM, 1975)
 Solstice/Sound and Shadows (ECM, 1977)
With Mal Waldron
 The Call (JAPO, 1971)

With others
See "External Links" below for a complete discography
 Wolfgang Dauner, Dream Talk (1964), Free Action (1967), Output (1970), The Oimels (1970)
 Hampton Hawes, Hamps' Piano (1967)
 Baden Powell, Poema en Guitar (1968), Solitude on Guitar (1971)
 Joe Pass, Intercontinental (1970)
 Michael Naura, Vanessa (1974) & Call (1975)
 Ernest Ranglin, Ranglypso (1976), MPS
 Stephane Grappelli, Afternoon in Paris (1971)
 The Singers Unlimited with Art Van Damme, Invitation (1973)
 Benny Bailey Islands (1976)
 Manfred Schoof Orchestra, Reflections (1983)
 Graeme Revell, Body of Evidence: Motion Picture Soundtrack (1993)
 United Jazz + Rock Ensemble, including The Break Even Point and United Live Opus Sechs

Literary connections
Weber has, on at least five occasions, drawn on text from the book Watership Down (by Richard Adams) for the names of his compositions and albums. Examples include "Silent Feet" and "Eyes That Can See in the Dark" from the Silent Feet album; "Often in the Open" from the Later That Evening album; and "Quiet Departures" and "Fluid Rustle" on the Fluid Rustle album.

See also
 Electric upright bass

References

External links
 Discography
 Eberhard Weber on ECM Records

20th-century double-bassists
21st-century double-bassists
Chamber jazz double-bassists
Post-bop double-bassists
1940 births
Living people
Musicians from Stuttgart
German jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
ECM Records artists
United Jazz + Rock Ensemble members
20th-century German male musicians
21st-century German male musicians
German male jazz musicians

Eberhard Weber


La Alianza de los Pueblos de la Cordillera (Cordillera Peoples' Alliance, CPA) es una federación de organizaciones de pueblos indígenas de la Cordillera Central de Filipinas. Es miembro fundador de la Organización de Naciones y Pueblos No Representados (UNPO).

Fue fundada en 1984 por siete organizaciones de pueblos igorotes, que aumentó a sesenta miembros el primer año. Actualmente, hay más de 120 organizaciones que son miembros de la CPA. Su objetivo es  desarrollar los intereses colectivos y el bienestar de los pueblos indígenas de las provincias montañosas.

La Cordillera Central o Gran Cordillera es la principal cadena montañosa de Filipinas. Ocupa un sexto de la isla de Luzón y tiene una extensión de 18.300 km².

La población de la cordillera es de 1,1 millón de personas, el 2% de la población de Filipinas. La mayoría son igorotes (pueblo de las montañas), que se reparten a lo largo de cinco provincias y se dividen en siete grupos étnico-lingüísticos. Las provincias son Kalinga-Apayao, hogar de los kalinga y los isneg; Abra, hogar de los tinggian o tinguianos; La Montaña, hogar de los bontoc y los kankanaey; Ifugao, hogar de los ifugao, y Benguet, hogar de los kankanaey y los ibaloi.

Referencias
 http://www.cpaphils.org/ (página oficial)
 http://www.unpo.org/members/7870

Organización de Naciones y Pueblos No Representados

Alianza de los Pueblos de la Cordillera


Golf puede hacer referencia a:
un deporte;
el videojuego relacionado con el deporte nombrado anteriormente;
una cadena de TV española dedicada al mismo deporte;
una cadena de TV estadounidense dedicada al mismo deporte;
un juego de la saga de Mario para la Nintendo 64;
Volkswagen Golf, el coche de esa marca;
salsa golf, una salsa fría;
clase Golf, una clase de submarinos soviéticos;
La letra G en el alfabeto fonético OACI.

Localidades
 Campo de Golf, entidad de población del municipio de Arteijo, provincia de La Coruña (Galicia, España);
 Campo de Golf, entidad de población del municipio de Tacoronte, provincia de Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canarias, España);
 Campo de Golf, entidad de población del municipio de Zarapicos, provincia de Salamanca (Castilla y León, España);
 Campo de Golf Polígono 13, entidad de población del municipio de Aljaraque, provincia de Huelva (Andalucía, España);
 Dehesa Golf, entidad de población del municipio de Cabanillas del Campo, provincia de Guadalajara (Castilla-La Mancha, España);
 El Golf de Sant Julià, entidad de población del municipio de San Julián de Ramis, provincia de Gerona (Cataluña, España);
 Escalona Golf, entidad de población del municipio de Escalona, provincia de Toledo (Castilla-La Mancha, España);
 Golf Guadiana, entidad de población del municipio de Badajoz, provincia de Badajoz (Extremadura, España);
 Urbanitzacio Golf Peralada, entidad de población del municipio de Peralada, provincia de Gerona (Cataluña, España);
 Urbanización Oasis Golf, entidad de población del municipio de Carrascal de Barregas, provincia de Salamanca (Castilla y León, España);
 Zona Residencial del Golf, entidad de población del municipio de Bolvir, provincia de Gerona (Cataluña, España);
 Golf, localidad del condado de Palm Beach, estado de Florida (Estados Unidos);
 Golf, localidad del condado de Cook, estado de Illinois (Estados Unidos);

Golf (desambiguación)


Moment of inertia, denoted by , measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis, it is the rotational analogue to mass (which determines an object's resistance to linear acceleration). The moments of inertia of a mass have units of dimension ML2 ([mass] × [length]2). It should not be confused with the second moment of area, which has units of dimension L4 ([length]4) and is used in beam calculations. The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia, and sometimes as the angular mass.

For simple objects with geometric symmetry, one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed-form expression. Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant, but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well. In general, it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry. When calculating moments of inertia, it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems.

This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions, with constant density throughout the object, and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified.

Moments of inertia

Following are scalar moments of inertia. In general, the moment of inertia is a tensor, see below.

List of 3D inertia tensors

This list of moment of inertia tensors is given for principal axes of each object.

To obtain the scalar moments of inertia I above, the tensor moment of inertia I is projected along some axis defined by a unit vector n according to the formula:

where the dots indicate tensor contraction and the Einstein summation convention is used. In the above table, n would be the unit Cartesian basis ex, ey, ez to obtain Ix, Iy, Iz respectively.

See also
 List of second moments of area
 Parallel axis theorem
 Perpendicular axis theorem

Notes

References

External links
The inertia tensor of a tetrahedron
Tutorial on deriving moment of inertia for common shapes

Moment of inertia
Moments of inertia
Physical quantities
Rigid bodies
Tensors
Moment (physics)

he:טנזור התמד#דוגמאות

List of moments of inertia


Rajpur puede referirse a:

India
 Rajpur Sonarpur, ciudad en el estado de Bengala Occidental.
  Rajpur (Baroda), antiguo principado en la India.
 Rajpur (Madhya Pradesh), ciudad en el estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Nepal
 Rajpur (Lumbini), ciudad en el distrito de Kapilvastu.
 Rajpur (Rapti), ciudad en el distrito de Dang Deokhuri.
 Rajpur (Sagarmatha), ciudad en el distrito de Siraha.
 Rajpur Farhadawa, ciudad en el distrito de Rautahat.
 Rajpur Tulsi, otra ciudad en el distrito de Rautahat.

Rajpur


Stomatološki fakultet u Zagrebu je fakultet u Zagrebu.

Dijelom je Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Nastava je počela s izvođenjem 1948. godine, i to najprije u okviru Medicinskog fakulteta.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Fakulteti u Hrvatskoj
Sveučilište u Zagrebu
Stomatologija

Stomatološki fakultet u Zagrebu


Agrilus delmastroi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, 2002.

Referências

delmastroi

Agrilus delmastroi


Linhas Cruzadas é um programa de televisão exibido pela TV Cultura desde 2021. Apresenta o formato de debate entre a jornalista Thaís Oyama e o filósofo Luiz Felipe Pondé em torno de questões contemporâneas.

O programa estreou em 28 de janeiro de 2021 com o episódio "A lenda da democracia". Desde então, é exibido semanalmente e aborda temas voltados ao noticiário recente e a temas sócio-históricos e político-econômicos.

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 2021
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa

Linhas Cruzadas


Joseph Ward Moore (August 10, 1903 – January 29, 1978) was an American science fiction writer. According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, "he contributed only infrequently to the field, [but] each of his books became something of a classic."

Writer
Moore began publishing with the novel Breathe the Air Again (1942), about the onset of the Great Depression.  The story is told from multiple viewpoints, and Ward Moore himself appears briefly as a character in the novel.

His most famous work is the alternate history novel Bring the Jubilee (1953). This novel, narrated by Hodge Backmaker, tells of a world in which the South won the American Civil War, leaving the North in ruins.

Moore's other novels include Cloud by Day, in which a brush fire threatens a town in Topanga Canyon;
Greener Than You Think, a novel about unstoppable Bermuda grass;
Joyleg (co-authored with Avram Davidson), which assumes the survival of the State of Franklin; and
Caduceus Wild (co-authored with Robert Bradford), about a medarchy, a nation governed by physicians.

Moore is also known for the two short stories (since collected) "Lot" (1953) and "Lot's Daughter" (1954), which are postapocalyptic tales with parallels to the Bible. His short story "Adjustment", in which an ordinary man adjusts to a never-never land in which his wishes are fulfilled and makes the environment adjust to him as well, has been reprinted several times.

Biography

Moore was born in Madison, New Jersey, a western suburb of New York City. His parents were Jewish and had married in 1902, the previous year. His grandfather Joseph Solomon Moore (1821–1892) had been a successful German-born commission merchant and the statistician of the New York custom house, the author of several books on the tariff question and a friend of Carl Schurz. Five months after Ward Moore's birth, he moved with his parents to Montreal, where his mother's family lived. In 1913, they returned to New York.

Moore's parents divorced and remarried around this time, and his father died in 1916. His mother's second husband and Moore's stepfather was the noted German jazz band leader . Moore attended De Witt Clinton High School in New York, where—according to one widely repeated story—he was expelled for antiwar activity during World War I; elsewhere, he claimed that he dropped out of school in order to write. He later attended Columbia College.

Moore claimed to have spent several years tramping around the United States as a hobo during the early 1920s. In the mid-1920s, he managed a bookshop in Chicago, where he befriended one of the store's patrons, the young poet Kenneth Rexroth. Moore appears in Rexroth's memoir An Autobiographical Novel as the mad bohemian poet/bookseller/science fiction writer "Bard Major".  Rexroth claimed that "Major" had been on the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Milwaukee and was expelled for Trotskyist deviationism, but the factual basis for this tale, if any, is obscure.

In 1929, Moore relocated to California, where he was to live for the rest of his life. Starting in 1937, he participated in the Federal Writers Project of the WPA, where his friend Rexroth was an administrator in the San Francisco office. His picaresque first novel Breathe the Air Again was about the labor struggle in California during the 1920s. It had autobiographical elements and was widely and favorably reviewed. It was intended to be the first of a trilogy, but the remaining volumes were never published.

In the 1940 census, Moore is listed as living on Clifford Street in Los Angeles with his first wife, Violka. His occupation is listed as writer-novelist in the magazine publishing industry.

During the 1940s, Moore wrote book reviews, articles and short stories for a number of magazines and newspapers, including Harper's Bazaar, the San Francisco Chronicle, Jewish Horizons, and The Nation.  On May 3, 1943, in Los Angeles Moore was married to his second wife, Lorna Lenzi. He had seven children. Starting in 1950, he was book review editor of Frontier, a West Coast political monthly similar in outlook to The Nation.

In the early 1950s, he began writing regularly for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. He was a friend of the magazine's California-based editors, Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas, and soon became a popular favorite with the magazine's readers. Though he was never terribly prolific, his science fiction stories penned during the 1950s were entertaining and well crafted and were well received.

In the 1960s, his literary output diminished, and his last two novels were completed with the help of collaborators. His 1953 speculative "If the South had won the Civil War" novel Bring the Jubilee was brought back into print at the time of the Civil War centennial and found an appreciative new audience among Civil War buffs.

He published little during the 1960s, but published several stories in the mid-1970s.

After separating in June 1963, Moore and Lorna Lenzi were divorced on May 18, 1967. Moore's third wife was the science fiction writer Raylyn Moore (née Crabbe; 1928–2005). The couple moved to Pacific Grove, California, where he died in 1978.

Partial Bibliography

Breathe the Air Again (1942) non-genre
Greener Than You Think (1947)
Bring the Jubilee (1953)
Lot (1953), short story
Lot's Daughter (1954), short story
Adjustment, (1957) short story
Cloud by Day (1956) non-genre
Joyleg (1962) (w/Avram Davidson)
Caduceus Wild (1978) (w/Robert Bradford)

References

External links
 Biography  at SciFi.com

  (under "Moore, Ward, 1903–", previous page of browse report)

1903 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American alternate history writers
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Novelists from New Jersey
Novelists from Chicago
People from Madison, New Jersey
Novelists from New York City
People from Pacific Grove, California
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from California

Ward Moore


An Oncidium crassopterum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Guy Robert Chiron. An Oncidium crassopterum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oncidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oncidium

Oncidium crassopterum


Zaman serisi modellerinde, otoregresif bir ekonometrik modelde  denklemi için  ise birim kökün varlığından söz edilir. Bu denklemde , ilgili değişkenin t zamanındaki değerini ifade etmektedir., ise değişkenin bir önceki dönemde aldığı değeri ifade etmektedir. Denklemde a terimini ihmal ederek  içeren ifadeyi sol tarafa atarsak,  ifadesini elde ederiz. b'nin bir olduğu durumda değişkenin iki dönem arasındaki değeri sağ tarafta kalan rassal bir terime eşit demektir. Bu ise birim kökün varlığı sebebiyle serinin rassal bir sürecin etkisinde olduğunu ifade eder. Serinin dönemler arası değişimi tesadüfi olduğu için uzun dönemde varyansı kovaryansı ve ortalaması sabit olmayacaktır. Dolayısıyla birim kök içeren bir serinin durağan olmadığı söylenir.

Eğer  ise ve hata terimi beyaz gürültü(white noise) ise seri durağandır.
 burada b=1 seride birim kök vardır ki, birim kök kavramı da bu eşitlikten ileri gelir.  denkleminde gecikmeli terimin sola atılması durumunda oluşacak terim delta Yt dir ki buna da Y nin birinci dereceden farkı denir. Bu denklemde yapılması gereken Yt yerine Y1 Yt-1 yerine de Y0 ın konulmasıdır. Bir sonraki aşamada Y2=Y1+e2=Y0+e1+e2 olacaktır ve Yt dööneminde elimizde
Yt=Y0+e1+e2+..+et denklemi olacaktır. Bu da sürekli artan durağan olmayan bir seridir.

Kaynakça

Ekonometri

Birim kök


In cryptography, MAGENTA is a symmetric key block cipher developed by Michael Jacobson Jr. and Klaus Huber for Deutsche Telekom. The name MAGENTA is an acronym for Multifunctional Algorithm for General-purpose Encryption and Network Telecommunication Applications. (The color magenta is also part of the corporate identity of Deutsche Telekom.) The cipher was submitted to the Advanced Encryption Standard process, but did not advance beyond the first round; cryptographic weaknesses were discovered and it was found to be one of the slower ciphers submitted.

MAGENTA has a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192 and 256 bits. It is a Feistel cipher with six or eight rounds.

After the presentation of the cipher at the first AES conference, several cryptographers immediately found vulnerabilities. These were written up and presented at the second AES conference (Biham et al., 1999).

References

External links
 John Savard's description of Magenta
 SCAN's entry for the cipher

Deutsche Telekom
Feistel ciphers

MAGENTA


Annie Silva Pais (1 de dezembro de 1935 – 13 de julho de 1990) era filha de Fernando da Silva Pais (o último diretor da PIDE/DGS) e da sua mulher Armanda Palhota. Casada com o diplomata suíço Raymond Quendoz, é com ele que vai viver para Cuba, nos primeiros anos da revolução que derrubou Fulgêncio Batista. Aí, conhece o revolucionário Che Guevara e torna-se bastante próxima dele, eventualmente deixando o marido. Depois da Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974, com o pai preso, regressa a Portugal, mas volta a Cuba em 1981, onde morre, em 1992.

Biografia
Ana Silva Pais nasceu em Lisboa a 1 de dezembro de 1935, filha única de Fernando da Silva Pais e da sua mulher Armanda Angelina Palhota da Silva Pais, e cresceu no Bairro das Colónias.

Em 1960, conheceu o diplomata da Suíça Raymond Quendoz (de 36 anos) e casaram-se em três meses. Apelidada de Annie pelo marido, mudou-se com ele para Cuba em 1962. Com tempo, começou a manifestar bastante entusiasmo pelos revolucionário, especialmente Che Guevara.

Em 1965, desapareceu durante meses, pondo em causa a carreira do marido, que foi questionado se a sua mulher era uma espiã dos revolucionários, algo que nunca foi confirmado. Graças aos seus conhecimentos de alemão, francês, castelhano, inglês e português, consegue então a posição de tradutora-intérprete de Fidel Castro.

Ao longo dos anos, a mãe tentou várias vezes convencer Annie a voltar ao país natal, tendo inclusive visitado a filha em Cuba, mas nunca teve sucesso, já que a filha só regressou a Portugal a 29 de dezembro de 1974 para ajudar o pai, então preso político da Terceira República Portuguesa.

Em 1981, depois da morte do pai, viajou novamente para Cuba, onde 7 anos mais tarde lhe foi detetado um nódulo no peito. Os médicos recomendaram que fosse operado de imediato, mas Annie recusou devido a uma viagem de trabalho à Coreia do Norte. Foi finalmente operada quatro meses depois, mas é encontrado um cancro num estado já muito avançado. A 13 de julho de 1990, morreu então em Cuba, com 54 anos, sendo enterrada no cemitério Cólon em Havana.

Na cultura popular
A vida de Annie Silva Pais foi o foco de uma reportagem de José Pedro Castanheira e Valdemar Cruz, feita depois de Castanheira ter ouvido falar de Annie numa entrevista ao embaixador Gonzaga Ferreira, que tinha trabalhado em Cuba. Tal reportagem daria origem ao livro "A Filha Rebelde", dos mesmos autores, de forma a publicar todo o material que tinha ficado fora da reportagem.

Desde então Annie Silva Pais já inspirou inúmeros livros e algumas adaptações.

Na peça de teatro "A Filha Rebelde", foi interpretada por Ana Brandão. Já na série de televisão Cuba Libre, é interpretada por Beatriz Godinho.

Annie Silva Pais