مطيافية الامتصاص الذري  ومطيافية الانبعاث الذري (AAS): إجراء تحليل طيفي للتحديد الكمي للعناصر الكيميائية باستخدام امتصاص الإشعاع البصري (الضوء) بواسطة الذرات الحرة في الحالة الغازية. تعتمد مطيافية الامتصاص الذري على امتصاص الضوء بواسطة أيونات فلزية حرة.

في الكيمياء التحليلية، تُستخدم التقنية لتحديد تركيز عنصر معين (المُحلل) في عينة لكي يجري تحليلها. يمكن استخدام مطيافية الامتصاص الذري لتحديد أكثر من 70 عنصرًا مختلفًا في المحلول، أو مباشرةً في عينات صلبة عبر التبخير الكهروحراري، ويُستخدم أيضًا في علم الأدوية والفيزياء الحيوية وعلم الآثار وعلم السموم.

استُخدمت مطيافية الانبعاث الذري أول مرة بمثابة تقنية تحليلية، ووُضعت المبادئ الأساسية في النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر بواسطة روبرت ويلهلم بنزن وغوستاف روبرت كيرشوف، كلاهما أساتذة في جامعة هايدلبرغ، ألمانيا.

طُور الشكل الحديث من مطيافية الامتصاص الذري إلى حدٍ كبير خلال خمسينات القرن العشرين من قبل فريق من الكيميائيين الأستراليين.  وقادهم السير آلان والش في منظمة الكومنولث للبحوث العلمية والصناعية (هيئة الأبحاث الأسترالية سي إس آي آر أو)، قسم الفيزياء الكيميائية، في ملبورن، أستراليا.

هناك العديد من الاستخدامات لمطيافية الامتصاص الذري في مجالات مختلفة من الكيمياء مثل التحليل السريري للمعادن في السوائل والأنسجة البيولوجية مثل الدم الكامل والبلازما والبول واللعاب وأنسجة المخ والكبد والشعر والأنسجة العضلية ويمكن استخدام مطيافية الامتصاص الذري في التحليل الكمي والنوعي.

مبادئ
تستخدم هذه التقنية طيف الامتصاص الذري لعينة من أجل تقييم تركيز تحليلات معينة داخلها. يتطلب معايير ذات محتوى تحليلي معروف لتحديد العلاقة بين الامتصاص المُقاس وتركيز التحليل، لذا يعتمد على قانون بير لامبرت.

تعتمد هذه التقنية على مبدأ مطيافية الامتصاص بشكل عام لتحديد تركيز العينة اعتماداً على مدى امتصاصها للإشعاع المسلط عليها، حيث يحدد التركيز اعتماداّ على قانون بير لامبرت. نتيجة تعرض الإلكترونات إلى الطاقة ستتهيج وتنتقل إلى مدارات ذرية ذات طاقة أعلى. عملية امتصاص الطاقة هذه عند طول موجة معينة تكون مميزة وخاصة لكل عنصر من العناصر الكيميائية، مما يعطي هذه الوسيلة التحليلية انتقائيتها.

مقارنة انخفاض الشدة الضوئية نتيجة امتصاص الطاقة عند طول موجة معين يمكّن من تحديد التركيز اعتماداً على قانون بير لامبرت.

تحول الفلزات الموجودة في المحلول إلى حالتها الذرية بتعريضها للهب من مزيج من الأسيتلين والهواء، أو مزيج من الهواء وأكسيد النتروس (غاز الضحك).

الامتصاص والتصحيح الخلفي
إن العدد الصغير نسبيًا لخطوط الامتصاص الذري (مقارنةً بخطوط الانبعاث الذري) وعرضها الضيق يجعل التداخل الطيفي نادر الحدوث؛ وهناك أمثلة قليلة فقط معروفة بأن خط الامتصاص لعنصر ما سوف يتداخل مع عنصر آخر. على النقيض من ذلك، فإن الامتصاص الجزيئي أوسع بكثير، لذا فمن المرجح أن تتداخل بعض نطاقات الامتصاص الجزيئي مع خط ذري. قد يكون هذا النوع من الامتصاص ناتجًا عن جزيئات غير مترابطة من العناصر المصاحبة للعينة أو غازات اللهب. يجب أن نميز بين أطياف الجزيئات ثنائية الذرة، التي تُظهِر بنية دقيقة واضحة، وتلك الخاصة بالجزيئات الأكبر (ثلاثية الذرة عادةً) التي لا تُظهِر مثل هذه البنية الدقيقة. هناك مصدر آخر للامتصاص الخلفي، خاصةً في مطيافية الامتصاص الذري الكهروحراري (إي تي إيه إيه إس)، وهو تشتت الإشعاع الأساسي في الجسيمات التي تولد في مرحلة الانحلال، عندما لا يمكن إزالة المادة الرابِطَة بشكلٍ كافٍ في مرحلة الانحلال الحراري.

قد تؤدي جميع هذه الظواهر -المتمثلة في الامتصاص الجزيئي والتشتت الإشعاعي- إلى امتصاص عالٍ اصطناعي وحساب متقدم (خاطئ) على نحو متزايد لتركيز المواد المراد تحليلها في العينة أو تجميعها. هناك العديد من التقنيات المتاحة لتصحيح الامتصاص الخلفي، وهي مختلفة بشكلٍ كبير بالنسبة لـ المصدر الخطي لمطيافية الامتصاص الذري وَ مصدر مستمر عالي الدقة لمطيافية الامتصاص الذري.

تقنيات التصحيح الخلفي في المصدر الخطي لمطيافية الامتصاص الذري
لا يمكن تصحيح الامتصاص الخلفي في المصدر الخطي لمطيافية الامتصاص الذري إلا باستخدام تقنيات مساعدة، تستند جميعها إلى قياسين متتابعين، أولهما، الامتصاص الكلي (الذري بالإضافة إلى الخلفي)، وثانيهما، الامتصاص الخلفي المحض، ويعطي الفرق بين القياسين الامتصاص الذري الصافي. نتيجةً لذلك، وبسبب استخدام أجهزة إضافية في مقياس الطيف، فإن نسبة الإشارة إلى الضجيج للإشارات المصححة خلفيًا هي دائمًا أدنى بكثير مقارنةً بالإشارات غير المصححة. وتجدر الإشارة أيضًا إلى أنه في المصدر الخطي لمطيافية الامتصاص الذري لا توجد طريقة لتصحيح (الحالة النادرة) للتداخل المباشر بين خطين ذريين. في الأساس، هناك ثلاث تقنيات تُستخدم للتصحيح الخلفي في المصدر الخطي لمطيافية الامتصاص الخطي:

التصحيح الخلفي بطريقة الديوتريوم
هذه هي التقنية الأقدم التي ما تزال شائعة الاستخدام، خاصةً بالنسبة للهب مطيافية الامتصاص الذري. وفي هذه الحالة، يُستخدم مصدر منفصل (مصباح ديوتريوم) مع انبعاث واسع لقياس الامتصاص الخلفي على كامل عرض فتحة مخرج مقياس الطيف. يقلل استخدامُ مصباح منفصل دقةَ هذه التقنية، فلا يمكن تصحيحها لأي خلفية هيكلية. كما أنه لا يمكن استخدامه على أطوال موجية فوق 320 نانومترًا، إذ تصبح شدة انبعاث مصباح الديوتريوم ضعيفة جدًا. يفضل استخدام مصباح مهبط الديتيريوم المجوف مقارنةً مع المصباح القوسي بفضل ملاءمة مظهر المصباح السابق بشكلٍ أفضل مع مظهر حليلة الديتيريوم.

التصحيح الخلفي بطريقة سميث هيفتجي
تعتمد هذه التقنية (التي سميت باسم مخترعَيها) على توسيع الخطوط والانعكاس الذاتي لخطوط الانبعاث من مصباح المهبط المجوف عند تطبيق التيار العالي. على سبيل المثال يُقاس الامتصاص الكلي بواسطة تيار المصباح العادي، مع خط انبعاث ضيق ويُقاس الامتصاص الخلفي بعد تطبيق نبضة عالية التيار بمؤشر الخط المنعكس ذاتيًا، الذي يحتوي على القليل من الانبعاثات عند الطول الموجي الأصلي، وانبعاثات قوية على جانبي الخط التحليلي. ميزة هذه التقنية أنه لا يستخدم سوى مصدر إشعاع واحد؛ ومن بين عيوبها أن النبضات ذات التيار العالي تقلل من عمر المصباح، وأنه لا يمكن استخدام التقنية إلا للعناصر المتطايرة نسبيًا، مثل تلك التي تُظهِر انعكاسًا ذاتيًا كافيًا لتجنب الفقد الحاد في الحساسية. وهناك مشكلة أخرى هي أن الخلفية لا تُقاس بنفس الطول الموجي مثل الامتصاص الكلي، ما يجعل التقنية غير مناسبة لتصحيح الخلفية الهيكلية.

التصحيح الخلفي بطريقة تأثير زيمان
يُطبق مجال مغناطيسي متناوب في المرذاذ (فرن الغرافيت) لتقسيم خط الامتصاص إلى ثلاثة عناصر، العنصر باي، الذي يبقى في نفس وضع خط الامتصاص الأصلي، وعنصرا سيغما، والتي تنتقل إلى أطوال موجية أعلى وأطوال موجية أقل، على التوالي. يُقاس الامتصاص الكلي بدون مجال مغناطيسي ويُقاس الامتصاص الخلفي باستخدام المجال المغناطيسي. يجب إزالة العنصر باي في هذه الحالة، على سبيل المثال، باستخدام مستقطب، ولا يتداخل العنصران سيغما مع مؤشر انبعاثات المصباح، فلا يُقاس سوى الامتصاص الخلفي. وتتمثل مزايا هذه التقنية في قياس الامتصاص الخلفي والكلي مع نفس مؤشر الانبعاث للمصباح نفسه، فيمكن تصحيح أي نوع من الخلفية، بما في ذلك الخلفية ذات الهيكل الدقيق، ما لم يتأثر الجزيء المسؤول عن الخلفية أيضًا بالمجال المغناطيسي، واستخدام القاطع كمستقطب يقلل نسبة الإشارة إلى الضجيج. في حين أن العيوب تتمثل في التعقيد المتزايد لمقياس الطيف ومصدر الطاقة اللازمين لتشغيل المغناطيس القوي اللازم لتقسيم خط الامتصاص.

انظر أيضا
 مطياف رامان السطحي المحسن

المراجع

اختراعات أسترالية
تقانة علمية
كيمياء تحليلية
مطيافية الامتصاص

مطيافية الامتصاص الذري


An Cyperus altsonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal. An Cyperus altsonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Guyana. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus altsonii


The city of Berlin, Ontario, changed its name to Kitchener by referendum in May and June 1916. Named in 1833 after the capital of Prussia and later the German Empire, the name Berlin became unsavoury for residents after Britain and Canada's entry into the First World War.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, most residents of Berlin and neighbouring Waterloo were of German origin. The towns and their citizens lived peacefully and enjoyed a unique blend of German and British culture. Following Britain and Canada's entry into war against Germany in August 1914, German Canadians experienced increasing anti-German sentiment. In early 1916, business and community leaders began pushing for Berlin to either seek a new name or amalgamate with Waterloo. Rising tension in the community culminated in soldiers of the local 118th Battalion ransacking German social clubs and attacking an outspoken German Lutheran preacher.

In a vote characterized by intimidation, the 19 May 1916 referendum on whether to change the city name decided "yes" by a slim margin. A vote held the following month to determine a replacement name saw lower voter turnout. The vote settled on Kitchener, named for the recently deceased British Army officer Horatio Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener prevailed in a tight race over the only serious competitor, Brock—for Isaac Brock, a British-Canadian military leader in the War of 1812. The city officially changed names on 1 September 1916.

Towns across the English-speaking world retreated from their German culture during the First World War, with similar cases seen in the United States and Australia. The Berlin–Kitchener change distinguished itself by the levels of violence and protest. The name change failed to assuage outside suspicion of the city and its German population, propelled partly by opponents unsuccessfully petitioning the Ontario Government to stop the change from proceeding as well as the election of an anti-conscription candidate in Waterloo North in the 1917 federal election. After the war, the city experienced a decline in its German culture with German Canadians being culturally assimilated into the broader Canadian identity.

Background

A German and British town

Originally known as Eby's Town, Ebytown, Ben Eby's or Sandhills by the first Pennsylvania Mennonites to settle in the area, an influx of European German-speaking immigrants beginning in the 1820s pushed local community leaders Benjamin Eby and Joseph Schneider to change the Upper Canadian hamlet's name to Berlin in 1833. In the 1870s, most residents of Berlin and neighbouring Waterloo, Ontario, were of German origin, comprising 73 and 80 per cent of each population, respectively. Many Germans immigrated to Canada to escape the conflicts of Europe and were inclusive of the town's Anglo-Saxon population. Most immigrants arrived before the Völkisch movement spawned in the late 19th century, resulting in a German community less concerned with German nationalism than those who immigrated to western Canada after the 1870s. Historians John English and Kenneth McLaughlin write that the common background of both employers and employees in Berlin allowed for a softening of racial and social animosity.

Berliners displayed a simultaneous loyalty to both the British Empire and to their German heritage. Germans pointed to the relationship between the British and German royal families, such as the marriage of the English Queen Victoria to the German Prince Albert, as a source of pride. In May 1871, the towns held a joint German heritage celebration, attracting around 12,000 participants. The , or "Peace Festival", marked the end of the Franco-Prussian War, resulting in the unification of Germany. The strength of the British-German relationship was such that the German festival closed with "God Save the Queen". Historian Geoffrey Hayes writes that the festival – and subsequent , or song festivals – served as a way for German-speaking residents to develop their German-Canadian identity in a way acceptable to other Canadians. The nine  held from 1874 to 1912 in Berlin and Waterloo generated positive national press coverage and large crowds of visitors.

Berlin residents often displayed both the Union Jack and the German flag next to one another. Visiting royalty and politicians – including the Governor General, the Marquis of Lorne; Princess Louise; the Duke of Connaught; and the former Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia – praised the bonds displayed between the British and German populations of Berlin and Waterloo. Based on a model by sculptor Reinhold Begas, the community leaders George Rumpel and John Motz dedicated a bust of Kaiser Wilhelm I in Victoria Park in August 1897. Residents saw the bust as symbolically representing the bond between Germany and Britain. Government support for the project was strong, Canadian Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier ensuring the bust entered Canada duty-free. By the early 20th century, few residents considered themselves wholly German, instead identifying as German-Canadian. The 1911 census listed 76 per cent of people in the community as being of German origin, most of whom had never been to Germany. Among Waterloo's residents, 90 per cent were born in Canada. Berliners avidly embraced their German heritage, with celebrations commemorating the birthdays of Otto von Bismarck and the Kaiser typical. In February 1914, while celebrating Kaiser Wilhelm II's 55th birthday, W. H. Schmalz addressed Waterloo's Concordia Club:

World War I

Outbreak

Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. As a Dominion of the British Empire, Canada automatically entered the war following Britain's declaration. On 12 August, the Berliner Journal, a local German-language weekly, implored Germans in Ontario: "Don't allow yourselves to be driven to demonstrations of any kind, avoid arguments... Be silent, bear this difficult time with dignity, and show that you are true Germans grateful to the country that accommodated you." British policy allowed Germans across the Dominion four days to leave, while the German government encouraged the German diaspora to return. The 1911 census counted 393,320 people of German origin living across Canada. Because the war was being fought in Europe, Berlin residents expected the fighting to have little direct impact on their lives. German social clubs continued to meet and found their proceedings unaffected. Ministers holding religious services in German declared their loyalty to the Canadian war effort.

Three weeks after Canada's entry into the war, vandals toppled Victoria Park's bust of Kaiser Wilhelm and threw it into the park's lake. Residents retrieved the bust and apprehended the three youths responsible. In the months following the outbreak of the war, Berlin's Board of Education voted to end the use of German in schools. Respected Berlin citizens, including businessman and politician Louis Jacob Breithaupt, held public meetings opposed to the decision. In his reply to the speech from the throne on 19 August 1914, Conservative MP Donald Sutherland expressed sympathy to the German people for "the dangers brought upon them by their ruling classes, by their oligarchic, insane, military government." The same day, Canadian Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden stated that people born in Germany and Austria-Hungary and who came to Canada "as adopted citizens of this country, whether they are naturalized or not, are entitled to the protection of the law in Canada and shall receive it", adding that an exception would be made for those aiding and abetting the enemy.

In early 1915, Waterloo North MP William George Weichel expressed in Canada's House of Commons that German-speaking Canadians could be proud of their cultural heritage while remaining loyal to the Canadian war effort. The year before, Waterloo and Berlin, measured on a per capita basis, were first and second in Canada, respectively, in individual contributions to the Canadian Patriotic Fund. Of the 60 members of Waterloo's German social club, the Acadian Club, half enlisted in Canada's armed forces. The club hosted events supporting the Canadian Red Cross and the Patriotic Fund. Local Professor F. V. Riecthdorf proclaimed, "I am a native German and former soldier... My loyalty is to the British flag... let our response to the Empire be immediate and sufficient!" Trying to lessen signs of disloyalty, in May 1915 the Berlin City Council asked for the appointment of a local Registrar of Enemy Aliens, though this request was denied after being deemed unnecessary.

Increasing anti-German sentiment

The war led to condemnation of the German tradition in Canada and rising anti-German sentiments. Actions by the German Empire contributed to anti-German feelings, including the violation of Belgium's neutrality, their use of poison gas, the execution of Edith Cavell, the sinking of the RMS Lusitania, and an apocryphal story of German troops crucifying a Canadian soldier. In a 1 March 1916 letter to the Berlin News Record, the chair of the North Waterloo recruiting committee stated: "The fact remains that Berlin was named after the capital of Prussia and is to-day the capital of the German Empire, whence have emanated the most diabolical crimes and atrocities that have marred the pages of history." A fire at Parliament Hill in February 1916 was falsely assumed to have been set by German arsonists. Although many accounts of wartime atrocities were later shown to be fabrications and British propaganda, most Canadian citizens took them to be true.

The use of the German language or the display of German flags became seen as signs of Canadian disloyalty. Young men, many of them German, were harassed in the street if they had not signed up for military service. Newspapers in Toronto like The Globe and Toronto News made frequent attacks on German-Canadians. A Globe editorial warned that Berliners should be kept under observation, warning of espionage. To guard against the perceived threat of sabotage and attacks by German-Canadians, 16,000 Canadian soldiers were stationed in Canada; between October 1915 and September 1916, 50,000 Canadian Expeditionary Force volunteers were kept home to protect against any eventualities. Beginning in 1914, those Germans deemed a threat to national security were interned; the Canadian government held discretionary power to intern any civilian they considered either an "agent" or of potential service to an enemy power. In 1916, roughly 2,000 Germans were interned across Canada, totalling 2,009 by war's end. Though none were interned or jailed in Ontario, Germans across the province experienced a curtailing of their rights and freedoms. In a February 1916 diary entry, L. J. Breithaupt lamented, "Public sentiment in Canada is very anti-German & so to some extent against anything connected with or reminding one of Germany." Canadian military leaders also espoused anti-German sentiments. In an April 1916 letter to the Berlin News Record, Sergeant-Major Granville Blood warned Berliners: "Be British. Do your duty or be despised... Be British or be dead." In a printed address to Canada, Lieutenant Stanley Nelson Dacey wrote:

In January 1916, members of the local 118th Battalion campaigned for new recruits but – like most battalions in Canada – found little success. Recruiters resorted to harassing men in the streets who had not signed up for service and forcing them into the recruiting office. Berlin's local police force found it difficult to control the battalion. When Constable Blevins, a Berlin police officer, attempted to arrest soldier Joseph Meinzinger for harassing citizens, Meinzinger broke Blevins' jaw. On 15 February, a group of Canadian soldiers from the Battalion broke into the Concordia Club, stole memorabilia and destroyed the interior. An inquiry from Camp Borden led to no charges and instead justified the raid.

In early 1916, Canada's Militia Minister, Sam Hughes, made a speech in the House of Commons attacking the Reverend C. R. Tappert, a Berlin Lutheran minister. Tappert became a controversial figure locally for several actions, including his continued use of German in religious services, telling his children to avoid saluting the Union Jack and to not sing "God Save the King", his refusal to contribute to the Patriotic Fund and his public doubting of anti-German propaganda. In an early 1915 letter to the Berlin News Record, he wrote that while he was loyal to Canada his heart remained German. Hughes accused Tappert of being a "[semi-apologist] for German atrocities and Kaiserism." Tappert ignored threats to leave the country by 1 March; on 4 or 5 March a group of 60 soldiers broke into Tappert's parsonage and seized him. A witness recalled: "Within minutes, Tappert was being dragged behind horses through the streets, his face bloodied, his body twisting as he fell into unconsciousness while the pavement scraped off his flesh." Magistrate John J. A. Weir warned the two soldiers responsible – Private Schaefer and Sergeant-Major Granville Blood – that he remembered Schaefer being connected to the throwing of the Kaiser Wilhelm bust in the Victoria Park lake in 1914 and he knew Blood had further plans to attack other citizens. Both received suspended sentences of $100 fines () and/or six months in prison for the assault. Hughes blamed Tappert for instigating them with his anti-British sentiments. Tappert and his family left Berlin on 8 March.

Organization of the referendum

The first suggestion of a name change appeared in a letter to the Berlin News Record on 4 February 1916. The author, identified only as "A Ratepayer", suggested the Berlin City Council adopt a resolution changing the name of the city. The initial impetus for changing the city name was borne out of monetary rather than patriotic interests. The start of war brought many contracts to the city's manufacturers, but business leaders worried the "made in Berlin" label on their products would hurt sales. On 8 February 1916, the Berlin Board of Trade proposed changing the city's name, hoping that doing so would serve to indicate the city's patriotism to the rest of the Dominion and thereby help local business. On 11 February, the Berlin City Council resolved:

Most at the meeting endorsed the resolution with only one member voting against it. L. J. Breithaupt attended the meeting and spoke against the resolution, arguing that any name change would have no effect on British victory in the war and that any proposal of changing the city name should instead be put to a popular vote. In his diary he called the event, "an epoch making meeting". On 21 February, organizers of the resolution brought a petition with 1,080 signatures to the city council calling for the name change. City council voted in favour of petitioning Ontario's Legislative Assembly to have the city's name changed and to possibly amalgamate with Waterloo. Businessmen and community leaders wrote letters to the Berlin News Record arguing for and against the name change. Many arguments turned toward ad hominem. At an early March meeting manufacturers and businessmen pushed for the name change. Those opposing the change were threatened with boycotts. The city council offered a reward for the most suitable replacement name and received thousands of suggestions by the end of March. On 4 April, Berlin's delegation appeared before the Ontario's Legislative Assembly's Private Bills Committee. The committee voted to not report the bill to the Legislature out of fears that violence would break-out in Berlin as a result. Returning to Berlin unsuccessful, the delegation formed a British League "to promote British Sentiments in the community". On 14 April, the league passed their own resolution imploring the city council to protest their treatment at Ontario's Legislative Assembly. The council passed the resolution, including in it an amendment that allowed them to hold a referendum over the issue. During a 24 April meeting, the council voted to hold a referendum on 19 May.

Most Berliners expressed little interest in the campaign but those who did found it intense. Archivist Barbara Wilson states: "Many Berliners, including Mayor J. E. Hett, saw no real purpose in changing Berlin's name, but to oppose the change-the-name movement actively in February [1916] would have led to more charges of disloyalty and pro-Germanism."  The Berlin Telegraph supported the name change while the Berlin News Record opposed. Both papers ran pieces and advertisements arguing their positions. Tensions continued to rise, culminating on 5 May when 30 soldiers entered and ransacked the Acadian Club in Waterloo. Canada's Minister of Justice, Charles Doherty, refused to reimburse the club for the damages, explaining that doing so would engender further racial disharmony. William Breithaupt, head of Berlin's library board and the president of the Waterloo Historical Society, was outspoken in his opposition to the name change. Throughout the campaign he received threatening letters and found the phone lines to his house cut.

Voting and results

May 1916 referendum

On 19 May 1916, the referendum was held in Berlin asking voters: "Are you in favour of changing the name of this city?" Historian Adam Crerar writes that much of the voting was characterized by intimidation. Soldiers of the 118th kept potential name change opponents away from the polls, while name change proponents challenged unnaturalized citizens. Many of those disenfranchised had voted in previous elections and had sent sons to fight for Canada in the war.

Of 3,057 votes cast, "yes" won by 81 votes. English & McLaughlin write that women and soldiers were generally "yes" voters, while the working class and residents of the especially German North Ward generally voted "no". The result of the vote prompted supporters to celebrate in the streets. A report in the Berlin News Record recounted fireworks being set off into the air and the sidewalks, ultimately injuring many celebrants. Alderman J. A. Hallman sent a telegram to King George V informing him, "The loyal citizens of Berlin Canada rejoice to inform Your Majesty that they have this day cast off forever the name of the Prussian capital." The Duke of Connaught informed Hallman on 23 May that the King had received his telegram. A regimental band and crowd walked through Berlin and gathered in front of August Lang's home, a major opponent of the name change. Lang confronted the crowd and an altercation ensued. Colonel Lochead of the 118th Battalion found no fault on the part of his soldiers. On 22 May, a week after the initial referendum, the 707 soldiers in the 118th Battalion left for London, Ontario, to continue training, alleviating much on the tension in the community.

June 1916 name selection

A civic committee of 99 members was assembled to produce name recommendations. The committee narrowed thousands of suggestions to a shortlist of Huronto, Bercana, Dunard, Hydro City, Renoma and Agnoleo. A report in the Berlin News Record wrote that the names became "the joke of the country". On 1 June, the Berlin City Council thanked the committee and decided to assemble its own list, offering cash prizes for winning suggestions. On 5 June, Britain's Secretary of State for War, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, drowned aboard HMS Hampshire after it struck a mine while en route to Russia. News of his drowning was widely reported the following day. The Berlin News Record published a letter in its 7 June edition from local resident Elsie Master, who suggested "Kitchener" as a better alternative to "Berlin", writing it would evoke "splendid patriotism, tremendous energy, great attainments, and a sense of unswerving honour and rectitude". The city council added Kitchener to their revised shortlist of names, the name being particularly popular among local businessmen, though some felt it to be in poor taste. An editorial in Stratford, Ontario's Herald complained: "No name of a martyr of this war should be allowed to be appropriated where the motive is largely commercial."

The final choices for the vote were narrowed to Brock, Kitchener, Corona, Adanac, Keowana and Benton. Some residents suggested that Berlin be renamed Waterloo and the cities merge. A resolution pushing for this failed in Berlin's City Council on 20 June. From 24 to 28 June 1916, between 9:00 am and 9:00 pm each day, a second vote was held to determine a new city name. Turnout was low, with only 892 votes cast out of a possible 4,897. Of those, 163 spoiled their ballots, many crossing out all the options and writing in either Berlin or Waterloo. Kitchener won with 346 votes, besting Brock by eleven votes.

Reaction and aftermath

Immediate

Wilson writes that the reaction to the June vote result was "dead silence". Regarding the low voter turnout, the Berlin News Record commented: "The outstanding feature was the absolute indifference displayed by the ratepayers." On 4 July 1916, the Berlin City Council approved the vote, setting 1 September 1916 as when the city would officially become Kitchener. On 11 July, the city council endorsed a petition by the newly formed Citizens' League, garnering 2,068 signatures opposing the name change. A delegation took the petition on to Ontario's Legislative Assembly. The provincial government refused to stop the change seeing the vote as having been entirely orderly. On 23 August, the Ontario government passed an order recognizing the change as coming into effect on 1 September.

On 1 September 1916, Berlin officially became Kitchener. English & McLaughlin write that Berlin's name change failed to quell outside suspicions about the loyalty of the German population. Those who opposed the name change were harassed for their defiance. Letter writers continued to address their mail to Berlin, forcing the Post Office to issue memoranda, while municipalities in Ontario petitioned the government to force those who refused to reference the city as Kitchener. In the lead-up to Kitchener's 1 January 1917 municipal election, members of the British League sought to expel "aliens" off the voters' list. Every candidate elected to the city council had previously been against the name change. When the results were announced, the British League, citizens and soldiers of the 118th Battalion gathered outside the Berlin News Record office, as well as mayor-elect David Gross's home and button factory. Soldiers smashed windows and destroyed the interiors of both buildings. In an effort to defuse tensions, Gross pledged in his inaugural address that he would not try to change Kitchener's name back to Berlin.

The last major attempt to change the name of Kitchener back to Berlin came during a 2 December 1919 city council meeting. A finance committee report recommended another vote be held regarding the city's name. A crowd of 500, mostly members of the Great War Veterans' Association, made their way into the council room to show their opposition to the resolution. The council voted the resolution down but protestors assaulted two aldermen who abstained from the vote, forcing them to kiss the Union Jack and throwing one in the Victoria Park lake.

1917 federal election

On 24 November 1917, Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden visited Kitchener to generate support for his Military Service Act and to campaign for his Unionist Party in the upcoming federal election. Two months earlier, his government passed the Wartime Elections Act which, among other things, disenfranchised voters expected to be opposed to conscription. The disenfranchisement included Germans who received their citizenship after 31 March 1902. At the November event, a group of disgruntled citizens heckled Borden. The incident received national press coverage, with local manufacturers and businessmen urging Kitchener City Council to apologize to the prime minister to prevent further lost business. The city council refused to apologize by a vote of seven to five. Newspapers in other Ontario cities – including Kingston, Guelph and Brantford – pointed to the refusal as evidence that, though Kitchener had changed its name, the residents remained loyal to Germany over Canada. In his memoirs, Borden reflected that for the rest of Canada, "the Kitchener incident was much more effective than any speech I could have delivered." Following the refusal, the Board of Trade and the Kitchener Manufacturers' Association protested the action by organizing a factory shutdown scheduled for 3 December. On the day of the protest, city council voted to apologize to stop a prolonged shutdown.

During the election campaign, newspapers across Ontario generally sided with the Union government and their pro-conscription stance. Kitchener and Waterloo were similar, where in the final three and a half weeks of the election campaign the Berlin News Record and the Berlin Telegraph did not publish or report on any campaign material from the Liberals, forcing Liberal challenger William Daum Euler to print his own paper, the Voice of the People. Union campaign posters argued, "Who would the Kaiser vote for?" In the vote, the incumbent Unionist Weichel lost his Waterloo North seat to Euler, a major opponent of conscription. Carried by the German vote, Euler won by a twenty-point margin, the largest majority of any of Ontario's Liberals. Illustrating the divide, he took 63.1 per cent of the civilian vote but only 4.6 per cent of the soldier vote. The defeated Weichel lamented, "you cannot beat the Kaiser in North Waterloo." German animus for the Union Government and the Conservative Party persisted for generations, while Euler's win reinforced outside perceptions that the residents of Kitchener and Waterloo remained loyal to Germany despite the name change.

Long-term

Historian David Blackbourn describes the First World War as a caesura for people of German descent in the Anglo-Saxon world, marking a general decline in German culture.  "When the heavily German city of Berlin, Ontario became Kitchener, and Berlin, Iowa became Lincoln, these were instances of something repeated thousands of times across the German-speaking parts of the English speaking world. Little Germanys retreated sharply." The levels of public unrest displayed during the Berlin-Kitchener name change distinguishes it from other contemporary name change examples. Geographers Chris Post and Derek Alderman see the changing of German place names during and after the war in the US, Canada and Australia as examples of "the political semiotic process of 'toponymic cleansing'." The Canadian Government passed an Order in Council on 26 September 1918 requiring all Canadian newspapers in "languages of the enemy" to be published in either English or French. Ontario's last German-language newspaper, the Berliner Journal, ran its last German issue on 2 October and its final issue in December.

Anti-German sentiments persisted in the immediate aftermath of the war. Many German-Canadians anglicized their names – changing Braun to Brown and Schmidt to Smith, for example – and instead referred to their heritage as Dutch or Austrian. A 1919 Order in Council forbade German immigrants to enter Canada, a restriction held in place until 1923. In the decades that followed, the German population of Kitchener decreased continuously. The 1911 census listed 76 per cent of people in the community as being of German origin, dropping to 55.6 and 53 per cent in 1921 and 1931 censuses, respectively. Though the city had attracted large numbers of German immigrants in the previous century, when the restrictions on immigration were lifted in 1923 most newcomers instead settled in western Canada where resource industries were plentiful and land was inexpensive.

In the early 1930s, Kitchener and Waterloo largely rejected local fascist movements inspired by Germany's rising Nazi Party. When Canada and Britain again found themselves at war against Germany during the Second World War, community leaders were sensitive to charges of disloyalty and acted quickly to assuage outside doubts; the Concordia Club and other German social clubs shut down in August 1939. Kitchener experienced little of the anti-German sentiment seen during the First World War. During the war, seven Kitchener residents were interned as enemy aliens. This was a lower number than that of surrounding communities, a fact the Daily Record reported proudly. Historian William Campbell credits the lack of anti-German sentiment to a broadening of the Canadian identity following the First World War, extending beyond the dominant English and French cultures. English & McLaughlin point to the automobile and new forms of mass media – such as movies, the radio and magazines – as expanding culture in Kitchener and bringing it more in alignment with Canada and North America as a whole. Most scholars agree that in the decades following the war Germans in Canada were assimilated.

Through the second half of the 20th century, Greeks, Portuguese, Indian, West Indian and Chinese ethnic groups dominated immigration to the community, 25 per cent of residents considering themselves of German origin in the 2001 census. After English, German was the second-most spoken language in Waterloo Region until 2016, when it was surpassed by Mandarin. In the aftermath of the First World War, the community shifted to emphasizing the Pennsylvania Dutch and Mennonite communities that first settled in the area, illustrated in Mabel Dunham's 1924 work of historical fiction, The Trail of the Conestoga, and in the 1926 dedication of the Waterloo Pioneer Memorial Tower. Overt celebrations of the city's European German tradition returned in the late 1960s and early 1970s; the Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest attracts hundreds of thousands of participants annually, making it the largest Oktoberfest celebrated in North America, though English & McLaughlin comment the event is more a celebration of drinking than of German culture. In 1992, author William Chadwick examined the name change in a work of popular history, published as The Battle for Berlin, Ontario: An Historical Drama. He produced a play from the book, The Berlin Show, staged for Waterloo audiences in the summer of 1994. In the 21st century, Horatio Herbert Kitchener's role in establishing concentration camps during the Second Boer War has made his legacy unsavoury to some Kitchener residents. In 2020, a 380-signature petition calling for another name change prompted the Kitchener City Council to respond: "While we in no way condone, diminish or forget his actions... Kitchener has become so much more than its historic connection to a British field marshal."

See also
 List of Australian place names changed from German names
 Swastika, Ontario

Notes

References

Sources

Books

Book chapters

Journal articles

Further reading

External links

 Von Berlin to Kitchener: Connotations and Cultures, A Discussion Panel, September 2016 panel by the Waterloo Centre for German Studies and Kitchener Public Library.
 "What's In a Name? Berlin to Kitchener" entry at Library and Archives Canada,
 "Life at Home During the War: Enemy Aliens: Anti-German Sentiment" entry at the Canadian War Museum,
 Motz Family Fonds digital exhibit at the University of Waterloo Library,
 Kitchener and First World War digital exhibit at the University of Waterloo Library,
 From 'Berlin' to 'Kitchener' digital exhibit at the University of Waterloo Library,

1916 in international relations
1916 in Ontario
1916 referendums
Anti-German sentiment in North America
Canadian home front during World War I
City name changes
German-Canadian culture in Ontario
History of Kitchener, Ontario
20th century in Kitchener
Multiple-choice referendums
Kitchener
Referendums in Ontario

Berlin-to-Kitchener name change


Marbæk plantage er en plantage som ligger nord for Hjerting, en del af Esbjerg. Marbæk er kendt for dens skove, søer og strande.

Lokaliteter i Esbjerg Kommune

Marbæk Plantage


Castle Rising er en landsby og civil parish i det engelske county Norfolk. Den er bedst kendt som byen, hvor Castle Rising Castle ligger. Landsbyen omkring 8 km nordøst for byen King's Lynn og 60 km vest for Norwich. Floden Babingley går nord for landsbyen, og adskiller Castle Rising fra den forladte landsby Babingley.

Castle Rising er nævnte i Snettishams del af Domesday book, hvor ejerskabet var delt mellem William de Warenne og biskoppen af Bayeux.

I 1332 trak Isabella af Frankrig sig tilbage til borgen Castle Rising efter et coup d'état af hendes søn Edward 3., der tog magten fra hende og Roger Mortimer, 1. jarl af March. Isabella døde her i august 1358.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

.
 Information from Genuki Norfolk on Castle Rising.

Norfolk
Byer i England

Castle Rising


A Copa Rio de 2022 foi a 26ª edição da Copa Rio, torneio de futebol organizado pela Federação de Futebol do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FERJ). O torneio foi disputado entre os dias 10 de agosto e 15 de outubro de 2022. O vencedor do torneio teve direito à escolha de uma vaga na Copa do Brasil de 2023 ou no Campeonato Brasileiro da Série D de 2023, ficando o vice-campeão com a vaga restante.

Sistema de disputa
A competição foi dividida em cinco fases, todas disputadas em caráter eliminatório e com partidas de ida e volta. A primeira fase foi disputada por oito equipes da Série A2, quatro equipes da Série B1 e quatro equipes da Série B2. Na primeira fase, as equipes classificadas foram sorteadas para formar 4 confrontos entre equipes da A2 e da B1 e 4 confrontos entre equipes da A2 e da B2. Nas oitavas de final, entram as equipes da Série A, as quais serão sorteadas em oito confrontos contra os vencedores da primeira fase. A partir das oitavas, não há mais sorteio de confrontos e o chaveamento destes já está definido até a final.

Da primeira fase até as quartas de final, o mando de campo da primeira partida foi da equipe de categoria inferior a do adversário, sendo que nas quartas é possível ser feito um sorteio do mando caso o confronto seja entre equipes da mesma divisão. Já na semifinal e na final, a ordem dos mandos de campo foi definidas por sorteio. Em todas as fases, caso haja empate na soma dos resultados das duas partidas, o confronto é decidido nos pênaltis.

O campeão do torneio pode escolher uma vaga na Copa do Brasil de 2023 ou no Campeonato Brasileiro da Série D de 2023. O vice-campeão fica com a vaga rejeitada pelo campeão.

Participantes

Primeira fase
Em itálico, os times que possuem o mando de campo no primeiro jogo do confronto e em negrito os times classificados.

|}

Detalhes

Fase final
Em itálico, as equipes que possuem o mando de campo no primeiro jogo do confronto e em negrito as equipes classificadas.

Artilharia

Premiação

Ligações externas

2022
Futebol de 2022 no Rio de Janeiro

Copa Rio de 2022


Willy Pedersen (født 28. juli 1950 i Odense), er en dansk keyboardspiller og læge, der er kendt for sin medvirken i rockgruppen Shu-Bi-Dua, hvor han var medlem fra 1978-1986. Men indtil 1982 dog kun på tourneerne.

I 1981 medvirkede han på Michael Hardingers selvbetitlede album på nummeret "Fælden er klar".

Pedersen blev en fast del af gruppen i 1982, hvor han erstattede Jens Tage Nielsen, der måtte forlade gruppen som følge af tinnitus. Han kom med i bandet via sin ven Kim Daugaard, der var kommet med i gruppen nogle år forinden, men havde spillet sammen med bandet siden 1978. Han var på dette tidspunkt lægestuderende. Han medvirkede på fire albums, startende med Shu-bi-dua 8 (1982) og sluttede med Shu-bi-dua 11 (1985). I 1986 forlod han bandet og færdiggjorde sin uddannelse, for at blive praktiserende læge. I en periode var han læge og fysioterapeut for herrelandsholdet i håndbold. Efterfølgende har han været partner i en lægeklinik i Helsinge, Nordsjælland.

Siden slutningen af 2018 har han været med i Shu-bi-dua-kopibandet, Shubberne.

Diskografi

Med Shu-bi-dua

 Shu-bi-dua 8, 1982
 Shu-bi-dua 9, 1982
 Shu-bi-dua 10, 1983
 Shu-bi-dua 11, 1985

Med Michael Hardinger
 Michael Hardinger (album), 1981

Reference

Eksterne henvisninger

Pianister fra Danmark
Shu-bi-dua
Læger fra Danmark

Willy Pedersen


Josh Weinstein (born May 5, 1966) is an American television writer and producer, known for his work on the animated comedy series The Simpsons. Weinstein and Bill Oakley became best friends and writing partners at St. Albans School; Weinstein then attended Stanford University and was editor-in-chief of the Stanford Chaparral. He worked on several short-term media projects, including writing for the variety show Sunday Best, but was then unemployed for a long period.

Weinstein and Oakley eventually penned a spec script for Seinfeld, after which they wrote "Marge Gets a Job", an episode of The Simpsons. Subsequently, the two were hired to write for the show on a permanent basis in 1992. After they wrote episodes such as "$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)", "Bart vs. Australia" and "Who Shot Mr. Burns?", the two were appointed executive producers and showrunners for the seventh and eighth seasons of the show. They attempted to include several emotional episodes focusing on the Simpson family, as well as several high-concept episodes such as "Homer's Enemy", "Two Bad Neighbors" and "The Principal and the Pauper", winning three Primetime Emmy Awards for their work.

After they left The Simpsons, Oakley and Weinstein created Mission Hill. They worked as consulting producers on Futurama, then created The Mullets in 2003. The two wrote several unsuccessful TV pilots, and were due to serve as showrunners on Sit Down, Shut Up in 2009. Oakley left the project over a contract dispute, but Weinstein remained until it was canceled. He co-produced and wrote for Futurama again during its Comedy Central revival, winning an Emmy in 2011. Since 2013, Weinstein has served as showrunner for the CBBC series Strange Hill High, and in 2015, Danger Mouse. He has also served as a writer for season two of Gravity Falls, co-writing nine of the season's episodes. In 2018, Weinstein co-developed the Netflix animated series Disenchantment with creator Matt Groening, of which he and Groening served as co-showrunners. Weinstein is married to journalist Lisa Simmons.

Early life
Weinstein was born and raised in Washington, D.C. to Rosa and Harris Weinstein. His mother is the director of the Himmelfarb Mobile University which provides education for the elderly, while his father is a lawyer for Covington & Burling. He has a brother, Jacob, and a sister, Teme. Weinstein attended St. Albans School in Washington, D.C., where he met and became best friends with Bill Oakley in the eighth grade. The two created the school humor magazine The Alban Antic in 1983. He later attended Stanford University, where he served as editor-in-chief of the Stanford Chaparral. Weinstein is an honorary member of the Harvard Lampoon as he worked on some of Lampoon's parody publications with Oakley over the summers between course years.

Career
Weinstein did not land a job on a major comedy series, despite writing numerous spec scripts for shows such as Saturday Night Live and Late Night with David Letterman; he moved back home to Washington, D.C. There, he worked as a copywriter for an advertising agency, writing print adverts for such clients as IKEA. In their free time, Oakley and Weinstein wrote for local comedy groups, such as Gross National Product. In 1989, they moved to New York City after being hired to write for a game show on Ha!, before writing for a variety show on the network featuring Denis Leary. The two also wrote for the National Lampoon and Spy. An editor of Spy was hired by NBC to run the variety show Sunday Best, and took Oakley and Weinstein to Los Angeles with him in 1991. When the show was canceled after three episodes, they were unemployed for a lengthy period.

The Simpsons

As a writer
After changing their agent, they wrote a spec script for Seinfeld, which was well received. Amongst those who liked it were Al Jean and Mike Reiss, showrunners of The Simpsons. There were no openings on the staff at the time, but Oakley and Weinstein were hired to write the episode "Marge Gets a Job", based on an idea by Conan O'Brien. The episode aired as part of season four. Their Seinfeld script and The Simpsons episode caught the attention of Diane English, and they were offered a job on a sitcom. Before they accepted this job, they were told that Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky were leaving The Simpsons, and then joined the writing staff on a permanent basis in 1992, in the third season of that show. They began as story editors. They were initially quiet and felt "intimidated", being in the same room as "10 of the greatest minds in comedy", but eventually started pitching jokes with confidence. They wrote their scripts together, working side by side at a computer. Their first episode as staff writers was "Marge in Chains", an existing idea that they were assigned. The first draft of the script was based on research about women in prison conducted by Oakley and Weinstein, making it "slightly more realistic" than the final version of the episode, in which many realistic elements were replaced.

After season four, most of the original staff left the show. Before David Mirkin arrived to take over as showrunner for season five, Oakley, Weinstein, O'Brien and Dan McGrath were the only writers working on the show and spent a month mapping out most of the season's episodes. Oakley and Weinstein wrote several episodes for season five, penning the "Terror at 5½ Feet" segment of "Treehouse of Horror IV", "$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)", "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy", the show's 100th episode "Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song" and "Lady Bouvier's Lover". For season six they wrote "Sideshow Bob Roberts", basing much of the episode on the Watergate scandal, in which they had a great interest, as well as "Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy" and "Bart vs. Australia". For "Bart vs. Australia", the writing staff wanted to produce an episode in which the Simpsons family traveled to a foreign country; they selected Australia because they thought that everyone in Australia had a good sense of humor and "would get the jokes", with the episode being intentionally inaccurate. The episode proved somewhat controversial; some Australian fans said the episode was a mockery of their country. Shortly after it had aired, the Simpsons staff received over a hundred letters from Australians who were insulted by the episode. The pair wrote the two-part episode "Who Shot Mr. Burns?", which was initially proposed by series creator Matt Groening. While deciding who the culprit was, Oakley and Weinstein pitched Barney Gumble because he was a character that could go to jail and it could change the dynamic of the show. Mirkin suggested Maggie because he felt it was funnier and wanted the culprit to be a family member. Oakley and Weinstein were initially unsure about having Maggie as the culprit, and it was decided that the episode would end with Maggie shifting her eyes and making it look like it was not a complete accident.

As showrunner
Oakley and Weinstein were appointed executive producers and showrunners of the seventh and eighth seasons. They were chosen partly because they had been with the show since the third season and understood many of its dynamics. The showrunner is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the show's production. Each episode takes ten months to produce, so the showrunner must "oversee many different episodes in different stages of production all at the same time", with roles including head writer, making notes on the storyboards and working with the voice actors, animators, editors and composers. Oakley and Weinstein often set two script-rewriting rooms in motion at the same time, delegating leadership in the rooms to writers such as Steve Tompkins and David Cohen. Mirkin, who had suggested that the two take over, remained on the show in an advisory capacity, helping Oakley and Weinstein with technical aspects of the show such as editing and sound mixing. When they took over the series, they wanted many of the episodes to be realistic ones that focused more on the five members of the Simpson family and explored their feelings and emotions towards each other. They wanted to produce Treehouse of Horror episodes, episodes about Sideshow Bob, Itchy & Scratchy and several "format-bending" episodes such as "22 Short Films About Springfield", for which Weinstein wrote the scene featuring Comic Book Guy and Milhouse Van Houten. They aimed for "at least two episodes per season that 'pushed the envelope', [and] expanded the definition of what an episode could be". This was a style they employed for both seasons they produced. Season eight featured several episodes in which focus was given to secondary characters and in which new issues were explored, such as divorce. Their preferred choice of guest stars were those with unique and interesting voices, and several of their guest stars were "old grizzled men with distinctive voices" such as R. Lee Ermey, Donald Sutherland, Kirk Douglas and Lawrence Tierney. Oakley considered season three to be the single greatest comedic season of television ever produced and so attempted to recreate the feel of that season for the two he ran, focusing on stories with real emotions and situations, as well as some off-the-wall episodes. Season three was their basis for Homer: "We liked Homer the way he was in the second and third seasons. That was what we consciously used as our model. Dimwitted, loving, hyper-enthusiastic, creatively goofy, parody of the American father – drawn with real emotions, though admittedly amplified. This was exemplified in "Mother Simpson", "Lisa the Iconoclast", "Diddly-Dum-Doodly", and a couple others. In some of the less reality-based episodes, i.e. the Beer Baron one – usually Swartzwelder's, we'd treat this stricture with a certain amount of latitude."

One of their most notable episodes was "Homer's Enemy", an episode designed to "push the envelope conceptually". The idea for "Homer's Enemy" was first conceived by Oakley who thought that Homer should have an enemy. This evolved into the concept of a "real world" co-worker who would either love or hate Homer. The writers chose the latter as they thought it would have funnier results. The result was the character of Frank Grimes, a man who has had to work hard all his life with nothing to show for it and is dismayed and embittered by Homer's success and comfort in spite of his inherent laziness and ignorance. "Homer's Enemy" explores the comic possibilities of a realistic character with a strong work ethic placed alongside Homer in a work environment. In the episode, Homer is portrayed as an everyman and the embodiment of the American spirit; however, in some scenes his negative characteristics and silliness are prominently highlighted. By the close of the episode, Grimes, a hard working and persevering "real American hero," is relegated to the role of antagonist; the viewer is intended to be pleased that Homer has emerged victorious. Oakley says the episode was "hyper-meta" and focused on "parodying to some degree the Homer we don't like. That's one of the things that episode is supposed to illustrate — "Homer gone wrong". Although, I would argue that in "Homer's Enemy" he's not even really even all that excessively stupid or immature, actually." Weinstein said: "We wanted to do an episode where the thinking was "What if a real life, normal person had to enter Homer's universe and deal with him?" I know this episode is controversial and divisive, but I just love it. It really feels like what would happen if a real, somewhat humorless human had to deal with Homer. There was some talk [on NoHomers.net] about the ending—we just did that because (a) it's really funny and shocking, (2) we like the lesson of "sometimes, you just can't win"—the whole Frank Grimes episode is a study in frustration and hence Homer has the last laugh and (3) we wanted to show that in real life, being Homer Simpson could be really dangerous and life-threatening, as Frank Grimes sadly learned." When the episode was first broadcast, many fans felt it was too dark, unfunny and that Homer was portrayed as overly bad-mannered. On the DVD commentary, Weinstein considers this episode one of the most controversial of the seasons he ran, as it involves sharp observational humor which many fans "didn't get". Weinstein also talks about a "generation gap"—the episode was originally panned by viewers, but has since become a favorite among fans who grew up with the show.

Other episodes included "Two Bad Neighbors", which sees Homer meet former President George H. W. Bush, a reference to the show's feud with the Bushes in the early 1990s. Weinstein said that the episode is often misunderstood. Many audiences expected a political satire, while the writers made special effort to keep the parody apolitical. Oakley stresses that "it's not a political attack, it's a personal attack!", and instead of criticizing Bush for his policies, the episode instead pokes fun at his "crotchetiness". Oakley described the episode as a companion piece to "Homer's Enemy", in that a character is juxtaposed alongside Homer and does not get along with him.

They considered working on the show to be similar to working in a bubble due to the lack of interference from the Fox network's executives, as is commonplace on other shows. This allowed them to produce any episodes they wanted, as Weinstein commented: "The great thing about The Simpsons is that we pretty much were able to get away with everything, so there weren't any episodes we really wanted to do that we couldn't do. Even the crazy high-concept ones like "Two Bad Neighbors" and "Homer's Enemy" we managed to put on the air because honestly there were no network execs there to stop us." Such was the network's limited input, when an executive suggested the staff introduce a new character to live with the Simpsons so as to "liven up the show", the staff rejected the idea and instead created the episode "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show", inserting the one-time character Roy, with no explanation as to who he was, or why he was living with the family, as a reference to the executive's proposal. The episode, which marked the point at which The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones for the number of episodes produced for an animated series, was named by the BBC as one of the ten most memorable episodes of the show. They noted "the writers used the opportunity to pay tribute to the art of animation and rail against network interference in their show." The intrusion of the network censors was limited: the normal procedure is for an episode's script to be sent to the censor and then faxed back with a list of lines and words that should be substituted, causing limited problems as often the offending lines are removed or changed for comedic purposes after animation. The episode "Homer's Phobia" drew the censor's objections. Its script came back with two pages of notes about almost every single line. The censors stated that they did not like the use of the word "gay", or the discussion of homosexuality at all, and closed with a paragraph which stated that "the topic and substance of this episode are unacceptable for broadcast". The censor problems ultimately came to nothing when the episode came back from animation in South Korea, the then-Fox president had just been fired and replaced, with the censors being replaced as well. The new censors sent back merely one line: "acceptable for broadcast".

Leaving the show
Oakley and Weinstein stood down as showrunners after season eight because they "didn't want to break [the show]". Oakley said: "We always said we'd never do a joke that we'd done before." They felt the showrunner should not stay for more than two seasons. Due to the pressures of having to work on two seasons at once (writing season eight, whilst doing post-production of season seven), Oakley said that at least two episodes from season eight would ideally have been rewritten, had there been sufficient time, and that towards the end, they were "treading water". As they were working on post-production of season eight, they were credited as consulting producers for season nine, which was in its initial writing stages. Oakley stated that they contributed "somewhere between 0 and .0001%" of the season, only attending the table readings of the scripts. They produced three episodes held over from season eight, which aired as part of season nine: "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", "The Principal and the Pauper" and "Lisa the Simpson". "The Principal and the Pauper" was negatively received due to the sudden revelation that long-time character Seymour Skinner was actually an imposter. For example, in his book Planet Simpson, Chris Turner describes "The Principal and the Pauper" as the "broadcast that marked [the] abrupt plunge" from The Simpsons' "Golden Age", which he says began in the middle of the show's third season. He calls the episode "[one of] the weakest episodes in Simpsons history". As such, they consider it the most controversial episode from their tenure as executive producers. He and Oakley advise viewers to treat "The Principal and the Pauper" as an "experiment". They surmise that the negative reception was partly due to the fact that it was not immediately apparent to viewers that this was such an episode (as opposed to, for example, "The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase"). They describe the ending of the episode as an attempt to reset the continuity and allow fans to consider the episode on its own. "Lisa the Simpson" was their final involvement with the show. The duo wanted to end on a good note—Weinstein stated that the episode "was meant to embody the humor, depth, and emotions of The Simpsons,"—and they were pleased with the result.

Awards and critical reaction
Weinstein won three Emmys for his work on The Simpsons, and shared them with the other producers. When Weinstein was the showrunner and executive producer, "Homer's Phobia" won the Emmy for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or Less) in 1997. The previous year, "Treehouse of Horror VI" was submitted for the award. The staff felt the 3D animation sequence "Homer³" would have given it the edge. The episode eventually lost to Pinky and the Brain. Oakley later expressed regret about not submitting an episode with a more emotionally driven plot, such as "Mother Simpson". In 1996, during season seven, the show received a Peabody Award. Weinstein shared the awards for "Lisa's Wedding" and "Trash of the Titans" in 1995 and 1998 respectively. Oakley and Weinstein themselves were nominated, along with the show's composer Alf Clausen, for the Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics for writing "Señor Burns" from "Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two)".

Many of the episodes by Oakley and Weinstein are considered amongst the show's best. For example, in 2003, Entertainment Weekly included six episodes they produced ("Homer's Phobia", "A Fish Called Selma", "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", "22 Short Films About Springfield", "The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase" and "The Itchy and Scratchy and Poochie Show") and one episode they wrote ("Who Shot Mr. Burns?") as part of their list of the show's 25 best episodes. Robert Canning of IGN said the episode "You Only Move Twice" from season eight "may well be the greatest Simpsons episode of all time. In my book, it's at least tied," with "Marge vs. the Monorail". A. O. Scott described their era as "reach[ing] a pinnacle of zany self-reference with "22 Short Films About Springfield" and "Simpsons Spin-off Showcase"." Weinstein considers the line "Too crazy for Boy's Town, too much of a boy for Crazy Town", from the episode "Treehouse of Horror VII" to be his favorite joke contribution to the show. The two are popular amongst the show's fans, and in the early days of the Internet, Oakley read and participated in fan discussion of the show on newsgroups such as alt.tv.simpsons. In 2005 and 2006, they participated in two question-and-answer sessions on the fan message board NoHomers.net.

Mission Hill and other work
After Oakley and Weinstein left The Simpsons, they created Mission Hill in 1997, a show about a hip, lazy, 24-year-old cartoonist named Andy French, and sold it to The WB for a fall 1999 debut. They pitched the show in 1998 "as an animated series for young adults with a sophisticated, 'Simpsons'-style sensibility." They aimed to make the show about realistic issues affecting young adults, which were too mature for The Simpsons. The network was impressed and initially ordered 13 episodes; they ordered five more once the first was completed. Oakley explained: "The audience we're going for is one that's sophisticated, that likes high and low humor, that's very savvy in animation. [But] this show is definitely a case where a lot of people don't get it. It's not setup, setup, setup, punch line. It's observational humor. It's jokes told in a weird way, in the background or with a bizarre sound effect." The show was plagued by "public relations" difficulties, which meant it was "tarnished" from the start. A badly edited two-minute promotional video for the show, sent to advertisers in April 1999 for the annual upfronts, was poorly received. Oakley and Weinstein had been informed that the upfronts did not matter. Similarly, because no episodes were finished in time, journalists were not able to see anything of the show at the network's schedule presentation in July. Subsequently, as Weinstein commented to the Washington Post, "for seven months, the only impression people had of the show was based on a two-minute tape that looked terrible. Six major publications panned it before they even saw it." The pilot garnered largely negative reviews from publications such as The Deseret News; and earned a positive write-up in Variety. Furthermore, the show was forced to change from its originally planned title of The Downtowners due to its closeness to an MTV show. All of these factors combined to ensure the show received little attention, and the WB ran only a few commercials for it. Weinstein stated: "I don't know exactly why America doesn't know about this show. It's like Teen People came out with its fall preview, and we're not even in it." Mission Hill came at a time when the TV schedules were already saturated with animated shows; some of the response could be chalked up to its genre.

The show was put out on a Friday, a night on which the WB had never broadcast before, at 8:00 pm, a time Oakley felt was inappropriate, and aired in front of The Wayans Bros., The Jamie Foxx Show and The Steve Harvey Show, all shows with which Oakley felt it was "incompatible". The show's poor reviews and ratings of an average of 1.8 million led to its swift cancellation. Oakley concluded that the pair had been "very naive" with regard to producing the show, and that it "would've been better on cable anyway because it would never have appealed to a broad enough audience due to the subject matter". The 13 completed episodes were later aired on Cartoon Network's adult swim block and the show garnered a worldwide cult following. After lobbying from Oakley and Weinstein, the WB eventually released the series on DVD.

From 2001 to 2002, the two served as consulting producers on Futurama. They worked for two-and-a-half days a week, contributing jokes and helping with stories. They worked most substantially on the episodes "That's Lobstertainment!" and "Roswell That Ends Well". They produced The Mullets for UPN in 2003. Oakley and Weinstein have written and produced several television pilots. These include a CBS dramedy entitled 22 Birthdays, Business Class, a comedy for NBC about two traveling salesmen, The Funkhousers, an off-the-wall comedy for ABC about a close-knit family which was directed by Frank Oz and The Ruling Class for Fox, about a high school class who all got along, regardless of their social group. They have written two feature film screenplays: The Optimist for New Line Cinema, in which Seann William Scott was slated to star as a man born with no unhappiness gene, and Ruprecht, a Santa Claus-related comedy for Disney.

Weinstein was due to serve with Oakley as an executive producer on the Fox animated television series Sit Down, Shut Up in 2009, which was created by Mitchell Hurwitz. The show, which was based on an Australian program, featured cartoon characters on live-action backgrounds. However, Oakley ended his involvement with the show due to a contract dispute between the staff and Sony Pictures. Sony refused to offer a contract which operated under the complete terms of the Writers Guild of America. Weinstein continued working on the show, before it was canceled after 13 episodes. Weinstein returned to Futurama, following its revival on Comedy Central in 2010, and served as a writer and co-executive producer on its sixth and seventh seasons. He wrote the episodes "That Darn Katz!", "Law and Oracle", "All the Presidents' Heads", "A Farewell to Arms", "Viva Mars Vegas" and T.: The Terrestrial. Weinstein shared another Emmy for Outstanding Animated Program for the Futurama episode "The Late Philip J. Fry" in 2011, being nominated again the following year for "The Tip of the Zoidberg". Individually, he received an Annie Award nomination for Writing in a Television Production for the episode "All the Presidents' Heads" in 2011, and a Writers Guild of America Award nomination for Outstanding Animation for writing "A Farewell to Arms" in 2013.

In 2013, Weinstein co-created, produced and wrote the animated comedy-mystery series Strange Hill High for British children's channel CBBC. For the series, Weinstein imported the role of the showrunner and the writer's room, used routinely on American television shows like The Simpsons, but uncommon on British television. The show uses the animation technique hypervynorama, a mix of puppetry and CGI. Weinstein will also team up with Oakley again to co-write and co-executive produce 22 Birthdays, the failed pilot they originally produced for CBS, as a pilot for Bravo. Doug Liman and Dave Bartis will also be co-executive producers.

In August 2022, Weinstein appeared in an episode of Rate My Takeaway where he enjoyed a burger and fries over a chat with the host Danny Malin. Weinstein was a long time fan of the Youtube channel and when Malin was on a tour of the US they arranged the meet up.

Personal life
Weinstein married Lisa Simmons, a West Coast editor of Cosmopolitan, in a Jewish ceremony in 1995. They have two children, twins Molly and Simon, born in 1999.

Credits
Sunday Best (1991) – writer
The Simpsons (1992–1998) – writer, producer, story editor, supervising producer, consulting producer, executive producer, showrunner (all episodes with Bill Oakley)
"Marge Gets a Job"
"Marge in Chains"
"Treehouse of Horror IV" ("Terror at 5½ Feet" segment)
"$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)"
"Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy"
"Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song"
"Lady Bouvier's Lover"
"Sideshow Bob Roberts"
"Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy"
"Bart vs. Australia"
"Who Shot Mr. Burns?" (parts 1 & 2)
"22 Short Films About Springfield" (Milhouse and Comic Book Guy scenes)
Mission Hill (1999–2002) – creator, writer, executive producer, voice of Toby Mundorf
"Pilot" (with Oakley)
Futurama (2001–2002, 2010–2013) – consulting producer, executive producer, writer
"That Darn Katz!"
"Law and Oracle"
"All the Presidents' Heads"
"A Farewell to Arms"
"Viva Mars Vegas"
"T.: The Terrestrial"
The Funkhousers (2001) – writer
Ruling Class (2002) – writer
The Mullets (2003) – creator, executive producer
22 Birthdays (2005) – writer
Business Class (2007) – creator, writer
Sit Down, Shut Up (2009) – executive producer, writer
"High School Musical Musical"
Strange Hill High (2013–14) – creator, showrunner, writer
The Awesomes (2013) – writer
Gravity Falls (2014–2016) – writer
"The Love God"
"Not What He Seems"
"A Tale of Two Stans"
"Dungeons, Dungeons & More Dungeons"
"The Stanchurian Candidate"
"Roadside Attraction"
"Dipper and Mabel vs. the Future"
"Weirdmageddon Part 1"
"Weirdmageddon 3: Take Back The Falls"
Danger Mouse (2016) – writer
Disenchantment (2018–2023) – writer, showrunner, executive producer
"A Princess, an Elf and a Demon Walk into a Bar"
"Tiabeanie Falls"
"Freak Out!"
"The Pitter-Patter of Little Feet"
"Bean Falls Apart"

References

Bibliography

External links

1966 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American comedy writers
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American television producers
American television writers
Animation screenwriters
Jewish American comedy writers
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Peabody Award winners
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from Washington, D.C.
Stanford University alumni
St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni

Josh Weinstein


Wayne "Juggler" Elise, (nacido el 1 de octubre de 1969), es un instructor de seducción, escritor, intérprete y ha sido llamado un gurú de la seducción, aunque él rechaza el título de artista del ligue. Él ha dicho que simplemente disfruta de la conversación y el proceso de conocer gente.

Es un personaje notable y autor de un capítulo del libro best-seller The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pick-up Artists. Su empresa se llama "Charisma Arts" (antes Charisma Sciences). Elise se enfoca en conectar con la gente, y no usar material enlatado o rutinas en su mayor parte. Elise ha escrito para las revistas Esquire y Blender, y ha sido un escritor del blog de Psychology Today.

Biografía
Juggler (Wayne Elise) fue uno de los primeros instructores de seducción que abogaban por un estilo más natural para seducir con las mujeres, principalmente basándose en crear rapport.
Antes de que Juggler se involucrara en la mundo de las comunidades de seducción, trabajó como comediante y artista de la calle como un malabarista y artista del escape, de ahí su seudónimo (juggler, malabarista en inglés). Se involucró en la comunidad de seducción en la década de 2000 y desde el principio, ofreció una perspectiva bastante diferente a la era frecuente en aquella época.

A finales de los años 2000 comenzó a centrar su empresa Charisma Arts (antes Charisma Sciences) en una amplia gama de habilidades de conversación y habilidades sociales de hombres y mujeres. Se casó en 2007 pero se divorció en marzo de 2009.
Wayne Elise vive en San Francisco.

Carrera como MDLS
Jugler fue uno de los primeros PUAs en abogar por un enfoque más natural para seducir mujeres, centrándose en algunas técnicas generales, como crear un ambiente genuino e interesado, lograr el cumplimiento, creación de "rapport" y hacer afirmaciones de intenciones en lugar de centrarse en lo que decir en realidad.

Ya que el método Juggler es muy natural y se basa principalmente en torno a lograr la complicidad, también es aplicable en situaciones que no son de seducción. A finales de la década de 2000 Juggler amplió sus talleres y seminarios para enseñar hombres y mujeres las habilidades de conversación que son aplicables en todos los ámbitos de la vida.

Obras

Libros electrónicos
 How To Be A Pickup Artist (2005) (Cómo ser un artista del Pick Up en castellano)
 How to Meet and Connect with Women(Como conocer y conectar con mujeres, es el libro anterior actualizado) (1 de enero de 2008)
 The Juggler Method: Conversational Jujitsu (20 de abril de 2008) (El método Juggler en castellano)

DVD
 The Collection (1 de enero de 2000)

Televisión
En 2006 su trabajo aparece en un programa de realidad el Channel 4 de televisión británica Seduction School:Size Doesn't Matter. Elise también aparece como productor en el programa.
Él, junto con su asistente Johnny Savior fueron invitados al programa de televisión británico Ready Steady Cook, en diciembre de 2006.
Wayne y Johnny apareció en el programa de EE. UU. Bravo Channel Welcome to the Parker Welcome to the Parker.
Él aparece en un episodio de SexTV : Charmed and Dangerous: Training the Modern Casanova/A Moment with... Ian Kerner.

Referencias

Véase también
 Artista del ligue
 Comunidad de seducción

Bibliografía
 www.datingskillsreview.com/juggler-wayne-elise

Enlaces externos
 Wayne Elise on Facebook
 Meet Wayne Elise includes photo
 Wayne Elise at IMDb
 Wayne Elise's Twitter feed

Instructores de seducción

Wayne Elise


Noah Alef (Jequié) é um modelo internacional brasileiro, de etnia pataxó, sendo um dos primeiros modelos indígenas do país. A par da carreira como modelo, Alef tem vindo a desenvolver um trabalho de sensibilização e ativismo em prol dos povos indígenas do Brasil.

Noah Alef nasceu na periferia Jequié, no interior da Bahia, filho de mãe costureira, no seio de uma família humilde de etnia pataxó. O avô é índio, e a avó igualmente costureira. Segundo Alef a avó é a sua fã número um, inclusive fazendo as roupas que usa.

No começo da adolescência foi vítima de bullying, em consequência da altura e das suas longas pernas, que lhe renderam apelidos como "canela de sabiá", por vezes acompanhado de uma imitação barata do canto do pássaro, com alguém batendo a mão na boca e emitindo "uh uh uh", fazendo com que na época tivesse uma baixa autoestima. A baixa autoestima e o medo do preconceito fizeram com que chegasse a querer renegar a origem indígena, problemas hoje superados através da valorização dos traços e raízes indígenas obtida enquanto modelo profissional. Não obstante, Alef declara enfrentar diariamente o preconceito, sobretudo sob a forma dos estereótipos formados sobre indígenas, como a surpresa por saber usar um celular, ou ter nascido numa cidade e não numa aldeia indígena, por usar roupas e usar tecnologia, ou falar português em vez de uma língua nativa.

Trabalhou inicialmente como empacotador  na mesma empresa em que a mãe trabalhava costurando, fazendo trabalhos ocasionais como ajudante de pintor, distribuindo panfletos e como ajudante de barman.

Alef mora em Jequié com a mãe e familiares. Ali se encontrava quando ocorreu a calamidade provocada pelas grandes chuvas no interior da Bahia, tendo sido voluntário no apoio à população da cidade quando esta foi atingida pelas enchentes.

É adepto do São Paulo, declarando-se fã dos Racionais e de Brô MC's, primeiro grupo de rap indígena do Brasil. Alef afirmou pretender cursar Odontologia, quando tivesse disponibilidade financeira para o fazer.

Carreira
Alef afirma ter tido interesse pela moda desde cedo, em virtude do meio de costureiras em que vivia, profissão exercida pela sua mãe. Foi descoberto durante a pandemia de Covid-19 pelo scouter baiano Vivaldo Marques, a partir de uma das redes sociais em que participava, o Instagram. Vivaldo Marques apresentou -o à Way Model, de Anderson Baumgartner, empresa que o agencia no Brasil. A altura de 1.85 metros, que no passado motivara o bullying e a baixa autoestima, acabou sendo decisiva na seleção para a Way Model. O avô de Alef, índio, usou a aposentadoria para pagar a viagem do rapaz para São Paulo, onde pôde fazer as provas de modelagem para a Way Model.

A estreia ocorreu na São Paulo Fashion Week (SPFW) de 2020. Alef estrelou campanhas para a Hering, Renner, Farm e À La Garçone, sendo fotografado para editoriais da Vogue e da GQ Portugal. O editorial inicial da Vogue foi assinado pelo estilista Henrique Sca , ele próprio de origem pataxó.

Em junho de 2021, participou da SPFW N51, juntamente com Sam Porto, primeiro homem trans a participar no evento, que decorreu sob o tema da Diversidade.

Em novembro do mesmo ano, desfilou na SPFW N52 para as marcas João Pimenta, Misci, Isaac Silva, Ponto Firme e Handred Studio.

Em janeiro de 2022, com 22 anos, assinou contrato com a Next Model de Londres e Milão, com a Uno, em Barcelona e Madri, e com a Model Werk, na Alemanha, para onde partiu a 6 de fevereiro desse ano.

Em abril de 2022 foi destaque no GShow, por ocasião do Dia do Índio, comemorado em 19 desse mês.

Em junho de 2022, Alef modelou para as grifes italianas DSQuared2 e Giorgio Armani, durante a Semana de Moda de Milão.

Participou num dos desfiles de moda da novela Verdades Secretas II.

Ativismo
Com o início da carreira como modelo, Alef afirma ter começado utambém m trabalho de valorização de pessoas negras e indígenas ao mesmo tempo que iniciou a sua carreira no mundo da moda, visando a valorização dos traços e das raízes das pessoas, contribuindo para uma maior autoestima, problema que o havia afetado no passado.Nesse sentido, declara ter como foco e missão pessoal na modelagem a valorização da beleza indígena, e o aumento da visibilidade do povo pataxó, assim como dos problemas que a nação pataxó atualmente enfrenta, em questões como o território, saúde, e a educação. Alef tem destacado, em particular, a questão da invasão das terras, sobretudo por garimpeiros de atuação ilegal, "que expulsam e ameaçam nosso povo".

No final de agosto de 2021, participou junto com mais de 6 mil indígenas na ocupação da Esplanada dos Ministérios em Brasília, lutando contra o Marco temporal.

!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Povos originários)
Modelos da Bahia
Indígenas do Brasil
Naturais de Jequié
Pessoas de ascendência pataxó
Modelos masculinos do Brasil

Noah Alef


Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo (Quibala, 6 de fevereiro de 1945) é o bispo-emérito de Mabanza Congo.

Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo ingressou na Ordem dos Capuchinhos (OFMCap) e foi ordenado sacerdote em 1º de agosto de 1971.

Em 26 de março de 1990, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou bispo auxiliar de Luanda e bispo titular de Aquae na Dácia. O Arcebispo de Luanda, Alexandre do Nascimento, o consagrou em 24 de junho do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram Fortunato Baldelli, Delegado Apostólico em Angola, e Zacarias Kamwenho, Bispo de Sumbe.

Em 29 de maio de 1992 foi nomeado Bispo de Mabanza Congo. Ele renunciou ao cargo em 17 de julho de 2008.

Ver também

Bispos católicos de Angola
Naturais de Cuanza Sul

Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo


Frankie Andreu (* 26. September 1966 in Dearborn, Michigan) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Radrennfahrer, späterer Radsportkommentator und Sportdirektor von Radsportteams.

Karriere als Radrennfahrer

Frankie Andreu begann seine Radsportkarriere als Bahnradsportler. Er gewann die Einerverfolgung bei den US-Meisterschaften der Junioren 1984. Im Jahr 1985 siegte er bei den Amateuren im Madison und belegte jeweils Rang zwei im Punktefahren und in der Mannschaftsverfolgung. Im Jahr darauf wurde er mit Steve Hegg, Dave Lettieri und Leonard Nitz US-Meister in der Mannschaftsverfolgung. Andreu qualifizierte sich für die Olympischen Spiele 1988 in Seoul und belegte dort Rang acht im Punktefahren.

Andreu konzentrierte sich danach auf den Straßenradsport und unterzeichnete 1989 einen Vertrag beim Profiradsportteam 7-Eleven, für welches er im Jahr 1990 mit dem Giro d'Italia seine erste große Landesrundfahrt bestritt und auf Platz 136 beendete. Er nahm von 1992 bis 2000 an jeder Ausgabe der Tour de France teil und beendete das Rennen bei jeder seiner neun Teilnahmen. Sein bestes Ergebnis bei der Tour de France war ein zweiter Platz auf dem Massensprint der 18. Etappe der Tour de France 1993 hinter Dschamolidin Abduschaparov, an der er als Mitglied des Motorola-Teams zusammen mit dem jungen Lance Armstrong teilnahm. Andreu fuhr vor allem als Helfer, der insbesondere Armstrong bei seinen ersten beiden Tour-de-France-Siegen 1999 und 2000 unterstützte.

Seinen bedeutendsten individuellen Erfolg erzielte Andreu als Vierter des Olympischen Straßenrennens 1996 in Atlanta.

Armstrong-Affäre und Dopinggeständnis

Andreu und seine Frau Betsy bezeugten in einem Anfang 2006 abgeschlossenen Rechtsstreit zwischen Armstrong und dem texanischen Unternehmen SCA Promotions über einen 5-Millionen-Dollar-Bonus, dass Lance Armstrong im Jahr 1996 im Rahmen seiner Krebsbehandlung seinen Ärzten in ihrer Anwesenheit Doping mit EPO, Wachstumshormonen und Steroiden eingeräumt habe. Armstrong bestritt die Bekundung unter Eid. Die Andreus traten mit ihrer Behauptung erst an die Medien, nachdem die Gerichtsunterlagen bereits veröffentlicht waren, bestätigten dann aber den Inhalt. Noch vor der Urteilsverkündung des Gerichts einigten sich die Parteien: SCA Promotions zahlte an Armstrong und dem Teambetreiber Tailwind Sports 7,5 Millionen US-Dollar für den Bonus, Zinsen und Prozesskosten. Die weitere Prozessführung sei aussichtslos gewesen, so SCA-Chef Robert Hamman, weil der Weltradsportverband UCI Armstrong weiter als Tour-Sieger führe.

Im September 2006 gestand Andreu in einem Interview mit der New York Times, dass er in der Vorbereitung zur Tour de France 1999, die er als Helfer für den späteren Sieger Lance Armstrong bestritt, EPO einnahm. Andreu sagte, dass er 1995 in den Dopinggebrauch eingewiesen wurde, als er für das Motorola-Team fuhr.

Nach der Rennfahrer-Karriere
Nach seiner aktiven Radsportkarriere war Andreu zunächst als Radsportkommentator im Fernsehen  tätig.

Im Jahr 2006 wurde Andreu als Sportdirektor beim Toyota-United Pro Cycling Team, wurde jedoch am 25. Juli 2006 ohne Angaben von Gründen gekündigt. Es wird angenommen, dass diese Kündigung im Hinblick auf die zu dieser Zeit laufende Dopingkontroverse um Andreu erfolgte.

Im Folgejahr wurde Andreu Sportdirektor des Rock-Racing-Teams, verließ das Team jedoch im Januar 2008 aufgrund Differenzen mit Teameigner Michael Ball. Insbesondere war er unzufrieden damit, dass Fahrerverpflichtungen ohne seine Konsultation erfolgten. Mehrere dieser Fahrer waren wie Tyler Hamilton, Santiago Botero, Oscar Sevilla und Mario Cipollini, in Dopinguntersuchungen  involviert. Andreu erklärte auch, dass er die "win or you're fired"-Mentalität ("gewinne oder du bist gefeuert") des Teameigners ablehne.

2008 arbeitete Andreu mit dem Frauenradsportteam Proman. Im Jahr 2009 wurde er Sportlicher Leiter von Kenda-5-Hour Energy Cycling Team, einem US-amerikanischen Continental Team und blieb dort bis zum Ablauf der Saison 2014. Er beendete diese Tätigkeit, um wieder im Medienbereich zu arbeiten.

Erfolge
1985
  US-Meister Madison
1986
  US-Meister Mannschaftsverfolgung
1990
 zwei Etappen International Cycling Classic
1994
 eine Etappe Polen-Rundfahrt
 Gesamtwertung und zwei Etappen West Virginia Classic
1995
 eine Etappe West Virginia Classic
1997
 eine Etappe Mi-Août Bretonne ("Prix de la Mi-août")
1998
 Lancaster Classic
 eine Etappe Tour du Luxembourg

Grand-Tour-Platzierungen

Teams
Radrennfahrer
 1989–1990 7 Eleven
 1991–1996 Motorola
 1997 Cofidis
 1998–2000 US Postal Service

Sportlicher Leiter
 2006 Toyota-United Pro Cycling Team
 2007 Rock Racing
 2008 Proman
 2009–2014 Kenda-5-Hour Energy Cycling Team

Siehe auch
 Doping im Radsport

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

 Frankie Andreu auf cyclingbase.com

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1988
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1996
Radsportler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Sportlicher Leiter
Dopingfall im Radsport
Doping in den Vereinigten Staaten
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1966
Mann

Frankie Andreu


8994 Kashkashian este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8994 Kashkashian este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Brian A. Skiff. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,78 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 8,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1980
Centura de asteroizi

8994 Kashkashian


Kulturno-povijesna cjelina Trogira, kulturno-povijesna cjelina grada Trogira.

Opis dobra
Vrijeme nastanka je od 3. str. pr. Kr. do 20. stoljeća.
Povijest grada Trogira uvjetovana je zemljopisnim položajem u tjesnacu zapadnog dijela Kaštelanskog zaljeva. Urbana povijest grada započela je u 3.st.pr.Kr. kad su grčki doseljenici iz Isse utemeljili trgovačka naselja na kopnu. Krajem 3. stoljeća i početkom 2.st.pr.Kr. podignuto je naselje sa stambenim blokovima i pravilnim ortogonalnim uličnim rasterom. U rimsko se doba grade reprezentativne sakralne i javne zgrade. U srednjem vijeku grad se širi na zapadni dio otočića. U razdoblju razvijenog srednjeg vijeka niču kamene romaničke i gotičke kuće, popločavaju se glavni gradski trg i ulice, te se dovršava katedrala. Trogir zaokružuje i definira svoj urbani sklop u razdoblju od 13. do 16.st.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3249 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - kulturno-povijesna cjelina, pravna statusa zaštićenoga kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "kulturno-povijesna cjelina". Pod UNESCO-ovom zaštitom.

Izvori

Zaštićene urbane cjeline u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Trogir

Trogir (kulturno-povijesna cjelina)


Sans crier gare! () est un western américain réalisé par John G. Blystone et écrit par Lillie Hayward. Le film met en vedette Tom Mix, Buster Gardner, Cyril Chadwick, Clara Bow, Tom Kennedy et Frank Beal. Le film est sorti le 29 novembre 1925 par Fox Film Corporation.

Synopsis
Hugh Nichols est un homme riche mais fainéant qui n'a jamais pris la vie au sérieux jusqu'à ce qu'un occidental lui demande de terminer un barrage sur sa propriété qui a été promis par son père. et Cette construction est nécessaire pour une vingtaine de ranchs voisins. Comme Hugh a déjà envoyé de l'argent pour mener à bien ce projet, il décide d'enquêter par lui-même et se déguise en colporteur d'instruments de musique. Il découvre que son agent est un escroc, qui vole son propre argent et résiste à l'arrestation jusqu'à ce qu'il puisse être identifié. Entre-temps, il est tombé amoureux de Peggy, la chef des éleveurs. Plus tard, le méchant dynamite le barrage et Hugh sauve la jeune femme.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : John G. Blystone
 Scénario : Lillie Hayward d'après Senor Jingle Bells de Max Brand
 Production : Fox Film Corporation
 Distribution : Fox Film Corporation
 Durée : 50 minutes
 Date de sortie :

Distribution

 Tom Mix : Hugh Nichols
 Buster Gardner : Hank Smith
 Cyril Chadwick : Frank Dunlap
 Clara Bow : Peggy Swain
 Tom Kennedy : Dan Ellis
 Frank Beal : Mr. Swain
 Judy King :Molly Jones
 Tom Wilson : Sam
 Paul Panzer : Sheriff

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1925
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film muet américain
Western américain
Film réalisé par John G. Blystone
Adaptation d'un roman américain au cinéma

Sans crier gare!


Puntas de Valdéz, auch als Puntas de Valdés und Puntas de Valdez geführt, ist eine Ortschaft in Uruguay.

Geographie
Puntas de Valdéz befindet sich auf dem Gebiet des Departamento San José in dessen Sektor 6 in der Cuchilla Mangrullo. Der Ort liegt 30 km südlich der Regionalhauptstadt San José de Mayo. Ansiedlungen in der Nähe sind im Nordwesten Radial sowie im Südosten Barrio Cololó-Timosa und die Stadt Libertad. Südlich des Ortes entspringt der Arroyo Mauricio, der einige Kilometer weiter im Süden in den Río de la Plata mündet. Unmittelbar oberhalb der Quelle des Arroyo Mauricio liegt diejenige des Río-San-José-Nebenflusses Arroyo Valdéz, der anschließend den Ostrand von Puntas de Valdéz tangiert.

Geschichte
Puntas de Valdéz lag am Verlauf des historischen Camino Nacional – einem Truppenweg, der Montevideo mit dem Westen Uruguays verband. Mit dem Bau der Ruta 1 um 1930 begann die Entstehung der heutigen Ortschaft. Diese wichtige Landstraße wurde 1937 eingeweiht, im selben Jahr gründete sich der örtliche Sportverein Club Atlético Independiente, der bis heute existiert. Mittels der gesetzlichen Regelung des Ley 14.296 wurde Puntas de Valdéz am 14. November 1974 zum Pueblo (auf deutsch: ~Dorf) erklärt. Nachdem die Ortschaft bis in die 1990er Jahre rund 700 Einwohner zählte, wuchs die Bevölkerung seitdem insbesondere dank des öffentlichen Bauförderprogramms MEVIR deutlich an.

Infrastruktur
Die früher durch den Ort führende Ruta 1 umgeht ihn heute auf der Südseite. Puntas de Valdéz liegt in der Nähe des Kilometers 61, der im früheren Verlauf der Landstraße genau in der Ortsmitte lag und heute am Südrand des Ortes an der Abzweigung nach Süden in Richtung Kiyú liegt. Der Ort liegt in einer von der Milchwirtschaft geprägten Gegend. Den sozialen Mittelpunkt des Ortes bildet das Mehrzweckgebäude der Ortsverwaltung (Junta Local), das unter anderem eine Sporthalle umfasst. Seit 1987 verfügt Puntas de Valdéz über eine Poliklinik im selben Gebäude. Im November 2010 wurde von Bildungsminister Ricardo Ehrlich in einem weiteren Gebäudeteil ein von seinem Ministerium betriebenes Zentrum für Kultur und Erwachsenenbildung (Centro MEC) eröffnet. Mit der Escuela No. 26 verfügt Puntas de Valdéz auch über eine von der zweijährigen Vorschule bis zum 6. Schuljahr führende Ganztagsschule mit rund 230 Schülern.

Einwohner
Die Einwohnerzahl von Puntas de Valdéz beträgt 1.491 (Stand: 2011), davon 739 männliche und 752 weibliche.

Quelle: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Weblinks
 Edward Braida: Historias y realidades de Puntas de Valdez, Artikel über Geschichte und Gegenwart des Ortes, in: La Semana vom 15. Oktober 2012 (spanisch)
 Stadtplan von Puntas de Valdéz (PDF; 94 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Departamento San José

Puntas de Valdéz


Treja Kirke er en kirkebygning i landsbyen Treja beliggende halvvejs mellem Slesvig by og Husum i Arns Herred i Sydslesvig. Kirken blev bygget på et centralt sted ved krydsningen af den i middelalderen stærk benyttede sejlrute på Trenen og en øst-vest-gående handelsvej (Friser- og Angelbovej).

Den første kirke i Treja var en lille trækirke i romansk stil fra 1300, som omkring år 1400 blev afløst af en lidt større murstenskirke. Denne sengotiske stenkirke bestod af kor og skib (hovedrum), men blev 1757 udvidet mod vest. Samme år blev også murene forhøjet. Årstallet på muren over hoveddøren viser den dag i dagn dato for udvidelsen. Den nuværende tagrytter kom først til i 1912 og afløste den forhenværende klokkestabel.

Kirken er viet til eller tilegnet Sankt Nikolaus, der regnes som de søfarendes skytshelgen. Så det antages, at Treja-kirken også blev bygget på et tidspunkt, hvor Trenen stadig var sejlbar. Bådmændene ønskede at have et sted for tilbedelse for at bede om beskyttelsen af deres protektor eller for at takke ham for hans hjælp. Dette forklarer beliggenheden af kirken i umiddelbar nærhed af Trenen og stedet, hvor floden krydser vejen. Her var sandsynligvis et laste- og oplagringsområde, hvor bådmændene derfor gjorde ophold. Oprindeligt var det sandsynligvis kun et lille trækapel, bygget af overflod af træ i området. Ifølge professor Haupt, bygnings- og kunstmonumenter, stammer krucifikset i den nuværende kirke på sydvæggen ved prædikestolen fra omkring 1300, hvilket sandsynligvis er et levn fra den første kirke, som således er en ledetråd for kirken oprindelse. I øldre dokumenter nævnes imidlertid grundlæggelsesåret som 1400, hvilket henviser til opførelsen af stenkirken og ikke det originale trækapel. Kirken bærer i sin vestlige ende året 1757, tidspunktet for kirkens udvidelse. Kirken blev forsynet i 1912 med et klokketårn af træ.

Den senromanske døbefont er ligesom trækrucifikset fra omkring 1300. Prædikestolen fra 1603 er udført i renæssancestil med flere arkadefelter. Orglet er fra 1797 og bygget af orgelbygger J. H. Angel fra Flensborg.

Menigheden hører til Nordfrislands kirkekreds i den nordtyske evangelisk-lutherske landskirke. Sognet omfatter byerne Treja og Sølvested (dog uden Esperstoft).

Eksterne henvisninger

 Menighedens hjemmeside

Kirker i Slesvig-Holsten
Kirker i kirkekreds Slesvig-Flensborg
Sydslesvig

Treja Kirke


Montecalvo in Foglia (im lokalen Dialekt Muncalb) ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Pesaro und Urbino in den Marken. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 24,5 Kilometer westsüdwestlich von Pesaro und etwa 11,5 Kilometer ostnordöstlich von Urbino und ist Teil der Comunità montana Alto e Medio Metauro. Montecalvo in Foglia grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Rimini. Die südliche Gemeindegrenze bildet die Foglia.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in den Marken

Montecalvo in Foglia


غاي جينيت (14 أغسطس 1955 في ليون)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الوسط . اضطر للاعتزال نهائيا لعب كرة القدم عندما كان يبلغ من العمر 29 سنة بسبب تعرضه لإصابة تقطع أربطة الركبة عندما كان يلعب لصالح نادي ليون في مواجهة نادي نيم . منذ 1996 فإن جينيت يشغل منصب المنسق الرياضي في نادي ليون وأبرز ما يقوم به هو تهيئة لاعبي الفريق نفسيا قبل الدخول إلى أرضية الملعب مباشرة كما أنه يعتني بقمصان وسراويل اللاعبين كما ينسق رحلات الفريق عندما يلعب خارج ملعبه كما يقوم بالترحيب باللاعبين الجدد المنضمين للنادي وتوفير السكن الملائم لهم .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو ألي
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من ليون
لاعبو نيم
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مواليد 1955
مواليد في ليون
طاقم أولمبيك ليون غير اللاعبين

غاي جينيت


Henry Villy Moll Nielsen (født 22. november 1927 i Slagelse) er en dansk tidligere hockeyspiller, der deltog på det danske landshold ved OL 1960 i Rom. Villy Moll Nielsen spillede for Slagelse Hockeyklub og opnåede i alt 27 landskampe i perioden 1953-1964.

Ved OL i 1960 blev Danmark sidst blandt 16 hold. Villy Moll Nielsen spillede alle tre kampe i indledende runde, hvorpå Danmark trak sig inden placeringskampene.

Hans bror, Poul Moll Nielsen, var også med på OL-holdet i 1960 samt i 1948.

Villy Moll Nielsen er udlært murer og havde egen murermesterforretning. Han var formand for Slagelse Hockeyklub i perioden 1951-1992 og er udnævnt til æresmedlem af klubben.

Referencer

Hockeyspillere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1960

Villy Moll Nielsen


Buckeye Lake est un village américain situé dans les comtés de Fairfield et de Licking, dans l'Ohio. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Village dans l'Ohio
Comté de Fairfield (Ohio)
Comté de Licking

Buckeye Lake (Ohio)


මල්ල යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පුරාතන ඉන්දියාවේ  සොළොස් මහාජනපද අතුරින් එකක් ලෙස සැලකෙන පුරාතන ඉන්දීය සමූහාණ්ඩු (ගණ සංඝ) රාජ්‍යයකි. මෙම ස්ථානය වැදගත් වූයේ එය  මහාවීර සහ ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ පරිනිර්වාණය සිදුවූ ප්‍රදේශය නිසායි.

ඉතිහාසය

මල්ල රාජ්‍යය අංගුත්තර නිකායයෙහි සඳහන් පුරාතන ඉන්දියාවේ සොළොස් (16) මහාජනපද අතුරින් එකකි. මෙය නම්කොට ඇත්තේ එම නාමයම සහිත පාලන වංශයේ නාමයෙනි. මහාභාරතය (VI.9.34) තුළ මෙම දේශය මල්ලරාෂ්ට්‍ර (මල්ල රාෂ්ට්‍රය) ලෙස සඳහන් වේ. මල්ල මහාජනපදය පිහිටියේ මගධයට උතුරිනි. කක්කුට්ඨ නදිය (වර්තමාන කුකූ) මඟින් මෙම මහාජනපදය ප්‍රධාන කොටස් දෙකකට බෙදිණි. මෙම කොටස් දෙකෙහි අගනගරයන් වූයේ කුසාවතී (වර්තමාන ගෝරඛ්පූර් අසල කාශියා) සහ ඊට සැතපුම් 12ක් දුරින් වූ පාවාවයි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
පුරාතන ඉන්දියාවේ රාජධානි
 මල්ලභූම්
 ගණ සංඝ
 කෝලිය

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

 Gorakhpur Janpad aur Uski Kshatriya Jatiyon Ka Itihaas By Dr. Rajbali Pandey, pp. 291–292
 Kshatriya Rajvansh by Dr. Raghunath Chand Kaushik
 Bhagwan Buddh ke Samkalin Anuyayi tatha Buddha Kendra By Tripatkacharya, Mahopadhyaya Bikshu Buddhamitra, pp. 274–283.

මහාජනපද
රාෂ්ට්‍ර

මල්ල (පුරාතන ඉන්දියාව)