Das Evangelisch-Lutherische Dekanat Dinkelsbühl ist eines der 19 Dekanate des Kirchenkreises Ansbach-Würzburg. Amtierender Dekan ist seit 1. Mai 2014 Uland Spahlinger. Er folgte Martin Kögel in diesem Amt.

Geografie
Der Dekanatsbezirk Dinkelsbühl liegt im äußersten Südwesten des Landkreises Ansbach an der Grenze zu Baden-Württemberg. Das Zentrum der Region bildet die große Kreisstadt Dinkelsbühl.

Geschichte
Die Gemeinden des Dekanats können auf evangelische Traditionen bis zur Reformationszeit zurückblicken.
Die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl bestellte, nachdem sie 1532 das Kirchenpatronat erworben hatte, 1533 den ersten evangelischen Pfarrer. Die Stadt wurde bis zum Schmalkaldischen Krieg zu 90 % evangelisch. Nach der Niederlage des Schmalkaldischen Bundes erzwang der Kaiser mit dem Augsburger Interim die Einsetzung eines katholischen Rats. Das Münster St. Georg wurde 1549 zur alleinigen Benutzung den Katholiken zurückgegeben. Für die Evangelischen, die 80 % der Bevölkerung stellten, wurde die viel zu kleine Heilig-Geist-Kirche zugewiesen. Die Pfarreirechte lagen bei St. Georg, so dass evangelische Taufen nur außerhalb der Stadt erfolgen konnten. Das wurde auch mit polizeilicher Gewalt durch Verhaftung von evangelischen Pfarrern durchgesetzt. Mit dem Westfälischen Frieden wurden die Parität hergestellt. Im gleichen Zug erhielt die evangelische Gemeinde die Zusage, ihre eigene Kirche bauen zu dürfen. Es fehlte ihnen nach den Verwüstungen des Dreißigjährigen Kriegs jedoch lange an Geld. Erst nach dem Besuch von König Ludwig I. im Jahr 1826 kamen allmählich entsprechende Mittel zusammen, um die ehemalige Karmeliterkirche abzureißen und durch die St.-Pauls-Kirche zu ersetzen. 1843 wurde diese Kirche mit ca. 1500 Sitzplätzen eingeweiht. Im Landgebiet der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl blieben die Gemeinden Sinnbronn und Greiselbach durch das Augsburger Interim hinweg evangelisch. Wilburgstetten und Villersbronn wurden wieder katholisch.
Im Markgraftum Brandenburg-Ansbach wurde 1528 die Reformation eingeführt. In Orten mit strittigen Rechten mitunter auch später. Im heutigen Dekanatsbezirk Dinkelsbühl wurde in folgenden Ansbacher Orten die Lehre Luthers eingeführt: 1528 Illenschwang, Lehengütingen, Obermichelbach, Untermichelbach, Schopfloch, um 1530 Wittelshofen, 1541 Frankenhofen, 1563 Dorfkemmathen, 1566 Weidelbach. Der Zeitpunkt der Einführung der Reformation im ansbachischen Ort Dühren lässt sich nicht bestimmen.
Im Raum Dinkelsbühl liegen die nordöstlichen Ausläufer der evangelisch gesinnten Grafschaft Oettingen-Oettingen. Die Grafen hoben 1558 das Benediktinerkloster Mönchsroth auf. Die Gemeinde wurde evangelisch. Im gleichen Jahr wurde in Segringen die Reformation eingeführt.
Der Ort Weiltingen war strittig zwischen Oettingen, Ansbach und dem Rittergut der Herren von Knöringen. Der Ort wurde zwischen 1545 und 1562 evangelisch. Ab 1616 war Württemberg der Eigentümer des Ritterguts. Veitsweiler gehörte zum Rittergut Weiltingen. Hier konnte die Reformation 1555 eingeführt werden.

Kirchengemeinden
Das Dekanat hat rund 14.700 Gemeindeglieder in 18 Kirchengemeinden, die zu 9 Pfarreien zusammengefasst sind. Im Folgenden sind die Pfarreien, deren zugehörige Kirchengemeinden, sowie deren Kirchengebäude aufgeführt:

 Pfarrei Dinkelsbühl
 Kirchengemeinde Dinkelsbühl, 3 Pfarrsprengel, Heilig-Geist-Kirche (1380, 1774), St. Paul (1843)
 Pfarrei Dorfkemmathen
 Kirchengemeinde Dorfkemmathen, Zur Lieben Frau
 Kirchengemeinde Obermichelbach, St. Michael
 Kirchengemeinde Untermichelbach, St. Leonhard
 Pfarrei Illenschwang
 Kirchengemeinde Illenschwang, St. Andreas
 Kirchengemeinde Sinbronn, St. Peter, Kapelle St. Maria in Bernhardswend
 Pfarrei Lehengütingen-Weidelbach
 Kirchengemeinde Lehengütingen, St. Wendelin
 Kirchengemeinde Weidelbach, St. Ulrich
 Kirchengemeinde Zwernberg, St. Nikolaus
 Pfarrei Mönchsroth
 Kirchengemeinde Mönchsroth, Dorfkirche St. Oswald und Aegidius, Klosterkirche St. Peter und Paul
 Kirchengemeinde Greiselbach, St. Stephanus
 Pfarrei Schopfloch
 Kirchengemeinde Schopfloch, St. Martin
 Pfarrei Segringen
 Kirchengemeinde Segringen, St. Vinzenz (12. Jh.)
 Pfarrei Weiltingen
 Kirchengemeinde Weiltingen, Pfarrkirche St. Peter (Mitte 15. Jh., Fürstengruft), Friedhofskirche St. Leonhard, in Ruffenhofen Wehrkirche St. Nikolaus
 Kirchengemeinde Veitsweiler, St. Veit
 Pfarrei Wittelshofen
 Kirchengemeinde Wittelshofen, St. Martin
 Kirchengemeinde Frankenhofen, St. Bartholomäus (spätes 14. Jh.)
 Kirchengemeinde Dühren, St. Michael

Bedeutende Pfarrerspersönlichkeiten
 Karl Theodor Krafft (1804–1878), Pfarrer auf der 3. Pfarrstelle Dinkelsbühl 1839–1846
 Samuel Gottfried Christoph Cloeter (1823–1894), Pfarrer in Illenschwang 1861–1880
 Georg Bickel (1862–1924), Pfarrer in Mönchsroth 1889–1924
 Friedrich Ulmer (1877–1946), Dekan 1920–1924
 Karl Steinbauer (1906–1988), Pfarrer in Lehengütingen 1946–1951

Literatur

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Evang.luth. Dekanat Dinkelsbuhl
Dinkelsbuhl
Dinkelsbuhl
Wikipedia:Gründungsdatum ungeklärt
Christentum im Landkreis Ansbach

Evangelisch-Lutherisches Dekanat Dinkelsbühl


Mafia este o  serie de jocuri video pentru platformele Xbox, PlayStation și PC. Jocurile avand diferiti protagonisti si perioade.Developate de catre 2K Czech si publicate de catre 2K Games.

In prezent seria este alcatuita din trei jocuri:(ordine cronologica)Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven,Mafia II si Mafia III.Seria dateaza din anul 2002 pana in prezent.Cel mai fraged fiind Mafia III.

Protagonistii jocurilor sunt Tommy Angelo,Vito Scaletta,Lincoln Clay.Fiecare joc avand un oras,un scop,un protagonist diferit,o perioada de timp diferita.

Mafia (serie de jocuri video)


O movimento #MeToo na China (chinês: #WoYeShi) surgiu no modelo de movimentos semelhantes, logo após seu surgimento nos Estados Unidos. O movimento lançou luz sobre a violência sexual e o estupro na China. A China censurou sua mídia e impediu que suas cidadãs se engajassem em qualquer forma de movimento feminista, especialmente o movimento contra o assédio sexual contra as mulheres. Portanto, as mulheres participaram em grande número em suas plataformas de mídia social e mobilizaram outras pessoas ao redor do mundo usando a hashtag #MeToo para ajudar a lutar por seus direitos. Juntamente com a hashtag #MeToo, os emojis de coelho, tigela e arroz foram usados em referência ao termo "Coelho de arroz", pronunciado em chinês como "Mi-Tu". Essa combinação de emojis foi amplamente usada nas redes sociais.

Movimento #Me Too na China: O crescimento do feminismo e a voz das mulheres

#MeToo em campi universitários na China
O #MeToo é conhecido como #WoYeShi (que significa #Eu Também) na China. A ideia de usar o emoji "arroz (mi) coelho (tu)" veio de uma das ativistas feministas, Xiao Qiqi. O #MeToo na China começou no movimento pelo ex-Ph.D. e estudante Luo Qianqian, criticando um dos professores da Universidade Beihang, Chen Xiaowu, por assédio sexual. Quando o movimento #MeToo começou a inspirar e encorajar as pessoas ao redor do mundo, Luo decidiu entrar em contato com seus ex-colegas que tiveram experiências semelhantes há muito tempo. Esses ex-alunos compartilhavam uma memória em comum sobre Chen Xiaowu com Luo, que eram forçados a beber álcool com o professor. Descobriu-se que um dos ex-alunos tinha a gravação de assédio como prova. Luo então contatou o presidente da Beihang Alumni Association para acusar publicamente Chen Xiaowu. A Universidade Beihang finalmente removeu Xiaowu de seu cargo de professor, já que a hashtag #MeToo de Xiao Qiqi na conhecida plataforma de microblog Weibo (geralmente conhecida como a versão chinesa do Twitter) atraiu mais de 2,3 milhões de visualizações em apenas alguns dias. A ação da Universidade Beihang foi elogiada pelo China Daily. O China Daily encorajou os alunos a dizer #MeToo e a expor sua experiência desumana com professores abusivos.

Intervenção da polícia e censura governamental
Uma das ativistas feministas, Da Tu, lutava contra o assédio sexual na China desde 2012; no entanto, o espaço público para tal ativismo reduziu-se drasticamente desde 2014 com a intervenção da censura do governo chinês e da polícia. Foi na véspera do Dia Internacional da Mulher, em 8 de março de 2015, quando cinco feministas (também conhecidas como as  Feminist Five) foram presas pela polícia e mantidas sob custódia por 37 dias por planejarem a distribuição de panfletos contra o assédio sexual no transporte público. Seu plano foi acusado de "provocar brigas e provocar problemas". A ativista feminista Da Tu mencionou que sua organização foi forçada a fechar e denunciada à polícia, e a arte performática feminista e qualquer tipo de protesto público tornaram-se muito arriscados e quase impossíveis. Junto com Da Tu, Li Maizi (Li Tingting), Wei Tingting, Wu Rongrong e Wang Man estavam as outras feministas (As Cinco Feministas) que foram presas por seu ato de ativismo. Li Maizi foi humilhada na prisão por sua orientação sexual e foi ridicularizada por ser lésbica. As identidades de Maizi como lésbica e ativista feminista foram parte dos motivos de sua prisão, destacando o problema comum que feministas e ativistas LGBT enfrentam na China até hoje.

Assédio sexual em ambientes de trabalho profissional
A jornalista chinesa Huang Xueqin sofreu uma tentativa de estupro de seu supervisor no quarto do hotel. Ela acabou largando o emprego após essa experiência traumática. De acordo com a pesquisa de Huang, realizada com outras jornalistas chinesas, entre um total de 250 respondentes, quase 80% delas relataram assédio sexual que decidiram manter em silêncio, e apenas 1% relatou à polícia enquanto 3,3% apenas renunciaram de seus empregos. Apesar de ter sido vítima de assédio sexual, Huang foi a pessoa que foi presa assim como outras ativistas feministas pela polícia em Guangzhou por "provocar brigas e provocar problemas", devido ao seu ativismo. Foi relatado que inúmeras vítimas do sexo feminino que foram à polícia para denunciar o assédio sexual foram desencorajadas a apresentar queixas e ignoradas a e tiveram que esperar muito tempo para serem atendidas por um policial.

MeToo na religião: escândalo de Shi Xuecheng

Surgiram relatórios em 2018 de alegações de má conduta sexual pelo abade do Mosteiro de Longquan, Shi Xuecheng. Dois monges do Templo Longhua de Pequim, Shi Xianxia e Shi Xianqi, publicaram um relatório de 95 páginas na internet revelando o assédio sexual do líder religioso. De acordo com o relatório, o abade Shi Xuecheng enviou mensagens de texto de assédio sexual para uma freira, Xianjia. Além disso, Shi Xuecheng enviou textos de assédio sexual a cinco outras discípulas do Templo Kek Lok, na Malásia. O relatório diz que as discípulas foram assediadas sexualmente para se tornarem dependentes do poder religioso do abade. A polícia do distrito de Haidian recebeu os alertas sobre esta questão de violência sexual ocorrida no templo em junho de 2018. Shi Xuecheng também era um funcionário do Partido Comunista Chinês, encarregado da Associação Budista, administrada pelo governo. Como resultado de #MeToo, Shi Xuecheng perdeu sua posição como abade e está atualmente sob investigação por transgressões sexuais como líder religioso e político.

MeToo nos esportes

Alegações contra Zhang Gaoli
Em 2 de novembro de 2021, a tenista profissional Peng Shuai compartilhou acusações de agressão sexual contra Zhang Gaoli, ex-vice-premiê da República Popular da China e um alto funcionário do Partido Comunista Chinês.

Cultura da China
Movimentos na Ásia
Mulheres na China

Movimento Me Too (China)


Opernball ist eine österreichische Verwechslungskomödie von Ernst Marischka aus dem Jahr 1956.

Handlung
In Wien ist Opernball und so treffen die unterschiedlichsten Männer mit unterschiedlichsten Ausreden in Wien bei Georg Dannhauser ein, um unbemerkt von ihren Frauen am Ball teilnehmen zu können. Paul Hollinger ist mit seiner Frau Helene zu seinem Freund Georg gekommen und gibt vor, geschäftlich in der Stadt zu tun zu haben. Eduard von Lamberg, der Onkel Georgs, hat eine Krankheit vorgetäuscht um in Wien einen Arzt aufsuchen zu können, will in Wirklichkeit die Zeit jedoch für den Ball nutzen. Und auch Georg selbst will Arbeit vortäuschen, da seine heimlichen Geliebte Mizzi mit ihm am Ball teilnehmen will.

Da Mizzi jedoch ständig in der Villa anruft, ahnt Georgs Frau Elisabeth, dass ihr Mann eine Affäre hat. Mit Pauls Frau Helene schmiedet sie einen Plan: Beide schreiben dem Gatten der jeweils anderen einen anonymen Brief, in dem sie sich mit ihnen auf dem Ball verabreden. Kennzeichen ist ein rosafarbenes Kleid. Kommen beide zum Ball und zum verabredeten Treffpunkt, wissen beide Frauen, dass ihre Männer ihnen untreu sind. Georg jedoch wird von seinem Diener gewarnt, dass die Frauen sie reinlegen wollen, und will nun seinerseits seine Frau hereinlegen, zumal er sowieso mit dem Dienstmädchen Hanni Paul einen Streich spielen wollte. Paul hatte Georg einst mit einer vermeintlichen Edeldame verkuppeln wollen, die sich als einfaches Mädchen entpuppte. Er tönte, dass ihm ein solcher Fehler nie passieren würde, und so möchte Georg, dass sein Dienstmädchen Hanni einen Brief an Paul schreibt und sich mit ihm zum Opernball verabredet – Kennzeichen: rosafarbenes Kleid. Hanni jedoch entscheidet sich, den Brief lieber an den Komponisten Richard Stelzer zu schreiben. Der ist der frühere Freund von Helene und weilt zur Arbeit in Wien.

Georg bereitet in der Oper alles vor. Zu Mizzi schickt er als Vertretung seinen Onkel Eduard. Georg organisiert eine Loge für Paul, den er zusammen mit Hanni glaubt. In Wirklichkeit ist Elisabeth -in Maske- bei ihm. Helene ist enttäuscht, als sie die zwei in eine Loge verschwinden sieht. Richard trifft auf sie, beide ziehen sich zurück. Georg trifft auf die verschleierte Hanni, die zuvor die Ballgarderobe vertauscht hat, hält sie für seine Frau und geht mit ihr in seine Loge.

Oberkellner Anton Hatschek bringt Georg stets die aktuellen Neuigkeiten aus den beiden Logen und Georg animiert ihn dazu, Paul einen Tokajer zu geben, der ihn lockerer machen soll. Er will eine Affäre von Paul und der vermeintlichen Hanni forcieren, muss jedoch erkennen, dass Hanni bei ihm in seiner Loge sitzt. Gerade als diese ihn sehr lebhaft umarmt wirft Elisabeth einen Blick in Georgs Loge und hält Hanni für Helene. Elisabeth gibt sich nun Paul hin. Die beschwipste Frau Eduards, Hermine, trifft schließlich im Hotel auf Richard und Helene, welche sie sofort nach Hause schickt. Dann tanzt und singt sie Stelzer vor.

Georg muss erkennen, dass Paul mit Elisabeth zusammen war und fordert ihn zum Duell. Eduard wiederum erwischt Hermine mit Richard und fordert den Musiker zum Duell. Während Philipp die Pistolen putzt, erfährt Elisabeth von Hanni, dass sie und nicht Helene bei Georg war und ihn betrunken geküsst hat. Elisabeth und Helene söhnen sich aus und eilen nun ins Hotel Sacher, wo sie die Duelle verhindern. Im nächsten Jahr wiederum treffen sich alle beim Opernball wieder.

Produktion
Opernball beruht auf Motiven der Operette Der Opernball von Richard Heuberger. Verschiedene Lieder sind im Film zu hören, darunter Heute ist Karneval, Komm' mit mir ins chambre séparée und Wenn ich träume, träum ich nur von dir. Der Film erlebte am 30. August 1956 im Stuttgarter Gloria seine Premiere.

Géza von Bolváry inszenierte bereits eine Filmversion dieser Operette, Opernball (1939). Schon damals hatte Ernst Marischka das Drehbuch geschrieben.

In dieser Neuauflage übernahmen Theo Lingen und Hans Moser erneut ihre bereits 1939 gespielten Rollen. Weiters versammelte Filmregisseur Franz Marischka die Avantgarde des deutschen Tonfilms von Hertha Feiler bis hin zu Johannes Heesters, Sonja Ziemann und Adrian Hoven. Die Neuverfilmung wurde in Farbe gedreht und hatte eine Vorführdauer von 107 Minuten, in der geschnittenen Version von 95 Minuten. Das Seitenverhältnis betrug 1:37.

Nachwirkung
Bis Ende der 1990er-Jahre galt der Streifen als verschollen. Dann fand sich durch Zufall eine Positivkopie in einem abbruchreifen Münchner Wohnhaus sowie in weiterer Folge eine längst verloren geglaubte Negativkopie im Österreichischen Filmmuseum. Die Kirch-Gruppe ließ den Film von der unternehmenseigenen Taurus-Filmgesellschaft in fünfmonatiger Detailarbeit aufwendig digital restaurieren, die Kosten beliefen sich auf rund 50.000 Euro. Der völlig wiederhergestellte Film wurde am 18. Februar 1998 erstmals im Fernsehen (ORF2) ausgestrahlt.

Kritik
Der film-dienst schrieb: "Das amouröse Durcheinander ist diesmal eher steif inszeniert. Trotz populärer Darsteller entwickelt der Film keinen Charme."

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Filmtitel 1956
Österreichischer Film
Operettenfilm

Opernball (1956)


L'amphithéâtre de Bourges est un amphithéâtre romain construit dans la ville d', aujourd'hui Bourges dans le département français du Cher.

Ce monument reste très largement méconnu : seul son emplacement, sous l'actuelle place de la Nation, semble assuré mais ni ses dimensions, ni son architecture, ni la date de sa construction et de sa destruction ne sont connus avec certitude.

Localisation
L'amphithéâtre est construit au nord-ouest de la ville gallo-romaine, en limite d'un quartier apparemment urbanisé dès le Haut-Empire. Toutefois, la ville se rétracte dans son enceinte sous le Bas-Empire et le monument se retrouve largement hors du périmètre de protection.

Dans la ville moderne, la place de la Nation recouvre l'emplacement de l'amphithéâtre et les immeubles qui bordent la partie nord-est de cette place gardent probablement le témoignage de la courbure du monument au sujet duquel aucune recherche archéologique n'a été entreprise.

Histoire

L'amphithéâtre est probablement construit vers la fin du  ou au début du , mais cette datation est incertaine : elle se base sur le fait que de nombreux amphithéâtres sont construits à cette période et sur le constat qu'à Bourges le secteur où se trouve l'amphithéâtre fait l'objet de travaux d'urbanisation dans cette période.

Des blocs provenant de l'amphithéâtre sont retrouvés dans l'enceinte du Bas-Empire mais il est impossible de savoir si le prélèvement a eu lieu lors de la construction de l'enceinte ou s'il s'agit de blocs récupérés dans les ruines de l'amphithéâtre pour des réparations ultérieures et non datées. Émile Chénon, pour sa part, évoque une destruction à l'époque de Chilpéric I ou de Pépin le Bref.

Un plan de Bourges dressé en 1568 par Nicolas de Nicolay mentionne « la fosse des arènes », figurée par une cuvette ; des spectacles y sont donnés sur des gradins en bois. À cette époque, plus aucun vestige important de la  antique ne doit être visible, et l'emplacement des arènes lui-même est comblé en 1619 ; la place ainsi dégagée est nommée « place de Bourbon » puis « place de la Nation ».

Description
Les dimensions de l'amphithéâtre ne sont pas connues. Certaines publications évoquent un « diamètre moyen devait être d'une centaine de mètres » sans fournir d'arguments en appui.

Si l'architecture de l'amphithéâtre reste très largement inconnue, il est presque certain que des combats de gladiateurs s'y sont déroulés car la stèle funéraire d'un mirmillon, retrouvée dans une nécropole antique de Bourges, fait état de trois combats victorieux et mentionne aussi un de ses compagnons. En outre, une pierre en remploi dans le rempart de la ville est le dossier d'un siège de l'amphithéâtre, gravé du nom de la fille d'un  de la cité, à qui il était réservé.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste d'amphithéâtres romains

Liens externes

Bourges

Amphithéâtre de Bourges


is a railway station on the Kintetsu Namba Line and Hanshin Namba Line in the Namba district of Chūō-ku, Osaka, Japan.  It is adjacent to Namba Station and JR Namba Station.  Trains of the Nara Line depart from and arrive at the station.

Lines
Ōsaka Namba Station is served by the following two lines.
 Kintetsu Namba Line
 Hanshin Namba Line

Station layout
The station has an island platform and a side platform with three tracks on the third basement level, parallel to Namba Station on the Osaka Metro Sennichimae Line. There is a returning track in the west of the platforms between the two tracks of the Hanshin Namba Line.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
The station was first named  on March 15, 1970, when Kintetsu's Namba Line opened. It was renamed to the present name on March 20, 2009, the date of opening of the Hanshin Namba Line.

Surrounding area
Kintetsu Namba Building
Midosuji Grand Building
Dōtonbori
Osaka City Air Terminal (OCAT)
Minatomachi River Place (including FM OSAKA)

References

Chūō-ku, Osaka
Railway stations in Osaka
Stations of Kintetsu Railway
Stations of Hanshin Electric Railway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1970

Ōsaka Namba Station


Josip Kotnik (Plaški, pokraj Karlovca, 21. ožujka 1923. – Rijeka, 20. kolovoza 1990.) bio je sudionik narodnooslobodilačke borbe, visoki časnik JNA, inženjer elektrotehnike i stručnjak za aeronutiku.

Životopis

Djetinjstvo i mladost
Josip Kotnik rođen je u obitelji slovenskih doseljenika u Plaškom, koji su se iz Celja, u Sloveniji, doselili u Plaški, kako bi radili u drvoprerađivačkoj industriji. U starom zavičaju, u Celju, njihov je djed, Franc Kotnik, bio veleposjednik, u sklopu čijeg se imanja nalazilo petnaestak kuća, te je navodno bio potomak plemićke obitelji koja je korijene vukla od grofova Celjskih, točnije Friedricha Celjskog i Veronike Deseničke. Grob obitelji Kotnik (njem. Kottnig) nalazi se u Frankolovu kod Celja, gdje su pokopani pripadnici obitelji Kotnik, pa tako i Josip Kotnik, koji je umro u Rijeci, u kolovozu 1990.

Drugi svjetski rat i poraće
Tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata bio je na dužnosti obavještajnog časnika u Drugoj moslavačkoj brigadi, da bi kraj rata, u svibnju 1945., dočekao u Mariboru, u Sloveniji, kao vojnoobavještajni časnik u stožeru 33. NO divizije, u sklopu Treće (3.) Jugoslavenske armije (JA), da bi kao takav, zbog poznavanja pet stranih jezika, sudjelovao kao prevoditelj Milana Baste u pregovorima s Britancima, koji su se odvijali kod Bleiburga, o bezuvjetnoj kapitulaciji vojske NDH i njihovoj predaji jedinicama JA, natrag u Jugoslaviju.

Kotnik je bio osobno zadužen za odvođenje i predaju civila na području Slovenj Gradeca jedinicama u stožeru 12. proleterske brigade 51. divizije u sklopu Treće (3.) Jugoslavenske armije (JA).

Svoja zapažanja na sudbine ljudi i minule događaje iznio je u knjizi "Svi umiru jednako", u izdanju Globusa, iz 1990., u kojoj po njegovoj ocjeni najveću krivnju za stradanja zarobljenih vojnika i civila snose podjednako ustaški i jugoslavenski vojno-politički vrh. Tadašnji ministar kulture u Vladi RH, Vlatko Pavletić, je neposredno po izlasku knjige smatrao kako se po knjizi treba snimiti film, ali zbog silnog otpora i kritike, od istog se odustalo.

Karijera u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji
Nakon rata karijeru je gradio u JNA, iz koje je na vlastiti zahtjev demobiliziran 1968., u činu pukovnika Jugoslavenske ratne mornarice. Još tijekom vojne karijere, 1954, diplomirao je elektrotehniku u Zagrebu, da bi 1965. doktorirao na Tehničkom veleučilištu u Zagrebu, a 1970. je diplomirao i na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Kao mornarički pukovnik Jugoslavenske armije te nakon odlaska iz vojne službe 1968. bio je voditelj više tehničkih, vojnotehničkih i ekonomskih projekata, institucija i poduzeća.

Nakon izlaska iz JNA, radio je kao vanjski suradnik, predavač na zagrebačkom FER-u., a od 1977. radi kao predavač na katedri za tehniku svemirskih letova pri Tehničkom fakultetu u Münchenu, u SR Njemačkoj. Bio je jedan od  inicijatora utemeljenja Sveučilišnog računskog centra Sveučilišta u Zagrebu iz 1971.

Tijekom svoje bogate karijere aktivno se bavio razvojem vojnih uređaja i raketne tehnike te izučavao problematiku svemirskih letova. Naime, Kotnik je konstruirao žiroskop primijenjen u američkom Svemirskom programu Apollo, zatim je surađivao u izgradnji najveće amaterske trostupanjske rakete na svijetu kao glavni izvršitelj njezina lansiranja 1967. na Fruškoj gori. Posebno se istaknuo afirmiranjem astronautike u široj populaciji te praćenjem silaska prvih ljudi na Mjesec u prijenosu RTV Zagreba, te brojnim drugim  televizijskim i radijskim emisijama i tiskovinama. Među ostalim, napisao je knjigu "Čovjek u svemiru", iz 1968. Josip Kotnik je imao više od dvadesetak patenata za dijelove raketa u JNA, ali mu nikad nisu priznati. Bio je pukovnik sa završenim fakultetima ekonomije i elektrotehnike. Osim slavnog američkog trojca, poznavao je Wernhera von Brauna i Hermanna Obertha, tvorce V1 i V2 raketa, kao i Jurija Gagarina, prvog čovjeka u svemiru.

Djela

 "Čovjek u Svemiru", Narodna tehnika NR Hrvatske: Zagreb, 1968.
 "Svi umiru jednako", Globus: Zagreb, 1990.

Izvori

Znanstvenici i istraživači na području elektrotehnike
Voditelji na HTV-u

Josip Kotnik


Food distribution is the process where a general population is supplied with food. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) considers food distribution as a subset of the food system. The process and methodology behind food distribution varies by location. Food distribution has been a defining characteristic of human behavior in all societies, and recordings of food distribution date back for thousands of years. Most governments and societies are highly shaped by the systems created to support food distribution.

There are a multitude of risk factors that can affect food distribution. War, economic failure, political problems, and weather conditions all play a role in determining the efficiency of any food system. Two recent examples of war and economic failure impacting food distribution includes the decline of food distribution in Japan during World War II and food recession in Sub-Saharan Africa during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In both cases, food distribution was hindered and the population in these areas consequently suffered.

Special organizations exist today to prevent any total collapses in food distribution, assist in developing food distribution and food systems in underdeveloped areas, and respond to food distribution crises. At the international level, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) plays a key role in facilitating the growth of food distribution systems all over the world. At the national level different countries have developed more complex support systems; by example, a mixture of federal, non-profit, and volunteer organizations function in the United States to safeguard the well-being of the US food distribution system. Within the United States, there is an issue of food insecurity where food distribution is one of the key solutions to target food insecurity. This creates a "food bank industry" where many organizations use tactics of business and trade skills within the food distribution sector to give food to communities that are in need.

History
One clear and defined documentation of historical food distribution comes from the Roman Republic and Empire. Many Roman rulers and emperors sought to determine the best method of distributing food throughout the Mediterranean, and as the demands of the Roman people changed in time, so too did their leaders' plans. In the few centuries after the death of Christ, the annona became a prominent aspect in Roman food distribution. As the Empire expanded and the accessibility to certain foods changed, the demand for grain and wine drastically increased, and became a defining aspect of Roman food culture.

Societies prominent after the fall of the Romans continued to deal with the ever-present dilemma of food distribution. The distribution systems of the United States and Latin America have developed in unique ways, and faced different problems in the past century. The United States' food distribution system is vast in size and strength, and is dominated by corporations and industry. Current methods of food distribution in the US rely on the country's advanced network of infrastructure and transportation. In less developed parts of the world like Latin America, food distribution differs from the US.

Rome
The traditional Roman diet consisted of grain, fruits, olive oil, meat and wine. Of all these, grain was extremely important to the Roman people. During Rome's height, it is estimated that the city itself needed 150,000 tons of grain and millions of liters of water and wine every year to survive. It was traditionally the responsibility of the Roman government to guarantee that there was enough food for distribution among the people. In times of shortages, bad harvests, or interference by pirates, the government made sure to fulfill its obligation to food distribution. Officials would sometimes buy food themselves and then sell it back to the people at little to no cost. When Rome eventually established its Empire, foreign lands would send taxes in grain to Rome, which helped decrease the chance of a food distribution crisis.

The Annona
The first indication of a collective, organized food distribution system within the Roman Republic comes from the annona. Originally meaning "yearly return", the annona became the administrative term for governmental bread and grain distribution. Over time, annona came to represent the distribution of all pertinent foods in the Roman diet. The annona was originally organized between 500 and 50 BCE, and gained increasing influence in the centuries to come. The practice of specifically distributing grain to the plebeian class, known as frumentationes, gained prominence around 120 BCE and supplemented the efforts of the annona to feed the Roman people. Emperor Augustus officially changed the annona system between 8 and 14 CE. He established the position of praefectus annonae, Prefect of the Annona. Up to this point in time, the annona was handled by local government officials called aediles. Augustus' Prefect of the Annona oversaw all transportation, weighing, inspection, and storing of state foods.

The physical distribution of foods throughout the Roman Empire varied by location and type of food. Some foods were shipped by boat and then distributed once they reached port.  Others, specifically meat, were transported by land and brought into urban areas. Special regulations were put in place for the distribution of olive oil, as the Empire made contracts with olive oil producers all over the Mediterranean. Free daily distributions of olive oil were enacted by Emperor Severus during his reign from 192 to 211 CE. His distribution policy lasted for at least a few centuries, but scholars are unsure if the policy continued thereafter. Wine was not as freely distributed as olive oil, but was sold for a very low price starting around 300 CE.

Food distribution in the 20th and 21st centuries

US food distribution from 1900 to 1960
The United States' food distribution system has experienced major changes in the past hundred years. Food distribution primarily relied on small, local farms in the 1940s, but quickly grew to become a large business in the 1960s. Three economic advances that allowed for the growth in food distribution between 1910 and 1960 were the establishment of chain stores, retail cooperatives, and supermarkets.

Chain stores
Chain stores did not become popular in the United States until the end of World War I. It was reported in 1929 that chain stores accounted for 39% of all grocery sales in the United States. Chain stores' success is related to their ability to undersell smaller distributors. An anti-chain movement arose in response to the success of the chain stores during the Great Depression, but caused little detriment to the success and profitability of the chains.

Retail cooperatives
Another response to the success of the chain stores was the development of retail cooperatives. These organizations were founded by groups of individual food distributors who saw the benefits of using chain-style pricing. Retail cooperatives accounted for 7% to 8% of the food market in 1930, and an increase in their popularity with independent food distributors rose retail cooperative's market share to 13% by 1958.

Supermarkets
The third and final change to US food distribution in the first half of the 20th century involved the establishment of supermarkets. The Ford Motor Company performed the first experiment regarding the profitability of large-scale supermarkets after the end of World War I. Supermarkets officially began gaining prominence in the 1930s and steadily continued their growth into the post-WWII era.

Modern US food distribution

Modern food distribution in the United States is a result of continued growth since the 1960s. In an increasingly connected world, food distribution efforts in the US reach from coast to coast. A network of infrastructure, warehouses, factories, and commercial retailers comprise the bulk of US food distribution. It is estimated that food served in the United States may travel close to 1,500 miles between growers and consumers. While many products, specifically meat and grain, are distributed in different fashions, there are common trends to the distribution of most modern foods. An increase in the use of technology for farming has transformed the small local farm of the 1940s in to large production facilities. Several federal agencies, such as the US Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration, manage and sustain the productivity of the US food distribution system.

Food distribution in Latin America
Food distribution in Latin America is mainly dominated by large distributors and chains. Efforts have been made to compete with the industrialization of the food distribution system through the establishment of four types of organizations: consumer purchasing organizations, consumer cooperatives, voluntary chains, and retailer purchasing associations. Consumer purchasing organizations are groups of families who buy food together. The benefits of joining one of these organizations are the reduced cost and improved variety in diet that comes from purchasing food with other families. Consumer cooperatives differ from consumer purchasing organizations in that they are constituted by groups of individuals who work together to secure high quality food for low prices. The cooperatives are analogous to a food union that actively works to secure the rights of its consumers. Voluntary chains are organizations of privately owned retailers and food wholesalers who operate as one economic body. These groups form contracts to work under, but are economically independent of one another. Retailer purchasing organizations are groups of retailers who purchase products as though they were a single buyer. Members within these organizations are all involved in the purchasing of goods, but do not form contracts.

Global food distribution
Along with Archer Daniels Midland, Bunge, and Cargill, the Louis Dreyfus Company is one of the four "ABCD" companies that dominate world agricultural commodity trading.

Risk factors affecting food distribution and examples of failed policy
Prominent risk factors that can affect the food distribution within a society include war, economic failure, political instability, and weather conditions. Each of these factors affects individual groups of people differently, but all share the common attribute of being detrimental to local food distribution and food systems. Two prominent examples of risk factors' negative effect on a society's food distribution system are the situation in Japan during World War II and Africa during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Japan
Japanese food distribution drastically decreased from the effects of World War Two and the country's economic shortcomings. The need for food during the 1920s and 1930s rose drastically as Japan's population and average lifestyle increased. Japan was importing large amounts of rice, sugar, soybeans, and wheat from its colonies by 1935, and had a dependence on colonial possessions to distribute food to her people. 95% of Japanese rice between 1936 and 1938, just a few years before major conflict arose with the United States, was imported from its colonies in Korea and Formosa. Only 2% of Japan's rice came from foreign countries.

As war engulfed Japan after 1941, food distribution efforts began to suffer. Japan lost a tremendous amount of cargo ships and was surrounded by an effective US blockade for most of the war. Imports were down, which cut off Japan from its primary source of food. Rationing programs, ran by Japan's Central Foodstuff Corporation and Local Foodstuff Corporations, were an attempt to distribute food equally among the general population. Changes in tax collection and price control were also created to feed Japan, but these measures ultimately did not supply the Japanese people with enough food for survival. The average ration allowance consisted of a flour mixture which was often unhealthy and barely edible. Normal consumers age 16 to 60 received an average 330 g of ration per day in May 1943, and the situation only became more desperate as the war progressed. Rationing programs were reduced even further in July 1945, just before the war's end.

Sub-Saharan Africa
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the food distribution crisis of the 1970s and 1980s was a result of a multitude of food distribution risk factors including political problems, economic failures, and weather conditions. The heart of the political problems and economic failures affecting food distribution included poor agricultural pricing and a lack of state involvement with rural development. Some of the political problems can be traced back to the colonial period. Colonial policy supported the exportation of goods, even if it meant decreasing the amount of food for the local economy. Components of these colonial policies continued to be used after African countries gained their freedom from European nations. The usage of these failed policies caused malignant consequences on the economic situation of the peasant class, including the exploitation of peasant agriculture and in removal of peasants from their land. The weather and environmental issues regarding the Sub-Saharan African food distribution crisis also have roots in failed colonial policy. Labor migration cycles used during colonial times were ecologically damaging to the local environment and failed to create new areas for growing crops. As a result, desertification and a loss of soil fertility hurt the local agricultural sector, which then in turn negatively affected food distribution.

The world's farmers produce enough food to feed 12 billion people, but the inequal food distribution leaves hundreds of millions hungry.

Food distribution organizations

The FAO

One of the largest organizations working to avoiding food distribution crises on the global stage in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The FAO is a branch of the United Nations, and actively works to improve food distribution in countries that need support

Organizations within the United States

Federal and large-scale
Several different organizations exist to mitigate and respond to food distribution crises in the United States. Prominent contributors to large-scale food distribution effort in the US include the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and Salvation Army. FEMA and the USDA work together during food distribution crises to coordinate the procurement and transportation of nonperishable food, water, and other resources to afflicted areas. The Salvation Army receives federal supplies from FEMA and the USDA, and then works on the local level to distribute necessary goods. All food given to civilians during a crisis is typically distributed at mass emergency feeding stations.

Volunteer and local

Groups like FEMA, the USDA, and the Salvation Army could not operate without help from volunteers and small nonprofit groups. Prominent contributors to local food disaster efforts include groups like Emergency Communities and the American Rainbow Rapid Response (ARRR). These organizations typically focus on supplying rural and lower income areas that do not receive priority from large food distribution groups during a crisis.

The American Red Cross

Another group that works out of the United States is the American Red Cross.  The American Red Cross is part of the International Red Cross, and 95% of all workers within the American Red Cross are volunteers. In the case of all crises, whether food related or not, the American Red Cross in engaged in relieving disaster victims. The Red Cross coordinates with local communities to provide essentials such as food, water, and hot meals for those in need during a crisis.

Food Distribution and Food Insecurity
Organizations that are founded to target food insecurity have relied on food distribution to serve people in need of regular nutritious foods. Food banks are the proper term to call these kind of organizations where they use "government sector, private sector, and civil society" to distribute and recover food that will ultimately go to waste. In the United States, there are many organizations all over the country that have the same similar goal however, there is not much effective collaboration between all organizations because it is challenging to coordinate efficient communication within one another.  There is one large organization that focuses on distributing food to people who need it in the United States, Feeding America has over 200 food banks and 60,000 food pantries.  There are more organizations that focus on distributing food that work independently and are not as big as Feeding America that contribute to distributing food to help with the issue of food insecurity.

See also
Overpopulation
Cold chain
Food security
Logistics
Retail concentration
Right to food
Agricultural marketing

References

Further reading
 Nelson, Scott Reynolds. Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World (2022) excerpt

Transport by cargo
Food industry
Food security

Food distribution


An Dendrobium crispilinguum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Phillip James Cribb. An Dendrobium crispilinguum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Papua New Guinea. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium crispilinguum


İlknur Bozkurt (d. 16 Mayıs 1971, İstanbul),  Türk oyuncu, şarkıcı, sunucu ve model.

Bakırköy Mustafa Necati İlkokulu, Bakırköy Şekerevler Cumhuriyet Ortaokulu, Bakırköy Lisesini bitirdi. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Görsel İletişim Tasarımı Bölümünü 3. sınıfta bırakarak Yeditepe Üniversitesi Radyo Sinema ve TV Bölümünden mezun oldu (2009). İlk olarak 1986 yılında Barış Manço'nun, Osman adlı parçasına çektiği klip ile oyunculuk hayatına başladı, daha sonra ise 1987 yılında Atilla Candemir tarafından yönetilen Kirli Sarı adlı TRT dizisinde oynayarak oyunculuk kariyerinde ciddi bir aşama kaydetti. Onu televizyona kazandıran bu diziden sonra TRT'nin 1989-1990 yapımı olan, Orhan Kemal'in aynı adlı eserinden daha önce de Türkân Şoray'ın canlandırdığı Hanımın Çiftliği adlı dizide Güllü adındaki başrol karakterini canlandırarak oyunculuk hayatını sürdürdü. Bu dizi onu Türkiye'nin en popüler oyuncularından biri yaptı. Daha sonra 1992 yılında, yönetmenliğini Osman Sınav'ın yaptığı Kapıları Açmak adlı sinema filminde Mehmet Aslantuğ'la başrolleri paylaştı. Aynı dönemde Türkiye'nin millî mankeni olarak yurt içi ve yurt dışı pek çok organizasyonda görev aldı. Daha sonra Necmettin Varlı yönetimindeki Zontellektüel Abdullah adlı TRT dizisinde Yaprak Özdemiroğlu ve Mustafa Avkıran ile başrolleri paylaştı. ATV'de Umut Dünyası, Show TV'de Kırmızı Kart Osman adlı projede Nurhan Damcıoğlu ve Cihat Tamer ile birlikte oynamıştır, TGRT'de Hüzün Çiçeği adlı projede Eşref Kolçak, Erol Taş ve Meral Orhonsay ile başrolleri paylaşmıştır. TGRT'de Süt Kardeşler adlı projede ise başrolü Ahmet Uğurlu, Kemal Kuruçay ve Tuluğ Çizgen ile paylaşmıştır. Türk Sanat Müziği eğitimi de almış olup Türkiye'nin pek çok ilinde bu konuda da çalışmalar yapmıştır. Ayrıca 2010 yılında hafta içi her gün 11.00 - 12.30 saatleri arasında Cem TV'de "İyi ki Kadınım" adlı kadın sorunlarını içeren programı hazırlayıp sunmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar

1971 doğumlular
Türk kadın modeller
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
Yeditepe Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar

İlknur Bozkurt


In the Bible, nephilim are offspring of "Sons of God" and "daughters of men".

Nephilim may also refer to:

Books
 Nephilim (manga), a josei manga by Anna Hanamaki
 Nephilim (manhwa), a manhwa by Ryu Kum-chel
 Nephilim, a race of angel-human hybrids that hunt demons in The Mortal Instruments (series) by Cassandra Clare.
Nephilim, a 2013 Swedish novel by Asa Schwarz, translated by Steven T. Murray.

Film and TV
 Ha'Nephilim (The Outsiders), an Israeli television show that involves supernatural beings called Nephilim

Games
 Nephilim (roleplaying game), a 1992 role-playing game by French company Multisim (later Chaosium) in which players take on roles of ancient spirits that can move from one human incarnation to another.
 Nephilim (Xenosaga), a character in the Xenosaga series
 Nephilim (Wing Commander), codename given to an unknown race of squid-like aliens in the video game Wing Commander: Prophecy
 Nephilim (Avernum), or Nephils, a race of feline humanoids in the computer role-playing game series Exile and Avernum
 Nephilim, an extinct race, product of relationships held between fallen angels and humans in Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness videogame
 Nephilim, a creature type in the Guildpact expansion for the Magic: The Gathering trading-card game.

Music
 Fields of the Nephilim, a British gothic rock band.
 The Nefilim, a gothic metal band formed as a successor to Fields of the Nephilim

Albums
The Nephilim, an album by Fields of the Nephilim
 Nephilim: Act of God 1, an album by Stu Dent

Songs
 "Nephilim", a song by Katatonia from Night Is the New Day 2009
 "The Nephilim", a song by AFI from The Art of Drowning 2000
 "The Nephilim Rising", a song by death metal band Behemoth that appeared on their 2004 record Demigod

See also
 Nephilim in popular culture

Nephilim (disambiguation)


USS Bougainville (CVE-100) was the forty-sixth of fifty  built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after the Bougainville campaign, a prolonged action against Japanese forces entrenched in the island of Bougainville off Papua New Guinea . The ship was launched in May 1944, and commissioned in June, and served as a replenishment carrier in support of the invasion of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. She was decommissioned in November 1946, when she was mothballed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was sold for scrapping in August 1960.

Design and description

Bougainville was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, with a length  at the waterline, she had a beam of , at her widest point, this was , and a draft of . She displaced  standard,  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Uniflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Her compact size necessitated the installation of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors  anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon  cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20-mm cannons, and the amount of 40-mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Although Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to function with a crew of 860 and an embarked squadron of 50 to 56, the exigencies of wartime often necessitated the inflation of the crew count. The carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. Because Bougainville only operated in a replenishment capability, she usually operated with about 60 aircraft on board, the maximum carrying capacity at which take-offs would still be possible.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942, under the name Didrickson Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was renamed Bougainville, as part of a new naval policy which named subsequent Casablanca-class carriers after naval or land engagements. The escort carrier was laid down on 3 March 1944, MC hull 1137, the forty-sixth of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. She was launched on 16 May 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Sally A. Monfort; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 18 June 1944, with Captain Charles Alonzo Bond in command.

Service history

World War II
Upon being commissioned, Bougainville got underway, on 7 July, on a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to San Diego. Upon arriving, she was assigned to the Carrier Transport Squadron of the Pacific Fleet. The carrier departed on 25 July with a load of aircraft, bound for the West Pacific. Transiting via Pearl Harbor, she headed to Majuro, in the Marshall Islands. She returned to the West Coast on 23 August, and following a seventeen-day period at port, she left on 9 September for another transport mission. She steamed to Finschhafen, New Guinea, before proceeding to Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands, where she unloaded her aircraft. There, she took on an air group returning to Pearl Harbor, arriving at Oahu in mid-October.

After unloading her cargo, she took on a complement of sixty-four fighter aircraft, all bound for the Mariana Islands. After arriving at Saipan, her crew went to general quarters for the first time on 3 November in response to Japanese aircraft. Departing on 4 November, she headed to Guam, before returning to Pearl Harbor. In the closing months of 1944, Bougainville made another transport mission from Pearl Harbor to the Marianas, making a stop at Eniwetok. Upon completing her mission, she departed in mid-December for the West Coast, arriving at San Diego on 22 December. There, she underwent another stay of availability, until 7 January 1945, when she headed back into the Pacific.

She stopped at Pearl Harbor on 13 January, where she commenced flight training and gunnery exercises. Upon the completion of these activities, she departed Hawaiian waters on 30 January, arriving back at Eniwetok a week later. There, on 8 February, she was assigned to become a replenishment carrier as a part of Task Group 50.8.4, the mobile replenishment group supporting the frontline Fifth Fleet. She served alongside three other escort carriers, , , and . Replenishment escort carriers such as Bougainville enabled the frontline carriers to replace battle losses, and to stay at sea for longer durations of time. She departed Eniwetok to commence her replenishment duties on 9 February.

For the next four months, Bougainville operated in a replenishment capability, supplying the Third Fleet's Fast Carrier Task Force with supplies, replacement aircraft, and munitions. She first supported Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher's carriers as they conducted operations in support of the landings on Iwo Jima. Upon the conclusion of said campaign, she providing aircraft to replace losses sustained in raids against the Japanese mainland, and she also provided support throughout the first six weeks of the Battle of Okinawa. During the Okinawa campaign, she had the task of providing replacement aircraft for both the escort carriers and the fleet carriers. Throughout her service as a replenishment carrier, she received supplies and additional aircraft from bases located within Eniwetok, Guam, and Ulithi in the Caroline Islands.

On 5 June, Bougainville, along with the ships of Task Group 38.1 and Task Group 30.8, was trapped in the path of Typhoon Connie, which was proceeding northwards, and on a course to the east of Okinawa. Admiral William Halsey Jr., which had already led the Third Fleet into the deadly Typhoon Cobra in December 1944, now managed to lead the Third Fleet yet again into another deadly storm. At the peak of the storm, Windham Bay experienced estimated winds of  and waves towering some  high. As Task Group 50.8 emerged from the typhoon, Bougainville had suffered considerable damage, in both her hull, and her aircraft contingent. Twenty-seven planes on Bougainville had been lost or wrecked, and most of her remaining planes, located in her hangar deck, were inaccessible, because both of her aircraft elevators had been jammed. In addition, her flight deck supports had been damaged, and she suffered much additional superficial damage.

In mid-June, Bougainville was released from her replenishment duties, when she undertook a transport mission to bases located within the Philippines, before returning to Guam. After completing her mission, she steamed eastward, pausing at Pearl Harbor, before arriving back at San Diego, where she lay in port until early August for repairs and replenishment. On 9 August, she left San Diego, bound yet again for the West Pacific. En route, her crew received news of the Japanese surrender on 15 August. After stops at Pearl Harbor and Guam, she was anchored off of the island of Roi-Namur when the formal signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was occurring on 2 September. There, she loaded inoperational aircraft, before heading back to Oahu. At Pearl Harbor, she took on a load of aircraft and passengers, departing port on 12 September, stopping at Apra Harbor, Guam, where she disembarked some passengers and took on additional aircraft. Continuing westwards, she anchored at Nakagusuku Bay on 27 September, before leaving harbor the following day to evade Typhoon Jean, which appeared to heading for the Okinawa Islands.

Bougainville returned to port on 3 October, where she took on two Marine Corps observation squadrons, VMO-3 and VMO-6, which were headed to China for occupation duty. On 10 October, she arrived at the Taku Forts, where she disembarked VMO-3, which was attached to the 3rd Marines. Proceeding southwards, she arrived at Qingdao on 11 October, and on 12 October, VMO-6, which was attached to the 6th Marines, disembarked. After a layover of four days at Qingdao, she steamed for Okinawa on 16 October. She entered Nakagusuku Bay on 19 October, where she took on a load of inoperational aircraft and passengers. Steaming eastwards, she made a brief layover at Pearl Harbor, arriving back at the West Coast by the end of October.

After a long stay in port, Bougainville once again departed on 28 November, heading to Eniwetok, via Pearl Harbor. She returned to San Diego on 12 January 1946, whereupon she steamed northwards, arriving at Tacoma, Washington in late-January. There, inactivation work was conducted, and she was placed in reserve on 29 July. She was decommissioned on 30 November, and mothballed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, as part of its Tacoma Group. Whilst in reserve, she was reclassified as a utility aircraft carrier (CVU-100) on 12 June 1955. She was further reclassified as an aircraft ferry (AKV-35) on 7 May 1959. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 April 1960, and she was sold on 9 September to the Cole Export Corp. Delivered on 7 November, she was ultimately broken up in Japan later that year. Bougainville received two battle stars for her World War II service.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Bougainville (CVE-100)


A Igreja Evangélica Presbiteriana Costarricense  (IEPC) - em espanhol Iglesia Evangélica Presbiteriana Costarricense - é uma denominação presbiteriana, estabelecida na Costa Rica em 1985, por igrejas que se separaram da Associação das Igrejas Bíblicas Costarricenses (AIBC), por apoiarem a Teologia da Libertação, rejeitada pela AIBC.

História
Durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980 houve um conflito entre os líderes da Associação das Igrejas Bíblicas Costarricenses (AIBC), que causou o primeiro cisma entre os afiliados da denominação.

A Teologia da Libertação (TL) tornou-se um tema polêmico entre os evangélicos em geral e entre professores e alunos do Seminário Bíblico Latino-Americano (SBL) em meados da década de 1970. O SBL foi fundada em San José pela Missão Latino-Americana (MLA) na década de 1920 e treinou pastores e líderes cristãos de muitas denominações, não apenas da AIBC.

As facções pró-TL e anti-TL travaram uma guerra verbal entre si que resultou em calúnias contra muitos indivíduos e uma divisão entre muitas organizações evangélicas, incluindo missionários da MLA e outras agências missionárias.

No final da década de 1970, vários professores que eram contra ou desconfortáveis com o ensino de TL deixaram o SBL, deixando a maioria dos professores unisos em seu apoio à LT. Ao mesmo tempo, muitas denominações costarriquenhas, bem como igrejas nacionais e agências missionárias em outros países que se opunham à LT, pararam de enviar seus pastores e líderes à SBL. Essa controvérsia afetou a AIBC porque vários dos professores da SBL também eram pastores nas igrejas da AIBC, e houve discussões bastante acaloradas sobre a questão da LT entre a liderança da AIBC por vários anos.

No final, em 1985, um grupo de cinco pastores e suas igrejas se retiraram da AIBC e fundaram uma nova associação de igrejas: a Federação de Igrejas Evangélicas da Costa Rica (FIEC).

Em 2005, a FIEC mudou seu nome para Iglesia Evangélica Presbiteriana Costarricense (IEPC) apos sua associação com a Igreja Presbiteriana (EUA).

Estatísticas
No final de 1988, a FIEC relatou ter 9 igrejas e uma missão com um total de aproximadamente 400 membros.

Em março de 2000, a FIEC relatou 24 igrejas com cerca de 1.700 membros afiliados, mas em 2004 relatou apenas 12 congregações e três estudos bíblicos domiciliares com cerca de 1.000 membros.

Em 2013, a IEPC relatou ter 19 igrejas e 5 missões (24 congregações) com um total de 1.325 membros em todo o país.

Doutrina

A denominação permite a ordenação de mulheres e subscreve o Credo dos Apóstolos

Relações Inter-eclesiásticas

A denominação é membro da Comunhão Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas, da Aliança de Igrejas Presbiterianas e Reformadas da América Latina e do Conselho Latino-Americano de Igrejas (CLAI) e do Conselho de Igrejas da Costa Rica.

Além disso, recebe missionários e possui relacionamento próximo com a Igreja Presbiteriana (EUA), Igreja Unida de Cristo e Igreja Cristã (Discípulos de Cristo).

Denominações presbiterianas na Costa Rica
Membros da Comunhão Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas


Hammer-Torup er en bebyggelse 15 kilometer sydøst for Næstved i Hammer Sogn, Næstved Kommune.

Der er et bylaug i Hammer-Torup. De fredede Hammer-Torup Bakker findes umiddelbart syd for bebyggelsen.

Journalist Puk Damsgård er opvokset på Damsgården i Hammer-Torup.

Referencer

Lokaliteter i Næstved Kommune

Hammer-Torup


Petting ist ein US-amerikanisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 1969, das von Frank Perry nach dem gleichnamigen, 1968 erschienenen, Roman von Evan Hunter inszeniert wurde.

Handlung
Die beiden Jugendlichen Peter und Dan verbringen ihre Sommerferien auf Fire Island. Am Strand treffen die Jungen auf das Mädchen Sandy, die sich um eine verletzte Möwe kümmert. Die Jungen entfernen einen Angelhaken aus dem Hals des Vogels. Peter, Dan und Sandy werden schnell Freunde und verbringen ihre Zeit miteinander. Sie gehen schwimmen, fahren mit einem Boot aufs Meer, rauchen Marihuana und entdecken nach einem Kinobesuch ihre erwachende Sexualität.

An einem Nachmittag lernen die drei die etwas füllige 15-jährige Rhoda kennen. Rhoda ist scheu und hat Angst, Freundschaften zu schließen. Als Peter herausfindet, dass Sandy die Möwe brutal getötet hat, weil sie ihr in den Finger gebissen hat, wendet er sich Rhoda zu. Sandy, die eine Antwort von einem Computer-Date-Service erhalten hat, macht sich über Rhodas Unerfahrenheit mit Jungen lustig. Mit Hilfe von Peter und Dan kann sie Rhoda dazu bringen, sich als Sandy auszugeben und in einem Restaurant ihr Computer-Date, den Puerto-Ricaner Anibal, zu treffen. Auch Peter, Dan und Sandy kommen zu dem Treffen. Sie machen Anibal betrunken und überlassen ihn, zum Entsetzen Rhodas, einigen Rowdys. Rhoda beschwert sich bei Peter, der sich nun von ihr abwendet und mit Sandy und Dan ein Picknick in einem Waldstück machen will.

Bei dem Picknick versucht Dan Sandy zu verführen. Doch Rhoda taucht auf und macht Dans Plan zunichte. Sandy ist von Rhodas Eindringen in die Gruppe verstört. Sie zieht ihr Bikinioberteil aus und fordert Rhoda auf, das Gleiche zu tun. Rhoda will wieder gehen, doch Sandy bringt die Jungen dazu, Rhoda festzuhalten. Rhoda bittet Peter um Hilfe, doch der hält sie mit Sandy am Boden fest. Sie wird von Dan vergewaltigt. Danach lassen die drei Rhoda zurück. Sandy und Dan kehren zum Strand zurück, während Peter zögert und auf einer nahen Sanddüne auf Rhoda wartet.

Kritik
Das Lexikon des internationalen Films beschrieb den Film als "lediglich in Teilen überzeugende psychologische Studie über Pubertätsprobleme: Einzelne Phänomene sind angemessen erfaßt, die sozialen Umstände werden von der vordergründigen Inszenierung jedoch nur mangelhaft durchleuchtet."

Vincent Canby, Kritiker der New York Times, schrieb, die Perrys machen Filme mit lebhaften Darstellungen und Stimmungen. Der Film sei gemein und fehlerbehaftet, aber auch ein wortkarger Kommentar, den man nicht so einfach abtun könne.

Roger Ebert von der Chicago Sun-Times lobt den Film als einen der besten, ehrlichsten und tiefgründigsten, die er je gesehen habe.

Auch die Variety bezeichnete die Produktion als soliden Einblick mit guter Darstellung und sensibler Regie.

Voll des Lobes zeigt sich auch der Evangelische Film-Beobachter: "Der Film des begabten Regisseurs Perry […] behandelt sein heikles Thema nicht primitiv-spekulativ, sondern trotz des schockierenden Endes mit spürbarem Ernst. Ab 18 des Ansehens und der Diskussion wert!"

Auszeichnungen
Catherine Burns wurde 1970 mit dem KCFCC-Award des Kansas City Film Critics Circle als beste Nebendarstellerin. Im gleichen Jahr wurde sie für den Oscar als beste Nebendarstellerin nominiert.

Der Film wurde mit dem Laurel Award als Sleeper of the Year ausgezeichnet. Barbara Hershey belegte als Female New Face Platz 6. Frank Perry wurde zudem als bester Regisseur beim Festival Internacional de Cine de Mar del Plata geehrt.

Hintergrund
Der Film feierte am 10. Juni 1969 seine Premiere. In Deutschland kam er am 14. November des gleichen Jahres in die Kinos.

Ralph Waite und Richard Thomas spielten ab 1972 in der Fernsehserie Die Waltons wieder Vater und Sohn.

Frank Perry inszenierte den Film nach einem Drehbuch seiner Ehefrau Eleanor. Hier arbeitete das Paar zum vierten Mal zusammen. Für den Film war es notwendig, die Rollen mit jungen Schauspielern zu besetzen. Während Barbara Hershey und Richard Thomas, zum Zeitpunkt der Dreharbeiten 21 bzw. 18 Jahre alt, schon Erfahrungen durch TV-Produktionen hatten, war es für den 23-jährigen Bruce Davison das Filmdebüt, während die ein Jahr ältere Catherine Burns das zweite Mal vor einer Kamera stand.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1969
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmdrama
Ed-McBain-Verfilmung

Petting (Film)


An Phleum gibbum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier. An Phleum gibbum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phleum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phleum

Phleum gibbum


Sparta (Dor Grekçesi: Σπάρτα, Spártā Attika Grekçesi: Σπάρτη, Spártē) Antik Yunanistan'ın Lakonya bölgesindeki öne çıkan bir şehir devletiydi. Söz konusu şehir devleti, antik dönemde Lakedemon (Λακεδαίμων, Lakedaímōn) olarak bilinirken, Sparta ismi Peloponez'in (diğer adıyla Mora Yarımadası) güneydoğusunda bulunan Lakonya bölgesindeki Evrotas Nehri'nin kıyısındaki ana yerleşim bölgesi için kullanılan bir isimdi. Sparta, MÖ 650'lerde Antik Yunanistan'daki baskın askeri kara kuvveti hâline gelmiştir.

Sparta, askeri üstünlüğü göz önüne bulundurulduğunda, Pers-Yunan Savaşları sırasında birleşik Yunan ordusunun önde gelen gücü olarak tanındı. Bu savaşta Sparta aynı safta çarpıştığı Atina'nın yükselen deniz gücüyle rekabet halindeydi. Sparta, Peloponez Savaşı sırasında (MÖ 431 ile 404 arası) Atina'nın başlıca düşmanıydı ve bu savaştan zaferle çıktı. Sparta şehir devleti siyasi bağımsızlığını MÖ 146'da Roma'nın Yunanistan'ı fethine kadar sürdürmesine rağmen, MÖ 371'de gerçekleşmiş Leuktra Savaşı, Sparta hegemonyasını sona erdirdi. Sparta, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun bölünmesinden sonra, özellikle de vatandaşlarının birçoğunun Mistra'ya taşındığı Orta Çağ'da uzun bir gerileme dönemi geçirdi. Modern Sparta, güney Yunanistan bölgesi Lakonya'nın başkenti olup, bir narenciye ve zeytin işleme merkezidir.

Coğrafya

Sparta, güneydoğuda Peloponnese, Laconia bölgesindedir. Antik Sparta, Laconia'nın en büyük nehri olan Eurotas nehri'nin kıyısına inşa edilmişti ve ona bir tatlı su kaynağı sağlıyordu. Eurotas vadisi, batıda Taygetus dağı (2,407 m) ve doğuda Parnon dağı (1,935 m). Kuzeyde Laconia, Arkadya'dan 1000 m yüksekliğe ulaşan tepelik yaylalarla ayrılır. Bu doğal savunmalar Sparta'nın avantajına çalıştı ve onu görevden almaktan ve istiladan korudu. Karayla çevrili olmasına rağmen, Sparta'nın Laconian Körfezi üzerinde bir vasal limanı Gytheio vardı.

Kuruluşu

MÖ 9. yüzyıl sonunda Pitana, Meson, Limnai ve Kynosura isimli dört köy birleşti. Ancak şehir hiçbir zaman sur içine alınmadı. MÖ 8. yüzyılda Eurotas vadisi yakın dağlar ve kıyı ovası da şehrin topraklarına katıldı. Zengin eyalet Messinia ele geçirildi. İç savaşlarında yaşandığı dönemde şehirde örgütlenmeler başladı. Kurumlar Lykurgos tarafından kuruldu. Bir tür anayasa ilan edildi. Lakedaimonların sitesi tüm haklara sahip vatandaşlardan oluşuyor, eşitler olarak adlandırılan bu yurttaşlar devletten, Heiloslar tarafından işlenen toprak hissesi (kleros) alıyorlardı. Heiloslar bazen aşağılanıyor ve ülkede huzuru sağlamak için gerekli görülen terör dönemlerinde öldürülüyorlardı. Perioikoslar ise kendi geleneklerine göre yaşıyorlardı. Orduyu iki kral komuta ediyor, siyasal yaşamı ise Gerusialar yönetiyordu. Sparta'daki yaşam bu dönemde çok parlaktı. Ancak ülkede gerginlik artmaya başladı. Argos ile yapılan savaşta yenildiler. Sistem katılaştı. Katı bir eğitim sistemi kabul edildi. Her türlü lüks yasaklandı. MÖ 550'ye doğru, Khilon'un dönemindeki Sparta, elindekileri korumakla yetinen, kendi içine kapanık bir şehir oldu.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Termopylae Muharebesi
 I. Leonidas
 Helot
Agiad

Kaynakça
ÖzelGenel

 Cartledge, Paul. "What have the Spartans Done for us?: Sparta's Contribution to Western Civilization", Greece & Rome, Vol. 51, Issue 2 (2004), pp. 164–179.

.

Dış bağlantılar

 GTP—Sparta
 GTP—Ancient Sparta
 Sparta'nın tekrar gözden geçirilmiş tarihi, Antik Sparta'nın inanaçları ve kültürü
 Journal of Laconian Studies—A peer-review open source Journal for the study of Laconian history
 Sparta & Yunan tarihi
 Antik Tarih Kaynak Kitabı: 11. Brittanica: Sparta
 Antik Sparta'nın tarihi
 Sparta gerçekleri
 Sparta Tarihi

Sparta


An Nervilia lanyuensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Shao Shun Ying. An Nervilia lanyuensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nervilia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nervilia

Nervilia lanyuensis


Un esperantohablante es una persona con capacidad de utilizar el esperanto para comunicarse, ya sea de manera pasiva (lectura, escucha) o de manera activa.

El esperanto es por naturaleza una lengua vehicular, y por tanto la casi-totalidad de los esperantohablantes tienen al esperanto como segunda lengua (lengua adquirida). Esta característica dificulta las estimaciones del número de hablantes, y lo hace mucho más complejo que para el caso de las lenguas nacionales, en donde existe un número muy importante de locutores nativos. La otra gran dificultad para un cálculo estimado del tamaño de ese grupo lingüístico, es la que se encuentra en el caso de cualquier lengua adquirida: gran heterogeneidad de los niveles de práctica.

Con frecuencia, existe confusión entre los términos esperanto-hablante y esperantista. En esperanto, el vocablo esperantisto es con frecuencia utilizado para designar a un esperanto-hablante (esperanto-parolanto), y por tanto el vocablo esperantisto suele ser impropiamente traducido por esperantista. En español, el sufijo "-fono" o "-hablante" designa a los locutores de una lengua, en tanto que el sufijo "-ista" habitualmente designa una profesión, y en este caso, unido a la palabra esperanto más bien da idea de una persona comprometida con la difusión y el fortalecimiento de esa lengua.

Estudios orientados a contabilizar el número de esperanto-hablantes

Jouko Lindstedt evalúa la capacidad para hablar el esperanto en una comunidad que corrientemente use esta lengua, según la siguiente escala:
  personas que tienen el esperanto como su lengua materna.
  personas que hablan corrientemente el esperanto.
  personas que utilizan el esperanto de manera activa.
  de personas que comprenden fácilmente el esperanto.
  de personas que en algún momento de la vida estudiaron el esperanto de una manera más o menos profunda e intensa.

Sidney Culbert, profesor de psicología de la Universidad de Washington, y esperantista, estimó esta cifra, contabilizando en varios países y durante unos veinte años el número de esperanto-hablantes a través de un procedimiento de muestreo, y así llegó a establecer una población hablante de esperanto de unos 1,6 millones de personas (con nivel profesional y en todo el mundo).

Ziko Marcus Sikosek considera que ese número de 1,6 millones es exagerado. Mismo suponiendo una repartición uniforme de los esperanto-hablantes en el mundo, cada millón de esperanto-hablantes a nivel mundial, debería traducirse por alrededor de 180 hablantes en una ciudad como Colonia, y se sabe que allí Sikosek no encontró más que 30 personas dominando este idioma; asimismo, también se encontró un número de hablantes inferior al esperado en otras varias ciudades censadas, a pesar de que estas albergan una concentración de hablantes de esperanto superior a la media.

También debe tenerse en cuenta que las diferentes organizaciones esperantistas representan, en conjunto, un total de unos veinte mil miembros (aunque debe reconocerse que otras estimaciones arrojan un valor superior a veinte mil). Claro está, hay numerosos esperanto-hablantes que no son miembros de organización esperantista alguna, pero igual, ese número tan bajo de afiliados, da a pensar que el número total de hablantes de esperanto no debe ser muy superior a un millón, porque parece poco probable que haya 50 veces más de personas hablantes, que de miembros de las citadas organizaciones.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Esperanto

Esperantohablante


La estoria del Cid (c. 1270-1289) es un conjunto de materiales narrativos que aparecen en la Versión sanchina de la Estoria de España alfonsí (llamada así o Crónica amplificada de 1289 por haber sido elaborada en el reinado de Sancho IV de Castilla) y cuentan la historia de Rodrigo Díaz el Campeador combinando prosificaciones del Cantar de mio Cid (en una copia similar a la que se nos ha conservado que manejó el escritorio de Alfonso X el Sabio hacia 1270), una crónica árabe del dominio del Campeador sobre Valencia contemporánea a los hechos, que se atribuía a Ibn Alqama, pero actualmente se considera debida a Ibn al-Farağ (según nos transmiten distintos manuscritos de la Estoria de España, que inician este texto como «diz Abenfarax en su arávigo, onde esta estoria fue sacada...» o «Segunt cuenta la estoria que compuso Abenalfarax, sobrino de Gil Díaz, en Valencia...»), y relatos de cariz hagiográfico sobre los últimos años del Cid que se desarrollaron en torno al monasterio de Cardeña desde el  conocidos como Leyenda de Cardeña.

Se ha postulado que los materiales que componen la estoria del Cid formaron un texto independiente, una Estoria del Cid, a la que remitiría el comienzo de esta sección de las crónicas alfonsíes, que reza «cuenta la estoria d'este noble varón el Cid Ruy Díaz el Campeador, señor que fue de Valencia, e dize assí», pero no hay seguridad de que tuviera una existencia autónoma. En  todo caso esta estoria no utiliza la Historia Roderici —que es la fuente considerada principal para el conocimiento de la biografía de Rodrigo Díaz—, y será base de compilaciones cronísticas posteriores, como la Crónica de Castilla (c. 1300), la Crónica de 1344 y la Crónica particular del Cid (1512).

Fuentes
 Alberto Montaner Frutos, Guerra en Šarq Al'andalus: Las batallas cidianas de Morella (1084) y Cuarte (1094), 2005. Cfr. esp. «Evaluación o evolución de las fuentes», cap. II, § 11, págs. 213 y ss.
 — (ed. lit., estudio y notas), Cantar de mio Cid, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg; Real Academia Española, 2011, págs. 528-532 y 537. ISBN 978-84-8109-908-9

Literatura medieval de España
Libros del siglo XIII
El Cid
Obras de ficción ambientadas en el siglo XI

Estoria del Cid


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 Doğu Alman Donanması

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Almanya

Almanya Donanması mayın tarama gemileri listesi


අලි ඇතුන් මැමත් සතුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන බව ඇතැමුන් පවසති.මිනිසා  ඉතිහාසයේදී බල්ලන්, ගවයන් වැනි සතුන්ගෙන් පසු හීලෑ කරගත් ප්‍රයෝජනවත්ම සත්ත්ව වර්ගය වන්නේද අලි ඇතුන්ය. මෙසේ අලි ඇතුන් හීලෑකරගත් ආකාරය පිළිබඳ කරුණු සඳහන් නොවන නමුත් සමහරුන්ගේ අදහස වන්නේ කුඩා කාලයේ මව මිය යාම නිසා අතරමං වූ අලි පැටියෙක් හෝදඩයම් සඳහා කැපූ වලවල් වල වැටුණු අලි පැටවුන් මිනිසුන් විසින් රැ‍ගෙන ඒම මගින් අලි හීලෑ කරගත් බවය. මෙම අලි ඇතුන් අතීතයේ සිටම බර වැඩ සඳහා මිනිසුන් හා ඩාරා  යොදා ගන්නා ලදි.

අලියගේ හැඩරුව

අලියාගේ හැසිරීම මෙන්ම පෙනුමත් අනෙක් බොහෝ සතුන්ට වඩා වෙනස්ය.සුවි‍ශේෂය.අලියාගේ කැපී පෙනෙන ශරීරාංගයක් වන්නේ හොඬවැලය.විවිධ කාර්යයන් සඳහා යොදාගන්නා මේ හොඬවැලේ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයට මාංශපේශීන් 40,000 ක් පමණ එකිනෙකට සම්බන්ධව පවතී.හොඬවැල නාසය ලෙසට මෙන්ම අතක් ලෙසටද සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී අලියාට ප්‍රයෝජනවත් වේ.දිය බීමේදී හා ශරීරයට දිය ඉසගැනීමේදී පමණක් නොව සතුරෙකුට පහරදීම සඳහා ශක්තිමත් අයුධයක් ලෙසද යොදාගනී.

අලි ශරීරයේ ඇති අනෙක් සුවිශේෂී අංගයක් වන්නේ කන් යුවලයි. මේ කන් සැකසී ඇත්තේ අවට ඇති ශබ්ද තරංග හැකිතාක් කන් ඇතුළට යොමුවන ලෙසටය. එනිසා අලින්ට ඉතා සුළු ශබ්දයක් පවා ඉතා හොදින් ඇසීමේ හැකියාව ඇත.එමෙන්ම ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය පිටකිරීමේදී මෙම කන් වැදගත් කාර්යයක් ඉටු කරයි. අලි නිතරම තම දෙකන් වලින් පවන් සලයි. පවන් සලන විට නිතරම කන් සෙලවීම නිසා රුධිර‍යේ ඇති උෂ්ණත්වය කනේ සම හරහා බාහිර පරිසරයට විහිදේ.

අලින්ගේ පෙනිම දුර්වලය.නමුත් ඉතා හොදින් ඉව දැනෙයි.උණුසූමට අකමැති වීමත්, ඇස් පෙනීමේ දුබලතාවය හා හොදින් ඉව දැනිම යන මේ හේතූන් නිසා අලි නිශාචර දිවියකට වැඩි කැමැත්තක් දක්වයි.

අලින්ගේ සම සංවේදී ඉන්ද්‍රියකි.එය සිරුරේ සමහර තැන්වලදි සිනිදු වන අතර සමහර තැන්වලදී ඝන වේ. කන්වල සම ඉතා සිනිදුය. නමුත් සිරුර පසු කොටසේ සම සමහර තැන් වල සම ඝන වේ. සිනිදු හා රළු ලොම් සිරුර පුරා තැනින් තැන විසිරී පවතී අලියෙකුගේ වල්ගයේ ඇති ලොම් ඌ වැඩෙන විට ක්‍රමයෙන් ඝන වී අවසානයේ ප්ලාස්ටික් කෙන්දක් මෙන් ඝන තත්වයට පත් වේ.

අලින්ගේ පාද වංගෙඩි මෙන් මහතය.මෙම පාද සකස් වී ඇත්තේ අලින්ගේ සිරුරේ විශාල බර දරා ගැනීමට හැකිවන පරිදිය.එමෙන්ම පාදවල අස්ථි ඉතා ශක්තිමත්ව වැඩී ඇත්තේ සිරුරේ බර දරා ගැනීමට හැකිවන පරිදිය. එමෙන්ම පාදයේ යට විලුඹ කොටස කොට්ටයක් මෙන් විශාල වී සැකසී තිබේ. මේ නිසා සිරුරේ බර දරා ගැනිමට මෙන්ම බොහෝ දුර ඇවිද යාමටද පහසු වී ඇත. කකු‍ලේ පතුල ඝන වන අතර එහි පැළුම් හා රේඛා සටහන් දැකිය හැකිය. මෙය ගල් උඩ නැගීමේදී හා කදු බෑවුම් මත යන විට ලිස්සායාම වලක්වා ගැනීමට උපකාරී වේ.

අලින්ගේ දන්ත පද්ධතියද සුවිශේෂී වේ. එය මිනිසා හා අනෙක් ක්ෂීරපායී සතුන්ගේ දන්ත පද්ධති වලට වඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් , හැඩයෙන් හා වැඩෙන ආකාරයෙන් විවිධ වේ. මිනිසා හා අනෙක් ක්ෂීරපායී සතුන්ගේ ජීවිත කාලයේදී දන්ත පද්ධති 2 ක් ඇතිවන අතර අලින්ට තම ජීවිත කාලයේදී දන්ත පද්ධති 6 ක් ඇති ජෙරාඩ් ටියුට් එකෙ හොදින් ක්‍රියාකාරකම කියවා මෙම ප්‍රශ්න සමඟ පිළිතුරු මාවෙත එවන්න ෆොස්පේට්

Image:Elephants_tung.jpg|හොඬ වැල
Image:Tung.jpg|හොඬවැල දිය බීමට යොදාගනී
Image:Elephants_Tung_3.jpg|හොඬවැල ආහාර ගැනීමට යොදාගනී
Image:Elephants_Eare.jpg|අලියාගේ කන්
Image:Elephants_legs.jpg|අලියාගේ පාද
Image:Baby_1.jpg
Image:Elephant_A.jpg
Image:Elephant_B.jpg

</Gallery>

අලින්ගේ ජීවන චර්යාවන්

අලියා අර්ධ ජලජ සත්ත්වයෙකි. එනිසාම දිනකට පැය කිහිපයක්වත් දියට බැස කාලය ඔවුන්ට අවශ්‍ය වේ. අලින්ගේ සිරුරේ විශාල මාංශපේශී ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය නිසා විශාල උෂ්ණත්වයක් ඇති වේ. එම ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය අඩු කරගත හැකි පහසු ක්‍රමයක් වන්නේ දියට බැස සිටීම හා දහවල් උණුසුම් අවස්ථාවලදී ක්‍රියාශීලී නොවී සිටීමය. අලින්ගේ දිය කෙළි වෙහෙසක් නොමැතිව බලා සිටිය හැකි තරම් සුන්දරය. චමත්කාරජනකය.

අලියා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ශාක භක්ෂක සත්ත්වයෙකි. ඔවුන්ගේ දිනපතා ආහාරය 70% පමණ අඩංගු වන්නේ විවිධ තණකොළ වර්ගය. කොළ වර්ග පමණක් නොව දිවුල් වැනි පළතුරු මෙන්ම කැළේදී කන්නට නොලැබෙන පොල්කොළ, කිතුල්, අන්නාසි, කෙසෙල්බඩ හා කෙසෙල්ගෙඩිද අලින්ට රසවත් ආහාර වේ. එමෙන්ම හේන් වල වගාකෙරෙන වට්ටක්කා, පුහුල්, පැණි කොමඩු, කුරක්කන්, බඩ ඉරිඟු වැනි ආහාර වලටද මොවුන් විශේෂ කැමැත්තක් දක්වයි.අලි මිනිස් ගැටුමේ මුලාරම්භයද මෙය වේ.එනම් තම හේන් විනාශ කරන අලි තම සතුරන් ලෙසට මිනිසුන් සිතයි.

අලි මිනිස් ගැටුමේ ප්‍රතිඵල

මෙම අලි මිනිස් ගැටුමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස වර්තමානයේ අලි පරපුර වඳවෙමින් පවතින හා අනාගතයේ දුර්ලභ සත්ත්ව ඝනයට වැටෙන සත්ත්ව වර්ගයක් ලෙස හැදින්වේ.අද වන විට ලෝකයේ ඉතිරිව ඇත්තේ අලි විශේෂ 2 ක් පමණි.ඒ අප්‍රිකානු හා ආසියානු අලියාය.

ශරීරයෙන් විශාල වුවද අලියා මිනිසාට හිතවත් මෙන්ම අහිංසක සත්ත්වයෙකි.සත්ත්ව ලෝකයේ දැවැන්තයා වන අලියා ආරක්ෂා කරගැනීම මිනිස් සංහතියේ වඟකීම වේ.

කලාව
අලි බැලීමත් බලි බැලීමත් ඇතිවන්නේ නැහැ යැයි කියමනක් අපේ ජනවහරේ එයි.අලින්ගේ හැසිරීම මිනිසුන්ගේ සිත් සතන් ඇදගන්නා තරම් අපුරුය.මෙවන් කියමනක් අපේ ජනවහරේ එන්නේ ඒ මිනිසා හා අලියා අතර ඇති සම්බන්ධය බොහෝ ඈත කාලය දක්වා දි‍වෙයි.ඒ ගැන ඇති මුල්ම සාක්ෂිය වන්නේ ගල් යුග‍යේ මිනිසුන් ජීවත්වුණු ගල් ගුහාවල ඇති අලින්ගේ රූපසටහන්ය.කැළේ යද්දී මෙම අලින්ගේ රූප සටයන් සි‍තෙහි හොදින් කාවැදීම හේතු කොටගෙන මොවුන් නැවත පැමිණි පසු මෙම රූප ගල් ලෙන්වල නිර්මාණය කරන්නට ඇත.

මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න
 ශ්‍රි ලංකා‍නු අලියා

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
 Elephants

 African Elephants

 Asian Elephants

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ

මිහිමඬල සගරාවෙනි

ක්‍ෂීරපායීන්

අලි


Ludwig Stickelberger ( - ) est un mathématicien suisse qui a apporté d'importantes contributions à l'algèbre linéaire et en théorie algébrique des nombres (relation de Stickelberger en théorie des corps cyclotomiques).

Biographie
Stickelberger est né à Buch dans le canton de Schaffhouse dans une famille de pasteur. Il est diplômé du lycée en 1867 et étudie ensuite à l'Université de Heidelberg. En 1874, il obtient son doctorat à Berlin sous la direction de Karl Weierstrass pour ses travaux sur la transformation des formes quadratiques sous forme diagonale. La même année, il obtient son habilitation au Polytechnicum de Zurich (aujourd'hui l'École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich). En 1879, il devient professeur extraordinaire à l'Université de Fribourg-en-Brisgau. De 1896 à 1919, il y travailla comme professeur et, de 1919 jusqu'à son retour à Bâle en 1924, il détenait le titre de professeur distingué (« ordentlicher Honorarprofessor »). Il s'est marié en 1895, mais sa femme et son fils sont tous deux décédés en 1918. Stickelberger est décédé le 11 avril 1936 et a été enterré à côté de sa femme et de son fils à Fribourg.

Contributions mathématiques
La nécrologie de Stickelberger répertorie un total de 14 publications: sa thèse (en latin), 8 autres articles dont il est l'auteur et qui sont publiés de son vivant, 4 articles conjoints avec Georg Frobenius et un article publié à titre posthume écrit vers 1915. Malgré cette quantité modeste, il y est caractérisé comme « l'un des plus des élèves de Weierstrass les plus éminent » et un « mathématicien de haut rang ».

Algèbre linéaire
Les travaux de Stickelberger sur la classification des paires de formes bilinéaires et quadratiques ont comblé des lacunes importantes dans la théorie précédemment développée par Weierstrass et Darboux. Suivit des travaux postérieurs de Frobenius, il a établi rigousement la théorie des diviseurs élémentaires. Un article important de 1878 de Stickelberger et Frobenius a donné le premier traitement complet de la classification des groupes abéliens de type fini et esquisse la relation avec la théorie des modules qui venait d'être développée par Dedekind.

Théorie du nombre
Trois articles communs avec Frobenius traitent de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Aujourd'hui, le nom de Stickelberger est le plus souvent associé à son article de 1890 qui établit la relation de Stickelberger sur les sommes de Gauss cyclotomiques. Ce travail généralise ceux de Jacobi et Kummer a ensuite été utilisé par Hilbert dans sa formulation des lois de réciprocité dans les corps de nombres algébriques. La relation de Stickelberger donne également des informations sur la structure du groupe de classes d'un corps cyclotomique en tant que module sur son groupe de Galois abélien (cf théorie d'Iwasawa).

Références

 Lothar Heffter, Ludwig Stickelberger, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Matematische Vereinigung, XLVII (1937), pp. 79–86
 Ludwig Stickelberger, Ueber eine Verallgemeinerung der Kreistheilung, Mathematische Annalen 37 (1890), pp. 321–367

Liens externes

Décès en avril 1936
Naissance en mai 1850
Mathématicien suisse du XIXe siècle
Théoricien des nombres
Mathématicien suisse
Décès à 85 ans

Ludwig Stickelberger


Leçons sur l'histoire de la philosophie (titre original : Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie) est une œuvre philosophique de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel publiée à partir de ses propres manuscrits et de notes de cours prises par ses élèves. Il s'agit de leçons données sur une période s'étalant de 1805 à 1830.

Genèse
L'ouvrage est collecté et publié pour la première fois en 1832 par Karl Ludwig Michelet, qui avait été son étudiant.

Résumé

Introduction du cours de Heidelberg

Avant-propos
L'introduction agit comme un avant-propos au cours. Hegel confie à ses étudiants que lui, qui a vécu , considère que les étudiants peuvent être heureux que leur .

Hegel soutient que l'époque est à un renouveau de la philosophie, et qu'ainsi .

En effet, maintenant que la  s'est sauvée des guerres napoléoniennes, le philosophe espère . Hegel se montre particulièrement patriote car il écrit que si la philosophie a failli disparaître partout, .

Le philosophe soutient que . Hegel présente en quelque sorte sa théorie de l'homme : .

Définition de l'histoire de la philosophie
Hegel considère que les historiens de la philosophie n'ont, jusqu'à présent, fait que collectionner les auteurs et leurs idées, sans les mettre en rapport. Or, . Regarder l'histoire de la philosopher, c'est, dit-il, observer . Ces philosophes ont permis, tour à tour, .

Ce trésor a été donné en héritage aux hommes de l'époque contemporaine. La  ne s'est pas . Hegel reprend le concept de chaîne sacrée de Johann Gottfried von Herder pour qualifier la transmission de la tradition à travers les âges. Cette chaîne sacrée, toutefois, a la particularité d'avoir fait fructifier en permanence la pensée de ceux qui ont précédé. Cette chaîne, dès lors, .

Hegel explique l'évolution des idées par le mouvement de l'Esprit universel, qui ne demeure pas en repos. Il peut toutefois être stationnaire chez un peuple en particulier durant un temps indéterminé. Hegel porte à ce titre un jugement sévère sur la philosophie chinoise ().

Le philosophe souligne que faire l'histoire de la philosophie pour y trouver la vérité peut paraître contradictoire, car l'histoire est ce qui a été mais n'est plus, là où la vérité est éternellement. Dès lors, . Cela serait ignorer que, , l'histoire de la philosophie ne juxtapose pas des thèses successives ; et contrairement aux sciences dures, un paradigme nouveau ne vient pas détruire les thèses anciennes.

Introduction du cours de Berlin
Hegel reprend en grande partie l'introduction qu'il avait donnée à l'université de Heidelberg. Il rappelle que nous avons en héritage des siècles de pensée. Il part du contemporain pour remonter aux anciens : .

Notion et détermination de l'histoire de la philosophie
L'auteur commence par donner la définition la plus commune de l'histoire, à savoir une . L'histoire de la philosophie, elle, est généralement comprise comme une simple . Hegel fustige la philosophie telle qu'elle est parfois enseignée, c'est-à-dire comme une  ; cela en fait . Faire cela, c'est omettre que les pensées des philosophes ne sont pas des opinions, car une opinion est personnelle, elle n'est pas générale, et elle n'existe que par soi et pour soi, là où les thèses philosophes doivent être soutenues.

Celui qui fait une histoire de la philosophie se trouve face à une multiplicité de systèmes philosophiques qui témoignent de la diversité des pensées. En plus de cela, le fait que la philosophie ne présente pas une pensée unique du vrai lui prête le flanc aux attaques : .

Hegel s'oppose à la conception de la philosophie comme une spéculation abstraite qui n'aboutirait qu'à des généralités creuses. Il est vrai que la philosophie , et que donc  ; toutefois, .

Le philosophe s'attaque à l'opinion commune selon laquelle le hasard est le moteur de la vie humaine (), et il assigne à la philosophie la tâche de .

Notion de la philosophie
La philosophie évolue selon les époques, car les cultures des peuples diffèrent. La philosophie est  ; . L'activité philosophique exige, toutefois, . Cela est permis, selon Aristote, .

Hegel critique une position commune au sujet des religions : il . Le philosophe considère que la religion est importante car . Si Hegel admet que la philosophie et la religion , il soutient que la philosophie a une forme bien différente de la religion.

L'auteur aborde ensuite la question de l'intellection et de la compréhension. Il pose des conditions de intelligibilité. Une connaissance peut dépendre d'une métaphysique, ou encore de la pré-connaissance de quelque chose. Ainsi, . Cela revient toutefois à dire que l'intelligibilité dépend encore d'une métaphysique, car on avait déjà connu la chose dans un premier temps.

Hegel revient sur des philosophes antiques, dont Platon. Il lui reconnaît d'avoir eu la bonne idée de faire appel à des mythes pour être compris ; mais il s'oppose à l'idée que ce sont ses mythes qui ont fait de Platon un philosophe. Le mythe ne doit jamais être, pour le philosophe, qu'un  dont il doit pouvoir se séparer. Les mythes et les symboles doivent être utilisés en philosophie pour rendre plus claires certaines idées, afin de les dé-voiler. Hegel remarque que certains, comme les francs-maçons, les utilise . Cela peut être trompeur car, selon le philosophe, la lecture des ouvrages écrits par les francs-maçons montrent que la franc-maçonnerie . Ainsi, Socrate était certes l'un des rares athéniens à ne pas avoir été initié aux mystères d'Éleusis, mais, finalement, les athéniens .

Hegel définit à nouveau la philosophie. Loin d'être le fruit d'une réflexion spontanée, la philosophie est un . Ainsi, .

Hegel revient sur le lien entre la culture qui produit une philosophie et la philosophie elle-même. Selon lui, . Aucune société antique n'est parvenue à fonder la notion selon laquelle l'homme, en tant qu'homme, est né libre et doit conserver sa liberté, alors qu'il s'agit du fondement du droit. D'aussi éminents penseurs que . Le christianisme a été une force positive en ce qu'elle a , quoique seulement devant Dieu, et que .

Manière de traiter les philosophies anciennes
Hegel souligne notre ignorance au sujet de bien des propos qui auraient été tenus par des penseurs de l'Antiquité. Peu de leurs textes, en effet, nous sont parvenus. Dès lors, il ne faut pas, comme le font certains, présenter des rumeurs comme des faits, ni interpréter des philosophies anciennes à partir de concepts modernes. Le philosophe soutient que , c'est-à-dire que le mouvement de la philosophie va de l'abstrait au concret, et que c'est dans les plus anciennes philosophies que .

Le propos de l'auteur, ici, est que . Hegel en conclut qu'. Dès lors, se dire platonicien durant la modernité revient à un adulte de vouloir redevenir un enfant.

Introduction d'après les leçons de Hegel de 1823-1827/8
Hegel reconnaît qu'il est possible d'aborder l'histoire de la philosophie comme une forme d'introduction à la philosophie, parce qu'elle présente l'origine et le mouvement général de la discipline. Étudier l'histoire de la philosophie consiste donc .

Le philosophe indique que les pensées philosophiques doivent être comprises dans le cadre de leur contexte culturel. L'histoire de la philosophie  ; de fait, . Historiquement, c'est , que se présente la matière générale de la philosophie.

Revenant sur la philosophie antique, Hegel traite couvre l'opposition platonicienne entre la connaissance et l'opinion (épistémè et doxa).

Notion de l'histoire de la philosophie

Rapport de l'histoire de la philosophie aux autres formations de l'esprit

Division générale de l'histoire de philosophie

Sources et bibliographie de l'histoire de la philosophie

La philosophie orientale
Hegel remarque que la philosophie orientale est chronologiquement première. Elle était réputée dès l'Antiquité, car les Grecs comme les Égyptiens la considéraient. Le philosophe souligne toutefois combien on a longtemps peu connu ces philosophes, et comment ce sont les travaux et échanges intellectuels récents qui ont permis de les découvrir. Il distingue nettement la philosophie antique occidentale de celle de l'Orient, la ligne de fracture étant le caractère religieux de cette dernière : . Moins individualisante, les représentations divines des religions et philosophies orientales seraient moins anthropomorphiques.

Le philosophe traite dans un premier temps de la philosophie chinoise, puis de la philosophie hindoue. Il remarque que  ; Hegel considère toutefois que la culture européenne rend difficile d'y trouver du génie. Il énumère un certain nombre de penseurs chinois, parmi lesquels Confucius. Il le juge toutefois négativement :  ; il conclut : .

Hegel traite ensuite des gymnosophistes hindous, ascètes et philosophes qui . Il juge négativement l'historiographie hindoue : . Ici aussi, toutefois, philosophie et religion sont mêlées.

Appendice à l'Introduction

Feuilles de l'introduction de Hegel
Il s'agit des feuilles utilisées par Hegel pour faire cours, sur lesquelles le philosophe note les points essentiels à aborder. Elles sont détenues par l'université Harvard.

Introduction aux leçons de 1829-1830
L'enseignant dévoile aux étudiants sa conception de l'histoire et de l'enseignement de l'histoire de la philosophie. Il souligne comment il est nécessaire de raconter le contexte de la pensée (). Il annonce l'importance qu'il accordera à l'esprit : non seulement , mais cela signifie aussi que  doivent être appréhendés selon l'esprit humain.

Hegel cherche ensuite à trouver la condition à laquelle la pensée relève de la philosophie. Le critère est que . Le religieux peut être pensé, bien sûr, et le croyant pense, mais la matière religieuse . La philosophie, elle, traite de la raison (noûs) . Le sujet abordé par Hegel sera donc .

Hegel souligne que s'il y a bien une abondance de systèmes philosophiques, mais seule une peut être juste. Il remarque que ceux qui veulent accuser ou dévaloriser la philosophie pointent souvent du doigt cette abondance de systèmes ().

Notes et références

Œuvre de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Leçons sur l'histoire de la philosophie


Stokes, cgs sisteminde kinematik viskozitenin birimidir. Kısaca S veya St şeklinde gösterilir. George Gabriel Stokes'un adına ithafen verilmiştir. Bazen centistokes (cS veya cSt) şeklinde de gösterilebilir.

SI sisteminde kinematik viskozitenin birimi (m2/s) dir.

1 stokes = 100 centistokes = 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s

1 centistokes = 1 mm2/s

Ayrıca bakınız
 SI

Viskozite birimleri

Stokes (birim)


روث هاندلر   (4 نوفمبر 1916 – 27 أبريل 2002) كانت سيدة أعمال أمريكية عينت رئيسة لشركة ماتيل لعدة سنوات، اشتهرت بدورها في تسويق دمية باربي.

تأسيس ماتيل
أسس زوج روث هاندلر، إليوت هاندلر، مع شريكه هارولد ماتسون، شركة صغيرة لتصنيع إطارات الصور أسمياها «ماتيل» نسبة إلى اسميهما «مات» و«إيليوت». تحولت ماتيل من تصنيع إطارات الصور إلى تصنيع الدمى بعد أن رأيا أن الدمى تحقق أرباحا أكثر للشركة.

باربي: البداية
روث هاندلر كانت تريد تصنيع دمية لابنتها «باربرا»، وخططت لإنتاج دمية بلاستيكية ولكن زوجها اعتقد أن الدمية لن تحقق مبيعات كافية. ثم في رحلة لها إلى سويسرا، لفت نظر روث في أحد المحلات دمية ألمانية اسمها دمية بيلد ليلي، فاشترتها وأعادت تصميمها وأسمتها «باربي» نسبة إلى اسم ابنتها باربرا.

عُرضت الدمية الجديدة في معرض لألعاب الأطفال في نيويورك في عام 1959 ومنذ ذلك الوقت وهي تحقق أرباحا كبيرة لشركة ماتيل.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أصحاب أعمال من دنفر (كولورادو)
أصحاب أعمال من لوس أنجلوس
أمريكيون من أصل بولندي يهودي
باربي
رئيسات تنفيذيات أمريكيات
رؤساء تنفيذيون أمريكيون من شركات تصنيع
مخترعات
مخترعو ألعاب
مخترعون أمريكيون
مخترعون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مخترعون يهود
مدفونون في مقبرة هيلسايد ميموريال بارك
مواليد 1916
مواليد في دنفر (كولورادو)
ناجون من سرطان الثدي
وفيات 2002
وفيات بسبب مضاعفات جراحية
يهود أمريكيون

روث هاندلر


Le Lightning de Tampa Bay est une franchise de la Ligue nationale de hockey depuis l'expansion de la Ligue en 1992.
Cette page répertorie le personnel d'entraîneurs de l'équipe depuis cette première saison.

Personnel d'entraîneurs par saison

Références

Liste des entraîneurs du Lightning de Tampa Bay


Mehlbek, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 8,91 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 452 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Otto Reese tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtitzehoe-land.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Mehlbek


Ioánnis Vrettós (en ) est un athlète grec, originaire de Chalándri.

Il a notamment participé le 10 avril 1896 à l'épreuve du marathon des Jeux olympiques d'Athènes où, sur dix-sept coureurs engagés, il finit quatrième.

Il avait auparavant été sélectionné grâce à sa seconde place derrière Ioánnis Lavréntis au deuxième marathon de qualification tenu le 24 mars 1896, en .

Références

Liens externes

Marathonien
Coureur de fond grec
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques de 1896

Ioánnis Vrettós


139028 Haynald este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi, denumit în amintirea arhiepiscopului Lajos Haynald.

Descriere
139028 Haynald este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Piszkéstető de Krisztián Sárneczky și Alíz Derekas. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,26 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 6,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 139001-140000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

139028 Haynald


Joey Tribbiani, Friends ve Joey dizilerinde kurgusal bir kahraman
 Joey, bir tv dizisi

Joey