كوكب الهوا كانت قرية فلسطينية تقع إلى الشمال من مدينة بيسان، وتربطها بقرية الطاقة طريق تتفرع من طريق بيسان- سمخ، بالإضافة إلى طُرُق ربطتها بالبيرة وجبول وكفرة والمرصص
؛ وتنتصب على تل ينحدر بالتدريج نحو الشمال والغرب والجنوب. أمّا إلى الشرق من القرية، فكانت تنحدر انحداراً شديداً. ومع أن القرية كانت ترتفع 300 متر عن مستوى سطح البحر، فإن الأرض الواقعة على بعد كيلومتر واحد إلى الشرق منها كانت تنخفض 100 متر عن مستوى سطح البحر. وإلى الجنوب والجنوب الشرقي من القرية، كان ثمة نبعان: عين الحلو، وعين الجيراني. في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، عُثر على كتابة عربية منقوشة في كتلة صغيرة بازلتية تقع قرب النبع الأول؛ لكن هذه الكتابة كانت متآكلة سيئة الحال. أمّا الرابط الأساسي بين القرية والمراكز التجارية في المنطقة، فكان طريقاً تؤدي إلى خربة الطاقة: ومنها إلى طريق بيسان- أريحا العام. وكان ثمة طرق فرعية أٌخرى تربطها بقرى المنطقة. ونظراَ إلى كون كوكب الهوا مشرفة على نهر الأردن من الشرق، وعلى بحيرة طبريا من الشمال الشرقي، فقد كانت تتمتع بموقع استراتيجي أكسبها أهمية تاريخية.

رأى بعض العلماء أن كوكب الهوا هي الموضع المسمّى (يرموتا)، المذكور على نصب مصري قديم وُجد قرب مدينة بيسان، ويعود تاريخه إلى أواخر القرن الثالث عشر قبل الميلاد. وكانت قبائل الحابيرو البدوية تقطن المنطقة في ذلك العهد (ويجب ألا يُخلط بين يرموتا وبين المدينة الملكية الكنعانية الشهيرة، المعروفة بخربة يرموك). ولعل برج أغريبينا (Agrippina) الروماني، الذي كان مركزاً لإرسال الإشارات، كان يقوم في موقع كوكب الهوا. وفي هذه المنطقة، أيضاً، بنى الصليبيون قلعة من أشهر قلاعهم وأمنعها، وهي قلعة كوكب الهوا (Belvoir) التي تشرف على وادي الأردن، وعلى بحيرة طبرية. وكانت كوكب الهوا ساحة لسلسلة من المعارك بين جيوش صلاح الدين الأيوبي والصليبيين ويذكر الجغرافي العربي ياقوت الحموي (توفي سنة 1229) أنها قلعة تنهض على تل يقع بالقرب من طبرية، وأنها أصبحت خراباً بعد أيام صلاح الدين. في سنة 1596، كانت كوكب الهوا قرية في ناحية شفا (لواء اللجون)، ويسكنها 50 نسمة. وكانت تدفع الضرائب على عدد من الغلال، كالقمح والفاصولياء والفول والبطيخ وكروم العنب.

ولمّا كانت القرية بُنيت داخل تخوم قلعة بلفوار، فقد كان توسعها بطيئاً. وكان سكانها، وعددهم نحو 110 نسمات في سنة 1859، يقطنون داخل أسوار القلعة، ويزرعون نحو 13 فداناً خارجها. ومع مضي الزمن، بُنيت المنازل على شكل دائرة حول القلعة، وامتدت نحو الشمال والغرب. وكان سكانها المسلمون يستخدمون أراضيهم، الواقعة خارج أسوار القرية، للزراعة. في 1944/1945، كان ما مجموعه 5839 دونماً مخصصاً للحبوب، و170 دونماً مروياً أو مستخدماً للبساتين.

احتلال القرية وتطهيرها عرقيًا
استناداً إلى المؤرخ الإسرائيلي بِني موريس، شُنّ هجوم عسكري على قرية كوكب الهوا في 16 أيار/مايو 1948، عقب احتلال مدينة بيسان المجاورة. لكن مصادر أخرى تذكر أن القرية لم تحتل نهائياً إلاّ بعد ذلك التاريخ ببضعة أيام. وجاء في ((تاريخ الهاغاناه)) أن القرية احتلت في 21 أيار/ مايو، وأن الكتيبة الثالثة في لواء غولاني هي التي قامت بالعملية. وجاء في الرواية أن موقع القرية كان ((مثالياً)) لتركيز وحدات من المدفعية من أجل قصف الوادي الذي تشرف القرية عليه، ولا سيما مع قدوم قوات عراقية إلى البلاد في 15 أيار/مايو. وعندما حاولت فصيلة من الجيش العراقي الصعود إلى كوكب الهوا، كانت بمثابة هدف سهل للإسرائيليين الذين احتلوا القرية. وتقول الهاغاناه في روايتها إن قواتها هاجمت العراقيين من الأعلى، ومن مسافة 50 متراً. وعند انسحاب العراقيين كانوا قد خسروا ثلاثين رجلاً، بينما لم يقع في صفوف لواء غولاني سوى ثلاثة جرحى، استناداً إلى تلك الرواية.

أمّا المؤرخ الفلسطيني عارف العارف، فلديه رواية مختلفة نوعاً ما عمّا حل بالقرية؛ إذ يقول إن القوات العراقية نجحت فعلاً في دخول القرية والبقاء فيها يومين، وإن الإسرائيليين أحاطوا بالقرية بينما كانت القوات العراقية تدخل البلاد في 15 أيار/مايو. وقد أبدت حامية القرية بعض المقاومة، ثم هُزمت وفرّت. وبينما كانت القوات الإسرائيلية تستعد لدخول القرية، وصل العراقيون وانتزعوا السيطرة على القرية، ومكثوا فيها من 15 حتى 17 أيار/مايو. وثمة تقرير من وكالة أسوشيتد برس من بغداد، بتاريخ 18 أيار/مايو، جاء فيه أن القوات العراقية احتلت القرية التي يصفها بأنها ((موقع منيع جداً من الأسمنت المسلح)). لكن العارف يقول إن الإسرائيليين صعّدوا، في 18 أيار/ مايو، هجماتهم بغية تخفيف الضغط عن مستعمرة غيشر المجاورة؛ وعند غياب الشمس قرر العراقيون الانسحاب، بعد أن خسروا 23 قتيلاً. وفي اليوم التالي، أصدرت القيادة العسكرية الإسرائيلية بلاغاً لم يؤكد فقدان السيطرة على القرية، وإنما جاء فيه فقط أن قواتها صدّت هجوماً عربياً على كوكب الهوا. وزعم هذا البلاغ، الذي استشهدت صحيفة ((نيويورك تايمز)) به، أن القوات العربية خسرت 30 قتيلاً في المعركة التي دارت للسيطرة على القرية.

في أيلول/سبتمبر 1948، طلب أحد زعماء المستوطنات في المنطقة من السلطات الإسرائيلية الدعم والإذن في تدمير القرية، فضلاً عن ثلاث قرى أُخرى في المنطقة. ولا يذكر موريس هل أُعطي مثل هذا الإذن أم لا.

القرية اليوم
أزيلت القرية من الوجود. غير أن موقع حصن بلفوار أُجريت فيه تنقيبات أثرية، وأضحى مركزاً سياحياً. وتنمو أشجار التين والزيتون في موقع القرية. أمّا السفوح المشرفة على وادي بيسان ووادي البيرة، فيستخدمها الإسرائيليون مرعى للمواشي، كما أنهم يزرعون الأراضي المجاورة.

المراجع

المصادر
 موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

قرى بيسان
قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء بيسان

كوكب الهوا


Sveti Benedikt Josip Labre (1748. – 1783.), francuski katolički svetac

Životopis
Rođen je u Francuskoj kao prvijenac od petnaestero djece. Benedikt je polazio mjesnu školu koju je vodio kapelan. Dječak nije bio naročito nadaren, ali ga je zato već od malena resila neka neobična ozbiljnost. Kad mu je bilo 12 godina polazi svome ujaku i kumu koji je bio župnik i ondje luči latinski u nadi da bi mogao postati svećenik. Sa 16 godina Benedikt izrazi želju da pođe u trapistički samostan čemu se opirala cijela obitelj. Drugi ujak koji je također bio svećenik savjetuje da Benedikt krene u kartuzijance ali ga oni ne primiše. Benedikt je i dalje tražio svoje mjesto pa je tako za vrijeme ciče zime prepješačio 280 kilometara do trapističke opatije ali je i tu bio odbijen. Tada ode u kartuziju gdje ostade na kušnji 6 tjedana, ali je ne izdrža. Napokon ulazi u cistercitski samostan ali ga njegovi pretpostavljeni proglasiše neprikladnim jer im se činio odviše mirnim, smatrali su da nije dovoljno uravnotežen te da je premalo svet. Eto, tako su ljudi sudili o budućemu svecu. Lutalac Benedikt sada krene u Rim s nadom da će naći svoje mjesto. Stjecajem okolnosti postade Božji prosjak i lutalac. Lutajući cestama, neprestano je molio a ako bi isprosio malo više nego što je mogao pojesti dijelio je s drugim siromasima. Noći i dane provodio je pod vedrim nebom. Umro je na današnji dan 1783. u dobi od 35 godina. Tek što je umro, Rimom se kao munja proširila vijest: "Umro je svetac!" Pokopali su ga u crkvi Madonna dei Monti na lijevoj strani glavnog oltara. U roku od 4 mjeseca pripisali su njegovu zagovoru više od 100 čudesnih ozdravljenja. Blaženim ga je godine 1860. proglasio Pio IX. a svetim 8. prosinca 1881. Leon XIII.

Izvori

Francuski sveci

Benedikt Josip Labre


Sir John Donne (vers 1420 – janvier 1503)  était un courtisan, diplomate et soldat gallois, une figure notable du parti Yorkiste. Dans les années 1470, il commanda le Donne Triptych, un retable triptyque de Hans Memling, aujourd'hui à la National Gallery de Londres. Il contient des portraits de lui, de sa femme Elizabeth et d'une fille. Il pourrait bien avoir été lié au poète jacobéen John Donne, mais pas en tant qu'ancêtre direct, car il n'avait pas de petits-enfants Donne.

Famille et début de carrière

Les Donnes de Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, étaient une famille distinguée ("Dwnn" en gallois ). Son père Griffith (Gruffydd) aurait combattu à la bataille d'Azincourt en 1415 et certainement dans de nombreuses autres campagnes françaises ; il est lieutenant de Cherbourg en 1424. Sa mère était Joan Scudamore, une petite-fille d'Owain Glyndŵr, le dernier prince de Galles indépendant, qui a disparu dans la clandestinité en 1412. John Donne est né en France, "dans certaines régions de Picardie ", probablement dans les années 1420.

Donne était leur troisième fils qui entra, probablement à la fin de son adolescence, au service du duc d'York, père d'Édouard IV. Il l'a peut-être fait grâce au patronage du principal Yorkiste du sud du Pays de Galles, William ap Thomas, également vétéran d'Agincourt et père du contemporain de Donne William Herbert, 1er comte de Pembroke (1423-1469). Donne est enregistré comme ayant combattu en France pour le duc, ce qui devait être avant 1447. C'est à partir de cela et de son âge apparent dans le Memling que sa naissance dans les années 1420 est estimée. Il a également combattu pour le Duc en Angleterre, et à la fin des années 1440 en Irlande.

Donne a épousé avant 1465 Elizabeth Hastings, sœur de William, Lord Hastings, le favori d'Edouard IV, qui a été exécuté par le frère d'Edward, le roi Richard III d'Angleterre en 1483. Hastings avait également été au service du duc d'York pendant toute sa vie d'adulte, donc lui et Donne devaient très bien se connaître. Les enfants survivants des Donnes étaient d'abord deux filles, Anne et Margaret, puis deux fils Edward et Griffith (tous deux plus tard anoblis). Elizabeth Donne est décédée en 1507–8.

Lors de l'avènement d'Edward en 1461, il fut nommé huissier de la Chambre et commença à devenir riche. De 1465 à 1469, il était écuyer du corps et il a été fait chevalier sur le terrain après l'énorme victoire Yorkiste de la bataille de Tewkesbury en 1471 (avec beaucoup d'autres). Sa femme était une damicelle ou dame d'honneur de la reine. Dans le portrait, lui et sa femme portent de somptueuses chaînes de collier en or yorkistes de soleils et de roses avec la livrée personnelle d'Edward dans des pendentifs de son emblème, un lion, tous deux en émail bosse blanc rond avec des reflets dorés, tenant un rubis dans leurs pattes levées. Ces chaînes auraient vraisemblablement été des cadeaux d'Edward à ses proches disciples.

Calais et le continent

Il était probablement le Jehan Don présent au mariage extravagant célébré à Bruges en 1468 de Charles le Téméraire et de Marguerite d'York, sœur d'Edouard IV. Il a peut-être accompagné Edward dans son exil bourguignon en 1470–1, comme l'a fait Hastings. Bien plus tard, il était présent lorsque la veuve Margaret (son « véritable ami ») a rencontré son frère à ce qui est maintenant Syon House en 1480.

En 1468, il est décrit comme « hors de Calais », l'avant-poste de l'Angleterre en France, et cette liaison perdure pour le reste de sa carrière ; Hastings était "lieutenant de Calais" ou gouverneur, et son beau-frère Donne son adjoint. Il y possédait une maison et était membre du conseil de Calais en 1471, impliqué dans des négociations en 1472 et enregistré comme là-bas en 1475 et plusieurs années plus tard. En 1483, il était député de la tour de Risban, un fort périphérique, et avant 1497 lieutenant du château. Cela a peut-être été sa base principale pendant une grande partie de sa carrière; il est resté sous contrôle Yorkiste tout au long de l'exil d'Edouard IV.

Le Donne Triptych de Hans Memling aurait vraisemblablement été réalisé à Bruges et daterait des années 1470. De nombreuses sources le datent encore de 1468, car elles n'étaient au courant que de la visite de Donne à Bruges pour le mariage cette année-là, et parce que lorsque le donateur a été identifié pour la première fois comme Donne en 1840, l'écrivain ( JG Nichols ) a déclaré à tort qu'il avait été tué. à la bataille d'Edgecote en 1469. La National Gallery privilégie désormais une date à la fin des années 1470, peut-être 1478, la date sur une copie ultérieure, qui est plausible, et peut avoir été sur le cadre original perdu. Le blason Donne apparaît sur de petits écussons dans le chapiteau de la colonne derrière Sir John, assez grossièrement représenté, et empalé avec celui de Hastings sur le chapiteau derrière Lady Donne. Les bras Donne apparaissent également dans une cocarde en verre dans la fenêtre du panneau latéral droit.

Le portrait de Lady Donne a d'abord été peint avec un visage plus jeune et plus généralisé, puis repeint, également par Memling, avec le visage actuel plus fin. Cela peut suggérer que Memling ne l'a vue que lorsque la peinture était bien avancée et a changé son image en ses traits réels.

Manuscrits enluminés

Outre le Memling, il existe deux manuscrits enluminés flamands commandés par Donne à la British Library, plus un manuscrit d'occasion (BL MS Royal 15 D iv) qui était un cadeau des deux duchesses de Bourgogne (la veuve Margaret et son belle-fille Mary) avec les inscriptions: "For yet not har that ys on of yor treu frendes Margarete of Yorke" ("Forget not her that is one of your true friends, Margarete of York)" et "Prenez moy ajames pour vre bonne amie Marie D. de bourg.ne" ("Prends-moi pour toujours pour ta bonne amie, Marie, duchesse de Bourgogne "). Celle-ci se trouvait autrefois dans l' ancienne bibliothèque royale, ayant probablement été offerte à Henri VIII par l'un des fils de Donne. Il commanda un important Livre d'Heures d'environ 1480, aujourd'hui connu sous le nom de « Donne Hours », anciennement appelé « Louthe Hours » en raison d'une identification erronée du commanditaire de l'ouvrage, aujourd'hui à Louvain, qui possède une miniature de lui agenouillé en armure avec son ange gardien avec sur le même folio une représentation de ses armes : D'azur, un loup saillant d'argent (comme indiqué sur les écussons sur les chapiteaux des colonnes dans le Donne Triptyque de Hans Memling), avec cimier : A nœud de cinq serpents.

Plusieurs des proches collaborateurs de Donne: Edward, Hastings, les deux duchesses de Bourgogne et d'autres, étaient d'importants mécènes de l'art flamand sous diverses formes, et là un certain nombre d'indications que Donne a supervisé attentivement l'avancement du triptyque et a demandé des modifications.

Diplomatie
Sa carrière diplomatique officielle semble avoir commencé en février 1477, lorsque lui et John Morton, le futur lord chancelier et archevêque de Cantorbéry, étaient ambassadeurs à la cour de France. En mai de la même année, lui et deux autres étaient ambassadeurs de l'autre côté, les ambassadeurs impériaux en Bourgogne. Il a été envoyé dans plusieurs missions de ce type et a peut-être été une figure importante de la diplomatie avec la Bourgogne. L'histoire de la diplomatie yorkiste n'a pas été entièrement explorée et la position de Donne dans celle-ci est actuellement difficile à évaluer.

Fin de vie
Il acquit des domaines à Horsenden, dans le Buckinghamshire en 1480, qui devinrent alors sa résidence britannique principale. Il réussit à éviter de se faire prendre lors de la chute de Hastings en 1483 et fut nommé haut shérif du Bedfordshire et du Buckinghamshire pour 1485 sous le roi Richard III. Après le changement de dynastie en 1485, il dut faire un accommodement avec son compatriote gallois, Henri VII, auquel cas il aurait atteint l'âge de prendre sa retraite de toute façon. Lui et sa femme sont enterrés dans la chapelle Saint-Georges du château de Windsor, à côté d'Édouard IV et de Hastings, ce qui est en soi une indication de la faveur royale.

Ses deux fils travaillaient pour Henri VIII. Ses descendants incluent les comtes d'Oxford, de Cumberland, de Burlington et les ducs de Devonshire. Les Memling sont passés par ces trois dernières familles.

Références

 Catalogues de la National Gallery : Les peintures néerlandaises du XVe siècle de Lorne Campbell, 1998, – sauf indication contraire

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Décès en 1503
Personnalité de la guerre des Deux-Roses
High sheriff du Buckinghamshire
High sheriff du Bedfordshire
Personnalité politique galloise
Personnalité galloise du XVIe siècle
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Article dont une information diffère dans l'infobox
Militaire gallois du XVe siècle
Diplomate gallois

John Donne (diplomate)


LUSCGC McLane (WSC-146) était un patrouilleur de classe Active de l'United States Coast Guard en service de 1927 à 1971. Il a été nommé en l'honneur de Louis McLane (1786–1857) qui avait été nommé en 1833 comme Secrétaire d'État des États-Unis. En mai 1966, il a été rebaptisé (WMEC-146).

Historique
Lorsque les États-Unis sont entrés dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale en décembre 1941, le contrôle opérationnel des navires de la Garde côtière américaine, y compris McLane, a été transféré du Département du Trésor des États-Unis à l'United States Navy. La Garde côtière ne revint sous le contrôle du Département du Trésor qu'en 1946. Tout au long de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, McLane patrouilla dans les eaux du territoire de l'Alaska, y compris le détroit de Béring.

Alors qu'il patrouillait dans l'entrée Dixon entre l'Alaska et la Colombie-Britannique le 7 juin 1942, McLane a reçu un rapport sur un sous-marin de la marine impériale japonaise aperçu dans la région et a commencé à le rechercher. Le 8 juillet 1942, un avion de patrouille maritime Bristol Bolingbroke de l'Aviation royale canadienne du  a signalé qu'il avait bombardé et endommagé un sous-marin. Le patrouilleur de la marine américaine USS YP-251  et le dragueur de mines de la Marine royale canadienne  ont rejoint McLane le 9 juillet 1942 et les trois navires ont commencé à rechercher le sous-marin dans l'entrée Dixon, au sud-est de l'île Annette, dans le sud-est de l'Alaska. McLane a signalé qu'il a obtenu un contact sonore sur un sous-marin à 08h00, mais l'a ensuite perdu, et une grenade anti-sous-marine qu'il a largué n'a pas explosé. Il a repris le contact à 09h05 et a poursuivi le sous-marin pendant une heure, McLane rapportant que le sous-marin a zigzagué et a couru à de courts intervalles pour essayer de lui échapper, et après une heure, il a de nouveau perdu le contact. Il a retrouvé le contact sonore à 15h40, et à 15 53, largue deux grenades sous-marines, l'une prête à exploser à 150 pieds (46 m) et l'autre à 250 pieds (76 m), puis deux autres à 15h56, prêtes à exploser à 200 pieds (61 m) et 300 pieds (91 m). McLane et YP-251 ont signalé que des bulles montaient à la surface. Les navires ont signalé qu'une torpille est passée devant McLane et à seulement 28 mètres (26 m) derrière le YP-251 à 17h35, laissant une trace de 125 pieds (38 m) indiquant la position de tir du sous-marin, vers laquelle McLane s'est tourné. YP-251 a rapporté qu'il avait aperçu un périscope et largué une grenade sous-marine au-dessus de l'endroit où le périscope s'était immergé, et McLane a poursuivi cette attaque avec deux grenades sous-marines. McLane a ensuite tenté de regagner le contact sonar sur le sous-marin. Les navires ont signalé qu'une nappe de pétrole est remontée à la surface et, à 19h35, YP-251 a signalé avoir aperçu un périscope, largué une grenade sous-marine et heurté un objet submergé, sur lequel il est passé. McLane a ensuite largué deux grenades sous-marines, après quoi les navires ont signalé que du pétrole, des bulles et ce qui semblait être de la laine de roche (utilisée pour amortir les sons dans les sous-marins) avaient remonté à la surface. McLane a continué à chercher dans la région tout signe du sous-marin jusqu'au petit matin du 10 juillet 1942, mais n'en a trouvé aucun. McLane, YP-251 et l'avion Bolingbroke ont reçu un accord partagé pour le naufrage du sous-marin. Les commandants des deux navires - et le lieutenant Ralph Burns, USCG, de McLane et le lieutenant Neils P. Thomsen, USCG, de YP-251, ont reçu la Légion du Mérite pour l'action, et en 1947 le  a identifié le sous-marin coulé comme étant le sous-marin japonais Ro-32. En 1967, cependant, la marine américaine a déterminé que le Ro-32 était inactif au Japon au moment du naufrage et était resté à flot jusqu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et l'identité du sous-marin qui aurait coulé le 9 juillet 1942 reste indéterminée.

McLane a sauvé l'équipage d'un Lockheed L-188 Electra abattu en février 1943.

En mai 1966, McLane a été reclassé comme cotre d'endurance moyenne et redésigné WMEC-146 . Il est désarmé le 31 décembre 1968. Il devient alors navire-école des Sea Scouts.

McLane a été donné au Great Lakes Naval Memorial and Museum devenu USS Silversides Submarine Museuml  à Muskegon, Michigan, en 1993 et y est conservé en tant que navire-musée. Il est amarré derrière le sous-marin .

Décorations
  American Defense Service Medal
  American Campaign Medal
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal avec battle star
  World War II Victory Medal
  National Defense Service Medal avec battle star

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes

Liens externes

  USCGC McLane - Historic Naval Ships Association

Bibliographie
 Bruhn, David D. Battle Stars for the "Cactus Navy": America's Fishing Vessels and Yachts in World War II. Berwyn Heights, Maryland: Heritage Books 2014.
 Canney, Donald L. (1995). U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790–1935. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. .
 Flynn, Jim; Lortz, Ed; Lukas, Holger (March 2018). "Answer 39/48". Warship International. LV (January 2018): 23–25. .
 Johnson, Robert Irwin (1987). Guardians of the Sea, History of the United States Coast Guard, 1915 to the Present. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. .
 Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. .
 Scheina, Robert L. (1990). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft, 1946–1990. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. .

Navire de l'United States Coast Guard
Bateau lancé en 1927
Navire construit dans le New Jersey
Navire musée au Michigan
Muskegon

USCGC McLane (WSC-146)


9كي11 ماليوتكا ،  لقب تعريف الناتو أيه تي-3 ساغر ، أو صاروخ ساغر، صاروخ سوفيتي موجه من الجيل الأول مضاد للدروع دخل الخدمة سنة 1961 يمكن إطلاقه من منصات تركب على المركبات أو إطلاقة من قبل المشاة، المدى المؤثر يتراوح ما بين 500 متر إلى ثلاثة كيلو مترات بسرعة تصل لـ 115 متر بالثانية.

مراجع

أنظمة صواريخ حزب الله
صواريخ مضادة للدروع في الحرب الباردة
عتاد عسكري استحدث في عقد 1960

ماليوتكا


Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (Hindi: सर शिवसागर रामगुलाम; Belle Rive, 18 de setembro de 1900 - Porto Luís, 15 de dezembro de 1985) foi um político das Ilhas Mauricio.

Entre 1961 e 1968 foi Ministro Principal da Mauricio britânica, quando o território era uma colônia da coroa britânica, sendo a única pessoa em ocupar o cargo. Posteriormente, foi premiê de Mauricio desde a independência em 1968 até 1982, e desde 1983 até seu falecimento, foi governador geral.

Biografia

Primeiros anos e educação
Seu pai, Moheeth Ramgoolam (que pertencia à comunidade kushwaha), era um trabalhador imigrante da Índia. Estudou numa escola primária católica. Aos sete anos, perdeu a seu pai e aos doze anos, sofreu um grave acidente num establo que levou a perda de seu olho esquerdo.Continuou sua educação secundária numa escola internado graças a uma bolsa, formando-se na cultura britânica. Com a ajuda financeira de seu irmão, foi estudar medicina ao Reino Unido, graduando-se no University College de Londres.

Carreira política
Desempenhou o papel de ministro principal (cargo similar ao de um premiê) desde 1961 até 1968. O Colonial Office considerava a Ramgoolam como um líder capaz. Em 1963, o governo conservador britânico confiou muito nele para formar um governo de todos os partidos em Mauricio e para facilitar este assunto, foi nomeado cavaleiro da Ordem de São Miguel e São Jorge em 12 de junho de 1965.

Dirigiu o Partido Laborista de Mauricio desde 1959 até 1982, tendo tomado a liderança de Emmanuel Anquetil e Maurice Curei. Depois da independência de Mauricio o 12 de março de 1968, seguiu sendo premiê, encabeçando uma série de governos de coalizão, até 1982. Nas eleições gerais desse ano, seu governo foi finalmente derrotado por uma coalizão liderada pelo Movimento Militante Mauriciano (MMM). Anerood Jugnauth se tornou então o premiê.

Em 1983, o MMM dividiu-se e promoveu uma nova eleição. Ramgoolam e o Partido Laborista apoiaram a Jugnauth e seu novo partido, o Movimento Socialista Militante. Jugnauth, quem ganhou a eleição, nomeou a Ramgoolam como Governador Geral. Ocupou este cargo até sua morte na Casa do Estado (residência oficial) em dezembro de 1985.

Em dezembro de 1973 recebeu o Prêmio de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas.

Entre 1976 e 1977 foi presidente da Organização para a Unidade Africana.

Cultura

Seu rosto figura em diversas moedas de rúpia mauriciana.

Referências

Políticos da Maurícia
Alunos da University College London
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Seewoosagur Ramgoolam


The Arab Revolt ( ) or the Great Arab Revolt ( ) was an armed uprising by the Arabs against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.

On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, exchanged between Henry McMahon of the United Kingdom and Hussein bin Ali of the Kingdom of Hejaz, the rebellion against the ruling Turks was officially initiated at Mecca on 10 June 1916. The primary goal of the Arab rebels was to establish an independent and unified Arab state stretching from Aleppo to Aden, which the British government had promised to recognize.

The Sharifian Army, led by Hussein and the Hashemites with backing from the British military's Egyptian Expeditionary Force, successfully fought and expelled the Ottoman military presence from much of the Hejaz and Transjordan. By 1918, the rebels had captured Damascus and proclaimed the Arab Kingdom of Syria, a short-lived monarchy that was led by Hussein's son Faisal I.

Having covertly signed the Sykes–Picot Agreement with the French Third Republic, the British reneged on their promise to support the Arabs' establishment of a singular Arab state. Instead, the Arab-majority Ottoman territories of the Middle East were broken up into a number of League of Nations mandates, jointly controlled by the British and the French. Amidst the partition of the Ottoman Empire, the defeated Ottomans' mainland in Anatolia came under a joint military occupation by the victorious Allies, though this was gradually broken by the Turkish War of Independence, which established the present-day Republic of Turkey.

Background

The rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire dates from at least 1821. Arab nationalism has its roots in the Mashriq (the Arab lands east of Egypt), particularly in countries of the Levant. The political orientation of Arab nationalists before World War I was generally moderate. Their demands were of a reformist nature and generally limited to autonomy, a greater use of Arabic in education and changes in peacetime conscription in the Ottoman Empire to allow Arab conscripts local service in the Ottoman army.

The Young Turk Revolution began on 3 July 1908 and quickly spread throughout the empire. As a result, Sultan Abdul Hamid II was forced to announce the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of the Ottoman parliament. The period is known as the Second Constitutional Era. In the 1908 elections, the Young Turks' Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) managed to gain the upper hand against the Liberal Union, led by Sultanzade Sabahaddin. The new parliament had 142 Turks, 60 Arabs, 25 Albanians, 23 Greeks, 12 Armenians (including four Dashnaks and two Hunchaks), five Jews, four Bulgarians, three Serbs and one Vlach.

The CUP now gave more emphasis to centralisation and a modernisation. It preached a message that was a mixture of pan-Islamism, Ottomanism, and pan-Turkism, which was adjusted as the conditions warranted. At heart, the CUP were Turkish nationalists who wanted to see the Turks as the dominant group within the Ottoman Empire, which antagonised Arab leaders and prompted them to think in similarly nationalistic terms. Arab members of the parliament supported the countercoup of 1909, which aimed to dismantle the constitutional system and to restore the absolute monarchy of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The dethroned sultan attempted to restore the Ottoman Caliphate by putting an end to the secular policies of the Young Turks, but he was, in turn, driven away to exile in Selanik by the 31 March Incident in which the Young Turks defeated the countercoup, and he was eventually replaced by his brother Mehmed V.

In 1913, intellectuals and politicians from the Mashriq met in Paris at the First Arab Congress. They produced a set of demands for greater autonomy and equality within the Ottoman Empire, including for elementary and secondary education in Arab lands to be delivered in Arabic, for peacetime Arab conscripts to the Ottoman army to serve near their home region and for at least three Arab ministers in the Ottoman cabinet.

Forces
It is estimated that the Arab forces involved in the revolt numbered around 5000 soldiers. This number however probably applies to the Arab regulars who fought during the Sinai and Palestine campaign with Edmund Allenby's Egyptian Expeditionary Force, and not the irregular forces under the direction of T. E. Lawrence and Faisal. On a few occasions, particularly during the final campaign into Syria, this number would grow significantly. Many Arabs joined the Revolt sporadically, often as a campaign was in progress or only when the fighting entered their home region. During the Battle of Aqaba, for instance, while the initial Arab force numbered only a few hundred, over a thousand more from local tribes joined them for the final assault on Aqaba. Estimates of Faisal's effective forces vary, but through most of 1918 at least, they may have numbered as high as 30,000 men.

The Hashemite Army comprised two distinctive forces: tribal irregulars who waged a guerrilla war against the Ottoman Empire and the Sharifian Army, which was recruited from Ottoman Arab POWs and fought in conventional battles. Hashemite forces were initially poorly equipped, but later were to receive significant supplies of weapons, most notably rifles and machine guns from Britain and France.

In the early days of the revolt, Faisal's forces were largely made up of Bedouins and other nomadic desert tribes, who were only loosely allied, loyal more to their respective tribes than the overall cause. The Bedouin would not fight unless paid in advance with gold coin, and by the end of 1916, the French had spent 1.25 million gold francs in subsidizing the revolt. By September 1918, the British were spending £220,000/month to subsidize the revolt.

Faisal had hoped that he could convince Arab troops serving in the Ottoman Army to mutiny and join his cause, but the Ottoman government sent most of its Arab troops to the Western front-lines of the war, and thus only a handful of deserters actually joined the Arab forces until later in the campaign.

Ottoman troops in the Hejaz numbered 20,000 men by 1917. At the outbreak of the revolt in June 1916, the VII Corps of the Fourth Army was stationed in the Hejaz to be joined by the 58th Infantry Division commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Ali Necib Pasha, the 1st Kuvvie- Mürettebe (Provisional Force) led by General Mehmed Cemal Pasha, which had the responsibility of safeguarding the Hejaz railway and the Hejaz Expeditionary Force (), which was under the command of General Fakhri Pasha. In face of increasing attacks on the Hejaz railway, the 2nd Kuvve i Mürettebe was created by 1917. The Ottoman force included a number of Arab units who stayed loyal to the Sultan-Caliph and fought well against the Allies.

The Ottoman troops enjoyed an advantage over the Hashemite troops at first in that they were well supplied with modern German weapons. In addition, the Ottoman forces had the support of both the Ottoman Aviation Squadrons, air squadrons from Germany and the Ottoman Gendarmerie or zaptı. Moreover, the Ottomans relied upon the support of Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, whose tribesmen dominated what is now northern Saudi Arabia and tied down both the Hashemites and Saʻudi forces with the threat of their raiding attacks.

The great weakness of the Ottoman forces was they were at the end of a long and tenuous supply line in the form of the Hejaz railway, and because of their logistical weaknesses, were often forced to fight on the defensive. Ottoman offensives against the Hashemite forces more often faltered due to supply problems than to the actions of the enemy.

The main contribution of the Arab Revolt to the war was to pin down tens of thousands of Ottoman troops who otherwise might have been used to attack the Suez Canal and conquering Damascus, allowing the British to undertake offensive operations with a lower risk of counter-attack. This was indeed the British justification for supporting the revolt, a textbook example of asymmetric warfare that has been studied time and again by military leaders and historians alike.

History

Revolt

The Ottoman Empire took part in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, under the terms of the Ottoman–German Alliance.  Many Arab nationalist figures in Damascus and Beirut were arrested, then tortured. The flag of the resistance was designed by Sir Mark Sykes, in an effort to create a feeling of "Arab-ness" in order to fuel the revolt.

Prelude (November 1914 – October 1916)

When Herbert Kitchener was Consul-General in Egypt, contacts between Abdullah and Kitchener had eventually culminated in a telegram of 1 November 1914 from Kitchener (recently appointed as Secretary of War) to Hussein wherein Great Britain would, in exchange for support from the Arabs of Hejaz, "guarantee the independence, rights and privileges of the Sharifate against all foreign external aggression, in particular that of the Ottomans" The Sharif indicated that he could not break with the Ottomans immediately, and it did not happen till the following year. From 14 July 1915, to 10 March 1916, a total of ten letters, five from each side, were exchanged between Sir Henry McMahon and Sherif Hussein. Hussein's letter of 18 February 1916 appealed to McMahon for £50,000 in gold plus weapons, ammunition, and food. Faisal claimed that he was awaiting the arrival of 'not less than 100,000 people' for the planned revolt. McMahon's reply of 10 March 1916 confirmed British agreement to the requests and concluded the correspondence. Hussein, who until then had officially been on the Ottoman side, was now convinced that his assistance to the Triple Entente would be rewarded by an Arab empire encompassing the entire span between Egypt and Qajar Iran, with the exception of imperial possessions and interests in Kuwait, Aden, and the Syrian coast. He decided to join the Allied camp immediately, because of rumours that he would soon be deposed as Sharif of Mecca by the Ottoman government in favor of Sharif Ali Haidar, leader of the rival Zaʻid family. The much-publicized executions of the Arab nationalist leaders in Damascus led Hussein to fear for his life if he were deposed in favour of Ali Haidar.

Hussein had about 50,000 men under arms, but fewer than 10,000 had rifles. On 5 June 1916, two of Hussein's sons, the emirs ʻAli and Faisal, began the revolt by attacking the Ottoman garrison in Medina, but were defeated by an aggressive Turkish defence led by Fakhri Pasha. The revolt proper began on 10 June 1916, when Hussein ordered his supporters to attack the Ottoman garrison in Mecca. In the Battle of Mecca, there ensued over a month of bloody street fighting between the out-numbered, but far better armed Ottoman troops and Hussein's tribesmen. Hashemite forces in Mecca were joined by Egyptian troops sent by the British, who provided much needed artillery support, and finally took Mecca on 9 July 1916.

Indiscriminate Ottoman artillery fire, which did much damage to Mecca, turned out to be a potent propaganda weapon for the Hashemites, who portrayed the Ottomans as desecrating Islam's most holy city.  Also on 10 June, another of Hussein's sons, the Emir Abdullah, attacked Ta'if, which after an initial repulse settled down into a siege. With the Egyptian artillery support, Abdullah took Ta'if on 22 September 1916.

French and British naval forces had cleared the Red Sea of Ottoman gunboats early in the war.  The port of Jeddah was attacked by 3500 Arabs on 10 June 1916 with the assistance of bombardment by British warships and seaplanes. The seaplane carrier  provided crucial air support to the Hashemite forces. The Ottoman garrison surrendered on 16 June. By the end of September 1916, the Sharifian Army had taken the coastal cities of Rabigh, Yanbu, al Qunfudhah, and 6,000 Ottoman prisoners with the assistance of the Royal Navy.

The capture of the Red Sea ports allowed the British to send over a force of 700 Ottoman Arab POWs (who primarily came from what is now Iraq) who had decided to join the revolt led by Nuri al-Saʻid and a number of Muslim troops from French North Africa. Fifteen thousand well-armed Ottoman troops remained in the Hejaz. However, a direct attack on Medina in October resulted in a bloody repulse of the Arab forces.

Arrival of T. E. Lawrence (October 1916 – January 1917)

In June 1916, the British sent out a number of officials to assist the revolt in the Hejaz, most notably Colonel Cyril Wilson, Colonel Pierce C. Joyce, and Lt-Colonel Stewart Francis Newcombe. Herbert Garland was also involved. In addition, a French military mission commanded by Colonel Édouard Brémond was sent out. The French enjoyed an advantage over the British in that they included a number of Muslim officers such as Captain Muhammand Ould Ali Raho, Claude Prost, and Laurent Depui (the latter two converted to Islam during their time in Arabia). Captain Rosario Pisani of the French Army, though not a Muslim, also played a notable role in the revolt as an engineering and artillery officer with the Arab Northern Army.

The British government in Egypt sent a young officer, Captain T. E. Lawrence, to work with the Hashemite forces in the Hejaz in October 1916. The British historian David Murphy wrote that though Lawrence was just one out of many British and French officers serving in Arabia, historians often write as though it was Lawrence alone who represented the Allied cause in Arabia.

David Hogarth credited Gertrude Bell for much of the success of the Arab Revolt. She had travelled extensively in the Middle East since 1888, after graduating from Oxford with a First in Modern History. Bell had met Sheikh Harb of the Howeitat in January 1914 and thus was able to provide a "mass of information" which was crucial to the success of Lawrence's occupation of Aqaba covering the "tribal elements ranging between the Hejaz Railway and the Nefud, particularly about the Howeitat group." It was this information, Hogarth emphasized, which "Lawrence, relying on her reports, made signal use of in the Arab campaigns of 1917 and 1918."

Lawrence obtained assistance from the Royal Navy to turn back an Ottoman attack on Yenbu in December 1916.  Lawrence's major contribution to the revolt was convincing the Arab leaders (Faisal and Abdullah) to co-ordinate their actions in support of British strategy. Lawrence developed a close relationship with Faisal, whose Arab Northern Army was to become the main beneficiary of British aid. By contrast, Lawrence's relations with Abdullah were not good, so Abdullah's Arab Eastern Army received considerably less in way of British aid. Lawrence persuaded the Arabs not to drive the Ottomans out of Medina; instead, the Arabs attacked the Hejaz railway on many occasions.  This tied up more Ottoman troops, who were forced to protect the railway and repair the constant damage.

On 1 December 1916, Fakhri Pasha began an offensive with three brigades out of Medina with the aim of taking the port of Yanbu. At first, Fakhri's troops defeated the Hashemite forces in several engagements, and seemed set to take Yanbu. It was fire and air support from the five ships of the Royal Navy Red Sea Patrol that defeated the Ottoman attempts to take Yanbu with heavy losses on 11–12 December 1916. Fakhri then turned his forces south to take Rabegh, but owing to the guerrilla attacks on his flanks and supply lines, air attacks from the newly established Royal Flying Corps base at Yanbu, and the over-extension of his supply lines, he was forced to turn back on 18 January 1917, to Medina.

The coastal city of Wejh was to be the base for attacks on the Hejaz railway.  On 3 January 1917, Faisal began an advance northward along the Red Sea coast with 5,100 camel riders, 5,300 men on foot, four Krupp mountain guns, ten machine guns, and 380 baggage camels.  The Royal Navy resupplied Faisal from the sea during his march on Wejh.  While the 800-man Ottoman garrison prepared for an attack from the south, a landing party of 400 Arabs and 200 Royal Navy bluejackets attacked Wejh from the north on 23 January 1917.  Wejh surrendered within 36 hours, and the Ottomans abandoned their advance toward Mecca in favor of a defensive position in Medina with small detachments scattered along the Hejaz railway.  The Arab force had increased to about 70,000 men armed with 28,000 rifles and deployed in three main groups.  Ali's force threatened Medina, Abdullah operated from Wadi Ais harassing Ottoman communications and capturing their supplies, and Faisal based his force at Wejh.  Camel-mounted Arab raiding parties had an effective radius of 1,000 miles (1,600 km) carrying their own food and taking water from a system of wells approximately 100 miles (160 km) apart. In late 1916, the Allies started the formation of the Regular Arab Army (also known as the Sharifian Army) raised from Ottoman Arab POWs. The soldiers of the Regular Army wore British-style uniforms with the keffiyahs and, unlike the tribal guerrillas, fought full-time and in conventional battles. Some of the more notable former Ottoman officers to fight in the Revolt were Nuri as-Said, Jafar al-Askari and 'Aziz 'Ali al-Misri.

Northward expeditions (January–November 1917)

The year 1917 began well for the Hashemites when the Emir Abdullah and his Arab Eastern Army ambushed an Ottoman convoy led by Ashraf Bey in the desert, and captured £20,000 worth of gold coins that were intended to bribe the Bedouin into loyalty to the Sultan. Starting in early 1917, the Hashemite guerrillas began attacking the Hejaz railway. At first, guerrilla forces commanded by officers from the Regular Army such as al-Misri, and by British officers such as Newcombe, Lieutenant Hornby and Major Herbert Garland focused their efforts on blowing up unguarded sections of the Hejaz railway. Garland was the inventor of the so-called "Garland mine", which was used with much destructive force on the Hejaz railway. In February 1917, Garland succeeded for the first time in destroying a moving locomotive with a mine of his own design. Around Medina, Captain Muhammad Ould Ali Raho of the French Military Mission carried out his first railway demolition attack in February 1917. Captain Raho was to emerge as one of the leading destroyers of the Hejaz railway. In March 1917, Lawrence led his first attack on the Hejaz railway. Typical of such attacks were the one commanded out by Newcombe and Joyce who on the night of 6/7 July 1917 when they had planted over 500 charges on the Hejaz railway, which all went off at about 2 am. In a raid in August 1917, Captain Raho led a force of Bedouin in destroying 5 kilometers of the Hejaz railway and four bridges.

In March 1917, an Ottoman force joined by tribesmen from Jabal Shammar led by Ibn Rashid carried out a sweep of the Hejaz that did much damage to the Hashemite forces. However, the Ottoman failure to take Yanbu in December 1916 led to the increased strengthening of the Hashemite forces, and led to the Ottoman forces to assume the defensive. Lawrence was later to claim that the failure of the offensive against Yanbu was the turning point that ensured the ultimate defeat of the Ottomans in the Hejaz.

In 1917, Lawrence arranged a joint action with the Arab irregulars and forces under Auda Abu Tayi (until then in the employ of the Ottomans) against the port city of Aqaba. This is now known as the Battle of Aqaba. Aqaba was the only remaining Ottoman port on the Red Sea and threatened the right flank of Britain's Egyptian Expeditionary Force defending Egypt and preparing to advance into Sanjak Maan of the Syria Vilayet.  Capture of Aqaba would aid transfer of British supplies to the Arab revolt.  Lawrence and Auda left Wedj on 9 May 1917 with a party of 40 men to recruit a mobile force from the Howeitat, a tribe located in the area. On 6 July, after an overland attack, Aqaba fell to those Arab forces with only a handful of casualties.  Lawrence then rode 150 miles to Suez to arrange Royal Navy delivery of food and supplies for the 2,500 Arabs and 700 Ottoman prisoners in Aqaba; soon the city was co-occupied by a large Anglo-French flotilla (including warships and sea planes), which helped the Arabs secure their hold on Aqaba. Even as the Hashemite armies advanced, they still encountered sometimes fierce opposition from local residents. In July 1917, residents of the town of Karak fought against the Hashemite forces and turned them back. Later in the year British intelligence reports suggested that most of the tribes in the region east of the Jordan River were "firmly in the Ottoman camp." The tribes feared repressions and losing the money they had received from the Ottomans for their loyalty. Later in the year, the Hashemite warriors made a series of small raids on Ottoman positions in support of British General Allenby's winter attack on the Gaza–Bersheeba defensive line, which led to the Battle of Beersheba. Typical of such raids was one led by Lawrence in September 1917 that saw Lawrence destroy a Turkish rail convoy by blowing up the bridge it was crossing at Mudawwara and then ambushing the Turkish repair party. In November 1917, as aid to Allenby's offensive, Lawrence launched a deep-raiding party into the Yarmouk River valley, which failed to destroy the railway bridge at Tel ash-Shehab, but which succeeded in ambushing and destroying the train of General Mehmed Cemal Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman VII Corps. Allenby's victories led directly to the British capture of Jerusalem just before Christmas 1917.

Increased Allied assistance and the end of fighting (November 1917– October 1918)

By the time of Aqaba's capture, many other officers joined Faisal's campaign. A large number of British officers and advisors, led by Lt. Col.s Stewart F. Newcombe and Cyril E. Wilson, arrived to provide the Arabs rifles, explosives, mortars, and machine guns. Artillery was only sporadically supplied due to a general shortage, though Faisal would have several batteries of mountain guns under French Captain Pisani and his Algerians for the Megiddo Campaign.  Egyptian and Indian troops also served with the Revolt, primarily as machine gunners and specialist troops, a number of armoured cars were allocated for use.  The Royal Flying Corps often supported the Arab operations, and the Imperial Camel Corps served with the Arabs for a time.  The French military mission of 1,100 officers under Brémond established good relations with Hussein and especially with his sons, the Emirs Ali and Abdullah, and for this reason, most of the French effort went into assisting the Arab Southern Army commanded by the Emir Ali that was laying siege to Medina and the Eastern Army commanded by Abdullah that had the responsibility of protecting Ali's eastern flank from Ibn Rashid. Medina was never taken by the Hashemite forces, and the Ottoman commander, Fakhri Pasha, only surrendered Medina when ordered to by the Turkish government on 9 January 1919. The total number of Ottoman troops bottled up in Medina by the time of the surrender were 456 officers and 9364 soldiers.

Under the direction of Lawrence, Wilson, and other officers, the Arabs launched a highly successful campaign against the Hejaz railway, capturing military supplies, destroying trains and tracks, and tying down thousands of Ottoman troops. Though the attacks were mixed in success, they achieved their primary goal of tying down Ottoman troops and cutting off Medina. In January 1918, in one of the largest set-piece battles of the Revolt, Arab forces (including Lawrence) defeated a large Ottoman force at the Battle of Tafilah, inflicting over 1,000 Ottoman casualties for the loss of a mere forty men.

In March 1918 the Arab Northern Army consisted of
Arab Regular Army commanded by Ja'far Pasha el Askeri
brigade of infantry
one battalion Camel Corps
one battalion mule-mounted infantry
about eight guns
British Section commanded by Lieutenant Colonel P. C. Joyce
Hejaz Armoured Car Battery of Rolls-Royce light armoured cars with machine guns and two 10-pdr guns on Talbot lorries
one Flight of aircraft
one Company Egyptian Camel Corps
Egyptian Camel Transport Corps
Egyptian Labour Corps
Wireless Station at 'Aqaba
French Detachment commanded by Captain Pisani
two mountain guns
four machine guns and 10 automatic rifles

In April 1918, Jafar al-Askari and Nuri as-Said led the Arab Regular Army in a frontal attack on the well-defended Ottoman railway station at Ma'an, which after some initial successes was fought off with heavy losses to both sides. However, the Sharifian Army succeeded in cutting off and thus neutralizing the Ottoman position at Ma'an, who held out until late September 1918. The British refused several requests from al-Askari to use mustard gas on the Ottoman garrison at Ma'an.

In the spring of 1918, Operation Hedgehog, a concerted attempt to sever and destroy the Hejaz railway, was launched. In May 1918, Hedgehog led to the destruction of 25 bridges of the Hejaz railway. On 11 May Arab regulars captured Jerdun and 140 prisoners. Five weeks later, on 24 July Nos. 5 and 7 Companies of the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade commanded by Major R. V. Buxton, marched from the Suez Canal to arrive at Aqaba on 30 July, to attack the Mudawwara Station. A particularly notable attack of Hedgehog was the storming on 8 August 1918, by the Imperial Camel Corps, closely supported by the Royal Air Force, of the well-defended Hejaz railway station at Mudawwara. They captured 120 prisoners and two guns, suffering 17 casualties in the operation. Buxton's two companies of Imperial Camel Corps Brigade continued on towards Amman, where they hoped to destroy the main bridge. However  from the city they were attacked by aircraft, forcing them to withdraw eventually back to Beersheba where they arrived on 6 September; a march of  in 44 days. For the final Allied offensive intended to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war, Allenby asked that Emir Faisal and his Arab Northern Army launch a series of attacks on the main Turkish forces from the east, which was intended to both tie down Ottoman troops and force Turkish commanders to worry about their security of their flanks in the Levant. Supporting the Emir Faisal's army of about 450 men from the Arab Regular Army were tribal contingents from the Rwalla, Bani Sakhr, Agyal, and Howeitat tribes. In addition, Faisal had a group of Gurkha troops, several British armored car squadrons, the Egyptian Camel Corps, a group of Algerian artillery men commanded by Captain Pisani and air support from the RAF to assist him.

In 1918, the Arab cavalry gained in strength (as it seemed victory was at hand) and they were able to provide Allenby's army with intelligence on Ottoman army positions. They also harassed Ottoman supply columns, attacked small garrisons, and destroyed railway tracks. A major victory occurred on 27 September when an entire brigade of Ottoman, Austrian and German troops, retreating from Mezerib, was virtually wiped out in a battle with Arab forces near the village of Tafas (which the Turks had plundered during their retreat). This led to the so-called Tafas massacre, in which Lawrence claimed in a letter to his brother to have issued a "no-prisoners" order, maintaining after the war that massacre was in retaliation for the earlier Ottoman massacre of the village of Tafas, and that he had at least 250 German and Austrian POWs together with an uncounted number of Turks lined up to be summarily shot. Lawrence later wrote in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom that "In a madness born of the horror of Tafas we killed and killed, even blowing in the heads of the fallen and of the animals; as though their death and running blood could slake our agony". In part due to these attacks, Allenby's last offensive, the Battle of Megiddo, was a stunning success. By late September and October 1918, an increasingly demoralized Ottoman Army began to retreat and surrender whenever possible to British troops. "Sherifial irregulars" accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence captured Deraa on 27 September 1918. The Ottoman army was routed in less than 10 days of battle. Allenby praised Faisal for his role in the victory: "I send your Highness my greetings and my most cordial congratulations upon the great achievement of your gallant troops ... Thanks to our combined efforts, the Ottoman army is everywhere in full retreat".

The first Arab Revolt forces to reach Damascus were Sharif Naser's Hashemite camel cavalry and the cavalry of the Ruwallah tribe, led by Nuri Sha'lan, on 30 September 1918. The bulk of these troops remained outside of the city with the intention of awaiting the arrival of Sharif Faisal. However, a small contingent from the group was sent within the walls of the city, where they found the Arab Revolt flag already raised by surviving Arab nationalists among the citizenry. Later that day Australian Light Horse troops marched into Damascus. Auda Abu Ta'yi, T. E. Lawrence and Arab troops rode into Damascus the next day, 1 October. At the end of the war, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force had seized Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon, large parts of the Arabian peninsula and southern Syria. Medina, cut off from the rest of the Ottoman Empire, would not surrender until January 1919.

Aftermath

The United Kingdom agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would support Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottomans. Both sides had different interpretations of this agreement.

However, the United Kingdom and France reneged on the original deal and divided up the area under the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement in ways that the Arabs felt were unfavourable to them. Further confusing the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which promised support for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine. For a brief period, the Hejaz region of western Arabia became a self-declared state, without being universally recognised as such, under Hussein's control. Although both Ibn Saud and Hussein both received British aid, it was eventually conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925, as part of his military and sociopolitical campaign for the unification of Saudi Arabia.

The Arab Revolt is seen by historians as the first organized movement of Arab nationalism. It brought together different Arab groups for the first time with the common goal to fight for independence from the Ottoman Empire. Much of the history of Arab independence stemmed from the revolt beginning with the kingdom that had been founded by Hussein.

After the war, the Arab Revolt had implications. Groups of people were put into classes that were based on whether they had fought in the revolt and their rank. In Iraq, a group of Sharifian officers from the Arab Revolt formed a political party that they headed. The Hashemites in Jordan remain influenced by the actions of the revolt's Arab leaders.

Underlying causes

Hussein
According to Efraim Karsh of Bar-Ilan University, Sharif Hussein of Mecca was "a man with grandiose ambitions" who had first started to fall out with his masters in Istanbul when the dictatorship, a triumvirate known as the Three Pashas (General Enver Pasha, Talaat Pasha, and Cemal Pasha), which represented the radical Turkish nationalist wing of the CUP, seized power in a coup d'état in January 1913 and began to pursue a policy of Turkification, which gradually angered non-Turkish subjects. Hussein started to embrace the language of Arab nationalism only after the Young Turks revolt against the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II in July 1908. The fighting force of the revolt was mostly combined from Ottoman defectors and Arabian tribes loyal to the Sharif.

Religious justification
Though the Sharifian revolt has tended to be regarded as a revolt rooted in a secular Arab nationalist sentiment, the Sharif did not present it in those terms. Rather, he accused the Young Turks of violating the sacred tenets of Islam by pursuing the policy of Turkification and discriminating against its non-Turkish population and called Arab Muslims to sacred rebellion against the Ottoman government. The Turks answered by accusing the rebelling tribes of betraying the Muslim Caliphate during a campaign against imperialist powers attempting to divide and govern Muslim lands. The Turks said the revolting Arabs gained nothing after the revolt; rather, the Middle East was carved up by the British and French.

Ethnic tensions

While the revolt failed to garner significant support from within the Ottoman Empire's soon-to-be Iraq provinces, it did find huge support from Arab populated Levantine provinces. This early Arab nationalism came about when the majority of the Arabs living in the Ottoman Empire were loyal primarily to their own families, clans, and tribes despite efforts of the Turkish ruling class, who pursued a policy of Turkification through the Tanzimat reforms and hoped to create a feeling of "Ottomanism" among the different ethnicities under the Ottoman domain. Liberal reforms brought about by the Tanzimat also transformed the Ottoman Caliphate into a secular empire, which weakened the Islamic concept of ummah that tied the different races together. The arrival of Committee of Union and Progress to power and the creation of a one-party state in 1913 which mandated Turkish nationalism as a state ideology worsened the relationship between the Ottoman state and its non-Turkish subjects.

See also
 Campaigns of the Arab Revolt
 Flag of the Arab Revolt
 History of Saudi Arabia
 South Arabia during World War I

Notes

Footnotes

References

Bibliography
Cleveland, William L. and Martin Bunton. (2016) A History of the Modern Middle East. 6th ed. Westview Press.
Falls, Cyril (1930) Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence; Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War Vol. 2. London: H. M. Stationary
Erickson, Edward. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport, CT: Greenwood. .

Murphy, David (2008) The Arab Revolt 1916–18 Lawrence sets Arabia Ablaze. Osprey: London. .
Parnell, Charles L. (August 1979) CDR USN "Lawrence of Arabia's Debt to Seapower" United States Naval Institute Proceedings.

Further reading
 Anderson, Scott (2014). Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Atlantic Books.
 Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace. Avon Books.
 Korda, Michael, Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia. .
 Lawrence, T. E. (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Doubleday, Doran, and Co.
 Oschenwald, William. 'Ironic Origins: Arab Nationalism in the Hijaz, 1882–1914' in The Origins of Arab Nationalism (1991), ed. Rashid Khalidi, pp. 189–203. Columbia University Press.
 Wilson, Mary C. 'The Hashemites, the Arab Revolt, and Arab Nationalism' in The Origins of Arab Nationalism (1991), ed. Rashid Khalidi, pp. 204–24. Columbia University Press.
 "Arab Uprising: Did the Arab Uprising of 1916 Contribute Significantly to the Military and Political Developments in the Middle East?" in Dennis Showalter, ed. History in Dispute: World War I Vol 8 (Gale, 2003) online

External links
History of the Arab Revolt (on King Hussein's website)
Arab Revolt at PBS
T.E. Lawrence's Original Letters on Palestine  Shapell Manuscript Foundation
The Revolt in Arabia by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje
 Chariots of war: When T.E. Lawrence and his armored Rolls-Royces ruled the Arabian desert, Brendan McAleer, 10 August 2017, Autoweek.

1916 in the Ottoman Empire
1917 in the Ottoman Empire
1918 in the Ottoman Empire
20th century in Saudi Arabia
Arab history
Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
Campaigns and theatres of World War I
Conflicts in 1916
Conflicts in 1917
Conflicts in 1918
Guerrilla wars
1916 in religion
20th century in Jordan
20th century in Lebanon
Ottoman Palestine
History of Hejaz
1910s in Ottoman Syria
History of the Arabian Peninsula
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
Rebellions in Ottoman Syria
20th-century Islam
1917 in religion
1918 in religion
1910s in Islam

Arab Revolt


La route régionale 932 () est une route régionale allant de Aavasaksa jusqu'à Raanujärvi à Ylitornio en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 932 est une route régionale de Laponie.

Parcours
 Ylitornio
 Aavasaksa
 Pessalompolo
 Raanujärvi

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

932

Transport à Ylitornio

Seututie 932


Rejseholdet er en dansk dramaserie, der blev vist første gang på DR1 den 1. oktober 2000. Serien bestod af 32 afsnit fordelt på 4 sæsoner. Det første afsnit blev sendt 1. oktober 2000, og sidste afsnit blev sendt den 1. januar 2004.

Afsnit

Sæson 1 (2000)

Sæson 2 (2001)

Sæson 3 (2001–2002)

Sæson 4 (2003–2004)

Referencer

Rejseholdet

Afsnit af Rejseholdet


El Kahal-Oro es el título compuesto de dos novelas relacionadas publicadas en 1935 por el escritor argentino Hugo Wast. En ambas obras, fuertemente antisemitas, se relata un supuesto complot para dominar al mundo llevado a cabo por el pueblo judío y su gobierno secreto, el kahal. Este libro, muy vendido en su época, ficcionaliza el contenido de los apócrifos Protocolos de los Sabios de Sion. De hecho, en el mismo prólogo de su primera edición su autor afirma que:
Agrega, repitiendo,que:

De estas novelas, que suelen publicarse juntas, se hicieron hasta 24 ediciones, la última en 1984, sumando un total de 100 000 ejemplares.

El tema de "El Kahal" y "Oro" se continúa en otras dos novelas, "Juana Tabor" y "666", publicadas hacia las mismas fechas.

La novela ha sido elogiada por los grupos afines al nacionalismo. Al respecto sostenen que no es antisemita, sino que va contra aquellos que han dejado de adorar a Dios para rendir culto al "becerro de oro". Agregan que es un llamado a la conversión al catolicismo del pueblo judío, tal como le sucede a uno de sus protagonistas en las páginas finales.

Según sus críticos, se trata, como la mayor parte de la obra de Wast, de un texto estilísticamente pobre, más preocupado por la propaganda de sus ideas que por la descripción de ambientes o la creación de personajes.En cuanto al argumento, recopila los tópicos antisemitas propios del nacionalcatolicismo en una trama donde aparecen las rivalidades internas del pretendido gobierno mundial judío. Algunos investigadores señalan que Wast plagió párrafos enteros de textos antisemitas franceses y destacan la fecha de la aparición de las novelas, coincidente con atentados contra instituciones judías en la Argentina y la sanción de las leyes raciales en Alemania.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Literatura antisemita
Novelas de 1935
Novelas de Hugo Wast

El Kahal-Oro


Diederichs Gelbe Reihe ist eine im Eugen Diederichs Verlag begonnene, seit 1973 erschienene Buchreihe.

Themen
Der Schwerpunkt der Reihe liegt auf Religion und Philosophie, Mythologie und Mystik der Völker. Die Reihe wurde später im Verlag Hugendubel fortgesetzt. Einen Schwerpunkt bildet zudem Asien, insbesondere die Philosophie und Kultur Chinas, dessen Grundpfeiler die älteren Übersetzungen konfuzianischer und daoistischer Klassiker des Sinologen Richard Wilhelm sind. Bislang sind über 180 Bände erschienen, davon einige als Diederichs Gelbe Reihe Magnum im Großformat.

Übersicht
 001 I Ging : Text und Materialien; aus dem Chinesischen übersetzt von Richard Wilhelm; Diederichs 1973, c1924 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 1 . China im Umbruch / herausgegeben von Wolfgang Bauer
 002 Richard Wilhelm : Botschafter zweier Welten; Auswahl und Einleitung von Wolfgang Bauer; Diederichs 1973 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 2 . China im Umbruch / herausgegeben von Wolfgang Bauer
 003 Ta T'ung Shu: das Buch von der großen Gemeinschaft; Kang Yu-wei ; [aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Horst Kube]; Diederichs 1974, c1958 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 3 . China im Umbruch / herausgegeben von Wolfgang Bauer
 004 Das Jahr im Dorf Glückseligkeit : Bericht eines chinesischen Intellektuellen nach der Kulturrevolution; Jack Chen; aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Horst Kube; Diederichs 1974, c1973 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 4 . China im Umbruch / herausgegeben von Wolfgang Bauer
 005 Han Shan : 150 Gedichte vom Kalten Berg; Han-Shan-Shih ; aus dem Chines. übersetzt, kommentiert und eingeleitet von Stephan Schuhmacher; Diederichs 1984 4. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 5 . China
 006 Das Totenbuch der Tibeter; eine neue Übersetzung aus dem Tibetischen mit Kommentar von Francesca Fremantle und Chögyam Trungpa ; ins Deutsche übertragen von Stephan Schumacher; E. Diederichs 1977 2., überarbeitete Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe DG6 . Tibet
 007 Der Weg zum Selbst : Lehre und Leben des Shrî Ramana Maharshi; Heinrich Zimmer ; [mit einer Einleitung von Günther Mehren]; Diederichs 1976 Neuausg., 2., durchgesehene Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe DG7 . Indien
 008 Pfad zur Erleuchtung : das Kleine, das Große und das Diamant-Fahrzeug; ersetzt und herausgegeben von Helmuth von Glasenapp; Diederichs [1974?], c1956 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 8 . Indien

 011 Chinesische Comics : Gespenster, Mörder, Klassenfeinde; übersetzt und eingeleitet von Wolfgang Bauer; 1976 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 11 . China im Umbruch / herausgegeben von Wolfgang Bauer
 012 Sinn des I Ging; Hellmut Wilhelm; Diederichs 1984 6. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 12 . China
 013 Der tibetische Buddhismus; Geshe Lhündub Söpa, Jeffrey Hopkins ; mit einem Vorwort des Dalai Lama ; [aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Burkhard Quessel]; Diederichs 1984 3. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 13 : Tibet
 014 Dschuang Dsi : Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland; aus dem Chinesischen übertragen und erläutert von Richard Wilhelm; Diederichs 1984 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 14 . China
 015 Upanishaden : die Geheimlehre der Inder; [übertragen und eingeleitet von Alfred Hillebrandt]; Eugen Diederichs c1977 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 15, Indien
 016 Mahabharata : Indiens großes Epos, aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt und zusammengefasst von Biren Roy; E. Diederich 1984, c1961 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 16 . Indien
 017 Über den Rand des tiefen Canyon : Lehren indianischer Schamanen; herausgegeben von Dennis und Barbara Tedlock ; [aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Jochen Eggert]; E. Diederichs 1980, c1975 2. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 17 . Nordamerika
 018 Popol Vuh : das Buch des Rates : Mythos und Geschichte der Maya; aus dem Quiché übertragen und erläutert von Wolfgang Cordan; E. Diederichs 1984 4. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 18 . Indianer
 019 Tao te king : das Buch des Alten vom Sinn und Leben; Laotse ; übersetzt und mit einem Kommentar von Richard Wilhelm; Diederichs 1985 Erw. Neuausgabe Diederichs gelbe Reihe 19 . China
 020 Rumi : ich bin Wind und du bist Feuer : Leben und Werk der Großen Mystikers; Annemarie Schimmel; 1991 7. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 20 . Islam
 021 Bhagavadgita . Aschtavakragita : Indiens heilige Gesänge; Diederichs 1992, c1978 7. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 21 : Indien
 022 Gespräche : Lun Yü; Kungfutse ; aus dem Chinesischen übertragen und herausgegeben von Richard Wilhelm; Diederichs 1985 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 22 ; China
 023 Das Elixier der Glückseligkeit; Al Ghasâli; Diederichs 1984 3. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 23 . Islam
 024 Und Manitu erschuf die Welt : Mythen und Visionen der Ojibwa; Basil Johnston ; [Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Jochen Eggert]; Diederichs 1984 3. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 24 . Indianer
 025 Frühling und Herbst des Lü Bu We; aus dem Chinesischen übertragen und herausgegeben von Richard Wilhelm; Diederichs 1979 Neuausgabe Diederichs gelbe Reihe 25 . China
 026 Der Weg zum anderen Ufer : die Spiritualität der Upanishaden; Henri Le Saux (Swami Abhishiktananda); [aus dem Französischen übersetzt von Bettina Bäumer]; Diederichs 1980 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 26 . Indien
 027 Die Sufis : Botschaft der Derwische, Weisheit der Magier; Idries Shah ; aus dem Englischen von Jochen Eggert und Stephan Schumacher; Diederichs 1991 8. Auf. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 27 . Islam
 028 Das wahre Buch vom quellenden Urgrund : die Lehren der Philosophen Liä Yü Kou und Yang Dschu; Liä Dsï ; aus dem Chinesischen übertragen und erläutert von Richard Wilhelm; E. Diederichs 1981 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 28 . China
 029 Tantra in Tibet : das geheime Mantra des Tsong-ka-pa; Jeffrey Hopkins (Hrsg.) ; eingeleitet vom 14. Dalai Lama ; übersetzt von Burkhard Quessel; Eugen Diederichs Verlag 1980 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 29 . Tibet
 030 Tao, Zen und schöpferische Kraft; Chang Chung-yuan; 1983 3. Aufl. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 30
 031 Li Gi : das Buch der Riten, Sitten und Gebräuche; aus den Chinesischen übersetzt und herausgegeben von Richard Wilhelm; Diederichs 1981 Neuausgabe Diederichs gelbe Reihe 31 . China
 032 Und Muhammad ist sein Prophet : die Verehrung der Propheten in der islamischen Frömmigkeit; Annemarie Schimmel; Diederichs 1989 2., verbesserte Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 32. Islam
 033 Indische Mythen und Symbole : Schlüssel zur Formenwelt des Göttlichen; Heinrich Zimmer ; aus dem Englischen übertragen von Ernst Wilhelm Eschmann; Diederichs 1981 Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe 33 . Indien
 034 Eintritt in das Leben zur Erleuchtung (Bodhicaryāvatāra) : Lehrgedicht des Mahāyāna; Śāntideva ; aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt von Ernst Steinkellner; E. Diederichs c1981 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 34. Indien
 035 Der Sohar : das heilige Buch der Kabbala; nach dem Urtext ausgewählt, übertragen und herausgegeben von Ernst Müller; E. Diederichs c1982 Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe Wien 1932 neu ediert Diederichs gelbe Reihe 35 . Judaica
 036 Schulgespräche = Gia Yü; Kungfutse ; aus dem Chinesischen übersetzt von Richard Wilhelm ; herausgegeben von Hellmut Wilhelm; E. Diederichs Verlag 1997 2. Aufl. der Neuausg. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 36 ; China
 037 Gärten der Erkenntnis : Texte aus der islamischen Mystik; übertragen von Annemarie Schimmel; E. Diederichs 1982 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 37, Islam
 038 Jenseits der weissen Wolken : die Gedichte des Weisen vom Südgebirge; Wang Wei ; aus dem Chinesischen übertragen und herausgegeben von Stephan Schuhmacher; Diederichs 1982 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 38 ; China
 039 Die Kopten : Leben und Lehre der frühen Christen in Ägypten; Emma Brunner-Traut; E. Diederichs c1982 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 39. Christentum
 040 Orpheus : altgriechische Mysterien; aus dem Urtext übertragen und erläutert von J.O. Plassmann; Nachwort von Fritz Graf; E. Diederichs c1982 Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe Antike
 041 Stufen zur Unsterblichkeit : Tod, Zwischenzustand und Wiedergeburt im tibetischen Buddhismus; Yang-dschen-ga-wä-lo-drö ; herausgegeben von Lati Rinpoche und Jeffrey Hopkins ; mit einem Vorwort des 14. Dalai Lama ; aus dem Englischen von Matthias Dehne; Diederichs 1983 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 41 . Tibet
 042 Mong Dse : Die Lehrgespräche des Meisters Meng Kʿo; aus dem Chinesischen übertragen und erläutert von Richard Wilhelm; Diederichs 1982 Neuausgabe Diederichs gelbe Reihe 42 . China
 043 I-ging für Fortgeschrittene : Strukturen, Kräfte, Kombinationen; Diana Farington Hook aus dem Englischen von Matthias Dehne; Diederichs 1983 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 43 . China
 044 Die Kultur des Zen; Thomas Hoover ; übersetzt von Frank Meyer; E. Diederichs 1990, c1977 4. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 44 ; Japan
 045 Ramayana : die Geschichte vom Prinzen Rama, der schönen Sita und dem grossen Affen Hanuman; Ins Deutsche übertragen von Claudia Schmölders ; mit einem Nachwort von Günter Metken; Diederichs 1996 6. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 45 . Indien
 046 Germanische Götterlehre; herausgegeben und mit mythologischem Wörterbuch versehen von Ulf Diederichs; E. Diederichs 1997 , c1984 6. Aufl. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 46 ; Alt-Island
 047 Die Schamanen : Jagdhelfer und Ratgeber, Seelenfahrer, Künder und Heiler; Hans Findeisen, Heino Gehrts; E. Diederichs 1983 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 47. Sibirien
 048 Ein Kosmos im Regenwald : Mythen und Visionen der Lakandonen-Indianer; herausgegeben von K'ayum Ma'ax und Christian Rätsch; Diederichs 1984 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 48 . Indianer

 050 Geschichten aus dem Schahnameh; Firdausi ; ausgewählt und übertragen von Uta von Witzleben; Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Düsseldorf und Köln 1960 (= Diederichs Taschenausgaben, 21); Diederichs 1984 Neuausg. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 50 . Persien
 051 Erfahrungen mit dem I-Ging : vom kreativen Umgang mit dem Buch der Wandlungen; [herausgegeben von Ulf Diederichs]; Diederichs 1984 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 51 . China
 052 Das Mysterium der Zahl : Zahlensymbolik im Kulturvergleich; Franz Carl Endres, Annemarie Schimmel; E. Diederichs 1984 1. Aufl. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 52. Weltkulturen
 053 Die Bruderschaft der Rosenkreuzer : esoterische Texte; Johann Valentin Andreae ; herausgegeben von Gerhard Wehr; E. Diederichs 1984 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 53 . Christentum
 054 Nordische Nibelungen : die Sagas von den Völsungen, von Ragnar Lodbrok und Hrolf Kraki; aus dem Altnordischen übertragen von Paul Herrmann; E. Diederichs Verlag 1985 Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe 54 : Alt-Island
 055 Tarot als Selbsterfahrung; Mary Steiner-Geringer; Diederichs 1985 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 55 . Alte Welt
 056 Chinesische Heilkräuter; Albert Y. Leung ; aus dem Amerikanischen übersetzt von Angelika Feilhauer; Eugen Diederichs 1985, c1984 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 56 . China
 057 Chactun, die Götter der Maya : Quellentexte, Darstellung und Wörterbuch; herausgegeben von Christian Rätsch; E. Diederichs 1986 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 57 . Indianer
 058 Tao Yuanming, Der Pfirsichblütenquell. Gesammelte Gedichte. Diederichs 1985. (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe 58)

 060 Dschingis Khan, ein Weltreich zu Pferde : das Buch vom Ursprung der Mongolen; herausgegeben von Walther Heissig ; mit fünfzehn Zeichnungen von Gongpo Ronge und einem Frontispiz; Diederichs 1985, c1981 Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe 60 . Mongolei
 061 Der Taoismus oder die Suche nach Unsterblichkeit; John Blofeld ; aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Wolfgang Höhn und Leo Wagner; Diederichs 1986 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 61 : China
 062 Ursprung und Praxis des Tarot; Alfred Douglas ; aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Günter Hager; Diederichs 1986 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 62 : Alte Welt
 063 Muntu : die neoafrikanische Kultur : Blues, Kulte, Négritude, Poesie und Tanz; Janheinz Jahn ; [herausgegeben von Ulla Schild]; E. Diederichs 1986 Neuausg. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 63
 064 Geheimnis der goldenen Blüte : das Buch von Bewußtsein und Leben; Richard Wilhelm, C.G. Jung ; aus dem Chinesischen übersetzt und erläutert von Richard Wilhelm ; mit einem europäischen Kommentar von C. G. Jung; E. Diederichs 1987 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 64 . China
 065 Astrologie des I Ging; nach dem Ho Lo Li Schu herausgegeben von Wen Kuan Chu und Wallace A. Sherrill ; aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Matthias Dehne; Eugen Diederichs 1986 Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe 65 . China
 066 Śukasaptati = Das indische Papageienbuch; aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt von Wolfgang Morgenroth; Diederichs 1986 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 66 . Indien
 067 Abenteuer und Fahrten der Seele : ein Schlüssel zu indogermanischen Mythen; Heinrich Zimmer; E. Diederichs 1987 Neuausgabe Diederichs gelbe Reihe 67. Weltkulturen
 068 Lexikon chinesischer Symbole : die Bildsprache der Chinesen; Wolfram Eberhard; E. Diederichs 1987, c1983 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 68
 069 Grosser Weisser Falke : der Lebenskreis eines Ojibwa; Basil Johnston ; aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Jochen Eggert; E. Diederichs 1987 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 69 . Indianer
 070 Die Narten. Söhne der Sonne. Mythen und Heldensagen der Skythen, Sarmaten und Osseten. Übers. u. hrsg. v. André Sikojev. (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe). Köln: Diederichs 1985.
 071 Indianische Heilkräuter : Tradition und Anwendung ; ein Pflanzenlexikon; Christian Rätsch; E. Diederichs 1987 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 71 . Indianer
 072 Die Monde des I Ging : Symbolschöpfung und Evolution im Buch der Wandlungen; Frank Fiedeler; E. Diederichs 1988 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 72 . China
 073 Der historische Buddha : Leben und Lehre des Gotama; Hans Wolfgang Schumann; E. Diederichs 1988 Neuausgabe Diederichs gelbe Reihe 73 . Indien
 074 Mystische Schriften; Heinrich Seuse, Johannes Tauler ; Werkauswahl von Winfried Zeller, herausgegeben von Bernd Jaspert; Eugen Diederichs c1988 Erweiterte Neuausgabe Diederichs gelbe Reihe DG 74 . Deutsche Mystik
 075 Das Buch der Amulette und Talismane; R. H. Laarss; E. Diederichs c1988 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 75 . Magie
 076 Wegweiser zur Gesundheit : die Kraft des Ayurveda; Mahatma Gandhi. mit Beitragen von Rocque Lobo u. Ettore Levi; Diederichs 1988 Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe 76
 077 Das Buch der wahren Praktik in der göttlichen Magie : vergleichende Textausgabe mit Kommentar; Abraham von Worms ; herausgegeben von Jürg von Ins; Diederichs 1988 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 77
 078 Zen als Lebenspraxis; Robert Aitken ; mit einem Vorwort von Gary Snyder ; aus dem Amerikanischen von Christian Quatmann; Eugen Diederichs 1993 4. Aufl. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 78 . Japan
 079 Ethik des Zen; Robert Aitken ; aus dem amerikanischen von Christian Quartmann; Eugen Diederichs 1989, c1984 1. Aufl. Diederichs gelbe Reihe
 080 Das arabische Traumbuch des Ibn Sirin; aus dem Arabischen übersetzt und kommentiert von Helmut Klopfer ; mit einem Essay über Traumbücher von Michael Lackner; Diederichs 1989 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 80 , Arabien
 081 Der Kristallweg : die Lehre über Sutra, Tantra und Dzogchen; Namkhai Norbu ; herausgegeben von John Shane ; aus dem Englischen von Eva Pampuch; Diederichs 1989, c1986 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 81
 082 Muhammad Iqbal, prophetischer Poet und Philosoph; Annemarie Schimmel; E. Diederichs c1989 1. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 82. Islam
 083 Das Tao der Symbole; James N. Powell ; aus dem Englischen von Hans-Ulrich Möhring; Eugen Diederichs 1989 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 83. Weltkulturen
 084 Der Zyklus von Tag und Nacht : die praktischen Übungen des Ati-Yoga; Namkhai Norbu : aus dem Englischen von Jule B. Becker; Diederichs c1990 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 84
 085 Vom Wesen der indischen Philosophie; M. Hiriyanna ; aus dem Englischen übersetzt, mit einer Einleitung, zusätzlichen Anmerkungen und einer Bibliographie versehen von Karl-Heinz Golzio; Diederichs c1990 1. Aufl. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 85
 086 Im Garten der schönen Shin : die lästerlichen Gedichte des Zen-Meisters «Verrückte Wolke»; Ikkyu Sôjun ; aus dem Japanischen übersetzt, kommentiert und eingeleitet von Shuichi Kato und Eva Thom; Diederichs 1990 Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe 86
 087 Mythen des alten China; Chantal Zheng : aus dem Französischen von Frank Fiedeler; Diederichs c1990 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 87
 088 Traum und Karma im Ayurveda : Philosophie und Praxis; Rocque Lobo; Diederichs c1990 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 88
 089 Sufis und Heilige im Maghreb; Uwe Topper; E. Diederichs c1991 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 89 . Islam
 090 Die Lehren des Meister Dōgen : der Schatz des Sōtō-Zen; Taisen Deshimaru ; aus dem Französischen von Regina Krause; Eugen Diederichs c1991 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 90 Japan
 091 Weisheit der Völker : Lesebuch aus drei Jahrtausenden; hrsg. von Ingrid Holzhausen; Eugen Diederichs c1991 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 91. Weltkulturen
 092 Der Buddha im Reinen Land : Shin-Buddhismus in Japan; Volker Zotz; Diederichs c1991 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 92
 093 Buddhistische Glückssymbole im tibetischen Kulturraum : eine Untersuchung der neun bekanntesten Symbolgruppen; Loden Sherap Dagyab Rinpoche; E. Diederichs 1995, c1992 2. Aufl Diederichs gelbe Reihe 93 Indien
 094 Von der Liebe des Himmels zu den Menschen; Mo Ti; aus dem Chinesischen übersetzt und hersg. von Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer; Eugen Diederichs c1992 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 94 China
 095 Weg zur Erleuchtung : Visionen eines modernen keltischen Sehers; George William Russell A.E. ; Aus dem Englischen übersetzt und hrsg. von Sylvia Botheroyd; Eugen Diederichs c1992 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 95 Irland
 096 Gnosis: vom Wissen göttlicher Geheimnisse; Benjamin Walker ; aus dem Englischen von Clemens Wilhelm; Eugen Diederichs c1992 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 96 Weltkulturen
 097 Ideal und Wirklichkeit des Islam; Seyyed Hossein Nasr ; aus dem Englischen von Clemens Wilhelm ; bearbeitet von Jost G. Blum; Eugen Diederichs c1993 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 97 Islam
 098 Das Weisheitsbuch des Zen : Koans aus dem Bi-Yän-Lu; ausgewählt, bearbeitet und im Sinn des Zen erläutert von Achim Seidl auf der Grundlage von Wilhelm Gunderts Übertragung aus dem Chinesischen; Eugen Diederichs c1993 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 98 China
 099 Buddhismus : Stifter, Schulen und Systeme; Hans Wolfgang Schumann; Eugen Diederichs c1993 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 99 Indien
 100 Mystische Zeugnisse aller Zeiten und Volker; gesammelt von Martin Buber ;Peter Sloterdijk (Hrsg.); Eugen Diederichs c1993 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 100 Weltkulturen
 101 Sufismus für den Alltag; Omar Ali-Schah ; aus dem Englischen von Clemens Wilhelm Bearbeitet von Kathleen Göpel; Eugen Diederichs c1993 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 101 Islam
 102 Von Ali bis Zahra : Namen und Namengebung in der islamischen Welt; Annemarie Schimmel; Eugen Diederichs c1993 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 102 Islam
 103 R. Ritskes, Rients: Zen für Manager. (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe (Reihenkürzel: DIGE), (TBA-Kürzel: 0046)) Diederichs, 1992.
 104 Schöpfungsmythen der östlichen Welt; Barbara C. Sproul ; [aus dem Amerikanischen von Konrad Dietzfelbinger]; Eugen Diederichs c1993 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 104. Weltkulturen
 105 Schöpfungsmythen der westlichen Welt; Barbara C. Sproul ; [aus dem Amerikanischen von Konrad Dietzfelbinger]; E. Diederichs c1994 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 105 . Weltkulturen
 106 Vom Wandel des Geistes : buddhistische Unterweisungen eines tibetischen Lamas / Geshe Thubten Ngawang. Mit einem Vorw. des Dalai Lama. Aus dem Tibet. von Christof Spitz 2. Aufl. d. überarb. und aktualis. Neuausg.: München : Diederichs, 1997
 107 Veden Upanishaden Bhagavadgita. Die drei Äste am Lebensbaum Indiens; Sri Chinmoy; Übersetzt, bearbeitet und eingeleitet: Jyotishman Franz, Dam; (c) 1994; Verlag: Diederichs 2000
 108 Traumleben. Überlieferte Traumdeutung. 4 Bde., München 1979–1981; Taschenbuchausgabe: Kabbala im Traumleben des Menschen, Diederichs Gelbe Reihe 108, München 1994
 109 Das Leben nach dem Tod in den großen Kulturen / Dominique Viseux. Aus dem Franz. von Clemens Wilhelm; Viseux, Dominique; München : Diederichs, 1994; Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 109 :
 110 Die Reise nach Westen oder wie Hsüan-tsang den Buddhismus nach China holte / René Grousset. Aus dem Franz. von Peter Fischer … Mit einer Einl. von Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer; Grousset, René; München : Diederichs, 1994; Diederichs' gelbe Reihe ; 110
 111 Durchbruch zum Herzen des Zen; Dennis Genpo Merzel ; aus dem Amerikanischen von Christian Quatmann; E. Diederichs c1994 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 111
 112 Åke Hultkrantz: Schamanische Heilkunst und rituelles Drama der Indianer Nordamerikas / Åke Hultkrantz. Aus dem Englischen von Konrad Dietzfelbinger. – München : Diederichs, 1994. (Diederichs' gelbe Reihe ; 112)
 113 Jenseits dieser Welt : außerweltliche Reisen von Gilgamesch bis Albert Einstein / I. P. Couliano. Aus dem Englischen von Clemens Wilhelm. – München : Diederichs, 1995. (Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 113 : Weltkulturen)
 114 Mahāyāna-Buddhismus : das große Fahrzeug über den Ozean des Leidens; Wolfgang Schumann; E. Diederichs 1995 Überarb. Neuausg Diederichs gelbe Reihe 114. Indien
 115 Rätsch, Christian, Heilkräuter der Antike in Ägypten, Griechenland und Rom : Mythologie und Anwendung einst und heute, Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 115 : Antike, München : Diederichs, 1995.
 116 Spirituelle Meister des Westens. Leben und Lehre, Diederichs (Gelbe Reihe 116), München 1995
 117 Über innere Grenzen. Initiation in Schamanismus, Kunst, Religion und Psychoanalyse. Hartmut Kraft Diederichs gelbe Reihe 177, 1995
 118 Geschichte des Taoismus / Isabelle Robinet = Diederichs Gelbe Reihe ; 118 : China
 119 Sufi-Wege zum Selbst / Idries Shah = Diederichs Gelbe Reihe ; 119
 120 Helena Petrowna Blavatsky: Theosophie und Geheimwissenschaft. Ausgewählte Werke. Köln, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, 1995. Diederichs Gelbe Reihe; 120: Weltkulturen
 121 Von allem und vom Einen = Fīhī mā fīhī / Maulana Dschelaladdin Rumi. Aus dem Pers. und Arab. von Annemarie Schimmel. Kalligraph. Gestaltung Shams Anwari-Alhosseyni München : Diederichs 1995. Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 121 : Islam
 122 Hertzer, Dominique [Hrsg.]. Das Mawangdui-Yijing : Text und Deutung / Dominique Hertzer. Mit einem Vorw. von Wolfgang Bauer. – München : Diederichs, 1996. (Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 122)
 123 Reise nach Mekka : ein Deutscher lebt den Islam; Murad Wilfried Hofmann; Diederichs c1996 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 123
 124 Andreas Gruschke (Hrsg.): Mythen und Legenden der Tibeter. Von Kriegern, Mönchen, Dämonen und dem Ursprung der Welt. Diederichs, München 1996, ISBN 3-424-01309-9 (Diederichs gelbe Reihe 124 Tibet).
 125 Malidoma Patrice Somé: Vom Geist Afrikas. Das Leben eines afrikanischen Schamanen. München: Diederichs 1996. (=Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 125 : Afrika)
 126 Das alte und das neue Yijing : die Wandlungen des Buches der Wandlungen. Hertzer, Dominique
 127 Weltkulturen Vom Frieden der Seele : ein Lesebuch mit Texten aus drei Jahrtausenden. Becher, Gerd. Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 127
 128 China: Leben mit dem I Ging – Erfahrungen aus Kunst, Therapie, Beruf und Alltag (1996) Moog, Hanna; Diederichs Gelbe Reihe ; 128
 129 Die grossen Götter Indiens: Grundzüge von Hinduismus und Buddhismus; Hans Wolfgang Schumann; H. Hugendubel c2004 Diederichs gelbe Reihe
 130 Weltkulturen Die fünf Weltreligionen : Hinduismus, Buddhismus, chinesischer Universismus, Christentum, Islam. Helmuth von Glasenapp. Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 130 :
 131 Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff: Das schamanische Universum : Schamanismus, Bewußtsein und Ökologie in Südamerika. Hrsg. von Christian Rätsch und Daniela Baumgartner. – München : Diederichs, 1996. (Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 131 : Indianer)
 132 Zen-Geschichten: Begegnungen zwischen Schülern und Meistern; Thomas Cleary (Hrsg.); aus dem Englischen von Konrad Dietzfelbinger; Diederichs 1997 Deutsche Ausg. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 132. Japan
 133 Krishnamurti. Leben und Werk. Gunturu Vanamali. Herausgeber: Michael Günther. Hugendubel 1997. Diederichs Gelbe Reihe; 133
 134 Geister, Magier und Muslime. Dämonenwelt und Geisteraustreibung im Islam. Kornelius Hentschel. E. Diederichs, München 1997.
 135 Mysterienschulen: vom alten Ägypten über das Urchristentum bis zu den Rosenkreuzern der Neuzeit / Konrad Dietzfelbinger. – München: Diederichs, 1997. Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 135
 136 China Geburts-I-ging und Astrologie: Grundlagen, Beispiele und Anleitung zur Praxis. Dalvit, Matthias
 137 Die heiligen Stätten der Tibeter: Mythen und Legenden von Kailash bis Shambhala. Andreas Gruschke. München Diederichs 1997. Diederichs gelbe Reihe, 137: Tibet
 138 Yoga, der indische Erlösungsweg: das klassische System und seine Hintergründe. Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 138: Indien Friedrich, Elvira
 139 Bierhorst, John: Die Mythologie der Indianer Nordamerikas. Aus dem Amerikanischen von Frederik Hetmann. München: Diederichs, 1997 (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe; 139; Indianer) Originaltitel: The mythology of North America.
 140 Die Edda : Götterdichtung, Spruchweisheit und Heldengesänge der Germanen. Genzmer, Felix [Übers.]: übertr. von Felix Genzmer. Eingel. von Kurt Schier, Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 140: Europa München: Diederichs, 1997
 141 Das Wesen spiritueller Erkenntnis DG 141 Marc Jongen 1998, Eugen Diederichs Verlag,
 142 Jyotishman Dam: Shiva-Yoga: Indiens großer Yogi Gorakshanatha. München: Diederichs Gelbe Reihe 142 (1998)
 143 Indianische Legenden aus Nordamerika / Ella Elizabeth Clark – Köln : Diederichs, 1998. – 312 S. (Diederichs gelbe Reihe. 143. Indianer)
 144 Jakob Böhme / Gerhard Wehr (Hrsg.): Im Zeichen der Lilie: aus den Werken des christlichen Mystikers. – Neuausg. – München: Diederichs, 1998 (Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 144: Deutsche Mystik).
 145 Johannes Keplers Weltharmonik: der Mensch im Geflecht von Musik, Mathematik und Astronomie; Rudolf Haase; Eugen Diederichs Verlag 1998 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 145 : Weltkulturen
 146 Heilige Hochzeit: Symbol und Erfahrung menschlicher Reifung. Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 146: Weltkulturen; von Wehr, Gerhard; München: Diederichs, 1998.
 147 Borsboom, Ad: Mythen und Spiritualität der Aborigines. Aus dem Niederländischen von Clemens Wilhelm, Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 147. Deutsche Erstausgabe. München : Diederichs, 1998
 148 John Matthews: Keltischer Schamanismus : Rituale, Symbole, Traditionen / John Matthews. Aus dem Engl. von Götz Ferdinand Kreibl. Hrsg. von Günther Michael. – München: Diederichs, 1998. Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 148: Europa.
 149 Johannes Hartlieb: Das Buch der verbotenen Künste. Aberglauben und Zauberei des Mittelalters. Aus dem Mittelhochdeutschen übersetzt kommentiert und mit einem Glossar versehen von Falk Eisermann und Eckhard Graf. Mit einer Einleitung und einem Anhang von Christian Rätsch. Erweiterte Neuausgabe. Diederichs, München 1998, ISBN 3-424-01424-9, (Diederichs gelbe Reihe 149 Europa).
 150 Gerd Heinz-Mohr: Lexikon der Symbole: Bilder und Zeichen der christlichen Kunst. Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 150: Christentum. München: Diederichs, 1998. Neuausg.
 151 Martina Darga: Das alchemistische Buch von innerem Wesen und Lebensenergie : Xingming guizhi; übersetzt, erläutert und mit einer Einführung versehen von Martina Darga – München: Diederichs, 1999 (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe ; 151: China)
 152 Mahatma Gandhi. Leben und Werk. Diederichs gelbe Reihe 152 Indien. von Gunturu, Vanamali. München: Diederichs, 1999.
 153 Meister Eckhart / Wehr, Gerhard (Hrsg.): Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 153 : Deutsche Mystik Mystische Traktate und Predigten. München: Diederichs 1999
 154 Spiegel des Bewußtseins : Essenz des tibetischen Buddhismus. Chögyal Namkhai Norbu. Hrsg. von Gerd R. Manusch und Jakob Winkler, Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 154 : Tibet Diederichs. Kreuzlingen; München: Hugendubel, 1999.
 155 Die Weisheit Asiens: das Lesebuch aus China, Japan, Tibet, Indien und dem Vorderen Orient; ausgewählt und zusammengestellt von Michael Günther; Diederichs c1999 Sonderausg. Diederichs gelbe Reihe Bd. 155
 156 Buddhistische Sutras : das Leben des Buddha in Quellentexten; Claudia Weber; Diederichs c1999 Diederichs gelbe Reihe DG 156
 157 Paramahansa Yogananda: Die spirituelle Lehre der Rubaijat von Omar Chajjam. München: Diederichs 1999.
 158 Die Macht der weißen Magie: Glück und Beistand durch die Zauberkraft der Psyche / Matthias Mala. – Kreuzlingen ; München: Hugendubel, 1999. – Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 158: Weltkulturen
 159 Hariharananda, Paramahansa; Kriya Yoga; Diederichs Gelbe Reihe; August 2004
 160 Beelzebubs Erzählungen für seinen Enkel – Eine objektiv unparteiische Kritik des Lebens des Menschen. – (Band 1–3) Erste Serie des Gesamtwerkes "All und Alles", Diederichs gelbe Reihe, 160 Georges I. Gurdjieff, München: Hugendubel, 2000.
 161 Karma und Wiedergeburt im indischen Denken; Wilhelm Halbfass; Heinrich Hugendubel 2000 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 161 Indien.
 162 Die Kraft des Rituals: afrikanische Traditionen für die westliche Welt; Malidoma Patrice Somé; Kreuzlingen ; München : Hugendubel, 2000; Diederichs; Diederichs gelbe Reihe, 162.
 163 Perry Schmidt-Leukel (Hrsg.): Die Religionen und das Essen (= Diederichs gelbe Reihe, Band 163), Kreuzlingen, München 2000
 164 Hinduismus: die große Religion Indiens. Diederichs Gelbe Reihe : Indien, 164. Gunturu, Vanamali, 2000.
 165 Alchemie; Helmut Gebelein; Hugendubel 2000 Diederichs gelbe Reihe 165.
 166 Schamanismus und Traum: Susanne Elsensohn: Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 166: Weltkulturen Diederichs; München: Hugendubel: 2000.
 167 Chakras: die klassischen Grundlagen und die Praxis der Energieumwandlung. Harish Johari; Kreuzlingen; München: Hugendubel, 2001.
 168 Idries Shah: Die Karawane der Träume. Lehren und Legenden aus dem Orient. Diederichs, 2001.
 169 Großvater erzähl mir wie die Welt begann, Mythen der Indianer, Diederichs gelbe Reihe 169; Gerald Hausman; München Hugendubel 1993
 170 Die fünf Weltreligionen. Helmuth von Glasenapp; Diederichs gelbe Reihe ; 170 : Weltkulturen Diederichs; Kreuzlingen; München: Hugendubel, 2001.
 171 Das Totenbuch der Tibeter / hrsg. von Francesca Fremantle und Chögyam Trungpa. Übers. von Stephan Schuhmacher. Kreuzlingen ; München : Hugendubel 2002.
 172 Richard Wilhelm (übers.): Dschuang Dsi. Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland. München (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe 172) 1969, ISBN 3-89631-421-1 (Orig. 1912).
 173 Muslimische Heilige und Mystiker; Farīd al-Dīn ʻAṭṭār; Hadayatullah Hübsch; Kreuzlingen : Heinrich Hugendubel, ©2002. Diederichs Gelbe Reihe, 173.
 174 Yin und Yang: das kosmische Grundmuster in der Kultur Chinas. Frank Fiedeler: Diederichs gelbe Reihe; 174: Kreuzlingen; München: Hugendubel 2003.
 (175 ?) Der Koran (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe) Murad Wilfried Hofmann (Herausgeber), Max Henning (Übersetzer) 2003.
 (?) Khalil Gibran und Halil Cibran: Der Prophet (Diederichs Gelbe Reihe) Diederichs, 2005.
 (?) Desmond Tutu [Hrsg.] Meine afrikanischen Gebete. Hugendubel Kreuzlingen; München 2005.

Magnumformat
 Magnum 1: Shen Kuo: Pinsel – Unterhaltungen am Traumbach. Das gesamte Wissen des Alten China. München, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, 1997. Gr.8°.
 Magnum 2: Christian Rätsch: Die Steine der Schamanen : Kristalle, Fossilien und die Landschaften des Bewusstseins. München, Diederichs, 1997.
 Magnum 3: Marko Pogačnik: Geheimnis Venedig. Modell einer vollkommenen Stadt. Mit Fotos von Bojan Brecelj und Zeichnungen des Autors. München, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, 1997.
 Magnum 4: Marko Pogačnik: Die Landschaft der Göttin : Heilungsprojekte in bedrohten Regionen Europas. München : Diederichs, 1997.
 Magnum 5: Clark Heinrich: Die Magie der Pilze. Psychoaktive Pflanzen in Mythos, Alchemie und Religion. E. Diederichs Verlag, München 1998.
 Magnum 6: Petra van Cronenburg: Geheimnis Odilienberg. Eine Reise durch heilige Räume und Zeiten. München, Diederichs 1998. 1. Auflage.
 Magnum 7: Alain Daniélou: Der Phallus – Metapher des Lebens, Quelle des Glücks – Symbole und Riten in Geschichte und Kunst. München : Diederichs, 1998.
 Magnum 8: Franz-Theo Gottwald / Christian Rätsch: Schamanische Wissenschaften – Ökologie, Naturwissenschaft und Kunst. München: Diederichs, 1998.

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 Verzeichnis der bisher erschienenen Bände in der deutschen Nationalbibliothek

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Diederichs Gelbe Reihe


Kazumasa Uesato (født 13. marts 1986) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub FC Ryukyu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kazumasa Uesato


ආනන්ද - නාලන්ද යනු කොළඹ ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලය හා කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය අතර පවත්වන වාර්ෂික  මහා ක්‍රිකටි තරගයයි. ප්‍රථම වතාවට මෙය 1924 දී පවත්වන ලදී.

ආනන්ද - නාලන්ද වැදගත් සංසිද්ධි.

 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රථම ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් නායක බන්දුල වර්නපුර ආදි නාලන්දියකි. ලංකාවට ප්‍රථම ලෝක කුසලානය 1996 දී ගෙන දුන් ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමෙහි නායකයා වූයේ ආදි ආනන්දීය අර්ජුන රණතුංගයි.

 ශ්‍රී ලංකා පිලට ප්‍රථම අර්ධ ශතකය, ශතකය හා ද්විත්ව ශතකය ලබා දුන්නේ ආදි ආනන්දීය අර්ජුන රණතුංග, සිදත් වෙත්තමුනි හා බ්‍රෙන්ඩන් කුරුප්පුයි.

 අද දක්වා මෙම විදුහල් දෙක ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් පිලට අති දක්ෂ ක්‍රීඩකයින් 30 දෙනෙක් දායාද කර ඇත.

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙ ප්‍රථම ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් තරගයට මෙම විදුහල් දෙකෙන් ක්‍රීඩකයන් පස් දෙනෙක් විය. එනම් ආන්දයේ අර්ජුන රනතුංග, සිදත් වෙත්තමුනි, අජිත් ද සිල්වාත් නාලන්දාවේ බන්දුල වර්නපුර හා ලලිත් කලුපෙරුමත්ය.

 ලංකාවට ප්‍රථම ලෝක කුසලානය 1996 ගෙනදුන් ක්‍රිකට් කන්ඩායමට ආනන්දයෙන් අර්ජුන රණතුංගත් නාලන්දයෙන් රොෂාන් මහානාම, අසංක ගුරුසිංහ හා කුමාර ධර්මසේනත් ක්‍රීඩා කලහ.

 1996 හි ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් මණ්ඩල සභාපති ආදි ආනන්දීය අනා පුංචිහේවාවූ අතර උප සභාපතිවූයේ ආදි නාලන්දීය ගෞරවණීය තිලංග සුමතිපාල මැතිතුමායි.

 වර්තමාන ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් නායක මහේල ජයවර්ධන ආදි නාලන්දියකි.

 ලෝකයේ ප්‍රථමයෙන්ම ගුවන් විදුලියෙන් සිංහල බසින් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා විචාරයක් පැවැත්වූයේද ආදි නාලන්දයීය කරුණාරත්න අබේසේකර මහතායි.

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවහි ප්‍රවීන හා ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා නිවේදකයන් වන ප්‍රේමසර ඈපාසිංහ, පාලිත පෙරේරා හා කමල් දේශප්‍රිය ආදි නාලන්දියයන්ය.

 ආදි නාලන්දියයන් වන හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් නායක රොෂාන් මහානාම අද ජ්‍යාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සල එලයිට් පැනල් විනිසුරුවරයෙක් වන අතර හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක කුමාර ධර්මසේන ජ්‍යාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සල විනිසුරුවරයෙකි.

 ආදි නාලන්දිය කුමාර ධර්මසේන ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලාන තරගාවලියක අවසන් තරගයකදී ක්‍රීඩකයෙකු සහ ප්‍රධාන විනිසුරුවරයෙකු වූ ලොව පළමු පුද්ගලයාය.

ආනන්ද - නාලන්ද මහා ක්‍රිකට් තරගයට ක්‍රීඩා කල ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රකටයන්

ආදි ආනන්දීයයන්:

 ගෞරවණීය පිලිප් ගුනවර්ධන - හිටපු ඇමති
 ගෞරවණීය රොබට් ගුනවර්ධන - හිටපු ඇමති
 ගෞරවණීය ආචාර්ය ඇන්. ඇම් පෙරේරා - හිටපු මුදල් ඇමති
 ගෞරවණීය අර්ජුන රණතුංග - පාර්ලිමේන්තු මංත්‍රී

ආදි නාලන්දියයන්:
 ගෞරවණීය ගාමිණී ජයවික්‍රම පෙරේරා - ආහාර සුරක්ෂිතතාව අමාත්‍යතුමා, හිටපු සභාපති එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය,  ගරු කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී
 ගෞරවණීය තිලංග සුමතිපාල - එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානය කොළඹ මන්ත්‍රී
 ගෞරවණීය එච්. ආර්. පියසිරි - හිටපු නියෝජෘ ඇමති, හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා බුරුමය තානාපති
 ගෞරවණීය එච්. ආර්. විමලසිරි - හිටපු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී මාතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය දවිණුවර
 මහාචාර්ය මොහාන් ද සිල්වා - සභාපති විශ්වවිද්‍යාල ප්‍රතිපාදන කොමිෂන් සභාව - ශ්‍රී ලංකා, වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යා පීඨ පීඨාධිපති ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, ශල්‍යකර්ම වෛද්‍ය
 බන්දුල වර්නපුර - ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රතම ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් නායක
 රොෂාන් මහානාම - හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් නායක / ජ්‍යාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සල එලය්ට් පැනල් විනිසුරු
 අසංක ගුරුසිංහ - හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක
 මහේල ජයවර්ධන - හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් නායක / ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක
 කුමාර ධර්මසේන - හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක / ජ්‍යාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සල විනිසුරු
 ස්ටැන්ලි ජයසිංහ - හිටපු සිලෝන් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක හා එන්ගලන්ත ලැන්කශයර් ක්‍රීඩක
 පී. ඇම්. ජයතිලක - ප්‍රවීන අධ්‍යාපනඥ, හිටපු විදුහල්පති තර්ස්ටන් විද්‍යාලය කොළඹ
 ප්‍රේමසර ඈපාසිංහ -  ප්‍රවීන ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා ගුවන් විදුලි නිවේදක
 පාලිත පෙරේරා -  ප්‍රවීන ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා ගුවන් විදුලි නිවේදක
 මිත්‍ර සිරිවර්ධන - සහකාර උප පොලීස්පති (විශ්‍රාම)

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් පිලට ආනන්ද නාලන්ද දායකත්වය

ආදි ආනන්දයීය ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයින්

 සිදත් වෙත්තමුනි
 මිත්‍ර වෙත්තමුනි
 අජිත් ද සිල්වා
 අර්ජුන රණතුංග
 සංජීව රනතුංග
 ධම්මික රනතුංග
 මාවන් අතපත්තු
 බ්‍රෙන්ඩන් කුරුප්පු
 දුලිප් සමරවීර
 මාවන් සමරවීර
 අවිෂ්ක ගුනවර්ධන
 චරිත් සේනානායක
 චන්දික හතුරුසිංහ
 දිනුක් හෙට්ටිආරච්චි
 සංජීව වීරසිංහ
 දිනේෂ් චන්දිමාල්
 සචිත්‍ර සේනානායක

ආදි නාලන්දයීය ශ්‍රී ලංකා ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයින්

 බන්දුල වර්නපුර
 ලලිත් කලුපෙරුම
 සනත් කලුපෙරුම
 අනුර රනසිංහ
 යොහාන් ගුනසේකර
 රොෂාන් ගුනරත්න
 ගාමිණී වික්‍රමසිංහ
 චාමර දුනුසිංහ
 අසංක ගුරුසිංහ
 කුමාර ධර්මසේන
 රොෂාන් මහානාම
 මහේල ජයවර්ධන
 ශාන්ත කලවිටගොඩ
 ඉෂාර අමරසිංහ

ආශ්‍රිත
 කුමාර ධර්මසේන ලෝක කුසලාන අවසන් මහ තරඟයේ විනිසුරු ලෙස නම් කෙරේ

 ලෝක කුසලාන අවසන් මහා සටනට ලාංකිකයන් දෙදෙනෙක්

 ලෝක කුසලාන අවසාන තරඟයට ලාංකිකයන් දෙදෙනෙක්

මහා ක්‍රිකටි තරග - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ

ආනන්ද - නාලන්ද මහා ක්‍රිකට් තරගය