Freiherr Joseph von Molitor von Mühlfeld (* 21. Juli 1855 auf Schloss Westheim bei Augsburg; † 24. Juni 1890 in München) war ein deutscher Kunstmaler.

Leben
Molitor von Mühlfeld stammte aus einem süddeutschen Offiziers- und Beamtengeschlecht. Er war der jüngste Sohn des königlich bayerischen Majors und Kämmerers Ernst Franz Freiherr Molitor von Mühlfeld (* 5. Oktober 1808; 2. August 1888) und seiner Frau Caroline (* 9. Mai 1812; † 16. Januar 1870, geborene von Weiß auf Westheim). Er wuchs auf dem Schlossgut Westheim auf, einem ehemaligen Bistumsgut des Bistums Augsburg, das sein Vater von seinem Schwiegervater von Weiß erworben hatte.

Ab 1873 studierte an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste München und war hier Schüler von Wilhelm von Lindenschmit. Zeitgenossen galt er als

Bis zu seinem frühen Tod schuf er vor allem Genreszenen. Seine Werke waren unter anderem in Wien und Dresden ausgestellt. Er wurde in einer Familiengrabstätte auf dem Nördlichen Friedhof in München begraben.

Molitor von Mühlfeld hatte drei ältere Geschwister:
 Kammerjunker Gregor Freiherr Molitor von Mühlfeld (geboren am 4. Februar 1841) ⚭ Johanna (von Kraus, geboren am 14. November 1843)
 Kammerjunker und Leutnant Ernst Freiherr Molitor von Mühlfeld (geboren am 12. März 1845)
 Marie Louise Freifrau Molitor von Mühlfeld (geboren am 12. Mai 1848, gestorben am 28. September 1891).

Werke
 Ziegenhirte mit Zicklein
 Wäsche aufhängendes Mädchen
 Junges Mädchen (112 × 61 cm), München, Neue Pinakothek (Inv. Nr. 8785)
 Inneres einer Kapelle mit Betern, auch Bei der Andacht, Morning Prayers (63,5 × 82,6 cm)
 Kleiner Angler = (?) Master of all he surveys (1888, 139,7 × 104,1 cm)

Literatur
 Friedrich Pecht: Geschichte der Münchener Kunst im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. München 1888, doi:10.11588/diglit.15254, S. 366 (uni-heidelberg.de).
  – (hier ist der 26. Juni 1890 als Sterbetag angegeben)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Maler (München)
Person (Neusäß)
Genremaler
Deutscher
Geboren 1855
Gestorben 1890
Mann

Joseph Molitor von Mühlfeld


Steven R. Rosefielde (né en 1942) est professeur de systèmes économiques comparés à l'université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill. Il est également membre de l'Académie russe des sciences naturelles.

Biographie

Œuvres

 Russia since 1980: Wrestling with Westernization, with Stefan Hedlund, Cambridge University Press, 2009
 Red Holocaust, Routledge, 2009
 Economic Welfare and the Economics of Soviet Socialism: Essays in Honor of Abram Bergson, Cambridge University Press, 2008
 The Russian Economy: From Lenin to Putin, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007
 Masters of Illusion: American Leadership In The Media Age, Cambridge University Press, 2006
 Comparative Economic Systems: Culture, Wealth, and Power in the 21st Century, Wiley-Blackwell, 2002, 2005, 2008
 Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower, Cambridge University Press, 2004
 Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective,  Europe-Asia Studies (2001). 53 (8): 1159–1176. .
 Efficiency and Russia's Economic Recovery Potential to the Year 2000 and Beyond, ed., Ashgate Publishing, 1998
 Documented Homicides and Excess Deaths: New Insights into the Scale of Killing in the USSR during the 1930s. (PDF file) Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 321–333. University of California, 1997.
 False Science: Underestimating the Soviet Arms Buildup. An Appraisal of the CIA's Direct Costing Effort, 1960–1985, 1988
 World Communism at the Crossroads: Military Ascendancy, Political Economy, and Human Welfare, 1980
 Soviet International Trade in Heckscher-Ohlin Perspective: An Input-Output Study, 1973

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1942
Professeur à l'université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill
Étudiant de l'université Harvard
Économiste américain du XXe siècle

Steven Rosefielde


FK Dinamo Moskva, Rusya futbolunun köklü kulüplerindendir. 1923 yılında Felix Dzerzhinsky tarafından kurulmuştur. Maçlarını 36.000 kapasiteli Dinamo Stadı'nda oynar. Takımın renkleri beyaz-mavidir.Rusya'nın en eski futbol kulübüdür ve 2015-16 sezonuna kadar hiç alt liglere düşmemiştir.

Başarıları

Sovyetler Birliği
 Sovyetler 1. Lig
 Şampiyon (11): 1936, 1937, 1940, 1945, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1976
 Sovyetler Kupası
 Şampiyon (6): 1937, 1953, 1967, 1970, 1977, 1984
 Sovyetler Süper Kupa
 Şampiyon (1): 1977

Rusya
 Kubok Rossii
 Şampiyon (1): 1995

Avrupa
 UEFA Kupası
 Finalist: 1972

Lig ve kupa tarihi
 Rusya
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Sezon
! Lig
! Poz.
! MS
! G
! B
! M
! AG
! YG
! P
!Kubok Rossii
!colspan=2|Avrupa
!En golcü
!Teknik direktör
|-
|align=center|1992
|align=center|1.
|align=center bgcolor=bronze|3
|align=center|26
|align=center|14
|align=center|6
|align=center|6
|align=center|55
|align=center|29
|align=center|34
|align=center|
|align=center|UK
|align=center|3.tur (Son 16)
|align=left| Kasumov - 16
|align=left| Gazzaev
|-
|align=center|1993
|align=center|1.
|align=center bgcolor=bronze|3
|align=center|34
|align=center|16
|align=center|10
|align=center|8
|align=center|65
|align=center|38
|align=center|42
|align=center bgcolor=bronze|Yarı final
|align=center|UK
|align=center|3. tur (Son 16)
|align=left| Simutenkov - 16
|align=left| Gazzaev  Golodets
|-
|align=center|1994
|align=center|1.
|align=center bgcolor=silver|2
|align=center|30
|align=center|13
|align=center|13
|align=center|4
|align=center|55
|align=center|35
|align=center|39
|align=center bgcolor=bronze|Yarı final
|align=center|UK
|align=center|1. tur
|align=left| Simutenkov - 21
|align=left| Beskov
|-
|align=center|1995
|align=center|1.
|align=center|4
|align=center|30
|align=center|16
|align=center|8
|align=center|6
|align=center|45
|align=center|29
|align=center|56
|align=center bgcolor=gold|Şampiyon
|align=center|UK
|align=center|2.tur (Son 32)
|align=left| Terekhin - 11
|align=left| Beskov  Golodets
|-
|align=center|1996
|align=center|1.
|align=center|4
|align=center|34
|align=center|20
|align=center|7
|align=center|7
|align=center|60
|align=center|35
|align=center|67
|align=center bgcolor=bronze|Yarı final
|align=center|CWC
|align=center|Çeyrek final
|align=left| Cheryshev - 17
|align=left| Golodets
|-
|align=center|1997
|align=center|1.
|align=center bgcolor=bronze|3
|align=center|34
|align=center|19
|align=center|11
|align=center|4
|align=center|50
|align=center|20
|align=center|68
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Finalist
|align=center|Uk
|align=center|1. tur
|align=left| Terekhin - 17
|align=left| Golodets
|-
|align=center|1998
|align=center|1.
|align=center|9
|align=center|30
|align=center|8
|align=center|15
|align=center|7
|align=center|31
|align=center|30
|align=center|39
|align=center|Çeyrek final
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Terekhin - 12
|align=left| Golodets  Yartsev
|-
|align=center|1999
|align=center|1.
|align=center|5
|align=center|30
|align=center|12
|align=center|8
|align=center|10
|align=center|44
|align=center|41
|align=center|44
|align=center bgcolor=silver|Finalist
|align=center|Uk
|align=center|2. tur (Son 32)
|align=left| Terekhin - 14
|align=left| Yartsev  Petrushin
|-
|align=center|2000
|align=center|1.
|align=center|5
|align=center|30
|align=center|14
|align=center|8
|align=center|8
|align=center|45
|align=center|35
|align=center|50
|align=center|Çeyrek final
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Gusev - 12
|align=left| Gazzaev
|-
|align=center|2001
|align=center|1.
|align=center|9
|align=center|30
|align=center|10
|align=center|8
|align=center|12
|align=center|43
|align=center|51
|align=center|38
|align=center|Son 16
|align=center|Uk
|align=center|1. tur
|align=left| Khazov - 10
|align=left| Gazzaev  Novikov
|-
|align=center|2002
|align=center|1.
|align=center|8
|align=center|30
|align=center|12
|align=center|6
|align=center|12
|align=center|38
|align=center|33
|align=center|42
|align=center|Çeyrek final
|align=center|Uk
|align=center|2. tur
|align=left| Koroman - 6
|align=left| Novikov  Prokopenko
|-
|align=center|2003
|align=center|1.
|align=center|6
|align=center|30
|align=center|12
|align=center|10
|align=center|8
|align=center|42
|align=center|29
|align=center|46
|align=center|Son 32
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Bulykin - 9
|align=left| Prokopenko  Hřebík
|-
|align=center|2004
|align=center|1.
|align=center|13
|align=center|30
|align=center|6
|align=center|11
|align=center|13
|align=center|27
|align=center|38
|align=center|29
|align=center|Son 16
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Korchagin - 4
|align=left| Hřebík  Bondarenko  Romantsev
|-
|align=center|2005
|align=center|1.
|align=center|8
|align=center|30
|align=center|12
|align=center|2
|align=center|16
|align=center|36
|align=center|46
|align=center|38
|align=center|Son 16
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Derlei - 13
|align=left| Romantsev  Wortmann  Kobelev
|-
|align=center|2006
|align=center|1.
|align=center|14
|align=center|30
|align=center|8
|align=center|10
|align=center|12
|align=center|31
|align=center|40
|align=center|34
|align=center|Çeyrek final
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Derlei - 7
|align=left|  Semin  Kobelev
|-
|align=center|2007
|align=center|1.
|align=center|6
|align=center|30
|align=center|11
|align=center|8
|align=center|11
|align=center|37
|align=center|35
|align=center|41
|align=center|Çeyrek final
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Kolodin - 9
|align=left| Kobelev
|-
|align=center|2008
|align=center|1.
|align=center bgcolor=bronze|3
|align=center|30
|align=center|15
|align=center|9
|align=center|6
|align=center|41
|align=center|29
|align=center|54
|align=center|Son 16
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=left| Kerzhakov - 7
|align=left| Kobelev
|-
|align=center|2009
|align=center|1.
|align=center|8
|align=center|30
|align=center|12
|align=center|6
|align=center|12
|align=center|31
|align=center|37
|align=center|42
|align=center|Son 32
|align=center| CLEL
|align=center| 3.ön elemePlay-off
|align=left| Kerzhakov - 12
|align=left| Kobelev
|-
|align=center|2010
|align=center|1.
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Son 32
|align=center colspan="2"|-
|align=left|
|align=left| Kobelev  Božović
|}

Avrupa'da Dinamo Moskova

Kadrosu

Takım Kadrosu
2 Eylül 2019, according to the RFPL official website

Dış bağlantılar
 FK Dinamo Moskova Resmi Sitesi

1923'te kurulan futbol kulüpleri
Rusya'daki futbol kulüpleri
FK Dinamo Moskva

FK Dinamo Moskva


Dirty Wars est un film américain réalisé par Rick Rowley, sorti en 2013.

Synopsis
Le journaliste Jeremy Scahill enquête sur les guerres secrètes menées par les États-Unis.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Dirty Wars
 Réalisation : Rick Rowley
 Scénario : David Riker et Jeremy Scahill
 Musique : David Harrington
 Photographie : Rick Rowley
 Montage : David Riker et Rick Rowley
 Production : Anthony Arnove, Brenda Coughlin et Jeremy Scahill
 Société de production : Big Noise Films et Civic Bakery
 Société de distribution : IFC Films (États-Unis)
 Pays :
 Genre : Documentaire
 Durée : 87 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé à l'Oscar du meilleur film documentaire en 2014.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2013
Film documentaire américain
Film documentaire sur la guerre
Film documentaire sur les États-Unis

Dirty Wars


Juice est un film finlandais réalisé par Teppo Airaksinen, sorti en 2018.

Synopsis
La vie de l'auteur-compositeur-interprète finlandais Juice Leskinen.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Juice
 Réalisation : Teppo Airaksinen
 Scénario : Antti Heikki Pesonen d'après le livre d'Antti Heikkinen
 Musique : Anssi Tikanmäki
 Photographie : Aarne Tapola
 Montage : Jussi Rautaniemi
 Production : Marko Talli
 Société de production : Yellow Film & TV
 Pays :
 Genre : Biopic et drame
 Durée : 105 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Riku Nieminen : Juice Leskinen
 Iida-Maria Heinonen : Marja Tolvanen
 Pekka Strang : Harri Rinne
 Antti Heikkinen : Mikko Alatalo
 Annaleena Sipilä : Äeti
 Ilkka Heiskanen : Isä

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour huit Jussis et en a reçu trois : meilleure photographie, meilleurs costumes et meilleurs maquillages.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film finlandais sorti en 2018
Film biographique finlandais
Film dramatique finlandais
Film biographique sur un chanteur
Adaptation d'une œuvre littéraire au cinéma

Juice (film, 2018)


Gezegensel zincir (planetary chain), Teozofi'de bir gezegenin farklı süptillik derecelerindeki maddelerinden oluşan ortamlarının kademeler şeklinde birbirini izlemesine verilen addır.

Teozofi'ye göre Güneş Sistemi içinde on iki kademelenme olmakla birlikte, Dünya gezegensel zinciri ancak yedi kademeden oluşur. Teozoflara göre çeşitli tradisyonlarda yedi kat gök sembolüyle ifade edilen, fiziksel ortamdan başlayıp en süptil esîrî ortama kadar derecelenme gösteren bu yedi tabakadır. Bunlara aşağıdan yukarıya doğru sırasıyla, fiziksel plan, esîrî plan, astral plan, mantal plan, kozal plan, buddi planı ve atma planı adı verilir.

İnsanın da bu şekilde, fiziksel bedeni ile ruhu arasındaki gitgide süptilleşen bedenleriyle, 7 bedenden oluştuğunu düşünürler.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Devir
 Esîr
 Yükseliş yayı
 Yaşam ağacı
 Gök katları
 Yer'in ekseni
 Mirac

Kaynakça
 An Occult Glossary,Theosophical University Press,Kaliforniya,1933

Teozofi

Gezegensel zincir


Daniel Nushiro () a fost Întâistătător al Bisericii Ortodoxe Japoneze, aflat sub oblăduirea canonică a Patriarhiei Moscovei și a Întregii Rusii. El a fost instalat în tronul mitropolitan la data de 14 mai 2000, cu titlul de Înaltpreasfințitul Daniel, arhiepiscop de Tokyo și mitropolit al Întregii Japonii.

Note

Nașteri în 1938
Nașteri pe 5 septembrie
Decese în 2023
Decese pe 10 august
Episcopi ortodocși japonezi

Daniel Nushiro


Le Optasia Championships 2022 est une compétition de squash se déroulant à Londres du 13 au 18 mars 2022. Le tournoi est au format PSA World Tour Gold et doté de .

Le tournoi comprend 24 joueurs dont 8 têtes de série et une wild card Joe Lee.

Le Suisse Nicolas Müller se hisse jusqu'en demi-finale où il s'incline face au champion du monde Ali Farag. Celui ci remporte le titre face au Péruvien Diego Elías.

Dotation et points
En 2022, la dotation est de . Les points sont répartis suivant le tableau suivant:

Têtes de série

Tableau principal

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Saison 2021-2022 de la PSA

Liens externes
 Page PSA

Compétition de squash à Londres
Sport à Londres en 2022
Sport en mars 2022
Squash en 2022

Optasia Championships 2022


Tvøroyrar kommuna er en kommune på Færøerne. Den omfatter Tvøroyri, Trongisvágur, Froðba, Øravík og Øravíkarlíð på Suðuroy. Tvøroyrar kommuna blev udskilt fra Suðuroyar præstegælds kommune som Froðbiar kommuna i 1879. 1. januar 2009 havde Tvøroyrar kommuna 1 768 indbyggere.

Politik
Kristin Michelsen fra Javnaðarflokkurin har været borgmester siden 2001. Sidste kommunalvalg blev afholdt 13. november 2012 og følgende kom i kommunalbestyrelsen:

Referencer

Eksterne  henvisninger
Kommunens netside

Kommuner i Færøerne
Suðuroy

Tvøroyrar kommuna


Juan Ignacio Molinelli (Mar del Plata, Argentina, 10 de mayo de 1986) es un futbolista argentino. Juega como delantero en Leones Negros de la Universidad de Guadalajara de la Liga de Ascenso de México.

Clubes

Futbolistas de Mar del Plata
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Independiente
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Cadetes de San Martín (Mar del Plata)
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Quilmes (Mar del Plata)
Futbolistas del Club San Isidro
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Alvarado

Juan Ignacio Molinelli


ديدينيفو  هي مدينة في دميتروف رايون موسكو أوبلاست في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 6413 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة موسكو

ديدينيفو


Newton County is the name of six counties in the United States.  All except for Arkansas (and perhaps Mississippi) are named for Sgt. John Newton, a soldier of the American Revolutionary War who became a fictionalized hero. Many counties share a boundary with a Jasper County, named after Sgt. William Jasper, a similarly distinguished soldier.

The following counties are called Newton County:

Notes

Lists of counties of the United States

Newton County


Martin Egger (* 21. Oktober 1832 im Zell am Ziller, Tirol; † 29. Jänner 1898 in Trnava, Königreich Ungarn) war ein österreichischer Jesuitenpater, Astronom und Physiker.

Zunächst studierte Martin Egger an der Comenius-Universität Bratislava die Fächer Philosophie, Mathematik und Physik für die Lehramtstätigkeit. Von 1859 bis 1864 unterrichtete er als Probelehrer Mathematik und Physik am Gymnasium in  Mariaschein, heutiges Bohosudov in Böhmen. Nach 1864 studierte er zwei Jahre Theologie an der Universität Innsbruck. 1867 wurde er in Bohosudov Professor für Mathematik und Physik und übernahm die Leitung der physikalischen Sammlung.

Um 1875 entwickelt er den nach ihm benannten Egger-Elektromotor, einer historischen Bauform eines Elektromotors, welcher als Besonderheit auf dem Funktionsprinzip einer Dampfmaschine basiert.

Zwischen 1879 und 1881 war er im Bereich der Seelsorge in Bratislava, Maria Taferl in Niederösterreich und Sankt Andrä in Kärnten tätig. Von 1887 bis 1890 arbeitete er am Haynald-Observatorium in Kalocsa in Ungarn im Bereich der Meteorforschung.

Einzelnachweise

Persönlichkeit der Elektrotechnik
Jesuit
Physiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Person (Österreich-Ungarn)
Person (Kaisertum Österreich)
Geboren 1832
Gestorben 1898
Mann

Martin Egger


Fornix er en C-formet samling af nervefibre i hjernen der fungerer som den største udgangstragt for hippocampus. Fornix bærer også nogle afferente fibre til hippocampus fra strukturer i diencephalon og den basale fronthjerne. Fornix er en del af det limbiske system.

Selvom dens eksakte funktion og vigtighed i hjernens fysiologi stadig ikke er helt klar, er det hos mennesker blevet demonstreret af en kirurgisk transsektion - at klippe fornix langs dens krop - kan forårsage hukommelsestab. Der pågår en debat over hvilken slags hukommelse der påvirkes ved denne skade, men det har været tættest korreleret med genkaldelseshukommelse mere end genkendelseshukommelse. Det betyder at skader på fornix kan forårsage problemer med at genkalde detaljerede information fra eksempelvis tidligere begivenheder, men den har en ringe effekt på evnen til at genkende objekter eller familiære situationer.

Hjernen

Fornix


Serre Chevalier () is a major ski resort in Southeastern France, near the Italian border, located in the Hautes-Alpes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated to the northeast of Écrins National Park in the French Alps, the resort encompasses a large skiing area, with  of slopes and favourable weather, boasting 300 days of sunshine a year. In Serre Chevalier,  of the slopes are covered by snow cannons to supplement natural snowfall. The resort is owned by Compagnie des Alpes.

Serre Chevalier consists of the city of Briançon, the villages of Chantemerle in Saint-Chaffrey and Villeneuve in La Salle-les-Alpes, as well as Le Monêtier-les-Bains. World Cup champion ski racer Luc Alphand was born and lives in the valley below the resort.

Ski area

The maximum elevation for skiing is at Telesiege Yret at  above sea level, and the minimum is , a total vertical drop of . One of the outstanding features of Serre Chevalier is the wooded nature of the slopes. The timber line is at , yielding about  of vertical drop of tree-lined slopes.

The slopes are managed by Compagnie des Alpes. There are 61 lifts: 1 cable car, 5 gondola lifts, 20 chairlifts in total, 10 high-speed detachable chairlifts, 10 fixed-grip chairlifts, 28 surface lifts, 3 ski tows, as well as 4 magic carpet lifts.

Summer
In the summer Serre Chevalier is enjoyed for hiking, cycling, mountain biking, climbing, rock climbing, sledding, kayaking, paragliding and sightseeing. Four lifts are open to take hikers and mountain bikers up the mountain. There are 10 trails between 2500 and 1350m.

Serre Chevalier organised the MTB French championships in 2008, the MTB Trial French championships in 2009 and the BMX European games in 2010. The location was also used in the 2011 Tour de France when Stage 18 finished at the summit of the nearby Col du Galibier. Luxembourg climbing specialist Andy Schleck won the stage with a long solo breakaway  from the finish and finished the Tour second overall, losing to Australian cyclist Cadel Evans.

References

External links

Serre Chevalier Official website

Ski areas and resorts in France

Serre Chevalier


الأمير تركي بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (21 أكتوبر 1972 -) كان أمير منطقة الرياض، وهو الابن السابع من أبناء الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

الخدمة العسكرية
 عَمل قائد السرب 92 المقاتل بجناح الطيران الثالث بقاعدة الملك عبد العزيز الجوية بالمنطقة الشرقية على طائرة إف 15 المقاتلة.
 قائد مجموعة القوات الجوية الملكية السعودية المشاركة في تمرين العلم الأحمر والأخضر في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2010م
 عمل في عدد من القواعد الجوية بالمملكة وشارك في حرب درع الجنوب وعدة تمارين جوية داخل المملكة وفي دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي والدول العربية وحصل على دورة متقدمة في الاستخبارات الدفاعية العسكرية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 التحق بعدة دورات متقدمة للقوات الجوية في بريطانيا وفرنسا والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 رئيس لجنة تطوير ميادين القوات الجوية.
 حصل على العديد من الأوسمة وشهادات الشكر داخليًا وخارجيًا في مجال عمله.
 أسهم في دعم صندوق التكافل الخيري للقوات الجوية في قاعدة الملك عبد العزيز ودعم الأنشطة الرياضية بالقوات الجوية.

مناصبه
بتاريخ 4 ربيع الآخر 1434 هـ الموافق 14 فبراير 2013 أصدر الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود أمراً ملكياً بتعيينه نائباً لأمير منطقة الرياض بمرتبة وزير. وفي 14 مايو 2014 صدر أمر ملكي بتعيينه أميرًا لمنطقة الرياض.
 أصدر الملك سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود أمر ملكي في يوم الخميس 9 (عدد) ربيع الآخر 1436 هـ بإعفائه من منصب أمير منطقة الرياض
 أصدر الملك سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود أمر ملكي في يوم الأحد صباحاً 16 صفر 1439 هـ بأمر بإيقاف الأمير بتهم فساد.

شهاداته
 خريج قاعدة وليامز الجوية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 حاصل على دورة القيادة والأركان من كلية القيادة المشتركة في المملكة المتحدة.
 ماجستير في العلوم العسكرية وماجستير في الدراسات الإستراتيجية بمرتبة الشرف من جامعة ويلز في بريطانيا.
 في اواخر نوفمبر 2015 تم منحه شهادة الأستاذية الفخرية والرئاسة الفخرية لمركز الدراسات العربية من قبل رئيس جامعة اللغات والثقافة في بكين بالصين «تسوي شي ليانغ».

أُسرته
 والدته الأميرة تاضي بنت مشعان الجربا وله من الأخوة الأمير مشعل والأمير محمد والأمير ماجد والأمير مشهور والأميرة عريب والأميرة الهنوف.

زوجاته
 كان متزوج سابقاً من الأميرة هالة بنت خالد بن سلطان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

مصادر

آل سعود
أبناء عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
أحفاد عبد العزيز آل سعود
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أصحاب أعمال سعوديون
أمراء سعوديون
أمراء منطقة الرياض
خريجو جامعة ويلز
سجناء ومعتقلون سعوديون
سياسيون سعوديون في القرن 20
سياسيون سعوديون في القرن 21
شخصيات أعمال سعودية في القرن 20
شخصيات أعمال سعودية في القرن 21
طيارون سعوديون
طيارون عسكريون سعوديون
عسكريو القوات الجوية الملكية السعودية
مواليد 1391 هـ
مواليد 1392 هـ
مواليد 1971
مواليد في الرياض

تركي بن عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


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Manawatū-Whanganui (; spelled Manawatu-Wanganui prior to 2019) is a region in the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand, whose main population centres are the cities of Palmerston North and Whanganui. It is administered by the Manawatū-Whanganui Regional Council, which operates under the name Horizons Regional Council.

Name
In the Māori language, the name  is a compound word that originates from an old Māori waiata (song). The waiata  describes the search by an early ancestor, Haunui-a-Nanaia, for his wife, during which he named various waterways in the district, and says that his heart () settled or momentarily stopped () when he saw the Manawatu River.

Whanga nui is a phrase meaning "big bay" or "big harbour". The first name of the European settlement at Whanganui was Petre (pronounced Peter), after Lord Petre, an officer of the New Zealand Company, but the name was never popular and was officially changed to "Wanganui" in 1854. In the local dialect, Māori pronounce the wh in Whanganui as , a voiced labial–velar approximant combined with a glottal stop, but to non-locals the name sounds like "Wanganui" and is hard to reproduce.

In 1991 the New Zealand Geographic Board considered demands from some local Māori to change the name of the river to Whanganui. After widespread controversy for many years, in September 2019 the New Zealand Geographic Board announced that from 18 October 2019 the name of the Manawatu-Wanganui region, and the regional council, would incorporate both the letter "h" and a macron, becoming "Manawatū-Whanganui". This became the official spelling of the name on 18 October, although the Manawatū-Whanganui Regional Council would continue to use the trading name of Horizons Regional Council.

See: Controversy over Wanganui/Whanganui spelling.

Government
The region covers all or part of ten territorial authority areas. Parts of five of these are covered by five other regions of New Zealand, the most of any region. In descending order of land area the territorial authority districts are Ruapehu, the major parts of Tararua District and Rangitikei, Manawatū, Whanganui, Horowhenua, and small parts of Stratford, Waitomo, and Taupō. The largest city is Palmerston North, with a population of 85,300 (June 2012 estimate). It is the only territorial authority in the region to be administered by a city council.

The governing body of the regional council consists of 12 councillors from 6 constituencies across the region, elected by the public; from the north: Ruapehu (1 councillor), Whanganui (2), Manawatū-Rangitikei (2), Palmerston North (4), Horowhenua (2), Tararua District (1). It sits in Palmerston North. It has the responsibility for managing natural and physical resources, providing flood protection and monitoring environmental problems and fresh air, clean water, productive land and natural eco-systems. It is also responsible for public transport.

Geography
The region is dominated and defined by two significant river catchments, the Whanganui and the Manawatu. The Whanganui River, in the northwest, is the longest navigable river in New Zealand. The river was extremely important to early Māori as it was the southern link in a chain of waterways that spanned almost two-thirds of the North Island. It was one of the chief areas of Māori settlement with its easily fortified cliffs and ample food supplies. Legends emphasise the importance of the river and it remains sacred to Whanganui iwi. Māori along the coast and lowland plains grew kumara and other crops. The Manawatū River runs across the centre of the region, from rolling hill country in the east to the fertile Manawatū Plains in the west. The main city of Palmerston North is located on these plains, and is an important service city for the southern North Island as a whole. This river is unusual, in that it passes from hill country to plains through a gorge cut into much higher country, an indication that the hills have risen since the river formed.

To the southeast, a further, more sparsely populated area of the Tararua District lies between the sources of the Manawatū River near Norsewood and the Pacific coast. This area, often historically connected with both the Hawke's Bay Region to the north and the Wairarapa to the south, was historically simply known as Bush, a name which still survives in some businesses and organisations, most notably the Wairarapa Bush Rugby Football Union.

The two river catchments have very different natures. While the open Manawatu Plains became more densely settled by Europeans, inland Ruapehu, Rangitikei, and Whanganui remained more Māori-dominated, remote and independent, and is still heavily forested. As late as the 1950s the Whanganui River remained a river of mystery. Since then exploitation of the river's commercial potential has opened up the area, often causing friction with local Māori, who have long-standing grievances. Manawatū-Whanganui as a whole is one of the most important pastoral areas in New Zealand, its status recognised when the government opened the Massey Agricultural College in the 1920s.

Much of Manawatu-Wanganui was fertile and bush-covered when Europeans arrived and developed the area as a source of timber. Saw milling and flax milling dominated the 19th century, followed by an influx of sheep farmers who exploited the newly cleared ground. Deforestation, burn-offs of timber and scrub and large scale drainage combined with overgrazing, resulted in considerable environmental degradation. In the early 1900s authorities realised that careful management was needed to maintain this important agricultural area.

Topography
Manawatū-Whanganui takes up a large proportion of the lower half of the North Island. It is the second-largest local government region in the North Island and the sixth-largest in New Zealand, totalling  (8.1% of New Zealand's land area). The region stretches from north of Taumarunui to south of Levin on the west coast, and across to the east coast from Cape Turnagain to Owhanga. It borders the Waikato, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay and Wellington regions and includes river catchment areas that run from the volcanic plateau to the sea. The Pacific Ocean is the eastern boundary and the Ruahine Range forms a natural boundary with Hawke's Bay.

The area includes a variety of landscape formations. Districts close to the Volcanic Plateau are higher and more rugged, often subject to harsh temperatures in winter. The Manawatū District has a much gentler topography, consisting mainly of the flat, tree-studded Manawatū Plains that run between the ranges and the sea. The land was under the sea till about 500,000 years ago and still has a very thick layer of marine sediment, which is about five or six million years old. A block faulting system underneath the thick sediment has raised a series of domes and gentle depressions. These structures can provide natural storage areas for oil and some of the Manawatu domes have been drilled. The domes have shaped the course of the Manawatū River, giving it a meandering path which, uniquely among New Zealand rivers, begins close to the east coast and exits on the west coast. The Manawatū River begins just inside the Hawke's Bay Region, then flows through a deep gorge to the Manawatu Plains before exiting in the Tasman Sea. The river is also unique in New Zealand (and rare worldwide) in that this gorge (the Manawatū Gorge) is a water gap through recently uplifted rock, causing the river to flow from relatively low-lying land along an eroded course through higher terrain. The Whanganui District is more rugged, with canyon-like valleys and gorges carved out of the soft rock by rivers and ocean waves.

The region includes a series of mountain ranges, notably the Tararua Range and the Ruahine Range and the three major active volcanoes of the North Island. Mount Ruapehu at 2,797 m is the tallest mountain in the North Island, Ngauruhoe 2,291 m and Tongariro 1,968 m. During the last 100 years Ruapehu has experienced six significant eruptions, and last erupted in 1995 and 1996.

Three major rivers divide the region: the Whanganui (), Manawatū ()), and Rangitīkei (). The Whanganui is the second-longest river and has the second-largest catchment in the North Island, draining most of the inland region west of Lake Taupō. There are few roads in this area, which contains some of the largest surviving areas of native bush in the North Island.

Soil and climate
Soils are productive with the addition of nitrogen fertiliser. In the Manawatū and Horowhenua districts there are sandy soils and swampy hollows around the coast with loess-covered terraces and river flats inland. These river flats and swamp areas contain fertile alluvial and organic soils. On the drier terraces inland yellow-grey earths predominate. The flatter more fertile soils suit intensive sheep farming and cropping while the hill country of Rangitikei favours semi-intensive sheep and beef farming. Areas close to the volcanic plateau consist largely of pumice soils which lack some essential trace elements but within the region much of this land is occupied by national parks.

The region has a comparatively mild climate with greater climatic extremes inland. Chateau Tongariro experienced the lowest temperature recorded in the North Island, falling to  on 7 July 1937. In summer the region is warm, with a maximum mid-summer daily average of between . Sunshine hours approximate the national average for much of the region (1,800-2,000 hours per annum) but Palmerston North is defined as cloudy with an average of 1,725 sunshine hours. In the winter the minimum mid-winter daily average for coastal areas is , while inland areas are considerably colder. Waiouru has a minimum mid-winter daily average of .

Rainfall on the plains is slightly below average, with Palmerston North receiving , while the rest of the region receives the New Zealand average rainfall of .

Conservation and parks
The region contains areas of great ecological significance, reflected in the designation of approximately a seventh of its land area as part of the nation's conservation estate. Tongariro National Park is the largest park in the region () and is the oldest national park in the country, established in 1887. The volcanoes Tongariro, Ruapehu and Ngauruhoe are sacred to Māori and were given to the nation by Te Heuheu Tukino IV, paramount chief of Ngati Tuwharetoa. They form the nucleus of the park, which is designated a World Heritage Site.

Whanganui National Park is slightly smaller () and was established 99 years later when a series of reserves were incorporated into one area and given national park status. There are two state forest parks in the rugged, bush-clad Ruahine Range and Tararua Range. The four parks offer skiing, tramping, jetboating and white-water rafting and the opportunity to appreciate the environment.

The regional council, responsible for managing natural and physical resources, provides flood protection and monitors environmental problems such as pest infestation and pollution. Invasive plant pests such as African feathergrass, goats rue and nodding thistle pose a threat to pastureland in this heavily agricultural-dependent region, and the council has instituted control campaigns. The council has also instituted animal pest control programmes. Possums are perceived as the major animal pest since they damage native forests and endanger cattle production through the spread of bovine tuberculosis. Eradication programmes also concentrate on rabbits, rooks and feral goats, while other exotic species such as Parma wallaby (Macropus parma), wasps, ferrets, stoats and weasels are a source of concern.

Biodiversity
The internationally recognised Ramsar estuarine wetlands site at Foxton Beach is of note as having one of the most diverse ranges of wetlands birds to be seen at any one place in New Zealand. A total of 95 species have been identified at the estuary. It is a significant area of salt marsh and mudflat and a valuable feeding ground for many birds including the migratory Eastern bar-tailed Godwit, which flies all the way from Siberia to New Zealand to escape the harsh northern winter. The estuary is also a permanent home to 13 species of birds, six species of fish and four plants species, all of which are threatened. It regularly supports about one percent of the world population of wrybills.

Demography
Manawatū-Whanganui Region covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Manawatū-Whanganui Region had a population of 238,797 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 16,125 people (7.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 16,374 people (7.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 90,408 households. There were 117,123 males and 121,671 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female. The median age was 39.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 47,763 people (20.0%) aged under 15 years, 46,650 (19.5%) aged 15 to 29, 101,337 (42.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 43,044 (18.0%) aged 65 or older.

Of those at least 15 years old, 30,936 (16.2%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 42,693 (22.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 22,557 people (11.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 88,254 (46.2%) people were employed full-time, 27,990 (14.7%) were part-time, and 8,580 (4.5%) were unemployed.

Cities and towns
There are two major urban areas. Palmerston North, with a resident population of  ( estimate), expanded as an educational centre and a supply centre for the surrounding rural hinterland. It became a city in 1930. The other major urban area is Whanganui, with an estimated resident population of

Urban areas with a population of 1,000 or more include:

Other towns and settlements include:

 Bunnythorpe
 Eketāhuna
 Halcombe
 Himatangi Beach
 Hiwinui
 Hokio Beach
 Hunterville
 Kai Iwi
 Kimbolton
 Koitiana
 Longburn
 Manakau
 Mangaore
 Mangaweka
 National Park
 Norsewood
 Ohakea
 Ōhau
 Ohura
 Ormondville
 Ōwhango
 Pohangina
 Pongaroa
 Rangataua
 Rātana
 Raurimu
 Rongotea
 Sanson
 Tangimoana
 Tokomaru
 Waikawa Beach
 Waiouru
 Waitarere Beach

Culture and identity

Ethnicities in the 2018 census were 79.4% European/Pākehā, 22.9% Māori, 4.2% Pacific peoples, 6.4% Asian, and 2.2% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).

The proportion of Manawatū-Whanganui region born overseas was 14.8%, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people objected to giving their religion, 49.8% had no religion, 36.2% were Christian, 0.9% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 3.9% had other religions.

History
 Pre-1769 Approximately 3% of Māori lived in the Whanganui Basin and 8% on the Taranaki coast. Coastal Māori garden and gather food but life for Māori further inland is more difficult, relying on hunting and gathering.
 1820–40 Ngāti Toa and Te Atiawa iwi displace local iwi from their lands.
 1830 Te Rauparaha (Ngāti Toa) lay siege to Pūtiki Pā in retaliation for an attack on Kapiti Island, sacking the pā and killing its inhabitants.
 1831 European traders arrive in the Whanganui area, led by Joe Rowe, supposedly a dealer in preserved heads (moko mokai). A dispute with local Māori leads to the death of three of his party and his own head is cut off and preserved.
 1840 Jerningham Wakefield (Edward Gibbon Wakefield's son) purchases  of land, under dubious circumstances, for the New Zealand Company, including the town site for Petre (later to be Wanganui). The first European settlers start arriving in Petre.
 1842 The first organised European settlers in Horowhenua arrive at Paiaka.
 1847 In July the "Battle of St John's Wood" occurs when 400 Māori clash with an equal force of British Regulars.
 1848 The Crown purchases Wanganui, ,  of which are supposed to be set aside as a reserve.
 1855 Paiaka settlers move closer to the coast at "Foxton", which becomes a port handling flax, timber and agricultural produce.
 1856 The Wanganui Chronicle is first published.
 1860s Scandinavians settle in the Tararua District, later founding Eketāhuna, Dannevirke, and Norsewood.
 1865 A battle ensues between the Hau Hau adherents (who were largely upper Whanganui Māori), who want to expel the Pākehā at Wanganui, and the Māori of the lower river.
 1866 Palmerston North (Te Papai-oea) is founded. It is surrounded by forests, with the Manawatu River serving as its only link with the port of Foxton and the outside world.
 1870s The bush is gradually felled and the Manawatu opened up for European farms and settlement. Former Danish Prime Minister, Bishop Ditlev Gothard Monrad, organises a settlement of Danes near Awapuni.
 1871 The first sawmill is established at Palmerston North.
 1872 Wanganui becomes a borough.
 1875 The Manawatu Times is published for the first time at Palmerston North.
 1876 A railway opens between Foxton and Palmerston North via Longburn, later named the Foxton Branch. Wellington Province abolished.
 1877 Palmerston North becomes a borough.
 1878 A railway line opens between Palmerston North and Wanganui. The first portion later became part of the North Island Main Trunk railway, between Aramoho and Wanganui the Wanganui Branch, and the rest part of the Marton–New Plymouth Line.
 1884 The Sanson Tramway, built and operated by the Manawatu County Council, opens to Sanson, New Zealand from the Foxton Branch at Himatangi.
 1885 Mother Mary Joseph Aubert starts her community of the Daughters of Our Lady of Compassion at Jerusalem, founding a home for Māori orphans, the elderly and infirm. The private Castleciff Railway opens between Wanganui and Castlecliff.
 1886 The Wellington and Manawatu Railway opens between Wellington and Longburn railway (later the North Island Main Trunk), superseding the Foxton link and ensuring Palmerston North's growth.
 1889 Levin is founded because of the construction of Wellington & Manawatu Railway
 1908 The North Island Main Trunk reaches Taumarunui and thence Auckland, opening up the inland districts for development.
 1906 Levin becomes a borough.
 1924 Wanganui becomes a city.
1925 Mangahao power station near Shannon is completed; electricity supply is established to Palmerston North, Levin, Feilding, Dannevirke and Pahiatua.
1926 Electricity supply from Mangahao to Wanganui completed.
 1930 Palmerston North becomes a city.
 1934 A major earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale strikes near Pahiatua and causes widespread damage from Porangahau to Castlepoint.
 1939 Ohakea Air Force Station commences operations.
 1945 The Sanson Tramway closes.
 1953 New Zealand's worst rail disaster occurs at Tangiwai on the North Island Main Trunk, as the railway bridge collapses because of a lahar flow from the crater lake on Mount Ruapehu. A train with Christmas holiday-makers plunges into the flood, killing 151 people.
 1956 The private railway between Wanganui and Castlecliff is purchased by the government and incorporated into the national railway network as the Castlecliff Branch.
 1959 The Foxton Branch railway closes.
 1963 Massey University is formed by a merger of a branch of Victoria University (at Palmerston North) with Massey Agricultural College.
 1970 Famous New Zealand poet James K. Baxter sets up a commune at Jerusalem.
 1991 In formal recognition of its original name the government renames the Wanganui River the Whanganui River.
 1995 Occupation of Moutoa Gardens (Wanganui) in protest at the slowness of the Waitangi Tribunal claim settlement process and loss of control of the Whanganui River.
 1995–96 A series of small eruptions occurs on Mt Ruapehu, throwing ash over a wide area.
 2004 Sustained heavy rain in February caused the region's worst flooding in over 100 years.
 2015 Wanganui district, and therefore the urban area of Wanganui, is renamed Whanganui by the NZ Geographic Board.

Economy
The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of Manawatū-Whanganui was estimated at NZ$11.60 billion in the year to March 2019, 3.8% of New Zealand's national GDP. The regional GDP per capita was estimated at $46,764 in the same period. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $1.26 billion (11.5%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $2.01 billion (18.3%), service industries contributed $6.76 billion (61.6%), and taxes and duties contributed $942 million (8.6%).

Agriculture dominates the economy. A higher than average proportion of businesses were engaged in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries, 6.3% compared with 4.4% nationally. Businesses engaged in retail trade were dominant numerically. In 1997 there were 2,300 businesses, employing a total of 10,380 full-time
equivalents (FTEs). The percentage of businesses engaged in manufacturing was slightly higher than the national average and manufacturing employed the greatest number of people (12,830 FTEs).

Agriculture
The region is known for its strong agricultural base, which prompted the establishment of an agricultural college there in the 1920s. The government wanted to promote scientific farming and established colleges in two of the most important farming areas, Canterbury and the Manawatū. Research by members of the college into animal genetics in the 1930s led to the development of new breeds of sheep, the Drysdale and the Perendale, which became commercially significant after World War II.

Agriculture dominates land use although there are areas of forestry and horticulture. Soils and climate favour pastoral farming. There were 6,344 farm holdings on 30 June 1996, which was almost a tenth of all farm holdings in New Zealand. Farming occupied 72.5% of land, which was much higher than the national average of 60.1%. Approximately 80% of this land was used for agricultural purposes (grazing, arable, fodder and fallow land). In the Manawatū, Rangitikei and Tararua Districts this percentage rose to over 90% of total land.

The region is one of the most important areas of pastoral farming in New Zealand. It had 7,216,177 sheep (at 30 June 1996), the largest number of sheep in the North Island and the fourth-highest figure in the country behind Canterbury, Southland and Otago. Barley, which is used for the manufacture of stock feed and for malting, is grown. The region produces the largest quantities of barley in the North Island, providing 10% of the national refined crop of 302,804 tonnes in 1995.

The region has  of horticultural land, of which 3,647 hectares are used for vegetable growing. While only having 8% of the country's 45,000-hectare vegetable-growing land, the Manawatū-Whanganui region grows 26% of New Zealand's asparagus, 20% of its lettuce, 19% of its brassicas (broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower), and 10% of its carrots and potatoes.

Forestry
The region is one of the most significant forestry areas in the southern North Island. The predominant soil type, yellow-brown earths, when enhanced by the use of fertilisers, is very suitable for forestry. Forestry has a long history in the Manawatū since Palmerston North developed as a saw-milling town, and the region's initial prosperity depended on heavy exploitation of native timbers. But land use practices inhibited the long term viability of this indigenous forestry industry. Severe burn-offs destroyed large areas of native forest and subsequent overgrazing affected the soils. Forestry largely disappeared until the early twentieth century. In an attempt to combat erosion problems in sandy soils the government planted forests in the Foxton/Levin area in the early twentieth century. Inland forests were planted later. Some private native forest has been set aside for sustainable logging but most forestry depends on exotic plantings.

Energy
Unlike its neighbour Taranaki, Manawatū-Whanganui has not been a major producer of energy or minerals. Some new power schemes are operating, including the southern hemisphere's largest collection of wind farms, with 194 installed turbines and more planned.

Government and defence
The New Zealand Defence Force maintains three bases in the Manawatū-Whanganui region: Waiouru Military Camp in the Ruapehu district, RNZAF Base Ohakea near Bulls, and Linton Military Camp near Palmerston North.

Tourism
For the eight quarters between September 1996 and June 1998 the region averaged 4.1% of total guest nights in New Zealand. This was close behind Wellington at 6.7% and greater than Hawke's Bay, which averaged 3.1%. Occupancy rates, at 20.1%, were the fourth-lowest in the country for the June 1998 quarter. Rates for the city of Palmerston North were significantly higher than the national average (39.5% compared with 25.8%) whereas districts such as Ruapehu are far more seasonal with fairly low occupancy rates except in the peak ski season.

Museums
Key cultural institutions in the region include Te Manawa in Palmerston North, the Whanganui Regional Museum, the Sarjeant Gallery and the Quartz Museum of Studio Ceramics in Whanganui, the National Army Museum in Waiouru, and the multi-cultural Te Awahou Nieuwe Stroom in Foxton.

Transport
State Highway 1, the main highway, and the North Island Main Trunk railway, which both link Auckland and Wellington, run through the region. The Palmerston North–Gisborne Line and State Highway 3 follow the Manawatū Gorge, linking the region with Hawke's Bay. The Marton–New Plymouth Line provides a railway link with Taranaki, and from this line the short Wanganui Branch runs to Whanganui. Road and rail transport give the region's exporters easy access to ports.

The region has approximately 16% of the North Island's road length. There are  of road, of which two-thirds are sealed. Approximately 12% of roads are classified as urban and three-quarters as rural, with almost half of the rural roads being unsealed. With  the region has the second-highest length of state highways in the North Island, after Waikato.

References

Sources
 A regional profile: Manawatū/Wanganui, Statistics New Zealand.

External links

 Horizons Regional Council official website
 Destination Manawatū

Regions of New Zealand

Manawatū-Whanganui


Kayabükü, Antalya ilinin Gündoğmuş ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 180 km, Gündoğmuş ilçesine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Gündoğmuş'un mahalleleri

Kayabükü, Gündoğmuş


La Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía (REDIAM), creada por Ley 7/2007, de Gestión Integrada de la Calidad Ambiental (GICA) (artículo 9), es el instrumento que reúne, produce y difunde información actualizada sobre el medio ambiente en Andalucía y es uno de los primeros sistemas de información ambiental compartido de Europa.

Objeto

La REDIAM tiene como objeto la integración de toda la información sobre el medio ambiente andaluz generada por todo tipo de centros productores de información ambiental en la Comunidad Autónoma para facilitar el conocimiento y acceso a la misma por parte de todos los potenciales usuarios. Está regulada por el Decreto 347/2011, de 22 de noviembre, a través del cual se concreta su estructura y funcionamiento.

Antecedentes

Desde 1984, la Administración ambiental de la Junta de Andalucía ha desarrollado un trabajo de selección, recopilación, coordinación e integración en un único sistema de la información sobre el estado del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía. Este programa, que empezó denominándose SinambA (Sistema de información ambiental de Andalucía), es el antecedente de la REDIAM y constituye su núcleo tecnológico normalizador en cuanto a contenidos bases de referencia, metadatos, etc.

La REDIAM se concibe como una estructura que, optimizando los recursos humanos y materiales aplicados a la gestión y a la  investigación, es capaz de producir y recopilar información ambiental de Andalucía, a la vez que facilita a la ciudadanía en general y a los científicos, técnicos y gestores en particular, herramientas que permiten atender sus demandas e inquietudes,  contribuyendo a la correcta planificación y gestión de las actuaciones ambientales.

Nodos de la REDIAM

La Consejería de Medio Ambiente es la encargada de la organización, gestión y evaluación de la REDIAM. Como Red, está compuesta por entidades de distinta naturaleza, tanto pública como privada. Todas ellas han suscrito acuerdos de colaboración con la REDIAM, constituyendo en la actualidad una Red con más de 130 entidades, destacando universidades, centros de investigación, empresas y organizaciones sociales, entre las que se fomenta el intercambio de información y de conocimiento en temas relativos al medio ambiente.

Para el conjunto de Andalucía, la REDIAM constituye el Punto Focal Autonómico de la Red Europea de Información y Observación sobre el Medio Ambiente (EIONET) que impulsa y coordina la Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente (AEMA).

Canal de la REDIAM

El Canal de la Red de Información Ambiental es el instrumento en internet que impulsa y facilita la comunicación y difusión de información ambiental entre las entidades, centros asociados y personas usuarias de la REDIAM.

Es el escaparate de la información ambiental de la REDIAM, así como garantiza y refuerza el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de la Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Medio Ambiente derivadas de la normativa de acceso a la información ambiental internacional, nacional y autonómica, así como de la Directiva INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe),.

Pone a disposición de los agentes implicados en la producción, explotación y difusión de la información ambiental una herramienta permanente que permite, a través de Internet, la interacción y la participación de todos en la creación y puesta en valor de la información ambiental sobre Andalucía.

En el Canal web de la REDIAM se han integrado de los siguientes servicios:
 Servicio de Catálogo de Información: contiene el inventario de la información ambiental de Andalucía accesible a través de la REDIAM. Incorpora mecanismos de búsqueda que permiten al usuario filtrar y consultar, de una forma estructurada, la información ambiental del Catálogo.
 Servicio de Descargas de Información: permite que la información ambiental disponible en el Canal sea descargable por los usuarios.
 Servicio de registro y gestión de Solicitudes de Información: a través del cual la ciudadanía puede realizar solicitudes de información ambiental a la Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio, Fomento y Vivienda.
 Servicio Visualizador de Información espacial y servidor de mapas: el Canal de la REDIAM dispone de visores que permiten la consulta de la información geográfica por parte de los usuarios. El servidor de mapas desarrollado permite compartir información espacial, visualizarla y operar con datos propios y remotos. Asimismo, ofrece servicios de acceso a grandes volúmenes de información georreferenciada, que cumplen los estándares aprobados por el Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC): Web Map Service (WMS), Web Feature Service (WFS) y Web Coverage Service (WCS).
 Canal web para los socios de la REDIAM: constituye un área colaborativa para los socios de la REDIAM que mejora el entorno de trabajo ya establecido entre las entidades que conforman la REDIAM, potenciando un mejor aprovechamiento de las sinergias creadas entre ellos.

Estructura y funcionamiento de la REDIAM

El 2 de diciembre de 2011 se publicó en el BOJA el Decreto regulador de la estructura y funcionamiento de la Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía: Decreto 347/2011, de 22 de noviembre. El texto dota de cobertura normativa a la REDIAM que, desde su creación, se ha consolidado como uno de los más extensos y completos sistemas de gestión del conocimiento ambiental de Europa, con casi 3.000 colecciones de datos y más de 1.300 servicios cartográficos 'en línea'.

Como principales aportaciones, el Decreto clarifica los procedimientos de incorporación de los centros productores de información, refuerza los mecanismos de participación ciudadana y define la estructura del sistema, las características de contenido y su coordinación con otras redes de ámbito autonómico, nacional o internacional, especialmente el Sistema Estadístico y Cartográfico de Andalucía y el Inventario Español del Patrimonio Natural y la Biodiversidad.

Además de recoger los principios básicos de objetividad, fiabilidad, actualización, seguridad e independencia que rigen los sistemas de información, la norma garantiza también otros criterios novedosos como el de la 'neutralidad tecnológica', para que los datos digitalizados sean accesibles en formatos abiertos y estandarizados. Asimismo, incluye disposiciones que obligan a la Administración a prestar atención, orientación y asistencia en las consultas y solicitudes de la ciudadanía, con indicaciones claras sobre dónde puede encontrarse la información requerida.

La cobertura normativa aprobada para la REDIAM establece también los contenidos que obligatoriamente deben difundirse, al menos a través de su Canal en internet. Entre ellos, figuran los programas y planes de la Administración en materia ambiental; los informes oficiales sobre el estado del medio ambiente, los textos de tratados, convenios y acuerdos internacionales; las autorizaciones ambientales y de control de la contaminación; los estudios de impacto y evaluaciones riesgo, y la información geográfica incluida en la Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de Andalucía.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gestión Integrada de la Calidad Ambiental (GICA)
 Canal web de la REDIAM

Medio ambiente de España
Junta de Andalucía


São Pedro de Valbom Portekiz'de Vila Verde belediyesine bağlı olan, 1,55 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 294 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Verde'nin bucakları

São Pedro de Valbom


Jørstad Station (Jørstad stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Nordlandsbanen, der ligger i bygden Jørstad i Snåsa kommune i Norge. Stationen har et enkelt spor, der ligger på ydersiden af en tidligere øperron, forstået på den måde at sporet mellem indersiden af perronen og den tidligere stationsbygning er fjernet. En lille bro over det fjernede spor forbinder perronen med adgangsvejen og et læskur.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 30. oktober 1926, da banen blev forlænget fra Sunnan til Snåsa. Den blev opgraderet til station 15. maj 1930 og nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. juni 1984.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1923 efter tegninger af Eivind Gleditsch fra NSB Arkitektkontor. Den toetages bygning er opført i træ med laftekonstruktion og rummede oprindeligt ventesal, ekspedition og restaurant i stueetagen og tjenestebolig på første sal. Desuden er der en tilbygning, der oprindeligt fungerede som pakhus. Bygningen blev solgt fra i 2001. Der blev opført et nyt læskur i træ i 2010.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Nordlandsbanen
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag
Etableret i 1926

Jørstad Station


NGC 7026 (Cheeseburgernebel) ist ein planetarischer Nebel im Sternbild Schwan. NGC 7026 sind verschiedene, beieinanderliegende bipolare Ausbuchtungen, die von einer ringartigen Tailie ausgehen.
Im Zentrum sitzt ein wasserstoffarmer WC-Stern. Anhand der Ausdehnung und Ausdehnungsgeschwindigkeit geht man von einem Alter des Nebels von unter 1.000 Jahren aus. Eine Röntgenbeobachtung mit dem XMM-Newton zeigt eine hohe Emission in den Ausbuchtungen, die vermutlich von etwa einer Million Kelvin heißem Plasma in diesen Bereichen des relativ jungen Nebels herrührt.

Das Objekt wurde am 6. Juni 1873 von Sherburne Burnham entdeckt.

Weblinks

 The swan and the butterfly (engl.)

Einzelnachweise

NGC 7026


Vitonen (eller: V divisioona), svensk Femman er den sjettebedste række i finsk fodbold, bestående af 228 klubber fordelt i 22 puljer efter klubbernes geografiske placeringer.

Fodboldligaer
Fodbold i Finland
Etableret i 1973

Vitonen


Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research est une revue scientifique focalisée sur l'étude du raisin et du vin.

La publication est faite pour le compte de l' Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology (ASVO), une organisation fondée en 1980 et basée à Glen Osmond, en Australie-Méridionale.

Voir aussi
 Viticulture en Australie

Références

Liens externes
 http://www.asvo.com.au/

Revue scientifique en anglais


He Zhuoyan (n. 26 de noviembre de 1988), es una actriz y cantante china, y una de las diez finalistas del concurso de 2005 organizada en Hangzhou en el festival de canto Super Girl. En 2006, fue denominada campeona de la categoría Zhang Jizhong, mediante una página de Yahoo en Tres programas denominada, Búsqueda por una Estrella. Ella firmó con la empresa de Huayi, una agencia de talento de hermanos ese mismo año, y actuó en una serie de dramas en un canal de televisión producido por Zhang Jizhong. En 2007, se convirtió en la persona más joven en obtener un premio en el Celebrity Forbes China 100, fue ganadora de dicha celebridad con el premio mayor potencial a la edad de 18 años.

Filmografía

Películas

Televisión

Stage performances

Discografía

Enlaces externos
 He Zhuoyan's personal blog on Sina.com
 He Zhuoyan's personal weibo on Sina.com
 He Zhuoyan's official website
 He Zhuoyan's official page on Huayi Brothers website
 He Zhuoyan's page on Sina.com
 He Zhuoyan on Soso Baike

Cantantes de la República Popular China
Actrices de China

He Zhuoyan


Anderson Andrade Antunes (født 15. november 1981) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Anderson Andrade Antunes


El saltarín cuelliblanco (en México, Nicaragua y Costa Rica) (Manacus candei), también denominado manaquín cuello blanco (en México) o matraquero de cuello blanco, es una especie de ave paseriforme perteneciente al género Manacus de la familia Pipridae. Es nativo de México y América Central.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye desde el sureste de México (norte de Oaxaca), por el lado caribeño de Guatemala, Belice, Honduras, Costa Rica, hasta el extremo oeste de Panamá (noroeste de Bocas del Toro).

Su hábitat consiste de bosques tropicales y subtropicales húmedos, matorrales húmedos e inclusive plantaciones.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie M. candei fue descrita por primera vez por el ornitólogo francés Émile Parzudaki en 1841 bajo el nombre científico Pipra candei; localidad tipo «Trujillo, Honduras».

Taxonomía
Las cuatro especies de este género forman una superespecie y ya fueron tratadas como conespecíficas como Manacus manacus. La presente hibrida con Manacus vitellinus en el noroeste de Panamá, y la forma resultante ya fue descrita como la especie Manacus cerritus. Es monotípica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Manacus candei en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Manacus candei en xeno-canto.

candei
Aves de América Central
Animales descritos en 1841
Taxones descritos por Émile Parzudaki

Manacus candei


الفحم المضغوط هو فحم يمكن التحكم في اشكاله بصورة أصابع اسطوانية قطرها 3/4 بوصة بطول من 10 إلي 20 سم.ويصنع من مخلفات الفحم الحجري ومن مميزاته انه لا يصدر رائحة أو دخان ويظل مشتعلا فترة طويلة، ويستخدم في المنازل بوصفه سهلاً للاستخدام.

لكنّه يبعث بغاز أول أكسيد الكريون طوال فترة بداية اشتعاله لذا ينصح بعدم استخدامه داخل البيوت وأن يقتصر استخدامه في الهواء الطّلق.وقد سجّلت حالات وفاة عديدة في اليابان اختناقا بهذا الغاز السّام نتيجة استعماله في بيئة مغلقة.
طرق صناعة الفحم المضغوط تنقسم الي طريقتين:-

 الطريقة الأولي تعتمد علي مخلفات الاخشاب حيث يتم فرم مخلفات الاخشاب وكبسها بمكابس خاصة لهذا الغرض ثم يتم بعد ذلك تفحيم الناتج من هذه المكابس بافران تفحيم مخصصة لهذا الغرض، بيحث تكون متوافقة بيئيا ولا تصدر أي تلوثات أو غازات ملوثه للبيئة كما في الطرق القديمة للتفحيم
 الطريقة الثانية تعتمد في الأساس علي مخلفات وبقايا الفحم الصغيرة الناتجة عن استخراجة وتكون بكميات كبيرة، التي يتم كبسها وضغطها إما في هيئة قوالب أو أشكال بيضاوية في حجم البيضة فيسهل استعمالها بنظافة من دون التسبب في انتشار الغبار.

اقرأ أيضا
 غبار فحم
 الفحم الحجري
 الفحم النباتي
 الفحم النفطي
 قائمة الدول حسب إنتاج الفحم

مراجع

تقنية ملائمة
فحم
وقود صلب

فحم مضغوط


زهورات شامية
مجموعة من الأعشاب البرية المنتشرة في سورية التي تتشابه من حيث الفوائد الصحية العامة ولكنها تتميز ببعض الخصوصية في العلاج وتشتهر مدينة دمشق بهذه الخلطات من الأعشاب والمعروفة ب زهورات شامية.

مكونات الزهورات
ومن هذه الأعشاب اليانسون، النعناع البري، البابونج، ورق الزعتر، زهرة الخاتمية، زهرة البنفسج، زهرة الجوري، الزوفى، الخزامي، اكليل الجبل، الورد، وبذور الشومر، وورق المليسة، وغيرها من الأعشاب البريّة.

طريقة التحضير
لتحضير هذا المشروب الساخن " نحتاج إلى غلي 300 ملم من الماء، ثمّ نضع ما قرابته خمس ملاعق من خلطة الزهورات المتوفرة لدينا مع مراعاة عدم غلي أوراق الزهورات في الماء، وإنّما توضع في الماء الساخن فقط ، وتحلّى بالسكر أو العسل حسب الرغبة، ثمّ يترك الخليط لما لا يزيد عن عشر دقائق حتّى تمتزج المكوّنات جيّداً، ثمّ يشرب ساخناً. أمّا لمن يسعى للحفاظ على وزن مثاليّ فالأفضل عدم تحلية المشروب وشربه مرّاً

مراجع

الزراعة في سوريا
دمشق
شاي مخلوط
مطبخ سوري
نباتات طبية

زهورات شامية


Olle Erik Detlof Collberg (* 28. Februar 1993 in Östersund) ist ein schwedischer Telemarker.

Werdegang

Aufgewachsen ist Collberg auf der Insel Frösön mit langen Ski Alpinbrettern, als er zehn Jahre alt war, fing er mit dem Telemarksport an. 2005 nahm er an den Meisterschaften in Åre teil. Am 30. Januar 2010 gab er sein Debüt im Telemark-Weltcup, fuhr in der Saison nur in zwei Weltcups mit, das beendete er jeweils mit Mittelfeldergebnissen. In der Weltcupgesamtwertung belegte er den 45. Platz, im Classic den 43. Platz, im Classic Sprint den 55. Platz und im Riesenslalom den 38. Platz. In der Saison 2011 stieg er mitten in der Saison ein und nahm an vier Weltcups teil. Sein bestes Ergebnis war ein 11. Platz in Classic Sprint-Rennen in Thyon. Ansonsten erreichte er Ergebnisse um die Plätze 20 bis 17 außer beim Weltcup in Hafjell erreichte er sein schlechtes Weltcupergebnis mit Platz 34 im Classic Sprint-Rennen. In der Weltcupgesamtwertung kam er auf den 28. Platz, im Classic auf den 18. Platz, Classic Sprint und im Riesenslalom auf den 34. Platz. Er nahm zum allerersten Mal an der Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2011 in Hafjell teil. Mit Platz fünf und sechs gelang ihm im Classic-Rennen und im Riesenslalom gute Ergebnisse. Im Classic Sprint wurde er 15. Eine Woche später nahm er an den Weltmeisterschaften 2011 im Rjukan teil. Die Weltmeisterschaften verlaufen mit einer Ausnahme mit 14. Platz im Riesenslalom nicht so gut. Im Classic wurde er 27. und im Classic Sprint 20. Bis Mitte der Saison 2012 fuhr er Rennergebnisse unter den ersten zehn ein, so wurde er zweimal 10. einmal achter und zweimal sechster. Er konnte seine gute Leistung, die er bis Mitte der Saison hatte, auch bis zum Ende der Saison halten. Beim Finale in Espot holte er sich im Classic Sprint-Rennen mit Platz vier sein bestes Saisonergebnis. In der Gesamtwertung und im Classic Sprint belegte er den 11. Platz, im Classic den 16. Platz und im Parallel-Sprint den achten Platz. Bei seinen zweiten Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2012 in Espot holte er im Classic Sprint die Silbermedaille, im Parallel-Sprint den vierten Platz und im Classic ist Collberg nicht ins Ziel gekommen. Am 6. Januar 2013 wurde er beim FIS-Rennen in Aandalsnes Vierter.

In der Saison 2013 fuhr er in mehreren Rennen unter den ersten zehn ein. Bei der ersten Weltcupstation in Bohinj fuhr er auf den vierten Platz. Im Gesamtweltcup und Parallelsprint belegte er den neunten Platz, Classic auf den 14. Platz, Classic auf den sechsten Platz. Bei seiner dritten Teilnahme an den Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2013 in Chamonix-Mont-Blanc gewann er im Classic Sprint die Silbermedaille und im Classic den fünften Platz. Die Weltmeisterschaften 2013 verliefen mittelmäßig. Im Classic war Collberg nicht am Start, im Parallelsprint kam er auf den fünften Platz und Classic Sprint verpasste er mit Platz 16 die Top 15 Plätze. In der Saison 2013/14 fuhr mit Platz zwei in Geilo sein erstes Podium ein, die anderen Rennen verlaufen mittelmäßig ab und in drei Rennen ist er nicht ins Ziel gekommen. Am Ende der Saison belegte er in der Weltcupgesamtwertung den neunten Platz, im Classic den neunten Platz, Classic Sprint den 11. und im Parallelsprint den sechsten Platz. Die letzten Telemark-Juniorenweltmeisterschaft 2014 verlaufen recht ordentlich ab, den er gewann im Classic Sprint-Rennen die Bronzemedaille, im Classic und Parallelsprint für den fünften Platz ein. Zu beginn der Saison 2014/15 fuhr Collberg in Hintertux mit Platz vier sein bestes Saisonergebnis ein. Im Rest der Saison fuhr er Mittelfeldergebnisse ein. In der Weltcupgesamtwertung belegte er den 11. Platz, im Classic den 12., Classic den zehnten Platz und im Parallelsprint den sechsten Platz. Bei seinen dritten Telemark-Weltmeisterschaft 2015 beendet er ebenfalls die Rennen im Mittelfeld.

Erfolge

Weltmeisterschaft
 Rjukan 2011: 14. Riesenslalom, 27. Classic, 20. Classic Sprint
 Espot 2013: DNS Classic, 5. Parallelsprint, 16. Classic Sprint
 Steamboat Springs 2015: 12. Classic, 9. Parallelsprint, 10. Classic Sprint

Juniorenweltmeisterschaft
 Hafjell 2011: 6. Riesenslalom, 5. Classic, 15. Classic Sprint
 Espot 2012: 4. Parallel-Sprint, DNF Classic, 2. Classic Sprint
 Chamonix-Mont-Blanc 2013: 6. Classic, 2. Classic Sprint
 Geilo 2014: 5. Parallel-Sprint, 5. Classic, 3. Classic Sprint

Weltcup
 1 Podestplätze, davon 0 Siege:

 Weltcupplatzierungen

Weblinks

 Olle Collberg Homepage

Telemarker (Schweden)
Geboren 1993
Mann
Schwede

Olle Collberg


Tamnoprsi galeb (latinski: Ichthyaetus hemprichii) vrsta je galeba iz obitelji Laridae, poznata i kao Adenski galeb ili Hemprichov galeb. Kao što je slučaj s mnogim galebovima, tradicionalno je bio smješten u rod Larus.

Etimologija
Tamnoprsi galeb jedno od svojih imena, kao i latinski naziv, je dobio je u čast njemačkog prirodoslovca Wilhelma Hempricha koji je umro 1825. godine dok je bio na znanstvenoj ekspediciji u Egipat i Bliski Istok sa svojim prijateljem Christianom Gottfriedom Ehrenbergom.

Rasprostranjenost i stanište
Može ga se pronaći u Bahreinu, Džibutiju, Egiptu, Eritreji, Indiji, Iranu, Izraelu, Jordanu, Keniji, Libanonu, Maldivima, Mozambiku, Omanu, Pakistanu, Kataru, Saudijskoj Arabiji, Somaliji, Šri Lanki, Sudanu, Tanzaniji, Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima i Jemenu.

Nativan je u Crvenom moru, Adenskom zaljevu, Omanskom zaljevu, Perzijskom zaljevu, a njegov se domet proteže čak na istok do Pakistana. Također je nativan na istočnoj obali Afrike, čak na jugu do Tanzanije i Mozambika. Kao skitnica javlja se u Indiji, Šri Lanki, Maldivima, Jordanu, Libanonu, Izraelu i Bahreinu. Obalna je ptica koja rijetko izlazi na more više od 10 km izvan obalnih grebena iako je povremeno viđen 140 km od obale. Često posjećuje luke, obalu, obalne otoke i međuplimnu zonu. Rijetko se kreće u unutrašnjost ili posjećuje slatkovodne lokacije. Nomad je ili djelomična selica i mnoge se populacije nakon razmnožavanja sele prema jugu, iako se čini da su populacije Crvenog mora relativno sjedilačke.

Ponašanje

Tamnoprsi galeb je grabežljivac i strvinar. Hrani se odbačenom ribom i ribljim iznutricama, ostalim malim ribama koje sam ulovi, kozicama, tek izleglim kornjačama te jajima i pilićima ostalih morskih ptica.

Gniježđenje se odvija tijekom ljeta. Obično se gnijezdi u malim kolonijama na obalnim koraljnim otocima, posebno na vanjskim otocima zaštićenim grebenima sa stijenama, pijeskom i rijetkom vegetacijom. Gnijezda su ponekad osamljena, osobito u Africi, ili mogu biti razasuta među gnijezdima drugih kolonijalnih morskih ptica. Gnijezdo može biti napravljeno tek struganjem u koralju, na izloženom položaju ili može biti zaštićeno koraljnim nadvisom ili zaklonjeno ispod nisko rastućeg mangrova ili grma jurčice.

Status
IUCN svrstava čađavog galeba u kategoriju "Najmanja zabrinutost". To je zato što ima vrlo širok raspon i ukupna je populacija velika. Vjeruje se da je trend populacije silazan, ali stopa smanjenja nije dovoljna da bi se moglo uvrstiti pticu u kategoriju koja je više ugrožena. Glavne prijetnje s kojima se suočava ptica su istraživanje nafte na nekih tradicionalnih gnijezdilištima tih ptica, melioracija i mogućnost izlijevanja nafte.

Izvori

 Pons J.M., Hassanin, A., and Crochet P.A.(2005). Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(3):686–699

Vanjske poveznice
 Oiseaux (fotografije)

Ostali prijekti

Ichthyaetus

Tamnoprsi galeb


21 يمكن أن يعني
 21 هـ : سنة في التقويم الهجري

 عام 21 بعد الميلاد
 21 (عدد) : عدد طبيعي
 21 (فيلم 2008) بطولة جيم ستارجس، كيفن سبيسي، لورانس فيشبورن وكيت بوسورث

21 (توضيح)


ඍතු () යනු කාලගුණය, පරිසර විද්‍යාව සහ සූර්ය කිරණවල කාලසීමාව අනුව වෙනස් වන වසරක කාල බෙදීම් වේ. සෘතු ඇතිවීමට හේතුව පෘථිවිය සූර්යයා වටා භ්‍රමණය වන අතර එහි අක්ෂය මත භ්‍රමණය වීමයි . පෘථිවියේ භ්‍රමණ නැඹුරුව එහි ලම්බක අක්ෂයේ සිට අංශක 23.5 කි. සමකයට ඈතින් පිහිටි රටවලට සෘතු හතරක් ඇත, එනම් ගිම්හාන, සරත්, ශීත සහ වසන්තය . මේ අතර, සමකයට ආසන්න රටවලට වැසි සමය සහ වියළි කාලය ලෙස සෘතු දෙකක් ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 Horae, Greek goddesses of seasons
 Indian summer
 Persephone, Greek mythological figure associated with the rebirth of vegetation in the spring
 Sun path
 Vertumnus, Roman god of the seasons

මූලාශ්‍ර

 Maris, Mihaela, St. Luchian School, Bacau, Romania, Seasonal Variations of the Bird Species, ref. ecological seasons pp. 195–196 incl. and pp. 207–209 incl.

භාහිර සබැඳි

 When do the Seasons Begin? (from the Bad Astronomer)
 Why the Earth has seasons article on h2g2.
 Aboriginal seasons of Kakadu
 Indigenous seasons (Australian Bureau of Meteorology)
 Mt Stirling Seasons
 The Lost Seasons
 Melbourne's six seasons
 Tutorial on Earth/Sun Relations and Seasons
 Sunpreview Season Forecast Project
 Satellite photo demonstrating seasons changes in 2004 on NASA website

දින දසුන්
Climate patterns
කාලය මැනීමේ ඒකක

ඍතු


Fornos de Algodres  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Centro bölgesine bağlı Serra da Estrela altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 16 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Algodres
 Casal Vasco
 Cortiçô
 Figueiró da Granja
 Fornos de Algodres
 Fuinhas
 Infias
 Juncais
 Maceira
 Matança
 Muxagata
 Queiriz
 Sobral Pichorro
 Vila Chã
 Vila Ruiva
 Vila Soeiro do Chão

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

Portekiz'in belediyeleri
Serra da Estrela

Fornos de Algodres


Elladora Black je lik iz serijala Harry Potter britanske spisateljice J. K. Rowling.

Opis
Elladora je spomenuta na obiteljskom stablu Blackovih koje je izradila Rowling. Prema obiteljskom stablu, Elladora je bila pripadnica "čistokrvne" obitelji Black te sestra Siriusa Blacka I. (umro kao dijete), Phineasa Nigellusa Blacka (ravnatelj čarobnjačke škole Hogwarts) i Iole Black (izopćena iz obitelji). Elladora je rođena 1850. Na obiteljskom stablu koje je izradila Rowling nisu data imena Elladorinih roditelja, ali je Rowling dala opširniju verziju stabla za snimanje filma Harry Potter i Red feniksa, u kojem je prikazano obiteljsko stablo Blackovih. Na stablu je prikazan i Cygnus Black I., koji je oženio Ellu Max (ili May) te je moguće da su oni Elladorini roditelji.

Rowling je spomenula Elladoru u knjizi Harry Potter i Red feniksa, gdje Sirius Black, kum Harryja Pottera, kaže Harryju da je Elladora započela obiteljsku tradiciju odrubljivanja glava kućnim vilenjacima kad bi postali prestari da nose pladanj s čajem. Elladora, koja se nikad nije udala, umrla je 1931. te je prikazana na tapiseriji u kući Blackovih.

Etimologija
Elladorino ime se može raščlaniti na dva imena — Ella i Dora. Ella je normanski oblik germanskog imena Alia ("druga"), dok Dora na grčkom znači "dar".

Izvori i bilješke

Likovi iz Harryja Pottera

Elladora Black


Olaylar

 24 Temmuz - Sırbistan, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na özerkleşti.
 10 Aralık – Mississipi 20. eyalet olarak ABD birliğine girdi
 Erie Kanalı'nın inşasına başlandı.
 İtalya'nın Palermo kentinde büyük bir deprem oldu.
 Kadmiyum, lityum ve selenyum elementleri keşfedildi
 Kalküta çevresinde oluşmuş ve Güneydoğu Asya, Ortadoğu, Doğu Afrika ve Akdeniz kıyılarına kadar yayılmış bir salgın hastalık olan, ilk Asya kolera salgını veya Asya kolerası olarak da bilinen İlk kolera pandemisi başladı.

Doğumlar

Ocak–Haziran

 6 Ocak – J. J. McCarthy, İrlandalı mimar (ö. 1882)
 8 Ocak – Theophilus Shepstone, İngiltere doğumlu Güney Afrikalı devlet adamı (ö. 1893)
 19 Şubat – III. William Hollanda kralı (ö. 1890)
 22 Şubat – Carl Wilhelm Borchardt, Alman matematikçi (ö. 1880)
 6 Mart – Orléanslı Clémentine, Kral Louis-Philippe'in kızı ve Çar I. Ferdinand'ın annesi (ö. 1907)
 22 Mart – Braxton Bragg, Amerikalı general (ö. 1876)
 15 Nisan – Benjamin Jowett (ö. 1893)
 15 Mayıs – Debendranath Tagore, Hint filozof (ö. 1905)
 19 Mayıs – Theodor August Heintzman, Kanadalı piyano üreticisi (ö. 1899)
 30 Haziran – Joseph Dalton Hooker, İngiliz bitkibilimci (ö. 1911)

Temmuz–Aralık
 12 Temmuz – Henry David Thoreau, Amerikalı filozof (ö. 1862)
 24 Temmuz – Adolphe, Lüksemburg dükü (ö. 1905)
 29 Temmuz – Ivan Aivazovsky, Ermeni-Rus ressam (ö. 1900)
 3 Ağustos – Arşidük Albert, Avusturyalı general (ö. 1895)
 14 Ağustos – Alexander H. Bailey, Amerikalı siyasetçi (ö. 1874)
 24 Ağustos – Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Rus yazar (ö. 1875)
 10 Ekim – Christophorus Buys Ballot, Hollandalı kimyager ve meteorolog (ö. 1890)
 17 Ekim – Sir Syed Ahmed Han (Bahadır), Pakistan için "İki Millet Teorisi"nin kurucusu (ö. 1898)
 3 Kasım – Leonard Jerome, Amerikalı girişimci ve Winston Churchill'in dedesi (ö. 1891)
 12 Kasım – Mirza Hüseyin Ali, Bahai Dini'nin kurucusu (ö. 1892)
 17 Kasım – Benjamin Champney, Amerikalı ressam (ö. 1907)
 30 Kasım – Theodor Mommsen, Alman yazar, 1902 yılı Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1903)

Ölümler

Ocak–Haziran
 12 Ocak – Juan Andres, İspanyol Cizvit (d. 1740)
 16 Ocak – Alexander J. Dallas, Amerikalı devlet adamı ve finansör (d. 1759)
 8 Mart – Anna Maria Lenngren, İsveçli yazar (d. 1754)
 4 Nisan – André Masséna, Fransız mareşal (d. 1758)
 12 Nisan – Charles Messier, Fransız astronom (d. 1730)
 24 Haziran – Thomas McKean, Amerikalı avukat ve Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirisi'nin imzacısı (d. 1734)

Temmuz–Aralık
 14 Temmuz – Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, Fransız yazar (d. 1766)
 18 Temmuz – Jane Austen, İngiliz romancı (d. 1775)
 19 Temmuz – John Palmer, mimar (d. yaklaşık 1738)
 24 Temmuz – Karađorđe Petrović, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na karşı Birinci Sırp Ayaklanması'nın lideri ve Sırp Karađorđević Hanedanı'nın kurucusu (d. 1768)
 22 Ağustos – Nakşidil Sultan, Osmanlı padişahı II. Mahmut'un annesi, Valide Sultan ve I. Abdülhamit'in eşi (d. 1768)
 13 Ekim – Julius Caesar Ibbetson, sanatkar (d. 1759)
 16 Ekim – Manuel Piar, Venuzuelalı lider (d. 1774)
 6 Kasım – Prenses Charlotte Augusta (d. 1796)
 11 Kasım – Francisco Javier Mina, İspanyol askeri lider (d. 1789) (infaz)
 14 Kasım – Policarpa Salavarrieta, Kolombiya'nın bağımsızlığı için mücadele vermiş ajan ve devrimci (d. 1795)
 30 Kasım – Jean-Baptiste-Melchior Hertel de Rouville, Canadian politician (d. 1748)
 12 Aralık – I. Tekle Giyorgis, Etiyopya imparatoru (d. yaklaşık 1751)
 tarih bilinmiyor – Usman dan Fodio, Sokoto Halifeliği'nin kurucusu (d. 1754)

1817


سباق غوتنبرغ عبارة عن نصف ماراثون بأحدى وعشرين كيلومتر، يتم تنظيمه كل سنة من منتصف آيار في مدينة غوتنبرغ السويدية من قبل جمعية غوتنبرغ للالعاب الحرة.

تأريخ
أول مرة أنطلق فيها سباق غوتنبرغ كان عام 1980

معدل المشاركة
نسبة المشاركين في هذا السباق في ازدياد مستمر حتى تمكن هذا السباق من الحصول على لقب أكبر سباق نصف ماراثون في العالم عام 2009

انظر أيضا

 الماراثون

المصادر

المصدر:

أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1980
أحداث مايو الرياضية
ألعاب القوى في غوتنبرغ
تأسيسات سنة 1980 في السويد
منافسات ألعاب قوى دولية تستضيفها السويد
منافسات رياضية دولية في غوتنبرغ
منافسات رياضية في غوتنبرغ
نصف ماراثون

سباق غوتنبرغ


نَغِناتة  هو سلاح على شكل رمح من أحد الأسلحة اليابانية القديمة التي استخدمها محاربي الساموراي. في العصر الحديث يعد التدريب على المبارزة بالنَغِناتة إلى أحد أنواع فنون القتال اليابانية التي تمارسها النساء بشكل خاص أكثر من الرجال.

يتكون سلاح النَغِناتة من عصا خشبية طويلة تمثل المقبض مع نصل معدني في مقدمته يمثل الحد القاطع.

مراجع

أسلحة ذات نصال
الرياضة في اليابان
سيوف يابانية
يابانيات في الحرب

ناغيناتا


A serra do Tombador é uma serra localizada no estado da Bahia, no município de Jacobina.

Integra a escarpa mais a leste da Chapada Diamantina, composta por rochas sedimentares, clásticas, características da formação Tombador a que dá nome.

Está situada ao largo da rodovia BR-324, "cruza diagonalmente o meridiano 40 45' W e está limitada a norte e sul pelos paralelos 110 00' e 120 00' ", de modo que está paralela à Serra de Jacobina da qual separa-se por meio de um vale. É um divisor de águas entre as bacias dos rios Salitre e Itapicuru, possuindo uma extensão superior a 75 quilômetros.

A serra possui registrados quarenta e um sítios arqueológicos com inscrições rupestres, ameaçadas pela exploração mineral, apesar da proteção legal a tais lugares.

Geossítio
A Serra do Tombador é um geossítio aprovado pela Comissão Brasileira de Sítios Geológicos e Paleobiológicos. A Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais descreve o lugar como "de alto valor científico e relevância internacional, representa seção-tipo da Formação Tombador, com cerca de 1,5 km de extensão e 110 m de espessura real, ao longo da rodovia BR-324. Essa formação de idade mesoproterozoica (limite Ectasiano-Calymniano) foi depositada em discordância (não-conformidade) sobre embasamento ortognáissico paleoarqueano, marcada por um conglomerado de origem fluvial com cerca de 1 m de espessura. As litologias e estruturas sedimentares são compostas por conglomerados e arenitos de fácies eólica, fluvial e deltaica, com predominância da primeira, caracterizam um paleodeserto perfeitamente preservado. Os arenitos de origem eólica consistem de arenitos com granulometria bimodal e estratificação cruzada de grande porte, explorados como lajes para o revestimento de pisos. No seu topo, a Formação Tombador é coberta pela base da formação Caboclo (Steniano), representada por intercalações de arenitos de granulação fina e lamitos, com estruturas de carga e de contração, interpretadas como uma planície de maré, formada por uma elevação do nível do mar que transgrediu sobre a Formação Tombador. Além de seu alto valor científico, esse geossítio possui uso educativo de relevância nacional com baixo risco de degradação."

Ver também
Deserto Tombador - paleodeserto nomeado em razão da Serra.

Tombador
Geografia de Jacobina
Serra do Tombador

Serra do Tombador


Arnhemse meisjes são biscoitos típicos da cidade de Arnhem, nos Países Baixos. Os biscoitos são feitos de um tipo de massa folhada, assados no formato de uma oval achatada e envolvidos em uma camada de açúcar cristal.

As Arnhemse meisjes são tipicamente vendidas dentro de latas de metal ou embalagens estampadas com imagens de Arnhem, como souvenirs.

Origem e preparação
A criação das Arnhemse meisjes data de 1829. O padeiro-chefe da padaria Bakkerij van Zalinge, em Arnhem, decidiu criar uma receita nova que fosse visualmente atraente e direcionada para ser servida em comemorações. A ideia surgiu diante do aniversário de sua filha. Os biscoitos originais eram assados no formato de uma sola de sapato, característica que é mantida até os dias atuais.

A preparação da receita se inicia com a preparação de uma massa similar à massa folhada. Na receita original de Hagdorn, a massa é feita de farinha de trigo, fermento, manteiga e leite. No entanto, versões modernas da receita usam massas folhadas amanteigadas e/ou pré-prontas. A versão original é produzida exclusivamente pela padaria Hilver, em Arnhem.

No livro de receitas "Roald Dahl's revolting recipes", de Roald Dahl, as Arnhemse meisjes são apresentadas sob o nome Arnhemse girls.

Culinária dos Países Baixos
Biscoitos

Arnhemse meisjes


Ağulu mantar (Omphalotus olearius), Omphalotaceae familyasından zehirli bir mantar türü. Türkiye'de yetişen "Cüce kız, Meşe mantarı, Horoz mantarı" gibi isimlerle de tanınan Cantharellus cibarus ile karıştırılabilir. Fakat bu tür daha yumurta sarısı renkli, üzeri yağlımsı gibi, lamellerinin çatallı ve aralarının birleşmiş olmasıyla ayırt edilir.

Şapkası, 7–10 cm, konveks (dış bükey), sonra huni biçimli, üst yüzeyi portakal sarısı, ipek gibi parlak, dalgalı, yaşlılarda portakalımsı-kahverenklidir. Lameller, değişik uzunluklarda, eşit değil, sık, yaklaşık 5–6 mm. eninde, ince, sapa dekurrent olarak bağlanır. Sarımsı turuncu renkli, parlak, kenarları akut, genellikle diğer kısımlara rağmen daha koyudur. Taze mantarlarda lameller üzerinde biriken spor tozları, çoğu kez karanlıkta parlar, mantarın ingilizcesi o yüzden Jack-o Lantern'dir. Sapı 7-15 x 1–2 cm. olup, silindirik, dibe doğru biraz incelerek devam eder, şapkaya doğru çoğu kez eksantrik (Dışa doğru genişleyen) olarak bağlı, sıkı yapılı, içi dolu, lifsi, lamellerle aynı renktedir. Bu mantar, yaz başından sonbahar sonlarına kadar özellikle yapraklı ağaçların kütükleri üzerinde gruplar halinde ortaya çıkar. Özellikle zeytin ağaçları üzerinde bu mantarı görmek mümkündür.

Bu mantar nedeniyle oluşan zehirlenme olaylarında belirtiler, sindirimden sonra 30 dakika ile 3 saat arasında ortaya çıkar. Ağır ve şiddetli mide bulantısı, kusma, ishal ve karın ağrıları tipik belirtilerdir. Bunun yanı sıra, terleme, tükürük, gözyaşı ve bronş salgılarında artma, bronkospazm, miyozis, görme bulanıklığı, hipotansiyon ve bradikardi gibi belirtiler görülür. Bu mantar, İzmir, Manisa, Bursa, Çanakkale, Balıkesir, Elazığ gibi illerde yetişen yaygın bir türdür. Zehirlenmesi genelde ölümcül değildir.

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

Omphalotaceae
Zehirli mantarlar
1948'de tanımlanan mantarlar

Ağulu mantar


NGC 7304 je trostruka zvijezda u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7304
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7304 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7304 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7300 - 7349

7304

NGC 7304


Epiktetos (d. 55 – ö. 135), Yunan stoacı filozof. Muhtemelen Hierapolis, Frigya'da köle olarak doğdu. Kuzeybatı Yunanistan'daki Nicopolis'e sürülene kadar Antik Roma'da yaşadı, hayatının büyük bölümü Nicopolis'de geçti ve orada da öldü. Şayet bir isim verilmişse, ailesince verilen ismi bilinmiyor. Epiktetos sözcüğü Yunancada en basit anlamıyla "kazanılmış, elde edilmiş" anlamına geliyor.

Hayatı
Epiktetos gençliğini Neron tarafından azat edilmiş oldukça zengin Epaphroditos'un kölesi olarak Antik Roma'da geçirdi. Köle olarak bile Epiktetos zamanını oldukça verimli kullandı, Musonius Rufus'un gözetiminde stoacı felsefeyle uğraştı. Sonunda azat edildi ve Roma'da sağlık sorunlarıyla nispeten zor bir hayat sürdürdü. Her ne kadar sebebi konusunda fikir ayrılıkları olsa da, sakat kaldığı biliniyor. Kimi kayıtlar efendisi Epaphroditus'un zulmünün bir sonucu olarak sakat kaldığını söylerken, kimi başka kayıtlar Epaphroditus'un Epiktetos'un çalışmalarını şevkle destekleyen ideal bir efendi olduğunu belirtiyor. 89 – 95 yılları arasında bir tarihte Domitianus tarafından diğer filozoflarla sürgüne gönderildi.

Hayatının en ünlü dönemini başlatan aslına bakılırsa Domitianus'un sürgün kararıdır. Sürülmesinin ardından Epiktetos Nicopolis'e gitti ve orada ünlü bir felsefe okulu kurdu. Bu okul imparator Hadrianus tarafından bile ziyaret edildi ve en meşhur öğrencisi Arrianus hakkını vererek büyük bir tarihçi oldu.

Stoacı yaşam biçimine uygun olarak öğretim ve entelektüel arayış içinde son derece sade bir hayat sürdü. Hayatının son demlerinde aksi halde ölüme terk edilecek bir çocuğun büyütülmesine yardımcı olmak için bir kez evlendiği iddia edilir, başkaları ise hiç evlenmediğini ve çocuk sahibi olmadığını söylüyorlar.

Demonax filozoflardan birinin kızıyla evlenip evlenemeyeceğini sorarak Epiktetos'un evlenmeme öğüdünü alaycı bir tarzda tekdir eder.

Kendi el yazısı ile kayaya kazıyarak yazdığı yazılar arasında yer alan "Hür İnsan Üzerine Bir Şiir", hâlen Isparta'nın Sütçüler ilçesine bağlı "Yazılı Kanyon" bölgesinde bulunan bir sunağın yanındaki kayada kabartma olarak yer almaktadır.

Düşüncesi
Bilindiği kadarıyla, Epiktetos hiçbir şey yazmadı. Çalışmalarından kalan her şey Anabasis Alexandri'nin yazarı, öğrencisi Arrianus tarafından yazıya döküldü. Temel eseri, orijinali 8 kitaptan oluşan konuşmaların muhafaza edilmiş 4 cildidir. Arrianus ayrıca Enkhridion ya da el kitabı olarak başlıklandırılan bir özet de derlemiştir. Arrianus Konuşmalar'ın önsözünde Lucius Gellius'a hitabında şöyle der:

"Ondan ne duyduysam, onun düşünce biçimini ve konuşmasındaki içtenliği kendim ileride kullanmak üzere elimden geldiği kadar ve onun bir anı olarak muhafaza edilmesine çalışarak sözcüğü sözcüğüne yazıya döktüm."

Epiktetos ahlak konusunun üzerinde eski Stoacılardan daha çok durmuştur. Fikirlerini tekrar tekrar Sokrates'e atfederek amacımızın kendi hayatlarımızın efendisi olmak olduğunu savunur.

Epiktetos'a göre değişmez, bozulamaz ve fark gözetmeksizin tüm insanlar için geçerli olan varlıkların gerçek doğasını öğrenme yolunda öğrencilerini cesaretlendirmek Stoacı öğretmenin görevidir.

Şeylerin doğası iki kategoriye ayrılır: münhasıran kendi gücümüze bağlı olanlar (prohairetik) ve olmayanlar (aprohairetik). İlk kategoride yargı, tepki, arzu, iğrenme vb. vardır. İkinci kategoride sağlık, mal mülk, şöhret vb. yer alır. Epiktetos daha sonra öğrencilerine iki önemli kavram daha tanıtır. Prohairesis ve dihairesis.

Prohairesis, insanları diğer canlılardan ayıran şeydir, kendi değer yargılarımıza göre bir şeyi arzulamamız veya ondan kaçınmamıza, bir şeyi yapmak zorunda hissetmemiz veya hissetmememize, bir konu hakkında hemfikir olmamıza veya ayrı düşmemize neden olan yetidir. Epiktetos sürekli "biz kendi prohairesis'imiziz" der. Diahairesis de prohairesis'imiz tarafından gerçekleştirilen yargıdır ve işte bu bizim elimizde olan ve elimizde olmayanı ayırt etmemizi sağlar. Sonuçta, Epiktetos öğrencilerine iyinin ve kötünün yalnızca prohairesisimizde var olduğunu ve asla dışsal ya da aprohairetik şeylerde var olmadığını öğretti. İşte bu düşünceleri tümüyle kavramış ve gündelik hayatında uygulamayı başarmış iyi bir öğrenci, ulaşmak istediği nihai nokta eudaimonia (mutluluk ya da verimlilik) olan felsefi hayata adım atmaya hazırdır. Bu mantık ve "şeylerin doğası" ile uyum içinde erdemli bir hayat sürmektir.

Anısına Yapılanlar
Yönetmenliğini Umut Hacıfevzioğlu'nun yaptığı "Kölelikten Filozofluğa Epiktetos" belgeseli

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hür İnsan Üzerine Bir Şiir

Dış bağlantılar

55 doğumlular
135 yılında ölenler
1. yüzyıl filozofları
1. yüzyılda Yunanlar
2. yüzyıl filozofları
2. yüzyılda Yunanlar
2. yüzyıl Romalıları
Antik Yunan filozoflar
Roma dönemi filozofları
Antik Romalı köleler

Romalı Epir
Frigya
Mantık felsefecileri
Stoacı filozoflar
Köleler

Epiktetos


Konya Ovası, İç Anadolu Bölgesi'nin orta ve güney kesiminde yer alıp, büyük bölümü Konya ili içinde yer alan çanak biçimli ovadır.

Ovanın kuzey-kuzeybatı tarafında, Bozdağ ile Obruk Platosu bulunmaktadır. Güneyde ise, Sultan Dağları'ndan başlayarak Karaman'ın güneyine kadar devam eden Toros Dağları çevrelemektedir. Kuzey-güney yönünde 80 km ve batı-doğu yönünde 50 km kadar uzanıp 151.000 km²'lik bir alanı kaplamaktadır.

Özellikleri
Konya Ovası, Çukurova'da yer alan delta ovasından sonra Türkiye'nin en büyük ikinci ovasıdır. Bu ova ülkenin tarım alanlarının yüzde 17'sini karşılar. Konya - Karapınar arasında kuzeybatı - güneydoğu, Karapınar - Bor arasında güneybatı - kuzeydoğu doğrultusundadır. Bu iki kesim kısmen volkanik bir eşikle ayrılır. Ovanın alçak kesimleri, yeni alüvyonlar arasında yazın kuruyan bataklıklarla kaplıdır. Yer yer içinde tatlı su gölü kavkıları olan eski alüvyonlara rastlanır. Bunlara göre Dördüncü Zaman 'ın şimdikine göre daha nemli ve serin bir devresinde Konya Ovası'nın geniş bir tatlı su gölüyle kaplı olduğu anlaşılır. Volkanizma etkinlikleri üçüncü zamanda başlar ve hemen hemen günümüze kadar ulaşır. Ancak son yıllarda Konya Ovası kurumaya başlamıştır.

Konya Ovası, KOP Projesi sayesinde tekrar canlandırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. ETİ'nin sponsor olduğu bu kampanyada ova, %30'luk bir oranla geri kazanılmıştır. Böylece küresel ısınma sebebiyle oluşan kuraklık, Türkiye'nin verimli toprakları üzerinde etkisini azaltma hedeflenmiştir.

Ekonomi
Ovada geçim gevşek bir tahıl ekimine ve küçükbaş hayvancılığa (koyun) dayanır. Konya, Çumra, Karaman, Ereğli, Bor ve Karapınar gibi başlıca yerleşim merkezleri ovanın kenarında sıralanır.

Ovada yetişen başlıca tarım ürünleri: Şeker pancarı, patates, tahıl ürünleri (buğday, yulaf, çavdar, arpa) ve baklagiller (fasulye, nohut, yeşil mercimek).

Jeolojik sorunlar

Erozyon
Su ve rüzgar erozyonları, ovanın en önemli problemlerindendir. İlkbahar aylarında düşen yağışlar bölgedeki su erozyonunun tetikleyicisi niteliğindedir. Özellikle sağanak şeklindeki yağışlar, ova topraklarını etkilemektedir. Bitki örtüsünün insan eliyle tahrip edilmesi de bölgedeki su erozyonunu hızlandırmaktadır.

Ovada rüzgâr erozyonu da su erozyonu kadar etkilidir. Türkiye'nin en az yağış alan ve rüzgâr erozyonuna uğrayan sahaların %22,1'ini oluşturan Karapınar ilçesi de bu bölgede yer almaktadır. Sıcaklık değerlerinin kurak geçen yaz aylarında yükselmesiyle, yağış şartları ve nem miktarının azlığı da erozyonu güçlendiren faktörler arasındadır. Alandaki toprakların kumul yapıda oluşu erozyon açısından olumsuz bir durum ortaya koymaktadır. Karapınar ve çevresi bitki örtüsü bakımından fakirdir. Bunun yanı sıra bozkırdaki bitkilerin yakacak ve hayvan otlatmak maksadıyla ortadan kaldırılması erozyonunun beşeri yönden de yörede aktif hale geçmesinde en önemli unsurlarındandır.

Obruk oluşumu
Ovadaki obrukların oluşumunda ana sebep, yeraltındaki mağara yapısındaki boşlukların tavanlarının çökmesidir. Bu çökmeler yer altı suyu seviyesindeki değişimlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Su seviyesindeki değişimlerde de iklim, jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik faktörler etkili olmaktadır. Değişimler yılın belli dönemlerinde gerçekleşmektedir. Bunlar kurak yaz dönemine denk gelen Haziran-Eylül ayların alçalma, yağışlı döneme denk gelen Ocak-Mayıs ayları arasındaki dönemde ise artış olarak görülmektedir. Havzada mevcut rezervin üstündeki su talebi, her yıl su seviyelerinin bir önceki yıla göre düşmesinin yanı sıra bilinçsiz tarımsal sulama ve içme suyu tüketimi de bu değişimlerdeki beşeri faktörlerdir.

Kaynakça

Konya ilindeki yeryüzü şekilleri
Türkiye'deki ovalar

Konya Ovası


Ljuljevac je hrvatski otočić smješten na ulasku u kanal sv. Ante kraj Šibenika. Na njegovim pličinama nalazi se Utvrda sv. Nikole. Otok je povezan s kopnom i utvrdom uskim putićem.

Ljuljevac

Ljuljevac


Fata Morgana Land eller Fata Morgana Landet var en fantomø i Arktis. Den var ment at skulle ligge mellem Nordøstgrønland og Spitsbergen i den nordlige del af Grønlandshavet.

Historie
Johan Peter Koch og Aage Bertelsen er rapporteret at have set Fata Morgana Land i 1907. De var i området som en del af Danmark-ekspeditionen. Øen skulle også være set fra luften af Lauge Koch i 1933, af Peter Freuchen i 1935, samt af Ivan Papanin i 1937.

Den sidste formodede observation ledte Lauge Koch til at lave en flyekspedition fra Spitsbergen i 1938 som ikke fandt spor af øen. Observationen af Ivan Papanin i 1937 var også en hovedfaktor ved dannelse af Mørkefjordsekspeditionen i 1938–1939 ledet af Eigil Knuth og Ebbe Munck.

De rapportede observationer var muligvis af Tobias Ø som ligger ca. 70 km sydligere, og hvis position blev bestemt i 1993.

Referencer

Fantomøer
Øer i Grønland

Fata Morgana Land