Sulfitni postupak se prije više primjenjivao u proizvodnji papira zbog manje obojenosti proizvoda prije bijeljenja, u kojem se za iskuhavanje sirovine upotrebljavala sumporasta kiselina i kalcijev hidrogensulfit. U tom se postupku lug nije regenerirao (obnavljao), a njegovo je sekundarno iskorištavanje bilo ograničeno. Djelomična regeneracija luga moguća je upotrebom magnezijeva hidrogensulfita, što je u ekološkom smislu mnogo povoljnije.

Sulfitna celuloza proizvodi se obradom drveta (sječke) koje ne sadrži mnogo smole. To je uglavnom smreka, jela i topola. Odlika je sulfitne celuloze što je svijetle boje, pa se ponekad i u nebijeljenom stanju može upotrijebiti za proizvodnju nekih vrsta papira. Osim toga, lako se melje i može se po potrebi bijeliti i oplemenjivati. Sulfitna celuloza služi za proizvodnju tiskovnih, pisaćih, slikarskih, pergamin papira i tako dalje.

Način i stupanj uklanjanja primjesa određuju udio celuloze u proizvodu, a ovise o njegovoj namjeni i upotrebi. Najviše se primjenjuje sulfatni postupak (dobiva se sulfatna celuloza u obliku dugih i čvrstih vlakana), u kojem se celulozna masa nakon iskuhavanja (5 sati na 100 do 180 °C) s natrijevim hidroksidom i natrijevim sulfidom odvaja od preostaloga luga, čisti, pere i po potrebi izbjeljuje. Lug se regenerira isparavanjem, dodavanjem natrijeva sulfata radi nadoknade potrošenog natrija, spaljivanjem i kaustificiranjem. Sličan je i natronski (soda) postupak, u kojem je aktivna alkalija natrijev hidroksid, a lug se regenerira natrijevim karbonatom.

Kiseli postupak - sulfitna celuloza
Sulfitna celuloza nastaje kuhanjem smrekovog i bjelogoričnog drveta izrezanog u drvnu sječku u otopini kalcijevog i magnezijevog bisulfita uz dodatak sumporaste kiseline. Osnova ovih postupaka je sulfoniranje lignina i njegovo uklanjanje iz drva u obliku ligninsulfonske kiseline. Usporedno s uklanjanjem lignina dolazi i do hidrolize hemiceluloze, što je ovisno o kiselosti, pri kojoj se odvija proces raspada drveta. Od svih sulfitnih postupaka je najzanimljiviji magnefitni s kojim u kraćem vremenu kuhanja dobijemo jaču celulozu. Posebna prednost ovog postupka je u mogućnosti da se kemikalije iz procesa mogu regenerirati, te se na taj način znatno smanjuje negativan utjecaj sulfitnog postupka na okolinu.

Poslije skladištenja, drvo ide na odkoravanje, a zatim na usitnjavanje u sjekirostroju. Potrebna debljina drvne sječke kreće se oko 10 mm, a visina između 30 i 40 mm. U sljedećem koraku iz sječke se uklanja prašina i razvrstava (sortira) se po veličini. Kvalitetna sječka se ostavlja u velikim hrpama da odstoji od 2 do 3 mjeseca, kako bi smole i ekstrakti oksidirali, te na taj način što manje smetali u procesu proizvodnje celuloze. Kemijski postupak razvlaknjivanja drveta se temelji na delignifikaciji drvne mase. Glavni cilj delignifikacije je razdvojiti vlakna međusobno tako da se celuloza i hemiceluloza što manje oštete. Time se ne ukloni sav lignin, zapravo se postupak zaustavlja na približno 5% preostalog lignina. On se kasnije odstrani postupkom bijeljenja.

Proces delignifikacije drveta se odvija u velikim reaktorima (kuhačima) zapremnine od 100 do 130 m³. Sortiranom i odstajalom sječkom se pune kuhači. Slijedi korak uparavanja sječke s niskotlačnom parom, a zatim se kuhač puni kiselinom. Postupak se odvija u vrlo kiseloj sredini. Kiselina ulazi u reaktor s temperaturom 70 °C, a u reaktoru se još zagrijava do 117 °C. Taj dio procesa se naziva impregnacija sječke s kiselinom. Da bi došlo do delignifikacije drveta, kiselina se zagrije na temperaturu od 154 °C do 159 °C. Kuhanje traje od 150 do 180 minuta. Slijedi korak otplinjavanja kuhača, te pražnjenje u ekspanzijski rezervoar, odakle se celuloza vodi na pranje i sortiranje.

Pranje celuloze se izvodi u nekoliko stupnjeva. Predpranjem celuloza prolazi kroz čistače, da se iz nje uklone neraskuhane kvrge drveta. Oprana i sortirana celuloza odlazi potom u proces bijeljenja. Bijeljenje je postupak dodatne delignifikacije, koji uključuje odstranjivanje, odnosno modifikaciju nekih sastojaka u nebijeljenoj celulozi zajedno s ligninom i njegovim raspadnutim produktima i smolama. Proces bijeljenja mora teći tako da se celulozna vlakna ne oštete. Odvija se u nekoliko stupnjeva.

Kemikalije koje se koriste za izbjeljivanje često sadrže klor u nekim slučajevima i elementarni klor. U procesu izbjeljivanja nastaju organski spojevi klora. Iz strogih ekoloških propisa danas se celuloza, a naročito sulfitna, izbjeljuje kao besklorna, a samo iz nekih tehničkih razloga izbjeljuje se s malo klora.

Po završenom bijeljenju slijedi naknadno čišćenje, da bi se uklonile i najmanje nečistoće. Nakon toga se celulozna masa vodi u zbirne bazene, odakle se vodi na daljnje odvodnjavanje.

Sulfitna celuloza ima u odnosu na sulfatnu celulozu kraća vlakna što znači da će papir imati manju čvrstoću ali se ona u procesu bijeljenja lakše izbjeljuje.

U ovom postupku kao sekundarni produkt javlja se lug u velikim količinama. On predstavlja isto tako veliki ekološki problem. Da bi se iskoristio, a ujedno smanjilo zagađenje okoline, moderniji postupci proizvodnje imaju uključenu regeneraciju kemikalija kojom se lug, koji ostane pri procesu pranja celuloze, uparuje i zatim spaljuje.

Izvori

 Tiskarstvo
Kemijske reakcije

Sulfitni postupak


Der erste Wahlgang der Präsidentschaftswahl in Ägypten 2012 wurde am 23. und 24. Mai 2012 abgehalten. Am 16. und 17. Juni 2012 kam es zu einer Stichwahl zwischen Mohammed Mursi von der islamistischen Freiheits- und Gerechtigkeitspartei und dem als unabhängiger Kandidat angetretenen Ahmad Schafiq, der unter dem gestürzten Präsidenten Husni Mubarak als Minister und vom 30. Januar bis zum 3. März 2011 als Premierminister gedient hatte. Die Ergebnisse wurden am 24. Juni 2012 bekanntgegeben. Mursi gewann die Wahl mit 51,7 Prozent gegen Schafiq (48,3 Prozent).

Im Ausland lebende Ägypter konnten ihre Stimmen ab dem 11. Mai in den Botschaften und Konsulaten ihres Landes abgeben.

Die Wahl war nach den Wahlen von 2005 die zweite Präsidentschaftswahl in der ägyptischen Geschichte, bei der mehr als ein Kandidat antrat. Sie gilt zusammen mit der Parlamentswahl 2011 und der Wahl zum Schura-Rat 2012 als wichtiger Zwischenschritt im gesellschaftlichen Wandel, der mit der Revolution in Ägypten 2011 einherging.
Der zweite Wahlgang wurde von einem umstrittenen Urteil des ägyptischen Verfassungsgerichts überschattet, das die Parlamentswahlen für verfassungswidrig erklärte. Das Urteil führte zur Auflösung des Parlaments. Die Zulassung des dem Mubarak-Regime nahestehenden Schafiq zur Präsidentschaftswahl wurde vom Gericht bestätigt.

Modalitäten
Die Wahlrechtsbestimmungen für die Präsidentschaftswahl wurden am 30. Januar 2012 veröffentlicht. Die Kandidaten mussten demnach in Ägypten als Kind ägyptischer Eltern geboren worden sein, durften keine doppelte Staatsbürgerschaft besitzen und nicht mit einem Ausländer verheiratet sein. Um nominiert zu werden, brauchten sie die Unterstützung von mindestens 30 Parlamentsabgeordneten oder 30.000 stimmberechtigten Wählern. Der formelle Registrierungsprozess für die Kandidaten begann am 10. März und endete am 8. April.

Die endgültige Liste der 13 Kandidaten für die Präsidentschaftswahl wurde am 26. April 2012 bekanntgegeben.

Teilnehmende Kandidaten

Weitere Präsidentschaftskandidaten
 Abu El-Ezz El-Hariri, Vorsitzender der Partei Sozialistische Volksallianz, Parlamentsabgeordneter für das Bündnis Die Revolution geht weiter
 Mahmoud Hossam als Unabhängiger
 Hossam Khairallah, Kandidat der Partei des demokratischen Friedens

Abdulla Alaschaal, Kandidat der salafistischen Authentizitätspartei, pensionierter Botschafter und vormaliger Assistent des Außenministers, hatte seine Kandidatur am 12. Mai 2012 zugunsten von Mohammed Mursi zurückgezogen. Seine Kandidatur ebenfalls zurückgezogen hatte am 16. Mai 2012 Mohammad Fawzi Isa, Kandidat der Partei der demokratischen Generation, und sich für Amr Musa ausgesprochen. Da die offizielle Frist für das Zurückziehen von Kandidaturen jedoch bereits überschritten war, erschienen ihre Namen gleichwohl auf dem Stimmzettel.

Ausgeschlossene Kandidaten
Am 14. April 2012 gab die Wahlkommission bekannt, zehn von 23 Kandidaten von der Präsidentschaftswahl auszuschließen, darunter Chairat al-Schater, Aiman Nur, Omar Suleiman und Hasem Abu Ismail. El-Schater, der im März 2011 aus dem Gefängnis entlassen wurde, dürfe nicht an der Wahl teilnehmen, da ein geltendes Gesetz besagt, dass frühere Häftlinge nach Verbüßung ihrer Strafe oder Begnadigung sechs Jahre lang nicht bei einer Wahl antreten dürfen, was auch für Nur gilt. Suleiman habe nicht wie vorgeschrieben die Unterstützung von Wählern aus 15 Provinzen erhalten. Er hatte zuvor in einer repräsentativen Umfrage der unabhängigen Tageszeitung Al-Masry Al-Youm mit 20,1 Prozent die meiste Zustimmung erhalten. Ein gleichzeitig von der Mehrheit im Parlament gebilligtes Gesetz, das vorsieht, hohe Vertreter des Mubarak-Regimes für einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren von Staatsämtern auszuschließen, war noch nicht von der Militärregierung in Kraft gesetzt worden. Abu Ismail wurde gesperrt, weil seine Mutter die US-amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft besessen habe. Kandidaten dürfen gemäß Gesetz ausschließlich die ägyptische Staatsbürgerschaft besitzen und müssen von ägyptischen Eltern abstammen.

Alle abgelehnten Bewerber hatten zwei Tage Zeit, Einspruch gegen die Entscheidung der Wahlkommission einzulegen. Suleiman, Abu Ismail und el-Schater legten Einspruch ein; die ägyptische Wahlkommission bekräftigte am 17. April 2012 ihre Entscheidung.

Weitere ausgeschlossene Kandidaten waren:
 Houssam Khayrat, Kandidat der Ägyptischen Arabischen Sozialistischen Partei
 Mortada Mansour, Kandidat der Nationalpartei, vormals Präsident des Erstliga-Fußballvereins Zamalek SC
 Mamdouh Qutb, Kandidat der Zivilisationspartei, vormals Generaldirektor des Geheimdienstes Muchabarat
 Aschraf Barouma, Vorsitzender der Partei Misr Al-Kanana
 Ibrahim El-Gharib als Unabhängiger
 Ahmad Awad Al-Saidi

Die einzige Frau als Bewerberin, Bothaina Kamel, registrierte sich nicht.

Durchführung
Der Kandidat Ahmad Schafiq wurde bei der Abgabe seiner Stimme von aufgebrachten Demonstranten beschimpft und mit Schuhen und Steinen beworfen. Nachdem er das Wahllokal verlassen hatte, kam es zu Auseinandersetzungen zwischen seinen Anhängern und Gegnern.

Wegen des großen Interesses blieben die Wahllokale eine Stunde länger, bis 21:00 Uhr, geöffnet.

Wahlergebnis

Reaktionen
Nach der Bekanntgabe der ersten Ergebnisse demonstrierten am Abend des 28. Mai etwa 2.000 Menschen am Tahrir-Platz gegen den Ausgang der ersten Wahlrunde, weil sie ihrer Meinung nach unfair und nicht repräsentativ war. Auch in Alexandria und Sues gab es Proteste. Das Wahlkampfhauptquartier von Ahmad Schafiq in Kairo wurde Opfer von Brandstiftung.

Da wenige Wochen vor der ersten Runde der Präsidentschaftswahl ein Gesetz verabschiedet wurde, das hohen Funktionären des Mubarak-Regimes eine Kandidatur untersagte, war Schafiqs Teilnahme an den Wahlen lange umstritten. Es war eine Frage der Interpretation von Teilen der ägyptischen Verfassung, inwieweit dieses Gesetz als bindend betrachtet werden konnte. Das ägyptische Verfassungsgericht bestätigte aber am 14. Juni 2012 nicht nur Schafiqs Kandidatur, sondern erklärte auch die Parlamentswahlen von November 2011 und Januar 2012 für illegal, da Parteivertreter für die Parlamentssitze kandidiert hatten, die eigentlich für unabhängige Bewerber vorgesehen waren. Der Urteilsspruch löst heftige Proteste in Ägypten aus; mehrere ägyptische Parteien sprachen von einer "Konterrevolution" des seit dem Sturz Mubaraks regierenden Militärrates und warnten vor einem Staatsstreich. Schafiq galt als der vom Militärrat favorisierte Kandidat für das Präsidentenamt.

Literatur
 Elizabeth Iskander, Annette Ranko: Präsidentschaftswahlen in Ägypten. Chancen und Herausforderungen für Mohammed Mursi. (PDF) GIGA Focus, Nr. 6/2012.

Weblinks
 Der ägyptische Blogger Maikel Nabil Sanad: "Die Wahlen sind eine Täuschung"
 Interview mit Ahmed Maher von der Bewegung 6. April: "Ahmed Shafiks Sieg wäre das Ende der Revolution"

Fußnoten

2012
Agypten #Prasident

Präsidentschaftswahl in Ägypten 2012


Hostile Ambiente Takeover es un álbum de Melvins, que fue lanzado en 2002 por Ipecac Records. "Black Stooges" se acredita como la primera canción del álbum  (aunque en realidad es la segunda), la misma canción apareció en Millennium Monsterwork 2000 bajo el nombre de "Ol Black 'Stooges". El álbum fue lanzado solo dos semanas después de que Mike Patton publicara el álbum de Melvins en colaboración con Fantômas Millenium Monsterwork 2000 con su sello Ipecac Records.

Descripción
Teniendo en cuenta el largo historial de continuos lanzamientos y giras, se podría considerar que su decimosexto álbum de larga duración (o decimoséptimo dependiendo de la forma de ver su catálogo) podría llegar a mostrar una disminución de calidad. Pero al igual que en otras actuaciones Los Melvins han logrado mantener ese sonido tan extraño y entrañable desde hace casi 20 años. Hostile Ambient Takeover continúa con la expansión de varios estilos musicales, un hábito que se desarrolló después de que firmaran para el sello Ipecac Recordings de Mike Patton, este trabajo incluye un rockabilly para el duro y complicado "Little Judas Congo" una canción que también demuestra lo increíble que es Dale Crover en la batería. "The Fool, the Meddling Idiot" es un arrastrador y grueso grunge que hace recordar a las épocas de Houdini. "The Brain Center at Whipples" es de las canciones más épicas a fuego lento que muestran la rica voz de Buzz Osborne, la canción se desliza a un final pop-dance que toma al oyente por sorpresa. Por momentos el álbum suena muy conmovedor, en general cuando añade toques de rock de los años 70's mezclándolo con lo actual. Pero nada prepara a los oyentes de "The Anti-Vermin Seed", una monstruosa canción de 16 minutos que cierra el álbum con un retrato tenso y desagradable de un no muy infeliz Buzz Osbourne. Su delicada voz viaja a través de una limpia y lenta línea de bajo y por ráfagas de guitarras resoplando como un hombre de las cavernas empapado de ácido tratando de darle sentido a su entorno.

Lista de canciones
Todas las canciones escritas por Buzz Osborne excepto donde lo indica

Personal
 The Melvins:
 Dale Crover - batería, voz, Teclados
 Kevin Rutmanis - bajo, bajo slide
 King Buzzo -  Guitarra, voz
 Sir David Scott Stone - Electrónica (thunder sheet, electric wire)
 Toshi Kasai - Teclados, grabación, mezcla
 Adam Jones - virus
 John Golden - mastering
 Mackie Osborne - dirección artística y diseño
 Kevin Willis - fotografía
 Tonalli Magaña - assistant engineer, runner

Véase también
 Discografía de Melvins

Referencias

Álbumes de Ipecac Recordings
Álbumes de 2002
Álbumes de Melvins
Álbumes en inglés

Hostile Ambient Takeover (álbum)


Las Hecatérides  (en griego, Ἑκατεριδες) eran, según la mitología griega, cinco ninfas de la danza rústica. Eran hermanas de los cinco dáctilos y junto a ellos representaban los dedos de las manos. De hecho, Estrabón dice que los cinco hermanos dáctilos junto con sus cinco hermanas hecatérides eran conocidos como los dáctilos. Sus progenitores fueron Hecátero y una hija de Foroneo.

Ellas engendraron a las ninfas oréades, los segundos curetes, y los sátiros.

Su nombre, ἑκατερίδες, hace referencia a movimientos alternativos de danza que se realizaban con los brazos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Hekaterides en theoi.com

Dioses de la mitología griega
Ninfas

Hecatérides


Chantal Radimilahy est une archéologue et conservatrice de musée malgache.

Biographie

Enfance et études

Carrière d'archéologue

Recherches doctorales
Entre 1981 et 1985, Chantal Radimilahy part en France, afin de débuter un doctorat en ethnologie préhistorique et protohistorique à l'université Paris-Sorbonne. Ces recherches sont publiées dans l'ouvrage L'Ancienne Métallurgie du Fer à Madagascar.

Elle poursuit avec un second doctorat à Uppsala, qu'elle termine en 1998 et dont les recherches sont publiées dans l'ouvrage . Cet ouvrage a été cité comme une « contribution majeure à l'archéologie de l'Afrique et de l'Océan Indien ».

Elle est la première femme malgache à avoir obtenu un doctorat en archéologie.

Recherches post-doctorales
Chantal Radimilahy mène ses propres recherches sur le terrain sur le site de , une ville médiévale sur la côte nord-ouest de Madagascar.

Elle mène des recherches diversifiées : étude de la production d'outils en pierre tendre dans le nord et l'est de l'île, archéologie préventive sur des sites en danger, études sur les croyances et pratiques traditionnelles, sur le genre, ainsi que sur l'environnement et les menaces vis-à-vis de la biodiversité.

Enseignement
Chantal Radimilahy est professeure à l'université d'Antananarivo, et enseigne également dans plusieurs autres universités malgaches. Elle est citée comme un modèle pour ses étudiants et pour les jeunes générations malgaches.

Conservatrice de musée
Chantal Radimilahy dirige le musée de l'université d'Antananarivo, en étant la première femme à occuper ce poste.

Depuis 2013, elle co-dirige un projet entre le musée et différentes universités (celles d'Oxford, de Bristol, du Michigan et de Sydney), afin d'étudier les liens entre Madagascar et l'Asie du Sud-Est, avec des techniques issues de la nouvelle archéologie, de l'étude paléo-environnementale et de la génétique.

Contributions nationales et internationales
Chantal Radimilahy a été nommée conseillère en archéologie pour le ministère de l'héritage culturel malgache. Elle est aussi membre de l'Académie malgache.

Elle a également joué un rôle dans le développement de l', en étant membre de plusieurs organisations à portée internationale. Elle est par exemple membre du Conseil international des musées, présidant pendant six années le comité malgache.

Elle est également membre du comité de rédaction de plusieurs revues archéologiques africaines, comme  en Tanzanie, Azania du  ou encore de l'.

Elle a également collaboré sur des projets internationaux, par exemple avec des universités bordelaises et toulousaines.

Publications

 .
 .

Notes et références

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie de l'Université de Madagascar

Liens externes

Archéologue malgache (femme)
Scientifique malgache
Conservateur de musée
Professeur des universités
Étudiant de l'université Paris-Sorbonne
Étudiant de l'université d'Uppsala
Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)

Chantal Radimilahy


Pelle Dragsted (født 13. april 1975) er en dansk venstrefløjspolitiker og forfatter.

Han var medlem af Folketinget for Enhedslisten i årene 2015-2019 valgt i Københavns Storkreds. I perioden fungerede han som partiet finans- og økonomiordfører, hvor han hurtigt blev anerkendt på tværs af de politiske fløje for sin viden om økonomi. Bl.a. vandt han to år i træk fondsbørsens aktie- og investeringsspil over modstandere fra de blå partier.

I 2022 blev han igen valgt i Folketinget denne gang med 14.129 personlige stemmer, det højeste antal personlige stemmer blandt partiets kandidater.

Ved kommunalvalget i 2021 blev han indvalgt i kommunalbestyrelsen på Frederiksberg. Resultatet medførte, at Enhedslisten sammen med Socialdemokratiet, Radikale Venstre og Socialistisk Folkeparti kunne vælte Det Konservative Folkepartis 112 år lange styre på Frederiksberg.

I 2021 udgav han bogen "Nordisk Socialisme", der høstede stor anmelderros. Bogen indbragte ham desuden N.F.S. Grundtvigs Pris for hans insisteren på lighed mellem mennesker. Bogen er siden oversat til flere sprog.

Dragsted er bachelor i historie og spansk ved Københavns Universitet med efteruddannelse inden for retorik og kommunikation ved Aarhus Universitet. Desuden er han tidligere pædagogmedhjælper, arbejdsmand og politisk rådgiver.

Den 22. august 2023 blev han valgt som politisk ordfører for Enhedslisten af en enig folketingsgruppe.

Medlem af Folketinget
Pelle Dragsted blev første gang valgt til Folketinget for Enhedslisten ved folketingsvalget i 2015.

I sine fire år i Folketinget nåede han at fungere som både finansordfører, erhvervsordfører, ordfører for grøn omstilling, demokratiordfører samt kirkeordfører, hvor han hurtigt blev anerkendt på tværs af de politiske fløje for sin viden om særligt økonomi.

Som folketingsmedlem gjorde han sig især bemærket på politiske dagsordner som bedre kontrol med banker og finanssektoren, kampen for flere almennyttige billige boliger og lejernes rettigheder imod boligspekulanter som kapitalfonden BlackStone, bedre vilkår for små selvstændige virksomheder, mere demokratisk medarbejderindflydelse, behovet for klimahandling og den generelle økonomiske debat.

Han stod i 2018 bag rapporten "Den politisk regnemaskine", der på baggrund af grundig research kritiserede Finansministeriets regnemodeller for politisk bias til fordel for højreorienteret økonomisk politik. Rapporten førte til at regnemodellerne blev sat på den politiske dagsorden og der i kølvandet på rapporten blev taget initiativ til at ændre på og gøre regnemodeller mere gennemsigtige.

I 2016 og 2017 deltog Pelle Dragsted i fondsbørsens aktie- og investeringsspil. Han vandt begge år over modstandere fra de blå partier og blev kåret som vinder to år i træk. Prisen for at vinde aktiespillet var at Pelle Dragsteds portræt blev vist på Nasdaqs store reklamevæg på Times Square i New York City.

Op til folketingsvalget i 2019 udnævnte Joachim B. Olsen fra Liberal Alliances Pelle Dragsted som sin "bedste politiske modstander" Han udtalte i den forbindelse bl.a. "Jeg har [..] stor respekt for ham som politiker og betragter ham som en god kollega. Pelle går altid til stålet og er en passioneret politiker, der virkelig brænder for sin sag. Han er samtidig kvik i pæren og altid godt inde i stoffet"

I 2019 stillede Dragsted op som forbrugerrepræsentant i bestyrelsen i el-selskab Radius (det tidligere DONG Energy Eldistribution), der forsyner en million sjællandske el-kunder. Han gik til valg på at forhindre at Radius blev solgt til en udenlandsk kapitalfond. Han blev valgt med det højeste stemmetal og lykkedes senere med at sikre, at selskabet ikke blev overtaget af en kapitalfond. I stedet blev Radius en del af andelsselskabet Seas-NVE (senere Andel).

Ved Folketingsvalget 5. juni 2019 kunne Pelle Dragsted ikke genopstille til folketinget, da han blev udroteret som del af Enhedslisten rotationsordning, idet hans periode som ansat talte med i rotationsperioden.

Ved folketingsvalget i 2022 stillede Pelle Dragsted igen op til Folketinget for Enhedslisten i Københavns Storkreds. Her opnåede han med 14.129 stemmer det højeste antal personlige stemmer for Enhedslisten. Da partiet forbyder dobbeltmandater, udtrådte han samtidig af kommunalbestyrelsen på Frederiksberg.

Han vandt i 2022 Altingets Ting-Pris, som årets politiske kommunikatør. Altingets chefredaktør, Jacob Nielsen begrundede prisen med følgende:

"Dragsted har formået at omsætte Enhedslistens politiske tankegods til en moderne fortælling. Han har gjort sig det besvær at udgive en bog, Nordisk Socialisme, om sin politiske tænkning, som ikke blot opremser kendte standpunkter, men derimod gentænker partiets position"

De andre nominerede til prisen det år var SF's Jacob Mark og Alternativets Franciska Rosenkilde.

Medlem af Frederiksberg kommunalbestyrelse
Pelle Dragsted blev ved kommunalvalget i 2021 indvalgt i kommunalbestyrelsen på Frederiksberg for Enhedslisten. Han fik med over 4.000 stemmer kommunens næsthøjeste stemmetal. Resultatet medførte, at Enhedslisten sammen med Socialdemokratiet, Radikale Venstre og Socialistisk Folkeparti kunne vælte Det Konservative Folkepartis 112 år lange styre på Frederiksberg.

Efter konstitueringen blev Dragsted formand for klima-, plan- og boligudvalget. Han indtrådte samtidig i Frederiksberg boligfond, hvor han var med til at redde fonden fra en konkurs der truede som konsekvens af dårlig administration i 00'erne, og fremtidssikre fonden som leverandør af billige boliger på Frederiksberg.

Debattør og forfatter
Pele Dragsted er kendt samfundsdebattør, der har skrevet faste klummer i både Berlingske, Altinget og Dagbladet Information.

Som samfundsdebattør nåede Dragsted noget nær et internationalt gennembrud, da han i 2021, den 1. maj på arbejdernes internationale kampdag, udgav debatbogen Nordisk socialisme - På vej mod en demokratisk økonomi. Bogen indbragte ham N.F.S. Grundtvigs Pris fra selskabet Grundtvigsk Forum med begrundelse i hans insisteren på lighed mellem mennesker.

Bogen fik gode anmeldelser, blev en bestseller og nåede i 2022 sit 7. oplag. Bogen er blevet oversat til flere sprog bl.a. finsk og svensk.

Dragsteds grundholdning til økonomisk politik handler især om, at gøre samfundsøkonomien mere demokratisk indrettet. Dragsted mener ikke, at det kan være rigtigt, at verdens rigdomme i højere og højere grad samles på færre og færre menneskers hænder. I tråd med denne tanke fremfører venstrefløjspolitikeren den holdning, at "man er nødt til at tage fat på spørgsmålet om ejerskab, overskud og magten til at bestemme over investeringerne," da det for ham er her "nøglen til at sikre en tryg fremtid for den brede befolkning ligger." For Dragsted handler det om at "redde økonomien fra kapitalismen" for på den måde, at "øge ligheden og den sociale tryghed." På denne måde mener han, at der skal udvikles en "moderne demokratisk socialistisk økonomi, der kombinerer frihed og virkelyst med demokratisk indflydelse på økonomien og investeringerne, og deling af det overskud som vi alle sammen er med til at skabe med vores arbejde."

Liv og karriere
Pelle Dragsted var allerede som helt ung meget politisk aktiv, først i en kortere periode i Danmarks Kommunistiske Ungdom og siden Antifascistisk Aktion. Senere blev han aktiv i Kirkeasyl i Brorsons Kirke på Nørrebro og medlem af Enhedslisten.

Dragsted er tidligere pædagogmedhjælper, arbejdsmand og har haft andre ufaglærte jobs. Han har en bachelor i historie og spansk, er efteruddannet indenfor retorik og kommunikation. Inden for politik har Dragsted blandt andet arbejdet som presse- og strategisk rådgiver for Enhedslistens folketingsgruppe, før han ved folketingsvalget i 2015 blev valgt ind i Folketinget. Her fungerede han bl.a. som Johanne Schmidt-Nielsens nærmeste rådgiver og tilskrives en central rolle i moderniseringen af Enhedslisten, der resulterede i partiet store parlamentariske gennembrud ved valget i 2011. Han spillede også en central rolle i tilblivelsen af partiets nye principprogram, hvor det bliver slået fast, at "Enhedslisten står vagt om de personlige frihedsrettigheder og demokratiet. Vores kamp er en kamp for udvidelse af demokratiet for alle borgere. Det betyder, at de grundlæggende demokratiske frihedsrettigheder er ukrænkelige i alle situationer – både på vej mod et socialistisk samfund og i et socialistisk samfund."

På grund af kriminel aktivisme er Dragsted flere gange blevet dømt for at bryde loven, blandt andet i 1998 for hærværk mod Sandholmlejren da en gruppe væltede et stykke af det plankeværk som omkransede flygtningelejren, som symbolsk protest imod indespærringen af flygtninge og asylsøgere i Danmark. Året efter, i 1999, var han med en gruppe, som blev påkørt af den danske nazist-leder Jonni Hansen, imens de var i færd med at save hans plankeværk ned med en motorsav.

Dragsted har siden taget skarp afstand fra vold, og sin fortid, i en række interviews  , og har udtalt, at han ikke lægger skjul på sin fortid, men har ændret holdning, siden han i 1992 blev medlem af Antifascistisk Aktion.

Dragsted bor med sin familie på Frederiksberg i kollektiv.

Han har sin parlamentariske karriere også været udnævnt til statsrevisor i perioden april-juni 2021.

Referencer

Folketingsmedlemmer i 2010'erne
Nuværende folketingsmedlemmer fra Enhedslisten
Personer fra Frederiksberg

Pelle Dragsted


Cara Carleton "Carly" Fiorina (născută Sneed la 6 septembrie 1954) este o candidată la președinția Statelor Unite ale Americii din campania electorală a alegerilor din  anul 2016, fost executiv din domeniul tehnologiei și fost Director General al companiei Hewlett-Packard. Actualmente, Carly Fiorina conduce organizația filantropică non-profit Good360.

Biografie

Referințe, note

Bibliografie

 Fiorina, Carly. Tough Choices: A Memoir. Portfolio Hardcover, 2006. (hardcover: ISBN 1-59184-133-X, abridged audiobook: ISBN 0-14-305907-6)
 Anders, George. Perfect Enough: Carly Fiorina and the Reinvention of Hewlett-Packard. New York: Penguin Group, 2003. ISBN 1-59184-003-1.
 Burrows, Peter. Backfire: Carly Fiorina's High-Stakes Battle for the Soul of Hewlett-Packard. Wiley, 2003. ISBN 0-471-26765-1.

Legături externe

 Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org

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Nașteri în 1954
Nașteri pe 6 septembrie
Americani de origine engleză
Americani de origine germană
Americani în viață
Creștini americani
Oameni ai companiei Hewlett-Packard
Memorialiști americani
Republicani din California
Republicani din Texas

Carly Fiorina


Treasures of the Savage Frontier ist ein Computer-Rollenspiel von SSI auf Grundlage des Rollenspiel-Regelwerks Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. Es ist der Nachfolger zu Gateway to the Savage Frontier und abschließende zweite Teil der A Savage Frontier Fantasy Role-Playing Epic, einer Unterreihe der Gold-Box-Reihe. Das von Beyond Software entwickelte Spiel erschien 1992 für Amiga und DOS.

Handlung
Die Handlung schießt direkt an den Vorgänger Gateway to the Savage Frontier an. Wenige Wochen nach der Vereitelung des finsteren Zhentarim-Plans werden die Helden mit der Vernichtung der letzten verbliebenen Zhentarim-Truppen in der Zwergenstadt Llorkh beauftragt. Diese versuchen weiterhin mit Hilfe ihrer Verbündeten, den Kraken und den Magiern aus Luskan, das regionale Bündnis der sogenannten Lords' Alliance zu zerstören und die Hoheit über den Wilden Norden zu erlangen. Als die Helden im Anschluss an die Befreiung Llorkhs daher den Botschafter der Lords' Alliance eskortieren sollen, wird dieser von den Zhentarim entführt und die Helden werden als Verräter gebrandmarkt. Sie müssen Beweise für ihre Unschuld und die anhaltenden Bemühungen ihrer Feinde finden.

Treasures of the Savage Frontier brachte einige neue Funktionen mit. Beispielsweise beeinflusste das Wetter die Kampf- und Bewegungswerte und Gegner konnten Verstärkung herbeirufen. Außerdem war es das erste Computer-Rollenspiel, das eine Romanze zwischen einem Mitglied der Heldengruppe und einem anderen Spielercharakter erlaubte.

Rezeption

Neben SSIs anderen AD&D-Veröffentlichungen wie Eye of the Beholder geriet Treasures of the Savage Frontier ähnlich wie das im gleichen Jahr erschienene Gold-Box-Spiel The Dark Queen of Krynn wegen der veralteten Technik stark in die Kritik, fand aber inhaltlich noch Anerkennung.

Treasures of the Savage Frontier fand mit rund 32.000 Kopien nur noch halb soviele Abnehmer wie der Vorgänger Gateway to the Savage Frontier.

Allen Rausch und Miguel Lopez befanden 2004 in ihrer Retrospektive für Gamespy: "Treasures of the Savage Frontier war das allerletzte Spiel der legendären Gold Box-Serie, die zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Veröffentlichung wohl schon etwas in die Jahre gekommen war. [...] Wie auch immer, es war ein denkwürdiger Abschluss für die Serie, und es wird als eines der ausgefeilteren und vollendeteren Spiele in Erinnerung bleiben". 1993 erschien mit Unlimited Adventures noch ein von MicroMagic entwickeltes Baukastensystem für die Erstellung eigener Abenteuer in der Gold-Box-Engine.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Computerspiel 1992
Computer-Rollenspiel
Amiga-Spiel
DOS-Spiel
Dungeons & Dragons

Treasures of the Savage Frontier


Campanula hofmannii er tegund af bláklukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Bosníu.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula hofmannii


Agrilus electus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1897.

Referências

electus

Agrilus electus


Hidrogeografija (njem. Hydrogeographie, od grč. hydor - voda, Gea - Zemlja i graphein - pisati) jest geografska i hidrološka disciplina koja proučava vodu na Zemlji s geografskog stajališta. Hidrogeografija kao disciplina predstavlja srednjoeuropski pojam, danas blizak angloameričkoj disciplini održivog upravljanja vodnim bogatstvima (engl. sustainable water management) te je u svojoj naravi interdisciplinarna, jer se služi spoznajama i dosezima slatkovodne ekologije, geofizike, fizičke geografije, ali i graditeljstva, posebice u svrhu melioracijskih zahvata.

Prve spoznaje hidrogeografije potječu iz hidrometrijskih (mjeriteljskih) i geomorfoloških istraživanja, iz kojih se kasnije kao zasebne discipline izdvajaju potamologija, limnologija, glaciologija i ine. Suvremena hidrogeografija proučava i društvenogeografske i gospodarske utjecaje vode na ljudsko društvo (raspodjela vode), jednako kao i utjecaj čovjeka na ekologiju vodena staništa, njihovu biljnu i životinjsku bioraznolikost. Istraživanja fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava vode imaju široku interdisciplinarnu primijenjivost u nizu područja, od tehnologija pročišćavanja otpadnih voda do upotrebe vode u industrijske svrhe.

Povijest
Početci hidrogeografije vežu se uz same početke hidrološke znanosti, čiji se razvojni put obično dijeli na tri razdoblja. Prvo razdoblje označuje vremenski tijek od početaka života do izuma temeljnih mjernih uređaja u XVII. stoljeću (termometra i barometra), kojima započinje druga etapa hidrologije. Osnove hidroloških mjerenja (hidrometrije) postavlja Pierre Perrault u svom radu Podrijetlo izvora (1674.), u kojem određuje udio padalina u veličini otjecanja gornjeg toka Seine. Na njegovom tragu nastavlja Edme Mariotte koji izračunom protoka Seine kod Pariza pomoću Perraultova postupka potvrđuje njegovu točnost. Prvu knjigu s naslovom Hidrologija objavljuje Eberhard Melchior 1694. u Frankfurtu na Majni. Sljedeća stoljeća obilježava daljni razvoj hidrometrije u vidu usavršavanja postojećih i pronalaska novih mjernih tehnika i uređaja. Tako je u 1817. na rijeci Savi kod Nove Gradiške postavljen prvi vodomjer u Hrvatskoj. Početkom XX. stoljeća njemački geograf Eduard Brückner objavljuje obrazac za izračunavanje vodne bilance, koji se uz određene izmjene upotrebljava i danas. Treće razdoblje započinje upotrebom radara u mjerenju količine padalina 1950., čime su unaprijeđeni način i brzina mjerenja istog. Uz pionirski pothvat upotrebe radara u hidrometriji, suvremeni napredak hidrologije i hidrogeografije uvelike je potpomognut primjenom izotopa (ponajprije tricija), pomoću kojih se precizno utvrđuje podrijetlo, starost, brzina i smjer gibanja vode te niz drugih čimbenika. Radiološke metode uspješno se primijenjuju u istraživanju zasebnih dijelova hidrološkog ciklusa te u hidrogeološkim ispitivanjima za potrebe građevinarstva. Osobiti doprinos svjetskoj hidrologiji dali su međunarodni programi Međunarodno hidrološko desetljeće (1965. – 1974.) i Međunarodni hidrološki program Svjetske meteorološke organizacije. Zapadnonjemački hidrogeografi izdaju 1978. prvu interdisciplinarnu geografsku studiju odnosa tekućice i njezina poriječja Poriječje Rajne, a još iste godine i Hidrološki atlas SR Njemačke, kao prvi takve vrste.

Smještaj i podjela

Hidrogeografija se unutar hidrološke znanosti svrstava među njezine posebne discipline, zajedno s agrarnom, šumarskom, obalnom i krškom hidrologijom. Hidrosfera se, kao predmet proučavanja hidrogeohrafija, zasniva na dvama načelima:
 načelu sveobuhvatnosti, koje proizlazi iz sveopće prisutnosti vode kao tvari i njezina presudna značaja za svu živu prirodu; pošto su se prvi oblici života na Zemlji razvili u vodi, ista se smatra nositeljicom života te
 načelu cjelovitosti vode, koje se odražava procesima trajnog gibanja vode unutar hidrosfere (hidrološki ciklus), ali i u činjenici da je voda sastavni dio svakog živog bića i ekosustava.

Interdisciplinarnost hidrogeografije očituje se u pet temeljnih stajališta (aspekata) njezina proučavanja:
 hidrometeorološko, koje težište stavlja na hidrometeorološkim elementima (kiša, snijeg, tuča) kao prvotnim i glavnim izvorima vode,
 hidrološko, u kojemu je težište na glavnim hidrološkim veličinama - vodostaju, protoku i specifičnom otjecanju,
 hidrogeološko, koje polazi od međusobnih utjecaja i međudjelovanja vode i geološke osnove (terena), s naglaskom na podzemne vode,
 hidromorfološko, razmatra međusobne utjecaje vode i reljefa, posebice odnos mora (oceana) i kopna (georeljefa) te
 hidrosociološko stajalište, čiji je temelji odnos onaj između vode i ljudskoga društva, uglavnom se odnosi na pitanja održivog upravljanja vodama te hidromelioracijskim postupcima.

Hidrogeografija u Hrvatskoj
Utemeljiteljem hrvatske hidrogeografije smatra se Josip Riđanović, stipendist Humboldtove zaklade i suradnik Međunarodnog hidrološkog programa. Nakon usavršavanja u Würzburgu, povratkom u Hrvatska uvodi na Geografskom odsjeku zagrebačkoga Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta, a kasnije i unaprijeđuje kolegij hidrogeografije, kao jedan od rijetkih u Europi, s obzirom na to da je hidrogeografija kao disciplina vezana uz germanofono područje Srednje Europe. Hidrogeografija je u Hrvatskoj usko vezana uz karstologiju i oceanografiju, ponajprije u vidu istraživanja hrvatske istočnojadranske obale. Najveći doprinos uvođenju hidrogeografije u hrvatsko zemljopisno nazivlje ostavlja upravo prof. Riđanović svojim radovima o hidrogeografskim značajkama Plitvičkih jezera, Središnje i Južne Hrvatske. Uz hidromorfološka i hidrogeološka karstološka istraživanja u suvremenoj hrvatskoj hidrogeografiji prednjače istraživanja o upravljanju vodnim bogatstvima, od vodoopskrbe do sustava pročišćavanja otpadnih voda, što označava približavanje »angloameričkoj školi« gospodarenja (upravljanja) vodama (engl. water management), uz klasična hidromorfološka istraživanja »njemačke škole«, danas ponajviše na području potamologije.

Bilješke

Literatura

Članci
 Attmanspacher, W., 1976.: Radarmessungen zur Bestimmung von Flächenniederschlägen, Die Naturwissenschaften 63: 313-318.
 Brückner, E., 1905.: Die Bilanz des Kreislaufs des Wassers auf der Erde, Geographische Zeitschrift, vol. 11.
 Čanjevac, I., Orešić, D., 2009.: In memoriam – prof. dr. sc. Josip Riđanović  Geografija.hr (pristupljeno 3. travnja 2020.)
 Čanjevac, I., 2013.: Tipologija protočnih režima rijeka u Hrvatskoj, Hrvatski geografski glasnik 75 (1): 23-42.
 Haar., U. de, 1974.: Beitrag zur Frage der wissenschaftssystematischen Einordnung und Gliederung der Wasserforschung, Beiträge zur Hydrologie 2: 85-150.
 Oescheger, H., 1972.: Neue Möglichkeiten der Isotopenhydrologie, Datierung mit Hilfe von Edelgasisotopen, Gas-Wasser-Abwasser, vol. 52.
 Perica, D., Orešić, D., Trajbar, S., 2005.: Geomorfološka obilježja doline i poriječja rijeke Krke s osvrtom na dio od Knina do Bilušića buka, Geoadria 10 (2): 131-156.
 Riđanović, J., 1973.: Hidrogeografske značajke Središnje Hrvatske, Hrvatski geografski glasnik 35 (1): 51-64.
 Riđanović, J., 1974.: Hidrogeografske značajke Južne Hrvatske, Hrvatski geografski glasnik 36-37 (1): 75-86.
 Riđanović, J., 1976.: Hidrogeografske značajke Nacionalnog parka Plitvičkih jezera, Hrvatski geografski glasnik 38 (1): 246-252.
 Riđanović, J., 1980.: Geografska regija Jadrana SFRJ sa stanovništva suvremenih hidrogeografskih značajki okoliša, Radovi 15-16: 25-31.
 Riđanović, J., 1986.: Objekt suvremene hidrogeografije i bitni aspekti proučavanja vode], Hrvatski geografski glasnik 48: 27-33.
 Riđanović, J., 1989.: Neue Ergebnisse über karstgydrigraphische Forschungen und Umweltuntersuchungen im jugoslawischen Adriagebiet, Tübinger Geogr. Stud. 102: 187-202.

Knjige
 Brutsaert, Wilfired, Hydrology: an introduction, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
 Dębski, Kazmierz, Continental Hydrology: Physics of water, atmospheric precipitation and evaporation, Scientific Publications Foreign Cooperation Center of the Central Institute for Scientific, Technical, and Economic Information, 1966.
 Keller, Reiner i sur., Hydrologischer Atlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Boppard, 1978.
 Perrault, Pierre, De l'origine des fontaines, Pariz, 1674.
 Riđanović, Josip, Hidrogeografija, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1993.
 Wilhelm, Friedrich, Hydrogeographie: Grundlagen der allgemeinen Hydrogeographie, Höller und Zwick, 1987.

Vanjske poveznice
 Hidrogeografija u mrežnom katalogu Njemačke nacionalne knjižnice

Fizička geografija
Hidrologija

Hidrogeografija


An Scaphyglottis bicallosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Scaphyglottis bicallosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scaphyglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scaphyglottis

Scaphyglottis bicallosa


The Tomb of Shah Jamal () is the tomb of Sufi Saint Baba Shah Jamal. It is located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It can be located opposite Forman Christian (FC) College, near Muslim Town. There is a masjid built around the tomb which incorporates a graveyard.

Traditions
At the foot of the stairs leading up to the tomb, there is a regular gathering of pilgrims, who come every Thursday night and Friday morning, following a tradition that has been going on for hundreds of years. Dhol is played with devotees (dervish or fakir) dancing in a trance also known as dhamaal. The drummer Pappu Sain was the central attraction and performed on the dhol.

This performance, every Thursday night/ Friday morning, is attended by people from all walks of life—students, government officials, musicians both domestic and international, models, common folk.  It is encouraged that people wear simple, plain clothes and come covered, out of respect for the shrine.

Annual urs festival
The annual urs festival is conducted every year on the 3rd, 4th and 5th days of the Islamic month of Rabi' al-Thani (ربيع الثاني). In 2006, 300,000 people attended the 366th annual URS (anniversary celebrations) of Shah Jamal (1588-1649).
The present custodian (Sajjada Nasheen) is Dr Pir Syed Ali Hussain Shah Naqvi.

Gallery

References

External links
 Gonga Saeen & Mithu Saeen beats the drum for Baba Shah Jamal, Photo by Yasuo Osakabe, Photographer, Yasuo Oaskabe

Sufi shrines
Shrines in Lahore
Sufi shrines in Pakistan
Mausoleums in Punjab, Pakistan

Shrine of Shah Jamal


Kayabaşı, Amasya - Amasya ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Polatlı - Ankara ili Polatlı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Alanya - Antalya ili Alanya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Korkuteli - Antalya ili Korkuteli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Şavşat - Artvin ili Şavşat ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Ulus - Bartın ili Ulus ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Bitlis - Bitlis ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Mutki - Bitlis ili Mutki ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Göynük - Bolu ili Göynük ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Mengen - Bolu ili Mengen ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Mustafakemalpaşa - Bursa ili Mustafakemalpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Kale - Denizli ili Kale ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Kemah - Erzincan ili Kemah ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Köprüköy - Erzurum ili Köprüköy ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, İslahiye - Gaziantep ili İslahiye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Bulancak - Giresun ili Bulancak ilçesine bağlı köy
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 Kayabaşı, Gümüşhane - Gümüşhane ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Başakşehir - İstanbul ili Başakşehir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Araç - Kastamonu ili Araç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Azdavay - Kastamonu ili Azdavay ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Hanönü - Kastamonu ili Hanönü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Pınarbaşı - Kayseri ili Pınarbaşı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Midyat - Mardin ili Midyat ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Mut - Mersin ili Mut ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Seydikemer - Muğla ili Seydikemer ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Altınordu - Ordu ili Altınordu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Aybastı - Ordu ili Aybastı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Kumru - Ordu ili Kumru ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Kalkandere - Rize ili Kalkandere ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Havza - Samsun ili Havza ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Türkeli - Sinop ili Türkeli ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Zara - Sivas ili Zara ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Yomra - Trabzon ili Yomra ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayabaşı, Akdağmadeni - Yozgat ili Akdağmadeni ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayabaşı, Çaycuma - Zonguldak ili Çaycuma ilçesine bağlı köy

Kayabaşı


පුවත්පත් කලාවේ පිළිගැනෙන ආකාරය වන්නේ විවිධාකාර ස්වරූප එකතු වී සෑදෙන පුවත්පත් කරණයයි. එය මුද්‍රණයෙන් ඡායාරූපකරණයෙන් සහ වීඩියෝකරණයෙන් එක් කොටසකින් හෝ කොටස් කිහිපයකින් යුක්ත විය හැකිය. මෙය අපට CNN පුවත් වැනි පුවත් සපයන්නන්ගෙන් හමුවිය හැකි අතර වොෂිංටන් පෝස්ට්හිදී සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස මෙය හමු වේ.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism#.27Convergence_journalism.27

අභිසරණ පුවත්පත් කලාව


was a town located in Tōhaku District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,894 and a density of 144.70 persons per km2. The total area was 82.20 km2.

On September 1, 2004, Tōhaku, along with the town of Akasaki (also from Tōhaku District), was merged to create the town of Kotoura.

External links
Kotoura official website

Dissolved municipalities of Tottori Prefecture
Tōhaku District, Tottori
Kotoura, Tottori

Tōhaku, Tottori


Çiçekyazı, Samsun ilinin Kavak ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski adı Ulamaca 'dır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Kavak'ın mahalleleri

Çiçekyazı, Kavak


كلية رويال هولواي، جامعة لندن  هي إحدى الكليات التابعة لجامعة لندن وإحدى الجامعات الأعضاء في مجموعة 1994. يدرس في هذه الكلية ما يزيد عن 7,345 طالباً في مرحلة البكالوريوس والدراسات العليا من أكثر من 120 دولة. وتبعد الجامعة 20 ميلاً (32 كم) عن وسط لندن.

تأسس الحرم الجامعي الواقع في منطقة إيغم في العام 1879، وأشرف على تأسيسه وتمويله رجل الأعمال توماس هولواي، وكان اسمها كلية رويال هولواي. وتم افتتاح الكلية في العام 1886 وحضر حفل الافتتاح الملكة فكتوريا وكانت الكلية في بداية الأمر للإناث فقط. وأصبحت الكلية تابعة لجامعة لندن في العام 1900, وبدأت الكلية منذ العام 1945 بقبول الطلبة الذكور في مرحلة الدراسات العليا، وفي العام 1965 أصبح من الممكن لطلبة البكالوريوس كذلك أن يلتحقوا بها. وتم دمج كلية هولواي في العام 1985 مع كلية بيدفورد (لندن) (وهي إحدى الكليات التي تأسست في العام 1849 وكانت نسوية في بداية تأسيسها، والتحقت بجامعة لندن في العام 1900 وأصبحت مختلطة في العام 1965).
وتتألف الكلية حالياً من ثلاثة كليات و18 قسماً أكاديمياً.

المكانة الأكاديمية للكلية

تتمتع الكلية بسمعة مرموقة ومتميزة في مجال التدريس والبحث العلمي، وتتميز في النسب العالية للتوظيف وفرص العمل التي يحصل عليها الطلبة بعد تخرجهم من هذه الكلية، حيث تعد الكلية وفق آخر الإحصاءات التي تمت في العام 2006 الجامعة الثانية بين 90 جامعة في بريطانيا وويلز من ناحية عدد الطلبة الخريجين الذين يحصلون على وظيفة بعد التخرج، وهذا ساعدها على بناء سمعة جيدة بين الطلبة لتحل في المرتبة الخامسة بين الجامعات البريطانية من ناحية رضا الطلبة.
ويشير دليل الجامعات الصادر عن مجلة التايمز في العام 2009 إلى أن الكلية قد حلت في المرتبة الثلاثين في المملكة المتحدة، حيث حققت 626 نقطة من 1000 نقطة. أما دليل الجامعات لعام 2008 والصادر عن صحيفة صنداي تايمز فيضع الكلية في المرتبة الثامنة والعشرين في بريطانيا من بين 120 جامعة، أما صحيفة الغارديان فقد وضعت الكلية في المرتبة الخامسة والثلاثين.

اتحاد الطلبة

يتمتع اتحاد طلبة كلية هولواي بسمعة طيبة في لندن حتى أن صحيفة الإندبندنت أشارت في أحد المقالات إلى أن هذا الاتحاد هو من بين الأفضل في منطقة لندن. ويشرف الاتحاد على معظم الأنشطة الترفيهية التي تقام في حرم الجامعة بالإضافة إلى تنظيم ودعم الأنشطة الرياضية ممثلة بالنوادي الطلابية، بالإضافة إلى الجمعيات التي يديرها الطلبة في العديد من المجالات. كما أن للمجلس جهود واسعة في تقديم النصائح والاستشارات للطلبة من خلال مركز الاستشارات الطلابية.

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للكلية
 الموقع الرسمي لاتحاد طلبة الكلية

تأسيسات سنة 1849 في إنجلترا
جامعة لندن
مبان تراثية في إنجلترا
مبان تراثية مدرجة في المستوى الأول
مجموعة 1994
منظمات أسست في 1879
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1849
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1886
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1985

كلية رويال هولواي (جامعة لندن)


La  est l'une des quatre circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Mie au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La deuxième circonscription de la préfecture de Mie correspond au sud de la ville de Yokkaichi et à la totalité des villes de Suzuka, Nabari, Kameyama et Iga.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Deuxième circonscription de la préfecture de Mie


An Carex obovatosquamata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Fa Tsuan Wang, Yui Liang Chang ngan Pei Chun Qiong Li. An Carex obovatosquamata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex obovatosquamata


Nepenthe  (, ) is a possibly fictional medicine for sorrow – a "drug of forgetfulness" mentioned in ancient Greek literature and Greek mythology, depicted as originating in Egypt.

The carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes is named after the drug nepenthe.

In the Odyssey
The word  first appears in the fourth book of Homer's Odyssey:

Analysis
Figuratively, nepenthe means "that which chases away sorrow". Literally it means 'not-sorrow' or 'anti-sorrow': , , i.e. "not" (privative prefix), and , from , , i.e. "grief, sorrow, or mourning".

In the Odyssey, νηπενθές φάρμακον :   (i.e. an anti-sorrow drug) is a magical potion given to Helen by Polydamna, the wife of the noble Egyptian Thon; it quells all sorrows with forgetfulness.

References

Odyssey
Mythological medicines and drugs

Nepenthe


Vladimir Nikolaïevitch Smirnov dit Nikolaï Smirnov, né le  à Tchernogorsk (Khakassie) et mort le  à Sofia en Bulgarie, est un acteur de théâtre et de cinéma soviétique puis bulgare.

Il est surtout connu pour son rôle de Jules Verne dans le film À la recherche du capitaine Grant (1985), tiré du roman de Jules Verne, Les Enfants du capitaine Grant.

Biographie

Fils d'une interprète Maria Smirnova et de son mari, pilote dans l'armée, Nikolaï Smirnov, il étudie d'abord à l'école militaire Souvorov puis est diplômé du LGITMiK en 1965 dans l'atelier de . Acteur au Théâtre de Léningrad, il se marie en 1967 à une étudiante bulgare, Silvia Spassova, et part avec elle pour la Bulgarie. Il devient alors, à partir de 1969, acteur au Théâtre national de la jeunesse de Sofia.

Il joue dans divers films soviétiques et bulgares des années 1970-1980, mais son rôle le plus connu reste celui de dans A la recherche du capitaine Grant réalisé par Stanislav Govoroukhine en 1985.

Il meurt le 10 août 2000 à Sofia, en Bulgarie, des suites d'un accident vasculaire cérébral à l'âge de 59 ans.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur soviétique de théâtre
Acteur bulgare de théâtre
Acteur soviétique de cinéma
Acteur bulgare de cinéma
Naissance en juin 1942
Décès en août 2000
Décès à Sofia
Mort d'un accident vasculaire cérébral
Décès à 58 ans

Vladimir Smirnov (acteur)


An Tillandsia subteres in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Edmund Luther. An Tillandsia subteres in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Honduras. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia subteres


Krešimir Jureković (Požega, 30. listopada 1942.), hrvatski književnik.

Životopis

Završio je Pedagošku akademiju u Petrinji i studirao je na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Radio je kao tipograf, učitelj, fotoreporter, novinski kolumnist, slagač europskih slavenskih tekstova u vatikanskoj tiskari u Rimu. U književnoj periodici objavljivao je recenzije, prozu i poeziju. U mladosti je skitao i doživljavao čudne zgode koje opisuje u zbirci pripovijedaka "Kako je prolazilo vrijeme". Kraće vrijeme intenzivno se družio sa slikarom i književnikom Josipom Stanićem Staniosom i pjesnikom Josipom Severom. Živi u Bregani. Pored literature bavi se vinogradarstvom.

Djela

Poezija:
 Crna mašna, 1967.
 Neba bez oblaka, 1968. (u zajedničkoj zbirci Stihovi s Josipom Stanićem Staniosom)
 Pjevač, 2006.
 Napušten od samoga sebe, 2016.

Proza:
 Kako je prolazilo vrijeme, 2016. (pripovijetke)

Hrvatski pjesnici
Izvori
Josip Stanić Stanios: Krešimir Jureković: "Crna mašna", Generacije, br. 3, 1967.
Odgoj i obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj

Krešimir Jureković


Black Knight was a British research sounding rocket, originally developed to test and verify the design of a re-entry vehicle for the Blue Streak missile. It was the United Kingdom's first indigenous space launcher.

Design work on what would become the Black Knight launch vehicle commenced in 1955, being performed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) and British manufacturer Saunders-Roe. Saunders-Roe was the principal manufacturer for the Black Knight at its facility on the Isle of Wight. On 7 September 1958, the first Black Knight was launched at Woomera in Australia. Between 1958 and 1965, a total of 22 launch vehicles were fired, none of which suffered any major failures. After 22 launches, the Black Knight programme was closed.

The success of the Black Knight as a cheap and successful test vehicle led to many studies being performed into further derivatives of the vehicle, including its adaption to serve as an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) and as a launch vehicle, including one proposal, which was based on the Blue Streak missile and the Black Knight, known as the Black Prince. Technology and experience gained on the Black Knight programme would contribute to the subsequent Black Arrow expendable launch vehicle programme.

Development

Origins
During the early 1950s, the UK government had identified the need to develop its own series of ballistic missiles due to advances being made in this field, particularly by the Soviet Union and the United States. The ballistic missile was of critical importance to developing a more effective method of nuclear deterrence, replacing the role currently occupied by free-fall nuclear bombs and thus a reliance on ever more complex, costly and capable aircraft. A British programme to develop such a missile, named Blue Streak, was promptly initiated; however, there were key questions over the then relatively unknown scenario of what such a vehicle would encounter when attempting re-entry to the atmosphere, there were fears that such a vehicle might simply burn up like a meteor and therefore be unachievable.

To explore the phenomenon of atmospheric entry, it was decided that a dedicated research programme would be necessary in order to acquire research information that would shape the design of subsequent ballistic vehicles. Britain had never previously developed a ballistic missile before, the field being relatively new and with few participants, thus there was significant value in developing and constructing a research ballistic missile in order to gain experience and data on how to design and build such vehicles, develop launch techniques, and general handling. Thus, in 1955, the Black Knight research vehicle was developed for this purpose.

In 1955, due to its close relationship with the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), the British government awarded a contract to British manufacturer Saunders-Roe to produce the Black Knight. This contract involved a complete package for the design, development, manufacturing and testing of the vehicle as well as its flight control system, instrumentation, and supporting infrastructure for its operation.

According to author C.N. Hill, the Black Knight programme supplied the UK and US with a great deal of useful information on re-entry vehicles, necessary for the development of ballistic missiles and for studies into missile defense. Specifically, it influenced the development of the British-built Blue Streak missile programme, while generally benefitting scientific understanding in both the United Kingdom and the United States.

Further development and derivatives
The Black Knight was regarded as being a successful programme, having produced a relatively low cost and reliable rocket. While the Blue Streak missile had by this point been recognised as being too costly to serve as a competitive launcher in the face of international competition, the Black Knight was viewed as having the potential to be more cost-effective in this regard. The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) had been encouraged by its performance and was keen to reuse the rocket elsewhere.

One of the more radical ideas for reusing the Black Knight was voiced by Armstrong-Siddeley, who suggested that the rocket be repurposed as the foundations for an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). This proposal would have involved greatly increasing the size of the vehicle itself, and the adoption of a substantially more powerful rocket engine in place of the Gamma engine.

The RAE performed a multitude of studies on the subject of prospective derivatives of the Black Knight and its Gamma engine. Many of these focused on the possibility of extending the vehicle to operate a launcher for small satellites and proposed the use of a liquid hydrogen-fuelled upper stage, which was comparatively expensive to develop while not providing much payload capacity without redesigning the Black Knight vehicle itself as well. An alternative solution for satellite launches was explored by the RAE, in which solid fuel boosters would have been attached to the Black Knight. This proposal would have involved a basically unmodified Black Knight vehicle being paired with two strap-on boosters along with two further stages in order to be capable of placing a  payload into a -high orbit. While this implementation was found to be simple and low-cost to develop, the payload capacity remained low.

One of the more ambitious proposals for an improved Black Knight involved substantially increasing the diameter of the tank from  to , which had the effect of nearly doubling the rocket's fuel capacity, along with the adoption of a more powerful solid fuel second stage, named Kestrel. This envisioned more powerful Black Knight rocket was to have been used as part of a further set of planned experiments, which had been codenamed 'Crusade'. Upon review, HM Treasury refused to provide any funding for further Black Knight projects, and work on an enlarged Black Knight was abandoned in favour of the larger Black Arrow satellite launcher.

Design

The Black Knight was a single stage sounding rocket with a separate nose section that on some flights contained a second stage rocket firing downwards for higher speed re-entry studies. The vehicle was  long,  in diameter, with a fully fuelled weight of . It could reach an altitude of , and achieve a re-entry velocity of .

It was powered by Bristol Siddeley Gamma rocket engines, designed and manufactured by Armstrong-Siddeley at their factory in Ansty, near Coventry.
Between 1956 and 1959, the Gamma rocket engines underwent testing at the High Down Rocket Test Site under the direction of Paul Leyton. The engine ran on kerosene fuel and high-test peroxide (HTP) oxidiser; Saunders-Roe possessed prior experience of working with this mixture as a result of the firm's work on the Saunders-Roe SR.53 rocket propelled interceptor aircraft.

Firings
During 1957, the first test run of the Black Knight rocket was performed at High Down on the Isle of Wight. In September 1958, the second test launch was performed, this being the first to use the dedicated launch facility at the Woomera Test Range, Australia; the majority of Black Knight launches were performed from Woomera, leading to the launchers being constructed in the UK and then transported to Australia.

The first two launch vehicles were used as 'proving rounds': launches which lacked separating re-entry heads, in order to test and validate the design of the rocket itself. The first launch ended in an unexpected high altitude explosion after 90% of the fuel had been consumed, which investigation showed to be caused by a fault in the self destruct electrics. The third launch of the Black Knight was the first to carry an actual payload in the form of a re-entry vehicle, which was present for the purpose of testing the properties of the re-entry body's chosen design. All the re-entry firings deliberately took place on clear moonless nights, so that the luminous wake of the re-entry body could be observed photographically.

Further firings with different heads showed up some unusual phenomena, and further tests under the code names Gaslight and Dazzle were carried out in conjunction with the United States. A variety of heads were flown in these tests, including a plain copper sphere and a silica sphere. Heads composed of a composite asbestos-based material known as Durestos were also flown, and later tests finalised on a cone-shaped head re-entering pointed-end first, as used on many subsequent missile RVs.

A total of 25 Black Knight launch vehicles were constructed at a cost of just over £40,000 each. A single rocket (BK02) was used for ground testing. One (BK11) was expended as part of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) initiative as an investigation of range facilities. The majority, 21, were fired as part of re-entry experiments; if they had been used as launch vehicles for satellites, all bar seven would have successfully attained orbit. The remaining two rockets (BK02 and BK22) were preserved and are now kept on static display in museums in Edinburgh and Liverpool.

All launches of the Black Knight were successful and there were no major failures. Authors Robin Paine and Roger Syms summarised this achievement as: "Altogether, 22 successful launches were made without a single failure - a remarkable record without parallel in ballistics rocket development.

Survivors
The Black Knight BK02 rocket is on display at the Royal Museum Connect Gallery in Edinburgh. It is nearly 11 m high and stretches up for three floors.
The Black Knight BK22 rocket is on display at the World Museum in Liverpool. It is suspended from the ceiling near the Planetarium, there are other Black Knight components on display nearby. Some components are on display at the Science Museum, London and at Woomera, South Australia.

See also
 Rainbow Codes
 Black Arrow
 Skylark

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Hill, C.N. "A Vertical Empire: The History of the UK Rocket and Space Programme, 1950–1971." World Scientific, 2001. .
 Laycock, Stuart and Philip Laycock. "Unexpected Britain." "Amberley Publishing Limited", 2014. .
 Massie, Harri and M. O. Robins. "History of British Space Science." Cambridge University Press, 1986. .
 Paine, Robin and Roger Syms. "On a Cushion of Air." Robin Paine, 2012. .
 Stocker, Jeremy. "Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942-2002." Routledge, 2004. .
 Twigge, Stephen Robert. "The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960." Taylor & Francis, 1993. .

External links

 BBC Radio 4 – "The Archive Hour – Britain's Space Race". 11 August 2007.
 a cutaway drawing of the Black Knight

Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
1960 in spaceflight
1961 in spaceflight
Collections of National Museums Scotland
Expendable space launch systems
Rockets and missiles
Saunders-Roe
Space launch vehicles of the United Kingdom

Black Knight (rocket)


Semey (;  ), until 2007 known as Semipalatinsk () and between 1917–1920 as Alash-Qala (, Alaş-qala), is a city in eastern Kazakhstan, in the Kazakh part of Siberia. When Abai Region was created in 2022, Semey became its administrative centre. It lies along the Irtysh River near the border with Russia,  north of Almaty and  southeast of the Russian city of Omsk. Its population is

History

The first Russian settlement in the area dates from 1718, when Russia built a fort beside the river Irtysh, near the ruins of an ancient Buddhist monastery, where seven buildings could be seen. The fort (and later the city) was named Semipalatinsk (Russian for "Seven-Chambered City") after the monastery. The fort suffered frequent flooding caused by snowmelt swelling the Irtysh.

In 1778 the fort was relocated  upstream to less flood-prone ground. A small city developed around the fort, and largely served the river trade between the nomadic peoples of Central Asia and the growing Russian Empire. The construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway in the early 20th century added to the city's importance, making it a major point of transit between Central Asia and Siberia. On 19 May 1854, Semipalatinsk was designated as the capital of the Semipalatinsk Oblast within the Russian Empire.

Between 1917 and 1920, the city operated as the capital of the largely unrecognized Alash Autonomy, a state (1917–1920) established after the outbreak of the October revolution in Russia. The city was called Alash-qala during the Alash Autonomy years. Red Army forces loyal to Petrograd took control of the area in 1920. It was the center of the  until 17 January 1928, then of the Eastern Kazakhstan Oblast between 17 January 1928 and 14 October 1939 and finally of the Semipalatinsk Oblast between 1939 and 1997.

In 1949 the Soviet atomic bomb programme selected a site on the steppe  west of the city as the location for its weapons testing. For decades, Kurchatov (the secret city at the heart of the test range named for Igor Kurchatov, father of the Soviet atomic bomb) was home to many of the brightest stars of Soviet weapons science. The Soviet Union operated the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) from the first explosion in 1949 until 1989; 456 nuclear tests, including 340 underground and 116 atmospheric tests, took place there.

Some land around Semey has suffered  environmental and health effects from the time of its atomic prosperity: nuclear fallout from the atmospheric tests and uncontrolled exposure of the workers, some of whom lived in the area close to the testsite, have resulted in high rates of cancer, childhood leukemia, and birth defects among the residents of  neighbouring villages.

Modern Semey, a bustling university town, has a population exceeding 350,000. Because of its proximity to the Kazakh border with the Russian Federation, and the large scientific community attached to the STS labs and the university, which includes many Russians, Semey is said to have a more Russian character than other cities in Kazakhstan.

Semipalatinsk Oblast merged with the larger East Kazakhstan Region, whose capital city is Oskemen, on 23 May 1997.

The Semey Bridge, a suspension bridge across the Irtish River, connects the two major parts of Semey. It has a main span of  and a total length of . Construction began in 1998 and the bridge opened to traffic in November 2000.

In 2007 the Semipalatinsk City Council voted unanimously in favour of changing the name of the city to Semey. The Chairman said that existing name had negative associations because of the extensive atomic testing there.

In March 2022, Semey was selected by President Tokayev as the prospective capital of the new Abai Region. This came into force on 8 June 2022 when Abai Region became an official Region of Kazakhstan.

Climate

Semey has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm summers and very cold winters. Precipitation is low for the whole year, except for July which has an average of  compared to less than  in other months. Snow is common, though light, in winter. The lowest temperature on record is , recorded in November 1938, and the highest temperature is , recorded in August 2002.

Transportation

Semey is situated at the Turkestan–Siberia Railway and offers connections to Almaty (former Alma-Ata), Barnaul, and Novosibirsk, among others.

Famous residents
Abay Qunanbayuli, father of modern Kazakh poetry, received his Russian schooling at Semey.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, writer, was a political exile here for five years (1854–1859), serving in the military as a corporal in the Seventh Line Battalion at the Semipalatinsk garrison. Residents say that details of some descriptive passages in Dostoyevsky's subsequent books, including his highly acclaimed The Brothers Karamazov, are recognizable as taken from his time in Semey.
Pavel Bazhov, writer, was a member of the Party Committee of the province of Semipalatinsk from 1920 to 1923.
Stanislav Kurilov (1936–1998), scientist, grew up in Semipalatinsk. An oceanographer and a good swimmer, he defected from the USSR in 1974 by jumping off a cruise liner in the open ocean and swimming to the Philippines.
Wladimir Klitschko, a boxer in Ukraine, was born here in 1976.
Sergey Letov, Russian saxophonist, was born here.
Vladimir Lisitsin, footballer
ZaQ (Dulat Bolatuly Muhametkali), singer and a member of the famous Kazakh boyband, Ninety One, was born here in 1996.

The city has a museum to commemorate Abay Qunanbayuli.

Both a museum and a street are named after Dostoyevsky. The Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky in Semey was opened on 7 May 1971. It was established by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR N 261. Of the seven museums devoted to Dostoevsky, this is the only one located outside Russia.

Population

Higher education

Semey is famous for its intellectual medical community with leading Semey Medical University which provides the region and the country with highly professional health specialists.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities
Semey is twinned with:
 Ypres, Belgium

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan

References

External links

Official site
Britannica.com

Cities and towns in Kazakhstan
Populated places established in 1718
Populated places in Abai Region
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Semipalatinsk Oblast
1718 establishments in Russia
Populated places on the Irtysh River

Semey


Novokubansk  es una ciudad, centro administrativo del raión de Novokubansk, en el krai de Krasnodar de Rusia. Está situada en Ciscaucasia, en la orilla izquierda del río Kubán, 144 km al este de Krasnodar. Tenía 34 880 habitantes en 2010. Capital del municipio Novokubanskoye.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada en 1867 como Kubanskoye por soldados retirados del ejército del Kubán. Fueron 233 personas. La población se incrementó rápidamente, iniciándose en 1869 la construcción de una iglesia de madera. Para 1874, la localidad contaba ya con 1526 habitantes. Es a partir de 1875, con la construcción del ferrocarril del Cáucaso Norte que se incremente el ritmo de desarrollo de la localidad. Se construyó en 1881 la granja modelo de Rudolf Steinheil. En 1905 1 700 trabajadores se declararon en huelga, severamente reprimida por las autoridades zaristas. En 1907, un estallido de revuelta motivada por el descontento, fue aplastado por las tropas zaristas. Se construye asimismo una destilería y una bodega, desarrollando la viña. Hasta 1920 pertenecía al otdel de Labinsk del óblast de Kubán. En 1936 fue designada centro administrativo de un raión. Durante la Gran Guerra Patria, fue ocupada por la Wehrmacht de la Alemania Nazi el 6 de agosto de 1942, y liberada por el Ejército Rojo de la Unión Soviética el 25 de enero de 1943. En 1961 fue designada asentamiento de trabajo con el nombre Novokubanski. En 1966 adquirió el estatus de ciudad y su nombre actual. En junio de 2002 la localidad fue afectada por las inundaciones provocadas por la crecida del río Kubán.

Demografía

Economía y transporte

Novokubansk es un importante nudo de carreteras (M29 Cáucaso) y ferroviario (Ferrocarril del Cáucaso Norte). El principal sector económico de la localidad es la agricultura y la transformación de sus productos (panificadora, azucarera). Las tres principales empresas agrícolas son ZAO KSP Jútork (ЗАО КСП «Хуторок»), ZAO KSP Kubán (ЗАО КСП «Кубань»), OAO OPJ PZ Léninski put (ОАО ОПХ ПЗ «Ленинский путь»). Otros sectores a destacar son la elaboración de vino y destilados, la ganadería y los materiales de construcción (cerámica, ladrillos).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Sitio web sobre la localidad del Raión de Novokubansk.
 Informaciones sobre la ciudad de Novokubansk
 Novokubansk en la Gran Enciclopedia Soviética.
 Galería de fotos en línea.
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net
 Parque de la ciudad en Panoramio
 Destilería de coñac ''Jútorov en Panoramio
 Monumento a Lenin en Panoramio
 Plaza de la localidad en Panoramio
 Barrio 23º de Novokubansk en Panoramio
 Casa de cultura en Panoramio
 Vista de la localidad en Panoramio

Localidades establecidas en 1867

Novokubansk


Izbori na Nizozemskim Antilima daju informacije o izborima i izbornim rezultatima za Staleže bivših Nizozemskih Antila.

Nizozemski Antili su prije raspuštanja bili višestranački sustav, s brojnim strankama koje su oblikovale koalicijske vlade nakon izbora. Parlament Nizozemskih Antila, Staleži Nizozemskih Antila (Staten van de Nederlandse Antillen) imao je 22 člana izabranih na četiri godine u pet izbornih jedinica (svojim zadnjim godinama) koje su tvorili otočni teritoriji.

1Godine 1977. Sabi i Sv. Eustaziju dopušteno je poslati dva neglasujuća zastupnika u Staleže zbog izborne težine Sv. Martina u izboru za glasujućeg zastupnika Nizozemskih Zavjetrinskih otoka za Staleže (ovaj zastupnik nastavio je zastupati Sabu, Sv. Eustazija i Sv. Martin sve do razdiobe teritorija 1983. godine)

Politika Nizozemskih Antila

Izbori na Nizozemskim Antilima


Sarvan (sau Sarvak, Sarvaksoi, ori Sarvaki-bolo) este o enclavă tadjică din provincia Sughd, înconjurată de Uzbekistan. Este situată în regiunea Fergana, la confluența dintre Kârgâzstan, Tadjikistan și Uzbekistan, și este poziționată la 1,4 km de frontiera tadjico-uzbecă. Sarvan este în fapt o vale cu o suprafață de aproximativ 8 km² și are o populație de aproximativ 150 de persoane. Numele enclavei provine de la cea mai mare așezare din această vale, Sarvan, care este un sat împărțit aproape în mod egal între enclava tadjică și Uzbekistan; frontiera dintre cele două țări trece prin mijlocul lui.

Locuitorii enclavei sunt cu toții de etnie uzbecă. Principalele activități din zonă sunt pomicultura și creșterea animalelor.

Situație
Din cauza restricțiilor teritoriale inerente, conflictele generate de dreptul de proprietate asupra terenurilor, de accesul la zonele de pășunare și la sursele de apă au devenit mai obișnuite, iar dificultățile logistice creează probleme economice într-o regiune deja săracă.

Frontiera uzbeco-tadjică a fost închisă în 2004, ca urmare a atacurilor teroriste de la Tașkent, izolând complet enclava.

Note

Enclave și exclave
Localități din Tadjikistan

Sarvan, Tadjikistan


Toppeladugård er et slot i Genarps socken i Lunds kommun, Skåne.

Hovedbygningen, en murstensbygning i to etagers med tårn og to fløje, blev bygget 1918-20 i renæssancestil tegnet af Lehming Lars Johan (1871-1940). I tilslutning til hovedbygningen er resterne af en barokhave. Flere af slotets bygninger blev bygget i 1700-tallet og ved en sø nær slottet ligger et bindingsværkshus fra 1600-tallet.

Historie

Som navnet antyder var Toppeladugård oprindeligt ladegård under Häckeberga slot. 1720 skildes Toppeladugård imidlertid ud fra Häckeberga. Godset var på det tidspunkt ejet af Christina Piper, og det var sandsynligvis hende, der byggede gårdens første hovedbygning. Hun grundlagde også den park, der stadig omgiver slottet. 1791 købtes godset af Grev Tage Thott, som overdrog det til sin datter Fredrika Magdalena. Hendes søn, baron Adolf Bennett solgte ejendommen til Major Baron Carl Gustaf Wrangel von Brehmer på Häckeberga. Således var Toppeladugård for en tid genforenet med godset. Ladugården blev blev snart solgt fra igen, og i 1918 blev Toppeladugård erhvervet af kaptajn Kuylenstierna. Under hans ledelse byggede den nuværende hovedbygning, fordi den gamle led af husbuk.

Nils Aschan, den tidligere hovedkasser i Malmø, købte Toppeladugård i 1928, fordi han ikke var tilfreds med alkoholration, han blev tildelt i Malmø. I Genarps kommun modtog han større rationer. Toppeladugård blev købt i 1935 af advokat Rolf Nordenstedt. Han testamenterede slottet og parken til Kulturen i Lund, mens godset blev købt af Nordenstedts svigersøn Bo Wersäll. Kulturen kunne ikke finde en egnet anvendelse til slottet, og efter godkendelse af bestyrelsen blev det solgt til familien Wersäll. Gennem generationsskifte overførtes gården til Bo Wersälls søn, Claes Wersäll.

Slotte i Skåne
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Lund
Renæssance

Toppeladugård slot


Haapasaari peut désigner :

Toponymes
Haapasaari, île et ancienne municipalité, village de Kotka
Haapasaari, quartier de Rauma
Haapasaari, île d'Helsinki
Haapasaari, île du lac Päijänne à Padasjoki
 , île du lac Päijänne à Jyväskylä
 Haapasaari, île du lac Keitele à Viitasaari

Patronymes
Heidi Haapasaari (1982), accordéoniste
Tapani Haapasaari (1952), professeur d'accordéon.

Haapasaari


Richard Mortensens bevægelige maleri er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1944 instrueret af Jørgen Roos og Albert Mertz efter deres eget manuskript.

Handling
På Kunstindustrimuseets udstilling i 1941 "Souvenir" - om det turisterne køber - havde Richard Mortensen udstillet et abstrakt maleri, et kinetisk værk. Denne reportagefilm er lavet over værket og er i øvrigt det eneste vidnesbyrd, da værket blev stillet på Polyteknisk Læreanstalt, som siden demonterede det. Materialerne blev brugt til et kolonihavehus.

Medvirkende

 Richard Mortensen
 Ib Geertsen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1944

Richard Mortensens bevægelige maleri


An Setaria lindenbergiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Setaria lindenbergiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Setaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Setaria

Setaria lindenbergiana


Palace of Holyroodhouse er et kongeslot for enden af Royal Mile i Edinburgh i Skotland. Det blev opført i 1128 som kloster af kong David 1. af Skotland. Siden det 15. århundrede har Holyrood været den britiske monarks officielle residens i Skotland.

Britiske monarker har normalt brugt slottet mindst en uge om året. Dronning Elizabeth 2. brugte det, når hun var i Skotland på officielle besøg, mens hun boede på Balmoral Castle, når hun var privat. Efter Det Skotske Parlament blev oprettet i 1999, har slottet været brugt oftere, især af Charles 3. af Storbritannien og prinsesse Anne af Storbritannien.

Når ingen kongelige er på Holyrood, er det åbent for offentligheden.

Eksterne henvisninger

Palace of Holyroodhouse, The Royal Collection hjemmeside

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Edinburgh
Residensslotte i Storbritannien
Slotte i Skotland

Holyrood Palace


1000 Blank White Cards is a party game played with cards in which the deck is created as part of the game. Though it has been played by adults in organized groups worldwide, 1000 Blank White Cards is also described as well-suited for children in Hoyle's Rules of Games. Since any game rules are contained on the cards (rather than existing as all-encompassing rules or in a rule book), 1000 Blank White Cards can be considered a sort of nomic. It can be played by any number of players and provides the opportunity for card creation and gameplay outside the scope of a single sitting. Creating new cards during the game, dealing with previous cards' effects, is allowed, and rule modification is encouraged as an integral part of gameplay.

Game
The game consists of whatever the players define it as by creating and playing things. There are no initial rules, and while there may be conventions among certain groups of players, it is in the spirit of the game to spite and denounce these conventions, as well as to adhere to them religiously.

For many typical players, though, the game may be split into three logical parts: the deck creation, the play itself, and the epilogue.

Deck creation
A deck of cards consists of any number of cards, generally of a uniform size and of rigid enough paper stock that they may be reused. Some may bear artwork, writing or other game-relevant content created during past games, with a reasonable stock of cards that are blank at the start of gameplay. Some time may be taken to create cards before gameplay commences, although card creation may be more dynamic if no advance preparation is made, and it is suggested that the game be simply sprung upon a group of players, who may or may not have any idea what they are being caught up in. If the game has been played before, all past cards can be used in gameplay unless the game specifies otherwise, but perhaps not until the game has allowed them into play.

A typical group's conventions for deck creation follow:
Though cards are created at all times throughout the game (except the epilogue), it is necessary to start with at least some cards pre-made. Despite the name of the game, a deck of 80 to 150 cards is usual, depending on the desired duration of the game, and of these approximately half will be created before the start of play. If a group doesn't already possess a partial deck they may choose to start with fewer cards and to create most of the deck during play.

Whether or not the group possesses a deck already (from previous games), they will usually want to add a few more cards, so the first phase of the game involves each player creating six or seven new cards to add to the deck. See structure of a card below.

When the deck is ready, all of the cards (including blanks) are shuffled together and each player is dealt five cards. The remainder of the deck is placed in the centre of the table.

Play
The rules of game are determined as the game is played. There exists no fixed order of play or limit to the length or scope of the game. Such parameters may be set within the game but are of course subject to alteration.

One sample convention suggests the following:
Play proceeds clockwise beginning with the player on the dealer's left. On each player's turn, he/she draws a card from the central deck and then plays a card from his/her hand. Cards can be played to any player (including the person playing the card), or to the table (so that it affects everyone). Cards with lasting effects, such as awarding points or changing the game's rules, are kept on the table to remind players of those effects. Cards with no lasting effects, or cards that have been nullified, are placed in a discard pile.

Blank cards can be made into playable cards at any time simply by drawing on them (see structure of a card).

Play continues until there are no cards left in the central deck and no one can play (if they have no cards that can be played in the current situation). The "winner" is the player with the highest score of total points at the end of the game, though in some games points don't actually matter.

Epilogue
Since the cards created in any game may be used as the beginning of a deck for a future game, many players like to reduce the deck to a collection of their favourites. The epilogue is simply an opportunity for the players to collectively decide which cards to keep and which to discard (or set aside as not-for-play).

Many players believe that having their own cards favoured during the epilogue is the true "victory" of 1000 Blank White Cards, although the game's creator has never discarded or destroyed a card unless that action was specified within the scope of the game. Retaining and replaying those cards which seem at the moment less than perfect can help reduce a certain stagnation and tendency to over-think that can otherwise overtake the game's momentum.

One group of players in Boston (not the long-dispersed Harvard cadre) have introduced the idea of the "Suck Box":

We don't like to destroy cards, even if they suck, so we have a notecard box called The Suck Box. If a player feels a card is boring and useless to gameplay, they will nominate it for admission to The Suck Box. All players present then vote (sometimes lobbying for their cases), and the card either goes into The Suck Box or gets to remain in the primary deck. Ironically, when The Suck Box was introduced, one player created a card for the express purpose of adding it to The Suck Box. However, the rest of us felt that it was too amusing a card and had to remain in the deck.

Structure of a card
At its simplest, a card is just that: a physical card, which may or may not have undergone any modifications. Its role in the game is both as itself and as whatever information it carries, which can be changed, erased or amended.  The cards used vary widely in size, from the original  x  Vis-Ed brand flash cards, to half or full index cards, to simply sheets of A7 sized paper. Cards may be created with any marking medium and need not conform to any conventions of size or content unless specified within the scope of the game. Cards have been made of a wide range of substances, and modifying the shape or composition of a card is entirely acceptable: the original Vis-Ed box still contains a card, created by Plan 9 From Bell Labs developer Mycroftiv, to which a tablet of zinc has been affixed with adhesive tape; the card reads "Eat This!... In a few minutes, the ZINC will be entering your system." Many cards have been created which demanded their own modification, destruction or duplication, and many have been created which display nothing but a picture or text bearing no explicit significance whatsoever. Some have been eaten, burned, or cut and folded into other shapes.

The game does tend to fall into structural conventions, of which the following is a good example:
A card consists (usually) of a title, a picture and a description of its effect. The title should uniquely identify the card. The picture can be as simple as a stick figure, or as complex as the player likes. The description, or rule, is the part that affects the game. It can award or deny points, cause a player to miss a turn, change the direction of play, or do anything the player can think of. The rules written on cards in play make up the majority of the game's total ruleset.

In practice, these conventions can generate rather monotonous decks of one panel cartoons bearing point values, rules or both. As conceived, the game is far broader, as it is not inherently limited in length or scope, is radically self-modifying, and can contain references to, or actual instances of, other games or activities. The game can also encode algorithms (trivially functioning as a Turing machine), store real-world data, and hold or refer to non-card objects.

History
The game was originally created late in 1995 by Nathan McQuillen of Madison, Wisconsin. He was inspired by seeing a product at a local coffeehouse: a box of 1000 Vis-Ed brand blank white flash cards. He introduced "The game of 1000 blank white cards" a few days later into a mixed group including students, improvisational theatre members and club kids. Initial play sessions were frequent and high energy, but a fire consumed the regular venue shortly after the game's introduction. The game physically survived but with the loss of their regular meeting place the majority of the original players fell out of contact with one another, and soon most had moved on to other cities.

The game started to spread as a meme through various social networks, mostly collegiate, in the late 1990s. Aaron Mandel, a former Madison resident, brought the game to Harvard University and started an active playgroup which changed the size of the cards to the more standard half-index dimensions (). Boston players Dave Packer and Stewart King created the first web content representing the game. Their graduation served to further spread the game to the west coast and onto the web. Subsequently, an article in GAMES Magazine and inclusion in the 2001 revision of Hoyle's Rules of Games established the game as an independent part of gaming culture. Various celebrities have also contributed cards to the game, including musicians Ben Folds and Jonatha Brooke, and cartoonist Bill Plympton.

The game's inventor and its original players have frequently expressed amusement at the spread of a game they regarded mostly as a brilliant but highly idiosyncratic bit of conceptual humor which provided them with an excuse to draw goofy cartoons.

See also
Calvinball
Discordianism
Dvorak (game)
Fluxx
Mao (game)
Nomic

References

External links

1000 Blank White Cards at BoardGameGeek

Card games introduced in 1996
Party games
Dedicated deck card games

1000 Blank White Cards