USS Gar (SS-206) was the first of the Gar subclass of the Tambor-class submarines to be commissioned for the United States Navy just prior to the country's 7 December 1941 entry into World War II. These submarines were a slightly improved version of preceding submarines of the Tambor class. While Gar survived the war, all of her sister ships — , ', , , and  — were lost. She is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the gar, a fish of the family Lepisosteidae.

Construction and commissioning
Gar′s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 7 November 1940, sponsored by Mrs. Leila P. Pettengill, wife of Rear Admiral George T. Pettengill, and commissioned at New London, Connecticut, on 14 April 1941.

Depth charge tests and other operations, April 1941–January 1942
Gar conducted Shakedown (testing)shakedown training along the New England seaboard from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and New London, Connecticut.

During 1941, Gar, along with the submarines  and , was used as a target in the study of the effectiveness of depth charges. She submerged to periscope depth and was subjected to explosions of  of TNT set at various distances from her. The data these tests generated influenced the design of shockproofing in later submarines.

Gar departed New London on 24 November and transited the Panama Canal on 3 December 1941 en route to San Diego, California, where she arrived on 10 December 1941, three days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into World War II. She prepared for combat in the Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Mare Island, California, then departed San Francisco, California, on 15 January 1942 bound for Pearl Harbor,Hawaii.

First war patrol
Gar'''s maiden patrol, from 2 February to 28 March 1942, was conducted around Nagoya and the Kii Channel entrance to the Inland Sea of Japan. She torpedoed and sank the Japanese 1,520-gross register ton cargo ship Chichiubu Maru on 13 March 1942.

Second, third, and fourth war patrols
During her second war patrol, from 19 April to 8 June, she fired on a freighter off Kwajalein atoll, which her commanding officer believed was hit, but the ship did not sink. West of Truk Lagoon, she fired on a supposed Q-ship, which was not one in fact. Gar terminated her patrol at Fremantle, Australia. No sinkings were confirmed by JANAC postwar.

Her third war patrol, from 3 July to 21 August, took her to the South China Sea and the Gulf of Siam, where her only contact was a hospital ship. Her fourth war patrol, from 17 September to 7 November, took her to the northernmost waters in the Gulf of Siam, where on 19 October she laid 32 mines in the entrances to Bangkok. This was one of the strategic plants covering important Japanese shipping lanes previously patrolled by American submarines. Both patrols produced few contacts, thanks to timid patrolling, and no sinkings. Gar executive officer and third officer both requested transfers on her return, while her commanding officer received a "blistering" endorsement from his squadron commander and was relieved.

Fifth, sixth, and seventh war patrolsGars fifth, sixth and seventh war patrols were conducted largely in approaches to Manila, Philippine Islands, via Borneo. During her fifth, from 28 November to 19 January 1943, she drove freighter Heinan Maru onto the beach with six torpedo hits and scored hits on a seaplane tender. (Gar was credited with one ship of 600 tons by JANAC postwar.) Her sixth, from 9 February to 2 April, brought numerous contacts with targets which could not be closed to firing range because of vigilant enemy aircraft and antisubmarine patrol ships. During her seventh war patrol, from 23 April to 27 May 1943 off Manila, she sank five small craft with gunfire; torpedoed and sank the 703-ton Japanese freighter/converted gunboat  south of the Negros Islands on 9 May, then six days later attacked a convoy west of Mindoro, sinking the 3197-ton passenger-cargo ship Moikai Maru and the 4361-ton Indus Maru.

Captain Philip D. Quirk served on numerous ships and submarines in World War II and was also the commanding officer on  following the outbreak of the Korean War. Quirk was awarded six Bronze Star Medals. As commanding officer of , his first award was for assisting in the rescue of RM1/c George R. Tweed from the Japanese-held island of Guam. Tweed had been marooned there since the Japanese invasion, and later wrote a book about his adventures titled Robinson Crusoe, USN. Quirk then commanded , before transferring to the Submarine Service and assuming command of USS Gar. He was awarded his fifth Bronze Star Medal in 1946 for Gars fifth patrol. Quirk was awarded the Silver Star for the seventh patrol, which sank three Japanese ships totaling 8000 tons.

Quirk complained loudly about the Navy's faulty torpedoes, and was assigned to shore duty in July 1943. This scandal was soon proven all too true and corrected. Quirk was restored to grace, but transferred back to destroyer commands.

Eighth and ninth war patrols
Her eighth war patrol, from 18 June to 23 July, was spent patrolling the Flores Sea, where she torpedoed a 500-ton motorship which ran itself aground, the crew escaping into the jungle. (Gar was not given credit for it by JANAC.) En route from Fremantle to Pearl Harbor on her ninth war patrol, from 8 August to 13 September, Gar scouted off Timor and scored hits on a freighter in Makassar Strait. She then went in for overhaul and modernization in the Mare Island Navy Yard.Gar returned to Pearl Harbor 30 November 1943, now in the hands of George W. Lautrup, Jr. (class of 1934), to resume combat duty in the Pacific, based out of Fremantle. Her ninth patrol saw her credited with one ship of 4,000 tons (reduced to 1,000 tons in the postwar accounting).

Tenth through thirteenth war patrols
Her tenth war patrol, out of Fremantle from 16 December 1943 to 9 February 1944, was conducted off Palau, where on 20 January she sank the 5325-ton cargo ship Koyu Maru; damaged two ships of another convoy on 22 January; then attacked a third convoy the following day and sank the 3670-ton Taian Maru. She then returned to Pearl Harbor.

Her 11th war patrol, from 3 March to 21 April, found her performing lifeguard duty for aviators making the first carrier-based air strikes on Palau. She saved eight aviators, one less than two miles (3 km) off the beach and within range of enemy gun emplacements.

Her 12th patrol, from 20 May to 5 July, was spent in the Bonin Islands area, where she made gunfire attacks on a convoy of Japanese sea trucks, leaving a small freighter raging in flames and dead in the water.

Her 13th patrol (now commanded by Maurice Ferrara, the first officer of the United States Naval Academy Class of 1937 to be given a submarine command), lasted from 14 August to 9 October and was largely taken up with lifeguard duty off Yap, supporting the combined fleet-shore operations that captured the Palau Islands. She also performed reconnaissance duty off Surigao Strait. She bombarded installations on Yap from 6 to 8 September and ended her patrol at Brisbane, Australia.

Fourteenth and fifteenth war patrols
On her 14th war patrol, from 3 to 30 November, Gar landed 16 men and 25 tons of supplies at San Esteban, Ilocos Sur, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on 23 November and picked up intelligence documents. On 27 November 1944, an Allied PBY Catalina mistook her for a Japanese submarine and attacked her in the Celebes Sea  southeast of the Sibutu Passage at . Gar crash-dived to a depth of  and heard three bombs explode, none of them close. She terminated her patrol in the lagoon at Mios Woendi in the Schouten Islands.

On her 15th and final war patrol, from 4 to 27 December, she landed 35 tons of supplies on the west coast of Luzon, near Darigayos Inlet on 11 December, returning to Pearl Harbor with urgent intelligence documents including maps locating enemy gun emplacements, beach defenses, troop concentrations, and fuel and ammunition dumps on Luzon. Some of those supplies and personnel made their way to Donald Blackburn's guerrilla force.

End of World War II and fate
After overhaul in the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, Gar put to sea 2 April 1945 to serve the remainder of the war as a target trainer for antisubmarine ships at Saipan and Guam, Marianas Islands. She departed Apra Harbor, Guam, on 7 August 1945, proceeding via Hawaii, San Francisco, California, and the Panama Canal to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, where she arrived 20 October.

She decommissioned there 11 December 1945 and remained in reserve until September 1948, when she began an overhaul in the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard which lasted until through October. She was then transferred as a United States Naval Reserve training submarine for the 4th Naval District at Cleveland, Ohio, arriving there via the Mississippi River and the Chicago Canal on 28 November 1948. She continued her reserve training until her name was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 29 May 1959. She was sold for scrapping 18 November 1959 to Acme Scrap Iron and Metal Company.

Honors and awardsGar'' received 11 battle stars for service in World War II.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Hinman, Charles R., and Douglas E. Campbell. The Submarine Has No Friends: Friendly Fire Incidents Involving U.S. Submarines During World War II. Syneca Research Group, Inc., 2019. .

Tambor-class submarines
World War II submarines of the United States
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
1940 ships
Maritime incidents in November 1944
Friendly fire incidents of World War II

USS Gar


Bre-X was a group of companies in Canada. Bre-X Minerals Ltd., a major part of Bre-X based in Calgary, was involved in a major gold mining scandal when it reported it was sitting on an enormous gold deposit at , East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bre-X bought the Busang site in March 1993 and in October 1995 announced significant amounts of gold had been discovered, sending its stock price soaring. Originally a penny stock, its stock price reached a peak at CAD$286.50 (split adjusted) in May 1996 on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE), with a total capitalization of over CAD $6 billion. Bre-X Minerals collapsed in 1997 after the gold samples were found to be fraudulent.

Busang's gold resource was estimated by Bre-X's independent consulting company, Kilborn Engineering (a division of SNC-Lavalin of Montreal), to be approximately . Reports of resource estimates of up to  were never made by Bre-X though the property was described as having this potential by , Bre-X's vice-president for Exploration, in an interview with Richard Behar of Fortune magazine.

Bre-X's gold resource at Busang was a massive fraud.  Encouraging gold values were intersected in many drill-holes and the project received a positive technical assessment by Kilborn. Crushed core samples that had been subjected to mineralogical examination by Bre-X's consultants turned out to have been falsified by salting with gold. In fact in an old report, found in Bre-X files, a mineralogist had reported that some gold particles in Busang samples had the darker yellow skin compared to the interior and some had delicate morphologies composed of electrum. The yellow rims result from selective leaching of silver from the surface of gold particle during river transport or during supergene (in-situ) processes. Electrum is inconsistent with an alluvial origin. The mineralogy gave no indication that it was alluvial gold and was consistent with the assumed origin of the samples. None of the mineralogists who studied the gold grains gave any indication that the gold was not consistent with a hard rock origin. The salting of crushed core samples with gold constitutes the most elaborate fraud in the history of mining. In 1997, Bre-X collapsed and its shares became worthless in one of the biggest stock scandals in Canadian history, and the biggest mining scandal of all time.

History

David Walsh founded Bre-X Minerals Ltd. in 1989 as a subsidiary of Bresea Resources Ltd. The company did not make a significant profit before 1993, when Walsh followed the advice of geologist John Felderhof and bought a property in the middle of a jungle near the Busang River in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The first estimate of the site by its project manager (Filipino geologist Michael de Guzman) was approximately 2 million troy ounces.

The estimate of the site's worth increased over time; in 1995 it was 30 million ounces (850 metric tons); in 1996, 60 million (1,700 metric tons); finally, in 1997, 70 million ounces. The stock was originally listed on the Alberta Stock Exchange in 1989, and subsequently in 1996 on the Toronto Stock Exchange and NASDAQ.  The stock price of Bre-X rose to CA$280 per share by 1997 (split adjusted) and at its peak it had a market capitalization equal to US$4.4 billion, equivalent to US$ billion in .

Some other mineral companies, including Placer Dome, organized failed takeovers, but the Indonesian government of President Suharto also got involved. Stating that a small company like Bre-X could not exploit the site by itself, the Indonesians initially suggested that Bre-X share the site with the large Canadian mining firm Barrick Gold, in association with Suharto's daughter Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana.  Bre-X hired Suharto's son Sigit Hardjojudanto to handle their side of the affair. Bob Hasan, another Suharto acquaintance, negotiated a deal whereby Bre-X would have a 45% share, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold would run the mine, and Hasan would get a cut as well. Bre-X would have the land rights for 30 years. The deal was announced February 17, 1997 and Freeport-McMoRan began their initial due diligence evaluation of the site.

Fraud exposed
The fraud began to unravel rapidly on March 19, 1997, when Filipino Bre-X geologist Michael de Guzman reportedly committed suicide by jumping from a helicopter in Indonesia.
A body was found four days later in the jungle, missing the hands and feet, "surgically removed". In addition, the body was reportedly mostly eaten by animals. (According to journalist John McBeth, a body had gone missing from the morgue of the town from which the helicopter flew. The remains of "de Guzman" were found only 400 metres from a logging road. No one saw the body except another Filipino geologist who claimed it was de Guzman. And one of the five women who considered themselves his wife was receiving monetary payments from somebody long after the supposed death of de Guzman.)

A week later, on March 26, 1997, the American firm Freeport-McMoRan, a prospective partner in developing Busang, announced that its own due-diligence core samples, led by Australian geologist Colin Jones, showed "insignificant amounts of gold". A frenzied sell-off of shares ensued and Suharto postponed signing the mining deal. Bre-X demanded more reviews and commissioned a review of the test drilling. Results were not favorable to them, and on April 1, 1997, Bre-X refused to comment. Canadian gold analyst Egizio Bianchini, of BMO Nesbitt Burns, considered the rumors "preposterous". A third-party independent company, Strathcona Minerals, was brought in to make its own analysis. They published their results on May 4, 1997: the Busang ore samples had been salted with gold dust. The lab's tests showed that gold in one hole had been shaved off gold jewelry though it has never been proved at what stage this gold had been added to those samples. This gold also occurred in quantities that did not support the actual original assays. Trading in Bre-X was soon suspended on the TSE and NASDAQ, and the company filed for bankruptcy protection.

Aftermath
By May, Bre-X faced a number of lawsuits and angry investors who had lost billions. Among the major losers were three Canadian public sector organizations: The Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement Board (loss of $45 million), the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, the Quebec Public Sector Pension fund ($70 million), and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan ($100 million). There was fallout in the Canadian financial sector also; the fraud proved a major embarrassment for Peter Munk, the head of Barrick Gold, as well as for the then-head of the Toronto Stock Exchange (resulting in his ousting by 1999), and began a tumultuous realignment of the Canadian stock exchanges.

Bre-X went bankrupt November 5, 1997 although some of its subsidiaries continued until 2003.

Walsh moved to the Bahamas in 1998, still professing his innocence. Two masked gunmen broke into his home in Nassau, tying him up, and threatened to shoot him unless he turned over all his money. The incident ended peacefully but three weeks later, on June 4, 1998, Walsh died of a brain aneurysm.

In 1999 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) announced it was ending its investigation without laying criminal charges against anyone. Critics charged that the RCMP was underfunded and understaffed to handle complex criminal fraud cases, and also charged that Canadian laws in this area were inadequate. However, despite the dropping of criminal charges, civil class action suits against Bre-X directors, advising financial firms and Kilborn continued.

In May 1999, the Ontario Securities Commission charged Felderhof with insider trading. No other member of Bre-X's board of directors, or others associated with the Busang project, were charged by the OSC. The OSC admitted that there is no evidence that Felderhof was either involved in the fraud or was aware of the fraud. The trial was suspended in April 2001 when the OSC tried to have presiding judge Justice Peter Hryn removed for alleged bias against the prosecution. This was denied by an independent judge, and on December 10, 2003, the appeal was also denied by a panel of judges.

The trial resumed in 2005. Felderhof attended, without testifying, a number of the Court hearings as the six-year case made its way through the system. The basis of the OSC action as well as the civil class-action suits is the alleged existence of numerous and obvious "red flags", as detailed by Strathcona Minerals, which should have been recognized.

Begun in 2001, the trial of John Felderhof was concluded on Tuesday, July 31, 2007, with a not-guilty verdict of illegal insider trading. Days after the verdict, the OSC also decided not to appeal the decision, a landmark victory for Felderhof and his lawyer, Toronto-based Joseph Groia. A class-action lawsuit was discontinued by court order in early 2014; $3.5 million (CAN) damages were donated to charity and the University of Ottawa since funds were deemed too low to be meaningfully distributed amongst the large number of plaintiffs.

Felderhof passed away on October 28, 2019, in Manila, Philippines, at the age of 79.

The Bre-X mining fraud convinced Canadians to regulate professional geology in Canada.  The Securities regulation National Instrument 43-101 was created in the wake of the Bre-X fraud to protect investors from unsubstantiated mineral project disclosures.

Books and articles
 The Bre-X Fraud by Douglas Goold and Andrew Willis, McClelland and Stewart (1997)
 Fool's Gold: The Making of a Global Market Fraud by Brian Hutchinson (pub. by Alfred A. Knopf, 1998)
 Bre-X: sebungkah emas di kaki pelangi by Bondan Winarno.  (1997)
 Bre-X: Gold Today, Gone Tomorrow by James Whyte and Vivian Danielson
 Indonesian Gold by Kerry B. Collison — a fictionalised account
 New Perspectives on Busang by Phillip Hellman, Parts 1 & 2, The Northern Miner, May 2002
 Friction by Anna Tsing (2005, Princeton University Press)
 Fever: The Dark Mystery of the Bre-X Gold Rush by Jennifer Wells
 Bre-X, The Inside Story by Diane Francis (pub by Key Porter Books, 1997)
 Reporter. Forty Years Covering Asia by John McBeth, Talisman Publishing, Singapore, 2011.

Film
The film Gold'', a dramatization derived from the Bre-X story, was released world-wide on January 27, 2017. For legal reasons, and to enhance the appeal of the film to American audiences, the film's producers denied that the film was in any way connected to the Canadian Bre-X story.

Notes and references

External links
 Official website post scandal & Film Use

 CBC Digital Archives - Stranger than Fiction: The Bre-X Gold Scandal
 Ontario Securities Commission News Release February 9, 2006
 Reprint of Jungle Fever, Richard Behar's on-the-ground reportage of the Bre-X scandal, first published in Fortune Magazine
 September 17, 2007: Bre-X geologist says mine might contain gold

Defunct mining companies of Canada
Fraud in Canada
Gold rushes
Corporate scandals
OMERS companies
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 2003
1997 in economics
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1989
Canadian companies disestablished in 2003
1989 establishments in Alberta
2003 disestablishments in Alberta
Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada

Bre-X


Börek este o variantă turcească a unui sufleu sau ștrudel din aluat-Yufka cu umplutură picantă din carne tocată, brânză de oaie, spanac sau alte legume si pătrunjel. În Balcani sunt variante de börek foarte populare sub diferite nume, cu alte tipuri de aluat sau moduri de preparare. În funcție de umplutură, este o specialitate culinară obișnuită sau festivă și este oferită și ca gustare rece.

Variante în diferite țări din Balcani
În Balcani, börek este cunoscut sub numeroase denumiri, în mare parte similare și în multe variante:
 Albania: Byrek sau Pite (adesea umplute cu cuburi de cartofi, carne tocată, spanac sau urdă uscată și sărată)
 Macedonia de Nord: бурек
 Bosnia și Herțegovina:  Burek
 fosta Iugoslavia: Burek sau Pita
 statele succesoare ale Uniunii Sovietice: șuberec (Чебурек)

Variantă în România
În România börek este cunoscut sub denumirea de burec sau trigon. Este o plăcintă în trei colțuri compusă din foi subțiri și umplută cu nuci ori cu migdale pisate ori și cu carne tocată.

Note

Legături externe

Borek
Borek

Börek


Austrobaileya, monotipski biljni rod koji čini samostalnu porodicu Austrobaileyaceae, a svoje ime dao je i redu Austrobaileyales. Jedina vrsta A. scandens raste kao endem u vlažnim tropskim šumama sjeveroistočnog Queenslanda u Australiji, na visinama od 350 – 1100 m.

Austrobaileya je drvenasta lijana ili loza za koju se kaže da je najstarija biljka Australije. Cvjetovi su veliki i emitira neugodan miris koji privlači kukce. Sjemenkama se hrane domaći štakori i sisavac-tobolčar iz reda Diprotodontia, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Austrobaileyales
Biljne porodice

Austrobaileya


Fausto es una película rusa de 2011 dirigida por Alexander Sokurov. Ambientada en el , es una interpretación libre de la leyenda de Fausto y de sus respectivas adaptaciones literarias, tanto de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (Fausto (Goethe)), como de Thomas Mann. El diálogo es en alemán. La película fu premiada con el León de Oro en el Festival Internacional de Cine de Venecia de 2011. En los Premios del Gremio Ruso de Críticos de Cine de 2012, la película ganó los premios Mejor película, Mejor director, Mejor guión y Mejor actor masculino de reparto. Recibió también una valoración positiva de los críticos.

Es una nueva versión de la clásica historia alemana, en la que un sabio y honrado personaje pretende salvar a su pueblo de la peste, y al no lograrlo el diablo (Mefisto) le ofrece un trato, argumento con el que se desarrolla la película.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Avance (en alemán)

Películas ambientadas en Alemania
Películas de Alemania
Películas de 2011
Películas basadas en obras de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Películas basadas en obras de Thomas Mann

Fausto (película de 2011)


Trampa mortal es una obra de teatro de Ira Levin, estrenada en 1978 y estrenada en España en 1981.

Argumento
La obra nos presenta la historia de un afamado novelista de novelas policíacas, pero, que sin embargo, se encuentra en el momento más bajo de su creatividad y popularidad. Todo cambia cuando un exalumno suyo de la facultad le envía el manuscrito de su primera obra de teatro. Al comprobar la grandiosidad del texto, el veterano escritor intentará por todos los medios apropiarse del mismo, para lo cual comenzará a idear un plan para asesinarlo.

Estreno
 Teatro Marquina , Madrid, 4 de diciembre de 1981.
 Dirección: Ángel Fernández Montesinos.
 Adaptación: Andrés Kramer.
 Intérpretes: Paco Valladares, María Silva, Trini Alonso
 Teatro Olympia, Valencia, 20 de octubre de 1999.
 Dirección: Ángel Fernández Montesinos.
 Escenografía: Wolfgang Burmann.
 Intérpretes: Paco Valladares, Marisol Ayuso, María Kosty sustituida por Esther Gala, Arsenio León, Emiliano Redondo.
 Teatro Rosalía, La Coruña, 31 de julio de 2010.
 Dirección: Ángel Fernández Montesinos.
 Producción: Txalo Producciones.
 Intérpretes: Paco Valladares, María Garralón, Alejandro Navamuel, Marisa Segovia, Rafael Esteban.

Referencias

Obras de teatro de Estados Unidos
Obras de teatro en inglés
Obras de teatro del siglo XX
Obras de teatro de 1978

Trampa mortal


An Pennilabium lampongense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Pennilabium lampongense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennilabium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pennilabium

Pennilabium lampongense


Barbara Mehrhof (1942.) američka je spisateljica Njujorških radikalnih žena, Redstokings i Feministkinja. Po profesiji je učiteljica. Učestvovala je u akciji Progovori o abortusu, 1969. godine. Godine 1976., zajedno s Florence Rush, socijalnom radnicom i feministicom koja je bila pionirka istraživanja o seksualnom nasilju nad djecom, objavljenog pod naslovom Seksualno zlostavljanje djece: feminističko stajalište. Organizirala je Krug potpore za Jane Alpert, koja je kao američka radikalna ljevičarka bila osuđena zbog podmetanja bombi u više državnih zgrada. Kasnije je postala jedna od četiri koordinatorice grupe Žene protiv pornografije, koje su demonstrirale oko Time Square-a u New York-u.

Izvori

Američke feministice

Barbara Mehrhof


En théorie des graphes, le théorème de Robbins, nommé d'après Herbert Robbins qui l'a formulé en 1939, dit que les graphes qui possèdent une orientation forte sont exactement les graphes connexes sans isthme ou graphes 2-arête-connexes.

Énoncés

Graphes
Le théorème dit qu'il est possible d'orienter les arêtes d'un graphe non orienté  pour le transformer en un graphe fortement connexe si et seulement si  est connexe et n'a pas d'isthme :
 Un graphe non orienté admet une orientation qui le rend fortement connexe si et seulement s'il est connexe sans isthme.

Par orientation d'un graphe non orienté , on entend un graphe orienté  tel que pour chaque arête non orientée , exactement l'une des arêtes orientées  est dans . Une orientation forte est, en théorie des graphes, l'attribution d'un sens à chaque arête d'un graphe non orienté  qui en fait un graphe fortement connexe. Ainsi, le théorème peut s'énoncer aussi :
 Un graphe admet une orientation forte si et seulement s'il est connexe sans isthme.
Enfin, un graphe est 2-arête-connexe s'il faut enlever au moins 2 arêtes pour le déconnecter. Ceci est équivalent à la propriété d'être connexe sans isthme. Le théorème s'énonce donc également :

 Un graphe admet une orientation forte si et seulement s'il est 2-arête connexe.

Dans , les auteurs appellent « orientable » un graphe qui admet une orientation forte. Et leur théorème  4.3.4.dit en effet que
 Un graphe est orientable si et seulement s'il est 2-arête connexe.

Multigraphes
Le théorème peut être généralisé aux multigraphes :

 Un multigraphe admet une orientation forte si et seulement s'il est 2-arête connexe.

Graphes mixtes

Boesch et Tindell ont étendu le théorème de Robbins aux graphes mixtes : ce sont des graphes qui contiennent à la fois des arêtes orientées et non orientées.

Un tel graphe est connexe si, pour chaque paire de nœuds , il existe un chemin allant de  à , qui respecte les arêtes orientées : les arêtes orientées ne peuvent être utilisées que dans la direction donnée. Dans ce cas aussi, on a :

 Un multigraphe mixte possède une orientation forte si et seulement s'il est 2-arête connexe.

Algorithmes et complexité
Une orientation forte d'un graphe connexe non orienté sans isthme donné peut être calculée en temps linéaire en effectuant un parcours en profondeur du graphe ; dans ce parcours, on oriente les arêtes sur l'arbre du parcours depuis la racine de l'arbre ; les arêtes restantes qui doivent nécessairement connecter un ancêtre et un descendant dans l'arbre parcours , elles sont orientées du descendant vers l'ancêtre. Il existe aussi des algorithmes parallèles pour résoudre le problème efficacement et aussi pour trouver des orientations fortes de graphes mixtes.

Motivation

Robbins  illustre le problème de l'orientation forte avec une ville, dont les rues et les intersections sont représentées par un graphe donné . Selon Robbins, les habitants de la ville veulent être en mesure de réparer un segment de route pendant les jours ouvrables de la semaine, tout en permettant d'atteindre toute partie de la ville de toute autre en utilisant les routes restantes comme des rues à double sens. Le week-end, toutes les routes sont ouvertes, mais en raison de l'importance du trafic, ils souhaitent convertir toutes les routes en sens unique et tout en conservant l'accessibilité. Le théorème de Robbins stipule qu'un système de routes est adapté aux réparations en semaine si et seulement s'il est adapté à la conversion en système à sens unique le week-end.

Bibliographie
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Notes et références

Robbins

Théorème de Robbins


Filantusovke (lat. Phyllanthaceae), biljna porodica u redu malpigijolike (Malpighiales) čiji su predstavnici rasprostranjeni po svim kontinentima. Ime je dobila po rodu filantus (Phyllanthus). Postoji preko 2000 vrsta u 58 rodova.

Filantusi su rod vazdazelenih grmova i drveća koji je nekada bio klasificiran u mlječikovke (Euphorbiaceae)

Podjela

 Familia Phyllanthaceae Martinov (2191 spp.)
 Subfamilia Antidesmatoideae Hurus.
 Tribus Bischofieae (Müll. Arg.) Hurus.
 Bischofia Blume (3 spp.)
 Tribus Spondiantheae G. L. Webster
 Spondianthus Engl. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Uapaceae Hutch.
 Genus Uapaca Baill. (49 spp.)
 Tribus Jablonskieae Petra Hoffm.
 Jablonskia G. L. Webster (1 sp.)
 Celianella Jabl. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Scepeae Horan.
 Protomegabaria Hutch. (3 spp.)
 Richeria Vahl (4 spp.)
 Aporosa Blume (93 spp.)
 Maesobotrya Benth. (19 spp.)
 Baccaurea Lour. (61 spp.)
 Distichirhops Haegens (3 spp.)
 Nothobaccaurea Haegens (2 spp.)
 Tribus Antidesmateae Benth.
 Subtribus Antidesmatinae Müll. Arg.
 Antidesma L. (123 spp.)
 Leptonema A. Juss. (2 spp.)
 Thecacoris A. Juss. (20 spp.)
 Subtribus Hymenocardiinae Petra Hoffm.
 Didymocistus Kuhlm. (1 sp.)
 Hymenocardia Wall. ex Lindl. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Hieronyminae Müll. Arg.
 Hieronyma Allemâo (21 spp.)
 Subtribus Martretiinae Petra Hoffm.
 Martretia Beille (1 sp.)
 Apodiscus Hutch. (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Phyllanthoideae Beilschm.
 Tribus Wielandieae Baill. ex Hurus.
 Subtribus Astrocasiinae G. L. Webster
 Heywoodia Sim (1 sp.)
 Chascotheca Urb. (2 spp.)
 Astrocasia B. L. Rob. & Millsp. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Wielandiinae Pax
 Dicoelia Benth. (2 spp.)
 Chorisandrachne Airy Shaw (1 sp.)
 Wielandia Baill. (13 spp.)
 Tribus Poranthereae Müll. Arg. ex Grüning
 Andrachne L. (22 spp.)
 Meineckia Baill. (32 spp.)
 Notoleptopus Voronts. & Petra Hoffm. (1 sp.)
 Poranthera Rudge (17 spp.)
 Pseudophyllanthus (Müll. Arg.) Voronts. & Petra Hoffm. (1 sp.)
 Phyllanthopsis (Scheele) Voronts. & Petra Hoffm. (2 spp.)
 Actephila Blume (34 spp.)
 Leptopus Decne. (18 spp.)
 Tribus Bridelieae Müll. Arg.
 Subtribus Securineginae Müll. Arg.
 Securinega Comm. ex A. Juss. (5 spp.)
 Lachnostylis Turcz. (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Amanoinae Pax
 Amanoa Aubl. (16 spp.)
 Subtribus Keayodendrinae Petra Hoffm.
 Keayodendron Leandri (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Pseudolachnostylidinae Pax
 Pseudolachnostylis Pax (1 sp.)
 Pentabrachion Müll. Arg. (1 sp.)
 Cleistanthus Hook. f. ex Planch. (144 spp.)
 Bridelia Willd. ex Spreng. (47 spp.)
 Subtribus Saviinae Müll. Arg.
 Savia Willd. (2 spp.)
 Gonatogyne Klotzsch ex Müll. Arg. (1 sp.)
 Croizatia Steyerm. (5 spp.)
 Tacarcuna Huft (3 spp.)
 Discocarpus Klotzsch (4 spp.)
 Tribus Phyllantheae Dumort.
 Plagiocladus Jean F. Brunel ex Petra Hoffm. (1 sp.)
 Margaritaria L. f. (13 spp.)
 Lingelsheimia Pax (7 spp.)
 Heterosavia (Urb.) Petra Hoffm. (4 spp.)
 Flueggea Willd. (16 spp.)
 Nellica Raf. (19 spp.)
 Cathetus Lour. (42 spp.)
 Kirganelia A. Juss. (24 spp.)
 Nymphanthus Lour. (87 spp.)
 Lysiandra (F. Muell.) R. W. Bouman, I. Telford & J. J. Bruhl (27 spp.)
 Moeroris Raf. (198 spp.)
 Phyllanthus L. (228 spp.)
 Cicca L. (45 spp.)
 Dendrophyllanthus S. Moore (160 spp.)
 Emblica Gaertn. (45 spp.)
 Glochidion J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (336 spp.)
 Synostemon F. Muell. (39 spp.)
 Breynia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (97 spp.)
 Tribus Phyllanthoideae incertae sedis
 Chonocentrum Pierre ex Pax & K. Hoffm. (1 sp.)
 Ashtonia Airy Shaw (2 spp.)

Sinonimi
 Antidesmataceae Loudon
 Aporosaceae Lindl. ex Planch.
 Bischofiaceae Airy Shaw
 Hymenocardiaceae Airy Shaw
 Porantheraceae Hurus.
 Uapacaceae Airy Shaw

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Filantusovke


İskoçça (Gàidhlig), Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin Kelt dilleri koluna ait dil. Birleşik Krallık'a bağlı İskoçya'nın İngilizce yanında bir resmî dili.

İskoç dili bugün İç ve Dış Hebridler'de, Highlands bölgesinde ve Glasgow şehrinde konuşulmaktadır. Bugün İskoç dilini bilen herkes İngilizce de bilmektedir.

İskoç dili, İrlandaca ve Man dilinin yakın bir akrabasıdır. Bunun sebebi, 4. yüzyıldan itibaren İrlanda'nın kuzeyinden Skotların İskoçya'ya göç etmesi ve orada bundan sonraki yüzyıllarda gittikçe yayılan bir krallığı kurmasıdır.

2001 nüfus sayımına göre 58.652 kişi İskoç dilini konuşmaktadır. Bu, İskoçya'nın nüfusunun yaklaşık %1,5'idir.

Alfabe
İskoç alfabesi 18 harften oluşur.

 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U

Kaynakça

Doğal diller
Kelt dilleri
İskoçya'da kültür
Birleşik Krallık'taki diller
Ölmek üzere olan diller

İskoçça (Kelt dili)


9 février -  - 11 février

Le jeudi 10 février aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 est le neuvième jour de compétition.

Faits marquants

Programme

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Tableau des médailles provisoire

Médailles du jour

Tableau des médailles au 10 février

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Page des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 sur le site du Comité international olympique

10 février


Antonio Moura (Belém do Pará, 1963) é um poeta, letrista e publicitário, além de ter trabalhos como roteirista de cinema e vídeo.

Biografia
Antonio Moura nasceu em Belém e, ao longo da vida, passou por Brasília, São Paulo, e Liboa. O escritor tem trabalhos traduzidos para inglês (editora inglesa Arc Publications, de Londres), catalão (96 Edicións, em Valência), espanjol (Editorial Calligramas, no México), alemão e francês. Ao todo, Antonio tem 13 livros publicados, a maior parte no Brasil. Além disso, ministrou oficinas pela Fundação Cultural do Pará.

Poesia

 1997 - Dez (Super Cores),
 1999 - Hong Kong & Outros Poemas (Ateliê Editorial),
 2004 - Rio Silêncio (Lumme Editor),
 2009 - A sombra da Ausência (Lumme Editor),
 2013 - Silence River (versão em inglês de Rio Silêncio),
 2018 - A outra voz (Editora Patuá),
 2019 - 4 poemas,
 2021 - A guerra invisível.

Traduções

 2004 - Quase-sonhos de Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (do original em francês Presque-songes),
 2007 - Traduzido da noite de Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (do original em francês Traduit de La nuit),
 2006 - Contra o segredo profissional de César Vallejo (do original em espanhol Contra el secreto professional).

Prêmios

 2008 - Prêmio John Dryden, na John Dryden Translation Competition (Londres – Inglaterra), por Rio Silêncio.
 2012 - Bolsa de Pesquisa e Experimentação do Instituto de Artes do Pará (IAP), para "Nau sem porto: A correspondência inescrita entre Rainer Maria Rilke e Paulo Plínio Abreu".

Escritores do Pará
Poetas do Pará

Antônio Moura


Este artigo contém a lista de jogos disputados pelo Club Universitario de Deportes na Copa Sul-Americana.

Legenda

 Cor de fundo verde = Vitória
 Cor de fundo amarela = Empate
 Cor de fundo vermelha = Derrota

Década de 2000

2002

2005

2007

2008

Década de 2010

2011

2015

2016

Década de 2020

2023

Club Universitario de Deportes

Lista de partidas do Club Universitario de Deportes na Copa Sul-Americana


Muzej Nanjinga (kin. 南京博物院, pinyin: Nánjīng Bówùyuàn) je muzej u kineskom gradu Nanjingu, glavnom gradu kineske pokrajine Jiangsu. Površinom od 83.000 m² izložbenog prostora, on je jedan od najvećih muzeja u Kini.

Muzej Nanjinga je jedan od najposjećenijih muzeja u Kini, te je 2018. god. zabilježio 3.670.000 posjetitelja, prema čemu je bio 4. u Kini, a ispred njega su bili samo Kineski nacionalni muzej, Kineski muzej znanosti i tehnologije i Pokrajinski muzej Zhejianga.

Povijest

Muzej Nanjinga je jedan od najstarijih muzeja u Kini. Prethodnik ovog muzeja bio je Nacionalni središnji muzej kojega je osnovalo Ministarstvo obrazovanja nacionalne vlade 1933. god. To je bio prvi moderni sveobuhvatni muzej koji je država izgradila u Kini.
Muzej je zauzeo 12,9 hektara u Vrtu polubrda kod Zhongshanskih gradskih vrata. Cai Yuanpei, prvi pripremni predsjednik vijeća muzeja, predložio je izgradnju tri glavne dvorane, nazvane "Čovječanstvo", "Obrt" i "Priroda". Zbog političke nestabilnosti Kine 1930-ih, izgrađena je samo "Dvorana čovječanstva". Nju je dizajnirao Liang Sicheng 1930-ih, kombinirajući kineski i zapadnjački arhitektonski stil. Prednji dio je zgrada tradicionalnog stila s krovom od zlatnog crijepa (carski simbol). Straga je građevina ravnog krova zapadnog stila.

Tijekom japanske invazije, dio njegove zbirke prebačen je u jugozapadnu Kinu, a na kraju je premješten u Nacionalni muzej palače u Taipeiu kad je Kuomintang izgubio kineski građanski rat. Povjesničar Fu Sinian i antropolog/arheolog Li Ji nekad su bili predsjednici/kustosi, a arheolog i muzeolog Zeng Zhaoyu bila je prva žena predsjednica, a ujedno i osnivačica Muzeja Nanjinga. Od 1999. do 2009. godini muzej je znatno proširen. Zapadno od glavne zgrade, dodana je Umjetnička galerija u stilu kineske arhitekture prve polovice 20. stoljeća.

Kolekcija

Muzej u svojoj stalnoj zbirci ima preko 400.000 predmeta, što ga čini jednim od najvećih u Kini. Posebno je dojmljiva muzejska ogromna zbirka carskog porculana dinastija Ming i Qing, koja je jedna od najvećih na svijetu. Vrhunac kolekcije je oklop u punoj veličini, napravljen od malih pločica žada koje su spojene srebrnom žicom. Kolekcija je izložena u 7 muzejskih zgrada:

Povijesni muzej
Glavna dvorana Muzeja Nanjinga izvorno je muzej humanističkih i prirodnih znanosti i umjetnosti, a sada djeluje kao pokrajinski muzej Jiangsua. Zgrada ima 6 izložbenih dvorana i tijekom cijele godine prikazuje "Izložbu drevne civilizacije Jiangsua", koja je podijeljena u šest dvorana.

Umjetnički muzej

Umjetnički muzej otvoren je u rujnu 1999. godine s izložbenim prostorom površine od 12.600 četvornih metara. Kolekcija Umjetničkog muzeja je podijeljena u 11 posebnih izložbenih dvorana:
 Dvorana zemljanog posuđa
 Dvorana blaga
 Dvorana narodne umjetnosti
 Dvorana brončanih posuda
 Porculanska dvorana dinastija Ming i Qing
 Skulpture Wu Weishana
 Dvorana drevnih slika
 Dvorana moderne umjetnosti
 Jiangnan dvorana proizvoda od svile
 Dvorana žada
 Dvorana laka
 Dvorana za kaligrafiju i slike
 Dvorana za tkanje i vez

Posebna izložbena dvorana

Posebna izložbena dvorana ima 7 izložbenih prostorija i četiri stalne izložbe:
 Izložba tibetanskih kipova Bude iz Nanjinga
 Točnost i ljepota, zbirka satova
 Oprema palače Qing, izložba relikvija dinastije Qing
 Izložba carskog porculana Huacai-Kangyonggan

Pored ovih zgrada, Muzej Nanjinga posjeduje i:
 Muzej Republike Kine smješten pod zemljom, na istočnoj strani umjetničkog muzeja.
 Digitalni paviljon nalazi se pod zemljom između Povijesnog muzeja i Posebne izložbene dvorane.
 Muzej bez nasljeđa prikazuje četiri izložbe: Nematerijalna kulturna baština Jiangsua, Majstorska radionica, Malo kazalište i Stara čajnica.
 Skladište izgrađeno 1992. godine koje, površinom od 3.456 četvornih metara, istovremeno može provoditi pohranu i zaštitu kulturnih relikvija.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Službene stranice muzeja

Muzeji u Kini
Povijesni muzeji
Umjetnički muzeji i galerije
Kineska umjetnost

Muzej Nanjinga


Restart koalicija, koalicija je lijevog centra stvorena pred parlamentarne izbore 2020. u Republici Hrvatskoj. Prethodila joj je Narodna koalicija.

Stranke u koaliciji
Koalicija se sastoji se od devet stranaka ljevice i lijevog centra:

Izbori

Hrvatski parlamentarni izbori

Izvori

Hrvatske stranačke koalicije

Restart koalicija


سليمان بن طوبال ( ولد سنة 1923 في ميلة و توفي 21 أغسطس 2010 في الجزائر العاصمة.) والمعروف أثناء الثورة الجزائرية باسم لخضر سياسي جزائري وأحد الذين شاركوا في تأسيس المخابرات الجزائرية رفقة مؤسسها الأصلي عبد الحفيظ بوصوف.

حياته

انخرط في صفوف حزب الشعب أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. انضم إلى المنظمة الخاصة وأشرف على تنظيم الخلايا العسكرية بالشمال القسنطيني.
بعد اكتشاف أمر المنظمة الخاصة لجأ إلى جبال الأوراس بعيدا عن مطاردات الشرطة الفرنسية وهناك تعرف على قياديين في حركة انتصار الحريات الديمقراطية من أمثال مصطفى بن بولعيد، رابح بيطاط، عمار بن عودة، وغيرهم. كما كان عضوا في مجموعة 22 عند اندلاع الثورة الجزائرية، وأشرف على العمليات الأولى بنواحي جيجل والميلية، كما كان من بين المؤطرين لهجومات 20 أوت 1955 رفقة الشهيد زيغود يوسف، شارك ضمن وفد المنطقة الثانية في مؤتمر الصومام. عين عضوا إضافيا في المجلس الوطني للثورة الجزائرية، خلف زيغود يوسف على رأس الولاية الثانية، التحق بتونس عام 1957، وفي أغسطس 1957 عين عضوا في لجنة التنسيق والتنفيذ. عند تأسيس الحكومة المؤقتة للجمهورية الجزائرية عين وزيراً للداخلية وحافظ على منصبه في التشكيلات الثلاث. شارك أيضاً في المفاوضات مع السلطات الفرنسية في لي روس وفي إيفيان.

وفاته
توفي لخضر بن طوبال الذي كان من مفجري ثورة التحرير، بمستشفى عين النعجة العسكري بالعاصمة الجزائرية، بعد فترة طويلة من المرض وتم دفنه في مربع الشهداء لمقبرة العالية.

مراجع

جزائريون في القرن 21
أشخاص من ميلة
أشخاص من ولاية ميلة
أعضاء جبهة التحرير الوطني الجزائرية
أعضاء جيش التحرير الجزائري
جزائريون من أصل تركي
سياسيون جزائريون
مجموعة 22 التاريخية
مواليد 1341 هـ
مواليد 1923
مواليد في ميلة
وفيات 1431 هـ
وفيات 2010
وفيات في مدينة الجزائر

لخضر بن طوبال


Jelina je naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine Zenice, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH. Nalazi se zapadno od rijeke Bosne, uz cestu R403 i željezničku prugu prema Doboju. U Jelini je željeznička postaja.

Upravna organizacija
Godine 1981. pripojena je naselju Banlozu (Sl.list SRBiH 28/81 i 33/81)

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu 1981. ovdje su živjeli:

 Muslimani - 6
 Hrvati - 1
 Jugoslaveni - 1
 UKUPNO: 8

Izvor

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Jelina


Jiangxi (eða Kiangsi) (kínverska: 江西; rómönskun: Jiāngxī) er landlukt hérað í austurhluta Alþýðulýðveldisins Kína. Það liggur frá bökkum Yangtze-árinnar í norðri inn á hæðarsvæði í suðri og austri. Í kínverskri sögu hefur Jiangxi gegnt lykilhlutverki vegna stöðu sinnar á meginleið herja, viðskipta, viðskipta og fólksflutninga. Höfuðborg og stærsta borg héraðsins er Nanchang. Íbúafjöldi Jiangxi var árið 2010 um 44.6 milljónir.

Landfræðileg afmörkun
Jiangxi er landlukt 164.800 ferkílómetra hérað í austurhluta Kína. Það liggur frá bökkum Jangtse fljóts (eða Bláár) í norðri, inn á hæðótt svæði í suðri og austri. Það er í miðlægri lægð milli vesturhálendis Kína og strandlengjanna í Fujian héraði og er belti sem tengir Guangdong hérað í suðri við héraðið Anhui og hinn skipgenga "Stóra skurðar" í norðri. Á korti líkist lögun héraðsins við öfuga peru.

Héraðið deilir mörkum við héruðin Hubei og Anhui í norðri, Zhejiang og Fujian í austri, Guangdong í suðri og Hunan í vestri.

Syðri helmingur Jiangxi er hæðótt og fjalllendi, með dreifðum bithögum og dölum. Áberandi fjöll eru meðal annars Lu-fjall, Jinggang-fjöll og Sanqing-fjall. Nyrðri helmingur héraðsins er meir láglendari. Fljótið Gan rennur um héraðið.

Saga
Í gegnum langa sögu Kína hefur Jiangxi gegnt lykilhlutverki í þjóðmálum vegna stöðu sinnar á meginleið herja, viðskipta, viðskipta og fólksflutninga mikilla.

Nafnið Jiangxi þýðir bókstaflega "Vestur af Jangtse fljóti", þó að allt héraðið liggi sunnan við það. Þessi sýnilega þversögn stafar af breytingum sem gerðar hafa verið á stjórnsýslu í gegnum sögu Kína. Á tímum Tangveldisins árið 733, var sett upp stjórnsýslusvæði með nafnið Jiangnan Xi ("vesturhluti sunnan Jangtse") Dao með höfuðborgina Hongzhou (nú Nanchang). Núverandi héraðsnafn er samdráttur þess nafns.

Eftir fall  Tjingveldisins upp úr árinu 1912, varð Jiangxi ein fyrsta bækistöð kommúnista og margir bændur gengu í raðir byltingarmanna. Uppreisn kommúnista í Nanchang í Jiangxi árið 1927 voru fyrstu stórátök þjóðernissinnaðrar ríkisstjórnar Lýðveldisins Kína og byltingarstjórnar  kínverska kommúnistaflokksins í borgarastyrjöldinni í Kína. Síðar faldi forysta kommúnista sig í fjöllum í suður- og vesturhluta Jiangxi. Árið 1931 var ríkisstjórn kínverska sovéska lýðveldisins sett á laggirnar í Ruijin, sem stundum er kölluð "Fyrrum rauða höfuðborgin" (eða "Rauða höfuðborgin"). Umkringdur lýðveldisher þjóðernissinna sem var mun öflugri en sveitir kommúnista, voru rauðliðar neyddir til að flýja frá Jiangxi héraði í október 1934. Sá flótti um 80.000 manna yfir hálendi Kína fékk síðar nafnið "Gangan mikla" og átti eftir að marka tímamót í þróun hreyfingar kínverskra kommúnista.

Borgir
Íbúafjöldi Jiangxi héraðs var árið 2010 um 44.6 milljónir.

Í héraðshöfuðborginni Nanchang bjuggu árið 2010 um 5 milljónir manna.

Aðrar stórborgir héraðsins eru Ganzhou borg (8.4 milljónir íbúa), Shangrao (6.6 milljónir), Yichun (5.4 milljónir) og Ji'an borg (4.7 milljónir).

Íbúar
Þrátt fyrir að meirihluti íbúa Jiangxi sé Han-kínverskur er tunga Jiangxi fjölbreytt. Héraðið er talið miðstöð Gan-kínversku; Hakka-kínverska, mjög fjölbreytt Gan, er einnig töluð að einhverju leyti.

Efnahagur
Höfnin í Jiujiang, um 690 kílómetra frá upptökum Jangtse fljóts við Sjanghæ og 220 kílómetra niður fljótið frá Wuhan borg í Hubei héraði, er megin tenging héraðsins við fljótið.

Jiangxi er auðugt af jarðefnaauðlindum og er leiðandi í Kína í forða á kopar, volfram (þungsteini), gulli, silfri, úrani, þórín, tantal og níóbín.

Myndir

Tenglar

 Ensk vefsíða Encyclopaedia Britannica um Jiangxi. Inniheldur ýmsar upplýsingar um héraðið t.d. sögu, landslag, skipulag og markverða staði.
 Kínverskur vefur héraðsstjórnar Jiangxi.  Inniheldur margvíslegar upplýsingar t.d. um sögu, skipulag, fréttir og ferðaþjónustu.

Heimildir

Héruð í Kína

Jiangxi


هالة العوري كاتبة فلسطينية . ولدت بمدينة القدس، وحصلت على درجة الماجستير في الاقتصاد السياسي من الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة.

مؤلفاتها
 الإسلام والجنس.
 عندما تتعانق الجزر.
 اليابان لم تقل لا.
 قراءة في كتاب الكتاب والقرآن.
 فلسطين.
 أهل الكهف.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من القدس
أشخاص من مصر الجديدة
خريجو الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
كاتبات فلسطينيات

هالة العوري


Francisco Rubiales Calvo, más conocido como Paco Malgesto (Ciudad de México, 22 de febrero de 1914–22 de junio de 1978), fue un locutor y animador pionero de la televisión en México. Pertenece a la Época de oro del cine mexicano.

Biografía y carrera

Primeros años
Francisco Rubiales Calvo nació el 22 de febrero de 1914 en el barrio de La Merced, a los nueve años de edad sus padres, Francisco Rubiales y Guadalupe Calvo, lo dejaron huérfano.

Posteriormente, realizó solo sus estudios de primaria, mientras se empleaba como mozo de una tlapalería, lo que hizo que tuviera un corazón generoso.

Sus inicios en el periodismo
Francisco Rubiales obtuvo su primer trabajo en los medios de comunicación a través de la publicación Multitudes, en la que por primera vez utilizó el nombre Paco Malgesto, el cual tomó de un gitano aficionado a los toros.

Como locutor obtuvo su licencia en la Secretaría de Comunicaciones el 19 de julio de 1945, la número 1496, y se afilió a la Asociación Nacional de Locutores de México (ANLM). Destaca como cronista taurino en la radio, muy expresivo, con un conocimiento importante de los lances taurinos, con descripción de las características del toro, así como del traje de luces del torero, haciendo pareja con otro cronista taurino como fue Pepe Alameda, fallecido años después.

Su ingreso en la televisión

Posteriormente incursiona en la televisión a fines de la década de los años cincuenta en los programas de variedades musicales de la época, como el estudio de Pedro Vargas, acompañado por otro gran locutor como era León Michel.
Es considerado el precursor en la televisión de las entrevistas a figuras de la farándula mediante su programa llamado Visitando a las estrellas, en donde acudía el hogar de estos artistas, con cámara y equipo técnico de apoyo, entrevistas que muchas de ellas son recordadas. Entre una de ellas, se encuentra la que realizó en 1966 a Eva Norvind, en la que se habló de sexualidad y generó un reporte de Gobernación, debido a las ideas de modernización bajo el régimen mexicano, y que generó un reproche al presidente de Telesistema Mexicano, Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta, a quien se le intruyó sobre evitar ese tipo de incidentes.

También tuvo el programa llamado Operación convivencia.

Vida personal
Contrajo matrimonio en dos ocasiones. Su primera esposa fue Guillermina Peñaloza, con quien tuvo una hija: la actriz Cristina Rubiales (1950-2023). Su segunda esposa fue la actriz y cantante de música ranchera Flor Silvestre (Guillermina Jiménez Chabolla) (1930-2020), con quien tuvo dos hijos: el traductor Francisco Rubiales y la actriz y cantante Marcela Rubiales (1954). Y sin matrimonio tuvo una hija con Estela de Alba (Blanca Rubiales).

Muerte
Paco Malgesto falleció el 22 de junio de 1978 a los 64 años, en la Ciudad de México. Su cuerpo fue enterrado en el Panteón Francés de la Piedad, ubicado en la misma ciudad.

Trayectoria

Programas de Televisión
 Caras y gestos (1977)
 Adivine mi chamba (1973)
 Visitando las estrellas (1972)
 Operación convivencia (1971)
 Cámara escondida (1964)
 La Hora Celanese
 El estudio de Pedro Vargas (1959)
 La hora de Paco Malgesto
 El club del hogar (1951)

Películas
 Tonta tonta pero no tanto (1972)
 Primera comunión (1969)
 Un yucateco honoris causa (1967)
 ¡Paso a la juventud..! (1958) ….  Anunciador
 Sabrás que te quiero (1958)
 Las mil y una noches (1958)
 El boxeador (1958) …. Paquito
 El campeón ciclista (1957)
 Orquídeas para mi esposa (1954)
 Tercio de quites (1951)
 El amor no es ciego (1950)
 Un corazón en el ruedo (1950)
 Mi reino por un torero (1944)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 "Paco Malgesto" (60's) Datsun México
 Visitando a las estrellas - Paco Malgesto y El Santo" (1974) Televisa
La Crónica de hoy "Remembranza a Paco Malgesto a 28 años de su partida" 07-05-2006
El Mexicano "Recordaron a Paco Malgesto" Organización Editorial Mexicana 23-6-2010

Locutores de radio de México
Comunicólogos
Críticos taurinos
Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Fallecidos en Ciudad de México

Paco Malgesto


Emilio Marcos Palma (født 7. januar 1978) er en argentiner, der er kendt for at være det første mennesker, der er blevet født på kontinentet Antarktis.

Biografi
Palma blev født i Fortín Sargento Cabral på forskningsstationen Esperanza, nær spidsen på den Antarktiske halvø, og vejede 3,4 kg ved fødslen. Hans far, kaptajn Jorge Emilio Palma, var chef for den argentinske hærs udsendinge på basen. Ti personer er siden blev født på Antarktisk, men Palmas fødselssted er fortsat det sydligste.

I slutningen af 1977 blev Silvia Morella de Palma, der på dette tidspunkt var syv måneder henne i sin graviditet, fløjet tilbage til forskningsstationen for at færdiggøre sin graviditet. Flyveturen var en del af Argentinas løsning på deres suverænitets tvist over territoriet i Antarktis. Emilio blev automatisk tildelt argentinsk statsborgerskab af regeringen, siden hans forældre begge var argentinske statsborgere, og han blev født i Argentinsk Antarktis. Denne sektor af Antarktisk kræver Argentina suverænnitet over, som en del af landets nationale territorium, selvom dette ikke er internationalt anerkendt, og overlapper med både britisk og chilensk Antarktis.

Han er listet i ''Guinness Rekordbog som værende den første person i historien, der er blevet født på kontinentet.

Andre fødsler på Antarktis
Hans stedbror, A Bauer, blev også født på Antarktis 12 år senere, da hans forældre var på en 2-årige forskningsmission.

Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen fra Norge, der blev født på øen South Georgia den 8. oktober 1913 var den første person, der blev født og opvoksede det antarktiske område (inden for Den antarktiske konvergens). Den første person der blev født i den Antarktiske region var australieren James Kerguelen Robinson, der blev født på Kerguelen den 11. martrs 1859.

Se også
 Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen
 James Kerguelen Robinson

Referencer

Personer fra Argentina
Antarktis

Emilio Palma


An Festuca valentina in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni St.-yves, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Markgr.-dann.. An Festuca valentina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca valentina


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Die Bahnstrecke Rogäsen–Karow war eine eingleisige Nebenbahn in den heutigen Bundesländern Brandenburg und Sachsen-Anhalt. Die kurze Stichstrecke war nicht einmal 40 Jahre in Betrieb.

Geschichte

Der Gutsbesitzer des westlich der 1901 durch die Kleinbahn-AG Ziesar–Großwusterwitz eröffneten Bahnstrecke Wusterwitz–Ziesar gelegenen Ortes Karow, Hermann Ludwig von Wartensleben, forderte den Anschluss seines Dorfes an die Eisenbahn und konnte sich damit durchsetzen, obwohl hier nur ein geringes Verkehrsaufkommen zu erwarten war. Am 4. Februar 1912 ging die Strecke in Betrieb, die in Rogäsen an die bestehende Bahn anschloss. In den ersten Betriebsjahren verkehrten täglich drei Zugpaare zwischen Karow und Rogäsen, die in Rogäsen Anschluss in Richtung Wusterwitz hatten. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg verkehrte üblicherweise nur noch ein einziges Zugpaar am Tag, meist durchgehend bis Wusterwitz.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die Strecke von der Deutschen Reichsbahn übernommen.
Am 3. Oktober 1951 wurde der Verkehr auf der Strecke eingestellt und die Strecke zur Materialgewinnung abgebaut. Begründet wurde dies mit dem Bau des Berliner Außenrings. Andere Quellen sagen aus, dass das Material beim Wiederaufbau der Bahnstrecke Forst–Guben verwendet wurde. Im Winterkursbuch 1951/52 war die Strecken noch mit einem Zugpaar täglich außer sonntags enthalten.

Streckenverlauf

Die Strecke begann im Bahnhof Rogäsen (in den letzten Betriebsjahren der Strecke Rogäsen (b Magdeburg) genannt), der westlich des Ortes etwa in der Mitte zwischen Rogäsen und Zitz lag. Während die Strecke nach Ziesar von dort weiter nach Süden verlief, hielt sich die Strecke nach Karow in westlicher Richtung, zunächst südlich neben der Chaussee nach Zitz. Der Ort Zitz wurde im Süden umfahren. Von dort verlief die Strecke zunächst weiter westlich am Nordrand des Fiener Bruch, dann in Richtung Nordwesten nach Karow. Der Bahnhof (nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Karow (Kr Genthin)) lag am südöstlichen Rand des Dorfes. Hier gab es ein Umsetzgleis, ein Ladegleis mit Speicher und ein 1933 abgerissener Lokschuppen. Die Zwischenstation Zitz besaß ein Ladegleis und zwei Wellblechbuden für die Abfertigung von Personen und Gütern.

Die Trasse ist auf der gesamten Länge im Gelände erkennbar, teilweise verläuft ein Weg auf ihr. Das Bahnhofsgebäude von Karow ist erhalten und dient als Wohnhaus, das von Rögäsen wurde für den Bau von Erweiterungsbauten einer am Bahnhof ansässigen Waffelfabrik abgerissen.

Weblinks

  auf privater Website zur Genthiner Kleinbahn
 Ziesarer Kleinbahn auf bahnstrecken.de

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke in Brandenburg
Bahnstrecke in Sachsen-Anhalt

Bahnstrecke Rogäsen–Karow


Libra ya da Terazi takımyıldızı (sembolü: ), zodyak kuşağı takımyıldızlarından biridir.

Takımyıldız ile ilgili tarihsel kayıtlarda, ilk kez MÖ 43'te Terazi Burcu'nda görülen kuyruklu yıldız, Roma'da Sezar'ın öldürülüşünün habercisi olarak kabul edilmiştir. 575 yıl periyotlu bu kuyruklu yıldızın, MS 531, 1106 ve 1680 yılı ziyaretlerine ait de güvenilir kayıtlar vardır. Bu ziyaretlerde aynı kuyruklu yıldızın verdiği "haberlerin" olumsuz niteliği konusunda gök bilimcilerden önemli "iddialar" nedense gelmemiştir.

Bu takımyıldız, Batı ve İslam kaynakları yanında Hint ve Çin kaynaklarında da "Terazi" anlamında isimlendirilmiştir. Mesela, Hintçe kutsal metinlerde Tuala, Çin'de ise, Tieu Ching (göksel terazi) adları bu burç için kullanılmıştır. Yahudiler de burca Moznayim (kollu-terazi) adını vermişlerdir.

Dikkat çeken özellikler

 α Librae, Zuben El-Cenubi ("güney kolu"), a görsel ikili;
 β Librae, Zuben El-Şimali  ("kuzey kolu");
 γ Librae, Zuben El-Akreb ("akrep'in kolu");
 σ Librae, Brachium, örten değişen yıldız.

Gözlem bilgisi
Akrep'in hemen batısında, sağda, yer alır. Grup çok dağınık ve bulanıktır; çevreniz aydınlıksa takımyıldızı görmekte çok zorlanabilirsiniz. Burçtaki en parlak yıldız, Terazi'nin kuzey kolundaki Zuben El-Şimali (Kuzey Kolu) olup 2. kadirdendir. Terazi'nin güney kolunda ise bir çift yıldız olan 3. kadirden Zuben El-Cenubi yer alır. Güneş bu burca 23 Eylül civarında, yani gündüz ve gecenin birbirine eşit olduğu tarihte girer.

Mitoloji
Libra, denge anlamına gelmektedir. Zodyak (Burçlar) kuşağı 4000 yıl önce başlangıç aşamasındayken, Güneş sonbahar dönencesindeyken (21 Eylül) bu takımyıldızındaydı. Bu dönencede gün ve gece süresi birbirine eşittir. Eşitliğin bir sembolü olan bu takımyıldız, pek çok ortadoğu kültüründe adaletin sembolü olmuştur. Baş tanrı Zeus ile adalet tanrıçası Themis'in kızı olan Astrea (Dike) hak ve adaleti simgeler. Astrea, insanların sözlerinde, hareketlerinde doğruluktan ayrılmamalarını sağlamaya çalışır. Bu tanrıçanın sadece öğüt vermekle yetindiği ve harekete geçirmekten aciz olduğu söylenir. Fazilet ve adalet ilham eden Astrea, insanların mutlu yaşadığı dönemlerde onların arasında yaşardı. Ahlaksızlık ve kötülükler artınca gökyüzüne çıktı ve yıldızlar arasına yerleşti. İnsanlar öldükten sonra onları yıldızlar arasında yargılayan tanrıçadır.

Astrea'nın heykellerinde sadece bir baş vardır. Bununla insanların yalnız başla idare edilebilecekleri anlatılmak istenmektedir. Düşünce, öğüt ve sözler baştan çıkmaktadır.

Kaynakça
 H. A. Rey, The Stars — A New Way To See Them.  Enlarged World-Wide Edition.  Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997.  ISBN 0-395-24830-2.
 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0007251209. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0691135564.

Dış bağlantılar

 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Libra
 Libra constellation
 Star Tales – Libra

Libra (takımyıldız)


O Okamura N-52 é uma aeronave esportiva de asa baixa, com assentos lado a lado, que foi projetada no Japão por estudantes.

Desenvolvimento
O N-52 começou como um experimento de design na Universidade Nihon. Três células de teste foram financiadas pela Asahi Press para análise.

Projeto
O N-52 é movido por um motor Continental A-65. A aeronave possui uma única cabine aberta com assentos lado a lado e trem de pouso convencional. A aeronave foi projetada para acomodar motores de até 100 HP (75 kW). A controlabilidade com um motor de 65 hp (48 kW) foi considerada lenta.

Ver também
Desenvolvimentos comparáveis
 Spartan C2

Aviões produzidos no Japão
Aviões monomotor
Aviões monoplanos

Okamura N-52


James Ramsay MacDonald (12 Ekim 1866, Lossiemouth – 9 Kasım 1937) Büyük Britanyalı siyasetçi, Birleşik Krallık'ın İşçi Partili ilk başbakanı.

Gençlik yılları
Bir tarım işçisiyle bir hizmetçinin gayrımeşru çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Kilise ilkokulunda ve lisesinde okudu. 1881'de öğretmen oldu. 1885'te Bristol'de bir papaza sekreterlik yapmaya başladı. Bu sırada, radikal solcu bir örgüt olan Sosyal Demokrat Federasyonu'na (Social Democratic Federation) katıldı.

1886'da Londra'ya taşındığında işsizdi, bir süre adi işlerde çalıştıktan sonra bir memuriyet bulabildi. Bu arada sol örgütlerle bağlarını kuvvetlendiriyordu. C. L. Fitzgerald'ın kurduğu Sosyalist Birliğe katıldı. Bu örgüt, SDF'nin aksine, sosyalist ideallerin parlamenter sistem içinde gerçekleştirlimesini savunuyordu.

Diğer yandan iş hayatını düzene koymaya çalışan MacDonald, akşam okuluna devam etti. Ancak yorgunluk nedeniyle sınavlardan hemen önce sağlığının bozulması, bilimsel kariyer yapmasını engelledi. 1888'de tüccar ve milletvekili Thomas Lough'un yanına kişisel sekreter olarak girdi. Bu iş sayesinde önemli siyasetçi ve gazetecilerle tanışma imkânı buldu. Londra'daki Millî Liberal Kulübü gibi radikal ve liberal kulüplere devam etti. Bu dönemde, seçim kampanyaları konusunda önemli tecrübe kazandı. 1892'de Lough'un bürosundan ayrılarak gazeteciliğe başladı, fakat başlangıçta bu işte başarılı olamadı. Bu sırada Fabian Derneği'ne girdi, dernek adına propaganda faaliyetleri yaptı.

Etkin siyaset
1882'deki genel seçimlerde, MacDonald, Dover'de İşçi Seçmen Derneği (Labour Electoral Association) adayının seçim kampanyasına destek verdi. Adayın seçimi kaybetmesine karşın Dernek, MacDonald'ın çalışmasını beğendi ve onu aday olarak kabul etti. Ancak MacDonald, seçimlere İşçi Partisi (Labour Party) saflarında katılmak istediğini söyleyerek bu teklifi reddetti.

1893'te Bağımsız İşçi Partisi (Independent Labour Party) kuruldu ve bir kitle hareketi hüviyeti kazandı. Mayıs 1894'te MacDonald bu partiye üye oldu. 1895'teki genel seçimlerde aday oldu ancak kaybetti. 1900'de tekrar seçimlere girdi ve yine kaybetti. Aynı yıl İşçi Partisi'nin öncülü olan İşçi Temsil Komitesi'nin (Labour Representation Committee) sekreteri oldu. Bir yandan geleceğin İşçi Partisi'ne göre daha katı sosyalist bir çizgideki Bağımsız İşçi Partisi üyeliğini sürdürüyordu.

Parti sekreteri olarak MacDonald, Liberal Parti'nin başındaki Herbert Gladstone (merhum başbakan William Ewart Gladstone'un oğlu) ile bir anlaşma yaptı. Buna göre, Liberaller bazı seçim çevrelerini tamamen İşçi Partisi'ne bırakıyorlardı. Bu sayede İşçi Partisi ilk kez Avam Kamarası'na girebildi.

1896'da Margaret Gladstone (Liberal Parti'deki Gladstone'lar ile akraba değildir) ile evlendi. Eşi çok zengin olmasa da hali vakti yerindeydi. Bu sayede MacDonald; Kanada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Güney Afrika, Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda ve Hindistan gibi ülkeleri gezebildi.

1906'da İşçi Temsil Komitesi, adını İşçi Partisi (Labour Party) olarak değiştirdi ve Bağımsız İşçi Partisi'ni saflarına kattı. Aynı yıl MacDonald 28 diğer partiliyle birlikte meclise seçildi. Bu seçim başarısı, Liberallerle İşçi Partisi arasındaki ittifakın sonucuydu. İttifakın mimarı MacDonald, partisinin sol kanadının lideri konumuna geldi.

Parti başkanı
MacDonald, 1911'de resmen parti başkanı seçildi. 1914'te İngiltere'nin I. Dünya Savaşı'na girmesine karşı bir siyaset güttü. Fakat partisi bu siyaseti desteklemedi ve MacDonald istifa etti. Savaşın ilk yıllarında vatana ihanet ve korkaklıkla suçlandı. MacDonald 1914'te cepheyi ziyaret etti. Savaş ilerledikçe itibarını geri kazandı, ancak 1918 seçimlerinde parlametodaki koltuğunu kaybetti ve rakibi Liberal David Lloyd George'un partisi büyük çoğunlukla iktidara geldi.

1922'de MacDonald tekrar parlamentoya seçildi. Artık parti birleşmiş ve MacDonald yine başkan seçilmişti. Ayrıca Liberaller güçlerini kaybetmiş, İşçi Partisi, Stanley Baldwin liderliğindeki Muhafazakâr hükûmetin karşısında ana muhalefet partisi konumuna gelmişti. Bu arada MacDonald, gençliğindeki aşırı solcu ve sosyalist düşüncelerini bırakmıştı. 1917 Ekim Devrimi sonrasında işçi hareketini kasıp kavuran radikal görüşlere şiddetle karşı çıktı ve azimli bir komünizm düşmanı oldu. Fransız Sosyalist Partisi ile Alman SPD'nin aksine İşçi Partisi bölünmedi ve Büyük Britanya Komünist Partisi küçük ve yalıtılmış olarak kaldı.

1923 seçimlerinde Muhafazakârlar meclisteki çoğunluklarını kaybettiler ve güvenoylamasında da başarısız oldular. Bunun üzerine Ocak 1924'te Kral V. George, MacDonald'a Liberallerin zımni desteğiyle bir azınlık hükûmeti kurma görevi verdi. MacDonald, böylece İşçi Partisinin ilk başbakanı ve ilk işçi sınıfı kökenli başbakan oldu. Ayrıca üniversite mezunu olmayan az sayıda başbakandan biriydi.

İlk hükûmet
Başbakanlığa ek olarak dışişleri bakanlığı görevini de üstlendi ve dış siyasette önceliğinin 1919 Versailles Antlaşması'nda Almanya'ya yapılan haksızlığın düzeltilmesi olduğunu ilan etti. Hükûmeti meclisin her iki kanadında da azınlıkta olduğundan, ciddi bir yasama değişikliği yapma ihtimali yoktu.

Mart ayında Singapur'daki askeri üs inşaatına son verdi. Haziran ayında I. Dünya Savaşı müttefik devletleriyle Londra'da bir konferans topladı ve Almanya'nın savaş tazminatları konusuyla Fransa'nın Ruhr bölgesini işgali sorununu çözme konusunda mutabakat sağladı. Bunun üzerine Alman temsilcileri toplantıya katıldı ve antlaşma imzalandı. Hemen ardından İngiltere ile Almanya arasında ticari bir anlaşma yapıldı. Eylül ayında, Avrupa'nın silahlardan arındırılması için Cenevre'deki Milletler Cemiyeti toplantısında bir plan önerdi.

MacDonald hükûmeti Sovyetler'in tanınmasını önerince, Liberallerin ve Muhafazakârların ilk ciddi muhalefetiyle karşılaştı. Ancak hükûmetin asıl ipini çeken, Workers Weekly adlı sol dergiye sansür uygulanması kararı oldu. Liberallerin ve Muhafazakârların bu konuda birlikte hareket etmesini İşçi Partisi bir güvensizlik oylaması olarak yorumladı ve hükûmet istifa etti.

Bu istifanın MacDonald'ın Liberal Partiyi tümüyle safdışı bırakmak böylece İngiltere'de çift partili bir siyasi sistem kurmak için yaptığı bir oyun olduğu iddia edilir. Nitekim Ekim 1924 seçimlerinde İşçi Partisi 191 sandalyeden 151 sandalyeye düşmekle birlikte, asıl darbeyi Liberaller yedi ve 158 sandalyeden 40'a düştüler.

İkinci hükûmet
Stanley Baldwin, güçlü bir Muhafazakâr hükûmet kurdu, ancak iktidarı krizler yüzünden sarsıntılı bir döneme denk geldi. 1926'daki genel grev, iktisadi durumun hızla bozulması, işsizliğin hızla artması, bu krizlerin sonucuydu. Mayıs 1929 genel seçimlerinde, İşçi Partisi 288 sandalye kazanırken Muhafazakârlar 260 sandalyede kaldı, Liberaller ise 59 sandalyeyle güç dengesini ellerine geçirdi. MacDonald bir kez daha Liberallerin desteğiyle azınlık hükûmeti kurdu. Bu kez iç sorunlara ağırlık vermesi gerektiğini biliyordu.

MacDonald'ın ikinci hükûmeti, mecliste ilkine göre daha sağlam bir desteğe sahipti. 1930'da Tekaüt Kanununu (Old Age Pensions Act) yeniledi, daha koruyucu bir İşsizlik Sigortası Kanunu (Unemployment Insurance Act) oluşturdu ve kömür işçilerinin maaşlarını ve çalışma koşullarını iyileştiren bir yasa çıkardı. Böylece hükûmet 1926'daki genel grevin nedenlerinin hepsi için bir çalışma yapmış oluyordu. Hindistan'ın bağımsızlığı için çalışan Hindistan Millî Kongresi (Indian National Congress) temsilcileriyle Londra'da görüştü, parlamenter bir yerel hükûmet kurulmasını önerdi, ancak bağımsızlık tanımadı. 1930'da ABD ve Japonya ile denizlerde kullanılan silahların sınırlandırılması için görüşmeler yaptı.

MacDonald hükûmeti, 1929'daki Borsa Krizi sonrasında yaşanan ekonomik krize etkin bir çözüm getiremedi. Maliye bakanı Philip Snowden, bütçe denkliğini amaç edinen ortodoks maliyecilerden biriydi, Lloyd George ve iktisatçı John Maynard Keynes'den gelen uyarılara karşın iktisadı canlandırmak için borçlanmayı kabul etmedi.

1931'de iktisadi durum daha da kötüleşti, iktisatçılardan gelen baskılar ve emekli maaşlarıyla işsizlik sigortaları dahil kamu harcamalarının kısılması için yapılan çağrılar yoğunlaştı. Keynes ise MacDonald'a Sterlin'i %25 devalüe etmesini ve denk bütçeden vaz geçmesini öneriyordu. MacDonald ve bakanları ise hâlâ bütçeyi denkleştirmeye uğraşıyor, Sterlin'in değer kaybetmesini önlemek için çabalıyorlardı. Sonunda alınan önlemler kabineyi ikiye böldü ve sendikaların muhalefetiyle karşılaştı. Kabinenin bir kısmı, tasarruf tedbirlerini kabul etmiyor ve istifa tehdidinde bulunuyordu. 24 Ağustos 1931'de MacDonald istifasını sundu ve Liberaller ile Muhafazakârları da kapsayan bir Millî Hükûmet kurulması çağrısında bulundu. Bunun üzerine Macdonald, bakanları Snowden ve Thomas ile birlikte İşçi Partisi'nden ihraç edildi ve Millî İşçi Partisi'ni (National Labour Party) kurdu. Ancak bu parti taşradan ve sendikalardan destek bulamadı.

Millî hükûmet
MacDonald hemen seçime gitmek istmiyordu ama ittifak kurduğu Muhafazakârlar, onu 1931 Ekiminde seçim yapmaya zorladılar. Millî Hükûmet seçimide büyük çoğunluk sağladı, ama oyların çoğu Muhafazakâr milletvekillerine verilmişti. MacDonald başbakan, Neville Chamberlain hazineden sorumlu bakan oldu. Ancak İşçi Partisi hükûmetinin devrilmesine neden olan kızgın muhalefet, MacDonald'ı çok üzmüştü. Kendisini hala İşçi Partisi tarafında görmekle birlikte, partideki arkadaşlıklarının çoğuna son verdi ve desteğini kaybetti.

1933 ve 1934 yıllarında sağlığı gitgide bozuldu. Bu arada uluslararası durum gerginleşiyor, gitgide büyüyen Almanya tehdidi karşısında MacDonald etkili bir liderlik yapamıyordu. 1920'lerde takdir edilmesine neden olan edilgen siyaseti, Adolf Hitler'in güçlenmesine karşı koymadığı gerekçesiyle Winston Churchill ve diğerlerinin suçlamalarına hedef oldu. Mayıs 1935'te Başbakanlıktan istifa etmeye zorlandı. Aynı yıl yapılan seçimlerde meclise giremedi. Ara seçimlerde tekrar seçilmekle birlikte, 1936'da fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlığı çöktü. İyileşmesi için doktorlar bir deniz yolculuğuna çıkmasını önerdiler. Kasım 1937'de denizde öldü.

MacDonald'ın İşçi Partisi'nden kovulması, Millî İşçi Partisi çatısı altında Muhafazakârlarla işbirliği yapması ve 1931'den sonra ruh sağlığının bozulması nedeniyle itibarı bozulmaya yüz tutmuştu. İşçi Partisi eğilimli İngiliz tarihçileri, uzun süre hakkında olumsuz yorum yaptılar. Ancak 1977'de kendisi de İşçi Partisi'nden milletvekili olan Profesör David Marquand; partinin kurucusu, ilk başbakanı ve iki dünya savaşı arasında dünyada barışı tesis etmeye çalışan adam olarak MacDonald'a hak ettiği itibarı vermeyi amaçladığını belirten bir biyografi yazdı.

Kaynakça

1866 doğumlular
1937 yılında ölenler
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1906-1910)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1910)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1910-1918)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1922-1923)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1923-1924)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1924-1929)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1929-1931)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1931-1935)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1935-1945)
Fabian Derneği üyeleri
V. George
İşçi Partisi (Britanya) liderleri

Ramsay MacDonald


කප්පරවල්ලිය පැළැටිය ඉරිවේරිය පැළැටිය හා බොහොදුරට සමාන ය. එහෙත් වෙනස්කම් දෙකක් දක්නට ලැබේ. එනම් කප්පරවල්ලිය පත්‍රය ඉරිවේරිය පත්‍රයට වඩා තද සුවඳකින් යුක්ත විමත් කප්පරවල්ලිය පත්‍ර මාංසල බවින් ද වැඩිවිමත්ය  .

පැළැටි

රුපාකරය
සෙ. මි 30-90 පමණ උස පැළැටියෙකි.
කැඩුණු දරයකින් යුක්ත බෙහෙවින් මාංසල පත්‍ර පළළ්ය. තියුනු සුගන්ධයකින් යුක්තය.
ලා දම් පැහැ නාලාකාර මුල් දිග නටුවක පරතර ඇතිව වලයාකාරව හටගනි.
පැල කර මස දෙක තුනකින් මල් හට ගනී.

ඖෂධ සඳහා ගැනෙන කොටස්
සම්පුර්ණ පැළැටිය ම ඖෂධ සඳහා භාවිතා වෙ.

වැවෙන ප්‍රදෙශ
ශ්‍රි ලංකාවෙ සියලුම ප්‍රදේශවල වැවේ. පහතරට හා මැදරට සිසිල් තෙත් ප්‍රදෙශවල වඩාත් හොදින් වැවේ.

ඖෂධිය ගුණ
සෙම හ වාතය සමනය කරයි.
වෙදනාව හ විස නසයි.
කැස්ස සහ ඇදුම සුව කරයි.
 පණුවන්ට ගුණදායකයි.
 මුත්‍ර ගල් නසයි.
අහාර ජිර්ණය වැඩි කරවයි.රුචිය  වැඩි කරයි.
පිනසට ගුණයි.
ග්‍රහනි දොස් ද නසයි. .......

අත් බෙහෙත්

අතිසාරයට හා බඩෙ කැක්කුමට

කප්පරවල්ලිය වණ්ඩුවෙ තම්ඹ මිරිකාගත් යුෂ මෙස හැන්දක් මි පැණි හො දෙහි ඉස්ම සමග පානය කිරිම

ඇස් රුදාවට

කප්පරවල්ලිය යුෂ ඇස් වටෙ ගැම.

අදුමට

කප්පරවල්ලිය කොළ වන්ඩුවෙ තම්බා ගත් යුශට සිනි ,මි පණි,තිප්පිලි කුඩු දමා බීම

වගාව
ලපටි  අතු කැබලි ඉතා ඉක්මනින් මුල් ඇද දළු දමයි.වර්ෂා කලයෙදි දඬු සිටු වීම කළ යුතුයි.මල් පීපීමට පෙර ලපටි දළු මගින් නව පැළ ලබාගැනිම සිදුකල යුතුයි.
සිසිල් සහ තෙත් ස්ථානවල හොඳින් වැඩෙ. පොච්චි වල, පටු මාවත් දෙපස වැවිමට ඉතා යොග්‍ය වෙ.

කප්පරවල්ලිය


The Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) is the largest and longest-running Mars surface research facility and is one of two simulated Mars analog habitats owned and operated by the Mars Society.

The MDRS station was built in the early 2000s near Hanksville, Utah, in the western United States. It is crewed by small teams who conduct scientific research.

The MDRS campus includes a two-story habitat with a greenhouse, a solar and a robotic observatory, an engineering pod and a science building.

Background
The MDRS station is situated on the San Rafael Swell of Southern Utah,  by road northwest of Hanksville, Utah. It is the second such analogue research station to be built by the Mars Society, following the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station or FMARS on Devon Island in Canada's high Arctic.

The third station, the European Mars Analog Research Station, or EuroMARS, was founded and built in early 2002. It was shipped to the UK in the mid-2000s in preparation for deployment to the selected research site (approximately N65° 46' 7.18" W16° 45' 30.50") next to the Krafla Rift Volcano, about  northeast of the village of Mývatn, Iceland.

The fourth station, the Australia Mars Analog Research Station, known as MARS Oz, is in the planning stages and is expected be deployed to the selected research site (S 30° 18' 13.91" E 139° 26' 39.55") east of the Arkaroola Sanctuary, roughly  north of Adelaide, South Australia.

The Mars Society launched the Mars Analog Research Station Project with the stated goal of developing knowledge needed to prepare for the human exploration of Mars. The project's goals are to develop field tactics based on environmental constraints (i.e., being required to work in spacesuits), test habitat design features and tools, and assess crew selection protocols. Although much warmer than Mars, the desert location was selected because of its Mars-like terrain and appearance.

The MDRS aims to realistically simulate Mars living conditions. During mission periods, crew members must wear an analogue space suit simulator when completing tasks outside their living quarters, which is a metal building with an airlock. Analogue space suit simulators include a helmet, jumpsuit, boots, gaiters, gloves, an air supply pack, water pack, and a radio. Hand-held radios mounted on the suits' helmets with externally mounted push-to-talk northeast switches are used to communicate with the Habitat and with fellow Mars surface explorers on the same extra-vehicular activity (EVA).

Destinations for EVAs can be chosen from an established way-point database, and attained either on foot, or by all-terrain vehicle.

MDRS is owned and operated by the Mars Society, which selects the crews and handles most of the administrative tasks. The Mars Society is an international, non-profit organization that works with governments to promote Mars exploration through various projects such as M.A.R.S., the Mars Analogue Pressurized Rover Competition, and the ARCHIMEDES Mars balloon mission.

The MDRS hosts a training program funded by NASA which hosts teachers to participate in projects meant to simulate the living environment on the moon or Mars. In this program, participants conduct field research and live onsite for several weeks.

Research
Each crew establishes different scientific goals they hope to accomplish during their time at MDRS. The majority of biological research involves extremophiles. Bacteria and algae isolated from the surrounding desert are common subjects of study. These microorganisms have been studied for their DNA, their diversity, and the environments in which they thrive. For example, in a study for methanogens, researchers studied soil and vapor samples from five different desert environments in Utah, Idaho, and California in the United States, Canada, and Chile. Of these, five soil samples and three vapor samples from the vicinity of the MDRS were found to have signs of viable methanogens.

Crews often study endoliths found in rocks at the MDRS. These species of bacteria are capable of living inside rocks and obtaining the energy they need by photosynthesizing the light that penetrates the rocks. These extreme organisms are a popular subject of research at MDRS for both geologists and biologists.

Other experiments include a study of the effect of extra-vehicular activity (EVA) on the heart rates and blood pressures of crew members, a human-factors study that examines the correlation between cognitive ability and mood, and a study on how much a space suit inhibits dexterity in comparison to regular street clothes.

Crews

MDRS crews traditionally consist of six people who volunteer for one of the two-week shifts or crew rotations available during the northern hemisphere's winter months. The field season ends in the northern spring due to the desert heat. Crews pay their own transportation expenses to and from the designated assembly place from where they are transported to and from MDRS. As volunteers, the crews are not paid for their participation in a crew rotation at the station. The crews usually consist of a mix of scientists, astronomers, physicists, biologists, geologists, engineers, and the occasional journalist. Each crew member is usually assigned a role, such as: commander, executive officer, health and safety officer, crew biologist, crew geologist or chief engineer.

Crew commanders are responsible for the entire crew and operations. Their responsibilities include maintaining a structured stream of information from the crew to mission support, establishing the agenda for each day (EVAs, maintenance, cooking, cleaning, etc.), and holding morning and evening meetings with all crew members. The executive officer's duty is to act as the second in command during the mission, and to act as the commander in the event the commander is incapacitated or unavailable. The crew geologist and crew biologist work together to establish and accomplish the scientific goals of the mission, which include developing the geology and biology goals for the mission as well as planning field EVAs and subsequent laboratory work to achieve those goals. Both the crew geologist and crew biologist work with the remote science team (RST) during all stages of the mission. The Chief Engineer is responsible for maintaining all systems necessary for routine Habitat operations. These include the power, water, ATV and GreenHab systems.

,175 crews have served rotations at MDRS over a period of sixteen years.

The Research Station

The research station consists of three buildings: the Habitat ("Hab"), the GreenHab, the Musk Mars Desert Observatory and a remotely located Engineering Support Equipment Area.

Habitat
The analogue Mars Lander Habitat is a two-story cylinder that measures about  in diameter, and is a crew's combined home and place of work during a Mars surface exploration simulation. On the first floor, are two simulated airlocks, a shower and toilet, an EVA Preparation room for storage and maintenance of the simulated space suits and their associated equipment, and a combined science lab and engineering work area. The laboratory is shared between the crew geologist and the crew biologist and includes an autoclave, analytical balance, microscope, and a stock of chemicals and reagents for conducting biochemical tests.

On the second floor are six very small private crew staterooms with bunks and a small reading desk, a common dining and entertainment area, a dedicated communications station and a galley or kitchen equipped with a gas stove, refrigerator, microwave, oven and a sink for meal preparations. Above the six crew staterooms is a Loft which contains the internal freshwater storage tank and equipment storage space. At the peak of the HAB's dome-shaped roof is an access hatch to permit maintenance access to the satellite antenna and weather monitoring instruments.

Power is supplied by 12 rechargeable 24-volt batteries located under the Hab which can provide electrical power for up to twelve hours. In addition to the batteries are two  electricity generators. Power from the generators is channeled through an inverter, which sends the power either to the battery banks to recharge them or via a panel with 19 circuit breakers, to the HAB electrical distribution system.

Water is supplied to the Hab via a potable water tank located  away in the Engineering Support Equipment Area. The tank is a plastic storage container with a  capacity (8 days worth of water at  per person per day). Water must be manually carried or pumped via a hose from the potable water tank to the HAB's internal tank, which holds about . The water is then gravity fed into a pressure pump that distributes the freshwater to the rest of the HAB, including a water heater. The water used to flush toilets is greywater. This is wastewater that has run down the sink and shower drains in the HAB and then through the greywater system out of the GreenHab. Water is rationed and monitored to minimize inefficiency and waste in the system.

The Hab is also equipped with an internet connection and several webcams so that the public can view the ongoing mission.

GreenHab
The GreenHab is a greenhouse used for growing crops and plant research. The original Gary Fisher GreenHab, retrofitted in 2009 from a closed loop water recycling center to a functional greenhouse, was destroyed by fire in December 2014, and replaced in September 2015 after an Indiegogo campaign raised $12,540 to rebuild it.

Originally the rebuilt GreenHab was planned as a geodesic dome, however, once the pad and frame were in place, it could not be made wind and winter-tight, so it was completed as the new Science Dome. The new Greenhab is a 12-foot by 24 foot transparent building that is climate and light controlled. Plants grown in the GreenHab are mostly herbs, greens, radishes, tomatoes, and other vegetables.

Musk Mars Desert Observatory

The Musk Mars Desert Observatory houses a  Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, donated by Celestron. The telescope is capable of being operated remotely, and is accessible to amateur and professional astronomers via the internet. The observatory's other sponsors include Le Sueur Manufacturing Inc., which provided the Astro-Pier on which the telescope is mounted; Software Bisque, which provided TheSky software; Vince Lanzetta of East Coast Observatories; Adirondack Video Astronomy; High Point Scientific; Technical Innovations; and the Lehigh Valley Amateur Astronomical Association.

The addition of the Musk Mars Desert Observatory provides research opportunities that were not available before, to the crew and local teachers and students. Students and teachers are invited to interact with the crew and to use the observatory as a learning tool.

Engineering tasks are completed in the repair and assembly module, a retrofitted Chinook helicopter fuel compartment designed for tool storage, and work spaces for engineering projects and repair of station instruments. It was moved to the campus in October 2017 and became fully operational in November 2018.

Other
North of the GreenHab is the underground septic tank and its outflow field. This area is a "No Drive  Foot Traffic Only Zone" as there is no record of where exactly the septic tank is buried. East of the GreenHab is an omnidirectional Jovian radio telescope.

MDRS is the site of the annual University Rover Challenge, the first of which was held on June 2, 2007.

The Flag of Mars appears on a couple of the buildings, as does the Flag of the United States.

See also
 Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station
 BYU Mars Rover
 Colonization of Mars
 Exploration of Mars
 Flag of Mars
 Haughton-Mars Project
 Life on Mars
 Human mission to Mars
 MARS-500
 Mars Direct
 Mars to Stay
 Moon Society
 Space colonization
 Space science
 Timekeeping on Mars

References

External links

Mars Society Desert Research Station website
About the Mars Analog Research Program
MDRS Expedition Guide: Detailed guide for MDRS crew members
MDRS article in ''Popular Science
Space Daily: MDRS Completes First Crew Rotation

Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Utah
Science and technology in the United States
Human analog missions
Brigham Young University
Space farming
Mars Society

Mars Desert Research Station


Lana Marconi (nume la naștere: Ecaterina Ileana Marcovici; ) a fost o actriță franceză de origine română, și cea de-a cincea și ultima soție a celebrului actor-regizor-dramaturg  francez  (1885-1957), cu care s-a căsătorit în 1949. Ea a apărut exclusiv în filmele  soțului ei.

Biografie
Lana Marconi, născută în România, a sosit la Paris cu mama ei în 1922. După studii, a mers în cercurile artistice și a întâlnit-o pe Arletty, care i l-a prezentat pe Sacha Guitry. În mai 1945, ea și-a împărțit viața cu Guitry, cu care s-a căsătorit în Paris pe 25 noiembrie 1949. El a spus: "Celelalte mi-au fost soții, tu vei fi văduva mea" și "Aceste mâini frumoase îmi vor închide ochii și vor deschide sertarele mele". Au rămas căsătoriți până la moartea lui Guitry, pe 24 iulie 1957. În această perioadă, Lana Marconi a avut o aventură lungă cu Frede, regizoarea cabaretului Le Carroll. Frede a devenit prietena lui Guitry. "Practic, am trăit cu Sacha timp de patru ani", a spus Frede în 1974.

A jucat în șapte piese de Guitry și a jucat în douăsprezece filme. Guitry este singurul regizor cu care a lucrat.

Lana Marconi este îngropată în cimitirul Montmartre din Paris, alături de Sacha, Jean și Lucien Guitry.

Filmografie
Toate filmele sunt regizate de Sacha Guitry:
 1948 : Le Comédien : Catherine Maillard
 1948 : Le Diable boiteux : Catherine Grand, princesse de Talleyrand-Périgord
 1949 : Aux deux colombes : Marea-ducesă Christine
 1949 : Toâ : Anna Ecaterina
 1950 : Le Trésor de Cantenac : Virginie Lacassagne
 1951 : Tu m'as sauvé la vie : Marchiza de Pralognan
 1951 : Deburau : Marie Duplessis
 1952 : Je l'ai été trois fois : Thérèse Verdier
 1953 : La Vie d'un honnête homme : o prostituată, supranumită « Contesa »
 1954 : Si Versailles m'était conté : Maria Antoaneta / Nicole Legay
 1955 : Napoléon : Maria Walewska
 1956 : Si Paris nous était conté : Maria Antoaneta

Teatru
 1948 : Le Diable boiteux pusă în scenă de Sacha Guitry, théâtre Édouard VII
 1948 în teatru : Aux deux colombes de Sacha Guitry, théâtre des Variétés : Marea ducesă Christine
 1949 : Toâ de Sacha Guitry, théâtre du Gymnase : Anna Ecaterina
 1949 : Tu m'as sauvé la vie de Sacha Guitry, théâtre des Variétés
 1950 : Deburau pusă în scenă de Sacha Guitry, théâtre du Gymnase : Marie Duplessis
 1951 : Une folie pusă în scenă de Sacha Guitry, théâtre des Variétés : Missia
 1952 : N'écoutez pas, mesdames ! de Sacha Guitry, pusă în scenă de autor, théâtre des Variétés : Madeleine Bachelet

Note

Bibliografie
 Jacques Lorcey, Sacha Guitry et son monde, tome I, Son père, ses femmes, son personnel, éditions Séguier, coll. « Empreinte », 2001

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1917
Decese în 1990
Actrițe franceze din secolul al XX-lea
Români francezi
Români expatriați în Franța
Cetățeni naturalizați în Franța
Actrițe române din secolul al XX-lea
Bucureșteni

Lana Marconi


Petronilla (29 June/11 August 1136 – 15 October 1173), whose name is also spelled Petronila or Petronella (Aragonese: Peyronela or Payronella, and ), was Queen of Aragon (1137–1164) from the abdication of her father, Ramiro II, in 1137 until her own abdication in 1164. After her abdication she acted as regent during the minority of her son (1164–1173). She was the last ruling member of the Jiménez dynasty in Aragon, and by marriage brought the throne to the House of Barcelona.

Early life
Born in August 1136, Petronilla was the daughter of Ramiro II of Aragon and Agnes of Aquitaine. She came to the throne through special circumstances. Her father, Ramiro, was bishop of Barbastro-Roda when his brother, Alfonso I, died childless in 1134. Alfonso left the kingdom to the Knights Templar, the Hospitallers, and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, but his decision was not respected. The aristocracy of Navarre elected a king of their own, restoring their independence, and the nobility of Aragon raised Ramiro to the throne. Pope Innocent II rejected this election, seeking to affirm Alfonso I's final will. Despite the lack of papal approval, King Ramiro the Monk, as he is known, married Agnes of Aquitaine in 1135.

Petronilla's marriage was a very important matter of state. The nobility had rejected the proposition of Alfonso VII of Castile to arrange a marriage between Petronilla and his son Sancho and to educate her at his court. When she was just a little over one year old, Petronilla was betrothed in Barbastro on 11 August 1137 to Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, who was twenty-three years her senior.

Queen regnant
At El Castellar on 13 November 1137, Ramiro abdicated, transferred authority to Ramon Berenguer, and returned to monastic life. Ramon Berenger de facto ruled the kingdom using the title of "Prince of the Aragonese" (princeps Aragonensis).

In August 1150, when Petronilla was fourteen, the betrothal was ratified at a wedding ceremony held in the city of Lleida. Petronilla consummated her marriage to Ramon Berenguer in the early part of 1151, when she reached the age of 15. The marriage produced five children: Peter (1152–57), Raymond Berengar (1157–96), Peter (1158–81), Dulce (1160–98), and Sancho (1161–1223). While she was pregnant with the first, on 4 April 1152, she wrote up a will bequeathing her kingdom to her husband in case she did not survive childbirth. Even before the death of her father Ramiro II, Petronilla was using the title Queen of Aragon in her will, written in 1152.

While her husband was away in Provence (1156–57), where he was regent (since 1144) for the young Count Raymond Berengar II, Queen Petronilla remained in Barcelona. Accounting records show her moving between there and Vilamajor and Sant Celoni while presiding over the court in Raymond Berengar's absence.

After her husband's death in 1162, Petronilla received the prosperous County of Besalú and the Vall de Ribes for life. As a widow, she was the only ruler of Aragon for the next two years.

Regent

Even after the death of her husband Ramon Berenguer IV, the titles of Petronilla were Queen of Aragon and Countess of Barcelona in the document about her abdication in 1164. Her eldest son was seven years old when, on 18 June 1164 (Actum est hoc in Barchinona XIIII kalendas julii anno Dominice incarnationis M C LXIIII), Petronilla abdicated the throne of Aragon and passed it to him. When Raymond Berenguer inherited the throne from his mother, he changed his name to Alfonso out of deference to the Aragonese. The second son, named Peter, then changed his name to Raymond Berenguer. Her son and heir was only seven years old when she abdicated in his favor, and so she continued to rule after her abdication, this time acting as his regent during his minority.

Petronilla died in Barcelona in October 1173 and was buried at Barcelona Cathedral; her tomb has been lost. After her death, Besalú and Vall de Ribes reverted to the direct domain of the count of Barcelona, her son Alfonso, who by 1174 had bestowed Besalú on his wife, Sancha. In the Ribes, the local bailiff, Ramon, had carved out for himself "a virtually independent administrative authority" there. He had conducted an inventory for Petronilla after Raymond Berenguer's death, and his son and namesake was in power in 1198.

Legacy
In 1410, after the death of King Martin without living legitimate descendants, the House of Barcelona became extinct in the legitimate male line. Two years later, Ferdinand I was enthroned per the Compromise of Caspe. Although Ferdinand triumphed mainly for political and military reasons, the theoretical basis of his candidacy was inheritance in the female line, for which Queen Petronilla served as the precedent. He was Martin's closest legitimate male relative, but related through a woman. His chief opponent, Count James II of Urgell, was related to Martin more distantly, but in the male line. In Catalonia there were indications that women were forbidden to hold comital office, but in Aragon there was no legislation on the subject. In both places there were a few cases of women who had passed on their right to their sons, most importantly Petronilla.

There is a long debate whether Petronilla was the true ruler of Aragon. Some claim that Ramiro II gave the kingdom of Aragon to his son-in-law and that the presence of Petronilla was secondary. According to Jerónimo de Zurita, there was a clause in the pact with Ramon Berenguer stating that if Petronilla died, Aragon would pass to the children of Ramon Berenguer through a future second marriage. In any case, there is insufficient documentation to make a completely conclusive statement about the question and the Compromise of Caspe confirmed the legitimacy of female transmission.

References

Sources

Bisson, Thomas N. The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
Chaytor, Henry John. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. London: Methuan, 1933.
Hirel-Wouts, Sophie. "Cuando abdica la reina... Reflexiones sobre el papel pacificador de Petronila, reina de Aragón y condesa de Barcelona (siglo XIII)", e-Spania, vol. 20 (2015), retrieved 8 June 2016.

Stalls, William C. "Queenship and the Royal Patrimony in Twelfth-Century Iberia: The Example of Petronilla of Aragon", Queens, Regents and Potentates, Women of Power, vol. 1 (Boydell & Brewer, 1995), 49–61.

External links

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1136 births
1173 deaths
12th-century Aragonese monarchs
People from Huesca
Aragonese infantas
Countesses of Barcelona
Queens regnant in Europe
Medieval child monarchs
Burials at Barcelona Cathedral
House of Jiménez
House of Aragon
12th-century women rulers
12th-century Spanish women

Petronilla of Aragon


Die Ekstraklasa 2011/12 war die 78. Spielzeit der höchsten polnischen Fußball-Spielklasse der Herren seit ihrer Gründung im Jahre 1927. Die Saison begann am 29. Juli 2011 und endete am 6. Mai 2012. Insgesamt nahmen sechzehn Vereine an der Saison 2011/12 teil. Titelverteidiger war Wisła Krakau, das im Vorjahr seinen insgesamt dreizehnten polnischen Meistertitel gewinnen konnte. Aufsteiger aus der zweiten polnischen Liga waren ŁKS Łódź und – erstmals in der Vereinsgeschichte – Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała.

Saisonverlauf
Insgesamt war die Saison eine spannende und ausgeglichene Saison. Viele Mannschaften spielten um die Meisterschaft mit. Ein Beleg dafür ist die Zahl der verschiedenen Tabellenführer. Vier Mannschaften (Korona Kielce, Lech Posen, Legia Warschau und Śląsk Wrocław) waren Tabellenführer, insgesamt wurde der Tabellenführer achtmal von einem anderen Klub abgelöst. Zwei Spieltage vor Saisonende hatten noch sechs Vereine (Korona Kielce, Lech Posen, Legia Warschau, Polonia Warschau, Ruch Chorzów und Śląsk Wrocław) rechnerisch die Möglichkeit, Meister zu werden. Am 28. Spieltag stand mit Cracovia der erste Absteiger fest. Am 29. Spieltag stand mit ŁKS Łódź der zweite Absteiger fest. Außerdem wurde der Tabellenführer Legia Warschau nach einer Niederlage noch von Lech Posen, Ruch Chorzów und dem neuen Tabellenführer Śląsk Wrocław verdrängt. Die Entscheidung um die Meisterschaft fiel damit am letzten Spieltag. Am 6. Mai 2012 machte dann Śląsk Wrocław durch ein 1:0-Auswärtssieg gegen den Vorjahresmeister Wisła Krakau die Meisterschaft perfekt. Ruch Chorzów und Legia Warschau, die auch beide ihre Partien gewannen, wurden Zweiter und Dritter. Lech Posen wurde nach einem Unentschieden nur Vierter. Die größte Enttäuschung war sicherlich Vorjahresmeister Wisła Krakau, der nicht im Meisterkampf mitmischte. Der Verein lag nur im Mittelfeld der Liga. Größte Überraschung war Aufsteiger und Neuling Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała. Am 27. Spieltag machte der Verein bereits den Nichtabstieg perfekt.

Stadien und Spielorte

Statistiken

Abschlusstabelle

Tabellenführer
 1. Spieltag: Lech Posen
 2. Spieltag – 3. Spieltag: KP Legia Warschau
 4. Spieltag: Lech Posen
 5. Spieltag – 6. Spieltag: KP Legia Warschau
 7. Spieltag – 9. Spieltag: Korona Kielce
 10. Spieltag – 11. Spieltag: KP Legia Warschau
 12. Spieltag – 20. Spieltag: Śląsk Wrocław
 21. Spieltag – 28. Spieltag: KP Legia Warschau
 29. Spieltag – 30. Spieltag: Śląsk Wrocław

Kreuztabelle

Torschützenliste

Auszeichnungen
 Spieler der Saison: Arkadiusz Piech (Ruch Chorzów)
 Trainer der Saison: Waldemar Fornalik (Ruch Chorzów)
 Jungprofi der Saison: Rafał Wolski (KP Legia Warschau)
 Fair-Play-Preis: Lech Posen und Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała

Weblinks
 Tabelle und Resultate der Ekstraklasa 2011/12 auf 90minut.pl
 Torschützenliste der Ekstraklasa 2011/12 auf 90minut.pl
 Saisonstatistiken auf 90minut.pl

Einzelnachweise

2011
Fußballsaison 2011/12

Ekstraklasa 2011/12


Deadline er en dansk-svensk drama- og thrillerfilm fra 1971, instrueret af Stellan Olsson. I rollerne ses bland andet Kent-Arne Dahlgren, Elsebeth Reingaard og Stig Torstensson.

Medvirkende
Kent-Arne Dahlgren som Kent-Arne, buschauffør
Elsebeth Reingaard som Elsebeth, Kent-Arnes kone
Stig Torstensson som Stig Olofsson
Evabritt Strandberg som Eva-Britt, Stigs kone og Kent-Arnes søster
Rikard Killberg som Stig og Eva-Britts søn
Lena Olsson som Stig og Eva-Britts datter
Annika Olsson som Stig og Eva-Britts datter
Halvar Björk som Halvar
Gunnar Olsson som Kent-Arnes og Eva-Britts far
Kalle Ringström som Sig selv
Ole Blegel som Journalist
Gunnar Schyman som Bengtsson
Claus Nissen som Jørgen
Lene Tiemroth som Anne, Jørgens kone
Kerstin Wartel som Fru Jonson
Sven Löfveberg som Sven Burman
Per Jonsson som Guide
Christina Johansson som Beboer
Sten-Göran Camitz som Beboer
Åke Jörnfalk som Beboer
Arnulf Merker som Beboer
Bert Sundberg som Beboer
Jørgen Reingaardsom Beboer
Bror Rønn som Beboer
Arvid Hofseth
Asta Åkerlund som Ældre evakueret kvinde

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1971
Dramafilm fra Danmark
Thrillerfilm fra Danmark
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)

Deadline (film fra 1971)


عين نوني أو كاني ماسي هي إحدى القرى الآشورية التابعة ألى محافظة دهوك في إقليم كردستان العراق. يمكن الوصول إليها من طريقين: الأول قادما من زاخو مرورا بسهل سندي وبيكوفا والثاني قادما من بامرني إلى كاني بلافي وبريفكا.

وتعتبر من الناحية الإدارية تابعة لقضاء العمادية. وسكانها خليط من الاشوريين والأكراد، وتتبعها عدة قرى صغيرة.

وتشتهر بزراعة التفاح والعنب والتين والسفرجل وإنتاج العسل وذات جو صيفي جميل وشتاء قارص البرد حيث ينقطع الطريق إليها بسبب الثلوج.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في العراق
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة دهوك
تجمعات آشورية في العراق
قرى العراق
مستوطنات آشورية
منشآت عسكرية في تركيا
نواحي العراق

كاني ماسي


Tritonova truba (lat. Charonia) je rod velikih morskih puževa. Sve vrste roda imaju izduljeni vretenasti oblik, veliki otvor i ovalan poklopac. Školjke mogu narasti preko 50 cm dužine, a puž do 1 kg mase. Uz puža bačvaša najveći su puževi u Jadranu.

Etimologija
Ime roda povezano je s grčkim bogom Tritonom, sinom boga mora Posejdona, koji je često prikazivan kako puše u školjku sličnu vrstama ovog roda.

Vrste
Nekoliko sličnih vrsta razlikuju se po detaljima ljušture (C. lampas, C.lampas lampas, C.tritonis, C.tritonis variegate, C. variegate).

Izlov i zaštita
Izlov puža zbog njegove školjke ima posljedice na ekosustav. Puževi roda tritonova truba hrane se morskim zvijezdama i njihov prekomjeran izlov jedan je od mogućih uzroka epidemije morskih zvijezda koje u Tihom oceanu uništavaju koraljne grebene. U Guamu i na Filipinima zbog prekomjernog izlova postali su rijetki.

U Jadranu spadaju u zaštićene vrste i vađenje ovih puževa iz mora kažnjivo je novčanom kaznom.

Izvori

Puževi

Tritonova truba