Marie Henriette Faißt, geborene Cluss (* 9. März 1831 in Heilbronn; † 30. Juli 1902 ebenda) war Gründerin der "Henriette und Hugo Faißt-Stiftung", mit der das Musikleben und große Musikwerke wie Oratorien und Chorwerke finanziert werden. Ihr Leben und Wirken wurde von Karl Grunsky (1871–1943) –  deutscher Historiker und Musikschriftsteller – gewürdigt. Das Buch Ein Haus für Blumen und Musik : Henriette Faißt in Heilbronn und Hugo Wolf, das von der Internationalen Hugo-Wolf-Akademie herausgegeben wurde, ist auch Henriette Faißt gewidmet und ihrer Beziehung zu Musikern wie Hugo Wolf und Ernst Friedrich Kauffmann.

Leben
1859 heiratete sie Andreas Faißt. Sie war 45 Jahre alt, als sie mit ihrem Mann und den beiden Jungen August und Hugo in die Villa Faißt einzog. Drei Jahre nach dem Einzug verstarb Andreas. Henriette lebte danach als alleinstehende Witwe mit den beiden halbwüchsigen Söhnen in dem Haus. Henriette gilt als "Förderin des Heilbronner Musiklebens" und als "hochherzige Stifterin" eines Legats von 300 000 Goldmark für die "Henriette und Hugo Faißt-Stiftung", von deren Zinsen die Förderung musikalischer Menschen und der Aufführung von großen Musikwerken wie Oratorien und Chorwerke finanziert werden sollten.

Rezeption
Karl Grunsky (1871–1943), deutscher Historiker und Musikschriftsteller, beschrieb 1914 in seinem Nekrolog das Leben und Wirken von Henriette Faißt. Die Internationale Hugo-Wolf-Akademie hatte eine Neuausgabe ihrer Briefe vorgelegt, die sie an Hugo Wolf und Ernst Friedrich Kauffmann und dessen Witwe geschrieben hatte.

Literatur
 Annette Geisler: Musik in der Provinz. Ernst Friedrich Kaufmann in Heilbronn. In: Internationale Hugo-Wolf-Akademie für Gesang, Dichtung, Liedkunst (Hrsg.)/ [Red.: Elisabeth Hackenbracht ...] :Ein Haus für Blumen und Musik : Henriette Faißt in Heilbronn und Hugo Wolf, Stuttgart 2006, S. 25 – S. 34.
 Dorothea Braun-Ribbat: Ein Haus für Blumen und Musik. Die Heilbronner Villa der Henriette Faißt. In: Internationale Hugo-Wolf-Akademie für Gesang, Dichtung, Liedkunst (Hrsg.)/ [Red.: Elisabeth Hackenbracht ...] :Ein Haus für Blumen und Musik : Henriette Faißt in Heilbronn und Hugo Wolf, Stuttgart 2006, S. 9 – S. 13.
 Georg Günther: Zeit meines Lebens ein dankbares Andenken. Henriette Faißt in Heilbronn und Hugo Wolf. In: Internationale Hugo-Wolf-Akademie für Gesang, Dichtung, Liedkunst (Hrsg.)/ [Red.: Elisabeth Hackenbracht ...] :Ein Haus für Blumen und Musik : Henriette Faißt in Heilbronn und Hugo Wolf, Stuttgart 2006, S. 14 – S. 20.
 Brief der Henriette Faißt an ihren Bruder Adolf Cluß in Washington. In: Internationale Hugo-Wolf-Akademie für Gesang, Dichtung, Liedkunst (Hrsg.)/ [Red.: Elisabeth Hackenbracht ...] :Ein Haus für Blumen und Musik : Henriette Faißt in Heilbronn und Hugo Wolf, Stuttgart 2006, S. 21.
 Brief der jungen Henriette Cluß an Marie Lohbauer, die Witwe Ernst Friedrich Kaufmanns. In: Internationale Hugo-Wolf-Akademie für Gesang, Dichtung, Liedkunst (Hrsg.)/ [Red.: Elisabeth Hackenbracht ...] :Ein Haus für Blumen und Musik : Henriette Faißt in Heilbronn und Hugo Wolf, Stuttgart 2006, S. 36.
 http://swb.bsz-bw.de/DB=2.1/PPNSET?PPN=26445149X&INDEXSET=1

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Person (Heilbronn)
Mäzen
Deutscher
Geboren 1831
Gestorben 1902
Frau

Henriette Faißt


Die Niederländische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1999 war die 54. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in den Niederlanden.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
badminton.nl
worldbadminton.com

1999
Badminton 1999


Amentotaksus (lat. Amentotaxus), biljni rod iz porodice tisovki koji se sastoji od zimzelenih grmova ili malih stabala koja dostižu visinu od 7 do 50 stopa (2 - 15 m). Vrsta može biti jednodomna ili dvodomna; kada su jednodomni, muški i ženski češeri su često na različitim granama. Postoji sedam priznatih vrsta iz jugoistočne Azije. Rod je bio prisutan u Europi od paleocena do gornjeg miocena u obliku jedne vrste, A. gladifolia (Ludwig) Ferguson, Jähnichen & Alvin comb. nov. Tercijarni skupovi s Amentotaxusom ukazuju na njegovu prilagodbu raznim šumskim formacijama. Amentotaxus je preferirao mezofitne šume ponekad s kserofitskim elementima, suptropske kišne i lovorove šume i toplo-umjerene listopadne šume.

Listovi su spiralno raspoređeni na izbojcima, ali su uvijeni u osnovi da leže u dva ravna reda (osim na uspravnim vodećim izbojcima). Linearno su lancetastog oblika, dugi su 1,6 do 4,8 inča (4 - 12 cm) i široki 0,24 do 0,4 inča (6 - 10 mm), s mekom teksturom, tupim vrhovima, iznad tamnozeleno obojeni. Razlikuju se od srodnog roda Cephalotaxus po širim listovima, a od Torreya po tupim listovima, a ne s bodljastim vrhovima.

Vrste
 Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilg.
 Amentotaxus assamica D.K.Ferguson
 Amentotaxus formosana H.L.Li
 Amentotaxus hatuyenensis T.H.Nguyên
 Amentotaxus hekouensis L.M.Gao
 Amentotaxus poilanei (Ferré & Rouane) D.K.Ferguson
 Amentotaxus yunnanensis H.L.Li

Izvori

Tisovke

Amentotaksus


L'ermitage Korennaïa ou monastère de la Nativité-de-la-Mère-de-Dieu de Koursk Korennaïa est un monastère d'hommes de l'éparchie de Koursk de l'Église orthodoxe russe, situé dans le raïon de Zolotoukhinski de l'oblast de Koursk, fédération de Russie. Il a été fondé en 1597 à l'emplacement de la découverte de l'icône Korennaïa de la Mère de Dieu de Koursk, appelée aussi Icône de Notre-Dame du Signe de Koursk.

Chaque année, une procession de milliers de pèlerins accompagne le transfert de l'icône depuis le monastère de la Mère-de-Dieu du Signe à Koursk jusqu'à l'ermitage Korennaïa situé au nord de la ville, à une vingtaine de kilomètres. Cette procession est représentée dans le tableau du peintre russe Ilia Répine Procession religieuse dans la province de Koursk.

Références

Bibliographie
 Ioulia Mourachova [Мурашова, Юлия Александровна], Pèlerinage orthodoxe de l'ermitage de Koursk Korennaïa: 1861—1991.. — Курск : Региональный открытый социальный ин-т, 2018. — 194 p. —

Liens externes
  Site officiel de l'ermitage Korennaïa Официальный сайт Коренной пустыни
  Ermitage Korennaïa sur le site Eglises de Russie Коренная Рождество-

Monastère de l'Église orthodoxe russe en Russie
Oblast de Koursk

Ermitage Korennaïa


En economía, la elasticidad cruzada de la demanda o elasticidad precio cruzada de la demanda mide la respuesta de la demanda para un bien al cambio en el precio de otro bien. Se mide como el cambio porcentual en la cantidad demandada para el primer bien que ocurre en respuesta a un cambio porcentual en el precio del segundo bien.
Por ejemplo, si, en respuesta a un incremento del 10% en el precio de la gasolina, la demanda de coches nuevos que no son eficientes en términos de consumo de gasolina  decreciera en un 20%, la elasticidad cruzada de la demanda sería:
. La elasticidad cruzada negativa denota que dos productos son complementarios, mientras que una elasticidad cruzada positiva denota que son dos productos sustitutos, también denominados sustitutivos.

Fórmula
La fórmula utilizada para calcular el coeficiente de la elasticidad cruzada de la demanda es

o:

Elasticidades cruzadas de la demanda seleccionadas
Se presentan varios ejemplos de la elasticidad cruzada de la demanda (ECD) para varios bienes:

Véase también
 Elasticidad (economía)
 Elasticidad precio de la demanda

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Teoría del consumidor
Elasticidad (economía)

Elasticidad cruzada de la demanda


An Potamogeton recurvatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hagstr.. An Potamogeton recurvatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Potamogeton, ngan familia nga Potamogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Potamogeton

Potamogeton recurvatus


Remmels er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mittelholstein i den sydlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Remmels ligger omkring 26 km vest for Neumünster og 20 km syd for Rendsborg i Naturpark Aukrug. Kommunen krydses af Bundesstraße 77 fra Rendsborg mod Itzehoe, og et stykke syd for kommunen løber Bundesstraße 430 fra Neumünster mod Meldorf.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Remmels


أوتو إيرلر Otto Erler (ولد في 4 أغسطس 1872 في جيرا – ومات في 8 أكتوبر 1943 في دريسدن) هو كاتب مسرحي ألماني، تزوج إيفا Eva شقيقة هانس زيفيروس تسيجلر.

من أعماله

 عمالقة (تراجيديا فنانين 1901)
 فنانو الزواج 1905
 ضيف تور 1937
 أصدقاء الدم 1943

روابط خارجية

مراجع

كتاب وكاتبات ألمان
مواليد 1872
مواليد في غيرا
وفيات 1943
وفيات في درسدن

أوتو إيرلر


Benda Bilili es una película del año 2010.

Sinopsis
Ricky tenía un sueño: convertir a la orquesta Staff Benda Bilili en la mejor del Congo. Roger, un niño de la calle, solo deseaba unirse a las estrellas del gueto que recorrían las calles en triciclos retocados a su gusto, estilo Mad Max. Pero lo más importante era sobrevivir, evitar las trampas de la calle, permanecer unidos y encontrar la esperanza en la música. La película cuenta cómo este sueño se convirtió en realidad desde los primeros pasos de la orquesta hasta su triunfo en festivales internacionales.

Premios
 Dublín 2011

Referencias

Películas sobre personas con discapacidad

Benda Bilili


Callisto, Jüpiter'in doğal uydularından biridir. Büyüklükte Jüpiter'in uyduları arasında ikinci, Güneş Sistemi'ndeki tüm uydular arasında üçüncü sırayı alır. 7 Ocak 1610 tarihinde Galileo Galilei tarafından bulundu ve o dönemde tanımlanan 4 Galilei uydusu içinde gezegene en uzaktaki olması nedeniyle Jüpiter'in 'IV' numaralı uydusu olarak adlandırılmıştır. Diğer Galilei uyduları ile yörüngesel rezonansda olmayan tek Galilei uydusudur. Güneş Sistemi'nde, üzerinde en çok krater bulunan gök cismidir. Yüzeyi son 4 milyar yıldır hiç değişmemiştir.

Kaynakça

Güneş Sistemi
Galilei uyduları
1610'larda keşfedilen astronomik cisimler

Callisto (uydu)


Toninho Cerezo (født 21. april 1955) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

|-
|1977||11||2
|-
|1978||11||0
|-
|1979||2||0
|-
|1980||6||1
|-
|1981||13||2
|-
|1982||9||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||5||0
|-
!Total||57||5
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1978
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1982

Toninho Cerezo


Papusul (în latină: Pappus, din greaca pappus = puf, fân), numit și egretă, este un smoc de perișori sau de scvame cu aspect de umbreluță sau coroană deasupra unor fructe, ce funcționează ca o parașută, ușurând diseminarea (răspândirea) fructelor cu ajutorul vântului sau curenților de aer (diseminarea anemohoră). Papusul se întâlnește la fructele asteraceelor (compositelor): păpădie (Taraxacum officinale), vulturică (Hieracium sp.), susai (Sonchus oleraceus), pălămidă (Cirsium arvense) etc.

Papusul provine din transformarea elementelor caliciului. Caliciu multor specii de asteraceae (păpădie, susai, pălămidă) este foarte redus la început, după fecundație însă se dezvoltă într-un smoc de peri numit papus ce servește la răspândirea fructelor.

Note

Morfologia plantelor

Papus


An Pycreus mortonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sheila Spenser Hooper. An Pycreus mortonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pycreus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pycreus

Pycreus mortonii


Moon Jae-in (hangul: (문재인), født 24. januar 1953) er en sydkoreansk politiker som var Sydkorea præsident fra 2017 til 2022. Moon repræsenterer det Det demokratiske parti.

Opvækst og uddannelse
Moon Jae-in blev født i Geoje, Sydkorea, som den første søn af Moon Yong-hyung og moderen Kang Han-ok og har fire søskende. Faderen hans var flygtning fra Syd-Hamgyong (i nutidens Nordkorea) og flygtede fra hjembyen Hamhung, da sydkoreanske styrker trak sig tilbage fra byen under Koreakrigen.

Moon Jae-ins familie flyttede senere til Busan, hvor han gik på Kyungnam High School. Han tog senere jurauddannelse ved Kyunghee University.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Moon Jae-in Camp (koreansk)

Sydkoreas præsidenter
Storkors af Sankt Olavs Orden
Riddere af Serafimerordenen

Moon Jae-in


Harriet Dart (født 28. juli 1996 i London, Storbritannien) er en professionel kvindelig tennisspiller fra Storbritannien.

Eksterne henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Storbritannien
Personer fra London

Harriet Dart


Senarica ist ein Dorf in den Abruzzen in Mittelitalien. Mit einer Bevölkerung von weniger als 300 Einwohnern war Senarica für rund vier Jahrhunderte bis zum Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts eine unabhängige Republik. Es war der kleinste Staat, der seine Unabhängigkeit so lange behielt, aber heute ist es ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde von Crognaleto in der Provinz Teramo.

Geschichte
Senarica und das benachbarte Dorf Poggio Umbricchio wurden um 1343 unabhängig, als Königin Johanna I. von Anjou dem Gebiet die Unabhängigkeit gewährte, weil die Bewohner heftigen Widerstand gegen die feindlichen Truppen von Mailand unter Ambrogio Visconti leisteten. Beeindruckt von der Pracht der Dogen-Republik Venedig nahmen die Herrscher von Senarica eine ähnliche republikanische Regierung, mit einem gewählten Dogen als Staatsoberhaupt.

Wappen
Das Wappen von Senarica war ein schwarzer Schirm mit einem silbernen Löwen (als Symbol des Staates), der eine silberne Schlange fängt. Dieses Wappen erschien auch auf einem goldenen Gonfanon und auf dem Siegel. In der Kathedrale des Dorfes hängt eine Reproduktion des Löwen, der in diesem speziellen Bild von einer Krone gekrönt wird.

Weblinks

Ort in den Abruzzen
Crognaleto

Senarica


Rutgerus Johannes Martinus "Ruud" van Nistelrooy (Felemenkçe: Ruud van Nistelrooij; ; d. 1 Temmuz 1976) Hollandalı eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör. UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde 56 golü vardır. Üç kez Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde gol kralı olmuştur.

Kulüp kariyeri
Ruud van Nistelrooy, Hollanda'da FC Den Bosch formasıyla iyi bir performans ortaya koyduktan sonra Heerenveen'e 2 milyon dolara transfer oldu. Heerenveen'deki başarısı PSV'nin dikkatini çekti ve Heerenveen'deki 1 sezonun ardından buraya 4 milyon pound karşılığında transfer oldu. 2003 yılında ise Manchester United ile şampiyonluğu yakaladı.
Yıldızı PSV'de oynarken parlayan Ruud 19 milyon pounda Manchester United'a transfer oldu. Başarısını bu takımda da devam ettiren Ruud 2002-2003 sezonunda Premier League gol kralı oldu. Hollanda millî futbol takımı formasını da giyen Nistelrooy takımının 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası kadrosunda da yer aldı.
Van Basten'in görevde olduğu sürece millî takım formasını giymeyeceğini açıklamıştır. Ancak daha sonra van Basten'den özür dileyerek tekrar millî takım yolunu tutmuş ve Euro 2008'de Hollanda forması giymiştir.2006 yılında Manchester United'tan Real Madrid'e transver olmuş ve 4 yıl bu takım için ter dökmüştür. Talihsiz bir sakatlık nedeniyle sezonu kapatmıştır. 2007-2008 sezonunda altın ayakkabıyı 1 gol farkla İtalyan yıldız Francesco Totti'ye kaptırmıştır. 2010 Ocak ayında Alman ekiplerinden Hamburger SV ile 1.5 Yıllık kontrat imzalamıştır. 2011 yazı itibarıyla Málaga CF'yle 1 yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır. 2011-2012 sezonu sonunda futbolu bıraktığını açıklamıştır.

Millî takım kariyeri
70 kez Hollanda millî takım forması giyen Ruud van Nistelrooy, bu maçlarda 35 gol atmıştır.

Kaynakça

1976 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
SC Heerenveen futbolcuları
PSV futbolcuları
Manchester United FC futbolcuları
Real Madrid CF futbolcuları
Málaga CF futbolcuları
Hollandalı futbolcular
Hollanda millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Nistelrooy, Ruud van
Eredivisie futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
La Liga futbolcuları
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Hollandalı gurbetçi futbolcular
FC Den Bosch futbolcuları
Bundesliga futbolcuları
Almanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki Hollandalı gurbetçiler
İspanya'daki Hollandalı gurbetçiler
Almanya'daki Hollandalı gurbetçiler
Forvet futbolcular
First Division/Premier League gol kralları
Hamburger SV futbolcuları
Hollanda 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Pichichi Ödülü sahipleri
Hollandalı teknik direktörler
Eredivisie teknik direktörleri
PSV teknik direktörleri

Ruud van Nistelrooy


Die katholische Pfarrkirche St. Martin in Gundelfingen, einer Stadt im Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau im bayerischen Regierungsbezirk Schwaben, geht auf eine romanische Kirche des 12./13. Jahrhunderts zurück. Ihre heutige Gestalt erhielt die Kirche im 18. Jahrhundert. In der 1733 angebauten Leonhardskapelle ist ein Deckengemälde von Johann Baptist Enderle und der Stuck aus der Erbauungszeit erhalten.

Geschichte
Das  Patrozinium des heiligen Martins lässt auf eine sehr alte Pfarrei schließen, deren Gründung in fränkische Zeit zurückgeführt wird. Als Vorgängerbau der heutigen Kirche wurde zwischen 1180 und 1220 eine romanische Kirche errichtet, von der noch Teile der in Quadermauerwerk ausgeführten Süd- und Westwand, das westliche Rundbogenportal und große Teile des quadratischen Westturms erhalten sind. Im 14. oder 15. Jahrhundert fügte man einen gotischen Chor an das Langhaus an und erhöhte vermutlich erstmals den Turm. 1510 wurde der Turm ein weiteres Mal erhöht. 1562/64 erfolgte der Umbau des Langhauses zu einer dreischiffigen Halle. Nach dem Anbau der Leonhardskapelle 1733 an das nördliche Langhaus wurde die Kirche 1735 von Johann Windschmidt und Matthias Kraus grundlegend umgestaltet und innen neu ausgestattet. Dabei wurden der Chor verbreitert und die Pfeiler des Langhauses entfernt. Stuck und Fresken wurden außer in der Leonhardskapelle 1947/49 neu geschaffen. 1949 wurde ein neubarocker Hochaltar aufgestellt. 1979 erfolgte eine Außen- und 1981/82 eine Innenrestaurierung.

Architektur

Außenbau

Die Nordwand ist aus den ursprünglichen, romanischen Quadern und Ziegelmauerwerk errichtet. An der Südwand sind die regelmäßig behauenen Quader des romanischen Vorgängerbaus erhalten. Eine Freitreppe führt zu dem von Pilastern mit ionischen Kapitellen und Architrav eingefassten Portal an der Südseite. In den Schlussstein ist die Jahreszahl 1746 eingemeißelt. Im westlichen Teil der Südfassade befindet sich ein weiterer Eingang, ein romanisches Rundbogenportal mit gefastem und gestuftem Gewände.

An der Westfassade erhebt sich der siebengeschossige Turm, den ein Spitzhelm mit vier Giebeln krönt. Die unteren Stockwerke sind von schlitzförmigen, rechteckigen Öffnungen durchbrochen. Die Rundbogenöffnung an der Ostseite des sechsten Stockwerkes stammt aus romanischer Zeit. Das siebte Geschoss ist im Norden, Osten und Süden von einer dreifachen, im Westen von einer doppelten Klangarkade durchbrochen. Die Giebelfelder sind mit Uhrzifferblättern besetzt, über denen gekuppelte, segmentbogige Blendfelder eingeschnitten sind. An der Westfassade des Turmes ist eine romanische Spolie verbaut, ein Kopf mit stilisierten Locken, der um 1200 datiert wird.

Innenraum

Die seit dem Umbau von 1735 einschiffige Kirche ist in vier Achsen unterteilt und mit einer Tonne mit Stichkappen gedeckt. Der eingezogene, um eine Stufe erhöhte Chor ist dreiseitig geschlossen und besitzt eine Korbbogentonne mit Stichkappen. Die Wände des Langhauses werden durch doppelte, die Wände des Chors durch einfache Pilaster mit Volutenkapitellen gegliedert. Chor und Langhaus beleuchten große Rundbogenfenster. Den westlichen Abschluss bildet eine auf Holzsäulen aufliegende Doppelempore von 1735. Die obere Empore wird durch den Einbau der Orgel in zwei Hälften geteilt. Die Brüstung der unteren Empore ist in der Mitte ausgebaucht.

Ausstattung

 Das Gemälde von Konrad Huber mit der Darstellung des heiligen Martins war ehemals das Hochaltarbild. Es ist bezeichnet: Huber pinx in Weissenhorn 1810 (Konrad Huber malte es in Weissenhorn 1810).
 Die Skulptur der Muttergottes mit Jesuskind auf einer Prozessionsstange wird um 1720 datiert.
 Im Chor befindet sich ein klassizistisches Zunftgitter aus dem frühen 19. Jahrhundert mit Girlanden und Kerzenhalter. Auf den bemalten Blechtafeln sind die Schutzpatrone der jeweiligen Zunft dargestellt; z. B. der Apostel Petrus, der Patron der Fischer, der heilige Martin, der Patron der Müller und Bäcker, die heilige Barbara, die Patronin der Schneider, der heilige Vitus, der Patron der Bierbrauer, Cosmas und Damian, die Patrone der Schumacher, Gerber und Sattler.

Orgel

Die Orgel wurde 1998 von der Orgelbaufirma Rieger erbaut. Das Schleifladen-Instrument hat 40 Register auf drei Manualwerken und Pedal.

 Koppeln: II/I, III/I, III/II, I/P, II/P, III/P

Leonhardskapelle

Das Deckenbild der Leonhardskapelle stellt ihren Schutzpatron, den hl. Leonhard von Limoges mit Abtsstab und seinem Attribut, den Eisenketten, dar, wie er vor Gott Fürbitte für die Gläubigen leistet. Das Bild trägt die Signatur: J. B. Enderle pinx 1787 (Johann Baptist Enderle malte es 1787). In der Kapelle wird ein römischer Meilenstein von 212 n. Chr. aufbewahrt, der 1981 bei Grabungen in der Kirche entdeckt wurde. In seiner Inschrift wird Phoebianis erwähnt, der römische Name für Faimingen.

Siehe auch
 Grabstein für Veydt Raiser (Gundelfingen)

Literatur

 Werner Meyer (Bearb.): Die Kunstdenkmäler des Landkreises Dillingen an der Donau. In: Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern. Die Kunstdenkmäler von Schwaben. Bd. VII. Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau. München 1972, ISBN 3-486-43541-8, S. 299–316
 Georg Wörishofer, Alfred Sigg, Reinhard H. Seitz: Städte, Märkte und Gemeinden. In: Der Landkreis Dillingen a. d. Donau in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Hrsg. Landkreis Dillingen a. d. Donau, 3. neu bearbeitete Auflage, Dillingen an der Donau 2005, S. 266.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Stadtpfarrkirche St. Martin Stadt Gundelfingen a.d.Donau

Bauwerk in Gundelfingen an der Donau
Baudenkmal in Gundelfingen an der Donau
Gundelfingen, Martin
Gundelfingen, Martin
Gundelfingen
Gundelfingen
Gundelfingen
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Gundelfingen

St. Martin (Gundelfingen)


El tangara carinegra (en Ecuador) (Schistochlamys melanopis), también denominado frutero cara negra o chovy estero (en Paraguay), pizarrita sabanera (en Colombia), tangara de cara negra (en Perú y Venezuela) o cardenal cara negra (en Venezuela), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Thraupidae, una de las dos pertenecientes al género Schistochlamys. Es nativa del norte y centro de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye desde el noreste de Colombia, hacia el este por Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Guayana Francesa y  norte de Brasil, hacia el sur hasta el sur de Colombia; y desde el este de Ecuador, de forma disjunta, por el norte y este de Perú, hasta el norte y este de Bolivia, todo el centro y parte del sureste de Brasil y noreste de Paraguay, también una faja costera del noreste  y este de Brasil. Está ausente de mayor parte de la cuenca amazónica, excepto en una faja a lo largo del medio y bajo río Amazonas.

Esta especie es considerada ampliamente difundida y bastante común en sus hábitat naturales: las áreas semi-abiertas de sabanas, cerrados con parches de bosques y matorrales, hasta los 1600 m de altitud.

Descripción
Mide 18 cm de longitud. El plumaje del cuerpo es gris azulado, la cabeza, la garganta y el cuello negros. Los ejemplares juveniles son completamente diferentes, de color verde oliva, y se los solía confundir con hembras. No presenta dimorfismo sexual.

Comportamiento
Es visto solitario o en parejas, generalmente encaramado en lo abierto, en lo alto de un arbusto o árbol bajo. No se asocia a bandads mixtas.

Alimentación
Se alimenta de frutas, hojas, botones de flor y néctar.

Reproducción
Alcanza la madurez sexual al año de edad. Construye un nido en forma de taza, en la hierba a poca altura del suelo. La hembra pone entre dos y tres huevos y los polluelos nacen después de 13 días.

Vocalización

El canto es una frase rica y melodiosa, dada con más frecuencia que su congénere, Schistochlamys ruficapillus.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie S. melanopis fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista británico John Latham en 1790 bajo el nombre científico Tanagra melanopis; su localidad tipo es: «Guyana».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Schistochlamys» se compone de la palabra latina «schistus: pizarra y de la palabra griega «khlamus»: manto, capa; en referencia al dorso gris de las especies; y el nombre de la especie «melanopis», se compone de las palabras griegas «melas»: negro, y «ōpis»: de cara, en referencia a la cara negra de la especie.

Taxonomía
Los amplios estudios filogenéticos de Burns et al. (2014) demuestran que el presente género está hermanado con Cissopis, el par formado por ambos con Stephanophorus, y este clado con Paroaria.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird v.2019 se reconocen cinco subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Schistochlamys melanopis amazonica , 1947 – Amazonia y sureste de Brasil.
 Schistochlamys melanopis aterrima , 1912 – noreste de Colombia hasta Venezuela, oeste de Guyana y extremo norte de Brasil.
 Schistochlamys melanopis grisea , 1916 – Andes subtropicales del centro de Perú.
 Schistochlamys melanopis melanopis (), 1790 – este de Guyana hasta Surinam, Guayana Francesa y noreste de Brasil.
 Schistochlamys melanopis olivina (), 1865 – este de Bolivia hasta Paraguay y centro oeste de Brasil (Mato Grosso).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Schistochlamys melanopis en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Schistochlamys melanopis en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  Schistochlamys melanopis en Wikiaves.

melanotis
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por John Latham
Animales descritos en 1790

Schistochlamys melanopis


Boulevard war eine finnische Schlagerband, die von 1983 bis 1994 bestand.

Sie unterstützte die Sängerin Vicky Rosti beim Concours Eurovision de la Chanson in Brüssel. Mit dem Titel Sata salamaa (dt.: Hundert Blitze) erreichte das Gespann den 15. Platz. Ein Jahr später gewann Boulevard alleine die finnische Vorauswahl und durfte daher beim Eurovision Song Contest 1988 in Dublin mit dem Schlager Nauravat silmät muistetaan (dt.: An lachende Augen erinnert man sich) antreten. Dort mussten sie sich mit Platz 20 zufriedengeben. Ihr einziges Album Nauravat silmät erschien auch in diesem Jahr.

Bandmitglieder
 Kyösti Laihi
 Jari Puhakka
 Jari Nieminen
 Erkki Korhonen
 Juha Lanu
 Tuomo Tepsa

Einzelnachweise

Finnische Band
Schlagerband
Interpret eines finnischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest

Boulevard (Band)


Çek, kıymetli evrak niteliğine sahip bir kambiyo senedi olup, bir havalenin ödenmesi için çıkarılan teyit emri. Çek, bir borç senedi ya da senetlerde olduğu gibi belli bir süre sonunda senet bedelinin ödenmesi vaadi değildir. Çekler, ancak bankalar üzerine keşide edilebilir ve çek olarak bankalarca çıkarılan çek karneleri kullanılabilir.Bankalar dışında bir kimse üzerine çek keşidesi, havale niteliğindedir ve bu durumda çeklere ilişkin kurallar uygulanmaz. Çek düzenleyen sahibine "keşideci", çekin muhatabı ve meblağı alacak kişiye "lehdar", ödeme yapacak olan tarafa da "muhatap" denir. Bankada bir karşılığı olmadan düzenlenen çeklere "karşılıksız çek" denir. Çekin üzerinde lehdarın adı yazılı ise "nama yazılı çek", lehdarın adı bulunmuyorsa "hamiline çek" denir. Hamiline çek, (hamil: taşıyıcı) çeke sahip olan kişiye ödenir. birçok Avrupa Birliği ülkesinde, çekin karşılığının hesapta bulundurulmaması idari yaptırıma bağlanmıştır.

Bir kişinin çek tanzim edebilmesi için banka ile çek sözleşmesi imzalaması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca çekte vade olmadığı için çekler görüldüğünde ödenir.

Yasal düzenlemeler

Türkiye
5941 Sayılı Çek Kanunu gereğince çek, ticari bir ilişkiden kaynaklı tacirler arasında borç ödeme aracıdır. Türkiye'de çek, "ileri vadeli çek uygulaması" nedeniyle fiilen bir "ödeme aracı" olmaktan uzaklaşmış, bono gibi kullanılan bir kıymetli evrak haline gelmiştir. Türkiye'de çekin karşılığının hesapta bulundurulmaması halinde cumhuriyet savcılıkları tarafından "çek düzenleme yasağı" ve "çek hesabı açma yasağı" yaptırımları uygulanmaktadır. Çek Kanunu'ndaki son değişikliklerle karşılıksız çek keşide etmek, hapis cezasını gerektiren bir suç olmaktan çıkmıştır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Karşılıksız çek

Muhasebe kaynak belgeleri
Bankacılık terimleri

Hukuk terimleri

Çek (bankacılık)


El profesor punk es una película cómica argentina, protagonizada por Jorge Porcel, estrenada el 7 de julio de 1988. Fue la última película de Jorge Porcel en la Argentina. Además, tras los títulos lleva una dedicatoria especial a su compañero inseparable Alberto Olmedo, fallecido a inicios de ese mismo año. Desde el título y la promoción se la planteó como una suerte de remake y versión remozada de El profesor hippie, película protagonizada en los años sesenta por Luis Sandrini, pero el argumento no guarda ninguna relación, sino que está más vinculado con las comedias que por esos años protagonizaba la dupla Porcel - Olmedo.

Puede decirse que la película marca el final de una época en el cine argentino. No sólo es la primera película de Porcel tras la muerte de Olmedo sino que sería la última comedia protagonizada por Jorge Porcel. El notorio fracaso del film, tanto comercial como por sus terribles críticas, pondría un punto final al que había sido el ciclo de comedias más exitosas desde la segunda mitad de los años setenta.

En el film se intentó formar otra dupla cómica entre Jorge Porcel y Daniel Fanego, un actor que, al menos hasta ese momento, no tenía experiencia en comedia. Según el mito, fue finalizado el rodaje que la producción comprendió que no había logrado el efecto cómico deseado y decidieron agregar a un comediante de renombre, con Julio De Grazia interpretando a su conocido personaje del superagente Mojarrita, ahora reconvertido en detective privado que tiene a su cargo recuperar unas joyas robadas. Es notable que  Fanego y De Grazia no aparecen juntos en ninguna escena del film y Porcel y De Grazia sólo en la escena final. El argumento tampoco variaría fundamentalmente si se quitara al personaje de De Grazia, todo lo que refuerza la teoría de que la inserción de su personaje fue un agregado posterior. También es revelador el hecho de que un momento que debería ser central en la película (la detención del protagonista) no está filmado sino que el espectador se entera por un comentario dicho casi al pasar por uno de sus alumnos. Esto parece indicar que la escena de la detención fue eliminada porque había sido filmada sin la presencia de Julio De Grazia, lo que resultaba incomprensible tras su incorporación al guion.

El profesor punk sirvió también como promoción para el acceso a la masividad de la (por entonces) nueva banda de reggae argentina Los Pericos.

Sinopsis
Amadeo Pancurulo (Jorge Porcel), un profesor de música muy especial, viaja a una estancia con sus alumnos y otros profesores para un campamento. Allí ocurrirán todo tipo de enredos; entre ellos, Pancurulo será detenido tras ser acusado injustamente de robar unas joyas.

Reparto
Jorge Porcel ... Profesor Amadeo Pancurulo
Julio de Grazia ... Inspector Mojarrita
Daniel Fanego ... Profesor Daniel
Silvia Pérez ... Profesora Silvia
Beatriz Salomón ... Profesora Amapola
Adolfo García Grau ... Severino Pataleta, director del colegio
María Carreras ... Teresa, sobrina de Pacurulo
Marisa Carreras ... Alumna Valeria
Victoria Carreras ... Alumna Gabriela
Fernando Lúpiz ... Profesor Valdés
Pablo Codevila ... Delincuente Petrucelli
Mario Sánchez ... Varela, capataz de El Lobizón
Pablo Novak ... Alumno Daniel Navarro
Marisa Andino ... Alumna Adriana
Diego Torres ... Alumno Diego
Juan Gabriel Altavista ... Alumno Beto Aguilar
Omar Lefosse ... Alumno Cacho Avellaneda
Pablo Machado ... Alumno Coco Fernández
Juan Ignacio Machado ... Alumno
Marcos Grau ... Alumno
Marcelo Taibo ... Alumno
Mariana Caccia ... Alumna
María Mercedes Sosa ... Alumna
Alejandro Fiore ... Alumno
Horacio Taicher ... "Chicato", compañero del Inspector Mojarrita
Néstor Robles ... Delincuente Giovaninni
Luis Corradi ... Smith Smith, jefe de la compañía de seguros
Zulma Grey ... Alumna de canto de Pancurulo
Aurora del Mar ... Doña Aurora
Marcos Woinski ... Compañero de celda de Pancurulo
Miguel Habud ... Comisario
Marcelo Grau... Ricardo, novio de Teresa
Coco Álvarez

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información en CineNacional.com

Películas cómicas

El profesor punk


Eufrozina (grč. Εὐφροσύνη) bila je bizantska princeza i carica.

Životopis
Carica Eufrozina je rođena oko 790. god. kao kći bizantskog cara Konstantina VI. (Κωνσταντῖνος) i njegove prve supruge, carice Marije od Amnije. Car Konstantin se rastao od Marije u siječnju 795. te je poslao Mariju i Eufrozinu u samostan na otoku Prinkipo (danas Büyükada). Car je potom oženio svoju konkubinu Teodotu.

Eufrozina je bila u samostanu do oko 823. Udala se za cara Mihaela II. Amorijskoga te je postala carica, ali je brak smatran kontroverznim. Svom mužu nije rodila djecu. Car Mihael je umro 829. te ga je naslijedio njegov sin iz prvog braka, Teofil, koji je oženio Teodoru. Moguće je da je Teodoru Teofilu za suprugu izabrala upravo Eufrozina, koja je okupila djevojke na dvoru, nakon čega je otišla u samostan, što je Teofilu bilo po volji.

Nije poznato kada je Eufrozina umrla.

Izvori i bilješke

Bizantske carice
Bizantske princeze

Eufrozina (9. stoljeće)


Motor Trend Group, LLC, anteriormente conhecida como Source Interlink Media e TEN: The Enthusiast Network, é uma empresa de mídia especializada em automobilsmo que mantém marcas como Motor Trend, Hot Rod e Roadkill. Com sede na cidade de Nova York, é uma subsidiária da Warner Bros. Discovery através da sua unidade desportiva.

Mídia e eventos
A rede de marcas da empresa inclui mais de 60 publicações, 100 sites, 1 canal de vídeo sob demanda da Motor Trend, produtos de marca e licenciados, eventos ao vivo e competições, além de programas de televisão e rádio. Sua audiência total é de 158 milhões.

Em 2013, a empresa assinou um acordo com a Bonnier Corporation, onde venderam as marcas Dirt Rider, Motorcyclist, Sport Rider, Motorcycle Cruiser, Hot Bike, Baggers, Super Streetbike, Street Chopper e ATV Rider, enquanto compraram a Sound + Vision e a franquia TransWorld.

Em 2015, a NBC Sports fechou sua divisão de esportes de ação e vendeu o Dew Tour para a TEN. Em 17 de agosto do mesmo ano, a TEN lançou seu serviço de vídeo sob demanda por assinatura Motor Trend OnDemand, que foi o primeiro serviço SVOD voltado para entusiastas automotivos. O CEO da TEN, Scott Dickey, descreveu esta comunidade como "desatendida e faminta por conteúdo de vídeo premium", enquanto posiciona o serviço SVOD como "A Netflix para Gearheads".

Em 3 de agosto de 2017, a Discovery Communications anunciou que adquiriria uma participação majoritária na TEN e contribuiria com sua rede de cabos voltada para automóveis Velocity na empresa. O objetivo do empreendimento é criar uma presença maior e multiplataforma para as marcas da empresa, com ênfase particular em produtos de streaming direto ao consumidor. Em 10 de abril de 2018, foi anunciado que a empresa havia sido renomeada para Motor Trend Group com efeito imediato e que a Velocity seria renomeada como Motor Trend Network no final do ano.

Em 2017, a TEN vendeu o AMA EnduroCross Championship para o Bonnier Motorcycle Group. Além de vender a Baseball America e Slam.

Em março de 2018, a TEN vendeu Sound & Vision e Stereophile, juntamente com revistas e sites relacionados, para a AVTech Media Ltd. Em fevereiro de 2019, a TEN vendeu seu portfólio de esportes de aventura para a American Media.

Em dezembro de 2019, a empresa anunciou que 19 das 22 revistas publicadas pela empresa seriam descontinuadas naquele mês, incluindo Automobile.

Empresas de mídia dos Estados Unidos

Motor Trend Group


A Temporada de SBK Brasil de 2017 foi a 8º deste campeonato brasileiro.

Calendário
Lista de corridas

– 1ª Etapa – 10/3 – Interlagos/SP

– 2ª Etapa – 14/4 – Santa Cruz do Sul/RS

– 3ª Etapa – 28/4 – Interlagos/SP

– 4ª Etapa – 02/6 – Interlagos/SP

– 5ª Etapa – 30/6 – Interlagos/SP

– 6ª Etapa – 14/7 – Interlagos/SP

– 7ª Etapa – 25/8 – Interlagos/SP

– 8ª Etapa – 29/9 – Velopark/RS

– 9ª Etapa – 10/11 – Cascavel/PR

– 10ª Etapa – 08/12 – Santa Cruz do Sul/RS

Campeões da Temporada 2013

Exibição no Brasil

Ver também
 MotoGP
 Federação Internacional de Motociclismo
 Motorcycle land-speed record
 IndyCar Series
 Federação Internacional do Automóvel
 Campeonato Mundial de Superbike
 Fórmula 1
 Moto2
 Moto3
 MotoE
 Campeonato Mundial de Motovelocidade 350cc
 Campeonato Mundial de Motovelocidade 50cc/80cc
 Fórmula 750
 SuperBike Brasil
 AMA Superbike

Ligações externas
 Sítio oficial
 Site Oficial da World Superbike Championship
 Campeonato Mundial de Superbike na Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
 Fotos da Superbike (Creative Commons License)
 Resultados do Superbike Brasil (2013-2020)

2013 no desporto
Superbike
Superbike

Temporada do Superbike Brasil de 2013


On September 3, 1939, the British and French declarations of war on Germany initiated the Battle of the Atlantic. The United States Navy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) established a combined air and ship patrol of the United States Atlantic coast, including the Caribbean, on 4 September, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared the United States' neutrality on 5 September, and declared the naval patrol a Neutrality Patrol. Roosevelt's initiation of the Neutrality Patrol, which in fact also escorted British ships, as well as orders to U.S. Navy destroyers first to actively report U-boats, then "shoot on sight", meant American neutrality was honored more in the breach than observance.

Background
Upon declaration of war, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany attempted to restrict their adversaries' ability to import raw materials and manufactured goods. The belligerent navies were deployed to intercept ships capable of carrying such imports. Ships evading enemy naval patrols in the open ocean faced a final gauntlet nearing the European Atlantic coast where belligerent warships and patrolling aircraft congregated around the United Kingdom adjacent to Germany's oceanic trade routes. The United Kingdom and France controlled extensive overseas territories in 1939, while Germany had lost its colonial empire as war reparations in 1919. French and British empire seaports and airfields allowed Allied warships and aircraft to patrol around the world, while German warships controlled very few locations where they might safely refuel and resupply, and German military aircraft operations were effectively limited to occupied territory. The United Kingdom and France had more warships than Germany; so German warships relied upon concealment, speed, or disguise to avoid destruction. U-boats were most numerous and active in European coastal areas, while a few German cruisers, battleships, and merchant raiders intercepted Allied shipping on ocean trade routes.

During World War I, outnumbered German warships had shifted patrol areas away from the United Kingdom into the Atlantic to disperse opposing Allied naval forces. After refueling at Newport, Rhode Island on 7 October 1916,  sank five Allied merchant ships the following day in international waters off the coast of the United States. Although K/L Hans Rose scrupulously followed international law, the loss of American export cargoes incensed Americans as neutral United States Navy destroyers were obliged to stand aside while observing nearby merchant ships being sunk, and taking aboard seamen from the sunken ships.

Neutrality Zone

On 4 September 1939, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) ordered the Atlantic Squadron to establish a combined air and ship patrol to observe and report the movements of ships of warring nations within a line extending east from Boston to 65 degrees west and thence south to the 19th parallel and seaward around the Leeward and Windward Islands. The concept of a naval Neutrality Patrol within that zone was presented to a Conference of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics convened in Panama on 25 September. After considerable debate, the conference agreed the Declaration of Panama on 2 October 1939, to extend the neutrality zone southwesterly parallel to the northeastern coast of South America approximately  offshore.

Despite the name, the Neutrality Patrol greatly favored the British as the Royal Navy had far greater access to the Atlantic. While German naval shipping and military aircraft could operate only from the coast of Europe to intercept British ships, German ships could be intercepted by British military forces operating from the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador, Gibraltar, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Nigeria, South Africa, British Togoland, the British Cameroons, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Saint Helena, Ascension Island, Bermuda, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados, The Bahamas, the British Leeward Islands, the British Windward Islands, the British Virgin Islands, British Honduras, and British Guiana.

Organization
Battleships , , and  with the aircraft carrier  (with aircraft squadrons VB-4, VF-4, VS-41, and VS-42 embarked) formed a reserve force at Hampton Roads to support the following patrols:

 Patrol Zero: Destroyer division 18 of , , , and  were assigned patrol station zero from Newfoundland south to the 40th parallel.
 Patrol One: Destroyers  and  were assigned patrol station one along a northwest-southeast line off Georges Bank.
 Patrol Two: Destroyers  and , with aircraft of patrol squadron VP-54 and seaplane tender , operated from Newport, Rhode Island, between the 38th and 43rd parallels.
 Patrol Three: Destroyers , , , and  patrolled between the 34th and 38th parallels with aircraft of VP-52 and VP-53.
 Patrol Six: Destroyers  and  patrolled the Florida Strait and Yucatán Channel.
 Patrols Seven and Eight: Cruisers  and  with destroyers , , , and  patrolled the eastern Caribbean south of the 23rd parallel with aircraft of VP-33 and VP-51 supported by seaplane tenders , , and . Gannet and Thrush established a seaplane base in Puerto Rico.
 Patrol Nine: Cruisers  and  patrolled within  of the coast between Newport and Cape Hatteras.

Communications
The CNO orders of September 4 directed the patrols to report the movements of ships of warring nations in cipher. U.S. Navy ships were initially instructed to avoid making any report while in the vicinity of such ships to avoid performance of unneutral radio direction finding service or the impression that an unneutral service was being performed. On October 9, President Roosevelt instructed the navy to transmit reports promptly in plain English; and the Neutrality Patrol was instructed on October 20 to report contacts with plain-language radio transmissions.

New bases
Neutrality Patrols began operating from Bermuda following the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. The base was commissioned on April 7, 1941; and Carrier Division 3 (USS Ranger, , and ) began using the base the following day. By mid-June cruisers , ,  and  were patrolling from Trinidad south along the coast of Brazil.

Convoy escort
At the beginning of 1941, President Roosevelt secretly organized a protection-of-shipping task force 24, given the designation of Support Force, United States Atlantic Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral Arthur L. Bristol. Ships, planes, funding, and personnel were assigned in January and February, and operations began in March. Admiral Bristol remained in Washington, but material for the various bases was assembled and shipped from Naval Air Station Quonset Point. Admiral Bristol insisted that all records be destroyed when an operation was completed. His staff believed he was following Presidential instructions to avoid revealing operations which might not have public-opinion approval. Efforts to document Support Force operations after the war were discouraged to avoid damaging world opinion as to the integrity of United States' neutrality.

To augment the fleet units already engaged in the Neutrality Patrol which President Roosevelt had placed around the eastern seaboard and Gulf ports, the United States Navy recommissioned 77 destroyers and light minelayers which had lain in reserve at either Philadelphia or San Diego. In Newfoundland on August 9, 1941, President Roosevelt agreed to provide American destroyers as escorts for the Canada to Iceland portion of HX convoys and westbound ON convoys.  ineffectively engaged  on September 4; and on September 11 President Roosevelt declared Axis ships entered the neutrality zone at their own risk, and ordered the U.S. Navy to attack any vessel threatening ships under American escort. HX 150 sailed September 16, 1941, as the first convoy with American escort. ON 18 sailed September 24 as the first westbound convoy with American escort. The    was torpedoed while escorting Convoy SC 48 on October 17, 1941.  The destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk on October 31, 1941, while escorting Convoy HX 156 with a loss of 100 lives.

Results
The Neutrality Patrol was a major focus of one of the world's largest navies for the first third of the Second World War. The Atlantic Squadron in that period consisted of three battleships, four heavy cruisers, 29 destroyers, and one aircraft carrier; and their primary mission was confirmed by its being redesignated  the Patrol Squadron on 1 November 1940. The Neutrality Patrol enhanced effectiveness of Allied patrols within the declared neutrality zone. On 12 July 1940, Assistant CNO Robert L. Ghormley was ordered to Britain to standardize shipboard communications between British and American warships.

The Royal Navy destroyer  intercepted the German liner Columbus off Bermuda on December 19 after six days of radioed position reports by three relays of Neutrality Patrol destroyers shadowing the liner since it departed Veracruz. Roosevelt ordered all reports of the incident should indicate Hyperion encountered Columbus by chance. The Neutrality Patrol similarly radioed position reports of the British RFA tanker Patella a few days later, reasonably confident there were no German ships in position to intercept. The German freighter Konsul Horn left Aruba on January 7, 1940, posing as a Soviet ship to avoid identification by the Neutrality Patrol. The German freighter Helgoland sailed from Colombia on October 24, 1940, and evaded pursuit attempts by Neutrality Patrol destroyers. The German freighter Rio Grande similarly evaded the Neutrality Patrol by sailing from Rio de Janeiro on October 31; but  prevented German ships Orinoco and Phrygia from leaving Tampico, Mexico on November 15.

For each incident of the neutrality patrol reporting a British ship in the Gulf of Mexico, several German ships were intercepted by Royal Navy units responding to the American reports. Of the 211 German merchant ships attempting return to Germany during the last four months of 1939, only 32 (37%) of the 85 ships leaving the western hemisphere through the declared neutrality zone were successful, while 100 (80%) of the 126 leaving other parts of the world successfully evaded Allied interception.

Notes

References

Further reading

Neutrality (Declaration of Panama), 3 October 1939

Battle of the Atlantic
Maritime boundaries
Neutrality

Neutrality Patrol


An Echinorhyncha manzurii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Patricia A. Harding och Manzur. An Echinorhyncha manzurii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Echinorhyncha, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Echinorhyncha

Echinorhyncha manzurii


John Glückstadt ist ein deutscher Spielfilm aus dem Jahre 1974 in Anlehnung an die Novelle Ein Doppelgänger von Theodor Storm. Unter der Regie von Ulf Miehe spielen Dieter Laser und Marie-Christine Barrault die Hauptrollen. Die deutsche Erstaufführung fand am 1. Juli 1975 im Rahmen der Internationalen Filmfestspiele Berlin statt. Bundesweit lief der Film am 22. August 1975 an.

Handlung
Norddeutschland, Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Der aus dem Militärdienst entlassene und arbeitslose John Hansen beteiligt sich aus der Not heraus gemeinsam mit dem Ganoven Wenzel an einem Einbruch. Hansen wird von der Polizei gefasst und vor Gericht gestellt. Das Urteil: sechs Jahre Gefängnis. Nach Verbüßung seiner Strafe im Zuchthaus Glückstadt kehrt er in seine kleine, norddeutsche Heimatstadt zurück und wird von den Bewohnern fortan nur noch John Glückstadt genannt. Hansen verrichtet Gelegenheitsarbeiten und lernt dabei die ungelernte Arbeiterin Hanna kennen. Die beiden heiraten und werden bald Eltern eines Kindes.

Doch das Paar wird nicht glücklich; die Armut ist zu groß, und beide werden aufgrund seiner Straftat und ihres niedrigen sozialen Standes  von der ihnen feindselig gesinnten Gesellschaft geschnitten. Als Hanna eines Tages ihren Ehemann an seine Vergangenheit erinnert, kommt es zu einem heftigen Streit. Hansen schlägt seine Frau derart unglücklich, dass sie fällt und kurz darauf stirbt. Mit Hilfe seines Nachbarn gelingt es ihm jedoch, die Todesursache zu vertuschen. John Hansen versucht nun, mit seinem kleinen Kind allein über die Runden zu kommen. Doch die Tochter wird ihm weggenommen und in ein Waisenhaus gebracht. Da entschließt sich Hansen zu einer Verzweiflungstat: Er will sein eigenes Kind entführen und mit ihm nach Amerika fliehen, um dort von vorn anzufangen und sich und seiner Tochter eine von der Vergangenheit unbeeinträchtigte Zukunft aufzubauen.

Auszeichnungen
Der Film wurde auf der Berlinale 1975 für den Goldenen Bär nominiert.

Das Filmband in Gold gewannen Hauptdarsteller Dieter Laser und Regisseur Ulf Miehe.

Kritik
In der FAZ hieß es, dass John Glückstadt "von seiner Ästhetik her eindeutig für das Kino konzipiert" sei, was "in Deutschland ja schon eine erwähnenswerte Seltenheit geworden" sei, und sie resümierte bei aller Einzelkritik an Miehes Regie: "Dennoch ist dies ein recht beachtlicher Film geworden, dessen melancholisches Schwarzweiß etwa jene Atmosphäre trifft, die wir auch aus Fassbinders "Effi Briest" kennen."

Das Lexikon des Internationalen Films schrieb: "Der mit Motivationen und Gefühlen zurückhaltende Film besticht durch Stilsicherheit, Eindringlichkeit und vorzügliche Interpreten."

In Kay Wenigers Das große Personenlexikon des Films wurde vor allem die Leistung des Hauptdarstellers gelobt: "Schon in seinem Debütwerk, "John Glückstadt" nach Theodor Storm, zeigte sich Laser als außerordentlich gereifter Charakterdarsteller."

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1974
Deutscher Film
Filmdrama
Theodor-Storm-Verfilmung

John Glückstadt


Hard Boiled () is a 1992 Hong Kong action thriller film directed by John Woo from a screenplay by Gordon Chan and Barry Wong. The film stars Chow Yun-fat as Inspector "Tequila" Yuen, Tony Leung Chiu-wai as Alan, an undercover cop, and Anthony Wong as Johnny Wong, a leader of the criminal triads.

The film was John Woo's last Hong Kong film before his transition to Hollywood. After making films that glamorized gangsters and receiving criticism for doing so, Woo wanted to make a Dirty Harry styled film to glamorize the police. With the death of screenwriter Barry Wong, the film's screenplay underwent constant changes during filming. New characters such as Mad Dog and Mr. Woo were introduced, while the original plotline of a baby-poisoning psychopath was cut.

Hard Boiled was released in Hong Kong in 1992 to generally positive audience reception. Though it was not as commercially successful as Woo's A Better Tomorrow, it still did slightly better than The Killer in the domestic box office. Reception from Western critics was much more positive, with many critics and film scholars describing its action scenes as being among the best ever filmed. In 2007, a video game sequel titled Stranglehold was released.

Plot
In a Hong Kong teahouse, Royal Hong Kong Police inspectors "Tequila" Yuen and Benny Mak surveil a group of gun smugglers while they are making a deal. After an ambush from a rival gang, a fierce gun battle breaks out; the gangsters are defeated, but several police officers are badly wounded and Benny is killed. As revenge, Tequila executes the gangster who killed Benny rather than arrest him. He is reprimanded by the infuriated Chief Superintendent Pang, who needed the executed gangster as a key witness. After a police funeral, Pang burns the personnel file of another smuggler Tequila killed, revealing him to be an undercover cop.

Meanwhile, Alan, an assassin under the employ of Triad boss "Uncle" Hoi, murders one of his subordinates who had double-crossed their clan for a rival syndicate led by upstart Johnny Wong. Wong, who is looking to usurp the old Triad bosses through his control of the illicit arms trade, is impressed by Alan's skill and attempts to recruit him. Alan reluctantly accepts the offer, and Wong brings Alan to a raid on Hoi's warehouse, where many of Hoi's men are killed.

Hoi is eventually cornered, and allows Alan to kill him in exchange for the safety of his men. After Alan shoots him, he kills the rest of his men regardless. Tequila then comes out from hiding and attacks all of Wong's men, but Alan spares Tequila's life in the chaos. Tequila confronts Pang, demanding to know if Alan is an undercover cop. Pang refuses to say, but reveals to Tequila one of the smugglers he killed in the teahouse incident was an undercover cop, warning him again to stay away from the case. Tequila tracks Alan down to his sailboat to learn his true identity, but the two are ambushed by the remnants of Hoi's gang.

Tequila and Alan manage to kill their attackers just before Wong arrives, allowing Alan to keep his cover. Wong realizes that one of his lieutenants, Foxy, is a police informant. Foxy is beaten at the docks by Wong's henchman Mad Dog in front of Alan and Wong. Alan then shoots Foxy in the chest, although a cigar lighter he placed in his chest pocket earlier prevents the shot from being lethal. Foxy finds Tequila at a jazz bar and informs him that Wong's armory is hidden in a vault beneath a nearby hospital. As Tequila takes Foxy to the hospital, Wong discovers that Foxy is alive and sends Alan to kill him, then discreetly sends Mad Dog to monitor Alan. At the hospital, Alan confronts Tequila, demanding to know the whereabouts of the vault. While the two are distracted, Foxy is killed by Mad Dog.

Alan and Tequila discover a hidden passage in the hospital leading to Wong's vault where they get into a gunfight with Mad Dog. As more police and gangsters arrive, Wong has several patients taken hostage. Mad Dog requests the hostages be released, but Wong refuses. After fighting their way to the main lobby, Alan and Tequila manage to save the hostages; Pang evacuates the lobby while officer Teresa Chang goes to the maternity ward to evacuate the babies. As Alan and Tequila continue fighting through the hospital, Alan mistakenly kills a police officer and is overwhelmed with guilt. Tequila shares with Alan that he unknowingly killed a cop in the Tea House Incident, and encourages him to fight on. The duo eventually confront Mad Dog once again. While Tequila leaves to assist Chang with the babies, Alan and Mad Dog get into a tense shootout, before finding themselves in a standoff amidst several patients and staff. They offer the group safe passage, but Wong shoots at the group in a bid to kill Alan. Angered, Mad Dog turns on Wong, but finds himself out of ammo. Wong kills Mad Dog while Alan escapes.

Tequila manages to meet up with Alan, and the two are confronted by Wong, who sets off bombs within the building. Alan refuses to escape, choosing to pursue Wong, while Tequila jumps out of the hospital with wire cables as it explodes. Wong drags Alan outside at gunpoint as a hostage and has Tequila humiliate himself. With this distraction, Alan manages to grab Wong's pistol and shoot himself, giving Tequila the opportunity to shoot Wong dead, however Alan collapses from the aftermath.

Alan is revealed to have survived the ordeal. To protect Alan from the triads, Pang and Tequila destroy Alan's personnel file and declare him dead, allowing him to leave Hong Kong to start a new life.

Cast

 Chow Yun-fat as Inspector "Tequila" Yuen Ho-yan: A clarinet-playing, alcoholic police sergeant with a reputation for defying his superiors and bending police rules. Chow had previously worked with director John Woo on several of his films, including A Better Tomorrow, The Killer and Once a Thief.
 Tony Leung Chiu-wai as Alan: An undercover cop posing as a high-ranking triad assassin. He makes an origami crane every time he kills someone, a trait which was influenced by Woo's daughter when he saw her making them. Alan is shown as living alone on a yacht and considers himself to be asocial. Woo stated that this was influenced by Alain Delon's character in the French crime film Le Samouraï. Leung had previously worked with Woo on his film Bullet in the Head.
 Teresa Mo as Teresa Chang: A fellow police officer who is the girlfriend of Tequila. She helps to decode the secret code songs that are sent to the police by Alan written on cards attached to bouquets that he has delivered to her.
 Philip Chan as Supt. Pang: Tequila's superior. Prior to the film, Chan was a police officer for about fifteen years. He felt that certain scenes in the film were very familiar as they were similar to real police work.
 Philip Kwok as Mad Dog: A skilled gunfighter and gang enforcer working for Johnny Wong.
 Anthony Wong as Johnny Wong: A scheming triad boss who plans to seize complete control of Hong Kong's gangs using the earnings from his gun smuggling business, most of which are stored in the basement of a hospital.
 Bowie Lam as Benny Mak: Tequila's long-time partner and fellow jazz musician. He dies in the opening shootout after accidentally killing a civilian.
 Anjo Leung as Benny's son.
 Bobby Au-yeung as Lionheart: An officer who works under Tequila's supervision.
 Kwan Hoi-san as "Uncle" Hoi: Alan's boss, an aging gangster who turns down an opportunity to leave Hong Kong as he considers it to be irresponsible. Alan is forced to kill him after Johnny takes control of his gun warehouse.
 Stephen Tung as Foxy: Johnny's lieutenant who secretly informs on his gang to Tequila. After he is exposed as a traitor, Alan intervenes to save his life. Foxy is later killed by Mad Dog at the hospital in which the final shoot-out takes place.
 John Woo as Bartender: A former cop who runs the jazz bar where Tequila performs and offers him advice.
 Jun Kunimura as Tea-House Gunman: A gun smuggler who kills Benny Mak at the teahouse and is subsequently gunned down by a vengeful Tequila. Credited as Y Yonemura in the film's opening credits

Production

Development

The film was originally developed in 1990. After creating films which focused on the lives of gangsters, director John Woo wanted to make a film that glorified the police instead. Woo admired Clint Eastwood's and Steve McQueen's characters from their films Dirty Harry and Bullitt respectively, and wanted to make his own Hong Kong-style Dirty Harry police detective film. While creating this character, Woo was inspired by a police officer who was a strong-willed and tough member of the police force, as well as being an avid drummer. This led to Woo having Tequila's character be a musician as well as a cop.

Before production started, Woo told his actors that he was not going to make the film as stylish as his previous films, but to have it be more of an "edgy thriller". The role of Teresa Chang was originally made for actress Michelle Yeoh, who had a long relationship with producer Terence Chang. After casting Teresa Mo, the character of Teresa Chang was greatly re-written.
The film's initial story was about Tony Leung's character being a psychopath who would poison baby food. When Terence Chang was making connections to have Woo make films in the United States, Chang found people uninterested and disgusted with the theme of babies being poisoned. This halted production for a month to develop a new story. Screenwriter Barry Wong was brought in to write a new story about Tony Leung's character being an undercover police officer. After writing the first part of the script, Wong went on a vacation outside Hong Kong, where he died leaving the script unfinished.

Filming
Hard Boiled took 123 days to shoot. Although Woo told his cast that the film would be more gritty and not as stylish as his previous films, Hard Boiled became more stylish as the filming began. The tea house sequence in the film was shot before the script was written. The crew found that the tea house was going to be torn down and decided to film a scene there. Woo saw the staircase in the tea house, and thought about a scene where a character would come shooting down gun smugglers while sliding down the banister. The tea house sequence was shot in around a week's time and was choreographed by Woo and Philip Kwok. It was shot with interruptions from many local triads in the area asking for protection money, and residents complaining about the noise.

The script of the film went through several changes during filming. Due to the length of the film, scenes from a side-story involving the relationship between the character Tequila and Teresa Chang were cut. Another cut scene included Tequila playing clarinet over Benny's grave. With these cuts, Chow Yun-fat felt his character was not very deep in comparison to Leung's character of Alan. To develop his character more, Chow asked John Woo to insert a mentor character in the film, which Woo himself would play; Chow felt that having Woo in this role would make Woo not cut out these scenes. Philip Kwok's role of Mad Dog was not in the script and was created on the set. Kwok first worked with Woo on his film Once a Thief and was asked to return to work on Hard Boiled. After reading the script, Woo felt that the character of Johnny Wong was not a strong enough physical threat. After seeing Kwok do several of the stunts while filming, Woo created the character of Mad Dog for him.

The scenes in the hospital maternity ward and the warehouse were shot at a new studio called "The Coca-Cola Factory" which was formerly a Coke bottling plant. The hospital scenes took 40 days to shoot. The hospital segment's location was chosen since they wanted to have an atypical location where gangs would hide their weapons. While filming in the hospital, the windows were covered with blast shields to give the appearance of night time, which allowed the crew to film at any time during the day. Members of the cast and crew stayed in the hospital for days often losing track of the time of day. After long hours of filming in the hospital, the crew became exhausted. This led to having the last scene be one long five-minute scene of action to shorten the time needed to film. To complete this, during the scene when two characters go into an elevator to talk for twenty seconds, the crew changes the scene entirely and sets up the explosions for the scene to continue seamlessly. An accident occurred while filming the hospital sequence. Real glass was used and pieces of it flew toward Tony Leung and got into his eyes. Leung was sent to the hospital and returned to the set after a week's rest. Woo changed the ending of Hard Boiled after many members of the crew of the film felt that Leung's character should survive at the film's end.

Post-production
Woo is a fan of jazz music and wanted this style for the soundtrack of Hard Boiled. Woo had also previously wanted a singer to perform a jazz song and have Chow Yun-fat's character play saxophone in his previous film The Killer. The producer for The Killer, Tsui Hark, rejected this idea for The Killer, feeling that Hong Kong audiences did not enjoy and understand jazz music. The score heard in Hard Boiled was created by jazz musician Michael Gibbs. During promotional screenings, the score for the film was different and was described as "very haunting music". This score could not be used as the production crew could not get the rights to the music. Other songs featured in the film, include "Hello" by Lionel Richie and the traditional song "Mona Lisa". Woo chose these songs specifically for their lyrics to suggest that Tony was a sort of pen pal to Teresa. All the characters in Hard Boiled had their voices dubbed by their own actors to save money. Woo stated this was convenient as he did not have to worry about setting up boom mics and other sound elements.

Release

Theatrical run
Hard Boiled was released on 16 April 1992 in Hong Kong. The film grossed HK$19,711,048 which was not as strong of a box office reception as Woo's A Better Tomorrow but was slightly better than the domestic gross of The Killer. On the film's initial release in Hong Kong it debuted at number 3 in the box office where it was beaten by Tsui Hark's Once Upon a Time in China 2 and the Stephen Chow film Fight Back to School II.

The North American premiere of Hard Boiled was in September 1992 at the Toronto International Film Festival. At the premiere, the audience response was very positive with people stomping their feet and yelling at the screen. This reception surprised producer Terence Chang who did not expect such a positive reaction. It had a limited US release in June 1993, grossing US$71,858. In France, it was released the same month and sold 85,104 tickets. Hard Boiled received a wide release in the United Kingdom on 8 October 1993.

Home media
A laserdisc edition of Hard Boiled was released by The Criterion Collection in December 1995. A region free DVD of Hard Boiled was released by The Criterion Collection on 10 July 1998. A second Region 1 DVD of the film was released by Fox Lorber. Fox Lorber released the film as a stand-alone release and as a double feature with The Killer on 3 October 2000. Originally, when Miramax bought the rights to Hard Boiled, The Killer, and Bullet to the Head, they intended to release it in a cut version on video. Woo prevented this release as he prefers his personal film edits to be the final versions of his films. The most recent Region 1 release of Hard Boiled was from Dragon Dynasty, who released a two disc DVD of the film on 24 July 2007.

Reception

Initial reception to Hard Boiled was positive. Vincent Canby of The New York Times found it difficult to follow both the action scenes and the subtitles at the same time, but stated that "Mr. Woo does, in fact, seem to be a very brisk, talented director with a gift for the flashy effect and the bizarre confrontation." A review in the Los Angeles Times stated that "With Hard Boiled, John Woo shows himself to be the best director of contemporary action films anywhere."
The Philadelphia Inquirer spoke positively about the action scenes, noting the "epic shootouts that bookend Hard-Boiled, John Woo's blood-soaked Hong Kong gangster extravaganza, are wondrously staged, brilliantly photographed tableaux." The Boston Herald proclaimed the film as "arguably Woo's masterpiece, it is an action film to end all action films, an experience so deliriously cinematic it makes True Romance, a film that clearly aspires to it, look like a cheap copy"<ref>{{cite journal
| author      = Verniere, James
| date        = 10 September 1993
| title       = Movie Review 'Hard Boiled' a hard-core action film Hard Boiled
| journal     = Boston Herald
| pages       = s.10
| url         = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/68137407.html?dids=68137407:68137407&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+10,+1993&author=James+Verniere&pub=Boston+Herald&desc=Movie+Review+`Hard+Boiled'+a+hard-core+action+film+``Hard+Boiled&pqatl=google
| access-date  = 6 August 2010
}}</ref> A review in Newsday gave the film three and a half stars, stating that "Mayhem has never looked better than in John Woo's latest high-caliber cops-and-robbers thriller, even if the plot is a bit slippery" and that John Woo "has blasted the action genre onto a whole new level. His shootouts are a ballet; his firebombings are poetry. And while he lets the body count get away from him, he constantly fascinates, through a combination of chaos and an excruciating control over what we're allowed to see."

After the film's initial release, critical reception continues to be positive; the review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 92%, with an average rating of 7.8 out of 10, based on 71 reviews. The website's "Critic's Consensus" for the film reads, "Boasting impactful action as well as surprising emotional resonance, Hard Boiled is a powerful thriller that hits hard in more ways than one." Film scholar Andy Klein wrote that the film is "almost a distillation of [Woo's] post-1986 work. Even if the plot is full of holes, and the emotional tug isn't quite as strong as in The Killer, the action sequences (nearly the whole movie) are among the greatest ever filmed".Heard, 1999. p.103 Mark Salisbury of Empire Magazine gave the film four stars out of five, calling it "Infinitely more exciting than a dozen Die Hards, action cinema doesn't come any better than this." Salisbury compared Hard Boiled to Woo's American films, stating that his Hong Kong films are "not as slick as his later films, [Hard Boiled is] more inventive and stylised and [has] great early performances from Fat and Leung". Empire placed the film at number 70 in their list of "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010. Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine gave the film the highest rating of four stars, proclaiming it to be one of Woo's best films. The British film magazine Empire ranked the character of Tequila as 33rd in their "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters" poll.

Accolades
At the 12th Hong Kong Film Awards, David Wu and John Woo won the award for "Best Film Editing". Tony Leung was nominated for "Best Supporting Male Actor", but he refused the nomination on the grounds that he had a leading role in the film. His protest was supported by John Woo and Chow Yun-fat. This later led the Hong Kong Film Awards to change its nomination rules to allow for multiple leading roles from the same film.

 Video game

In 2007, Midway Games released the game Stranglehold. The game's story and storyboards were made in collaboration with John Woo. The game features the character Tequila from Hard Boiled'', who is travelling the globe in search of his kidnapped daughter. In 2009 John Woo's production company Lion Rock Entertainment was reported to be developing a film version of the game, to be written by Jeremy Passmore and Andre Fabrizio.

See also
 Chow Yun-fat filmography
 Hong Kong action cinema
 Hong Kong films of 1992
 List of action films of the 1990s

References

Bibliography

External links

Hard Boiled an essay by Barbara Scharres at the Criterion Collection

1992 films
1992 action thriller films
1990s police procedural films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by John Woo
Films set in Hong Kong
Films set in hospitals
Hong Kong films about revenge
Hong Kong action thriller films
Hong Kong New Wave films
Police detective films
Triad films
1990s Hong Kong films
Hong Kong gangster films
Films about arms trafficking
Hong Kong police films
Hong Kong crime action films

Hard Boiled


Esentepe, Samsun ilinin Asarcık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1926 yılı kayıtlarında Çakallı olarak geçmektedir. Esentepe; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 83 km, Asarcık ilçe merkezine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Asarcık'ın mahalleleri

Esentepe, Asarcık


Run-length limited (RLL) je skup načina kodiranja binarnog niza znamenaka (bitova) drugim nizom, sa svrhom izbjegavanja situacija gdje postoje dugi nizovi uzastopnih istovjetnih bitova, koji bi u nekim fizičkim prikazima doveli do gubitka sinkronizacije između izvora signala i primatelja. RLL tipično pretpostavlja da će se fizička reprezentacija bitova raditi NRZI načinom, pa da je stoga potrebno ograničiti samo ponavljanja znamenke 0. RLL je općeniti naziv za skup kodiranja, a konkretno kodiranje je zadano s 4 parametra:
 prva dva parametra određuju omjer broja ulaznih i broja izlaznih bitova nastalih kodiranjem,
 treći (obično označen s d) označava najkraći broj uzastopnih znamenaka 0 koje se pojavljuju u kodiranom izlazu,
 četvrti (obično označen s k)  označava najdulji broj uzastopnih znamenaka 0 koje se pojavljuju u kodiranom izlazu.

Neka kodiranja poznata pod zasebnim imenom zapravo također spadaju u Run-length-limited skup kodiranja. Tako npr. kodiranje osam-na-četrnaest je zapravo RLL s parametrima (8/14, d=2, k=10).

Vanjske poveznice
'Runlength-Limited Sequences', Proceedings IEEE, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 1745-1759, Nov. 1990., Kees A. Schouhamer Immink

Kodiranje

Run-length limited


Cvintetul Păstrăvul (în ) este numele sub care e larg cunoscut Cvintetul cu pian în la major, D. 667, de Franz Schubert. Lucrarea a fost compusă în anul 1819, la vârsta de 22 de ani a autorului; cu toate acestea, nu a fost publicată, până în 1829, la un an după moartea sa.

Spre deosebire de componența obișnuită a cvintetului: pian și cvartet de coarde, piesa lui Schubert este scrisă pentru pian, vioară, violă, violoncel și contrabas. Compozitorul Johann Nepomuk Hummel și-a rearanjat propriul Septet pentru aceeași instrumentație, iar Păstrăvul a fost de fapt scris pentru un grup de muzicieni adunați pentru a cânta lucrările lui Hummel.

Piesa este cunoscută ca "Păstrăvul" deoarece a patra mișcare este un șir de variațiuni pe liedul său timpuriu, Die Forelle ("Păstrăvul"). Cvintetul a fost scris pentru Sylvester Paumgartner, din Steyr, Austria Superioară, un bogat patron al muzicii și violoncelist amator, care, de asemenea, a sugerat ca Schubert să includă variațiunile pe lied. Variațiuni pe melodii din liedurile sale se găsesc în alte patru lucrări ale lui Schubert: Cvartetul "Fata și Moartea" (Der Tod und das Mädchen), variațiunile "Flori uscate" (Trockne Blumen), pentru flaut și pian (D. 802), "Fantezia călătorului" (Wanderer-Fantasie, D. 760) și Fantezia în Do major, pentru vioară și pian (D. 934, Sei mir gegrüßt).

Creșterea figurii de sextolete din acompaniamentul liedului este folosită ca motiv de unificare pe parcursul Cvintetului, iar figurile aferente apar în patru din cele cinci mișcări - toate, cu excepția Scherzoului. La fel ca și în cântec, figura este în general introdusă de pian, ascendent.

Structura

Cvintetul este format din cinci mișcări:
 Allegro vivace, în formă de sonată.
 Andante, în fa major (submedianta coborâtă a tonalității principale a lucrării, La major)
 Scherzo: Presto
 Andantino – Allegretto, în Re major (subdominanta tonalității principale a lucrării)
 Allegro giusto

Allegro vivace
Așa cum este obișnuit în lucrările clasice, expoziția trece de la tonică la dominantă; cu toate acestea, limbajul armonic al lui Schubert este inovativ, introducând mai multe mediante și submediante. Acest fapt este evident aproape de la începutul piesei: după păstrarea tonicii timp de zece măsuri, armonia trece brusc în fa major (submedianta coborâtă), în a unsprezecea măsură. Dezvoltarea secțiunii începe cu o trecere bruscă similară, de la mi major (la sfârșitul expoziției), la do major. Mișcarea armonică este lentă la început, dar devine mai rapidă; înainte de revenirea primei teme, armonia modulează în semitonuri ascendente. Repriza începe pe subdominantă, făcând ca alte schimbări modulatorii, în tranziția către a doua temă, să fie inutile - un fenomen frecvent întâlnit în mișcările timpurii cu formă de sonată, scrise de Schubert. Aceasta se diferențiază de expoziție doar prin omiterea primelor măsuri și a altei secțiuni scurte, înainte de tema finală.

Andante
Această parte este formată din două secțiuni simetrice, a doua fiind o versiune transpusă a primeia, cu excepția unor mici diferențe de modulație, care permit încheierea mișcării în aceeași tonalitate în care a început. Planul tonal (cu câteva tonalități intermediare de importanță structurală mai scăzută, omise aici) este următorul: fa major – fa diez minor – re major – sol major – sol minor – sol major; la bemol major – la minor – fa major – fa minor – fa major.

Scherzo: Presto
Această mișcare conține, de asemenea, tonalități mediante, precum finalul primei secțiuni a Scherzoului propriu-zis, în do major - medianta coborâtă sau relativa majoră a omonime minore (la minor).

Andantino – Allegretto
Mișcarea în re major este o temă cu variațiuni a liedului lui Schubert, Die Forelle. Caracteristic altor părți cu variațiuni de Schubert (în contrast cu stilul lui Beethoven), variațiunile nu transformă tema originală într-un material tematic nou; ci mai degrabă se concentrează pe decorarea melodică și schimbările de dispoziție. În fiecare dintre primele câteva variații, tema principală este cântată de un instrument sau un grup diferit. În a cincea variațiune, Schubert începe în submedianta coborâtă (si bemol major) și creează o serie de modulații, ajungând eventual la tonalitatea principală a mișcării, la începutul variațiunii a șasea (finală). Un proces asemănător se găsește în trei dintre compozițiile de mai târziu ale lui Schubert: Octetul în fa major, D. 803 (a patra mișcare); Sonata pentru pian, în la minor, D. 845 (a doua mișcare); și Impromptu în Si bemol major, D. 935 Nr. 3. Ultima variație este asemănătoare cu liedul original, având același acompaniament caracteristic la pian.

Allegro giusto
Finalul este împărțit în două secțiuni simetrice, la fel ca a doua mișcare. Cu toate acestea, se diferențiază prin absența cromatismului neobișnuit și fiind, în a doua secțiune, o transpoziție exactă a celei dintâi (cu excepția unor schimbări de registre de octave). Un semn de repetare este scris pentru prima secțiune: dacă se urmează partitura meticulos, mișcarea constă în trei repetări lungi, aproape identice ale aceluiași material muzical. Interpreții aleg sa omită uneori repetarea primei secțiuni. Deși mișcarea aceasta nu are cromatismele celei de a doua mișcări, planul său armonic este de asemenea inovativ: prima secțiune sfârșindu-se pe re major, subdominanta. Acest lucru este în contradicție cu estetica stilului muzicii clasice, în care primul eveniment major armonic dintr-o piesă este trecerea de la tonică la dominantă (sau, mai rar, la mediantă sau submediantă, dar niciodată la subdominantă).

Importanța muzicală
În comparație cu alte lucrări camerale de mare importanță ale lui Schubert, precum ultimele trei Cvartete de coarde și Cvintetul de coarde, Păstrăvul este o lucrare de destindere, caracterizată de o coerență structurală mai scăzută, în special în părțile sale externe și în Andante. Aceste mișcări conțin repetiții neobișnuit de lungi ale materialului prezentat anterior, uneori transpuse, cu puțin sau nici măcar o refacere a structurii, urmărind să producă un plan dramatic unificat. (,,mecanic", citându-l pe Martin Chusid).

Importanța piesei provine în mare parte din utilizarea stilului său armonic inovativ, original, bogat în mediante și cromatisme, cât și din caracteristicile sale timbrale. Păstrăvul are o sonoritate unică printre alte lucrări camerale pentru pian și coarde, în mare parte datorită partidei pentru pian, care se concentrează în secțiuni substanțiale ale piesei pe cel mai înalt registru al instrumentului, cu amândouă mâinile cântând aceeași linie melodică la distanță de octavă (devenind liberă să facă aceasta prin includerea atât a violoncelului, cât și a basului în ansamblu). O astfel de scriitură se găsește și în alte lucrări camerale de Schubert, precum triourile de pian, dar într-o măsură mai mică, și este caracteristică lucrărilor lui Schubert pentru pian la patru mâini, unul dintre cele mai personale genuri muzicale ale sale. O asemenea scriitură a influențat, probabil, lucrările compozitorilor romantici, precum Frédéric Chopin, care a admirat muzica lui Schubert pentru pian la patru mâini.

Cvintetul stă la baza filmului lui Christopher Nupen din1969 film Păstrăvul, în care Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman, Jacqueline du Pré, Daniel Barenboim și Zubin Mehta îl interpretează la Queen Elizabeth Hall din Londra.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Înregistrarea completă cvintetul de The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center din Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format

Compoziții clasice publicate postum
Compoziții pentru contrabas
Compoziții din 1819
Compoziții pentru pian

Cvintetul Păstrăvul


Željezna peć ili peć s malom akumulacijom topline je peć s plaštem od lijevanog željeza ili čeličnog lima koja je s unutarnje strane obložena šamotom kako bi se zaštitila od prekomjernog zagrijavanja. Regulacija emisije topline u željeznim pećima postiže se reguliranjem dovoda zraka u ložište, čime se pospješuje ili usporava izgaranje goriva. Željezne su peći prikladne kako za kratkotrajni tako i za trajni pogon.  Željezne se peći stalno usavršavaju. Nova nastojanja teže za što višim iskorištenjem topline dimnih plinova, i to različitim načinom njihovog vođenja.

Peći s malom akumulacijom topline
Željezne peći posjeduju, suprotno keramičkim pećima s velikom akumulacijskom sposobnošću (kaljeva peć), razmjerno tanke zidove, te su stoga pri istim učinima lakše i manje, a često i prenosive. Najčešće se grade za toplinski učin od 10 000 do 25 000 kJ/h. S obzirom na izvedbu i način izgaranja razlikuju se željezne peći s gornjim i donjim izgaranjem.

Peći s gornjim izgaranjem
Peći s gornjim izgaranjem iskorištavaju unutrašnji, šamotom obloženi prostor istodobno kao spremnik (bunker) za gorivo i kao prostor za izgaranje. Gorivo izgara na roštilju, a nastali dimni plinovi prolaze kroz cijeli sloj goriva. Za regulaciju toplinskog učina služi podesivi zasun s otvorima za dovod zraka za izgaranje. Često se željezne peći izvode s vanjskim zaštitnim plaštem da se spriječe visoke površinske temperature. Time se smanjuje odavanje topline zračenjem. Koks i antracit najpovoljnija su goriva za ove peći, no mogu se ložiti i briketima smeđeg ugljena. Prostor za gorivo i izgaranje mora biti dovoljno velik da može primiti ugljen za 10 do 14 sati grijanja. Prosječno je opterećenje ogrjevne površine 15 000 kJ/h∙m2, a stupanj iskoristivosti oko 65%.

Peći s donjim izgaranjem
Peći s donjim izgaranjem imaju odvojeni prostor za gorivo, koji seže nešto iznad roštilja. Izgaranje je na roštilju, a plinovi izgaranja vode se kroz posebni kanal omeđen s jedne strane stijenkama spremnika za gorivo, a s druge strane obloženim vanjskim plaštem. Kao gorivo mogu se upotrijebiti sve vrste ugljena. Prosječno opterećenje ogrjevne površine jest 12 000 kJ/h∙m2, a stupanj iskoristivosti do 70%.

Izvori

Kućanski aparati

Željezna peć


المصدر عند النحاة يطلق على المفعول المطلق ويسمّى حدثا وحدثانا وفعلا، وعلى اسم الحدث الجاري على الفعل أي اسم يدل على الحدث مطابقة كالضرب أو تضمنا كالجلسة والجلسة. وعيعسالمراد بالحدث المعنى القائم بغيره سواء صدر عنه كالضرب أو لم يصدر كالطول كما في الرّضي. والمصدر الفارسي قيل هو ما يكون في آخره الدال والنون أو التاء والنون؛ كذا في كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون.

تقسيم

المصدر القياسي والمصدر السماعي
في علم الصرف، في اللغة العربية، المصدر السماعي خلاف المصدر القياسي.

الحدث الجاري وغير الجاري
قال صاحب الكشاف المراد بالحدث الجاري على الفعل ما له فعل مشتق منه ويذكر هو بعد ذلك الفعل تأكيدا له أو بيانا لنوعه أو عدده، مثل جلست جلوسا وجلسة وجلسة، وبغير الجاري على الفعل ما ليس له فعل مشتق منه مذكور أو غير مذكور يجري هو عليه تأكيدا له أو بيانا له نحو أنواعا في قولك ضربت أنواعا من الضرب، لأنّ الأنواع ليس لها فعل تجري عليه، فقيد بالجاري ليخرج عنه غير الجاري إذ لا مدخل له فيما نحن فيه. فمثل ويلا له وويحا له لا يكون مصدرا لعدم اشتقاق الفعل منه وإن كان مفعولا مطلقا. ومثل العالمية والقادرية لا يكون مصدرا ولا مفعولا مطلقا، وكذا أسماء المصادر كالوضوء والغسل بالضم لعدم جريانها على الفعل أيضا. وقيل المراد بالجاري على الفعل ما يكون جاريا عليه حقيقة أو فرضا فلا تخرج المصادر التي لا فعل لها. وفيه أنّه حينئذ يشكل الفرق بينها وبين أسماء المصادر.

المصدر والحاصل بالمصدر
تستعمل صيغ المصادر إما في أصل النسبة ويسمى مصدرا وإما في الهيئة الحاصلة للمتعلق معنوية كانت أو حسية كهيئة المتحركية الحاصلة من الحركة ويسمى الحاصل بالمصدر وتلك الهيئة إما للفاعل فقط في اللازم كالمتحركية والقائمية من الحركة والقيام أو للفاعل والمفعول وذلك في المتعدي كالعالمية والمعلومية من العلم وباعتباره يتسامح أهل العربية في قولهم المصدر المتعدي قد يكون مصدرا للمعلوم وقد يكون مصدرا للمجهول يعنون بهما الهيئتين هما معنيا الحاصل بالمصدر وإلا لكان كل مصدر متعد مشتركا ولا قائل به بل استعمال المصدر في المعنى الحاصل بالمصدر استعمال الشيء في لازم معناه كذا قال الشلبي في حاشية المطول في بحث الفصاحة في بيان التعقيد.

صياغة مصادر الأفعال

مصدر الفعل الثلاثي
نعلم ان للماضي الثلاثي ثلاثة أوزان؛ هي: فعَل (بفتح العين) ويكون متعديا كضرب زيدٌ خالدا ولازما كقعد الرجل؛ وفعِل (بكسر العين) ويكون متعديا أيضا كفهم التلميذ الدرس ولازما كرضي المؤمن بقضاء الله؛ وفعُل (بضم العين) ولا يكون إلا لازما كعذُب الماء
 وهي على النحو التالي:

 أ) الأفعال الثلاثية الدالة على حرفة غالبا يدويا أو ولاية يكون مصدرها على وزن (فعالة) مثل: زرع: زِراعة، تجر: تِجارة، سفر: سِفارة، ولي: وِلاية
 ب) الأفعال الدالة على تقلب واضطراب يكون مصدرها على وزن (فَعَلان) مثل: غلى: غَلَياناً، طاف: طَوَفاناً، خفق: خفقانا
 ج) الأفعال الدالة على مرض يكون مصدرها على وزن (فُعال) مثل: سعل: سُعال، زُكِم: زُكام، صدع: صُداع
 د)الأفعال الدالة على صوت يكون مصدرها على وزن (فَعيل) أو (فُعال) مثل: صهل: صهيل، عوى: عواء، زأر الأسد: زئيراً، صرخ: صُراخا
 ه) الأفعال الدالة على لون يكون مصدرها على وزن (فُعْلة) مثل: حَمِرَ: حُمْرَة، خَضِر: خضْرة
 و)الأفعال الدلة على عيب يكون مصدرها على وزن (فَعَل) مثل: عَمِيَ: عَمَىً، عرج: عرجاً، عور: عوراً
 ز) الأفعال الدالة على امتناع يكون مصدرها على وزن (فِعال) مثل: أبى: إباءً، نفَر: نِفاراً، جَمَحَ: جِماحاً
 وما سوى هذه القواعد فان مصادر الأفعال الثلاثية تكون على الشكل التالي:

 الأفعال الثلاثية المتعدية (فَعَل) المفتوح العين، (فَعِل) المكسور العين؛ يكون مصدرها على وزن (فَعْل) مثل: أخَذ: أخْذ، حمِدَ: حَمْداً، أكل: أكلاً، باع: بيعاَ
 الأفعال الثلاثية اللازمة المكسورة العين (فَعِلَ) يكون مصدرها على وزن (فَعَل) مثل: تعِب: تعباً، أسف: أسفاً
 الأفعال الثلاثية اللازمة المفتوحة العين (فَعَل) وهي صحيحة (أي عين الفعل) يكون مصدرها على وزن (فُعُول) مثل: قعد: قعوداً، دخل: دخولاً غدا: غدوّاً، نما: نمُوّاً فإن كان الفعل معتل العين فالاغلب ان يكون مصدره على وزن (فَعْل) أو (فِعال) مثل: صام: صوْم أو صيام، قام: قِياماَ، نام: نوْماً
 الأفعال الثلاثية اللازمة المضمومة العين (فعُل)يكون مصدرها على وزن (فَعَالة) أو (فُعُولة) مثل: ظَرُف: ظرَافة، شجُع: شجاعة، فصح: فصاحة، سهٌل: سهولة، عذب: عذوبة
 إن ما سبق ذكره هو القياس الثابت في مصدر الفعل الثلاثي، وما جاء مخالفا لذلك فليس بقياسي، بل يُقتصر فيه على السماع ؛ وعلى ذلك فان الرجوع إلى المعاجم اللغوية ضروري لمعرفة مصدر الثلاثي؛ ومما ورد مخالفا للقياس: سخِط: سُخْطاً، ذهب: ذهاباً، شكر: شُكراً

مصدر الفعل غير الثلاثي

مصادر الأفعال غير الثلاثية قياسية كلها؛ أي ان لها أبنية محددة، وأوزاناً معروفة نقيس عليها .
وإليك اوزان هذه المصادر :

 مصدر الرباعي المجرد (فَعْلَل) قياسه على وزن (فَعْلَلَة) مثل : طمأنَ : طَمْأَنة، دحرج : دحرجة، بعثر : بعثرة

 فإذا كان الرباعي المجرد مضعّفاً ؛ أي فاؤه ولامه الأولى من جنس، وعينه ولامه الثانية من جنس ؛ فإن مصدره يكون على وزن (فَعْلَلَة) أو (فِعْلال) مثل: زلزل : زلزلة وزلزالاً، وسوس : وسوسة ووسواساَ
 مصدر الثلاثي المزيد بالهمزة (أفْعَل). إذا كان صحيح العين فوزن مصدره هو (إفعال) مثل: أخرج : إخراجاً، أعطى : إعطاءً، أوجد : إيجاداً، أمضى : إمضاءً

 اما إذا كان الفعل معتلاً فان وزن مصدره هو (إفالة) مثل : أقام : إقامة، أناب : إنابة . (أصل إقامة : إِقْوام بحذف عين الكلمة (حرف العلة) وتعويض هذا الحذف بتاء في اخر المصدر )
 مصدر الثلاثي المزيد بتضعيف العين (فعّل):

 إذا كان صحيح اللام فمصدره على وزن (تَفْعيل) مثل: قدّس : تقديساً، كبّر : تكبيراً، قال تعالى «وكلم الله موسى تكليماً».
 إذا كان معتل اللام يكون مصدره على وزن (تَفْعِلة) مثل: ربّى : تَرْبية، زكّى : تزكية، نمّى : تنمية
 إذا كان الفعل مهموز اللام فالاغلب ان يكون مصدره على (تَفْعيل) و (تَفْعِلَة) مثل: خطّأ : تَخْطيئا وتخْطِئَة هيّأ : تهييئاً وتهيئة
 هناك بعض افعال صحيحة اللام وجائت مصادرها على الوزنين (تفعيلا) و (تفعلة) نحو : جَرّبَ: تجريباً وتجربة، ذكّرَ: تذكيرا وتذكرة
 مصدر الثلاثي المزيد بالألف (فاعَل): يكون مصدره القياسي على وزن (فِعال) أو (مُفاعلة) مثل: ناقَشَ : نِقاش ومناقَشَة، حاجّ : حِجاجاً ومحاجّة، آخى : إخاءً ومؤاخاة

مصدر الفعل الخماسي

 إذا كان الفعل الخماسي على وزن (تَفَعْلَلَ) أو (تَفَعّلَ) أو (تَفاعَلَ)؛ أي المبدوء بتاء زائدة، فان مصدره يكون على وزن الفعل مع ضم الحرف قبل الاخير؛ أي:(تَفَعْلُلْ), (تَفَعُّل), (تفاعُل)مثل: تَدَحْرَجَ : تدَحْرُجاً، تكرّم : تكرّماً. فإن كانت لام الفعل معتلة (ياء)؛ فان المصدر يكون على وزن الفعل أيضا مع كسر الحرف قبل الاخير ليناسب الياء نحو : توانَى : توانِياً، تمنّى : تمنيّاً، تعالى : تعالياً
 إذا كان الفعل على وزن (انْفَعَلَ) فمصدره على وزن (انفعال) مثل : انْكَسَر : انْكِسار، انطلق : انطلاقاً
 إذا كان الفعل على وزن (افتعل) فمصدره على وزن (افتعال) مثل: اصْطَفي: اصْطِفاء، ارتوى : ارتواء
 إذا كان الفعل على وزن (افْعَلَّ) فمصدره على وزن (الإعلال) مثل : احْمَرّ : احْمِرار، اخضرّ : اخضرار
 إذا نظرنا إلى الأفعال الخيرة (2,3,4 ارقام)؛ أي المبدوءة بهمزة وصل، فاننا نلاحظ ان مصادرها جاءت على وزن الفعل مع كسر الحرف الثالث، وزيادة الف قبل الحرف الاخير.

مصدر الفعل السداسي

الأفعال السداسية المبدوءة بهمزة وصل يكون المصدر منها على وزن الفعل مع كسر الحرف الثالث، وزيادة ألف قبل الحرف الاخير نحو :

 استَفعل : استِفعال مثل: استخرج : استخراج، استعدّ : استِعداداً
 افْعَوْعَل: افْعِوْعال مثل : اعْشوشب : اعْشيْشاباً
 فات كان (استفعل) معتل العين فان مصدره يكون على وزن (استِفالة) نحو :
 استعاذ : استِعاذة، استقام : استقامة . (حذفت عينه وعوّض عنها تاء التانيث)

أنواع المصادر

المصدر الصريح

المصدر الصريح هو اسم يدل على حدث غير مقيد بزمن وهو يتكون من لفظ واحد وهو أصل المشتقات، مثال: خروج، كتابة، انتظار.

المصدر المؤول

المصدر المؤول هو تركيب يتكون من حرف مصدري يليه جملة اسمية أو فعلية. والحروف المصدرية التي تتصدّر تركيب المصدر المؤول هي: أنْ، أنَّ، لو، كي، ما (المصدرية الزّمانية)، همزة التسوية، مثل (لو نجحت).

المصدر الميمي

هو مصدر يدل على ما يدل عليه المصدر العادي، غير أنه يبدأ بميم زائدة، ويُصاغ على النحو التالي:
 من الفعل الثلاثي على وزن مفعل، مثل: شرب مشربا ـ ضرب مضربا ـ وقى موقى ـ يئس ميأسا.
فإذا كان الفعل مثالا صحيح اللام وفاؤه تحذف في المضارع، فإن مصدره الميمي يكون على وزن مفعل، مثل: وعد موعدا ـ وضع موضعا ـ وقع موقعا. على أن هناك أفعالا كان ينبغي أن يكون مصدرها الميمي على وزن (مفعل)، وردَت شاذة على وزن (مفعل)، مثل: رجع مرجعا ـ بات مبيتا ـ صار مصيرا ـ غفر مغفرة ـ عرف معرفة.
 من غير الثلاثي على وزن الفعل المضارع، مع إبدال حرف المضارعة ميما مضمومة وفتح ما قبل الآخر مثل: أخرج مخرجا ـ سبّق مسبّقا ـ أقام مقاما ـ استغفر مستغفرا.

المصدر الصناعي

هو مصدر يصاغ من الأسماء بطريقة قياسية ، للدلالة على الاتصاف بالخصائص الموجودة في هذه الأسماء. وهو يصاغ بزيادة ياء مشددة على الاسم تليها تاء مثل: قوم وقومية ـ عالم وعالمية ـ واقع وواقعية.

المصدر المرة

ويسمى أحيانا اسم المرة، وهو مصدر يصاغ للدلالة على أن الفعل حدث مرة واحدة. ويصاغ على النحو التالي:
 من الفعل الثلاثي على وزن (فَعلَة) مثل: جلس جلسة ـ وقف وقفة ـ قال قولة ـ هزّ هزة. فإذا كان المصدر العادي يأتي على وزن (فَعلَة) فإن مصدر المرة يكون بالوصف بكلمة (واحدة) مثل: دعا دعوة واحدة ـ رحم رحمة واحدة ـ نشد نشدة واحدة ـ هفا هفوة واحدة ـ صاح صيحة واحدة.
 من غير الثلاثي يصاغ على نفس المصدر العادي بزيادة تاء، مثل: سبّح تسبيحة ـ انطلق انطلاقة ـ استخرج استخراجة. فإن كان المصدر العادي مختوما بالتاء ، فإن مصدر المرة يصاغ بالوصف بكلمة (واحدة)، مثل: استشار استشارة واحدة ـ أقام إقامة واحدة.

مصدر الهيئة

ويسمى أحيانا اسم الهيئة، وهو مصدر يدل على هيئة حدوث الفعل. وهو لا يصاغ إلا من الفعل الثلاثي، على وزن (فعلة)، مثل : جلس جلسة ـ وقف وقفة ـ مشى مشية. وقد وردت في كتب اللغة بعض مصادر للهيئة من أفعال غير ثلاثية؛ مثل : تعمّم عمّة، واختمرت المرأة خمرة. ومعنى ذلك أنها سماعية لا يقاس عليها.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا

 اسم فعل
 اسم مصدر
 مصدر ميمي
 مصدر صناعي
 عينية

أسماء حسب النوع
أفعال
أنواع الأفعال
اللغة العربية
كيانات نحوية
لسانيات

مصدر (نحو)


Iñaki Antigüedad Auzmendi (Bilbao, 21 de junio de 1955) es un político, geólogo y catedrático de universidad español.

Biografía
Nacido en Bilbao el 21 de junio de 1955, es doctor en Geología y catedrático en Hidrogeología en la Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología de la Universidad del País Vasco. Se presentó a las elecciones a rector de dicha universidad de 2004, perdiéndolas frente a Juan Ignacio Pérez Iglesias. También es autor de varios libros sobre geología y contertulio en debates televisivos y emisoras de radio.

Entre 1990 y 2001 fue diputado en el Parlamento Vasco por Herri Batasuna (HB) primero y por Euskal Herritarrok (EH) después; asimismo fue apoderado de las Juntas Generales de Vizcaya por Herri Batasuna entre 1995 y 1997.
Participa en la plataforma AHT Gelditu, contraria a la construcción de la línea de alta velocidad «Y vasca». Fue uno de los cuatro significados miembros de dicha coordinadora que a título personal firmaron en diciembre de 2008 el documento Manifestamos rabia y condena contra el asesinato de ETA del constructor guipuzcoano Ignacio Uría.

En las elecciones generales de 2011 se presentó por la coalición abertzale Amaiur, encabezando la lista por Vizcaya y resultando elegido diputado en el Congreso. Antigüedad fue el diputado de Amaiur que participó en el debate de investidura de Mariano Rajoy.

Varios meses después de ser elegido, la comisión del Estatuto del Diputado del Congreso consideró que el cargo de diputado de Antigüedad era incompatible con su puesto de catedrático universitario. Aunque Amaiur denunció que este es un criterio que no se ha aplicado a electos de otros grupos políticos, Antigüedad se vio obligado a elegir entre mantener su puesto de diputado o su trabajo universitario, optando finalmente por el segundo. Finalmente, fue sustituido como diputado por Onintza Enbeita el 16 de mayo de 2012.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en las Juntas Generales de Vizcaya
 Ficha en el Parlamento Vasco
 Ficha en el Congreso de los Diputados
 Un veterano para una marca recién creada, por Sergio León.

Diputados de la X Legislatura de España
Diputados de la IV Legislatura del Parlamento Vasco
Diputados de la V Legislatura del Parlamento Vasco
Diputados de la VI Legislatura del Parlamento Vasco
Políticos de Amaiur
Políticos de España del siglo XXI
Políticos de Herri Batasuna
Catedráticos de la Universidad del País Vasco
Diputados por Vizcaya
Nacidos en Bilbao

Iñaki Antigüedad


Synbranchus  es un género de peces anguiliformes de la familia Synbranchidae.

El género fue descrito por el ictiólogo Marcus Elieser Bloch en 1975, actualmente el género tiene 3 especies:

 Synbranchus marmoratus ( Bloch, 1795): Anguila criolla, Anguila de lodo (México), Anguila de pantano, Atinga y Maporro.

 Synbranchus lampreia (Favorito, Zanata & Assumpção, 2005): Anguila de lodo, Anguila de pantano y Atinga.

 Synbranchus madeirae (Rosen &  Rumney 1972) : Atinga en Perú.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Synbranchus


An Leptochloa barbata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nicaise Auguste Desvaux, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Elisa G. Nicora. An Leptochloa barbata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leptochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leptochloa

Leptochloa barbata


Homilija je (grč. ὁμıλία: općenje, druženje) je u kršćanskoj Crkvi tumačenje događaja na vjerski način. Ovo tumačenje Božje riječi spada u jedne od prvih prvih svećenikovih dužnosti. Poželjno je da traje najviše osam minuta, koliko slušatelj je prosječno koncentriran. Te savjete sa sastanke Biskupske sinode glavni tajnik sinode msgr. Nikola Eterović objavio je u knjizi Riječ Božja. Svećenik mora imati smisao za stvoriti sintezu poznavanjem Biblije i praćenjem medija da bi se moglo govoriti o aktualnim događajima, i ne improvizirati.

Korijeni homilije je judaistička praksa tumačenja Tore. U starokršćanskim vremenima homilija je bila pobudno izlaganje vjerskih istina na jednostavan način radi kateheze odnosno širenja kršćanskog nauka. Homilija je poslije oblikom propovijedi. Njome se komentiralo i tumačilo biblijske tekstove koji se pročitalo u liturgijama. Homilija je u kršćanskoj liturgiji obvezna od 4. stoljeća.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Bitno.net Članci pod oznakom: homilija

Teologija
Kršćanska terminologija

Homilija


49 oder Neunundvierzig steht für:
 die natürliche Zahl 49
 49, das Jahr 49 nach Christus
 BBÖ 49, österreichische Lokomotive; siehe SB alt 23
 Lotus 49, britischer Formel-1-Rennwagen
 Tatra 49, tschechoslowakischer Lieferkarren

Siehe auch:
 Bugatti Type 49
 Peugeot Typ 49
 San Francisco 49ers

49 (Begriffsklärung)