Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke ( – 23 June 1324) was an Anglo-French nobleman. Though primarily active in England, he also had strong connections with the French royal house. One of the wealthiest and most powerful men of his age, he was a central player in the conflicts between Edward II of England and his nobility, particularly Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster. Pembroke was one of the Lords Ordainers appointed to restrict the power of Edward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston. His position changed with the great insult he suffered when Gaveston, as a prisoner in his custody whom he had sworn to protect, was removed and beheaded at the instigation of Lancaster. This led Pembroke into close and lifelong cooperation with the king. Later in life, however, political circumstances combined with financial difficulties would cause him problems, driving him away from the centre of power.

Though earlier historians saw Pembroke as the head of a "middle party", between the extremes of Lancaster and the king, the modern consensus is that he remained essentially loyal to Edward throughout most of his career. Pembroke was married twice, and left no legitimate issue, though he did have a bastard son. He is today remembered primarily through his wife Marie de St Pol's foundation of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and for his splendid tomb that can still be seen in Westminster Abbey. He was also an important figure in the wars surrounding the attempted English occupation of Scotland.

Family and early years
Aymer was the son of William de Valence, son of Hugh X, Count of La Marche and Isabella of Angoulême. William was Henry III's half-brother through his mother's prior marriage to King John, and as such gained a central position in the Kingdom of England. He had come to the earldom of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi, granddaughter of William Marshal. Aymer was the third son of his family, so little is known of his birth and early years. He is believed to have been born some time between 1270 and 1275. As his father was on crusade with Lord Edward until January 1273, a date towards the end of this period is more likely. The later date is problematic, however because his mother by then was in her mid-forties. With the death in battle in Wales of his remaining brother William in 1282 (John, the elder brother, was dead in 1277), Aymer found himself heir to the Earldom of Pembroke. He married Béatrice, daughter of Raoul II of Clermont, sometime before October 1295.

William de Valence died in 1296, and Aymer inherited his father's French lands, but had to wait until his mother died in 1307 to succeed to the earldom. In 1320, his first wife Béatrice de Clermont died. In 1321, Aymer married his second wife Marie de St Pol. Through inheritance and marriages his lands consisted of—apart from the county palatine in Pembrokeshire—property spread out across England primarily in a strip from Gloucestershire to East Anglia, in south-east Ireland (Wexford), and French lands in the Poitou and Calais areas.

In 1297 he accompanied Edward I on a campaign to Flanders, and seems to have been knighted by this time. With his French connections he was in the following years a valuable diplomat in France for the English King.

He also served as a military commander in Scotland, fighting against Robert the Bruce. In 1306 at the Battle of Methven he won the day over Bruce in a sneak attack, only to be soundly defeated by Bruce at Loudoun Hill the next year.

Ordinances and Piers Gaveston
Edward I died in 1307 and was succeeded by his son Edward II. The new king at first enjoyed the goodwill of his nobility, Valence among them. Conflict soon ensued, however, connected especially with the enormous unpopularity of Edward's favourite Piers Gaveston. Gaveston's arrogance towards the peers, and his control over Edward, united the Baronage in opposition to the king. In 1311 the initiative known as the Ordinances was introduced, severely limiting Royal powers in financial matters and in the appointment of officers. Equally important, Gaveston was expelled from the realm, as Edward I had already done once before. Pembroke, who was not among the most radical of the Ordainers, and had earlier been sympathetic with the king, had now realised the necessity of exiling Gaveston.

When Gaveston without permission returned from exile later the same year, a Baronial council entrusted Pembroke and the Earl of Surrey, with the task of taking him into custody. This they did on 19 May 1312, but not long after Thomas of Lancaster, acting with the earls of Warwick, Hereford and Arundel, seized Gaveston and executed him on 19 June. This act had the effect of garnering support for the king and marginalising the rebellious earls. As far as Pembroke was concerned, the seizing and execution of a prisoner in his custody was a breach of the most fundamental chivalric codes, and a serious affront to his honour. The event must therefore be seen as pivotal in turning his sympathies away from the rebels and towards the king.

Later years

In the following years, Pembroke worked closely with the king. He was appointed the king's lieutenant in Scotland in 1314, and was present at the disastrous English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn, where he helped lead Edward away from the field of battle. In 1317, however, while returning from a papal embassy to Avignon, he was captured by a Jean de Lamouilly, and held for ransom in Germany. The ransom of £10,400 was to cause Pembroke significant financial difficulties for the remainder of his life.

Although ostracised because of the murder of Gaveston, Thomas of Lancaster had regained virtual control of royal government in the period after England's defeat at Bannockburn. Proving himself as incapable to rule as Edward, however, he soon grew unpopular. Pembroke was one of the magnates who in the years 1316–1318 tried to prevent civil war from breaking out between the supporters of Edward and those of Lancaster, and he helped negotiate the Treaty of Leake in Nottinghamshire in 1318, restoring Edward to power. Peace did not last long, however, as the king by now had taken on Hugh Despenser the Younger as another favourite, in much the same position as Gaveston. Pembroke's attempts at reconciliation eventually failed, and civil war broke out in 1321. In 1322 Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in what is now North Yorkshire, and executed. Pembroke was among the earls behind the conviction. Also in 1322, Pembroke founded a leper hospital in Gravesend.

After Boroughbridge Pembroke found himself in a difficult situation. The opponents of Hugh Despenser and his father had lost all faith in him, but at the same time, he found himself marginalised at court where the Despensers' power grew more and more complete. On top of this came his financial problems. On 23 June 1324, while on an embassy to France, he suddenly collapsed and died while lodging somewhere in Picardy.

Legacy

T. F. Tout in 1914, one of the first historians to make a thorough academic study of the period, considered Pembroke the one favourable exception in an age of small-minded and incompetent leaders. Tout wrote of a "middle party", led by Pembroke, representing a moderate position between the extremes of Edward and Lancaster. This "middle party" supposedly took control of the royal government through the Treaty of Leake in 1318. In his authoritative study of 1972, J. R. S. Phillips rejects this view. In spite of misgivings with the king's favourites, Pembroke was consistently loyal to Edward. What was accomplished in 1318 was not the takeover by a "middle party", but simply a restoration of royal power.

Aymer and his sister Agnes rented one of the old manor houses of Dagenham in Essex, which has been called Valence House ever since; it is now a museum.

Aymer married twice; his first marriage, before 1295, was to Beatrice, daughter of Raoul de Clermont, Lord of Nesle in Picardy and Constable of France. Beatrice died in 1320, and in 1321 he married Marie de St Pol, daughter of Guy de Châtillon, Count of St Pol and Butler of France. He never had any legitimate children, but he had an illegitimate son, Henry de Valence, whose mother is unknown. Pembroke's most lasting legacy is probably through his second wife, who in 1347 founded Pembroke College, Cambridge. The family arms are still represented on the dexter side of the college arms. Aymer de Valence was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his tomb effigy can still be seen as a splendid example of late gothic architecture, elaborating on the design of the nearby tomb of Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster.

Media
Aymer was portrayed by Sam Spruell in the 2018 movie Outlaw King about Robert the Bruce.

Notes

Sources

Phillips, J. R. S. Valence, Aymer de, eleventh earl of Pembroke (d. 1324), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).

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1270s births
1324 deaths
Aymer
Aymer
English generals
English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
English people of French descent
13th-century English nobility
14th-century English nobility

Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke


Louville bezeichnet:

 Charles Auguste d'Allonville de Louville (1664–1731), französischer Offizier und Beamter
 Jacques d'Allonville de Louville (1671–1732), französischer Astronom und Mathematiker
 Louville (Mondkrater), benannt nach Jacques d'Allonville de Louville
 Louville-la-Chenard, französische Gemeinde bei Chartres im Departement Eure-et-Loir

Louville


قرية المدارية أو القحطانية، قرية سورية تقع في الجولان على تلة صغيرة بجوار قرية السلمنية أو الصرمان، وتتبع إداريًا لمحافظة القنيطرة وعلى مسافة 3 كم من مدينة القنيطرة المدمرة. تمتد أراضي القرية بين الجزء الخاضع للسيطرة السورية والجزء المحتل الخاضع للسيطرة الإسرائيلية من الهضبة. بيوت القرية تقع في الجزء المحتل وقد أزيلت تمامًا عن الوجود، لكن السلطات السورية أعادت بناء قرية جديدة بنفس الاسم على الجزء المحرر من أراضي القرية بمحاذات خط وقف إطلاق النار واتفاقية فض الاشتباك 1974.

بنيت القرية القديمة نحو عام 1878 م، وقد بناها المهاجرون الشراكسة، وتعتبر من القرى الصغيرة في المنطقة. وقعت القرية تحت الاحتلال الإسرائيلي عام 1967 م وهجر كل سكانها إلى العاصمة دمشق بعد حرب حزيران.

بعد حرب تشرين 1973 عاد جزء من أراضي القرية للسيطرة السورية، ومع بدء مشروع إعادة إعمار القرى المحررة، بنيت بيوت جديدة على الأراضي المسترجعة. تتألف القرية الجديدة من قرابة 60 منزلاً، وتتوفر فيها خدمات أساسية متواضعة، يقدر عدد سكانها حاليا بـ 150 - 200 نسمة، يعمل معظمهم في القطاع الحكومي في دمشق وخان أرنبة وآخرون في الزراعة وتربية الحيوانات وبعض الحرف. تشهد بعض النشاط والحركة بفضل قربها من مركز المحافظة الحالي مدينة خان أرنبة ووقوعها على الطريق نحو قرى رويحينة وبئر عجم وبريقة جنوبًا.

مصادر
http://www.jawlan.org/

قرى الجولان الباقية
قرى الجولان المحررة
قرى الجولان المدمرة
قرى سكانها شركس

المدارية (قرية)


Der Fundplatz Dull (auch "St Ninian's Chapel" genannt) im Kirchspiel Dull in Perth and Kinross, Schottland, ist ein multipler neolithischer Fundplatz, bestehend aus einer Einhegung, einem Schalenstein und einer Darre oder einem Steingrab.

Vor der Ausgrabung durch Margaret E. C. Stewart in den 1960er Jahren wurde der Platz als die Ruinen einer Klosterschule angesehen und auch im "New Statistical Account (NSA 1845)" so beschrieben und auf der 1. Auflage der 25-Zoll-Karte so markiert.

M. E. C. Stewart war überzeugt davon, dass sie die Reste einer neolithischen Kammer ausgegraben hatte. Allerdings wurde diese Auslegung von anderen Archäologen nicht akzeptiert. Eine weitere Interpretationsmöglichkeit ist, dass es sich um eine große komplexe Darre, umgeben von einem gepflasterten Bereich mit unsicherer Funktion und einem Trockenmauerwerk, handelt. Stimmt diese Deutung, handelt es sich um die älteste Getreidedarre der Britischen Inseln. Einige Strukturen, die ursprünglich als Darren angesehen wurden, hielten allerdings einer genaueren Untersuchung nicht stand.

Ein aufrechter Stein am Rande der zentralen Struktur ist mit Schälchen versehen.

Die Funde bestanden aus verkohltem Getreide und Holz, schwarzer Töpferware, einer zerbrochenen blattförmigen Pfeilspitze aus grauem und einem Mikrolith aus gelbem Feuerstein.

In der Nähe liegen die Steinkreise von Carse Farm.

Literatur
 NSA (1845): The new statistical account of Scotland by the ministers of the respective parishes under the superintendence of a committee of the society for the benefit of the sons and daughters of the clergy, Vol. 10, Perthshire, S. 766
 A. S. Henshall: The chambered tombs of Scotland, 1972, S. 479

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Beschreibung (engl.)

Archäologischer Fundplatz in Perth and Kinross
Agrargeschichte (Feldwirtschaft)
Darre

Fundplatz Dull


نيا إيونيا: (باليونانية: Νέα Ιωνία)، (بالإنجليزية:Nea Ionia)، مدينة يونانية ومركز لبلدية تقع في وسط البلاد ضمن مقاطعة ماغنيسيا التي تتبع إدارياً لإقليم ثيساليا الإداري.

الموقع والسكان
{{خريطة مواقع|اليونان|label='نيا إيونيا</small>|lat=39.36|long=22.93|caption=موقع نيا إيونيا}}
تقع المدينة إلى الشمال الغربي من فولوس، وتتصل معها بشكل مباشر ولا يفصل بين البلديتين سوى مجرى نهر كرافسيذوناس (Krafsidonas) الصغير.

بلغ عدد سكان المدينة حوالي (32) ألف نسمة (إحصاء 2001) وبالتالي تكون ثاني أكبر مدينة في ماغنيسيا.

 التسمية والتاريخ

يعني اسم المدينة في اللغة اليونانية إيونيا الجديدة نسبة إلى منطقة إيونيا (Ionia) التاريخية والتي تقع حالياً في غرب تركيا والتي هُجر سكانها عام 1922 م. بعد الحرب اليونانية-التركية (1919-1922)، وقدم جزء منهم كلاجئين إلى فولوس. هذه التسميات انتشرت في كل اليونان فأطلقت العديد من الأسماء على الأماكن الجديدة التي سكنها اللاجئون تيمناً بمدنهم ومقاطعاتهم الأصلية، ومنها أيضاً ضاحية نيا إيونيا الـأثينية.

قبل عام 1922 كانت المنطقة التي تقع عليها المدينة عبارة عن مزارع خارج حدود مدينة فولوس، وكانت تسمى وقتها كسيروكامبو (Xirokampo) ولكنه مع قدوم اللاجئين ظهرت مستوطنة نمت تدريجياً، حتى أخذت عام 1947 اسمها الحالي.

 متفرقات

 تعتبر المدينة أكبر ضاحية من ضواحي فولوس.
 إن المدينة هي مقر نادي نيكي فولو أحد أشهر أندية فولوس إذ يوجد بها ملعب بانثيساليكو''' (Panthessailko'') والذي يتسع لـ 25 ألف متفرج.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع المدينة الرسمي

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في ماغنيسيا

نيا إيونيا (ماغنيسيا)


No futebol, a camisa 10 é uma das mais emblemáticas, devido ao grande número de "lendas do futebol" que a utilizaram. O número representa o símbolo de craque da equipe, de liderança e talento. Pelé é considerado o jogador que deu peso ao número. Ele era considerado o craque do time, um dos mais bem pagos e aquele com o qual os marcadores deveriam se preocupar.

História

Em 1939, a numeração era baseada no seguinte sistema: 1 para o goleiro, 2 a 3 para os defensores, 4 a 6 com os meias e de 7 a 11 para os atacantes. Na década de 1950, foi implementado o sistema W-M, com a seguinte modificação: 8 e 10 para os pontas-de-lança, 7 e 11 para os pontas, 9 para o centroavante.

Pelé jogava na camisa 8 pelo Bauru Atlético Clube e, portanto, treinava com esta numeração no Santos Futebol Clube quando estreou pelo time em 1956, ainda como reserva. No entanto, Válter Vasconcelos, então camisa 10, fraturou a perna, e Pelé o substituiu a partir de 1957. No ano seguinte, Pelé foi convocado para a Copa do Mundo de 1958. Não se sabe ao certo qual foi o critério para que ele fosse escolhido como o camisa 10, já que Pelé fez declarações contraditórias em entrevistas:

"Na época, numeravam os jogadores acho que pelo registro da federação, devia ser assim";
"Na Copa do Mundo em 1958, na Suécia, fui o décimo atleta brasileiro a ser inscrito";
"E aí chegou lá, no sorteio da Fifa, caiu a camisa número 10".

Zagallo deu outra versão: "Não sei direito, mas acho que mandaram a numeração que puseram nas nossas malas, com as quais viajamos. Só pode ser essa a explicação, porque, me lembro muito bem, a minha mala tinha o número sete". Com este número, Pelé liderou o Brasil ao primeiro título mundial com seis gols na Copa de 1958, colocando-o "em um patamar até então nunca visto no futebol".

Um grande número de "lendas do futebol" já utilizaram a camisa 10. Internacionalmente, pode-se notar Maradona e Messi. Na Seleção Brasileira, até 2020, os dez jogadores que mais vestiram a camisa 10 eram:
Pelé (105 vezes)
Neymar (70)
Rivaldo (69)
Rivellino (65)
Zico (51)
Ronaldinho (50)
Kaká (33)
Raí (29)
Didi (27)
Leonardo (23)

Artigos acadêmicos

Terminologia do futebol

Camisa 10


السموم العصبية هي ذيفانات تخرب النسج العصبية (مسببةً سمية عصبية). السموم العصبية هي صنف واسع من الكيميائيات خارجية المنشأ التي تسبب أذية عصبية تؤثر بشكل سلبي على وظائف تطور ونضج النسيج العصبي. يستخدم المصطلح أيضًا في تصنيف المركبات داخلية المنشأ التي تسبب سمية عصبية في حال اتصالها بشكل غير طبيعي. تعتبر قدرة السموم العصبية على استهداف مكونات عصبية محددة هامة جدًا في دراسة الجهاز العصبي، على الرغم من كونها مخربة للأعصاب غالبًا. تشمل الأمثلة الشائعة للسموم العصبية كلًا من الرصاص، والإيثانول (شرب الكحول)، والغلوتامات، وأحادي أكسيد النتروجين، وذيفان السجقية (البوتوكس مثلًا)، والتتانوسبازمين، والتيترودوتوكسين. تعتبر بعض المواد مثل أحادي أكسيد النتروجين والغلوتامات مادتين أساسيتين في الواقع من أجل ضمان عمل وظائف الجسم بشكل ملائم وتظهر التأثيرات السمية العصبية فقط في حال الزيادة المفرطة في تراكيزها.

تثبط السموم العصبية تحكم العصبون بتراكيز الشوارد عبر غشاء الخلية، أو الاتصال ما بين العصبون والمشبك. يتضمن التشريح المرضي لتعرض العصبون للسموم العصبية عادةً إما تحفيز سمي زائد أو استماتة لكنه قد يتضمن أيضًا أذية للخلايا الدبقية العصبية. تتضمن التظاهرات العيانية للتعرض للسموم العصبية أذية شاملة للجهاز العصبي المركزي مثل التخلف العقلي، واختلال الذاكرة المستديم، والصرع، والخرف. بالإضافة لتواسط السموم العصبية أذيات الجهاز العصبي المحيطي مثل الاعتلال العصبي أو الاعتلال العضلي بشكل شائع. يظهر الدعم من خلال عدد من المعالجات التي تساعد على تخفيف الأذية المتواسطة بالسموم العصبية، مثل إعطاء الأدوية المضادة للأكسدة والأدوية المضادة للسموم.

الخلفية
التعرض للسموم العصبية في المجتمعات ليس جديدًا، إذ تعرضت الحضارات لمركبات مخربة عصبيًا لآلاف السنين. ومن أحد أبرز الأمثلة هو التعرض المحتمل الهام للرصاص خلال زمن الإمبراطورية الرومانية الناجم عن تطور في شبكات الأنابيب الواسعة وعادة غلي النبيذ المخلل في أحواض الرصاص من أجل تحليته، إذ تنتج تلك العملية أسيتات الرصاص، التي تعرف باسم (سكر الرصاص). باختصار، كانت السموم العصبية جزءًا من التاريخ البشري بسبب الطبيعة الهشة والحساسة للجهاز العصبي، التي تجعله أكثر عرضة للاضطراب.

يوجد النسيج العصبي في الدماغ، والنخاع الشوكي، والجهاز المحيطي إذ يشكل جهازًا بيولوجيًا استثنائيًا معقدًا ويحدد بشكل كبير العديد من السمات المميزة الخاصة بالأفراد. وكما في أي جهاز معقد إلى هذا الحد، تؤدي الاضطرابات حتى الصغيرة منها في بيئته لاضطرابات وظيفية هامة. تتضمن الخصائص التي تسبب حساسية النسيج العصبي؛ المساحة السطحية الكبيرة للعصبونات، والمحتويات الليبيدية العالية التي تثبت السموم محبة الليبيد، والجريان الدموي العالي للدماغ الذي يسبب زيادة تأثيرات التعرض للسموم، واستدامة العصبونات طيلة فترة حياة الفرد، ما يؤدي لمضاعفة الأذيات. نتيجةً لذلك، يمتلك الجهاز العصبي عددًا من الآليات المصممة لحمايته من الاعتداءات الداخلية والخارجية، بما فيها الحاجز الدموي الدماغي.

يعتبر الحاجز الدموي الدماغي (بي بي بي) أحد أهم أمثلة الحماية التي تمنع السموم والمكونات الأخرى المؤذية من الوصول إلى الدماغ. يروى الدماغ بجريان دموي كونه يحتاج لدخول المغذيات وخروج الفضلات. قد يحمل الدم عددًا من السموم المبتلعة التي تسبب موتًا عصبونيًا هامًا في حال استطاعت الوصول للنسيج العصبي. لذلك، تحيط الخلايا الواقية التي تدعى (الخلايا النجمية) بالشعيرات الدموية في الدماغ وتمتص المغذيات من الدم وتقوم بنقلها إلى العصبونات، إذ تعزل الدماغ بشكل فعال من عدد من الأذيات الكيميائية المحتملة.

يصنع هذا الحاجز طبقة كارهة للماء محكمة الإغلاق حول الشعيرات الدموية في الدماغ، ما يمنع انتقال المكونات الكبيرة أو المحبة للماء. تؤمن الضفيرة المشيموية طبقة واقية مضادة لامتصاص السموم في الدماغ، بالإضافة للحاجز الدموي الدماغي. الضفائر المشيموية هي طبقات موعاة من النسج توجد في البطين الثالث، والرابع، والبطينات الجانبية في الدماغ، مسؤولة عن إنتاج السائل الدماغي الشوكي (سي إس إف) من خلال وظيفة خلايا البطانة العصبية الخاصة بها. والأهم من ذلك، تحافظ الضفائر المشيموية على بيئة منتظمة بدقة من خلال العبور الانتقائي للشوارد والمغذيات وحصار المعادن الثقيلة كالرصاص، وتحوي تلك البيئة كلًا من الدماغ والنخاع الشوكي.

قد تستطيع بعض المكونات التي تشمل سمومًا عصبية معينة في حال كانت صغيرة الحجم أو كارهة للماء، أو في حال ثُبطت وظيفة الخلايا النجمية، الاختراق والوصول إلى الدماغ وإحداث أذية ما. واجه العلماء والأطباء في الوقت المعاصر تحديًا في استعراف ومعالجة السموم العصبية، ونتج عن ذلك زيادة في الاهتمام بأبحاث علم السموم العصبية والدراسات السريرية. حُققت نجاحات مكثفة في استعراف العديد من السموم العصبية البيئية وأصبح علم السموم العصبية السريري مجالًا مزدهرًا بشكل واسع، أدى ذلك لتصنيف من 750 إلى 1000 مركب سمي عصبي محتمل معروف. طُورت بروتوكولات خاصة من قبل وكالة حماية البيئية في الولايات المتحدة (إي بّي إيه)، بسبب الأهمية الأساسية لاكتشاف السموم العصبية في الأوساط البيئية الشائعة، من أجل اختبار وتحديد تأثيرات مركبات السمية العصبية (يو إس إي بّي إيه 1998). بالإضافة للزيادة في استخدام أنظمة الاختبار داخل المختبر ومساهمة ذلك في تقديم تحسينات هامة أكثر مما كان شائعًا في أنظمة الاختبار داخل الجسم الحي سابقًا. تشمل أمثلة التحسينات كلاً من قابلية الاستطراق، والبيئات الموحدة، وعزل التأثيرات الملوثة الخاصة باستقلاب الأجهزة. ومع ذلك، قدمت أنظمة الاختبار داخل المختبر مشاكل لصعوبة تعويضها عن التعقيدات الخاصة بالجهاز العصبي بشكل ملائم، مثل التفاعلات بين الخلايا النجمية الداعمة والعصبونات في صنع الحاجز الدموي الدماغي. ولزيادة تعقيد عملية تحديد السموم العصبية عند اختبارها داخل المختبر، قد يكون من الصعب ملاحظة الفرق بين السمية العصبية والسمية الخلوية عند تعرض العصبونات بشكل مباشر لمركبات قد لا توجد عند اختبارها داخل الجسم الحي، كما تُختبر داخل المختبر. بالإضافة إلى أن استجابة الخلايا للمواد الكيميائية قد لا تحدد بشكل دقيق الفروقات بين السموم العصبية والسموم الخلوية، في أعراض مثل الإجهاد التأكسدي والتغيرات الهيكلية التي قد تحدث استجابةً لكلاهما.

في محاولة لتحديد هذا التعقيد، اقتُرح مؤخرًا اعتبار عملية الانتبات العصبي (سواءً كان محواري أو تغصني) استجابةً للمركبات المطبقة تمييزًا أكثر دقة بين السموم العصبية الحقيقية والسموم الخلوية في بيئة اختبار داخل المختبر. لكنها تلقى دعمًا بطيء الانتشار بسبب عدم الدقة المتعلقة بهذه العملية. بالإضافة لانتشار استخدام الآليات الكيميائية الحيوية بشكل واسع في اختبارات السموم العصبية، إذ يمكن فحص حساسية المركبات لإحداث آلية تداخل خلوي، مثل سعة تثبيط الأستيل كولين إستيراز من قبل الفوسفور العضوي (يتضمن ذلك دي دي تي وغاز السارين). لاقت عملية تحديد المركبات الضارة وأعراض التعرض للسموم تحسنًا ملحوظًا على الرغم من حاجة طرق تحديد السموم العصبية للمزيد من التطور.

اقرأ أيضًا

 خلية عصبية صماء

مصادر

بروتينات غشائية محيطية
سموم عصبية

سم عصبي


الزور، هي دوحة ساحلية في جنوب الكويت وهي منطقة من مناطق محافظة الأحمدي. وهي تعد من المناطق النفطية حيث اكتشف بها بئر نفط عام 1958. وبها بعض المنشأة ومنها محطة الزور لتوليد الطاقة الكهربائية ، ومخيم شركة نفط الكويت ، ومركز تدريب شركة شيفرون السعودية ،  مركز استقبال شركة شيفرون السعودية ، وعدد من المدارس ومباني خدمات للمنطقة ومساكن للعاملين بشركات النفط ، والشاليهات والمنتزهات. سميت بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى جبل في اعوجاج.

المصادر

الموسوعة الكويتية المختصرة - أحمد محمد السعيدان

جغرافيا الكويت

الزور


المَغْرِزُ أو مَغْرِزُ الدُّبِّ أو «دلتا الدب الأكبر» هو سابع ألمع نجوم كوكبة الدب الأكبر وواحد من نجوم «بنات نعش الكبرى». قدره الظاهري هو 3,3 تقريباً ويبعد عنا 81 سنة ضوئية. وهو نجم متعدد حيث أن له رفيقان. قدر «المغرز ب» هو 11 أي أنه من المستحيل رؤيته بالعين المجردة أو بتلسكوب صغير (منظار) أما «المغرز ج» فينطبق عليه الشيء نفسه لأن قدره 10.المغرز هو جزء من مجموعة الدب الأكبر المتحركة.

المراجع

أجرام باير
أجرام فهرس هنري درابر
أجرام هيباركوس
أجسام فلامستيد
أنظمة نجمية ثلاثية
بنات نعش الكبرى
فهرس النجوم الساطعة
كوكبة الدب الأكبر
مجموعة الدب الأكبر المتحركة
مسح بون الفلكي
نجوم النسق الأساسي نوع-A
نجوم بأسماء خاصة

المغرز (نجم)


Biserica reformată din Eremieni este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Eremieni, comuna Bereni. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 118156.01.

Localitatea
Eremieni (în ) este un sat în comuna Bereni din județul Mureș, Transilvania, România. Menționat pentru prima dată în anul 1332 sub numele de Sancto Emerico.

Biserica
Biserica a fost construită de coloniștii din sat în secolul al XIII-lea,  pe un deal din apropiere, pentru a-l onora pe fiul regelui Ștefan I, prințul Imre. Balázs Orbán scria despre el în sec.XIX: "Avem norocul să găsim un monument gotic care este foarte frumos și încă în stare bună ... Sanctuarul său a fost păstrat în întregime, arătând varietatea uimitoare a construcțiilor gotice mature".

Interiorul bisericii a păstrat în parte atmosfera medievală. Principalele modificări făcute de-a lungul timpului au fost demolarea arcului de triumf și înlocuirea bolții stelate a navei. Până în 1900 a existat un tavan casetat; casetele erau decorate cu flori, imagini ale sfinților, reprezentări biblice și istorice.

Coroana amvonului a fost realizată în 1758. Masa Domnului este placată cu marmură având următoarea inscripție: "Nemes és nemzetes Szt. imrei Megyesi Lajos Uram élete kedves párjával t.es Ákosfalvi Szilágyi Ágnes aszszonyal tsináltatták a Sz. imrei nemes refor. eclesia számára 1804". Orga a fost construită în 1820.

Alături de biserică, în anul 1785 a fost construită o clopotniță, după cum reiese din anul gravat pe una dintre grinzi.

Pastorii care au slujit de-a lungul timpului în această localitate: Gergely Gálfalvi (1606), Ferenc Felvinczi (1670), Pál Bétfalvi (1686), Mihály Zágini S. (1692-1700), Zsigmond Bölöni (1701-1703; 1713-1735), István Galambfalvi (1710-1712), István Erdődi (1737-1739), András Zágoni (1741-1744), János Vas (1745-1746), János Váradi (1747-1748), Dániel Losonczi (1752-1766), Péter Losonczi (1766-1803), Péter Novák (1803-1813), István Nagy (1813-1820), János Tolvaly Menyői (1820-1853), Lajos Rákosi (1853-1857), János Albert (1857-1859), Mihály Bitai (1859-1861), Lajos Pataki (1861-1891), András Nagy (1893-1897), Albert Jancsó (1904-1933), Gábor Simon (1933-1942), Dénes Gagyi (1943-1946), Lajos Péter (1946-1961), Márton Altmann (1961-1963), Károly Csáky (1963-1970), János Mester (1971-1976), Zoltán Demeter (1976) -1982), Attila Sándor (1983-1985), István Korpos (1985-1994), Csaba Nagy (1995-1997),László Megyaszai (1997-1998), László Ferenc Koncz (1998-2006) și Szabolcs Kovács (2006–).

Note

Vezi și
 Eremieni, Mureș

Legături externe
Fișă de monument
Monumente istorice din România Fișă și localizare de monument

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Biserici reformate din România
Biserici din județul Mureș
Biserici din secolul al XIII-lea din România

Biserica reformată din Eremieni


Meterotiaceae é uma família de musgos da ordem Hypnales. Existem cerca de 30 gêneros e 260 espécies representados pela família.

Descrição
Traços característicos da família incluem caules rastejantes com ramos pendentes, alongados, e células laminais papilosas e folhas pontiagudas. A taxonomia e as relações filogenéticas desse complexo grupo de musgos são difíceis de interpretar e as tentativas de estruturar o táxon estão em andamento.

Distribuição
Especies de Meteoriaceae podem ser encontradas em regiões com clima tropical e subtropical e tem uma distribuição cosmopolita. Os seus substratos primários são a madeira de arvores vivas e mortas.

Classificação
Meteoriaceae foi originalmente classificada sob a ordem das Leucodontales, mas atualmente com as Hypnales. A família contem os seguintes gêneros:
Barbella
Papillaria
Zelometeorium

Meteoriaceae

Meteoriaceae


Ablation ( – removal) is the removal or destruction of something from an object by vaporization, chipping,  erosive processes, or by other means. Examples of ablative materials are described below, including spacecraft material for ascent and atmospheric reentry, ice and snow in glaciology, biological tissues in medicine and passive fire protection materials.

Artificial intelligence

In artificial intelligence (AI), especially machine learning, ablation is the removal of a component of an AI system. The term is by analogy with biology: removal of components of an organism.

Biology

Biological ablation is the removal of a biological structure or functionality.

Genetic ablation is another term for gene silencing, in which gene expression is abolished through the alteration or deletion of genetic sequence information. In cell ablation, individual cells in a population or culture are destroyed or removed. Both can be used as experimental tools, as in loss-of-function experiments.

Electro-ablation
Electro-ablation, is a process that removes material from a metallic workpiece to reduce surface roughness.

Electro-ablation breaks through highly resistive oxide surfaces, such as those found on titanium and other exotic metals and alloys without melting the underlying non-oxidised metal or alloy. This allows very quick surface finishing

The process is capable of providing surface finishing for a wide range of exotic and widely used metals and alloys, including: titanium, stainless steel, niobium, chromium–cobalt, Inconel, aluminium, and a range of widely available steels and alloys.

Electro-ablation is very effective at achieving high levels of surface finishing in holes, valleys and hidden or internal surfaces on metallic workpieces (parts).

The process is particularly applicable to components produced by additive manufacturing process, such as 3D-printed metals. These components tend to be produced with roughness levels well above 5–20 micron. Electro-ablation can be used to quickly reduce the surface roughness to less than 0.8 micron, allowing the post-process to be used for volume production surface finishing.

Glaciology

In glaciology and meteorology, ablation—the opposite of accumulation—refers to all processes that remove snow, ice, or water from a glacier or snowfield. Ablation refers to the melting of snow or ice that runs off the glacier, evaporation, sublimation, calving, or erosive removal of snow by wind.  Air temperature is typically the dominant control of ablation, with precipitation exercising secondary control. In a temperate climate during ablation season, ablation rates typically average around 2 mm/h. Where solar radiation is the dominant cause of snow ablation (e.g., if air temperatures are low under clear skies), characteristic ablation textures such as suncups and penitentes may develop on the snow surface.

Ablation can refer either to the processes removing ice and snow or to the quantity of ice and snow removed.

Debris-covered glaciers have also been shown to greatly impact the ablation process. There is a thin debris layer that can be located on the top of glaciers that intensifies the ablation process below the ice. The debris-covered parts of a glacier that is experiencing ablation are sectioned into three categories which include ice cliffs, ponds, and debris. These three sections allow scientists to measure the heat digested by the debris-covered area and is calculated. The calculations are dependent on the area and net absorbed heat amounts in regards to the entire debris-covered zones. These types of calculations are done to various glaciers to understand and analyze future patterns of melting.

Moraine (glacial debris) is moved by natural processes that allow for down-slope movement of materials on the glacier body. It is noted that if the slope of a glacier is too high then the debris will continue to move along the glacier to a further location. The sizes and locations of glaciers vary around the world, so depending on the climate and physical geography the varieties of debris can differ. The size and magnitude of the debris is dependent on the area of glacier and can vary from dust-size fragments to blocks as large as a house.

There have been many experiments done to demonstrate the effect of debris on the surface of glaciers. Yoshiyuki Fujii, a professor at the National Institute of Polar Research, designed an experiment that showed ablation rate was accelerated under a thin debris layer and was retarded under a thick one as compared with that of a natural snow surface. This science is significant due to the importance of long-term availability of water resources and assess glacier response to climate change. Natural resource availability is a major drive behind research conducted in regards to the ablation process and overall study of glaciers.

Laser ablation

 Laser ablation is greatly affected by the nature of the material and its ability to absorb energy, therefore the wavelength of the ablation laser should have a minimum absorption depth.  While these lasers can average a low power, they can offer peak intensity and fluence given by:

while the peak power is

Surface ablation of the cornea for several types of eye refractive surgery is now common, using an excimer laser system (LASIK and LASEK). Since the cornea does not grow back, laser is used to remodel the cornea refractive properties to correct refraction errors, such as astigmatism, myopia, and hyperopia. Laser ablation is also used to remove part of the uterine wall in women with menstruation and adenomyosis problems in a process called endometrial ablation.

Recently, researchers have demonstrated a successful technique for ablating subsurface tumors with minimal thermal damage to surrounding healthy tissue, by using a focused laser beam from an ultra-short pulse diode laser source.

Marine surface coatings
Antifouling paints and other related coatings are routinely used to prevent the buildup of microorganisms and other animals, such as barnacles for the bottom hull surfaces of recreational, commercial and military sea vessels. Ablative paints are often utilized for this purpose to prevent the dilution or deactivation of the antifouling agent.  Over time, the paint will slowly decompose in the water, exposing fresh antifouling compounds on the surface. Engineering the antifouling agents and the ablation rate can produce long-lived protection from the deleterious effects of biofouling.

In medicine

In medicine, ablation is the removal of a part of biological tissue, usually by surgery. Surface ablation of the skin (dermabrasion, also called resurfacing because it induces regeneration) can be carried out by chemicals (chemoablation), by lasers (laser ablation), by freezing (cryoablation), or by electricity (fulguration). Its purpose is to remove skin spots, aged skin, wrinkles, thus rejuvenating it. Surface ablation is also employed in otolaryngology for several kinds of surgery, such as the one for snoring. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a method of removing aberrant tissue from within the body via minimally invasive procedures, it is used to cure a variety of cardiac arrhythmia such as supraventricular tachycardia, Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW), ventricular tachycardia, and more recently as management of atrial fibrillation. The term is often used in the context of laser ablation, a process in which a laser dissolves a material's molecular bonds.  For a laser to ablate tissues, the power density or fluence must be high, otherwise thermocoagulation occurs, which is simply thermal vaporization of the tissues.

Rotablation is a type of arterial cleansing that consists of inserting a tiny, diamond-tipped, drill-like device into the affected artery to remove fatty deposits or plaque. The procedure is used in the treatment of coronary heart disease to restore blood flow.

Microwave ablation (MWA) is similar to RFA but at higher frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation removes tissue from within the body noninvasively.

Bone marrow ablation is a process whereby the human bone marrow cells are eliminated in preparation for a bone marrow transplant. This is performed using high-intensity chemotherapy and total body irradiation. As such, it has nothing to do with the vaporization techniques described in the rest of this article.

Ablation of brain tissue is used for treating certain neurological disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease, and sometimes for psychiatric disorders as well.

Recently, some researchers reported successful results with genetic ablation. In particular, genetic ablation is potentially a much more efficient method of removing unwanted cells, such as tumor cells, because large numbers of animals lacking specific cells could be generated. Genetically ablated lines can be maintained for a prolonged period of time and shared within the research community. Researchers at Columbia University report of reconstituted caspases combined from C. elegans and humans, which maintain a high degree of target specificity. The genetic ablation techniques described could prove useful in battling cancer.

Passive fire protection
Firestopping and fireproofing products can be ablative in nature. This can mean endothermic materials, or merely materials that are sacrificial and become "spent" over time while exposed to fire, such as silicone firestop products.
Given sufficient time under fire or heat conditions, these products char away, crumble, and disappear. The idea is to put enough of this material in the way of the fire that a level of fire-resistance rating can be maintained, as demonstrated in a fire test. Ablative materials usually have a large concentration of organic matter that is reduced by fire to ashes. In the case of silicone, organic rubber surrounds very finely divided silica dust (up to 380 m2 of combined surface area of all the dust particles per gram of this dust). When the organic rubber is exposed to fire, it burns to ash and leaves behind the silica dust with which the product started.

Protoplanetary disk ablation
Protoplanetary disks are rotating circumstellar disks of dense gas and dust surrounding young, newly formed stars. Shortly after star formation, stars often have leftover surrounding material that is still gravitationally bound to them, forming primitive disks that orbit around the star's equator – not too dissimilarly from the rings of Saturn. This occurs because the decrease in the protostellar material's radius during formation increases angular momentum, which means that this remaining material gets whipped into a flattened circumstellar disk around the star. This circumstellar disk may eventually mature into what is referred to as a protoplanetary disk: a disk of gas, dust, ice and other materials from which planetary systems may form. In these disks, orbiting matter starts to accrete in the colder mid-plane of the disk from dust grains and ices sticking together. These small accretions grow from pebbles to rocks to early baby planets, called planetesimals, then protoplanets, and eventually, full planets.

As it is believed that massive stars may play a role in actively triggering star formation (by introducing gravitational instabilities amongst other factors), it is plausible that young, smaller stars with disks may be living relatively nearby to older, more massive stars. This has already been confirmed through observations to be the case in certain clusters, e.g. in the Trapezium cluster. Since massive stars tend to collapse through supernovae at the end of their lives, research is now investigating what role the shockwave of such an explosion, and the resulting supernova remnant (SNR), would play if it occurred in the line of fire of a protoplanetary disk. According to computationally modelled simulations, a SNR striking a protoplanetary disk would result in significant ablation of the disk, and this ablation would strip a significant amount of protoplanetary material from the disk – but not necessarily destroy the disk entirely. This is an important point because a disk that survives such an interaction with sufficient material leftover to form a planetary system may inherit an altered disk chemistry from the SNR, which could have effects on the planetary systems that later form.

Spaceflight

In spacecraft design, ablation is used to both cool and protect mechanical parts and/or payloads that would otherwise be damaged by extremely high temperatures.  Two principal applications are heat shields for spacecraft entering a planetary atmosphere from space and cooling of rocket engine nozzles. Examples include the Apollo Command Module that protected astronauts from the heat of atmospheric reentry and the Kestrel second stage rocket engine designed for exclusive use in an environment of space vacuum since no heat convection is possible.

In a basic sense, ablative material is designed so that instead of heat being transmitted into the structure of the spacecraft, only the outer surface of the material bears the majority of the heating effect. The outer surface chars and burns away – but quite slowly, only gradually exposing new fresh protective material beneath. The heat is carried away from the spacecraft by the gases generated by the ablative process, and never penetrates the surface material, so the metallic and other sensitive structures they protect, remain at a safe temperature. As the surface burns and disperses into space, the remaining solid material continues to insulate the craft from ongoing heat and superheated gases. The thickness of the ablative layer is calculated to be sufficient to survive the heat it will encounter on its mission.

There is an entire branch of spaceflight research involving the search for new fireproofing materials to achieve the best ablative performance;  this function is critical to protect the spacecraft occupants and payload from otherwise excessive heat loading.  The same technology is used in some passive fire protection applications, in some cases by the same vendors, who offer different versions of these fireproofing products, some for aerospace and some for structural fire protection.

See also
 Electrical arc flash burns
 Ablative armor

References

External links

 Chemical Peeling. American Society for Dermatological Surgery.
 Lasik Laser Eye Surgery. USA Food an Drugs Administration info.
 Physics of laser ablation

Plasma physics
Materials degradation

Ablation


Dette er en oversigt over opbragte eller kæntrede flygtningebåde på Middelhavet. Hændelserne er sket i forbindelse med flygtningekrisen i Europa 2015.

Før 2015

2015

Antallet af indberettede flygtningedødsfald under krydsningen af Middelhavet mod Italien steg i april 2015; en række forskellige hændelser resulterede i dødsfald på over 1.000 mennesker og førte til igangsættelse af redningsaktioner.

13. april

Den 13. april 2015 sank et fartøj ud for den libyske kyst med op til 550 flygtninge ombord. Mere end 400 menesker regnes for druknede. 144–150 menesker blev reddet og indlagt på hospitaler i Syditalien. Kæntringen fandt sted 60 sømil (110 km) nord for den libyske kyst.

Referencer

Begivenheder i 2015
Relaterede ulykker på Middelhavet

Flygtningerelaterede ulykker på Middelhavet


USS Salerno Bay (CVE-110) (ex-Winjah Bay) was a  laid down on 7 February 1944 by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation, Tacoma, Washington; launched on 26 September 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Ward Gilbert; transferred to the Commercial Iron Works, Portland, Oregon, for completion on 29 September 1944; and commissioned on 19 May 1945, Captain W. C. Holt in command.

Service history

World War II
The sixth of the line of Commencement Bay-class escort carriers with improvements dictated by that class's operating experience, Salerno Bay embarked her first air group, MCVEG-5, at the end of June. With that group, comprising Marine Fighter Squadron 514 (VMF-514) and Marine Torpedo Bombing Squadron 144 (VMSB-144), she trained off southern California. Two days after Japan's mid-August capitulation, she sailed west with Composite Squadron 68 (VC-68) embarked as passengers. She conducted further training operations, including night qualification of her Marine air group, in Hawaiian waters, then continued west. On 21 September, she anchored in Buckner Bay, Okinawa. Later shifting to the Hagushi anchorage, she put to sea in early October to ride out a typhoon. On 12 October, she returned to Hagushi only to depart again on 14 October to support the mid-month occupation of Formosa by troops of the Chinese Army. From that island, the escort carrier headed east, to Saipan. She remained at Saipan for three weeks; then, detached from the 7th Fleet, she shifted to Guam; embarked veterans as passengers; and set a course for Pearl Harbor and San Diego. She arrived at the latter in early December. At mid-month, she proceeded to the Panama Canal Zone, whence she continued on to Norfolk, Virginia, arriving on 23 December.

Assigned to the Atlantic Fleet and engaged primarily in qualifying carrier pilots, Salerno Bay operated along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean into 1947. In the spring of that year, she was ordered inactivated; and, in June, she sailed north, from Norfolk to Boston, to prepare for decommissioning and mothballing.

Korean War
Decommissioned on 4 October, she remained in the reserve fleet until recommissioned on 20 June 1951. Shakedown training followed; and, in October, she commenced operations with Carrier Division 18. During November and early December, she conducted exercises off the Virginia Capes and in the Caribbean. On 18 December, she returned to Norfolk. On 7 January 1952, she again sailed south for operations in the Caribbean. Back at Norfolk in early February, she operated off Puerto Rico in March and off the Virginia and Carolina coasts from April to July. She then prepared for European deployment. On 26 August, she departed Norfolk; joined TF 173 en route; and, during September, participated in NATO exercises off Norway. In early October, she proceeded to Gibraltar, thence sailed into the Mediterranean for operations with the 6th Fleet. At the end of November, she retransited the Strait of Gibraltar; and, on 7 December, she arrived back at Norfolk to resume local, western Atlantic, and Caribbean exercises, which she continued into 1953.

In the spring of that year, as the war in Korea moved toward a truce, the CVE was again ordered inactivated. On 8 June, she returned to Boston, where she was decommissioned a second time on 16 February 1954. Reclassified AKV-10 in 1959, Salerno Bay remained in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet until struck from the Navy list on 1 June 1961. She was sold on 30 October to Revalorizacion de Materiales, S.A., through their agent Jacq. Pierot, Jr., and Sons, New York City, and removed from Naval custody on 14 December 1961.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Commencement Bay-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1944 ships
Cold War escort carriers of the United States

USS Salerno Bay


Microcitrus australis ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Microcitrus in der Familie der Rautengewächse (Rutaceae). Sie wird als Zierpflanze und Obstgehölz verwendet.

Beschreibung

Erscheinungsbild und Blatt
Microcitrus australis wächst als Baum mit Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 20 Metern. Die aufstrebenden Leittriebe wachsen gerade mit Internodien von 1 bis 1,5 cm Länge, die kurzen Seitentriebe sind leicht zickzack-förmig, hier sind die Internodien nur 0,5 bis 1 cm lang. Die Zweige sind im Querschnitt eckig. Die Dornen stehen einzeln und werden an den Leittrieben 0,5 bis 1 cm lang, an den Seitentrieben nur 0,2 bis 0,5 cm.

Junge Pflanzen besitzen nur stark reduzierte Niederblätter, später entwickeln sich kleine längliche bis elliptische Laubblätter, die allmählich zur Blattform der erwachsenen Pflanze überleiten. Deren Laubblätter sind in Blattspreite und Blattstiel gegliedert, zwischen beiden liegt ein Trenngewebe. Der 2 bis 3 mm lange Blattstiel ist behaart und auf der Oberseite abgeflacht. An stärkeren Zweigen sind die Blattspreiten bei einer Länge von 3 bis 4 cm und einer Breite von 2 bis 3 cm verkehrt-eiförmig bis verkehrt-herzförmig. An schwachen Seitentrieben bleiben die Blätter mit einer Länge von 2 bis 3 cm und einer Breite von 1,2 bis 1,8 cm kleiner, hier sind sie rhombisch geformt. Die Laubblätter sind unbehaart, gelegentlich an der Blattbasis spärlich bewimpert. Die Blattadern sind vor allem auf der Blattunterseite sichtbar. Auf jeder Seite der Mittelrippe zweigen 12 bis 15 Blattadern ab, die sich ihrerseits wieder verzweigen.

Blüte, Frucht und Samen
Die Blüten stehen einzeln in den Blattachseln. Die zwittrigen Blüten sind bei einem Durchmesser von 1 bis 1,5 cm radiärsymmetrisch und vier- oder fünfzählig. Die Anzahl der Staubblätter beträgt 16 bis 20. Die Staubfäden sind nicht miteinander verwachsen.

Die Früchte sind bei einem Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 5 cm kugelig. Sie lassen sich, wie andere Zitrusfrüchte, in Segmente teilen, es sind sechs solcher Segmente vorhanden. Die Segmente setzen sich ihrerseits aus zahlreichen Saftschläuchen zusammen, die Form dieser Saftschläuche ist charakteristisch: sie sind an der Außenwand der Frucht kurz gestielt, erstrecken sich zigarrenförmig nach innen und enden in einer stumpfen und häufig unregelmäßig geformten Spitze. An der Außenwand der Frucht sind sie sehr hell grün, nach innen zu kräftiger grün gefärbt. Die einzelnen Saftschläuche werden 6 bis 10 mm lang und 2,5 bis 3,5 mm breit; in der reifen Frucht haften sie alle leicht aneinander. Ihre Konsistenz ist recht fest – so lassen sie sich aufschneiden, ohne dass ihr Inhalt ausläuft. Der Inhalt besteht aus saurem, grünen Saft und zahlreichen großen, gelblichen Öltröpfchen. Der abgeflachte Samen enthält nur einen Embryo.

Vorkommen
Microcitrus australis stammt aus dem Nordosten Australiens. Das Typusexemplar wurde an der Moreton-Bucht gesammelt.

Systematik und botanische Geschichte
Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1829 unter dem Namen (Basionym) Limonia australis durch Robert Mudie in The Picture of Australia, S. 151. Sie wurde 1915 unter dem Namen Microcitrus australis durch Walter Tennyson Swingle in Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Volume 5, S. 572 in die neue Gattung Microcitrus gestellt. Ein weiteres Synonym für Microcitrus australis  ist Citrus australis .

Die Abspaltung der Gattung Microcitrus von Citrus führt dazu, dass letztere nicht mehr monophyletisch ist. Neuere Arbeiten beziehen Microcitrus deshalb wieder in die Gattung Citrus ein und benennen die hier beschriebene Pflanze Citrus australis.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Erika Birmingham: Australian native citrus: wild limes from the rainforest to the desert ..., In: The Australian New Crops Newsletter, Issue 10, Juli 1998.
 Microcitrus australis bei Home Citrus Growers.

Rautengewächse
Rutaceae
Zitrusfrucht

Microcitrus australis


CJ Kettler est une productrice de télévision, directrice de médias et entrepreneur américaine. Elle occupe des postes de direction chez Hearst, MTV Networks, Vestron, Oxygen Media, Channel One News, Travelzoo, LIME et d'autres.

Kettler est PDG et présidente de Channel One News (2012-2014) et, après l'avoir vendu à Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, elle est vice-présidente exécutive chez HMH jusqu'en mai 2017. Depuis décembre 2017, Kettler est présidente de King Features Syndicate, une division de Hearst Corporation.

Carrière
Après avoir obtenu un bachelor en sociologie du Smith College, Kettler commence sa carrière à CBS, puis à McCann Erickson puis à MTV. Chez Vestron Video, elle gère la vidéothèque pour enfants.

Après avoir vendu Sunbow Entertainment à Sony, Kettler travaille comme présidente des ventes et du marketing chez Oxygen Media. En 2005, elle crée la marque lifestyle LIME, qui est ensuite vendue à Gaiam en juillet 2007.

De 2008 à 2013, Kettler est partenaire chez Propeller Partners. Elle est présidente de Travelzoo et occupe également des postes chez CBS, McCann-Erickson, Vestron et MTV Networks. Elle rejoint Channel One News en tant que PDG en novembre 2012. Elle est vice-présidente exécutive chez HMH jusqu'en mai 2017.

En décembre 2017, elle est nommée présidente de King Features Syndicate pour se concentrer sur leurs nouvelles initiatives sur plusieurs plateformes médiatiques.

Crédits de production
En tant que productrice de télévision, elle produit plusieurs séries animées dont Le Cuphead Show ! pour Netflix. Ses crédits incluent :

Nominations et récompenses
Kettler est membre du conseil d'administration de l'Environmental Working Group.

En 2018, elle reçoit une nomination aux Emmy Awards pour Carmen Sandiego, dans la catégories des programmes pour enfants.

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant du Smith College
Producteur de télévision

CJ Kettler


Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world.

Being awake is the opposite of being asleep, in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.

Effects upon the brain
The longer the brain has been awake, the greater the synchronous firing rates of cerebral cortex neurons. After sustained periods of sleep, both the speed and synchronicity of the neurons firing are shown to decrease.

Another effect of wakefulness is the reduction of glycogen held in the astrocytes, which supply energy to the neurons. Studies have shown that one of sleep's underlying functions is to replenish this glycogen energy source.

Maintenance by the brain

Wakefulness is produced by a complex interaction between multiple neurotransmitter systems arising in the brainstem and ascending through the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and basal forebrain.<ref></</ref> The posterior hypothalamus plays a key role in the maintenance of the cortical activation that underlies wakefulness. Several systems originating in this part of the brain control the shift from wakefulness into sleep and sleep into wakefulness. Histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus and nearby adjacent posterior hypothalamus project to the entire brain and are the most wake-selective system so far identified in the brain. Another key system is that provided by the orexins (also known as hypocretins) projecting neurons. These exist in areas adjacent to histamine neurons and like them project widely to most brain areas and associate with arousal. Orexin deficiency has been identified as responsible for narcolepsy.

Research suggests that orexin and histamine neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in controlling wakefulness with orexin being more involved with wakeful behavior and histamine with cognition and activation of cortical EEG.

It has been suggested the fetus is not awake, with wakefulness occurring in the newborn due to the stress of being born and the associated activation of the locus coeruleus.

See also
 Dream argument
 Eugeroic
 High-conductance state
 Lucid dream
 Sleepwalking

References

External links

Cognition
Mental states

Wakefulness


Athrostictus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.
Hay 18 especies. Se extiende desde el sur de América del Norte a Argentina.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Athrostictus chlaenioides Dejean, 1829
 Athrostictus cricumfusus Putzeys, 1878
 Athrostictus gilvipes Emden, 1935
 Athrostictus iridescens Chaudoir, 1843
 Athrostictus luctuosus Reiche, 1843
 Athrostictus luridius Reiche, 1843
 Athrostictus magus Boheman, 1858
 Athrostictus nobilis Brulle, 1838
 Athrostictus opalescens Bates, 1878
 Athrostictus paganus Dejean, 1831
 Athrostictus puberulus Dejean, 1829
 Athrostictus pubipennis Boheman, 1858
 Athrostictus rufilabris Dejean, 1829
 Athrostictus sericatus Bates, 1878
 Athrostictus sulcatulus Dejean, 1829
 Athrostictus velutinus Putzeys, 1878
 Athrostictus vicinus Groy 1833

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Harpalina

Athrostictus


Le Sokos Hotel Viru est un hôtel à Tallinn, en Estonie.

Histoire
Appartenant à l'origine à Intourist et appelé Viru Hotel, il a ouvert ses portes le 5 mai 1972. Le bâtiment de l'hôtel était le premier gratte-ciel d'Estonie et une partie indissociable du paysage urbain de Tallinn. Aujourd'hui, l'hôtel est relié au centre commercial Viru Keskus et appartient à Sokos Hotels.

L'Union soviétique avait confié le projet de l'hôtel Viru à l'entreprise de construction Repo Oy de Savonlinna, en Finlande, en 1969 et la construction de l'hôtel a commencé en juillet. Cependant, l'entreprise de construction fit faillite en plein chantier après qu'un incendie se fut déclaré dans les derniers étages de l'hôtel en décembre 1970. L'État a donc dû trouver une autre entreprise de construction, et un soutien financier pour le projet. La nouvelle entreprise de construction Haka Oy a terminé l'hôtel en mai 1972. Le projet a porté ses fruits, car il a abouti à un nouveau projet de construction à Pääjärvi la même année, et plus tard de nouveaux projets de construction à Enso et Kostamus (tous ceux-ci étant dans la République de Carélie ).

À l'époque soviétique, le 23e étage de l'hôtel abritait un centre radio du KGB, utilisé pour écouter et espionner les clients de l'hôtel. Soixante des chambres d'hôtel avaient dissimulé des dispositifs d'espionnage, et même certaines des tables du restaurant avaient des microphones. Le KGB a quitté l'hôtel précipitamment juste avant l'indépendance de l'Estonie en août 1991, mais les chambres secrètes n'ont été découvertes qu'en 1994. L'ancien centre de radio est maintenant un musée. En 2003, l'hôtel a été vendu au S Group, une organisation coopérative de vente au détail finlandaise. Il compte désormais 516 chambres.

Bibliographie
 Hotell Viru: 25 aastat = 25 vuotta = 25 years. Tallinn, 1997
 Sakari Nupponen, "Aikamatka hotelli Viruun", 2007

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Articles connexes

Hôtel à Tallinn
Architecture en Union soviétique
Bâtiment à Tallinn
Hôtels Sokos
Kesklinn

Sokos Hotel Viru


Armando Grottini (* 22. Juni 1909 in Rom; † 9. Dezember 2001 in Rom) war ein italienischer Filmregisseur und Filmproduktionsleiter.

Leben
Grottini war seit 1939 beim Film tätig. Er begann als Schnittassistent, wurde Regieassistent und konnte in dieser Funktion mit zahlreichen bedeutenden Regisseuren zusammenarbeiten. Zwischen 1950 und 1962 war er auch als Produktionsleiter an etlichen Werken beteiligt, bis er zum Fernsehen ging, wo er für die Organisation der dort gesendeten Spielfilme ein wichtiges Bindeglied zum Kino darstellte. Zwischen 1949 und 1953 inszenierte Grottini auch vier nach eigenem Drehbuch entstandene Filme, zwei davon unter Pseudonymen. Letztmals in Erscheinung trat Grottini 1979 als Regieassistent bei Manaos – Die Sklaventreiber vom Amazonas. Er verstarb im Alter von 92 Jahren am 9. Dezember 2001 in Rom, wo er auch begraben liegt.

Filmografie
 1949: La figlia del peccato (als Armando Ingegnero)
 1951: Carcerato (als Armando Zorri)
 1952: Rimorso
 1953: … e Napoli canta

Weblinks

 Grottini bei mymovies

Einzelnachweise

Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren 1909
Gestorben 2001
Mann

Armando Grottini


Bohumil Tomášek (Liberec, Checoslovaquia,  21 de junio de 1936-2 de noviembre de 2019) fue un baloncestista checoslovaco. Consiguió dos medallas en competiciones internacionales con Checoslovaquia.

Trayectoria deportiva
Jugador
 1956-1960 BC Sparta Praha
 1960-1961 Dukla Mariánské Lázně
 1961-1966 BC Sparta Praha
 1966-1969 Slavia VŠ Praha
 1969-1972 SSV Hagen
Entrenador
 1969-1972 SSV Hagen
 1978-1988 Slavia VŠ Praha (joven)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Perfil en sports reference

Baloncestistas de República Checa
Baloncestistas de Checoslovaquia
Baloncestistas del USK Praha
Personas de Liberec
Nacidos en Opava

Bohumil Tomášek


Die Welsburg ist eine abgegangene spätmittelalterliche Burg der Grafschaft Delmenhorst bei Dötlingen im niedersächsischen Landkreis Oldenburg, in der Nähe einer Kreuzung alter Handelswege gelegen.

Geschichte
Die Welsburg wurde kurz vor dem Jahre 1359 von der Delmenhorster Linie der Grafen von Oldenburg erbaut. In der Folgezeit bildete sie ein Streitobjekt zwischen den Grafen von Delmenhorst, der Grafschaft Hoya und der Grafschaft Oldenburg. Im Jahre 1407 ist die Burg in der Fehde, die das Erzstift Bremen und die Grafen von Delmenhorst gegen die Grafen von Oldenburg führten, zerstört worden. Bis 1414 ist sie wiederaufgebaut worden. Mit der Wiedervereinigung der Grafschaft Delmenhorst mit der Grafschaft Oldenburg 1447 kam die Welsburg zu Oldenburg. Als Graf Gerhard von Oldenburg auch die Welsburg als Basis für seine Raubzüge nutzte, zerstörten die Bürger der Stadt Wildeshausen auf Veranlassung des Bistums Münster 1479 oder 1480 die Burg, die nicht wieder aufgebaut wurde.

Archäologische Ausgrabungen
Die Burg wurde in drei Lehrgrabungen der archäologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Oldenburgischen Landschaft 1983, 1985 und 1989 untersucht. Die Hauptburg wurde dabei durch Suchschnitte vollständig erfasst, ein Schnitt reichte bis in die Vorburg. Zu den Funden gehörten ein Pilgerzeichen aus Blei oder Zinn, ein Bruchstück eines Aachenhorns, eine Gussform für Goldbarren und Reste eines hölzernen Lastschlittens.

Beschreibung
Von der Welsburg ist heute nur noch die Hauptburg als leichte, viereckige Erhebung zu erkennen.

Die Ausgrabungen ergaben eine Errichtung der Burg in drei Bauphasen. Die erste Periode bestand aus einem nur in geringen Resten erfassten Gebäude unbekannten Charakters, das im 14. Jahrhundert noch vor der Hügelaufschüttung existierte. In der zweiten Phase wurde ein 1–2 m hoher Hügel von ca. 31 × 34 m Größe aufgeschüttet und am umgebenden Graben mit einer steinernen Uferbefestigung gesichert. In der dritten Phase wurde laut der dendrochronologischen Datierung um 1358 die Burgfläche nach einem Brand auf 36 × 39 m erweitert. Für diesen Ausbau wurde der Baugrund durch Rammpfähle und Holzlagen stabilisiert und der Graben mittels Faschinen und Pfählen befestigt. Die Hauptburg war durch eine doppelte Grabenanlage mit dazwischenliegendem Wall von beträchtlichem Ausmaß geschützt. Innerhalb der noch mit einer Palisade gesicherten Hauptburg wurden ein Torhaus, ein fast quadratischer Turm – möglicherweise ein Speicher – und ein fast quadratisches Hauptgebäude mit ca. 14 m Seitenlänge ergraben.

Von der Hauptburg führte eine 16 m lange Brücke über die Befestigung zur Vorburg im Nordosten. Diese wird durch einen Graben in zwei gleich große Flächen von jeweils 35 × 25 m geteilt. Die Gesamtanlage war wiederum von einer Wall-Graben-Befestigung umgeben.

Literatur

 Jörg Eckert: Die Welsburg. In: Stadt und Landkreis Oldenburg (= Führer zu archäologischen Denkmälern in Deutschland. Band 31) Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, S. 160 f.
 Hans-Wilhelm Heine: Zur Archäologie mittelalterlicher Burgen aus Holz und Erde zwischen Ems und Ostsee. Ein Forschungsbericht. In: Nachrichten aus Niedersachsens Urgeschichte 72, 2003, S. 75–110, hier S. 98 f.
 Hans-Wilhelm Heine: Die Welsburg bei Dötlingen, Ldkr. Oldenburg. In:Mamoun Fansa, Frank Both, Henning Haßmann (Hrsg.): Archäologie|Land|Niedersachsen. 400.000 Jahre Geschichte. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, S. 577 f.
 Jonathan Scheschkewitz: Ausgrabungen auf der Welsburg, Gde. Dötlingen, Lkr. Oldenburg. Untersuchungen zu einer Grenzburg der Oldenburg-Delmenhorster Grafen (= Beiträge zur Archäologie in Niedersachsen. Band 3/II). Leidorf, Rahden/Westf. 2002.
 Dirk E. Zoller: Schlutter und Welsburg, zwei Niederungsburgen. In: Delmenhorster Heimatjahrbuch 2009, S. 31–40.

Weblinks

Bauwerk in Dötlingen
Niederungsburg im Landkreis Oldenburg
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Niedersachsen
Geographie (Dötlingen)
Burg in Europa
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa

Welsburg


SISNE Plus é um sistema operacional clone, compatível com o DOS 3.3.

Foi criado pela Itautec e a Scopus Tecnologia, devido a Reserva de Mercado em 1991, que proibia a importação de equipamentos eletrônicos para o uso geral.

Com a difusão do MS-DOS no mercado, depois do fim do embargo criado em 91, o SISNE Plus foi descontinuado.

Versões

Comandos
Essa é a lista de comandos disponíveis no SISNE Plus 3.3R5.

 AJUDA
 APPEND
 ASSIGN
 ATTRIB
 BACKUP
 BEEP
 BRASCII
 BREAK
 BUFIM
 CALL
 CD
 CHDIR
 CHKDSK
 CLS
 COM
 COMENT
 COMMAND
 COMP
 CONV
 COP
 COPIA
 COPY
 CTTY
 DAT
 DATA
 DATE
 DEL
 DIR
 DIRET
 DISKCOMP
 DISKCOPY
 ECHO
 ECO
 EDITOR
 ERASE
 EXIT
 FASTOPEN
 FBACKIM
 FBACKUP
 FDISK
 FFORMAT
 FIND
 FOR
 FORMAT
 FRESTIM
 FRESTORE
 GOTO
 GRAFTABL
 GRAPHICS
 GRAVA
 HOR
 HORA
 ICC
 IF
 IMP86
 JOIN
 LABEL
 LAND
 LISTA
 MD
 MENU
 MKDIR
 MODE
 MORE
 MOS
 MOSTRA
 PATH
 PAU
 PAUSA
 PAUSE
 PREAJUDA
 PRINT
 PROMPT
 RD
 RECOVER
 REM
 REN
 RENAME
 RENOMAIA
 REPLACE
 RESTORE
 RMDIR
 RX86
 SET
 SHARE
 SHIFT
 SORT
 SUBST
 SUP
 SUPRIME
 SYS
 TECLAS
 TIME
 TREE
 TRUNC
 TX86
 TYPE
 VER
 VERIFY
 VOL
 XCOPY

Veja também

 Sistema operacional em disco
 Tim Paterson
 FreeDOS
 MS-DOS
 QDOS
 Unix
 Windows
 DOSBox, emulador voltado a jogadores de jogos antigos do MSDOS no Linux e Windows.
 FreeDOS, o DOS livre.
 Dosemu, uma camada de compatibilidade para rodar o FreeDOS dentro do Linux.

Referencias

Links externos

Sistemas operativos

SISNE plus


Sramežljiva mimoza (sramežljivka, lat. Mimosa pudica), vrsta biljke iz tropske Amerike, danas udomaćen po mnogim tropskim krajevima u Africi, Aziji i Australiji.

Ime je dobila po tome što na dodir sklapa svoje listove, a na isti način odgovara i na različite druge podražaje, kao trešnja, vjetar, promjena temperature i svjetlosti, miris cigarete. Na jači podražaj mogu se skupiti i cijele grančice. Nakon skupljanja listova pokazuju se njezine bodlje, koje su još jedan oblik samoobrane ove biljke.

U prirodi sramežljivka naraste do jednog metra a može živjeti više godina. Često se uzgaja u kućanstvima.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Mimoseae

Sramežljiva mimoza


Joseph Albert Morello (July 17, 1928 – March 12, 2011) was an American jazz drummer best known for serving as the drummer for pianist Dave Brubeck, as part of the Dave Brubeck Quartet, from 1957 to 1972, including during the quartet's "classic lineup" from 1958 to 1968, which also included alto saxophonist Paul Desmond and bassist Eugene Wright. Morello's facility for playing unusual time signatures and rhythms enabled that group to record a series of albums that explored them. The most notable of these was the first in the series, the 1959 album Time Out, which contained the hit songs "Take Five" and "Blue Rondo à la Turk". In fact, "Take Five", the album's biggest hit (and the first jazz single to sell more than one million copies) was specifically written by Desmond as a way to showcase Morello's ability to play in  time.

Besides playing with Brubeck, Morello also served as an accompanist for other musicians, including Marian McPartland, Tal Farlow and Gary Burton, and recorded his own albums as well. He received numerous accolades during his life, including being named the best drummer by Down Beat magazine five years in a row.

Biography

He was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States to Joseph Morello and Lillian LaPalme. His father was a French emigrant from Nice and his mother hailed from French Canada. Morello suffered from partial vision from birth, and devoted himself to indoor activities. At six years old, he began studying the violin. Three years later, he was a featured soloist with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, playing Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto, and again three years later.

At the age of 15, Morello met the violinist Jascha Heifetz and decided that he would never be able to equal Heifetz's "sound".  Therefore, he switched to drumming, first studying with a show drummer named Joe Sefcik and then George Lawrence Stone, author of the noted drum textbook Stick Control for the Snare Drummer. Stone was so impressed with Morello's ideas that he incorporated them into his next book, Accents & Rebounds, which is dedicated to Morello. Later, Morello studied with Radio City Music Hall percussionist, Billy Gladstone.

After moving to New York City, Morello worked with numerous notable jazz musicians including Johnny Smith, Tal Farlow, Stan Kenton, Phil Woods, Sal Salvador, Marian McPartland, Jay McShann, Art Pepper, and Howard McGhee. After a period of playing in McPartland's trio, Morello declined invitations to join both Benny Goodman and Tommy Dorsey's bands, favoring a temporary two-month tour with the Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1955. Morello remained with Brubeck for well over a decade, departing in 1967. Morello later became an in-demand clinician, teacher and bandleader, whose former students include Danny Gottlieb, TigerBill Meligari, Bruce Springsteen E Street Band drummer Max Weinberg, Rich Galichon, Phish drummer Jon Fishman, Gary Feldman, Patrick Wante, Tony Woo, Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons drummer Gerry Polci, Jerry Granelli, RIOT drummer Sandy Slavin, retired Army Blues drummer Steve Fidyk, Glenn Johnson, Pittsburgh drummer Bennett Carlise, Level System author and professional drummer Jeff W. Johnson, Jazz drummer John B. Riley, and Bon Jovi drummer Tico Torres.

Morello appeared in many Brubeck performances and contributed to over 60 albums with Brubeck. On "Take Five", he plays an imaginative drum solo maintaining the 5/4 time signature throughout. Another example of soloing in odd time signatures can be heard on "Unsquare Dance", in which he solos using only sticks without drums in 7/4 time. At the end of the track, he can be heard laughing about the "trick" ending. He also features on "Blue Rondo à la Turk", "Strange Meadow Lark", "Pick-Up Sticks" and "Castilian Drums".

During his career, Morello appeared on over 120 albums. He authored several drum books, including Master Studies, published by Modern Drummer Publications, and also made instructional videos. Morello was the recipient of many awards, including Playboy magazine's best drummer award for seven years in a row, and Down Beat magazine's best drummer award five years in a row. He was elected to the Modern Drummer magazine Hall of Fame in 1988, the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame in 1993, and was the recipient of Hudson Music's first TIP (Teacher Integration Program) Lifetime Achievement award in June, 2010.

Morello died at his home in Irvington, New Jersey, on March 12, 2011, aged 82, and is interred at Saint Michael Cemetery.

Upon his death, Morello's wife Jean gave control of Joe Morello's memorabilia and collections to Marvin Burock, one of Joe's students, who had toured extensively with Morello and who was tasked with transcribing Morello's Modern Drummer articles for ten years.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
 Collections (Intro, 1957) with Red Norvo, Art Pepper and Gerry Wiggins
 Joe Morello (RCA Bluebird, 1961-62) (Issued in 1989 - Partially reissues It's About Time)
 It's About Time (RCA, 1962)
 Another Step Forward (Ovation, 1969)
 Percussive Jazz (Ovation, 1977)
 Going Places (DMP, 1993)
 Morello Standard Time (DMP, 1994)

As sideman
With Dave Brubeck
 1957 Jazz Impressions of the U.S.A.
 1957 Dave Digs Disney
 1957 Reunion
 1958 Jazz Goes to Junior College
 1958 Jazz Impressions of Eurasia
 1958 Newport 1958
 1958 The Dave Brubeck Quartet in Europe
 1959 Gone with the Wind
 1959 The Riddle
 1959 Time Out
 1960 Brubeck and Rushing
 1960 Brubeck à la mode
 1961 Take Five Live
 1961 Time Further Out
 1961 Tonight Only!
 1962 Countdown—Time in Outer Space
 1962 Music from West Side Story
 1962 The Real Ambassadors
 1963 Bossa Nova U.S.A.
 1963 Brandenburg Gate: Revisited
 1963 Dave Brubeck Quartet in Amsterdam
 1961 Near-Myth
 1963 At Carnegie Hall
 1964 Dave Brubeck in Berlin
 1964 Jazz Impressions of Japan
 1964 Time Changes
 1965 Angel Eyes
 1965 Jazz Impressions of New York
 1965 The Canadian Concert of Dave Brubeck
 1966 My Favorite Things
 1966 Time In
 1966 Anything Goes: The Music of Cole Porter
 1967 Bravo! Brubeck!
 1967 Right Now!
 1967 The Last Time We Saw Paris
 1968 Jackpot!
 1971 Summit Sessions
 1972 Adventures in Time
 1973 On Campus
 1976 25th Anniversary Reunion
 1988 The Great Concerts: Amsterdam Copenhagen Carnegie Hall
 1991 Live (1956–1957)
 1992 Live (1954 and 1959)
 1993 Someday My Prince Will Come
 1993 St. Louis Blues

With Gary Burton
 1961 New Vibe Man in Town
 1962 Who Is Gary Burton?

With Tal Farlow
 1954 Tal Farlow Quartet
 1955 The Tal Farlow Album

With Marian McPartland
 1952 Lullaby of Birdland
 1955 Marian McPartland in Concert
1955 Live At the Hickory House
 1956 After Dark
 1957 The Marian McPartland Trio
 2002 Live at Shanghai Jazz
 2003 All My Life
With Gil Mellé
Gil Mellé Quintet/Sextet (Blue Note, 1953)
Gil Mellé Quintet with Urbie Green and Tal Farlow (Blue Note, 1953)
With Sal Salvador
 1956 Shades of Sal Salvador
Juicy Lucy (Bee Hive, 1978)
With Chuck Wayne
The Jazz Guitarist (Savoy, 1953 [1956])

With others
 1954 Jimmy Raney Quintet, Jimmy Raney
1956 The Middle Road, Jimmy McPartland
 1957 Dream of You, Helen Merrill
 1957 Mr. Roberts Plays Guitar, Howard Roberts
 1958 Sweet Paul Vol. 1 Paul Desmond
 1961 Jazz Winds from a New Direction, Hank Garland
 1977 Early Art, Art Pepper
 1979 The Big Apple Bash, Jay McShann
 1994 Burning for Buddy: A Tribute to the Music of Buddy Rich, Buddy Rich Big Band
 1994 The Gamut, Robert Hohner
 1995 Two Facets of Louis: 1920-1950, Louis Armstrong
 1997 Burning for Buddy: A Tribute to the Music of Buddy Rich Vol. 2, Buddy Rich Big Band
 2000 Chega de Saudade, Stan Getz
 2007 Sings the Ultimate American Songbook Vol. 1, Tony Bennett

Videography
Joe Morello – Drum Method 1: The Natural approach to Technique (DVD) Hot Licks 2006
Joe Morello – Drum Method 2: Around the Kit (DVD) Hot Licks 2006
Joe Morello, Danny Gottlieb: Natural Drumming Lessons 1&2 (DVD) Mel Bay Publications, Inc. 2005
Joe Morello, Danny Gottlieb: Natural Drumming Lessons 3&4 (DVD) Mel Bay Publications, Inc. 2006
Joe Morello, Danny Gottlieb: Natural Drumming Lessons 5&6 (DVD) Mel Bay Publications, Inc. 2006
The Art of Playing with Brushes (DVD) Hudson Music LLC 2007

Bibliography
 New Directions in Rhythm: Studies in 3/4 and 5/4 Time 1963
 Off the Record: A Collection of Famous Drum Solos 1966
 Rudimental Jazz: A Modern Application of Rudiments to the Drum Outfit 1967
 Master Studies: Exercises for the Development of Control and Technique Modern Drummer Publications, Inc. 1983
 Master Studies II: More Exercises for the Development of Control and Technique Modern Drummer Publications, Inc. 2006
 Rudimental Jazz: A Musical Application of Rudiments to the Drumset including CD, Modern Drummer Publications, Classics Series 2010

References

External links

 Joe Morello at Drummer Cafe

 Joe Morello Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection
 Rutgers Graduate Thesis on Joe Morello by his student Marvin Burock

1928 births
2011 deaths
People from Irvington, New Jersey
Musicians from New Jersey
Musicians from Springfield, Massachusetts
American jazz drummers
Jazz musicians from Massachusetts
Dave Brubeck Quartet members

Joe Morello


Alan Moore (d. 18 Kasım 1953, Northampton) İngiliz yazar ve çizgi roman yazarıdır. Frank Miller ile birlikte çizgi roman dünyasını değiştiren sanatçı olarak anılmaktadır. Yazdığı birçok çizgi roman Hollywood tarafından filme çekilmiştir. Bunlardan başlıcaları olarak "Watchmen", "From Hell", "V for Vendetta" ve "The League" sayılabilir.

Kariyeri

1979 yılında İngiliz Sounds müzik dergisinde karikatür çizeri olarak çalışmaya başlayan Moore, zamanla çizim konusunda yeterince iyi olmadığını anlayarak yazarlığa yoğunlaştı. İngiltere'nin meşhur '2000AD' dergisinde çeşitli karakterler yaratan Moore, özellikle 'Marvelman' serisi ile ödüller toplamaya başladı. (British Eagle Awards for Best Comics Writer, 1982 and 1983)

DC firmasının "Swamp Thing" dergisi ile ABD'ye yöneldi. Edebi değer taşıyan metinlerinde çevre, toplum, bireyin toplum içindeki yeri sorgulanıyor, bu ise dönemin genelgeçer çizgi roman anlayışıyla çelişki yaratıyordu.

Yine aynı firma için çeşitli işler yaptıktan sonra 1986 yılında yayımlanan 'Watchmen' sınırlı serisi çizgi roman camiasını ve tarihini kökten sarstı. Bu gelişkin kurgu yapıtta süperkahraman kavramı etrafında topluma dair sert bir siyasal eleştiri vardı.

Alan Moore, türün kalıplarını ve araçlarını bozan, parçalayan, onları farklı içeriklerde tekrar kurarak okuyucuyu şaşırtan ve düşünmeye zorlayan bir tarz kullanır.

Bazı yapıtları
 Hellblazer
 Batman: The Killing Joke
 From Hell
 Lost Girls
 Promethea
 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
 Tom Strong
 Top Ten
 V for Vendetta (çizgi roman)
 Watchmen

Kaynakça

1953 doğumlular
Northampton doğumlular
Britanyalı çizgi romancılar
İngiliz roman yazarları
İngiliz bilimkurgu yazarları
İngiliz anarşistler
İngiliz neopaganlar
İngiliz vejetaryenler
Hugo Ödülü alan yazarlar
Postmodern yazarlar
Yaşayan insanlar
Glykon kültü

Alan Moore


مايورونا ويسمون أيضا ماتسيس هي قبيلة هندية في أمريكا الجنوبية من العرق البانوي، وتقع منطقتهم بين انهار أويوكالي وخافاري شمال شرق البيرو، وهم يجوبون الغابات ويعيشون على الصيد، وهم يقصون شعورهم ويتركون خطا يمر عبر رؤوسهم، والكثير منهم لديه جلد فاتح ولحى ويقال أنهم أحفاد جنود اورسوا ولكن هذه النظرة بعيدة الاحتمال، وهم مشهورون أيضا بالعصي المجوفة التي يطلقون منها السموم.

مراجع

أمريكيون أصليون
شعوب أصلية في الأمازون
شعوب أصلية في البرازيل
شعوب أصلية في بيرو

مايورونا


Als Blumentopfeffekt bezeichnet der Gärtner oder Forstwirt einen unerwünschten Wachstumseffekt bei neu gepflanzten Blumen, Stauden, Sträuchern und Bäumen. Er entsteht, wenn die Wurzeln nicht oder nur geringfügig in den umliegenden (anstehenden) Boden außerhalb des Pflanzloches eindringen. Dies wird durch ein Missverhältnis von Pflanzsubstrat zu den umgebenden Bodenbedingungen begünstigt. Die Pflanze nimmt hier ausschließlich das Angebot der mit der Pflanzung beigebrachten Nährstoffe und des aufgelockerten Bodens an. Der qualitativ geringerwertige Boden am Standort wird nicht durchwurzelt.

Hat die Pflanze das maximale Volumen an Wurzelmasse für ihr Pflanzloch gebildet, reagiert sie mit Wachstumsdepression und verkümmert. Die unzureichende Durchwurzelung des Bodens wirkt sich überdies nachteilig auf die Standfestigkeit der Pflanze aus.

Zum Blumentopfeffekt bei Gehölzpflanzungen kann es auch durch Wurzeldeformationen in den häufig verwendeten Pflanzcontainern kommen. Stark gekrümmte oder geknickte Hauptwurzeln vermögen sich beim späteren Wachstum nicht mehr nachträglich zu strecken. Es kommt zu zunächst anwachsenden, später aber vorzeitig vergreisenden und instabilen Bäumen. Ähnliche Probleme treten auch bei Pflanzungen im Bohrloch-Verfahren auf.

Weblinks
Blumentopfeffekt – die Wurzel der Erkenntnis
Wurzeldeformation und Wurzelschäden durch unsachgemäße Pflanzmethoden

Einzelnachweise

Quellen
Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e. V. (FLL) (Herausgeber): Empfehlungen für Baumpflanzungen. Teil 1: Planung, Pflanzarbeiten, Pflege. Bonn 2005, 67 S. ISBN 978-3-934484-75-7
Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft (LWF). Merkblatt Nr. 4: "Auf die Wurzeln kommt es an!" (pdf), Oktober 1998

Pflanzen im Gartenbau
Waldbau
Pflanzenentwicklung

Blumentopfeffekt


برج الحمراء، هو برج ومجمع تجاري تابع شركة الحمراء العقارية، ويبلغ ارتفاع برج الحمراء نحو 414 مترا. وهو بذلك يعد أطول
ناطحة سحاب في الكويت وفي المرتبة 23 على مستوى العالم (إحصائية 2016).

التصميم
استعانت شركة الحمراء العقارية لتنفيذ هذا المشروع الذي يعتبر أول ناطحة سحاب منحوتة بشركتين متخصصتين ورائدتين في بناء ناطحات السحاب وهما سكيدموري، أوينغس وميريل للاستشارات الهندسية، وشركة تيرنر العالمية. بالنسبة لتصميم البرج وخلافًا لمعظم ناطحات السحاب والتي ترتفع عموديًا باستقامة، لبرج الحمراء جدارين من الجهة الجنوبية يمتد كل منهما بانحدار تدريجي عن الهيكل الأساسي للمبنى حتى يصل إلى أكثر من 50 مترًا في الاتجاه الأفقي وعلى ارتفاع 350 مترًا.

البناء
استخدم في بناء البرج 195 ألف متر مكعب من الخرسانة، وحوالي 6000 طن من الهياكل المعدنية و 38 ألف طن من حديد التسليح، ويوجد في البرج 40 مصعدا كهربائيًا تصل سرعة بعضهم إلى 10 متر في الثانية وحمولة تصل إلى 40 شخص، كما يوجد مصعدين للخدمات تصل حمولتهما إلى سبعة أطنان.

وتقدر مساحة البناء في كل طابق بنحو 2400 متر مربع، مما يجعله أضخم مبنى على مستوى الكويت. ويتكون البرج من 77 طابق على ارتفاع 412 متر. وبلغت سرعة البناء بمتوسط طابق كل تسعة أيام. واكتمل المشروع في 17 أغسطس 2010.

التمويل
بلغت تكلفة بناء مشروع الحمراء نحو 180 مليون دينار كويتي فضلا عن قيمة الأرض التي أقيم عليها المشروع البالغ قيتمها 100 مليون د.ك، وقد مول بنك الكويت الوطني المشروع بقرض بقيمة 108 مليون د.ك في حين مول باقي المبلغ من قبل شركة الحمراء العقارية المالكة للمشروع وذلك عن طريق مواردها الذاتية.

الجوائز
حصل البرج على عدد من الجوائر حتى قبل اكتمال المشروع، منها جائزتا أفضل مشروع ناطحة سحاب وأفضل مشروع تحت الإنشاء لعام 2008، وذلك في مسابقه «MIPIM»، وكذلك جائزة أفضل تصميم من «American architecture awards» في عام 2008.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة مراكز التسوق في الكويت

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

المراجع

حمراء
تأسيسات سنة 2011 في الكويت
مبان إدارية اكتملت في 2011
مبان ومنشآت في مدينة الكويت
مباني ناطحات سحاب إدارية
مجمعات تجارية في الكويت
ناطحات سحاب في الكويت

برج الحمراء


වෘක්කයෙහි, මැකියුලා ඩෙන්සා යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඝනකම් ආරෝහණ බාහුව සහ විදුර සංවලිත නාළිකාව මුණගැසෙන ස්ථානයෙහි විදුර සංවලිත නාළිකා බිත්තිය ආස්තරණය කරන ළඟින් ඇසිරුණු විශේෂිත සෛල විශේෂයකි. මැකියුලා ඩෙන්සා යනු විදුර නාළිකාව ගුච්ඡිකාව ස්පර්ශ වන ස්ථානයෙහි පිහිටි ඝනවීමකි.

මැකියුලා ඩෙන්සා සෛල විදුර සංවලිත නාළිකාවෙහි සෝඩියම් ක්ලෝරයිඩ් සාන්ද්‍රණයට සංවේදී වේ. සෝඩියම් ක්ලෝරයිඩ් සාන්ද්‍රණයෙහි අඩුවීමක් මැකියුලා ඩෙන්සා සෛලවලින් සංඥා නිකුත් කිරීමට හේතුවන අතර ඉන් පහත ප්‍රතිඵල ඇතිවේ:

(1) එය අභිවාහී ධමනිකාවලට රුධිර ගලනයට ඇති ප්‍රතිරෝධය අඩු කරන අතර, ගුච්ඡිකාවේ ද්‍රවස්ථිති පීඩනය ඉහළ නංවයි. මෙය ගුච්ඡික පෙරීම් ශීඝ්‍රතාව (GFR) නැවත සාමාන්‍ය අගය තෙක් ගෙන එයි, එසේම

(2) එය අභිවාහී සහ අපවාහී ධමනිකාවල ජක්ස්ටගුච්ඡික සෛලවලින් රීනින් නිදහස් වීම වැඩි කරයි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

මැකියුලා ඩෙන්සා


අභ්‍යාවකාශ ගවේෂණ යුගයවන තෙක් ග්‍රාහක වළල්ලේ වස්තූන් අතිවිශාල දූරේක්ෂවලට පවා හරිහැටි දර්ශනය නොවූ අතර එහි හැඩය හෝ පැතිර පවතින ප්‍රදේශය අභිරහසක්ව පැවතුණි. පොළවේ ස්ථාපනය කරන ලද හොඳම දුරේක්ෂවලට හා පෘථිවි කක්ෂගත හබල් අභ්‍යාවකාශ දූරේක්ෂයට පවා අති විශාල ග්‍රාහකවල වුවද අනාවරණය කරගත හැකිවූයේ මතුපිට පෘෂ්ඨයේ සුළු දත්ත ප්‍රමාණයක් වූ අතර බොහෝ ඒවා අපැහැදිලි ඡායා මාත්‍රයක් පමණක් විය. ඒවායේ වර්ණාවලි දත්තවලින් හා ආලෝක වක්‍රවලින් (භ්‍රමණයත් සමග සිදුවන තීව්‍රතා වෙනස්වීම්) පවා අනුමාන කරගත හැකි වූයේ ඒවායේ හැඩය හා සංයුතිය පිළිබඳව සීමාසහිත කරුණු ප්‍රමාණයක් පමණි. රේඩාර් ඡායාරූපකරණය මගින් ග්‍රාහකවල හැඩය හා කක්ෂීය, භ්‍රමණ පරාමිතීන් පිළිබඳව නිවැරදි දත්ත ලබා ගත හැකි අතර පෘථිවියට වඩාත් සමීප ග්‍රාහකවල මෙය වඩාත් හොඳින් සිදුකළ හැක.

ප්‍රථමයෙන් ග්‍රහක හැඩති වස්තූන්වල සමීප ජායාරූපයක් ගනු ලැබුයේ 1971 දී මැරිනර් 9 අඟහරුගේ කුඩා චන්ද්‍රයින් දෙදෙනාවන ෆෝබෝස් හා ඩීටෝස් ඡායාරූප කිරීමත් සමගවන අතර ඒවා බොහෝ දුරට අඟහරු විසින් ග්‍රහණය කර ගන්නා ලද ග්‍රාහක ලෙස සැලකේ. මෙම ඡායාරූප මගින් බොහෝ ග්‍රාහකවල අවිධිමත් හැඩයන් පෙන්ණුම් කෙරුණු අතර පසුව වොයෝජර් ගවේෂණවලින් ගන්නා ලද වායුගෝලයන්ගේ (gas giants) කුඩා චන්ද්‍රයින්ගේ ගන්නා ලද ඡායාරූප මගින් ද මෙය දැක්වුණි.

ප්‍රථමයෙන් සමීප ඡායාරූපයක් ගන්නා ලද සත්‍ය ග්‍රාහකය වූයේ 951 ග්‍රැස්පා  ය. ඒ 1991 දීය. පසුව 1993 දී 243 - අයිඩා හා චන්ද්‍රයා වූ ඩැක්ටිල්ගේද ඡායාරූප ගත් අතර මේ සියල්ල බ්‍රහස්පතිට වූ ගැලීලියෝ ගවේෂණ ගමන් මගෙහි (Galileo probe en route) ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලදී.

ප්‍රථමයෙන්ම පිළිගත් ඇස්ටෝරයිඩයක් ලෙස ගවේෂණ කරණු ලැබුවේ නියර් ෂූමාකර්ය. එය ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද්දේ 253-මැතිල්ඩේ මගින් 1997 දී වූ අතර එය පසුව 433 - එරොස්හි කක්ෂයට ඇතුළු වී අවසානයේදී 2001 දී එය මතට ගොඩ බැස්වූයේය.

9969 බ්‍රේසිලි (1999 දී ඩීප් ස්පේස් 1 මගින්) හා 5535 ඇනීෆ්‍රෑන්ක් (2002 දී ස්ටාර්ඩස්ට් මගින්) ඇතුළුව තවත් ඇස්ටොරයිඩ, වෙනත් ගමනාන්තයක් කරා යන අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා මගින් කෙටි අධ්‍යයනයන්ට ලක් කරන ලදී.

2005 සැත්තැම්බර්හිදී ජපන් අභ්‍යවකාශ යානයක් වන හයබුසා (Hayabusa) 25143-ඉටොකාවා අධ්‍යයනය කිරීම පටන් ගත් අතර ඉදිරි කාලයේදී එහි සාම්පල පෘථිවියට එවනු ඇත. නමුත් යානයෙහි පාලන රෝද 3 න් 2 ක හටගත් දෝෂ නිසා සූර්ය ශක්තිය ලබාගැනීම පිණිස නියම දිශානනියකට පැමිණීමට අපහසු වීමද ඇතුළු හිරිහැර රාශියකට පත්වීමට හයබුසාට සිදු විය. එය 2008  දී හා 2010 දී 2867-ස්ටෙයින්ස් අධ්‍යයනය කරනු ඇත.

2007 සැත්තැම්බර්හිදී නාසා ආයතනය ඩොවින් මෙහෙවර දියත් කළ අතර එය වාමන ග්‍රහලොවක් වන සිරස් හා 4 - වෙස්ටා ග්‍රාහක කක්ෂගත වී බොහෝ දුරට 2 පෙලාස් කරාද තම මෙහෙවර දීර්ඝ කරනු ඇත.

පෘථිවියේ දුර්ලභ හෝ අවසාන වූ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය ලබාගැනීම හා අභ්‍යාවකාශ වාසස්ථාන තැනීම පිණිස අමුද්‍රව්‍ය ලබා ගැනීමේ ප්‍රභවයන් ලෙස අනාගතයේදී ග්‍රාහක භාවිතා කරණු ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. (ඇස්ටෝරයිඩ ජනපදකරණය බලන්න) පෘථිවියේ සිට ගෙනයාමට බර වැඩි හෝ වියදම් වැඩි අමුද්‍රව්‍ය යම් දිනක ග්‍රාහක කැණීම් මගින් ලබාගනු ඇති අතර අභ්‍යාවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථාන ආදිය ගොඩ නැගීමට ඒවා යොදා ගනු ඇත.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration

ග්‍රාහක - ගවේෂණය


Kauern bezeichnet
eine bestimmte Form des Sitzens
Kauern ist Ortsname von
 Kauern, einer Gemeinde im thüringischen Landkreis Greiz
 Kauern (Bad Dürrenberg), einem Ortsteil von Bad Dürrenberg im Saalekreis in Sachsen-Anhalt
 Kauern (Langenwetzendorf), einem Ortsteil von Langenwetzendorf im thüringischen Landkreis Greiz
 Kurów, einem Ortsteil von Wiązów in der Woiwodschaft Niederschlesien in Polen
 Kurznie, einem Ortsteil von Poppelau in der Woiwodschaft Oppeln in Polen

Siehe auch:

Kauern (Begriffsklärung)


Frederik Christensen (født 7. marts 1995) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Slagelse BI. Han har tidligere spillet for FC Vestsjælland.

Karriere

FC Vestsjælland
Christensen skrev under på sin første professionelle kontrakt i maj 2015. Han var den første spiller i FC Vestsjællands historie, der kom fra klubbens ungdomsafdeling og skrev under på en professionel kontrakt med klubben.

Christensen fik sin debut i Superligaen og sin professionelle debut den 7. juni 2015, hvor han startede inde, men blev taget ud i det 55. minut og erstattet af Adam Kolberg i en 3-1-sejr over Silkeborg IF.

Slagelse BI
Da FC Vestsjælland gik konkurs i december 2015, blev han en del af Slagelse BI.

Han takkede i januar 2018 nej til en kontrakt med 1. divisionsklubben Thisted FC, der søgte en afløser for Mikkel Agger.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Slagelse B&I
Fodboldspillere fra FC Vestsjælland

Frederik Christensen (fodboldspiller)


Amah Rock (, Mong Fu Shek,  "husband-watching stone") is a naturally shaped rock located on a hilltop in southwest Sha Tin District, Hong Kong.

Description
The rock is approximately 15 meters in height, and is shaped much like a woman carrying a baby on her back. It stands above the entrance to the Lion Rock Tunnel, within Lion Rock Country Park.

Legend
According to a legend, the faithful wife of a fisherman climbed the hills every day, carrying her son, to watch for the return of her husband, not knowing he had been drowned at sea. In reward for her faithfulness she was turned into a rock by the Goddess of the Sea so that her spirit could unite with that of her husband. Similar legends abound throughout the whole of China—the number of rocks called Mong Fu Shek in the country is high. Many Chinese classical poems were dedicated to this kind of rock.

Attraction
The rock is a popular tourist destination; the whole Sha Tin District can be seen from there. It is also a place of worship for Chinese women and stands as a symbol of women's loyalty and faithfulness.

See also
 Amah (occupation)
 Lion Rock
 Tao Fong Shan
 List of places in Hong Kong

References

External links

Pictures of Amah Rock (Archived 2009-10-25)

Mountains, peaks and hills of Hong Kong
Sha Tin District
Rock formations of China
Cantonese folklore

Amah Rock


Maporal peut désigner :

Toponymes

Maporal : capitale de la paroisse civile d'Ignacio Briceño de la municipalité de Pedraza dans l'État de Barinas ;
 Maporal : localité de la paroisse civile de Dolores de la municipalité de Rojas dans l'État de Barinas.

Homonymie de toponyme

Maporal


Hestehale er en frisure til langt hår, hvor noget eller hele håret er strøget tilbage og sat op med en hårelastik på bagsiden af hovedet. Mange piger samler den stramt højt oppe eller midt på hovedet. Mange mænd samler den knapt så stramt i nakken. Man kan opleve en smule hårtab ved stramme hestehaler, ligeledes kan nogen få hovedpine af stramme hestehaler. Halen på en hest ligger derfor navn fordi det ligner en hestehale på en hest.

Frisurer

Hestehale (frisure)


Haukur Birgir Hauksson (16. mars 1944 – 30. júlí 1973) var íslenskur knattspyrnumaður. Hann hóf að leika knattspyrnu með meistaraflokki og 1. flokki Ármanns við stofnun knattspyrnudeildar félagsins árið 1968 auk þess að þjálfa hjá því. Þann 26. júní 1973, hlaut hann alvarleg innvortis meiðsl eftir samstuð við andstæðing í leik Ármanns og Vals í 1. flokki og lést að lokum rúmlega mánuði seinna af völdum þeirra.
 Hann var fyrsti íslenski knattspyrnumaðurinn til að látast af meiðslum í leik í 40 ár eða síðan Jón Karel Kristbjörnsson, markvörður Vals, lést af völdum meiðsla sem hann hlaut við samstuð við leikmann KR í úrslitaleik Íslandsmótsins 1930.

Heimildir

Íslenskir knattspyrnumenn

Haukur Birgir Hauksson


Young County may refer to:
 Young County, Texas
 Young County, New South Wales
 County of Young, South Australia

Young County