Serratia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing Nomenclature (LPSN), there are currently 19 species of Serratia that are credibly published with accurate names as of 2020: S. aquatilis, S. entomophila, S. ficaria, S. fonticola, S. grimesii, S. liquefaciens, S. marcescens, S. microhaemolytica, S. myotis, S. nematodiphila, S. odoriferae, S. oryzae, S. plymuthica, S. proteamaculans, S. quinivorans corrig, S. rubidaea, S. symbiotica, S. ureilytica, S. vespertilionis. They are typically 1–5 μm in length, do not produce spores, and can be found in water, soil, plants, and animals. Some members of this genus produce a characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, and can be distinguished from other members of the order Enterobacterales by their unique production of three enzymes: DNase (nucA), lipase, and gelatinase (serralysin). Serratia was thought to be a harmless environmental bacteria until it was discovered that the most common species in the genus, S. marcescens, is an opportunistic pathogen of many animals, including humans. In humans, S. marcescens is mostly associated with nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infections, but can also cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and endocarditis. S. marcescens is frequently found in showers, toilet bowls, and around wet tiles as a pinkish to red biofilm but only causes disease in immunocompromised individuals. Aside from S. marcescens, some rare strains of the Serratia species S. plymuthica, S. liquefaciens, S. rubidaea, and S. odoriferae have been shown to cause infection such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis.

Habitat
Various strains of Serratia occupy an eclectic range of habitats: soil, water, plants, insects, and others.

Water
Currently, four species of Serratia have been found in seawater: S. marcescens, S. liquefaciens, S. plymuthica, and S. marinorubra. S. marcescens is the most abundant, comprising approximately half of all strains found. S. aquatilis is a novel species of Serratia found in drinking water.

Plants
The plant types with the highest Serratia prevalence are vegetables, mushrooms, mosses, grasses, and decaying plant material. Serratia has been consistently found in figs and coconuts. S. marcescens and S. ficaria are often found in Calimyrna figs. Several species related to Serratia have also been identified on Smyrna figs and its fig wasps. Only one species of Serratia, S. marinorubra, has been identified on coconuts from various regions of the world, including California, France, and Brazil. Both S. marcescens and certain strains of Enterobacter were also identified in the rhizospheres of coconut palms.

Insects
Serratia is found in over 70 species of healthy, dead, and diseased insects. These include crickets, grasshoppers, bees, aphids, and fruit flies. Most of them reside in insects as bacterial flora and some form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with their hosts. For example, in aphids, strains of S. symbiotica play a key nutritional role by providing the host with vitamins and amino acids.

In 2017 it was reported that Serratia can be genetically engineered to prevent malaria in mosquitos, research showed 93% fewer Plasmodium parasites that untreated counterparts.

Isolation, identification, and metabolism

Isolation
S. marcescens is the most characterized species in this genus. During the summer in Padura, Italy, the town people discovered that their polenta dish turned red. At first, the people believed that this incident was caused by the devil. A pharmacist named Bartolomeo Bizio was appointed to investigate the strange phenomenon. After several experiments, Bizzo presented his results. S. marcescens was first documented as a red-colored putrefaction of polenta by Bartolomeo Bizio in Padua. The bacterium was later named in honor of Italian physicist Serafino Serrati. In 1945, an experiment was designed to establish the pathogenicity of S. marcescens. Captain Tom Paine in the U.S. Army conducted an experiment at Camp Detrick, MD. In this experiment, he exposed four people to the bacteria in an enclosed space. The individuals soon developed symptoms such as body aches, malaise, green sputum production. A few of the individuals developed fever and chills while others still had a fever after 24 hours. Several other experiments were performed throughout the 50s, 60s, and 70s to test the pathogenicity of S. marcescens, but it wasn't until the 1970s that S. marcescens was confirmed as a human pathogen.

S. liquefaciens is the second best characterized species after S. marcescens. S. liquefaciens was first classified as Aerobacter liquefaciens in the Enterobacter genus by Grimes and Hennerty. The first documentation of S. liquefaciens was in 1971. Over 20 isolates of S. liquefaciens were recovered from different specimens, such as urinary and respiratory. Out of the isolates, six were believed to cause infection in humans. From the 1970s to the 1980s, this species was the cause of several hospital outbreaks. However, the most well-known outbreak occurred in Colorado at a hemodialysis center. During this outbreak, there were 10 S. liquefaciens bloodstream infections.

S. ficaria is another species that can be harmful to humans. S. ficaria is a part of the fig tree community. In 1979, S. ficaria was first isolated from a patient who had a respiratory infection. The organism was isolated from the patient's sputum after she consumed a fig. The organisms continued to be isolated from several humans over the years. The last documented infection caused by S. ficaria was in Greece. A healthy man was bitten by a dog, and the dog bite turned into an abscess. This was the first infection that was in a healthy individual.S. fonticola species was first found in human specimens in 1985. It is known to cause tissue infections following trauma to the area. The first reported infection caused by S. fonticola species was in 1989. The organism caused a leg abscess in a woman in France. In 1991, S. fonticola was the cause of a hand infection in another French woman. S. fonticola has been recovered from several other patients over the years.

There are not many reports of S. quinivoran causing infection in humans. A homeless man in France was admitted to the hospital with a mouth abscess. The man developed pneumonia and respiratory issues. S. quinivoran was recovered from a sample and was later identified as the cause of his organ failure and death. S. rubidaea, S. odorifera, and S. plymuthica are other Serratia species that are human pathogens. However, not all Serratia species are human pathogens. S. entomophia and S. proteamaculans are insect and plant pathogens.

Identification
Species of Serratia have been isolated in a variety of environments, including soil, water, plants, animals and even air. Several methods can be used to study the epidemiology of S. marcescens. Usual enrichment strategies involve the use of media containing antibiotic and antifungal substances. A caprylate-thallous media seems to be highly preferred for the selective growth of genus Serratia, as it can use caprylic acid as a carbon source.

Serological typing and different types of polymerase chain reaction can be used to identify the Serratia. Biotyping, bacteriocin typing, phage typing, plasmid analysis, and ribotyping can also be used. Most strains of S. marcescens appear red on trypticase soy agar slants when grown at around 25 °C. S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens can be easily confused in the lab when using the analytical profile index system. They can both oxidise arabinose, but only S. liquefaciens can ferment arabinose in peptone water. The virulence of Serratia strains can also be identifiable by type 4 fimbriae, small hair-like projections.

Genome content
The average genome size of most Serratia species has not been documented except for that of S. marcescens, which is 3.57 * 109 Daltons. The range of G+C content of each species is as follows: S. marcescens 57.5 – 60.4%, S. liquefaciens 52.6-54.4%, S. plymuthica 53.3-56.3%, S. marinorubra 53.5-58.5%. S. macescens genome has the highest G+C content among all enterobacteria.

Enzymes and biofilm
Serratia secretes a host of virulence factors, including prodigiosin, biosurfactants, DNAse, lipase, protease, gelatinase, hemolysin, chitinase, chloroperoxidase, and alkaline phosphatase. Prodigiosin, a growth pigment, is often used as a phenotypic identification marker of Serratia species due to its red colorization. Biosurfactants have been isolated from Serratia marcescens, Serratia rubidaea and Serratia surfactantfaciens for their range of applications, including emulsification, surface, antifouling, antitumor, and antimicrobial activity. Endonucleases, such as DNAse, may aid in scavenging activity, allowing them to exploit the environment and maximize the availability of nutrients. Strains producing thermostable lipase, alkaline protease and gelatinase have been isolated from strains causing contact lens-related corneal ulcers in humans. Due to its short half-life and tendency to remain bound to cells upon secretion, hemolysin has scarcely been identified in Serratia. However, some studies employing more accurate detection techniques have evidenced hemolytic activity in almost all strains of Serratia. Plant chitinases are used as defense mechanisms against plant pathogens with which Serratia shares their plant habitat. Chloroperoxidase allows the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds while alkaline phosphatases are involved in cell signaling processes.

Metabolism
Serratia utilizes a metabolic enzyme, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, with distinct kinetic properties from those found in Enterobacteriaceae in that it is not greatly activated by fructose bisphosphate. ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase from strains of S. marcescens demonstrated optimal activity in buffer at pH 7.5 and 8.0, respectively. It is greatly activated by glycolysis intermediates such as phosphoenolpyruvate, 3-phosphoglycerate, fructose-6-phosphate, and 2-phosphoglycerate.

Pathology
Most Serratia species are nonpathogenic, but those that are pathogenic typically cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. S. marcescens is the main pathogenic species, infecting animals and plants, but other species that have been reported to infect individuals include Serratia plymuthica, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia rubidaea, Serratia odorifera, and Serratia fonticola.

Opportunistic human pathogen
S. marcescens is thought to be transmitted through hand-to-hand transmission; in one hospital half of all tested personnels' hands were found to be positive for the pathogen.

Serratia species tend to colonize the respiratory and urinary tracts, rather than the gastrointestinal tract. Serratia infection is responsible for about 2% of nosocomial infections of the bloodstream, lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, surgical wounds, and skin and soft tissues and other ailments that are commonly caused by other bacteria. Outbreaks of S. marcescens meningitis, wound infections, and arthritis have occurred in pediatric wards. Outbreaks of infective endocarditis in IV drug users have been reported.

Cases of Serratia arthritis have been reported in outpatients receiving intra-articular injections.

Opportunistic non-human pathogen
There have been cases of Serratia non-human animal infections. One case of a non-nosocomial infection in animals was found in one study, after S. marcescens was found to be correlated with early abortions in buffalos and cows. The pathogen was isolated in culture after researchers observed reddish vaginal discharge from the cows, and the pathogen was also discovered to be in the semen of a bull, all of which were from the same strain.

Opportunistic plant pathogen
S. marcescens and S. proteamaculans are considered to be opportunistic plant pathogens. S. marcescens causes cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD). CYVD was first detected in pumpkin and squash. CYVD infects the phloem tissue in plants and causes wilting, yellowing, phloem discoloration, plant decline, and eventually death. CYVD mainly affects squash, cantaloupe, watermelon, etc. There have been studies that have shown that this disease is transmitted by insects. S. proteamaculans is the only other species known to cause harm to plants. S. proteamaculans is associated with leaf spot disease. Leaf spot disease is usually caused by a fungus, but can also be caused by bacteria (e.g. S. proteamaculans). Leaf spot disease appears as brown or dark spots on leaves and can permanently damage plants. The sizes and colors of these spots can vary.

See also

 Delftia tsuruhatensis a bacteria that naturally prevent malaria.
 Wolbachia a genus of bacteria that can be used to control dengue.

References

Bacteria genera
Enterobacterales
Malaria

Serratia


The Portland Pirates were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League (AHL). Their home arena was the Cross Insurance Arena in downtown Portland, Maine. The franchise was previously known as the Baltimore Skipjacks from 1982 to 1993.

The Pirates were affiliated with the Washington Capitals (1993–2005), the Anaheim Ducks (2005–2008), the Buffalo Sabres (2008–2011), Arizona Coyotes (2011–2015), and the Florida Panthers (2015–2016). The organization hosted the AHL All-Star Classic in 2003 and 2010.

On May 4, 2016, the Pirates announced it had signed a letter of intent with an outside buyer to sell and relocate the franchise for the 2016–17 season. It was reported that the team would be relocated to Springfield, Massachusetts following the pending sale and relocation of the Springfield Falcons franchise to Tucson, Arizona. The transaction was approved by the AHL on May 23, 2016, and the franchise became the Springfield Thunderbirds.

History

Capitals era
Tom Ebright, owner of the Baltimore Skipjacks, had a daughter who was an intern at the East Coast Hockey League's Nashville Knights. Liking the way the Knights did business, Ebright contacted Knights owner, W. Godfrey Wood, asking to relocate the Skipjacks to a better market. Wood relocated the team to his home region of Portland, Maine, leading to the creation of the Portland Pirates in 1993 with an affiliation to the Washington Capitals. The Pirates filled the void made by the Maine Mariners who had departed to become the Providence Bruins a year earlier. On August 4, 1993, forward Eric Fenton was signed to a professional contract to become the very first member of the Portland Pirates team.

Under general manager and CEO Wood, who invested in management and creative marketing, the Pirates led the AHL in tickets sold, sponsorships, and sellouts for their first 3 years. The Pirates first season proved to be their most successful as they won the Calder Cup with a 43–27–10 record and was third overall in attendance with an average of 5,872 fans. Their next season they had 104 points but were upset in the 1st round of the playoffs. In the 1995–96 season they again reached the Calder Cup Finals, despite a sub-par record of 32–34–10, but lost to the Rochester Americans. For the first four seasons, the head coach  was Barry Trotz, who later became a long-time NHL head coach and won a Stanley Cup.

Since then, the Pirates had mixed success, routinely making the playoffs and being eliminated early on. This included an excellent 100 point season in 1999–00 only to be eliminated from the playoffs in the first round. The Capitals affiliation ended after 12 seasons in 2005.

Ducks era
In 2005, the Pirates announced a five-year lease extension at the Cross Insurance Arena, ending speculation that the team might relocate. The Pirates also signed a three-year affiliation agreement with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

With the Ducks, the Pirates had more mixed success. The team qualified for the 2006 Calder Cup playoffs and made it to the Calder Cup conference finals, only to be defeated by the eventual Calder Cup-winning Hershey Bears in seven games. The team then missed the 2007 playoff. Then the Pirates again made it to the Calder Cup conference finals again in 2008 before being eliminated by the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins in seven games.

Sabres era
On June 3, 2008, the Anaheim Ducks announced they were affiliating with the Iowa Chops instead of renewing the agreement with the Pirates. On June 10, 2008, the Pirates and the Buffalo Sabres announced that they had reached a new affiliation agreement, ending several months of speculation.

On August 5, 2008, the team announced that Kevin Dineen has been retained as head coach.

On February 10, 2009, the team played in Buffalo at HSBC Arena for the first time before a crowd of 11,144. The Pirates lost 4-3 in a shootout to the Albany River Rats. The Sabres' faithful were pleased with the aggressive play and numerous fights during the game. It was then announced that the Pirates would play in Buffalo twice in 2009–10. The first game would be played on November 12 and the second would be March 7; both games would be against the Rochester Americans (the Sabres' then previous AHL affiliate).

On March 17, 2010, the Pirates signed a two-year lease extension with the Cross Insurance Arena. The agreement prevented any further Pirates home games from being played outside the arena.

In May 2011, the Sabres had indicated a willingness to break from its affiliation agreement with the Pirates and re-affiliate with the Rochester Americans, with Sabres owner Terry Pegula intending to buy the Amerks. The Pirates had to sign off on the agreement, since their agreement with the Sabres ran through 2014. On June 24, 2011, the American Hockey League approved the sale of the Rochester Americans to Pegula; it also included the buyout of the affiliation contract with the Portland Pirates.

Coyotes era
On June 27, 2011, the Phoenix Coyotes announced that the franchise had entered into a five-year player development contract with the Pirates. WMTW-TV mentioned that during the announcement of the Coyotes being the Pirates affiliate that two of the four teams that were negotiating with the Pirates wanted the Pirates to change the team name and logo, but the Pirates agreed to the deal with Phoenix in order to keep their name and logo and because the Coyotes "wanted it the most".

During the 2012–13 season, the Pirates played six games at the Androscoggin Bank Colisee in Lewiston, Maine in preparation of renovations at the Cross Insurance Arena. On April 17, 2013, the Pirates and Cumberland County announced a five-year lease, with the option for another five years, to stay at the Cross Insurance Arena in Portland, though that was thrown into question due to a dispute over revenue from food sales (see lease dispute section below). Due to the dispute, the Pirates played their entire 2013-14 home schedule in Lewiston.

The Pirates were forced to play their final game of the 2013–14 season at their 400-seat practice facility in Saco, due to the Colisée being double booked with the game and a circus. The Pirates promised refunds to those who had bought tickets for the game in Lewiston, and stated that all ticket proceeds from the Saco game would go to the Barbara Bush Children's Hospital in Portland.

On May 7, 2014, they announced a one-year extension of the affiliation agreement and a small increase in ticket prices as part of the changes the team was doing to rebuild confidence with the community. Ron Cain, the new majority owner stated he was not concerned about getting a new affiliation agreement with the Coyotes for 2015–16 because it seemed likely that they were going to move their affiliate closer to Glendale, Arizona.

2013 lease dispute
In 2013, the Pirates negotiated a new lease agreement with arena trustees, but refused to sign it after they determined that the percentage of food sales they were to receive under the lease would not result in the same amount of money as previously agreed terms calling for the Pirates to get a percentage of food and alcohol sales, which was ruled illegal by the State (as alcohol sales can only be controlled by the property owner).

The Pirates then announced that they would look for another arena to play their 2013–14 season in, most likely the Androscoggin Bank Colisee in Lewiston, where they were already playing the start of the season due to renovations at the arena. Arena trustees stated there would be no Pirates hockey at the arena that year and began seeking other tenants for the dates originally given to the Pirates. They further claimed to only break even on the presence of the Pirates and that their expenses would actually be less without them. The Pirates responded by filing a lawsuit against the arena seeking enforcement of the original unsigned agreement outline and an injunction to prevent the arena from reassigning dates for Pirates home games to other events.

The Pirates announced on September 26, 2013, that they would indeed play their entire 2013–14 home schedule at the Colisée. The dates for four games had to be changed from the original schedule. A spokesman for the AHL said that the Pirates had the rights to the Portland market and could play anywhere within a 50-mile radius of the city. The Phoenix Coyotes said they were prepared to move forward despite having hoped differences with the arena would be resolved. The Chairman of the Cross Insurance Arena Board of Trustees criticized the Pirates for demanding more of a "subsidy" for themselves and stated their desired lease agreement would cost county taxpayers money. The Pirates also stated they would continue their lawsuit against the arena with the hopes of playing there in the future.

On October 24, 2013, it was announced that the team had taken out an option on city-owned land in Saco for possibly building a $40 million arena with 5,000 seats as a new home. The team stated, though, that doing so was not the cheapest option for them and that they would prefer to return to Portland.

After obtaining a majority share of the team, former minority owner Ron Cain stated on December 17 that should an agreement with arena trustees not be reached within a month, that he would consider moving the team to the aforementioned Saco land or even out of state if necessary. Continued requests for negotiation were rebuffed by the trustees. Two days later, Cain announced that the team dropped its lawsuit and that arena trustees would resume negotiations, both seeking "to strike a balance between the team's business needs and the arena's financial obligations" according to Cain. The chairman of the trustees stated that he found Cain's comments on the issue "constructive" and he thus was willing to restart talks.

Maine Senate President Justin Alfond, who is from Portland, announced that he submitted emergency legislation to the Maine Legislature to allow the Pirates to receive a share of alcohol revenue, as the original agreement had called for. Cain said that Alfond's efforts did not play a role in their decision on the lawsuit, but could help the team going forward.

On February 4, 2014, arena trustees and the Pirates announced that a five-year lease agreement had been reached and that the team would return to the Cross Insurance Arena for the 2014–15 season and should the team make the 2014 playoffs, it is possible they could return for those games, though Pirates ownership joked that with the team at the bottom of the division that day making such a scenario unlikely. The agreement included the sharing of concessions revenue the Pirates sought, which may or may not have included alcohol sales pending passage of Sen. Alfond's bill. Owner Ron Cain also revealed that he had explored the possibility of moving the team to Glens Falls, New York to replace the departing Adirondack Phantoms, going so far as to send CEO Brian Petrovek to Glens Falls for discussions, but that he wanted the Pirates to remain in Maine too much to do so.

Panthers era and final season
On March 18, 2015, the Pirates announced an affiliation agreement with the Florida Panthers to begin in the 2015–16 season and that Eric Joyce, the general manager of Florida's previous AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage, would take over the same position in Portland. On May 4, 2016, the Pirates announced it had signed a letter of intent with an outside buyer to sell and relocate the franchise for the 2016–17 season. On May 23, the franchise was relocated to Springfield, Massachusetts, following the sale and relocation of the Springfield Falcons franchise to Tucson, Arizona.  On June 15, the franchise's new name was announced as the Springfield Thunderbirds.

A team of investors headed by former Pirates executives W. Godfrey Wood and Brad Church—the latter a former Portland player as well—announced their intentions to put an ECHL team in Portland to fill the void, joining as early as 2017. However, progress to attain a franchise by the Portland group stalled until four groups, none of which involved Wood, submitted their own proposals at the end of February 2017. By March 8, the arena owners had narrowed their choices to the proposals submitted by Spectra and National Sports Services, with both groups having been involved with managing ECHL teams in their past. In June 2017, Comcast Spectacor, the operators of the Cross Insurance Arena and the NHL's Philadelphia Flyers, purchased the franchise rights of the recently dormant Alaska Aces of the ECHL. The league approved of the sale and relocation of the franchise to Portland on June 15.

The market was previously home to:
Maine Mariners (1977–1992): American Hockey League

The franchise was replaced by:
 Maine Mariners (2018–): ECHL

Season-by-season results
The results from the 23 seasons played by the Portland Pirates.

Players

Team captains

Pirates Hall of Fame
Officially only #50 has been retired by the Portland Pirates. However a banner still hangs in the rafters in tribute to the 5 Maine Mariners who had their number retired before moving to Providence.

AHL awards and trophies

Calder Cup
 1993–94

Richard F. Canning Trophy
 1993–94, 1995–96

Frank Mathers Trophy
 2005–06

Emile Francis Trophy
 2005–06
 2010–11

Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award
 Olaf Kolzig and Byron Dafoe: 1993–94

Louis A. R. Pieri Memorial Award
 Barry Trotz: 1993–94
 Glen Hanlon: 1999–00
 Kevin Dineen: 2005–06

James C. Hendy Memorial Award
 Tom Ebright: 1993–94

Jack A. Butterfield Trophy
 Olaf Kolzig: 1993–94

Eddie Shore Award
 Marc-Andre Gragnani: 2010–11

Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award
 Jim Carey: 1994–95
 Jaroslav Svejkovsky: 1995–96
 Nathan Gerbe: 2008–09
 Tyler Ennis: 2009–10
 Luke Adam: 2010–11

Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award
 Jim Carey: 1994–95
 Martin Brochu: 1999–00

Les Cunningham Award
 Martin Brochu: 1999–00

Fred T. Hunt Memorial Award
 Kent Hulst: 2000–01
 Chris Ferraro: 2002–03

James H. Ellery Memorial Awards
 Dave Ahlers: 2002–03

Team records

Single season
Goals: Michel Picard, 41 (1993–94)
Assists: Jeff Nelson, 73 (1993–94)
Points: Jeff Nelson, 107 (1993–94)
Points (By a Defenseman): Marc-Andre Gragnani, 60 (2010–11)
Penalty minutes: Mark Major 355 (1997–98)
GAA: Maxime Ouellet, 1.99 (2003–04)
SV%: Maxime Ouellet, .930 (2003–04)

Career
Career goals: Kent Hulst, 147 (1993–2001)
Career assists: Andrew Brunette, 224 (1993–98)
Career points: Kent Hulst, 360 (1993–2001)
Career penalty minutes: Kevin Kaminski, 797 (1994–95, 98)
Career goaltending wins: Mike McKenna, 84 (2007–08, 2014–16)
Career shutouts: Maxime Ouellet, 17 (2002–05)
Career games: Kent Hulst, 473 (1993–2001)

References

External links
The Internet Hockey Database - Portland Pirates

Ice hockey clubs established in 1993
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 2016
Anaheim Ducks minor league affiliates
Arizona Coyotes minor league affiliates
Buffalo Sabres minor league affiliates
Chicago Blackhawks minor league affiliates
Florida Panthers minor league affiliates
Ice hockey teams in Maine
Washington Capitals minor league affiliates
1993 establishments in Maine
2016 disestablishments in Maine
Defunct sports clubs and teams in Maine

Portland Pirates


Trine Lise Sundnes (nascida a 6 de fevereiro de 1970) é uma política e sindicalista norueguesa.

Ela foi eleita representante do Storting pelo círculo eleitoral de Oslo para o período 2021-2025, pelo Partido Trabalhista.

Sundnes foi membro do conselho da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) de 2008 a 2014 e é presidente do conselho da Associação das Nações Unidas da Noruega desde 2015.

Mulheres da Noruega na política
Membros do Parlamento da Noruega
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1970
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Trine Lise Sundnes


Marqués de Pombal (en portugués Marquês de Pombal) puede referirse a:
 Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, marqués de Pombal (Lisboa, 13 de mayo de 1699 - Pombal, Coímbra, 8 de mayo de 1782), estadista portugués.
 Marqués de Pombal, título nobiliario;
 Praça Marquês de Pombal, plaza situada en Lisboa;
 Marquês de Pombal, parada del Metro de Lisboa.
Palacio del marqués de Pombal

Marqués de Pombal (desambiguación)


An Tripogon major in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Tripogon major in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tripogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tripogon

Tripogon major


إذاعة فاردا  هي إذاعة تبث برامجها باللغة الفارسية من مدينة براغ في التشيك. إذاعة فاردا هي مشروع مشترك بين إذاعة صوت أمريكا وإذاعة الحرية لإيران. يتم تمويلها من طرف الحكومة الأمريكية. تشمل برامج الإذاعة المبثوثة مجموعة واسعة من المواضيع السياسية والثقافية، وتركز بصفة خاصة على إيران.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع إذاعة فاردا (باللغة الفارسية)

إذاعات حسب البلد
إعلام حكومي
تأسيسات سنة 2002 في التشيك
محطات إذاعية باللغة الفارسية
محطات إذاعية أسست في 2002

إذاعة فاردا


Manuel Ordóñez puede hacer referencia a:

 Manuel Segundo Ordóñez (1859 - 1940), gobernador de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina.
 Manuel Segundo Ordóñez (hijo), intendente de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, e hijo del anterior.
 Manuel Vicente Ordóñez (1902 – 1988), político demócrata cristiano, jurista, filósofo e intelectual católico argentino.
 Manuel Gurría Ordóñez, político mexicano.

Manuel Ordóñez


Regimentul 34 Infanterie a fost o unitate de nivel tactic care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916, prin mobilizarea unităților și subunităților existente la pace aparținând de Regimentul Constanța No. 34. Regimentul a făcut parte din organica Brigăzii 17 Infanterie, fiind dislocat la pace în garnizoana Constanța. La intrarea în război, Regimentul 34 Infanterie a fost comandat de colonelul Constantin Rășcanu. Regimentul 34 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul românesc, pe toată perioada războiului, între 14/27 august 1916 - 28 ocotmbrie/11 noiembrie 1918.

Drapelul de luptă al regimentului a fost decorat cu cea mai înaltă distincție de război, Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III:
"Pentru vitejia și avântul cu care au luptat ofițerii, subofițerii și soldații regimentului, în crâncenele lupte ce s-au desfășurat la sud de Mărășești în zilele de 27 și 28 iulie 1917. În noaptea de 26-27 iulie au ocupat poziția rusă care consta aproape numai din măști individuale și fără să aibă vre-o apărare accesorie. În ziua de 28 iulie după  un violent bombardament de distrugere, trupe covârșitoare de infanterie, din Divizia XII Bavareză, au dat 3 atacuri puternice, pe care însă le-a respins acest eroic regiment, apoi contraatacând cu furie, respinge și urmărește pe inamic până în a 2-a linie a lui și îi capturează 2 mitraliere și 62 prizonieri. La 28 iulie efectivul regimentului deși redus la un singur batalion din cauza pierderilor precedente, pornește din ziuă la un nou atac și atinge toate obiectivele ordonate, dând dovadă de un înălțător spirit de sacrificiu."
Înalt Decret no. 3651 din 12 decembrie 1918

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

Campania anului 1917

Comandanți

Decorații
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III

Note

Bibliografie

 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial'', Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Regimentul 34 Infanterie (1916-1918)


الجعفريون، أو المذهب الجعفري هو ليس إلا تعبير اخر عن المذهب الشيعي الإثني عشري الذي يقوم على الاعتقاد بأن خلافة النبي محمد تكون للإمام علي بن أبي طالب وأحد عشر إمّاما من ذريته من بعده، ومن هنا كان اشتقاق تعبير المذهب الجعفري الذي يعود إلى الامام جعفر الصادق وهو الإمام السادس من الاثنى عشر المعصومين لأنه عاش المرحلة الانتقالية بين الدولتين الأموية والعباسية، مما أتاح له نشر عقائد وفقه الإسلامي وتربية عدد كبير من العلماء الفقهاء والمفسرين والمتكلمين.

ينقسم الشيعة الإمامية الاثنا عشرية بين فرقتين وهم الأصولية والإخبارية وهما لا يختلفان في عقيدتهما بشيء سوى بسعة الأخذ بالأخبار وضيقه.

في عام 1959 أصدر محمود شلتوت، شيخ الأزهر، فتوى تعترف بالفقه الجعفري كمذهب خامس في الشريعة الإسلامية، إلى جانب المذاهب السنيّة الأربعة. وفي عام 2004، أكّدت رسالة عمّان من جديد على صلاحية المذاهب الفقهية الثمانية بما في ذلك المذهب الجعفري. وفي العصر الحديث، حدد رئيس وزراء السودان السابق الصادق المهدي مدارس الفقه الإسلامي المعترف بها على أنها ثمانية، وكان المذهب الجعفري أحدها.

التسمية
نُسِبَ المذهب الشيعي إلى الإمام جعفر الصادق، الإمام السادس للشيعة، وسُمي بالمذهب الجعفري. حيث أن الإمام الصادق عاش المرحلة الانتقالية بين دولتين، فكانت الدولة الأموية في نهاياتها مشغولة بمواجهة الثورات والانتفاضات التي كانت مشتعلة في بلاد الإسلام. وعندما أقيمت الخلافة العباسية انشغلت بتطهير الأرض من بني أمية والقضاء على الفتن الصغيرة وتوطيد دعائم الدولة الجديدة وكانت بحاجة إلى وقت لتثبيت حكمها، وتشييد أركان نظامها،
ولذلك لم تعنَ كثيراً بالحركات الدينية والثقافية مما أتاح للإمام الصادق نشر مذهب عقائد وفقه أهل البيت وتربية عدد كبير من العلماء الفقهاء والمفسرين والمتكلمين. وقد ورد من الأحاديث والروايات عن الإمام الصادق ما لم يرد عن غيره من الأئمة المعصومين، خصوصاً في الفقه الإسلامي. فإن المذهب الشيعي ازدهر في ذلك العصر فعُرف منذ ذلك العصر بالمذهب الجعفري.

الفروع
ينقسم الشيعة الإمامية الإثنا عشرية بين فرقتين وهم الأصولية والإخبارية وهما موجودان سوية في مراحل مختلفة من تاريخ الطائفة، وليس هناك اختلاف في عقيدتهما بل هما يختلفان في المنهج. يمثل الأصوليون الأكثرية داخل الشيعة الإمامية، في حين يمثل الإخباريون الأقلية.

الأصولية

المدرسة الأصولية هي التيار السائد بين الشيعة الإثني عشرية في العصر الحديث. وهم القائلون بالاجتهاد ووجوب التقليد على العامي للفقيه الجامع للشرائط. وأن مصادر التشريع عندهم أربعة: الكتاب والسنة والإجماع ودليل العقل. وهم لايحكمون بصحة كل ما في كتب الأربعة، ويمثلون الأكثرية.

الأخبارية

هي مدرسة شيعية جعفرية اثنا عشرية إلا أنها تتخذ في استنباط الأحكام فقط القرآن الكريم والسنة، إي ما ذكر أو ما خبر عن النبي محمد وآل البيت. بل اقتصر بعضهم على السنة فقط بناء على إن الكتاب لا يجوز تفسيره والعمل بما فيه إلا بما ورد التفسير به عن المعصومين. ولذلك سموا بالإخباريين لأنهم يقتصرون في معرفتهم للأحكام الشرعية على الأخبار أو الروايات الواردة عن أهل البيت، وهم يحرمون الاجتهاد والتقليد، وأسقطوا الاستدلال بالمصادر الإجماع والعقل، ولا يستدلون بالإجماع لأنه عندهم بدعة أوجدها أهل السنة، وينكرون كذلك صلاحية العقل السليم ليكون حجة أو دليلا، ويعتبر الاخبارية كل الأحاديث الورادة في كتب الحديث الاربعة بأنها أحاديث قطعية الصدور عن المعصومين، أي إنهم يعتبروها كلها صحيحة ولاحاجة للرجوع لعلم الرجال والدراية لتحري صحته.

مواضيع ذات صلة

التقية

تعتبر فكرة «التقيَّة» معتقداً مقبولاً في المذهب الشيعي، وهم قد اعتبروها من أساسيات الدين. وإنما الغاية منها هي صيانة النفس والعرض والمال أمام الأعداء، فهي مداراة وكتمان وتظاهر بما ليس هو الحقيقة. ووفقا لاضطهاد الشيعة العام عبر التاريخ خصوصا في العصر الأموي والعباسي، أصبحت التقية أمرا ضروريا لحياة الشيعي. ولذلك اضطرت الاثنا عشرية إلى ممارسة التقية حتى أن أئمتهم أنفسهم قاموا بممارسة التقية. وأشتق مصطلح التقية من القران الكريم في الاية:

البداء
اتفقت الشيعة الإمامية بالقول بالبداء، وإن البداء في اللغة يعني الظهور بعد الخفاء، والعلم بالشيء بعد الجهل، ولأن علم الله سبحانه وتعالى ذاتي غير مسبوق بجهل وإن إرادته لم تتغيّر وتتبدّل فيستحيل إطلاقه بهذا المعنى على الله سبحانه. فالبداء يعني أن الله علّق أمورا على بعضها بحيث إذا أتى الإنسان بها تتغير الأمور بالنسبة للإنسان وتظهر له بصورة لم يكن يتوقعها، بعبارة أخری: «إنّ اللّه سبحانه يقدّر لعبده تقديرا طبقا لمقتضى معين، ثم يبدل اللّه تقديره طبقا لمقتضٍى جديد يظهر في العبد نتيجة عمل معين يقوم به، مع علمه السابق في كلا الأمرين والحالين» وعلى هذا الأساس تؤول الأحاديث التي تشير إلى البداء.

المصادر

 البيهقي، لباب الانساب، ص353
 السيوطي، اللباب في تهذيب الانساب، ج1/192

الجعفريون
أهل البيت
الفقه
شيعة اثنا عشرية
مذاهب فقهية
مسلمون شيعة

الجعفريون


Eduardo Renato Vio Grossi (Valparaíso, 17 de noviembre de 1944-3 de diciembre de 2022) fue un abogado chileno, experto en Derecho internacional. Fue juez de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH) entre los años 2010 y 2021.

Familia y estudios
Nació en la comuna chilena de Valparaíso el 17 de noviembre de 1944, hijo de de Francisco Vío Valdivieso y Olga Grossi Aninat, tiene diez hermanos, entre ellos Alejandro, de profesión ingeniero civil en minas, y quien fuera director nacional del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (Sernageomin) bajo los gobiernos de los presidentes Michelle Bachelet y Sebastián Piñera entre 2007 y 2010. Realizó sus estudios primarios y secundarios en el Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Viña del Mar, salvo un curso que realizó en el Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Santiago.

Continuó los superiores en la carrera de derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso entre 1964 y 1969, titulándose como abogado en 1972. Dos años después, en la Universidad Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble II, Francia, realizó el diplomado en estudios superiores en derecho público y, en 1976, el doctorado en derecho público.

Carrera
Fue miembro del equipo chileno de la Corte Permanente de Arbitraje (desde 1990), de la Lista de Conciliadores de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (desde 1998) y de la Sociedad Chilena de Derecho Internacional (desde 1985), de la que fue su presidente. El 4 de junio de 2009 fue elegido juez de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos para el período 2010-2015, siendo el tercer chileno en ese cargo tras Cecilia Medina Quiroga y Máximo Pacheco Gómez. Fue confirmado en el cargo para el periodo 2016-2021.

Ejerció la docencia en distintas instituciones. Impartió la cátedra de Derecho Internacional Público en la Universidad Diego Portales (1991), la Universidad de Las Américas (2009) y la Academia Diplomática de Chile Andrés Bello (1996, 2009 y 2010) y la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.. También fue profesor en la Escuela de Gobierno y Gestión Pública de la Universidad de Chile (1997) y en el Comité Jurídico Interamericano de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (1994).

Referencias

Abogados de Chile
Expertos en derecho internacional
Jueces de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Profesores de Derecho de Chile
Profesores de la Universidad Diego Portales
Alumnado de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
Alumnado del Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Santiago
Nacidos en Valparaíso
Presidentes de la Federación de Estudiantes de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso

Eduardo Vio


Mount Lemmon, com uma elevação de , é o ponto mais alto da Serra de Santa Catalina. Está localizado na Floresta Nacional de Coronado, ao norte de Tucson, Arizona, Estados Unidos. Mount Lemmon foi nomeado para a botânica Sara Plummer Lemmon, que caminhou até o topo da montanha com seu marido e EO Stratton, um fazendeiro local, a cavalo e a pé em 1881. Mount Lemmon também é conhecido como Babad Do'ag, ou Frog Mountain para o Tohono O'odham. É relatado que Mount Lemmon Ski Valley, no lado nordeste da montanha, recebe  de neve anualmente.

Geografia

Clima
O cume da montanha é aproximadamente vinte graus mais frio que a base. Portanto, grandes quantidades de neve caem durante os meses de inverno, tornando-se uma fuga legal e uma atração turística popular para os habitantes de Tucson e Phoenix.

Geologia
O Monte Lemmon é composto de Quartzito Bolsa, Quartzito Dripping Spring, e um arenito e conglomerado local. As porções foram invadidas por um Dique Diabase do Grupo Apace.

Summerhaven

Summerhaven é uma pequena cidade perto do topo da montanha. É uma residência de verão para muitos, mas há alguns residentes durante todo o ano. Existem muitas cabanas pequenas, a maioria das quais foi reconstruída após o incêndio de Aspen em julho de 2003.

Observatório da Estação Monte Lemmon
No pico está o Observatório Monte Lemmon, que anteriormente era o local de uma base de radar da USAF do Comando de Defesa Aérea, e o prédio que anteriormente abrigava uma estação militar de rastreamento de radar de emergência para o pouso do ônibus espacial em White Sands Missile Range. Embora os militares dos Estados Unidos estivessem presentes na montanha por várias décadas, todas as suas instalações foram abandonadas e foram entregues ao Serviço Florestal dos Estados Unidos. A área e os edifícios que compõem o Observatório da Estação Mount Lemmon são arrendados do Serviço Florestal pela Universidade do Arizona. Os telescópios na montanha ainda são usados para pesquisas astronômicas hoje por organizações como o Catalina Sky Survey, o Mount Lemmon Sky Center, o programa Astronomy Camp da Universidade do Arizona, a Universidade do Arizona e a Universidade de Minnesota. Os recursos educacionais no topo da montanha o tornam um destino único de pesquisa e ensino.

Rodovia Catalina

A Rodovia Catalina, também chamada de Rodovia Mount Lemmon, bem como a Rodovia Hitchcock (depois de Frank Harris Hitchcock), sobe as montanhas de Santa Catalina do lado leste de Tucson até Summerhaven, no topo do Monte Lemmon. A estrada bonita e curva é um passeio favorito para os turistas, para os moradores locais que escapam do calor do verão e ciclistas, e foi recentemente designado como Sky Island Parkway, parte do sistema US National Scenic Byway.

2010 viu a corrida inaugural da Maratona de Mount Lemmon.

Taxas e autorizações
A Catalina Highway cobra pedágios para estacionamento, camping e caminhadas. No entanto, os pedágios só são cobrados oficialmente para as pessoas que estão acampando. Os pedágios para outros eventos, como caminhadas, estacionamento ou churrasco, fazem parte do sistema de honra. Os guardas florestais não verificarão os pagamentos de pedágio, a menos que alguém esteja usando os acampamentos do parque. Qualquer pessoa que deseje passear ou viajar para Summerhaven não está sujeita ao pagamento de pedágios.

Verso
Uma estrada não pavimentada até o cume no lado norte do Monte Lemmon começa em Oracle, que fica na Rota 77 do Arizona, ao norte de Tucson. Oferece uma rota secundária para o topo. Esta rota é popular entre motoristas 4x4 off-road e motociclistas off-road ou de dupla finalidade. Esta estrada termina na estrada Catalina perto de Loma Linda. Antes da construção da Rodovia Catalina, era a única rota para subir a montanha.

Ver também

 Observatório do Monte Lemmon

 Levantamento do Monte Lemmon

Referências

Ligações externas

 NOAA "Mount Lemmon Forecast".

L

Monte Lemmon


Slobozia este satul de reședință al comunei cu același nume din județul Argeș, Muntenia, România.

Slobozia, Slobozia

Slobozia, Argeș


Als Bodenresonanz bezeichnet man eine dynamische Wechselwirkung bei Hubschraubern zwischen Rotorsystem und der Hubschrauberzelle auf der Landevorrichtung. Dieser Zustand ist gefährlich, da er den Hubschrauber innerhalb kürzester Zeit zerstören kann.

Ausgelöst wird Bodenresonanz häufig durch den Landestoß, der auf die Landevorrichtung wirkt und dadurch eine temporäre Verformung des Rotorsystems hervorruft. Der Rotormast wird aufgrund der Bodenkraft relativ zum Rotorkreis in eine Richtung beschleunigt. Schwenkgelenke oder die elastische Lagerung der Rotorblätter bei gelenklosen Rotorköpfen führen zu einer Verschiebung der Rotorblätter in der Rotorebene, wodurch eine Unwucht entsteht. Trifft die durch diese Unwucht hervorgerufene Schwingung nun die Eigenfrequenz des Hubschraubers auf dem Landegestell, so beginnt der gesamte Hubschrauber zu schwingen.

Konstruktiv wird versucht, die Bodenresonanz durch Dämpfersysteme im Rotor und der Landevorrichtung zu unterdrücken. Auch durch die Auslegung von Hubschrauberzelle und Landevorrichtung kann die Eigenfrequenz in weniger kritische Bereiche verlagert werden. Völlig ausschließen lässt sich Bodenresonanz allerdings nicht. Um einer einsetzenden Bodenresonanz zu entkommen, muss der Pilot augenblicklich wieder abheben, um die Reaktionskräfte der Landevorrichtung zu eliminieren (siehe Video).

Ein bekanntes Beispiel ist der Prototyp V1 der Bo 105, der noch vor Aufnahme der eigentlichen Flugerprobungen aufgrund von Bodenresonanz vollständig zerstört wurde.

Weblinks
 Bodenresonanz Boeing CH-47 Chinook – Seitenansicht
 Bodenresonanz Boeing CH-47 Chinook – Heckansicht
 Einsetzende Bodenresonanz und Notverfahren
 Video auf Spiegel.de

Einzelnachweise

Hubschraubertechnik
Flugsicherheit

Bodenresonanz


Eva Bur am Orde (* 9. November 1961 in Essen) ist eine deutsche Malerin. Sie wird der Kunst des 21. Jahrhunderts zugeordnet und sieht sich selbst als Teil der Pop Art.

Leben
Eva Bur am Orde machte 1980 in Rottweil am Neckar Abitur und nahm anschließend ein Sprachstudium in Berlin auf. Von 1988 bis 1990 studierte sie Archäologie und Philosophie an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität in Münster. 1991 begann sie ein Studium der Innenarchitektur an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste in München. 1993 folgte ein weiteres Studium am Lehrstuhl für Malerei und große Komposition an der Akademie für Bildende Künste in München. Sie besuchte die Klasse für Christliche Kunst – farbliches und räumliches Gestalten vor allem an Kulträumen – bei Franz Bernhard Weißhaar und nahm an der Sommerakademie in Salzburg teil. 1994 studierte sie bei Hermann Nitsch an der Städelschule in Frankfurt interdisziplinäre Kunst.

Bur am Orde hat ihr Atelier seit 2009 wieder in ihrem Heimatort Rottweil.

Ethno-Pop-Art und Kalligraphie

Basierend auf ihren Erfahrungen mit unterschiedlichen Sozialstrukturen und Kulturen entwickelte sie ab 2012 einen von ihr selbst als Ethno Pop Art bezeichneten Stil,  der eine Brücke von den Ursprüngen der Menschheit in die Gegenwart schlagen soll. Zentraler Appell des Stils sei die Bewahrung der Kulturen und der Individuen. Bur am Orde sieht sich inhaltlich bei den Ethnologen und formal beim Pop. Mit ihren Wortbildern 2018 nutzt sie die Handschrift als Gestaltungselement.

Ausstellungen (Auszug)
 1995: Galerie Gardners, Frankfurt (Farb-Ton-Licht, Installation mit Jörg Rees)
 1997: Galerie Abelard, Sens, Frankreich (mit Friedrich Riedelsberger)
 1999: Galerie Wiesweg, Eltville bei Wiesbaden (mit Tom Fritz)
 1999/2000: Städtische Galerie im Kornhaus, Kirchheim Teck
 2002: Galerie Artefakt, Nendingen Städtische Galerie im Kornhaus, Kirchheim Teck Heimatmuseum Tuningen (mit Frieder Preis) Städtische Galerie Tuttlingen, Weihnachtsausstellung
 2006: "Spielfelder", Kunstverein Villingen Galerietheater, Villingen-Schwenningen "Schwarzmalerei", Herrenberger Kunsttage Kunstverein Villingen, Jahresausstellung Kunstverein Reutlingen Landratsamt Tuttlingen
 2007: Städtische Galerie Donaueschingen (Eg) Kunst bewegt Neckarsulm, Künstlerbund Baden-Württemberg Kultur Am Kelterberg Vaihingen e.V., Stuttgart (E) Herz-Zentrum Bodensee, Konstanz (E/K) Le Maquis, Vareilles, Frankreich (E)
 2007: Eva Bur am Orde präsentiert Arbeiten zwischen Malerei und Skulptur
 2008: Biennale de Marcigny, Frankreich (K) Galerie dr. Messner, Trossingen, Kunstverein Villingen, Pfeiffer & May GmbH, Trossingen Galerie/Sachsse, Villingen-Schwenningen/Forum Kunst, Rottweil
 2009: Galerie Uli Lang, Biberach (E) Zwischen Erde und Himmel, Kath. Kirchengemeinde Dürbheim (E/K) Regionale, Donaueschingen (K) La Ferté-Loupière, Frankreich (E)
 2009: IBC Galerie Gunzoburg, Überlingen/Bodensee
 2009: Kunst verbindet Himmel und Erde
 2010: Malerin erschafft die dritte Dimension
 2010: Gemeinschaftsausstellung der Gruppe Akademiekünstler 3 in der Etage 2, Rottweil
 2011: Schloss Sargans, Deutscher Beitrag zum Kunstdialog CH/RU
 2012: Beginn der Wanderausstellung "Zeitgeist" im Gohliser Schlösschen

 2012: Teilnahme an dem Satellitenausleger der internationalen Messe für zeitgenössische Kunst (fiac) der Cutlog in Paris, bei welcher sie erstmals ihre Kunst als Alltagsgegenstand präsentierte, indem sie eines ihrer Bilder zu einem Clubtisch verwandelte.
 2014: Ausstellung im Züricher Westend  und Ausstellung mit neuen Arbeiten in der Galerie Wild in Zürich.
 2014: Internationaler Künstleraustausch Salem2Salem, Schloss Salem (G)
 2016: Ausstellung Ethno-Pop "Paradise-Serie", Galerie Steiner, Wien.
 2016: Intenationa Rainforest Artist Exhibition, Marlene Yu Museum, Shreveport, USA (G)
 2017: Ausstellung in der Tuttlinger Klinikkapelle, die 12 Stationen Jesu.
 2018: Ausstellung "Phantasiereise" in der Galerie im Altbau Aldingen
 2020 Denk mal Kunst Klosterkirche Oberndorf

Literatur
 "Zeitgeist"/ Eva Bur am Orde, 2012
 Eva Bur am Orde: Bildwelten. 17 seitige Broschüre im Eigenverlag, 2006, ISBN 3-932764-15-3.
 Eva Bur am Orde: Figurative Malerei. 74 seitige Broschüre des VBKW, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-942743-01-3.
 Mathias Beck: Schwantastisch - Tiere sind Leute und Leute sind Tiere. 21 seitiger, broschierter Ausstellungskatalog, 2018, ISBN 978-3-96197-028-5, u. a. über Eva Bur am Orde

 Winfried Hecht: Bur am Orde, Eva. In: ders.: Rottweiler Künstlerlexikon. Neckartal Verlag, Rottweil 2023, ISBN 978-3-947459-26-1, S. 13.

Weblinks

 Website der Künstlerin

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1961
Frau
Kalligraf (Deutschland)

Eva Bur am Orde


Nenad Milijaš (en serbio: Ненад Милијаш) (Belgrado, Yugoslavia, 30 de abril de 1983) es un exfutbolista y entrenador serbio que jugaba como centrocampista. Fue profesional entre los años 2000 y 2019.

Clubes

Jugador

Entrenador

Palmarés

Jugador
Estrella Roja de Belgrado

 Superliga de Serbia: 2006-07, 2013-14, 2017-18, 2018-19
 Copa de Serbia: 2007

Referencias

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Serbia en los años 2000
Futbolistas de Serbia en la Copa Mundial de 2010
Futbolistas del FK Zemun
Futbolistas del Estrella Roja de Belgrado
Futbolistas del Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club
Futbolistas del Manisaspor
Futbolistas del Hebei Football Club
Nacidos en Belgrado

Nenad Milijaš


Condylocarpon guyanense est une espèce de liane néotropicale plutôt rare, appartenant à la famille des Apocynaceae. C'est l'espèce type du genre Condylocarpon Desf..

Le nom Condylocarpon signifie fruit articulé (carpon, du grec « καρπός » - fruit, et condylo-, du grec « κόνδυλος » - articulation).

Elle est connue en Guyane sous le nom de ɨpokasili sili (Wayãpi - NB : nom partagé avec Odontadenia nitida, Odontadenia puncticulosa et Mesechites trifida).

Description
Condylocarpon guyanense est une liane ligneuse atteignant jusqu'à  de long. Ses tiges sont cylindriques, brun rougeâtre, lenticellées, et pubérulentes (pour les plus jeunes parties).

Les feuilles sont verticillées par 3.
Le pétiole est long de .
Le limbe est glabre, membraneux à subcoriace, de couleur vert pâle à vert foncé, et mesure .
La nervation est réticulée avec des nervures secondaires et tertiaires visibles sur la face abaxiale.

L'inflorescence lâche est plus longue que les feuilles.

Le fleurs sont subsessiles.
Le calice est vert pâle, pubescent, cilié.
Le corolle de couleur jaune crème à orange, comporte un tube long d'environ , des lobes longs d'environ , strié de rouge-brun à la gorge, avec des appendices lorés.
Les anthères sont lancéolées.
L'ovaire est glabre, conique, long d'environ , avec un style très court et un stigmate orbiculaire.

Le fruit est une paire de follicules brun rougeâtre, glabres, longs d'environ  sur  de large, articulés en 1 à 5 segments indéhiscents, contenant chacun une seule graine.
Les graines sont brunes, longues d'environ , et portent une radicule aussi longue que les cotylédons.

Répartition
Condylocarpon guyanense est endémique du plateau des Guyanes. On l'a rencontré au Guyana, en Guyane et au nord-est du Brésil (Amapá).

Écologie
Condylocarpon guyanense est une liane de taille moyenne, peu fréquente, poussant dans les clairières des forêts de plaine anciennes.

Elle fleurit en avril-août, et fructifie en septembre-décembre.

Utilisations
Les Wayãpi ramollissent les feuilles de Condylocarpon guyanense à la flamme, et lorsqu'elles deviennent vert foncé, ils les frottent sur le corps du patient pour lutter contre la fièvre, notamment dans un contexte paludique.

Chimie
Étonnamment au vu du contexte taxonomique, les analyses n'ont pas pu démontrer la présence d'alcaloïdes dans les feuilles et les tiges.

Protologue
En 1822, le botaniste Desfontaines propose le protologue suivante :

Références

Références taxinomiques

Rauvolfioideae
Espèce d'Apocynaceae (nom scientifique)
Plante médicinale d'Amérique du Sud
Dicotylédone de Guyane
Plante à fleurs du Brésil
Environnement en Amapá
Flore au Guyana

Condylocarpon guyanense


Le père László Ladányi ( - ), également orthographié en anglais Ladány ou Ladany, est un jésuite hongrois, observateur de la Chine, auteur et rédacteur en chef de China News Analysis, un périodique influent sur les affaires chinoises.

Biographie
Ladányi est né à Diósgyőr, en Hongrie, en 1914. Il veut d'abord devenir violoniste et se forme comme tel, mais en 1936 il entre dans l'ordre des Jésuites. Il se rend également en Chine cette année-là, vivant d'abord à Pékin puis à Shanghai.

Après la fin de la guerre civile chinoise en 1949, László Ladányi et d'autres jésuites sont contraints de fuir la Chine et il s'installe à Hong Kong. Il commence à publier China News Analysis en 1953 à l'Université de Hong Kong et devient bien connu des observateurs chinois et des journalistes du monde entier. Ladányi base ses évaluations et ses conclusions principalement sur des lectures de documents officiels chinois et a constamment critiqué le régime du Parti communiste chinois.

Ladányi, qui est diversement qualifié d'"anti-communiste fanatique" par les critiques et comme "l'observateur le plus exact et le plus correct" de la politique chinoise continentale par les admirateurs, possède ce que Simon Leys appelle une "incroyable capacité" à en tirer un sens. de documents officiels chinois souvent énigmatiques. Jürgen Domes le décrit comme ayant atteint "un prestige sans précédent en tant que spécialiste de la Chine, [...] le doyen de la communauté internationale des observateurs de la politique chinoise contemporaine".

Ouvrages
Ladányi est l'unique rédacteur en chef de China News Analysis depuis sa fondation jusqu'en 1982, date à laquelle il quitte la revue pour poursuivre une carrière d'auteur. Le sinologue Simon Leys (pseudonyme de l'historien de l'art et homme de lettres Pierre Ryckmans) glane de nombreuses informations dans China News Analysis de Ladányi, qu'il qualifie de "super". Leys utilise fréquemment ce matériau dans son livre de 1971 Les Habits neufs du président Mao . En 1975, ce livre reçoit le Prix Jean Walter, prix d'histoire et de sociologie de l'Académie française et en 1978, il est publié en anglais sous le titre The Chairman's New Clothes.

Le spécialiste du droit chinois, Pitman B. Potter, passe en revue Law and Legality dans China Quarterly . Il le qualifie d '"utile et stimulante" et constate que son utilisation de sources officielles chinoises confère à l'analyse une "certaine crédibilité", mais tend à présenter une "image trop unifiée" avec peu d'indications sur les débats politiques et les problèmes de mise en œuvre. Potter ajoute que ce « tableau sombre » contraste avec la présentation « élogieuse et quelque peu idéaliste » du droit dans la Chine traditionnelle, et ne souligne pas les aspects du droit de la République populaire qui n'étaient pas des inventions communistes, mais des codes de lois déjà présents dans la Chine impériale.

Philosophie
Dans l'édition finale de China News Analysis pour laquelle Ladányi est rédacteur en chef, il publie en décembre 1982, dans China News Analysis, les «dix commandements» décrivant sa philosophie sur l'étude et l'évaluation de la politique chinoise contemporaine:

 N'oubliez pas que personne vivant dans une société libre n'a jamais une compréhension complète de la vie dans une société enrégimentée.
 Regardez la Chine à travers des lunettes chinoises ; si on le regarde à travers des lunettes étrangères, on essaie ainsi de donner un sens aux événements chinois en fonction de nos propres problèmes.
 Apprenez quelque chose sur les autres pays communistes.
 Étudiez les principes de base du marxisme.
 Gardez à l'esprit que les mots et les termes n'ont pas le même sens dans une société marxiste qu'ailleurs.
 Gardez votre bon sens : les Chinois ont peut-être les caractéristiques particulières des Chinois, mais ce sont des êtres humains, et ont donc des réactions normales d'êtres humains.
 Les personnes ne sont pas moins importantes que les problèmes ; ils le sont probablement davantage. Un groupe peut adopter le programme de ceux qui s'y opposent pour conserver le pouvoir.
 Ne croyez pas que vous connaissez toutes les réponses. La Chine pose plus de questions qu'elle n'apporte de réponses.
 Ne perdez pas votre sens de l'humour. Une presse enrégimentée est trop sérieuse pour être prise très au sérieux.
 Surtout, lisez les petits caractères !

Estimation de la mortalité due à la famine
Dans le numéro du 10 août 1962 de China News Analysis, Ladányi note avec précision l'existence de la famine massive résultant du Grand Bond en avant de Mao et propose une «estimation réaliste» de 50 millions de morts. Cela est basé sur des lettres envoyées depuis la partie continentale de la Chine et sur des rapports de réfugiés. Plusieurs années plus tard, Frank Dikötter estime dans son livre Mao's Great Famine (2010) un nombre de morts "d'au moins" 45 millions, une confirmation proche du chiffre de Ladányi.

Ouvrages

 China News Analysis, éditeur, (1953 - 1982)
 Le Parti communiste chinois et le marxisme 1921-85 : un autoportrait . Londres : C. Hurst & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1988 ; Stanford, Californie : Hoover Institution Press, Université de Stanford ; Publication de presse Hoover ; 1988.

 Le droit et la légalité en Chine : le témoignage d'un observateur de la Chine, édité par Jürgen Domes et Marie-Luise Näth. Honolulu : Presses de l'Université d'Hawaï, 1992, ( table des matières ) et Londres : C. Hurst & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1992.

Références et bibliographie

 Potter, Pitman B. (1994), "Review", China Quarterly (137): 251–252, doi:10.1017/S0305741000034354
 Archives de China News Analysis

Références

Liens externes

Historien hongrois du XXe siècle
Université de Hong Kong
Décès en septembre 1990
Naissance en janvier 1914
Jésuite hongrois
Décès à 76 ans

László Ladány


Ticăloși fără glorie (titlu original: Inglourious Basterds) este un film americano-german  din 2009 scris și regizat de Quentin Tarantino. Este produs de Lawrence Bender. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Brad Pitt, Diane Kruger, Christoph Waltz și Mélanie Laurent. Filmul prezintă două planuri fictive de asasinare a unui important politician nazist. Titlul filmului (în engleză în original) este inspirat de titlul în engleză al filmului italian The Inglorious Bastards din 1978 regizat de Enzo G. Castellari.

Prezentare

În 1941, SS-Standartenführer Hans Landa îl interogează pe fermierul francez Perrier LaPadite cu privire la locul unde se află o familie evreiască, Dreyfuse. Landa bănuiește că LaPadites ii ascunde sub podeaua casei sale și, în schimbul sigurantei familiei lui, ii cere confirmarea banuielilor sale, LaPadite confirmă în lacrimi. Soldații trag prin pardoseli, ucigând toți membrii familiei, cu excepția unei fete; Shosanna, fiica familiei care reuseste sa scape.

Trei ani mai târziu, locotenentul Aldo Raine recrutează soldați evrei-americani ca "Ticalosi", o unitate de comandă formată pentru a insufla frică naziștilor prin uciderea și scalparea lor. Printre aceștia se numără sergentul Donny "Evreul urs" Donowitz, sergentul Hugo Stiglitz, un soldat german necinstit și caporalul Wilhelm Wicki, traducătorul grupului. În Germania, Adolf Hitler intervievează soldatul german, soldatul Butz, singurul supraviețuitor al unui atac al Ticalosilor, care dezvăluie că Raine a sculptat o zvastică în fruntea sa.

Shosanna Dreyfus locuiește la Paris, operând un cinematograf sub numele Emmanuelle Mimieux. Se întâlnește cu Fredrick Zoller, un lunetist german renumit pentru că a ucis 250 de soldați aliați într-o bătălie. Zoller joacă într-un film de propagandă nazist, Stolz der Nation (Mândria națiunii). Împătimit de Shosanna, Zoller îl convinge pe Joseph Goebbels să aibă premiera la cinematograful ei. Landa, șeful securității pentru premieră, îl interogează pe Shosanna. Shosanna complotează cu iubitul și proiecționistul afro-francez, Marcel, pentru a arde cinematograful în timpul premierei, ucigând liderii naziști prezenți.

Între timp, locotenentul comandamentului britanic Archie Hicox este recrutat pentru a conduce un atac britanic la premiera cu Basterds. Hicox, împreună cu Stiglitz și Wicki, merge la o tavernă din nordul Franței, ocupat de germani, pentru a se întâlni cu vedeta de film germană Bridget von Hammersmark, un agent aliat sub acoperire care va participa la premieră. Hicox atrage din greșeală atenția sergentului Wehrmacht Wilhelm și a maiorului Dieter Hellström; dăruindu-se prin folosirea unui gest britanic de mână, mai degrabă decât a celui german. Copertele lor suflate, urmează o luptă cu armele, ucigând pe toți, cu excepția sergentului Wilhelm și von Hammersmark, care este împușcat în picior. Raine sosește și negociază cu Wilhelm pentru eliberarea lui von Hammersmark, dar ea îl împușcă pe Wilhelm când acesta își coboară garda. Raine, crezând că von Hammersmark și-a pregătit oamenii, o torturează, dar ea îl convinge că este loial și dezvăluie că Hitler va participa la premieră. Raine decide să continue, cu el însuși, Donowitz și Omar Ulmer înlocuind Hicox, Stiglitz și Wicki. Mai târziu, Landa investighează taverna și găsește pantoful lui von Hammersmark și un șervețel cu semnătura ei.

Raine, Donowitz și Ulmer participă la premieră cu explozivi temporizați legați de glezne. Landa îl duce pe von Hammersmark într-o cameră, verifică că pantoful din tavernă i se potrivește și o ucide. Raine și un alt Basterd, Smithson Utivich, sunt luați prizonieri. Landa îl pune pe Raine să-l contacteze pe superiorul său pentru a încheia o înțelegere: el va permite misiunii să continue în schimbul trecerii sale în siguranță prin liniile aliate, o iertare completă și alte privilegii.

În timpul proiecției, Zoller alunecă în camera de proiecție și încearcă să se forțeze pe Shosanna. Ea îl împușcă. Zoller trage și o ucide înainte de a muri. Pe măsură ce filmul atinge punctul culminant, filmările îmbinate ale lui Shosanna îi spun publicului că sunt pe cale să fie ucise de un evreu. După ce a încuiat ușile auditoriului, Marcel aprinde o grămadă de film inflamabil în spatele ecranului, în timp ce imaginea lui Shosanna râde și teatrul se aprinde. Ulmer și Donowitz intră în caseta de operă care îi conține pe Hitler și Goebbels, mitraliindu-i pe amândoi până la moarte, apoi tragând în mulțime până când bombele dispar, ucigând pe toată lumea din teatru.

Landa și operatorul său de radio îi conduc pe Raine și Utivich pe teritoriul Aliat, unde se predă. Raine împușcă operatorul radio înainte de a-i ordona lui Utivich să-l scalpeze. Raine l-a reținut pe Landa și ciopleste o svastică în frunte, mărturisind că este "capodopera" sa.

Distribuție
 Brad Pitt - Lieutenant Aldo "The Apache" Raine
 Christoph Waltz - SS Colonel Hans Landa
 Diane Kruger - Bridget von Hammersmark
 Michael Fassbender - Lieutenant Archie Hicox
 Daniel Brühl - Private First Class Fredrick Zoller
 Eli Roth - Sergeant Donny "The Bear Jew" Donowitz
 Til Schweiger - Sergeant Hugo Stiglitz
 Julie Dreyfus - Francesca Mondino
 August Diehl - Major Dieter Hellstrom
 Mélanie Laurent - Shosanna Dreyfus
 Sylvester Groth - Joseph Goebbels
 Jacky Ido - Marcel
 Denis Ménochet - Perrier LaPadite
 Mike Myers - General Ed Fenech
 Rod Taylor - Winston Churchill
 Martin Wuttke - Adolf Hitler
 Gedeon Burkhard - Staff Seargent Wilhelm Wicki
 B. J. Novak - Private First Class Smithson "The Little Man" Utivich
 Omar Doom - Private First Class Omar Ulmer
 Léa Seydoux - Charlotte LaPadite
 Richard Sammel - Sergeant Werner Rachtman
 Alexander Fehling - Staff Sergeant Wilhelm
 Christian Berkel - Proprietor Eric
 Sönke Möhring - Private Butz
 Samm Levine - Private First Class Hirschberg
 Paul Rust - Private First Class Andy Kagan
 Michael Bacall - Private First Class Michael Zimmerman
 Rainer Bock - General Schonherr
 Bo Svenson - an American Colonel in Nation's Pride
 Enzo G. Castellari - Nazi General at film premiere
 Samuel L. Jackson (nemenționat) - narator
 Harvey Keitel (nemenționat) - the voice of the OSS Commander
 Bela B. (nemenționat) - an usher

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Filmografia lui Quentin Tarantino
 Listă de filme produse de Universal Pictures
 Listă de filme despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial produse în anii 2000

Filme din 2009
Filme thriller din anii 2000
Filme americane
Filme thriller americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme în limba franceză
Filme în limba germană
Filme regizate de Quentin Tarantino
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme Universal Pictures
Filme The Weinstein Company
Filme cu naziști
Filme germane
Filme thriller germane
Filme cu acțiunea în cinematografe
Filme de acțiune
Filme de acțiune americane
Filme de acțiune germane
Filme dramatice americane
Filme dramatice germane
Winston Churchill în cultura populară
Adolf Hitler în cultura populară
Joseph Goebbels în cultura populară
Filme despre Frontul de Vest (Al Doilea Război Mondial)
Filme germane despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme americane despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme fantastice despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial (istorie alternativă)

Ticăloși fără glorie


The EMBO Journal, abgekürzt EMBO J., ist eine zweimal im Monat erscheinende Peer-Review Fachzeitschrift. Die erste Ausgabe erschien 1982. Die Zeitschrift veröffentlicht Originalarbeiten aus der Molekularbiologie, die von allgemeinem Interesse sind. Das Journal wird im Auftrag der European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) veröffentlicht.

Der Impact Factor des Journals lag im Jahr 2015 bei 9,6. Nach der Statistik des ISI Web of Knowledge wurde das Journal 2014 mit dem Impact Factor 10,434 in der Kategorie Biochemie und Molekularbiologie an elfter Stelle von 289 Zeitschriften und in der Kategorie Zellbiologie an 17. Stelle von 184 Zeitschriften geführt.

Herausgeber ist Bernd Pulverer, der bei EMBO angestellt ist.

Weblinks
 Zum Archiv der Zeitschrift
 Website von EMBO

Einzelnachweise

Molekularbiologie
Biochemiezeitschrift
Zellbiologische Zeitschrift
Englischsprachige 14-tägliche Zeitschrift
Ersterscheinung 1982

The EMBO Journal


Antony Starr (Wellington, 25 de octubre de 1975) es un actor neozelandés, conocido por haber interpretado a Jethro y Van West en Outrageous Fortune, a Lucas Hood en la serie Banshee y a Homelander en The Boys.

Biografía

Carrera
En el 2000 apareció como personaje regular en la serie Shortland Street hasta el 2002, donde interpretó a Stratford Wilson, el hermano de Waverley Wilson.

En el 2001 se unió al elenco de la serie Mercy Peak donde interpretó a Todd Van der Velter hasta el final de la serie en el 2003.

En el 2005 se unió al elenco principal de la exitosa serie neozelandesa Outrageous Fortune donde interpretó a los gemelos Jethro, un abogado y al encantador Van West, hasta el final de la serie en el 2010.

En el 2011 se unió al elenco de la cuarta temporada de la serie Rush donde interpretó al Sargento Charlie Lewis, hasta el final de la serie ese mismo año.

En el 2012 se unió al elenco principal de la serie Tricky Business donde interpretó al chico malo Matt Sloane, hasta el final de la serie ese mismo año luego de que fuera cancelada al finalizar la primera temporada por las bajas audiencias. Ese mismo año se unió al elenco de la serie Lowdown donde interpretó a Stuart King.

El 11 de enero de 2013 se unió al elenco principal de la serie Banshee donde interpretó a un exconvicto y ladrón profesional que es liberado de prisión después de cumplir una condena de 15 años y que a su llegada a Banshee, Pensilvania, adopta la identidad de Lucas Hood, el hombre que iba a ser elegido sheriff, y decide quedarse ahí para esconderse de los gánsters que lo quieren matar luego de que Lucas traicionara al criminal Mr. Rabbit (Ben Cross), Hood a su llegada a Banshee se convierte en el sheriff del lugar. Interpretó al personaje hasta el final de la serie el 20 de mayo de 2016.

En el 2016 se unió al elenco principal de la serie American Gothic donde interpretó a Garrett Hawthorne, hasta el final de la primera temporada ese mismo año tras la cancelación de la serie.

En 2019 se unió al elenco principal de la serie The Boys donde interpreta a Homelander.

Vida personal
Es muy buen amigo del actor Tammy Davies, quien interpretó a Munter en Outrageous Fortune.

En 2008 salió con Lucy McLay.

El 4 de marzo de 2022, se informó que Starr fue arrestado en Alicante, España, después de presuntamente agredir a un joven de 21 años en un pub local. Fue sentenciado a una condena en prisión durante 1 año después de declararse culpable. Debido a la ausencia de antecedentes penales en el actor, se le otorgó la posibilidad de evitar el tiempo en prisión pagando una indemnización de 5300€ al joven agredido.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Antony Star Online
 Outrageoous Fortune Official Website || Cast || Anthony Starr
 Anthony Starr | NZ On Screen (Actor)
 Anthony Starr on TV.com

Actores de televisión de Nueva Zelanda
Actores de televisión de Australia
Nacidos en Auckland

Antony Starr


George Berkeley, (12 Mart 1685 - 14 Ocak 1753) dünyada yalnızca ruhların ve bu ruhların idelerinin varolduğunu, buna karşılık maddenin varolmadığını öne süren İngiliz düşünür.

Dublin'deki Trinity College'de eğitim görmüş İrlandalı bir Protestandı. Bugün yakından bilinen bütün felsefi çalışmalarını (1709'da Yeni Bir Görme Kuramı Yönünde Deneme, 1710'da Beşeri Bilginin Prensipleri Hakkında Bir Eser ve 1713'te Hylas ile Philonous Arasında Üç Konuşma) henüz yirmili yaşlardayken yayımladı.

Yeni Dünya'da yüksek eğitimi geliştirmek için çok uğraştı; bu amaçla üç yılını Amerikan kolonilerinde geçirdi. Rhode Island'daki çiftliğini ve kütüphanesini, 1701'de kurulan Yale Üniversitesi'ne bıraktı. Yale'in fakültelerinden birine onun adı verildi. California'daki Berkeley kenti de onun adını taşımaktadır. Berkeley 67 yaşında Oxford'da öldü.

Berkeley'in Felsefesi

Berkeley, Locke'dan büyük miktarda etkilenmiştir. İkisi de insanın doğrudan algıladığı şeylerin sadece zihindeki ideler olduğu konusunda hemfikirlerdi. Örneğin Locke nesnelerde birincil ve ikincil niteliklerin var olduğundan söz ederken Berkeley bunu reddeder ve ikisinin ayrılamaz olduğunu ve ikincil niteliklerin sadece zihinde var olduğunu savunur. Çünkü ona göre ancak duyumsanabilir niteliklere sahip varlıkları kavrayabiliriz. Yani varlık algıladığımız niteliklerden oluşur ve algılarımız da zihnimizde gerçekleşir. Bu yüzden Berkeley, felsefesinde materyalist tutum sergilemekten kaçınarak onun ortaya koyduğu varlıkların zihinde var olduğu görüşü yani immateryalizm görüşünü ortaya koydu. Aslında immateryalizm denen kavram Berkeley'in idealizmine verilen isimdir. Berkeley bu görüşünde maddi dünyanın varlığını reddeder ve görülen, duyulan ya da temel olarak algılanan tüm şeylerin algıladığı için var olduklarını söyler. "Varlık, algılanmaktır" der. Yani Berkeley'e göre varlıkların var olma sebebi öznelerin onları algılamasıdır, yani bir şeyin var olma koşulu algılanmış olmaktır. Ona göre "masayı algılıyorum" önermesiyle "masa vardır" önermesi birbirinden farklı değildir. Burada masanın varlığını renk, şekil, dokunma vb. olarak algılamaktadır. Ancak bu demek değil ki gözlerimizi kapattığımızda veya algılamayı bıraktığımızda her şey yok olur; burada Berkeley'in dini kişiliği devreye giriyor ve o, algılamayı kestiğimiz zaman insan algılamasa bile sonsuz güçte bir tanrı olduğunu ve tanrının hiç ara vermeden sürekli olarak algıladığından bahsediyor, böylelikle varlıkların sürekliliğini, yok olma problemine de bu şekilde çözüm öneriyor.

Bibliyografya
 Berkeley'in Dil ve Anlam Teorisi konulu bir Türkçe makale

1685 doğumlular
1753 yılında ölenler
İngiliz filozoflar
Aydınlanma filozofları
İdealizm
Trinity College'da öğrenim görenler
İngiltere'de defnedilenler
Protestan piskoposlar
Hristiyan filozoflar

George Berkeley


ජූලය (කුඩාකුරු වලින් ලියැවෙන කල,  හෝ) (සංකේතය: J''')   තාපය, විද්‍යුතය ශක්තිය සහ යාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රියාව මැනීමේ SI ඒකකය වේ.
එය ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතික ජේම්ස් ප්‍රෙස්කොට් ජූල් නමැති භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයා වෙනුවෙන් නම් කරන ලදී.

 හැදින්වීම
නිවුටන එකක බලයක් මගින් බලයේ දිශාවට මීටර එකක විස්ථාපනයක් සිදුකලවිට ජූල් එකක ක්‍රියාවක් සිදුකලේ යැයි හදුන්වනු ලැබේ.මෙය නිවුටන් මීටරයක් (සංකේතය N·m)ලෙසද හදුන්වනු ලැබේ.මූලික ඒකකය මගින්:

එසේම ජූලය යනු:
 වෝල්ට් එකක විභව අන්තරයක් හරහා කූලෝම් එකක විද්‍යුත් ආරෝපණයක් ගමන් කරවීම සදහා අවශ්‍ය කරන කාර්‍යය; හෝ කූලෝම් වෝල්ට් , සංකේතය (C·V)
 තත්පරයක් තුලදී අඛණ්ඩව වොට් එකක බලයක් නිපදවීමය අවශ්‍ය කරන කාර්‍යය; හෝ වොට් තත්පර, සංකේතය (W·s) හෝ (කිලෝවොට් පැය). 3,600,000 ජූල් = 1 කිලෝවොට් පැය
 The kinetic energy of a 2 kg mass moving at a velocity of 1 m/sec.  The energy is linear in the mass but quadratic in the velocity, being given by E = ½mv''².
 The potential energy of a 1 kg mass at an elevation of 1 m above a reference point in a gravitational field of 1 m/s².  Earth's gravity being 9.81 m/s² at sea level, 1 kg at 1 m above the Earth's surface has a potential energy of 9.8 joules relative to that surface.  When dropped the potential energy gradually becomes kinetic energy, with the conversion being complete at the instant the mass passes the reference point.  Whereas kinetic energy is relative to an inertial frame, in this case that of the earth, potential energy is relative to a position, in this case the Earth's surface.

පරිවර්තන

එක් ජූලයක් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 107 ergs.

1 එක් ජූලයක් ආසන්න වශයෙන් :
 6.2415  eV (ඉලේට්‍රෝනවෝල්ට්)
 0.2390 cal (කැලරි) (කුඩා කැලරි අගයන්, කුඩා c අක්‍ෂරය)
 2.3901  කිලෝකැලරි, කැලරි (ආහාර වල ශක්තිය, විශාල C අක්‍ෂරය)
 9.4782  BTU (බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය තාප ඒකකය)
 0.7376 ft·lbf (අඩි-රාත්තල් බලය)
 23.7 ft·pdl (අඩි පවුන්ඩල)
 2.7778  කිලොවොට් පැය
 2.7778  වොට් පැය
 9.8692  ලීටරය-වායුගෝලය
ට සමාන වේ

ජූලයේ අර්ථදැක්වීම අඩංගු වන ඒකක:
 1 තාපරසායන කැලරිය = 4.184 J
 1 අන්තර්ජාතික මේස කැලරිය = 4.1868 J
 1 වොට් පැය = 3600 J
 1 කිලොවොට් පැය = 3.6  J (or 3.6 MJ)
 1 ටොන් TNT = 4.184 GJ

මතක තබාගැනීමට:
 1 ජූල් = 1 නිව්ටන් මීටර = 1 වොට් තත්පර

ප්‍රායෝගික නිදර්ශන

එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේදී ජූලයක් ආසන්න වශයෙන්:
 ඇපල් ගෙඩියක් මීටර 1ක උසක් ඉහලට එසැවීමට අවශ්‍ය ශක්තිය.
 මීටර 1ක උසකින් ඇති ඇපල් ගෙඩියක් බිමට වැටීමේදී නිදහස් වන ශක්තිය.
 තත්පරයෙන් සියයෙන් පංගුවකදී සාමාන්‍ය පුද්ගලයෙකු විසින් තාපය ලෙස නිපදවනු ලබන ශක්ති ප්‍රමාණය.
 වියළි, සිසිල් තත්වයේ පවතන වාතය ග්‍රෑම් 1ක් සෙල්සියස් අංශක 1කින් ඉහළ දැමීමට අවශ්‍ය ශක්ති ප්‍රමාණය.
 බීර එක් බින්දුවක් පානයෙන් පුද්ගලයෙකුට ලැබෙන ශක්තියෙන් සියයෙන් එකක ශක්ති ප්‍රමාණය.
 වැඩුනු මිනිසෙකු වියතක දුරක් තත්පරයකදී ගමන් කිරීම සඳහා වැයවන චාලක ශක්තිය.

SI ව්‍ය්‍රත්පන්න ඒකකයන්
ශක්තිය සඳහා ඒකක

ජූල් (SI ඒකකය)


Oliena (sardisk: Ulìana) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Nuoro i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 379 meters højde og har 7.101 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 165,74 km² og grænser til kommunerne Dorgali, Nuoro og Orgosolo.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Nuoro

Oliena


Maratha are a Marathi-speaking people from Maharashtra, India.

Maratha or Marathas may also refer to:

 Maratha (Arcadia), a village of ancient Arcadia
 Maratha (caste), an Indian caste in Maharashtra, India
 Maratha (Uttar Pradesh), the Maratha people in Uttar Pradesh, India
 Maratha, Cyprus, a village
 Maratha Empire (1674–1818), an empire that dominated a large portion of the Indian subcontinent
 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

See also

 Marathwada, a region of Maharashtra, India
 Marathi (disambiguation)
 Maharashtrian (disambiguation)

Maratha (disambiguation)


Le dème d'Agía Paraskeví, en  / Dímos Agías Paraskevís,  est un ancien dème du district régional de Kozáni, en Macédoine-Occidentale, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème d'Éordée.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Macédoine-Occidentale
Ancien dème en Grèce

Dème d'Agía Paraskeví (Kozáni)


Roland Rat is a British television puppet character. He was created, operated and voiced by David Claridge, who had previously designed and operated Mooncat, a puppet in the Children's ITV television programme Get Up and Go!. Claridge worked for Jim Henson, then the second series of The Young Ones. Claridge would later operate and voice Brian the Dinosaur for BBC's Parallel 9, create and direct Happy Monsters, a preschool series for Channel 5, and shoot a CGI series, Mozart's Dog, for Paramount Comedy.

Character summary
Roland lives beneath King's Cross railway station in The Ratcave and also in Ratcavetwo under the Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles. He has an infant brother called Little Reggie and had a relationship with a guinea pig called Glenis. His colleagues include dour Welsh technical whizz Errol the Hamster and over-enthusiastic self-appointed "number one ratfan" Kevin the Gerbil, who is from Leeds and loves pink buckets. Claridge actually provides voices for all the main characters: Roland Rat, Errol the Hamster, Kevin The Gerbil, Little Reggie, Fergie the Ferret, and Roland's father Freddy, as they often appear on screen together. Roland's car 'the Ratmobile' is a bright pink 1953 Ford Anglia.

Roland had a brash and confident personality, which writer Colin Bostock-Smith states was established by Claridge and writer Richard Curtis.

TV-am
Roland Rat first appeared on 1 April 1983 (Good Friday) on the ailing breakfast television network TV-am, and is generally regarded as its saviour, being described as "the only rat to join a sinking ship". After a couple of months on TV-am, Roland took the audience from 100,000 to 1.8 million. Roland was launched at TV-am by Children's editor Anne Wood to give kids entertainment during the Easter holidays.

Initially, Roland was featured as the host of The Shedvision Show, ostensibly broadcast from a wooden shack on the roof of TV-am's studios. On the strength of this, Roland was soon given a regular slot every morning introducing cartoons for younger viewers.

Arguably Roland Rat's golden age on TV-am was the period from summer 1983 until summer 1985. During this period, Roland and friends would feature in a half-hour episode transmitted on school holiday weekdays on TV-am from 9:00 am. The school summer holidays of 1983 and 1984 saw Rat on the Road in which Roland and Kevin would spend each week in a different town of the United Kingdom. One notable highlight during this period was the visit of Austrian racing driver Roland Ratzenberger who appeared on the show in a motor race against the Ratmobile ending with Ratzenberger's car being sabotaged by his near-namesake.

The character of Errol the Hamster was gradually drafted in during the first year as a VT technician responsible for running the cartoons inserted into the show.  Errol eventually joined Roland and Kevin on location at Christmas in 1983 for Roland's Winter Wonderland which saw Roland, Kevin and Errol enjoying a skiing holiday together in Switzerland.  The following year at Easter, Roland Rat hosted the show Roland Goes East set in Kowloon, Hong Kong, and covering the ill-fated film shoot of Roland's attempted movie debut, a martial arts film entitled Enter the Rodent.

The half-term week of October 1984 saw Operation FOGI (Free Our Glenis Immediately) which revolved around the gang's attempts – eventually successful – to liberate Glenis The Guinea Pig from her life in the pets department of Harrods. Following enormous demand, the season was repeated across subsequent Sundays for the benefit of school pupils whose half term had not fallen the week of the series' transmission.

Christmas 1984 saw Roland's Countdown to Christmas. TV-am sold Roland Rat advent calendars, with Roland opening each door with the viewers at 7:20 am every day, The final door had Roland and his friends in the snow.

Roland last appeared on TV-am at the end of August 1985, when the last summer holiday slot was broadcast.

TV-am serials (selected)
 The Spectacular Shedvision Show (Easter 1983) Set in a shed on the roof of the TVAM studios.
 Cartoon Time with Roland Rat (May half term 1983)
 Rat on the Road (Summer 1983) introduced Errol the Hamster in the final episode although Roland had ordered him by walkie-talkie to "Run VT" whenever it was time for the cartoon to air previously.
 Roland's Winter Wonderland (Christmas holidays 1983) – filmed in Switzerland
 Roland Goes East (Easter 1984) – filmed in Hong Kong. Introduced Little Reggie
 Rat on the Road II (Summer 1984) – featured Kevin's cover of Summer Holiday and Roland's cover of Love Me Tender.
 Operation FOGI (October half term 1984) – introduced Glenis the Guinea Pig who was rescued from the pet department in Harrods as a result of Operation FOGI (Free Our Glenis Immediately).
 Roland's Countdown to Christmas (December 1984) – featured Roland and friends singing a rewritten version of "The Twelve Days of Christmas" featuring such paraphernalia associated with the show as Kevin's pink bucket, Errol's favourite leek pie and a Roland Rat Superstar cap.
 Roland's Rat Race (Easter 1985) – A quiz show, featuring James Saxon as Roland's incompetent friend and conman D'Arcy De Farcey.
 The OWRRAS Summer Spectacular (Summer 1985) – This stood for Official Worldwide Roland Rat Appreciation Society. Broadcast in the summer of 1985, a studio based programme like The Spectacular Shedvision Show and the half-term series Roland Live. The last TV-am Roland Rat series.

BBC
On 3 October 1985, he transferred to the BBC, for a three-year contract, which ended up being extended to six years. Roland said, "I saved TV-am and now I'm here to save the BBC."

Roland made a number of series during his time at the BBC, most notably Roland Rat the Series, a chat show set in Roland's sewer home, now converted into a high-tech media centre called the Ratcave. The show would intersperse the chat show segments with a storyline involving some sort of situation "behind the scenes".

These series also featured Roland's parents, Iris and Freddie, his pet flea Colin, Fergie the Ferret, Eric the Eagle, and his agent D'Arcy De Farcy. His girlfriend Glenis was joined by another female character called Roxanne Rat.

The series purported to be broadcast from Roland's personal channel BBC3, complete with "THREE" ident spoofing BBC2's "TWO" ident of the period.

Roland also made two spoof drama series, Tales of the Rodent Sherlock Holmes, in which he played Holmes with Kevin as Dr. Watson, and Ratman, a Batman spoof with Kevin as his sidekick, "Pink Bucket Man". During Christmas 1985, British Telecom operated a free "ratphone" number on 0800 800 800 where fans could listen to Roland's prerecorded Christmas message.

Roland would also host the children's game show entitled Roland's Rat Race, where child contestants answered general knowledge questions in a race car set.

Channel Five
In the late 1990s, he made a series for Channel 5, called L.A. RAT, which featured Roland and friends living in Los Angeles. In 2003, Roland was a guest presenter for ITV's children's strand CITV.

Other appearances
Roland appeared on Big Brother several times, his first being 2004 in a task that involved the housemates playing a version of 20 questions in order to guess the identity of various celebrities.

In December 2007, Roland Rat appeared on a puppet special of The Weakest Link hosted by Anne Robinson which was originally broadcast on Friday 28 December 2007 at 18:00 GMT on BBC One. Roland reached the final round with Soo from The Sooty Show which went to sudden death after initially drawing with four points each. Roland ultimately lost out to Soo's superior wisdom in the tense final standoff.

Roland appeared in the fourth episode of the second series of Ashes to Ashes. This appearance was anachronistic, as the show is set in 1982 whereas Roland did not debut until the following year.

In 2008, Roland released a Christmas single, "Ding Dong Ding Dong (Christmas Down The Drain)" featuring Kevin, Errol and Reggie, available for download.

On 11 February 2010, whilst making an appearance on BBC's The One Show to answer a question about how children's programmes have changed over the years, Roland Rat spent so much time joking about the presenters (Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley) that Adrian ended the interview before he answered the question.

Music
Between 1983 and 1985, Roland had three UK chart singles, two reached the top 40:

 Rat Rapping: 1983 Peak Position 14
 Love Me Tender: 1984 Peak Position 32
 No. 1 Rat Fan: 1985 Peak Position 72
 Roland Rat* – Living Legend was also released as a single but never charted.

Roland Rat also had two albums The Cassette of the Album. A cassette version of the recording, entitled The Album was released concurrently. The cassette recording claimed to be the LP recording, and vice versa; spoken word sketches at the starts and ends of the sides on both releases revealed this to have been the result of a mix-up which could not be rectified for financial reasons. Each of the main characters contributed a song: Kevin the Gerbil's were "My Roland" and "Pink Bucket Reggae", Reggie's song was "It's Great Here, Innit", and Errol the Hamster contributed "Leeks Are Wonderful, Leeks Are Nice". Kevin the Gerbil also had a top 50 single with "Summer Holiday'.

In 1986, Roland's second album - Living Legend - was released by BBC / Rodent Records. The album incorporated the theme tune and songs used in Roland Rat: The Series.

Tracks included a song from Colin, Roland's pet flea, Kevin's lost love, Linda, and a ditty from D'Arcey De Farcey about being bald! Roland also did a cover version of David Bowie's "Fame".

Video game
In 1985, Ocean Software produced a game called Roland's Rat Race for the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64. The player had to guide Roland through the sewers of London and collect nine pieces of a door which, when complete, would allow him to rescue his companions in time for an appearance on TV-am. Roland had to avoid enemies in the form of animated wellington boots which could be temporarily incapacitated with a squirt of glue, which could also be used to stop tube trains in order to ride on them.

Merchandise
Roland Rat merchandising was extensive and the Hasbro range of soft toys was hugely popular. Roland has appeared on hundreds of items ranging from toothbrushes to wallpaper, bedding, stationery, mugs, canned pasta, and children's glasses by Dolland and Aitchison.

A range of new merchandise in 2010 included a talking Roland Rat soft toy, fancy dress outfit, online game and a "team-up" with Asda's George Clothing to launch a new range of rat-themed clothing, including socks, T-shirts, underwear, and "superstar lounge pants".

UK releases

 Thorn EMI (1984–1988)
 BBC Video (1988)
 Contender Entertainment Group (2003)
 Digital Classics DVD (2010)

References

External links

 Fan website

Television characters introduced in 1983
Anthropomorphic mice and rats
British comedy puppets

Roland Rat


Søren Green (født 12. januar 1979 i Nykøbing Falster) er en dansk filminstruktør og producer som har lavet film som bl.a. "En eftermiddag"

Han har lavet 2 kortfilm, og medvirket i produktionen af en lang række andre film.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Danmark
Filmproducere fra Danmark

Søren Green


Krista Mørkøre (født 1998) fra Klaksvík, er en færøsk svømmer, som svømmer for Ægir og for Færøernes svømmelandshold for svømmere med handicap (ÍSB). Krista svømmer i kategorien S10. Krista Mørkøre fik i 2007 en svulst på hjernen, der medførte, at hun blev lam i højre side i ansigtet og fik ataxi i højre arm og ben. På trods af sit handicap har hun også deltaget i almindelige svømmestævner på Færøerne, hvor hun bl.a. svømmede sig til at bronzenål i 50 meter fri i februar 2011.

I 2016 har Krista Mørkøre kvalificeret sig til EM for parasvømmere, som blev afholdt i april/maj 2016 og til sommer-PL 2016 i Rio. Ved de paralympiske sommerlege 2016 skal hun konkurrere i 50m, 100m og 400m fri. Krista svømmer under det færøske flag, fordi Færøerne er fuldgyldigt medlem og var med til at etablere IPC. Færøerne kan derimod ikke deltage til sommer-OL eller vinter-OL, da Færøerne ikke har fået lov til at blive medlem af IOC med den begrundelse, at Færøerne ikke er en selvstændig nation men en del af det danske rige.

Resultater

Croatia Open 2016
Sølv i 50 m fri på langbane med tiden 32.41

British National Para Swimming Championships 2015
Guld i 400 fri med tiden 5:17.07
Guld i 100 fri med tiden 1:08.49 (personlig rekord)
Guld i 50 fri med tiden 31.69 (personlig rekord)
Silvur í 100 bringu við tíðini 1:31.00 (betring av hennara persónliga meti við 2.4 sekundum)

Danish Open 2015
Krista Mørkøre deltog ved Danish Open 2015 i Esbjerg i marts 2015.
Sølv i 200 m fri med tiden 2:37.85 (personlig rekord)

Danish Open 2014
Krista Mørkøre deltog ved Danish Open 2014 i Esbjerg 7.-9. marts 2014. Hun vandt 1 guld, 2 sølv og 2 bronze og satte syv personlige rekorder.
Guld i 50 m butterfly med tiden 36.82
Sølv i 100 butterfly med tiden 1:32.66
Sølv i 50 m bryst med tiden 45.09
Bronze i 200m fri med tiden 2:36:31 (personlig rekord)
Bronze i 400 m fri med tiden 05:40.62

Referencer

Svømmere fra Færøerne
Handicapsportsfolk

Krista Mørkøre


Pointon ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Marcia Pointon (* 1943), britische Kunsthistorikerin, Publizistin und emeritierte Professorin
 Mike Pointon (1941–2021), britischer Jazzmusiker
 Neil Pointon (* 1964), britischer Fußballspieler

Pointon