Mit o korištenju 10 % mozga jest urbana legenda koja tvrdi da ljudi upotrebljavaju svega 10 % svoga mozga i da je oko 90 % ljudskog mozga neiskorišteno. Zagovornici tog mita vjeruju kako bi puno korištenje mozgom omogućilo ljudima komunikaciju putem telepatije, vidovitost, izvanrednu kreativnost i stvaranje izuzetnih tehnoloških inovacija te golem napredak znanosti. Međutim, radi se o običnom mitujer ljudi se koriste punim kapacitetom mozga.

Unatoč tomu što je neuroznanost opovrgnula mit o korištenju svega 10 % mozga, taj mit i dalje ustrajno opstaje kao uvriježeno i popularno mišljenje te ga mnogi smatraju istinitim. Zagovornici New Age pokreta također vjeruju kako određenim meditativnim tehnikama i upotrebom lijekova možemo aktivirati i unaprijediti neiskorištene dijelove mozga.

Bilješke

Pseudoznanost
Urbane legende
Neuroznanost

Mit o korištenju 10 % mozga


Drvna sječka ili samo sječka (poznata i kao iverje) dobiva se usitnjavanjem drvnih ostataka u šumarstvu ili drvno-prerađivačkoj industriji. Različitih je veličina i nepravilnog oblika. Kod njezine proizvodnje gotovo da ne postoje ograničenja u smislu stanja, oblika i kvaliteta. Drvna sječka ima mnogo širu primjenu u odnosu na druge drvne biomase.

Drvna sječka u proizvodnji papira

Poslije skladištenja, drvo ide na odkoravanje, a zatim na usitnjavanje u sjekirostroju. Potrebna debljina drvne sječke kreće se oko 10 mm, a visina između 30 i 40 mm. U sljedećem koraku iz sječke se uklanja prašina i razvrstava (sortira) se po veličini. Kvalitetna sječka se ostavlja u velikim hrpama da odstoji od 2 do 3 mjeseca, kako bi smole i ekstrakti oksidirali, te na taj način što manje smetali u procesu proizvodnje celuloze. Kemijski postupak razvlaknjivanja drveta se temelji na delignifikaciji drvne mase. Glavni cilj delignifikacije je razdvojiti vlakna međusobno tako da se celuloza i hemiceluloza što manje oštete. Time se ne ukloni sav lignin, zapravo se postupak zaustavlja na približno 5% preostalog lignina. On se kasnije odstrani postupkom bijeljenja.

Grijanje na drvnu sječku

Jedan od načina automatizacije sustava grijanja na biomasu je korištenje drvne sječke. Ona nastaje usitnjavanjem (sjeckanjem) drva i drvenog otpada, a njezina je prednost to što se može vrlo jednostavno i jeftino proizvesti. Za optimalno loženje preporučuje se da ima vlažnost manju od 35% (W35) i veličinu od 3 do 5 cm2 (G30 - G50). Sječka se koristi u automatiziranim sustavima grijanja, a može se skladištiti u velikim spremnicima ili silosima.

Izvori

 Tiskarstvo
Goriva
Obnovljiva energija
Šumarstvo

Drvna sječka


La placa de Timor es una placa tectónica en el oeste de Oceanía. Incorpara la isla de Timor e islas vecinas. En su límite sur es subducida por la placa de Australia y en el suroriente hay un pequeño borde divergente. Hacia el norte es delimitada por un límite convergente con la placa del Mar de Banda, y hacia el oeste hay una falla transformante.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Timor

Placa de Timor


Ri Kaisei (japanisch; Hanja/Kanji: ; Lee Hwesong, Yi Hoe-sŏng, Yi Hoe-seong, I Feson, I Fue-song, chinesisch: Li Huicheng, Li Hui-ch'eng; * 26. Februar 1935 in Maoka) ist ein japanischer Schriftsteller koreanischer Herkunft.

Leben und Wirken
Ri Kaisei wurde als Sohn koreanischer Eltern in Maoka, heute Cholmsk, im damals japanischen Süden der Insel Sachalin geboren. Er musste die Insel nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg verlassen und kam mit seiner Familie nach Japan. Er schaffte seinen Weg durch die Waseda-Universität, die er mit einer Arbeit über russische Literatur abschloss. In seinen frühen schriftstellerischen Jahren reflektierte er immer wieder seine Bindungen zu der verlorenen Heimat und die Situation der koreanischen Minderheit in Japan. Seine bekanntesten Werke sind "Kinuta o utsu onna" (砧をうつ女) – "Die mit dem Eisen bügelnde Frau", für den er 1971 den Akutagawa-Preis erhielt, und "Warera seishun no tōjo nite" (われら青春の途上にて) – etwa "Über den Weg in unserer Jugendzeit". Ein weiteres bekanntes Werk ist der Bildungsroman Kayako no tami ni (伽倻子のために) – "Für Kayoko" 1970.

1979 beendete Ri eine sechsbändigen Roman "Mihatenu yume" (見果てぬ夢) – "Unvollendeter Traum", in dem er in utopischen Versionen seiner Hoffnung auf die Wiedervereinigung Koreas Ausdruck verleiht. "Saharin o tabi" (サハリンへの旅) – "Reise nach Sachalin" 1983 ist eine Reisebericht über das Wiedersehen mit Sachalin. Von 2005 bis 2020 verfasste er eine Werkreihe "Chijō seikatsu-sha" (地上生活者) – "Die auf der Erde Lebenden".

Quellen
 Alba Della Fazia Amoia, Bettina Liebowitz Knapp (Hrsg.): Multicultural Writers Since 1945: An A-To-Z Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, ISBN 978-0-313-30688-4, S. 427–431
 Viktoria Schmidt-Linsenhoff: Ethnizität und Geschlecht: (post-)koloniale Verhandlungen in Geschichte, Kunst und Medien, Böhlau Verlag, Köln Weimar 2005, ISBN 978-3-412-27005-6, S. 232–233

Literatur
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Lee Hwe-song. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 883.

Autor
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Japanisch)
Japaner
Geboren 1935
Mann

Ri Kaisei


Kuća s reljefom glave čovjeka nalazi se Supetru na Braču, na adresi Ignjata Joba 1 i 3.

Opis

Kuća s reljefom glave čovjeka smještena je u dnu supetarske rive. Izdužena trokatnica, kraćim pročeljem u nizu kuća na rivi, je građena velikim klesancima, a dominira na drugom katu balkon duž pročelja. Na zapadnoj strani je duga balatura s profiliranom pločom na kamenim konzolama. Arhitektonska plastika pokazuje odlike kasnobarokne gradnje. Sred zabata na južnom pročelju je reljefna stilizirana glava čovjeka.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1431 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "stambene građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Supetru

Kuća u Supetru s reljefom glave čovjeka


ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව යනු,   කෝල්බෲක්-කැමරන් කොමිෂන් සභාවේ නිර්දේශ ප්‍රකාර, ලංකාවේ විධායක සභාව හා සමගින් 1833 වසරෙහිදී පිහිටවුනු, ලංකාවේ (වර්තමානයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව) ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය වෙයි. එය දිවයිනෙහි  නියෝජනාත්මක රජයක පළමුවන ස්වරූපය විය. 1931 වසරෙහිදී  ඩොනමෝර් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව  විසින් ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව වෙනුවට ලංකාවේ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව පිහිටුවන ලදි.

ඉතිහාසය

හැඳින්වීම
1833 වසරෙහිදී කෝල්බෲක්-කැමරන් කොමිෂන් සභාව විසින්, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාවේ නියෝජනාත්මක රජයක පළමු පියවර ලෙසින්, ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව ස්ථාපනය කරන ලදි. ආරම්භයෙහිදී, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව සමන්විත වූයේ සාමාජිකයන් 16 දෙනෙකු ගෙනි: බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා, ලංකාවේ විධායක සභාවේ පත්කල සාමාජිකයන් පස්දෙනා ( යටත්විජිත භාර ලේකම්වරයා, නීතිපතිවරයා,  විගණකාධිපතිවරයා, භාණ්ඩාගාරිකවරයා සහ සේනාධිනායකවරයා), වෙනත් රජයේ නිලධාරින් සතරදෙනෙක් (බස්නාහිර සහ මධ්‍යම පළතේවල  දිසාපතිවරුන් ඇතුළුව) සහ පත්කල නිලනොලත් සාමාජිකයන් සයදෙනෙක් (යුරෝපියානුවන් තිදෙනෙක්, එක් සිංහල ජාතිකයෙක්, එක් දෙමළ ජාතිකයෙක් සහ එක් බර්ගර් ජාතිකයෙක්) යනුවෙනි. නිලනොලත් සාමාජිකයන්හට නීති සම්පාදන සඳහා මුල පිරීමට හිමිකම් නොවීය; ඔවුනට අවකාශ තිබුයේ සාකච්ඡා වලට සම්මාදම් වීමට පමණි. රටෙහි පරිපාලනය සඳහා හඬක් නැගීමට එහි ජනතාවට ලැබුනු පළමු අවස්ථාව මෙය විය. කෙසේවෙතත්, 1860 වසරෙහිදී, මූල්‍යමය කටයුතු හා සම්බන්ධ නොවූ නීති සම්පාදන ඉදිරිපත්කිරීමට ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයන්ට අවසර ලැබිණි.

1889 වසරෙහිදී, පත්කල නිලනොලත් සාමාජිකයන් ගණන අට දක්වා ඉහළ නංවන ලදි (යුරෝපියානුවන් තිදෙනෙක්, පහතරට සිංහල එක් අයෙක්, උඩරට සිංහල එක් අයෙක්, එක් දෙමළ ජාතිකයෙක්, එක් මුස්ලිම් ජාතිකයෙක් සහ එක් බර්ගර් ජාතිකයෙක්).

මැකලම් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ
1910  වසරෙහිදී සිදුකෙරුණු මැකලම් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ තුලින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කෙරිණි. සාමාජිකත්වය 18 සිට  21 දක්වා ඉහළ දමන ලද අතර, එයින් 11 දෙනෙකු නිල සාමාජිකයෝ සහ 10 දෙනෙකු නිල-නොවන සාමාජිකයෝ වූහ. නිල-නොවන සාමාජිකයන් අතුරින්, සය දෙනෙකු ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් පත් කරන ලද අතර (පහත රට සිංහල ජාතිකයෝ දෙදෙනෙක්, දෙමළ ජාතිකයෝ දෙදෙනෙක්, උඩරට සිංහල ජාතිකයෝ එක් අයෙක් සහ මුස්ලිම් ජාතිකයෝ එක් අයෙක්) ඉතිරි සතර දෙන තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා ලදි (යුරෝපියානුවෝ දෙදෙනෙක්, බර්ගර් ජාතිකයෝ එක් අයෙක් සහ  උගත් ලාංකිකයෝ එක් අයෙක්).

මැකලම් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයන්හී ඉතාමත් වැදගත් පාර්ශවය වූයේ තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා සාමාජිකයන් හඳුන්වාදීමයි. කෙසේවෙතත්, 3,000 ට අඩු (4%) ප්‍රමාණයක් ජනතාවට පමණක් ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කල හැකිවූයේ, ඡන්දය දීමේ අයිතිය දානය කෙරුණේ උගත් බව සහ දැරූ වත්කම් මත පදනම්ව බැවිණි. තෝරා පත් කර ගත්, නිල-නොවන සාමාජිකයන් සතර දෙනා අතුරින් එක් අයෙකු වූයේ පොන්නම්බලම් රාමනාදන් මහතාය. ආදායම පාලනය කිරීමට, මූල්‍ය කාරක සභාවක්ද පත් කෙරිණි. එය සමන්විත වූයේ යටත් විජිත භාර ලේකම්, යටත් විජිත භාර භාණ්ඩාගාරික, ආදායම් පාලක සහ මියළු කිල-නොවන තෝරා පත් කර ගත් සාමාජිකයන් වෙතිනි. මෙම වෙනස්කම් විසින් ලාංකිකයන් සෑහීමකට පත් නොවූ අතර, ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරය තවදුරටත් තීව්‍ර විය.

පළමුවන මැනිං ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ
1920  වසරෙහිදී සිදුවූ පළමුවන මැනිං ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ වෙතින් තවද ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ නීතිගත කෙරිණි. සාමාජිකත්වය  21 සිට 37 දක්වා ඉහළ නංවන ලද අතර, එයින් 14 දෙනෙකු නිලලත් සහ 23 දෙනෙකු නිල-නොවන වූහ. නිල-නොවන සාමාජිකයන් අතරින්, සතරදෙනෙකු ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් පත් කරන ලද අතර (උඩරට සිංහල දෙදෙනෙක්, මුස්ලිම් එක් අයෙකු සහ  ඉන්දියානු දෙමළ එක් අයෙකු) ඉතිරි 19 දෙනා තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා ලදහ (11 දෙනෙකු ප්‍රාදේශික පදනමෙන්, යුරෝපියානුවෝ පස්දෙනෙක්, බර්ගර් ජාතිකයන් දෙදෙනෙක් සහ වාණිජ මණ්ඩලය වෙතින් එක් අයෙකු).

සැලකිය යුතු වෙනසක් වූයේ  ප්‍රාදේශීය පදනමකින් ඡන්ද බල ප්‍රදේශ හඳුන්වාදීමයි. ප්‍රාදේශීය ඡන්ද බල ප්‍රදේශ 11 අතරින්, තුනක් බස්නාහිර පළාත තුලද අනෙක් පළාත් අට තුල එක බැගින්ද පිහිටියේය.විධායක සභාවට නිල-නොවන සාමාජිකයෝ තිදෙනෙක් තෝරා පත් කර ගන්නා ලදි. මෙම ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කෙරෙහිද ලාංකිකයෝ සතුටට පත් නොවූ අතර තවද වෙනස්කම් ඉල්ලා සිටියහ.

මැනිං ඩෙවොන්ශයර්  ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ
1923 වසරෙහිදී ක්‍රියාත්මකවූ  දෙවන මැනිං ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ වෙතින්,   37 සිට 49 දක්වා සාමාජිකත්වය ඉහළ නංවන ලද අතර, එයින් 12 දෙනෙකු නිලලත් සාමාජිකයන්ද 37 දෙනෙකු නිල-නොවන සාමාජිකයෝද වූහ. නිල-නොවන සාමාජිකයන් අතරින්, ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින්  අටදෙනෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර (මුස්ලිම් තිදෙනෙක්, ඉන්දියානු දෙමළ දෙදෙනෙක් සහ වෙනත් තිදෙනෙක්) ඉතිරි 29 දෙනා තෝරා පත්කරගන්නා ලදහ (ප්‍රාදේශීය පදනමකින් 23 දෙනෙකු, යුරෝපියානුවන් තිදෙනෙකු, බර්ගර් ජාතිකයන් දෙදෙනෙකු, බස්නාහිර පළාත සඳහා ලංකා දෙමළ එක් අයෙකු). ප්‍රාදේශීය ඡන්ද බල ප්‍රදේශ  23 බෙදී ගියේ පහත පරිදීය:
 මධ්‍යම පළාත 2
 නැගෙනහිර පළාත 2
 උතුරු පළාත 5
 උතුරු මැද පළාත 1
 වයඹ පළාත 2
 සබරගමුව පළාත 2
 දකුණු පළාත 3
 ඌව පළාත 1
 බස්නාහිර පළාත 5

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
අර්ලි 20ත්  සෙන්චරි පොලිටිකල් ෆෝර්මේෂන්ස් ඔෆ් ශ්‍රී ලංකා 1815- 1948
ශ්‍රී ලංකා හිස්ට්‍රි
ශ්‍රී ලංකා හිස්ට්‍රි,worldxtravel

1833 වසර තුල ලංකාවේ සංස්ථාපිත
1833 වසර තුල ලංකාවේ සංස්ථාපිත
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ පාලනය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජය
ලංකාව, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව

ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව


El Consejo Suramericano de Lucha contra el Narcotráfico (CSLCN) de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR), es un consejo ministerial de unasur creado el 10 de agosto de 2009.

El presidente de la República de Ecuador, Rafael Correa, propuso este consejo el 28 de agosto de 2009, como mecanismo de la región para dictar políticas regionales en torno al tema de la producción de drogas, asimismo el mandatario ecuatoriano sostuvo que la región suramericana debe establecer este mecanismo para crear su propia política antidrogas.

El CSLCN, es un foro de consulta, coordinación y cooperación en materia de prevención y lucha contra el problema mundial de las drogas, en concordancia con las disposiciones del  Tratado Constitutivo de UNASUR.

El Consejo tuvo su primera reunión, a nivel de Viceministros y Expertos, el 28 y 29 de enero de 2010, en Quito, Ecuador, para iniciar el debate del proyecto de Estatuto, propuesto por el país.

Las delegaciones de los Países Miembros que han participado en las reuniones técnicas del CSLCN representan a Ministerios de Gobierno o del Interior y Entidades especializadas que manejan el tema de narcotráfico en la región suramericana.

La II Reunión de Viceministros y expertos del Consejo suramericano de Lucha contra el Narcotráfico se realizó en Quito, el 4 de marzo de 2010 para continuar con el análisis de las propuestas y observaciones al borrador del Proyecto de Estatutos.

Por tercera ocasión, los Viceministros y Expertos del CSLCN se reunieron, bajo la modalidad de videoconferencia, el 15 de marzo pasado, en la cual se hicieron nuevos aportes y observaciones al documento borrador de Estatutos.

La cuarta reunión de Viceministros y Expertos del CSLCN, se realizó en Quito, en abril, que tuvo como objetivo principal aprobar el Estatuto que rige las actividades del Consejo Suramericano de Lucha contra el Narcotráfico.

Referencias

Unión de Naciones Suramericanas

Consejo Suramericano sobre el Problema Mundial de las Drogas


Det afrikanske vildæsel (Equus africanus) er en art i hestefamilien og stamformen til tamæslet. Det forekommer hovedsageligt i Somalia og Etiopien i det nordøstlige Afrika, hvor det lever i meget uvejsomme bjergområder.

Udseende
Det afrikanske vildæsel er grågul om sommeren og stålgrå om vinteren med en hvid bug. På benene findes uregelmæssige tværstriber. Hovedet er stort og den har lange ører. Hovene er smalle. Den har en skulderhøjde på op til 140 centimeter og en vægt op til 275 kilogram, men vejer normalt kun 200-230 kg. Manen er kort og delvis opretstående. Halen er omkring 40 centimeter lang og slutter med en mørk dusk.

Levevis
Det afrikanske vildæsel er specialiseret i at kunne leve under ekstreme forhold, idet det kan klare hård tørke, store temperaturforskelle og sandstorme. Den kan klare sig med en føde, der foruden græs kan bestå af bark, blade og tykbladede saltplanter. Den holder mest til i halvørkner og i klippeterræn og er en dygtig klatrer. Vildæslet er de uparrettåede hovdyrs parallel til geden. Den er desuden i stand til at drikke brakvand.

Vildæsler er flokdyr, men flokkene er meget løst sammensat og de har intet egentligt hierarki. En flok kan have omkring 40 til 50 dyr den ene dag og betydeligt færre den anden dag. Hingstene har normalt et territorium som de markerer med dynger af ekskrementer. Han kan tolerere en anden hingst i sit territorium, så længe der ikke findes en hoppe i brunst i nærheden. Hoppen er drægtig i cirka et år.

Underarter
Der findes to nulevende vilde underarter af det afrikanske vildæsel og desuden tamæslet, der også regnes som en underart.
 Equus africanus africanus (nubisk vildæsel) - forekommer fra det østlige Sudan til Rødehavet. I Sudan og Eritrea er den næsten udryddet, men i dele af Sahara forekommer den stadig.
 Equus africanus somaliensis (somalisk vildæsel) - forekommer i Somalia og Etiopien.
 Equus africanus asinus (tamæsel) - den domesticerede form.

Se også
 Onager
 Kiang

Noter

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

Afrikansk vildæsel


Lucilio Vanini (15859 February 1619), who, in his works, styled himself Giulio Cesare Vanini, was an Italian philosopher, physician and free-thinker, who was one of the first significant representatives of intellectual libertinism. He was among the first modern thinkers who viewed the universe as an entity governed by natural laws (nomological determinism). He was also an early literate proponent of biological evolution, maintaining that humans and other apes have common ancestors. He was executed in Toulouse.

Vanini was born at Taurisano near Lecce, and studied philosophy and theology at Naples. Afterwards, he applied himself to the physical studies, chiefly medicine and astronomy, which had come into vogue with the Renaissance. Like Giordano Bruno, he attacked scholasticism.

From Naples he went to Padua, where he came under the influence of the Alexandrist Pietro Pomponazzi, whom he styled his divine master. Subsequently, he led a roving life in France, Switzerland and the Low Countries, supporting himself by giving lessons and disseminating radical ideas. He was obliged to flee to England in 1612 but was imprisoned in London for 49 days.

Returning to Italy, he made an attempt to teach in Genoa but was driven again to France, where he tried to clear himself of suspicion by publishing a book against atheism: Amphitheatrum Aeternae Providentiae Divino-Magicum (1615). Though the definitions of God are somewhat pantheistic, the book served its immediate purpose. Although Vanini did not expound his true views in his first book, he did in his second: De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (Paris, 1616). This was originally certified by two doctors of the Sorbonne, but was later re-examined and condemned.

Vanini then left Paris, where he had been staying as chaplain to the Marechal de Bassompierre, and began to teach in Toulouse. In November 1618, he was arrested and, after a prolonged trial, was condemned to have his tongue cut out, to be strangled at the stake and to have his body burned to ashes. The sentence was executed on 9 February 1619.

Life

Early life (1585–1612)

Lucilio Vanini was born in 1585 in Taurisano, Terra d'Otranto, Italy. His father was Giovan Battista Vanini, a businessman from Tresana in Tuscany, while his mother was the daughter of a man named Lopez de Noguera, a customs contractor of the Spanish royal family's lands in Bari, Terra d'Otranto, Capitanata, and Basilicata. A document dated August 1612, discovered in the Vatican Secret Archives, describes Vanini as of Apulia, which is consistent with the native land he mentions in his own works.

The government census of the population of the hamlet of Taurisano, in 1596, includes the names of Giovan Battista Vanini, his lawful son Alexander, born in 1582, and his natural son Giovan Francesco, while there is no mention of Vanini's wife or of another lawful son called Lucilio (or Giulio Cesare). In 1603 Giovan Battista Vanini is reported for the last time in Taurisano.

Lucilio Vanini entered the University of Naples in 1599. In 1603 he entered the Carmelite order, taking the name of Fra Gabriele. He earned a doctorate in canon and civil law from the University of Naples on 6 June 1606.

Afterwards, he remained in the Naples area for two years, apparently living as a friar, or alternatively he returned to Lecce and studied the new Renaissance sciences, chiefly medicine and astronomy. By now, he had assimilated much knowledge and "speaks very good Latin and with great ease, is tall and a bit thin, has brown hair, an aquiline nose, lively eyes and a pleasant and ingenious physiognomy".

In (probably) 1606, Vanini's father died in Naples. Vanini, now come of age, was recognised by a court in the capital as heir of Giovan Battista and guardian of his brother Alexander. With a series of deeds and power of attorney drawn up in Naples, Vanini began to settle the financial consequences of the death of his father: selling a house he owned in Ugento, a few miles from his home country; in 1607 mandating a maternal uncle to fulfil assignments of the same type; in 1608 instructing friend Scarciglia to recover a sum and sell some goods remaining in Taurisano and held in custody by the two brothers.

In 1608, Vanini moved to Padua, a town under the rule of Venice, to study theology at that university (although there is no record of him subsequently obtaining a degree). While there he came into contact with the group led by Paolo Sarpi that, with the support of the English embassy in Venice, fueled anti-papal polemics. In 1611 he participated in the Lenten sermons, attracting the suspicions of the religious authorities. During that period, the controversy over the 1606 interdict placed on the Republic of Venice by Pope Paul V was still raging, and Vanini showed himself unambiguously in favour of the Republic. Consequently, the Prior General of his order, Enrico Silvio, commanded him to return to Naples, where he would have been disciplined, probably severely, but instead Vanini sought refuge with the English ambassador to Venice in 1612.

In England (1612–1614)
Vanini then fled to England, along with his Genoese companion Bonaventure Genocchi. They passed through Bologna, Milan, the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and descended via the Rhine, through Germany and the Netherlands, to the North Sea coast and the English Channel, finally reaching London and the Lambeth residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Here the two remained for nearly two years, hiding their true identity from their English guests. In July 1612, they both renounced their Catholic faith and embraced Anglicanism.

By 1613, however, Vanini was having doubts, so he appealed to the Pope to be allowed back into the Catholic fold, but as a secular priest rather than as a friar; the request was granted by the Pope himself. Around the start of 1614, Vanini visited the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford and confided to some acquaintances his imminent flight from England, so in January, he and Genocchi were arrested on the orders of the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Abbot. They managed to escape however, Genocchi in February 1614 and Vanini in March. The Spanish ambassador in London and the chaplain of the embassy of the Venetian Republic were thought to have engineered their escapes. The two passed through the hands of the papal nuncio in Flanders, Guido Bentivoglio, to the papal nuncio in Paris, Roberto Ubaldini.

In France (1614–1618)
In Paris, in the summer of 1614, Vanini subscribed to the principles of the Council of Trent, to prove the sincerity of his return to the Catholic faith. He then journeyed to Italy, going first to Rome, where he had to face the difficult final stages of the process in the court of the Inquisition, then to Genoa for a few months, where he found his friend Genocchi and taught philosophy to children of Scipio Doria for a time.

Despite assurances, the return of Vanini and Genocchi was not entirely peaceful; in January 1615 Genocchi was arrested by the Inquisitor of Genoa. Vanini therefore, fearing the same fate, ran away again to France and headed to Lyon. There, in June 1615, he published Amphitheatrum, a book against atheism, which he hoped would clear his name with the Roman authorities.

A short time later Vanini returned to Paris, where he asked Nuncio Ubaldini to intervene on his behalf with the authorities in Rome. Insufficiently assured, Vanini decided not to return to Italy, and instead cultivated connections with prestigious elements of the French nobility.

In 1616, Vanini completed the second of his two works, De Admirandis, and got it approved by two theologians at the Sorbonne. The work was published in September in Paris. It was dedicated to François de Bassompierre, a powerful man at the court of Marie de' Medici, and was printed by Adrien Périer, a Protestant. The work was immediately successful among those aristocratic circles populated by young spirits who looked with interest to the cultural and scientific innovations that came from Italy. The De Admirandis was a summa, lively and brilliant, of the new knowledge, and became a kind of "manifesto" for these cultural free spirits, giving Vanini a chance to stay safe in circles close to the French court. However, a few days after the publication of the work, the two theologians at the Sorbonne who had expressed their approval were presented to the Faculty of Theology in formal session and the outcome was a de facto ban on the movement of the text.

Now, unwelcome in England, unable to return to Italy and threatened by some circles of French Catholics, Vanini saw his room for manoeuvre shrinking and his chances of finding a stable place in French society failing. Fearing that a court case would be started against him in Paris, he fled and went into hiding at Redon Abbey in Brittany, where Abbott Arthur d'Épinay de Saint-Luc acted as his protector. But other factors gave cause for concern: in April 1617 Concino Concini, favorite of Marie de' Medici, was killed in Paris, giving rise to a wave of hostility to Italian residents at court.

Final year (1618–1619)
In the following months, a mysterious Italian, with a strange name (Pompeo Uciglio) and in possession of great knowledge but an uncertain past, appeared in some cities of Guyenne, then the Languedoc and finally Toulouse. Duke Henri II de Montmorency, protector of esprits forts of the time, was the governor of this region and seemed to grant protection to the fugitive, who still continued to keep carefully hidden.

The presence of this mysterious character in Toulouse did not however pass unnoticed and attracted the suspicions of the authorities. In August 1618 he was apprehended and interrogated. In February 1619, the Parlement of Toulouse found him guilty of atheism and blasphemy and, in accordance with the regulations of the time, his tongue was cut out, he was strangled and his body was burned. After the execution it emerged that the stranger was in fact Vanini.

Works

Amphitheatrum
Amphitheatrum Aeternae Providentiae divino-magicum, christiano-physicum, necnon astrologo-catholicum adversus veteres philosophos, atheos, epicureos, peripateticos et stoicos (possible translation: "Amphitheatre of Eternal Providence – Religio-magical, Christian-physical and Astrologico-Catholic – against the Ancient Philosophers, Atheists, Epicureans, Peripatetics and Stoics"), published in Lyon in 1615, consists of 50 exercises, which aim to demonstrate the existence of God, to define His essence, to describe His providence and to examine or refute the opinions of Pythagoras, Protagoras, Cicero, Boethius, Thomas Aquinas, the Epicureans, Aristotle, Averroes, Gerolamo Cardano, the Peripatetics, the Stoics, etc. on this subject.

De Admirandis
De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (possible translation: "On the Marvelous Secrets of Nature, the Queen and Goddess of Mortals"), printed in Paris in 1616 by publisher Adrien Périer, is divided into four books:

On Sky and Air
On Water and Land
On Animals and Passions
On Non-Christian Religions

These contain a total of 60 dialogues (but really only 59, as dialogue XXXV is absent), which take place between the author, in the role of disseminator of knowledge, and an imaginary Alessandro, who urges his interlocutor to list and explain the mysteries of nature found around and within man.

In a mixture of reinterpretation of ancient knowledge and the dissemination of new scientific and religious theories, the protagonist discusses: the material, figure, colour, form, energy and eternity of heaven; the motion and the central pole of the heavens; the sun, the moon, the stars; fire; comets and rainbows; lightning, snow and rain; the motion and rest of projectiles in the air; the impulsion of mortars and crossbows; winds and breezes; corrupt airs; the element of water; the birth of the rivers; the rising of the Nile; the extent and saltiness of the sea; the roar and the motion of the water; the motion of projectiles; the creation of islands and mountains, as well as the cause of earthquakes; the genesis, root and colour of the gems, as well as spots of stones; life, food, and the death of the stones; the strength of the magnet to attract iron and its direction toward the Earth's poles; plants; the explanation to be given to certain phenomena of everyday life; semen; the reproduction, nature, respiration and nutrition of fish; the reproduction of birds; the reproduction of bees; the first generation of man; stains contracted by children in the womb; the generation of male and female; parts of monsters; the faces of children covered by larvae; the growth of man; the length of human life; sight; hearing; smell; taste; touch and tickle; the affections of man; God; appearances in the air; oracles; the Sibyls; the possessed; sacred images of the pagans; augurs; the miraculous healing of diseases reported in pagan times; the resurrection of the dead; witchcraft; dreams.

Thought

The naturalistic interpretation of supernatural phenomena that Pietro Pomponazzi – called by Vanini magister meus, divinus praeceptor meus, nostri seculi Philosophorum princeps – had given in the early 16th century in his treatise De Incantationibus was summarised in De Admirandis Naturae, where, in simple and elegant prose, Vanini also referred to Gerolamo Cardano, Julius Caesar Scaliger and other 16th century thinkers.

"God acts on sublunary beings [humans] using the sky as a tool": hence the natural and rational explanation of the allegedly supernatural phenomena, since even astrology was considered a science. God may use such phenomena to warn the people, and especially rulers, of danger. But the real origin of supernatural phenomena is, for Vanini, the human imagination, which can sometimes change the appearance of external reality. For the ecclesiastical "impostors" that promulgate false beliefs to gain wealth and power, and rulers interested in dominating the people, according to Vanini, "all religious things are false and fake principles to teach the naive populace that, when reason cannot be reached, at least practice religion".

Following Pietro Pomponazzi and Simone Porzio in their interpretation of the Aristotelian texts and the commentary thereon by Alexander of Aphrodisias, Vanini denied the immortality of the soul and attacked the Aristotelian cosmos-view. Like Bruno, he denied the difference between the everyday world and the celestial world, saying that both are composed of the same corruptible material. He disputed, in the physical and biological world, finality and the hylomorphic Aristotelian doctrine, and, reconnecting Epicureanism with Lucretius, prepared a new mechanistic-materialistic description of the universe where bodies are likened to a watch, and conceived a first form of universal transformation of living species. He agreed with the Aristotelian eternity of the world, especially considering the temporal aspect, but affirmed the rotation of the earth and appeared to reject the Ptolemaic system in favour of the heliocentric/Copernican system.

If the first editor of his works, Luigi Corvaglia, and historian Guido De Ruggiero, unjustly, considered his writings simply "a centone devoid of originality and scientific seriousness", the Jesuit priest François Garasse, far more worried about the consequences of the spread of his writings, judged them "a work of such most pernicious atheism as was never released in the last hundred years". The works of Vanini have been extensively reviewed and revalued by contemporary critics, revealing originality and insights (metaphysical, physical, biological) sometimes well ahead of their time.

Since Vanini in his works obscured his ideas, a typical ploy at the time to avoid serious conflicts with the religious and political authorities, the interpretation of his thought is difficult. However, in the history of philosophy, he has the image of an unbeliever or even an atheist. Considered as one of the fathers of libertinism, he was regarded as a lost soul by conventional Christians, despite having written a defense of the Council of Trent.

To understand the origins of Vanini's thought one has to look to his cultural background, which was fairly typical of the Renaissance, with a prevalence of elements of Averroistic Aristotelianism but with strong elements of mysticism and Neo-Platonism. On the other hand, he drew from Nicholas of Cusa typical pantheistic elements, similar to those which are also found in Giordano Bruno, but more materialistic. His world view was based on the eternity of matter, and of a God in nature as a "force" that shapes, orders and directs. All forms of life, he thought, had originated spontaneously from the earth itself as their creator.

Vanini was considered an atheist, but his first work, published in Lyon in 1615, Amphitheatrum, indicates otherwise. As a precursor of libertinism there are many elements that make his teaching close to the thought of the unknown author of the Treatise of the Three Impostors, also a pantheist. Vanini thought in fact that the creators of the three monotheistic religions, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad, were nothing but impostors.

In De Admirandis are found themes from Amphitheatrum, with refinements and developments that make it his masterpiece and the summary of his philosophy. Denying creation from nothing and the immortality of the soul, he saw God in Nature as its driving force and vital force, both eternal. The stars of heaven he considered a kind of intermediary between God and Nature. The true religion is therefore a "religion of Nature" that does not deny God but considers Him a spirit-force.

The thought of Vanini is quite fragmented and also reflects the complexity of its origins, as he was a religious figure, a naturalist, but also a doctor and in part a magician. What characterizes the prose is the vehemently anti-clerical sentiment. Among the original aspects of his thinking there is a kind of anticipation of Darwinism, because, after a first half in which he argues that the animal species arise by spontaneous generation from the earth, in the second part he seems convinced that they can be transformed into each other and that man comes from "animals related to man, such as the Barbary apes, the monkeys and apes in general".

Reputation
In 1623 two works appeared that started the myth of Vanini the atheist: La doctrine curieuse des beaux esprits de ce temps ... of Jesuit François Garasse, and Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim cum accurata explicatione ..., of Father Marin Mersenne. The two works, though, instead of turning off the voice of the philosopher, boosted it in an environment that was obviously ready to receive, discuss and recognise the validity of his claims.

In that same year the name of Vanini was again brought to the attention of French culture during the sensational trial of the poet Théophile de Viau, whose outlook had striking similarities with Vaninian thought.

In 1624, the monk Marin Mersenne returned to attacking the philosophy of Vanini, analyzing some statements in chapter X of his L'Impiétè des Déistes, Athées et Libertins de ce temps, combatuë, et renversee de point en point par raisons tirées de la Philosophie, et de la Theologie, in which the theologian expresses his judgment of the works of Girolamo Cardano and Giordano Bruno.

Even Leibniz, another opponent of libertinism, was strongly opposed to Vanini, considering him evil, a fool and a charlatan.

English intellectuals showed interest in the ideas of Vanini, and it was especially with the work of Charles Blount that Vanini's ideas entered English culture, becoming a cornerstone of libertinism and deism in seventeenth century England.

An unpublished manuscript in the municipal library of Avignon preserves Observations sur Lucilio Vanini written by Joseph Louis Dominique de Cambis, Marquis de Velleron, but provides only uncertain information on the philosopher, largely rectified by recent studies. In this same period a manuscript copy of the Amphitheatrum, was made or commissioned by Joseph Uriot, which later came to the library of the Duke of Württemberg; currently it is in the Württembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart. Another manuscript copy of the same work is in the Staats und Universitätbibliothek in Hamburg, reflecting the continued interest in the thought of Vanini in German culture.

Pierre Bayle, in his Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet, cited Vanini as an example of a learned atheist, alongside the ancient figures of Diagoras, Theodorus, and Euhemerus.

In 1730, the press in London was given a biography of Vanini with an extract of his works, entitled The life of Lucilio (alias Julius Caesar) Vanini, burnt for atheism at Toulouse. With an abstract of his writings. The work debates Vanini's ideas, recognising much merit.

Arthur Schopenhauer's 1839 essay 'On the Freedom of the Will' includes Vanini among his account of predecessors who also came to the same conclusion as that of his essay, which Schopenhauer expressed as follows: "Everything that happens, from the greatest to the smallest, happens necessarily."

Notes

References
La Vie et L'Oeuvre de J.C Vanini, Princes des Libertins mort a Toulouse sur le bucher en 1619, Emile Namer, 1980.

Further reading
(2011) Eight Philosophical Dialogues of Giulio Cesare Vanini,(translated), The Philosophical Forum, 42: 370–418. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9191.2011.00397.x
Francesco De Paola, Vanini e il primo '600 anglo-veneto, Cutrofiano, Lecce (1980).
Francesco De Paola, Giulio Cesare Vanini da Taurisano filosofo Europeo, Schena Editore, Fasano, Brindisi (1998).
Giovanni Papuli, Studi Vaniniani, Galatina, Congedo (2006).
Giovanni Papuli, Francesco Paolo Raimondi (ed.), Giulio Cesare Vanini - Opere, Galatina, Congedo (1990).
Francesco Paolo Raimondi, Giulio Cesare Vanini nell'Europa del Seicento, Roma-Pisa, Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, Roma (2005).

C. Teofilato, Giulio Cesare Vanini, in The Connecticut Magazine, articles in English and Italian, New Britain, Connecticut, May 1923, p. 13 (I, 7).

1585 births
1619 deaths
People from the Province of Lecce
Italian philosophers
Italian atheists
Pre–17th-century atheists
Atheist philosophers
People executed for heresy
Italian people executed abroad
People executed by ligature strangulation
17th-century executions by France
Executed philosophers
Pantheists
Proto-evolutionary biologists
Persecution of atheists
17th-century atheists

Lucilio Vanini


Agrilus diaguita é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Moore, 1985.

Referências

diaguita

Agrilus diaguita


Craig Ashley David (d. 5 Mayıs 1981), İngiliz şarkıcı ve söz yazarı. 1999 yılında Artful Dodger'a eşlik ettiği "Re-Rewind" adlı single ile şöhretle tanışan David, 2000 yılında Born to Do It adını taşıyan ilk stüdyo albümünü piyasaya çıkardı. İngiltere listelerinde ilk 40'a giren 20 şarkıya ve ilk 20'ye giren beş albüme imza atan David, dünya çapında 13 milyonu aşkın albüm satışı elde etti.

Müzik yaşamı

Craig David, 5 Mayıs 1981'de Hampshire, İngiltere'de dünyaya geldi. Babası Grenadalı, annesi Yahudi bir İngilizdir.

Şarkıcı, küçük yaşta bir yerel radyo kanalında çalışmaya başladı. Kariyerindeki ilk önemli adım bir İngiliz R&B grubu olan Damage'in Eric Clapton'ın Wonderful Tonight adlı şarkısının yorumuna katkıda bulunması oldu. Daha sonra The Artful Dodger adlı gruba vokal yapmaya başladı. Grubun 2000 yılında çıkan albümü "It's All About The Stragglers"tan ilk çıkan single olan Rewind, İngiltere listelerinde 2. sıraya kadar yükseldi, 17 hafta ilk 75'te kalmayı başardı. Bu başarısının ardından solo kariyerine başlamak isteyen David, ilk parçası "Fill Me In" ile listelere girdi. Şarkının 1 numara olması, David'e İngiltere'nin bir numara olan en genç şarkıcısı unvanını kazandırdı. David o sırada henüz 19 yaşındaydı. "Fill Me In"in de içinde bulunduğu "Born To Do It" albümü 1.8 milyon sattı.

"Born To Do It"in başarısının altında Craig David'in şarkı sözleri yatıyordu. "Fill In Me", Mayıs 2001'de Amerika'da piyasaya çıktı ve listelerde 15. sıraya kadar yükseldi. "Born To Do It" albümünün satışları ise 1 milyona ulaştı. Albümde bulunan "7 Days" ve "Walking Away" gibi şarkılar tüm dünyada büyük ilgi gördü. David'in ikinci albümü Slicker Than Your Average" 2002 piyasaya sürüldü ve beğeniyle karşılandı. "What's Your Flava?" adlı single, o yılın en sevilen şarkılarından biri oldu. Albümde yer alan 'Rise & Fall' şarkısı, Sting'in 'Shape Of My Heart' parçasından bir sample içeriyordu ve şarkıda David'e Sting eşlik etmekteydi. Bu dönemde David'in plak şirketi iflas etti ve o da Warner Music'le bir anlaşma imzaladı ve "The Story Goes" adlı albümünü çıkardı.Albümün ikinci single'ı "Don't Love You No More (I'm Sorry)", İngiltere listelerinde 15 hafta kaldı. Craig David, 25 yaşında olmasına rağmen 20 milyonu aşan satış rakamıyla, Avrupa'da en büyük ticari başarıyı kazanmış olan R&B şarkıcısı haline geldi. Craig 2007'nin Ekim ayında çıkarttığı ve "Trust Me" ismini taşıyan dördüncü albümüyle İngiltere albüm listelerine başarılı bir giriş yaptı.

2008 yılında çıkardığı albümü Greatest Hits ve bu albümün hit single ı Insomnia ile Radyo5 ve Top40 countdown'a özlediğimiz sesiyle giriş yapan Craig David haftanın sanatçısı olmuştur.

Elton John, David için "Eğer İngiltere'de David'den daha iyi bir R&B şarkıcısı varsa ben de Margaret Thatcher'ım" demişti.

Craig David, genç yaşına rağmen İngiltere'de bugüne kadar albümü en çok satan R&B sanatçılarından bir tanesi. Diğer R&B müzisyenlerinden farklı olarak David, Sting'le söylediği "Rise And Fall" dışında hiç düet yapmıyor. Buna rağmen Alicia Keys ve Brandy gibi şarkıcılar David'le düet yapmak istediklerini belirtiyorlar. 1.85 metre boyundaki David, Southampton Fulbol Kulübü'nün büyük bir hayranı. Sanatçının 2 Grammy Ödülleri adaylığı, 2 de MTV Müzik Ödülü bulunuyor.

Diskografi
 Born to Do It (2000)
 Slicker Than Your Average (2002)
 The Story Goes... (2005)
 Trust Me (2007)
 Signed Sealed Delivered (2010)
 Following My Intuition (2016)
 The Time Is Now (2018)

Ödülleri
 BET Ödülleri
 2002: En İyi Erkek R&B Şarkıcısı (Aday)
 2002: En İyi Yeni Şarkıcı (Aday)
 MOBO Ödülleri
 2001: En İyi İngiliz Şarkıcı
 2001: En İyi R&B Şarkıcısı (Aday)
 2001: En İyi Albüm: "Born to Do It" (Aday)
 2000: En İyi R&B Şarkıcısı
 2000: Yılın En İyi İngiliz Single'ı: "Fill Me In"
 2000: En İyi Video: "7 Days" (Aday)
 2000: Yılın En İyi İngiliz Single'ı: "Woman Trouble" (Aday)
 MTV Avrupa Ödülleri
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Craig David


The Zhengyici Peking Opera Theatre (), located on a hutong in the Xuanwu District of Beijing, is one of the best-known Beijing opera theatres. It is also one of the oldest wooden theatres in China. Zhengyici means a temple (ci) for Zhengyi Xuantan Laozu (正乙玄坛老祖).

History
The theatre was built in 1688, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty. It was built on the ruin site of a Buddhist temple. It has a rich history that includes performances by the grandmaster of Peking Opera, Mei Lanfang.

After the Cultural Revolution, the theatre fell into disrepair. However, in 1995 a local businessman sponsored a full restoration. The theatre now continues to perform Beijing Opera. It is considered a living relic and one of Beijing's finest monuments.

In August 2005, the theatre was temporarily closed for building work. As of October 2010, the theatre was all set to reopen, with the premiere of Mei Lanfang Classics, providing a view of Peking Opera in its heyday. The play includes six classics from the 160 repertoires of Mei Lanfang, including Battle with Invaders, Drunken Princess, Goddess of Luo River, Taking Command of Troops, Sylph Scattering Flowers, and Farewell to Princess Yu.

On June 10, 2012, the theatre played host to American comedian Louis CK, who taped an episode of his show Louie there to an invitation-only audience.

Notes

External links
Website of photographs of Zheng Yici Peking Opera Theatre (including Peking Opera music and a link to a map of its location)
Zhengyici Xilou, The New York Times.
Documentary film by Gyora GAL GLUPCZYNSKI on Youtube

Peking opera
Chinese opera theatres
Theatres in Beijing
Tourist attractions in Beijing

Zhengyici Peking Opera Theatre


الحقنة الشرجية هي حقنة يتم ضخها للأمعاء الغليظة عن طريق المستقيم. ويمكن أن تشير أيضا إلى السائل الذي يتم حقنه، بالإضافة إلى الجهاز الذي يتم الحقن من خلاله. وتُسمَّى هذه العملية الرَّحض.

في الطب القياسي، معظم استخدامات الحقنة الشرجية تكون من أجل علاج الإمساك وتنظيف الأمعاء الغليظة قبل إجراء أية فحوصات أو عمليات، ويتم توظيفها أيضا في أمراض الجهاز الهضمي (والتي تعرف بحقن الباريوم) لفحص الإسهال، وكطريقة لتنظيم الطعام والماء والأدوية، وأيضاً لتحفيز الجهاز الهضمي بصفة عامة، بالإضافة إلى كونها وسيلة لخفض الحرارة ولعلاج التبرز اللاإرادي، وكتعويض للسوائل المفقودة من أجسام المرضى (التروية المستقيمية) بالنسبة للأشخاص الذين يصعب معالجتهم من خلال القسطرة الوريدية.

في سياق آخر، يتم استخدام الحقنة الشرجية  كبديل لبعض طرق العلاج الصحية، وتستخدم للمتعة كجزء من ممارسة الأنشطة الجنسية ولكن بشكل سادي منحرف في بعض الأحيان، وكذلك يتم استخدامها كوسيلة للثمالة، وللتحكم في المخدرات لأسباب ترفيهية وآخرى دينية، ويمكن استخدامها أيضا كوسيلة من وسائل العقاب والتعذيب.

الاستخدامات الطبية
الاستخدامات الطبية الرئيسية للحقن الشرجية هي:

تنظيف الأمعاء
كمنشطات للأمعاء، يتم استخدام الحقن الشرجية لنفس الأغراض مثل المسهلات التي يتم تناولها عن طريق الفم: لتخفيف الإمساك، لعلاج انحشار البراز، لتفريغ القولون قبل إجراء طبي مثل تنظير القولون. عندما لا يتم وصف الملينات الفموية أو عندما لا تكون فعالة بما فيه الكفاية، قد تكون الحقن الشرجية إجراء معقول وضروري.

يمكن إعطاء كمية كبير من الحقنة الشرجية لتطهير أكبر قدر ممكن من القولون من البراز. ومع ذلك، فإن الحقنة الشرجية كمية منخفضة مفيدة بشكل عام للبراز في المستقيم فقط، وليس في الأمعاء.

العلاجات الحادة
تستخدم الحقن الشرجية، باعتبارها منشطة لحركة الأمعاء، لنفس أسباب استخدام الملينات المتناولة عبر الفم، أي لتخفيف الإمساك، وعلاج انحشار البراز، وتفريغ القولون قبل الخضوع لبعض الإجراءات الطبية، كتنظير القولون مثلًا. عندما تكون الملينات الفموية غير ضرورية أو عندما تكون غير فعالة بما فيه الكفاية، تصبح الحقن الشرجية خيار معقول وضروري.

في بعض الحالات، توصف الأحجام الكبيرة من الحقن الشرجية لتنظيف أكبر قدر ممكن من القولون، بينما تفيد الحقن الشرجية الصغيرة عمومًا في تنظيف البراز الموجود في المستقيم فقط، ولا تؤثر على محتويات الأمعاء.

تعتمد آلية الحقن الشرجية على حجم السائل الذي يسبب توسع سريع في القناة المعوية، وذلك بالإضافة إلى طبيعة بعض المحاليل التي قد تخرش الغشاء المخاطي المعوي وتحفز الحركة التمعجية وتلين البراز، ما يحرض في النهاية حركة الأمعاء. تعتمد فعالية الحقنة الشرجية على عدة عوامل، وهذا يتضمن الحجم المحقون ودرجة الحرارة ومحتوى المحلول. كي تكون الحقنة الشرجية فعالة، يجب أن يحبس المريض المحلول من خمس إلى عشر دقائق، تبعًا للقدر المسموح به، أو كما توصي بعض كتب التمريض، من خمس إلى خمس عشرة دقيقة أو لأطول فترة ممكنة.

الحقن الشرجية كبيرة الحجم
تستخدم الحقن الشرجية الأعمق أو الأكبر للوصول إلى أقسام كبيرة من القولون وتنظيف بأكبر قدر ممكن. يتوسع القولون ويتمدد عندما يحقن بكمية كبيرة من السائل، ويستجيب لهذا التمدد المفاجئ بتوليد انقباضات شاملة، أو ما يسمى بالحركة الدودية، تؤدي إلى دفع محتوياته نحو المستقيم.

تعتبر حقنة ماء الصابون الشرجية مرادف شائع للحقن الشرجية كبيرة الحجم (ومع ذلك، لا يعتبر الصابون ضروريًا لفعاليتها). للتخفيف من الإمساك العرضي، يمكن استخدام الحقن الشرجية كبيرة الحجم في المنزل، ولكن قد يتطلب الأمر رعاية طبية في حالات الإمساك المتكررة أو الشديدة.

المحاليل المائية
تحتوي بعض الحقن على الماء العادي الذي يعمل على توسيع القولون بآلية ميكانيكية ويؤدي إلى تحريض التبرز. يعتبر المحلول الملحي العادي أقل تخريشًا للقولون، وكما الماء العادي، يعمل المحلول الملحي ببساطة على توسيع القولون ميكانيكيًا، ولكنه يوفر مدرج تركيز محايد، فهو لا يسحب الشوارد من الجسم، كما يحدث مع الماء العادي، ولا يسحب الماء إلى القولون، كما يحدث عند استخدام محاليل الفوسفات. وبالتالي، يمكن استخدام محلول الماء المالح عندما يكون حبس المحلول لفترة طويلة مستطبًا، كما هو الحال عند استخدامه لتخفيف انحشار كتلة برازية مثلًا.

يستخدم الصابون القشتالي بشكل شائع ضمن هذه المحاليل، لأنه يسبب تهيج بطانة القولون، وهذا يزيد بدوره الحاجة الملحة للتبرز. ومع ذلك، لا ينبغي استخدام الصابون السائل والمنظفات.

يخرش الغليسرول الغشاء المخاطي للأمعاء تحديدًا، ويعمل على تحريض التمعج من خلال تأثير فرط التناضح الذي يولده. يستخدم الغليسرول عادةً في محلول مخفف، على سبيل المثال، محلول بتركيز 5% مثلًا.

مراجع

أجهزة توصيل الدواء
أدوية الجهاز الهضمي والأيض
أشكال صيدلانية معادلة للجرعة
أمعاء غليظة
إمساك (داء)
تعذيب
جهاز هضمي
رعاية صحية
شبق شرجي
شرج
صحة جنسية
طب الجهاز الهضمي
طب بديل
طب مسند بالدليل
طرق إعطاء الدواء
علم الإنسان الطبي
عناية شخصية
مستقيم (تشريح)
معدات بي دي إس إم
ملينات

حقنة شرجية


Helena Casas Roigé (* 24. Juli 1988 in Vila-seca, Tarragona) ist eine spanische Bahnradsportlerin, die sich auf Kurzzeitdisziplinen spezialisiert hat.

Sportliche Laufbahn
2007 wurde Helena Casas zweifache spanische Meisterin, im 500-Meter-Zeitfahren und im Sprint. 2008 belegte sie bei den Bahn-Europameisterschaften in Alkmaar Rang drei im Omnium. Bei den UCI-Bahn-Weltmeisterschaften 2010 in Kopenhagen wurde sie 19. im Zeitfahren und 24. im Sprint. 2011 errang Casas den nationalen Titel im Keirin und wurde jeweils Zweite im Zeitfahren, im Sprint und im Teamsprint, gemeinsam mit Alba Diaz. Bei den UCI-Bahn-Weltmeisterschaften 2012 in Melbourne wurde sie mit Tania Calvo Neunte im Teamsprint.

2016 gewann Casa gemeinsam mit Calvo bei zwei Läufen des Bahnrad-Weltcups den Teamsprint-Wettbewerb. Im selben Jahr
wurde sie für die Teilnahme an den Olympischen Spielen in Rio de Janeiro nominiert, wo sie im Sprint Platz 26 und im Keirin Platz 17 belegte. Gemeinsam mit Tania Calvo wurde sie Siebte im Teamsprint. Bei den UEC-Bahn-Europameisterschaften 2016 errang sie gemeinsam mit Calvo die Silbermedaille im Teamsprint. 2020 belegte sie bei den Bahneuropameisterschaften im Keirin Platz drei.

Erfolg
2007
  Spanische Junioren-Meisterin – Sprint, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren
2008
  Europameisterschaft – Sprint-Omnium
2011
  Spanische Meisterin – Keirin
2012
  Spanische Meisterin – Sprint, Keirin
2016
  Bahnrad-Weltcup in Glasgow – Teamsprint (mit Tania Calvo)
  Bahnrad-Weltcup in Apeldoorn – Teamsprint (mit Tania Calvo)
  Europameisterschaft – Teamsprint (mit Tania Calvo)
2017
  Spanische Meisterin – Sprint, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren
2018
  Spanische Meisterin – Keirin, Teamsprint (mit Maria Banlles)
2019
  Spanische Meisterin – Keirin, Teamsprint (mit Diana Pérez)
2020
  Europameisterschaft – Keirin
2021
  Spanische Meisterin – Keirin, Sprint, 500-Meter-Zeitfahren
2022
  Spanische Meisterin – Sprint, Teamsprint (mit Laura Rodriguez und Maria Banlles), 500-Meter-Zeitfahren

Weblinks

Radsportler (Spanien)
Spanischer Meister (Radsport)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Olympiateilnehmer (Spanien)
Teilnehmer an den Europaspielen (Spanien)
Teilnehmer der Europaspiele 2019
Bahnradfahrer
Sportler (Katalonien)
Spanier
Geboren 1988
Frau

Helena Casas


مقالات في كلمات هو كتاب من تأليف علي الطنطاوي أصدر عام 1959 م، ويتضمن مقالات صغيرة موجزة، ولذلك وصفها كاتبها بأنها «في كلمات». وقد ضم الكتاب من هذه المقالات مئة وثلاث عشرة مقالة، أكثرها لا يجاوز الصفحتين. وهو يقع في 300 صفحة من القَطْع المتوسط (14×21).

نبذة
ومبدأ هذه المقالات -كما جاء في مقدمة المؤلف للكتاب- أن صاحب جريدة «النصر»، وديع الصيداوي، طلب إليه عام 1949 أن يكتب عنده زاوية يومية بعنوان «كل يوم كلمة صغيرة»، فمشى بها زماناً. ثم انتقل إلى جريدة «الأيام» عند نصوح بابيل، واستمر بها سنين فتجمّع لديه منها مئات ومئات.

قال في المقدمة التي كتبها للطبعة الجديدة من الكتاب عام 1990: «وجاءت (أي هذه المقالات) بأسلوب جديد، أقرؤه الآن فأرتضيه -ولست أرتضي كل ما كنت كتبت- ولكن موضوعاتها يومية يموت الاهتمام بها بموت يومها. وقد استمرت سنين فتجمّع لديّ منها مئات ومئات. فلما ألّف الدكتور مصطفى البارودي وإخوان له من الشباب لجنةً للتأليف والنشر دفعتُها إليهم ليختاروا منها ما يجمعونه في الكتاب الذي طلبوه مني، واختاروا طائفة منها في كتاب صغير دعوه» كلمات«. ثم نشرتُ مجموعة منها أكبر في كتاب» مقالات في كلمات«وبقي عندي منها الكثير الكثير». وفي مقدمة الطبعة الأولى التي كُتبت عام 1959: «كنت في سنة 1949 أكتب في جريدة «النصر» أولاً ثم في «الأيام» آخراً كلمات بعنوان «كل يوم كلمة صغيرة». ولبثت على ذلك سنوات اجتمع لديّ فيها ركام منها، منه ما لا يُقرأ إلا في يومه، وقد أهملته واطّرحته، ومنه ما يُقرأ في كل الأوقات، وقد اخترت منه هذه الكلمات».

والمقالات متنوعة في موضوعاتها واهتماماتها لأنها كُتبت في أزمنة متباينة، فكثير منها يعالج مشكلات اجتماعية مثل: "نظام" و"الزواج بالأجنبيات" و"شحّادون" و"كوّاء"، أو يدافع عن الفقراء والضعفاء مثل: "أجير الخبّاز" و"طفلان)) و"إلى الأغنياء" و"أكرموا الفلاحين". ومنها مقالات تهتم بالمشكلة الأخلاقية والدعوة إلى الفضيلة مثل: "مشكلة وجيه" و"هكذا قال زرادشت" و"بائعة اليانصيب" و"آلآن يا بنت؟". وفي الكتاب مقالات تربوية منها "أدب الأطفال" و"سهر الأولاد" و"يبيع الجرائد". ومقالات في مشكلات الأزواج والأسرة منها "هكذا فاصنعوا لهن" و"طلاق" و"الجهاز" و"علاج الخصام". ومقالات وطنية منها "أبطال صغار" و"منجم ذهب" و"نعم، لقد هُزمنا". ومقالات تاريخية منها "موقف عالم" و"طريق النصر" و"خبر من السيرة". ومقالات فلسفية منها "الحق والقوة" و"لا أؤمن بالإنسان" و"الثبات". ومقالات ثقافية منها "الثقافة في خطر" و"دفاع عن العربية" و"المذهب الرمزي كما أفهمه".

المقالة الأخيرة
آخر مقالة في الكتاب فهي «وداع» قال فيها: «يا قرّائي، السلام عليكم. سلام وداع، لا سلام لقاء. وداعاً يا قرّاء، وشكراً لكم على ما أفضلتم عليّ... فلقد عشت عمري أترجم للناس حديث السواقي في أذن الزمان، أرسم صور المجد وتهاويل الأماني... فأنزلتموني من سماء الأحلام إلى أرض الواقع، وغمستم هذا القلم في مشاكل الطحّانة والخبّازة واللصوص والأشرار وأوحال الطريق، بعدما عاش دهراً لا يعرف إلا مشاكل القلوب... وأرخصتم في سوق الصحافة أسلوبي، فاختفى ذاك البريق من بياني، وجفّ الماء الذي كان يتسلسل على لساني. أفليس لي -بعد هذا كله- أن أستريح؟ بلى، وسيتنفس أقوام الصعداء على أن خلا مكاني، وستفرح قلوب كنت عليها غماً، وتنام عيون كنت أحرمها لذيذ المنام. والسلام عليكم يا قرائي، ولا» كلمة صغيرة«بعد اليوم».

وصلات خارجية
 موقع علي الطنطاوي

كتب 1959
كتب علي الطنطاوي

مقالات في كلمات


Kaybolan Yıllar, Sezen Aksu'nun 1977 çıkışlı dördüncü 45'liğidir. 2011 yılında "Kaybolan Yıllar" adlı şarkıya Ozan Doğulu kendi albümünde remix haline yer vermiştir. Şarkıyı Sezen Aksu tekrar yorumlamıştır. Şarkıya çekilen klipte Sezen Aksu ve Ozan Doğulu yer almıştır.

Şarkı Listesi
 "Kaybolan Yıllar" (söz - müzik: Sezen Aksu, düzenleme: Hurşit Yenigün)
 "Neye Yarar" (söz - müzik: Sezen Aksu, düzenleme: Hurşit Yenigün)

Kaynakça

Sezen Aksu albümleri
1977 albümleri
Pop albümleri

Kaybolan Yıllar


Mesoproterozoicul este a doua eră geologică din cele trei care alcătuiesc eonul Proterozoic și care începe cu 1.600 milioane de ani în urmă și se termină cu 1.000 milioane de ani în urmă.

Principalele evenimente ale acestei ere sunt despărțirea supercontientului Columbia, formarea supercontinentului Rodinia și evoluția reproducerii sexuate. Se atinge diversitatea și abundența maximă a stromatolitelor formate de coloniile de cianobacterii, cu un vârf acum aproximativ 1.300 milioane de ani în urmă, înainte de declinul acestora în Neoproterozoic. A fost începutul dezvoltării organismelor multicelulare.

A fost o eră a schimbărilor aparent critice, dar totuși slab înțelese în chimia mării, sedimentele pământului și în compoziția aerului. Nivelul de oxigen a crescut la aproximativ 1% din nivelul de astăzi la începutul erei și a continuat să crească pe tot parcursul Mesoproterozoicul.

În România s-au găsit roci metamorfice cristaline din timpul Mesoproterozoicului în Peștera Scărișoara și Roșia Montana.

Note

Mesoproterozoic
Ere geologice

Mesoproterozoic


Swona is an uninhabited privately-owned island in the Pentland Firth off the north coast of Scotland.

Geography and geology

Swona is the more northerly of two islands in the Pentland Firth between the Orkney Islands and Caithness on the Scottish mainland. It lies in the southern approach to Scapa Flow, west of South Ronaldsay.

Situated in the tidal stream of the Pentland Firth, a tidal race is present at both the north and south ends of the island, being minimal briefly at the turn of the tide. Between the races is a calm eddy which extends down-tide as the tide strengthens. The races are highly visible, with over-falls and whirlpools. Large swell waves can also be present, especially in bad weather conditions. When entering or leaving the eddies crossing the races, even large powerful vessels can be pushed off course, such is the demarcation between the relatively calm eddy and the fast-moving tide in the races.

Swona is about  long by about  wide, with a maximum height of approximately  and an area of about . It is made up of Old Red Sandstone with cliffs on the east coast.

It is administered as part of the Orkney Islands, while Stroma, to the south, is part of the Highland Region (although traditionally part of Caithness). There is no regular access to the island, however, the Pentland Ferries sailing from Gills Bay, near John o' Groats, to St Margaret's Hope usually passes close to the island, dependent on the tidal direction at the time.

In 2005 Swona was owned by two Orkney farmers, but not worked due to difficulty of access. It is a SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) conservation area with a number of rare plants.

History
The island takes its name from Old Norse, Svíney or Swefney, meaning either "Swine Isle" or "Sweyn's Isle".

There is a similarly named island, Svínoy, in the Faroe Islands.

There are prehistoric, pre-Norse and Norse remains on the island. as well as the remains of more recent crofting settlement including a herd of feral cattle. The island was populated from around 500 BC until 1974.

Boats were built on the island for a number of years. The last of these, the Hood can be seen pulled well up the shingle beach by the landing stage. It is no longer seaworthy, having a hole in it caused by the feral cows using it as a rubbing post. The landing stage and boat can be seen briefly in passing through a gap in the rocks near the north end of the island on the east side. The last house to be occupied can also be seen in this area.

The island was the site of many shipwrecks caused by the strong currents in the Pentland Firth. In 1931, a 6,000 ton Danish freighter called Pennsylvania was wrecked on the island. The Orkney newspaper of the time said that it was one of the most richly-laden ships that was ever wrecked in the area. After some salvaging, the wreck was finally bought by a syndicate of Stroma and Swona men.

The Swona Minor light was built in 1906 on the south west tip of Swona. It was originally a cast iron tower but was replaced by a reinforced concrete square tower sometime in the 1980s. The earlier Stroma Lighthouse was built in 1896 and stands at the northern end of the Island of Stroma.

In summer 1973 Arthur Rosie left the island and died shortly afterwards. James and Violet Rosie (brother and sister) left in March 1974. James had Parkinsons Disease and died c. 1976 of a perforated stomach ulcer. Violet died c. 1984 in South Ronaldsay. They returned only periodically to the island. Many of the houses, while in a state of dilapidation, are as they were left, with various possessions still to be seen where they were left.

Swona is one of the locations described in Cal Flyn's Islands of Abandonment: Life in the Post-Human Landscape (2020, William Collins: ).

In July 2022 the Pentland Ferries' vessel MV Alfred, running between Gills Bay and St Margaret's Hope, grounded on Swona.

Wildlife
When the population departed they left a herd of beef cattle – eight cows and one bull (Shorthorn - Aberdeen-Angus cross). Five generations later, in 2004, the herd which had turned feral was still going strong, and is now classified as a new breed in the World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds. It then consisted of ten bulls, four cows and two calves. Two calves are born each spring, although not all live to maturity. The herd gets no additional feed, although it is checked by a vet each year. The animals are self-selecting for hardiness, easy calving, and low-maintenance, feeding off the grass and seaweed.

Having been separated from the mainland for so long, they are completely disease-free, and have reverted to wild behaviour. Because of this, DNA samples have been taken, from the ears of some of the cattle that died. In the summer the main herd is usually in the centre of the island. By 2012 the herd had settled to an average of seventeen animals. This appears to be around the maximum number that the island can  support. In 2017 The BBC documentary series Britain's Ancient Capital: Secrets of Orkney briefly visited Swona. Chris Packham counted twenty cows and calves and three bulls.

The island is part of the Pentland Firth Islands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is home to thousands of breeding seabirds, including Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea) which have a colony on the northern part of the island, and Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) which burrrow into the hillside.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

Footnotes

Bibliography
 John S. Findlay, A Photographic Portrait of Swona, Galaha Press, Kirkwall, 2010.
 John S. Findlay, Swona revisited, Galaha Press, Kirkwall, 2014.

External links
 Swona Heritage Website
 Northern Lighthouse Board

Feral cattle
Former populated places in Scotland
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Orkney
Uninhabited islands of Orkney

Swona


سفينة ركاب هي سفينة تتمثل مهمتها الرئيسية في نقل الركاب. هذه الفئة لا تشمل سفن الشحن التي تقيم عدد محدود من الأماكن للركاب أو تجعل من نقل الركاب وضيفة ثانوية بعد مهنة نقل البضائع. حتى وقت قريب جميع خطوط النقل البحري كانت قادرة على نقل البريد، الشحن، وغيرها من البضائع بالإضافة إلى الركاب والأمتعة، وكانت مجهزة لتحمل بضائع بالرافعات. سفن الركاب عادة ما تشكل جزءا من التجارة البحرية، استخدمت أيضا كبواخر نقل الجنود. تشمل سفن الركاب عبارات الرحلات الطويلة وسفن الرحلات قصيرة.

معرض صور

مراجع

أنواع السفن
سفن ركاب

سفينة ركاب


Louis Lobinhes ou Lobinhès est un homme politique français né le  à Villefranche-de-Rouergue (Aveyron) et décédé le  au même lieu.

Négociant, maire de Villefranche-de-Rouergue, il est député de l'Aveyron à la Convention et siège à droite, votant pour la détention de Louis XVI. Il passe le 24 vendémiaire an IV au Conseil des Anciens, mais est exclu comme royaliste après le coup d'État du 18 fructidor an V.

Biographie

Fils de Jean-Jérôme Lobinhès (1705-1793), marchand drapier et bourgeois de Villefranche, et de sa femme Ursule Pruines (†1781), il nait le 4 mars 1739 et est baptisé le 7 mars. Après ses études au collège des Doctrinaires de Villefranche, où il eut pour condisciples le poète Jean-François-Antoine-Joseph Valadier (1739-1809), l'abbé Daugnac (1739-1784), futur secrétaire d'ambassade au Danemark et chargé des affaires de France au Portugal, le docteur Jean-Baptiste-Léon Dubreuil (1738-1785) et Jean-Joseph Pechméja (1741-1785) avec lequel il partagea le goût pour la poésie et les idées libérales, il s'associa au négoce de son père qu'il exerça jusqu'à son entrée en politique, en 1789.

Membre du conseil politique de sa ville depuis peu, il fut élu, le 8 mars 1789, pour représenter la communauté de Villefranche à l'assemblée du tiers état de la sénéchaussée réunie le 16 mars pour élire ses députés aux États généraux, puis, le 5 décembre 1790, il fut nommé maire de Villefranche et présida pendant deux ans l'administration municipale.

Élu membre de la Convention par le département de l'Aveyron, le 6 septembre 1792, il prit place à droite et vota dans le procès de Louis XVI « pour la détention et l'exil. » Réélu le 23 vendémiaire an IV (15 octobre 1795) député du même département au Conseil des Anciens, il en fut exclu comme royaliste lors du coup d'État du 18 fructidor an V (4 septembre 1797). Rentré à Villefranche, il exerça les fonctions de maire de 1800 jusqu'au 28 avril 1802.

Louis Lobinhès, ex-législateur, décéda en sa maison rue Haute-Savignac, le 27 janvier 1815, à deux heures du matin. Il était alors prieur de la confrérie des Pénitents bleus.

Il se maria le 16 octobre 1769, à Villefranche, en la chapelle des Pénitents noirs, avec Louise Dufau, fille de Jean-Joseph-François Dufau, seigneur de Larroque-Toirac et de Saint-Affre, et de Marianne Alary, dont il eut neuf enfants.

Sources

P. Lesueur, Louis Lobinhes (1739-1815), négociant, poète et maire de Villefranche (1739-1793) ou Du parti feuillant au parti girondin, La Revue du Rouergue, N°17 (1989), p. 97-141.
Henri Affre, Biographie aveyronnaise, Rodez, 1881, p. 239.

Naissance en mars 1739
Naissance à Villefranche-de-Rouergue
Naissance en Rouergue
Décès en janvier 1815
Décès à Villefranche-de-Rouergue
Député de l'Aveyron
Député de la Convention nationale
Membre du Conseil des Anciens
Décès à 75 ans

Louis Lobinhes


Kinas Grand Prix er et Formel 1-løb som arrangeres på banen Shanghai International Circuit i Shanghai, Kina. Banen er designet af Hermann Tilke og kan huse op til 200.000 tilskuere. Kinas første Formel 1-løb, som blev arrangeret i , blev en stor succes og et indholdsrigt løb, hvor Ferrari-køreren Rubens Barrichello vandt med kun ét sekunds forspring til Hondas britiske kører Jenson Button.

Vindere af Kinas Grand Prix

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officielle hjemmeside

Kinas Grand Prix


Bancnota de 1.000.000 lire sterline (în original: The Million Pound Note) este un film de comedie britanic din anul 1954 regizat de Ronald Neame, avându-l în rolul principal pe Gregory Peck. Are la bază povestirea "Bancnota de un milion de lire" a scriitorului american Mark Twain, care a fost publicată în 1893.

Rezumat

Printr-o întâmplare neprevăzută, funcționarul american Henry Adams ajunge în anul 1903 să fie debarcat în Anglia, fără un sfanț în buzunar. Ajuns la Londra, acesta devine obiectul unui pariu între doi frați, foarte bogați, dar și foarte ciudați, Oliver și Roderick Montpellier. Aceștia îi dau o bancnotă de un milion de lire sterline, o sumă enormă pentru acele timpuri, să vadă dacă posesorul acesteia în decurs de o lună reușește să trăiască din plin și să devină fericit, fără să cheltuiască nici un penny din bancnotă. La început pare treaba destul de simplă, dar după aproape o lună întreagă pare mai greu să reușești așa ceva…

Distribuție
 Gregory Peck – Henry Adams
 Ronald Squire – Oliver Montpelier
 Wilfrid Hyde-White – Roderick Montpelier
 Jane Griffiths – Portia Lansdowne
 Joyce Grenfell – Ducesa de Cromarty
 A. E. Matthews – Duke de Frognal
 Maurice Denham – Dl. Reid
 Reginald Beckwith – Rock
 Brian Oulton – Lloyd
 John Slater – Parsons
 Wilbur Evans – ambasadorul american
 Hartley Power – Hastings
 George Devine – proprietarul restaurantului
 Bryan Forbes – Todd
 Gudrun Ure – Renie (Ann Gudrun)
 Hugh Wakefield – Ducele de Cromarty
 Felix Felton – Alfred

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1954
Filme regizate de Ronald Neame
Filme britanice
Filme în limba engleză
Ecranizări de romane
Mark Twain

Bancnota de 1.000.000 lire sterline


Piotr Sebastian Zieliński (pronunția poloneză: [ˈpjɔtr ʑɛˈliɲski]; n. 20 mai 1994 în Ząbkowice Śląskie) este fotbalist polonez care joacă ca mijlocaș pentru echipa de Serie A Napoli.

El are doi frați care, de asemenea, sunt jucători profesioniști – Paweł și Tomasz.

Cariera la club

Începutul carierei
Zieliński și-a început cariera la clubul Orzeł Ząbkowice Śląskie din localitatea natală, unde a fost antrenat de tatăl său. La vârsta de 14 ani, el a ales să joace pentru Zagłębie Lubin, chiar dacă Bayer Leverkusen și Liverpool și-au exprimat dorința de a-l avea în lot, dând probe de joc și pentru cluburile olandeze Feyenoord și Hereenveen. El a jucat la echipe de tineret și a început să facă antrenamentele la prima echipă la vârsta de 15 ani, sub comanda antrenorului Franciszek Smuda.

La 17 ani s-a mutat în străinătate pentru a juca la Udinese Calcio după ce scouterii l-au urmărit la competițiile internaționale de tineret.

Udinese Calcio
Și-a făcut debutul în Serie A la 2 noiembrie 2012, când l-a înlocuit Antonio Di Natale în 91 de minute din meciul cu Cagliari.

Empoli (împrumut)
În 2014 a fost împrumutat la Empoli.

Carieră internațională
Pe 4 iunie 2013, Zieliński a debutat la naționala mare a Poloniei, într-un meci amical împotriva Liechtensteinului.

A fost convocat de selecționerul Poloniei, Adam Nawałka, la Campionatul European de Fotbal din 2016.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1994
Fotbaliști ai Zagłębie Lubin
Fotbaliști internaționali polonezi
Sportivi polonezi în viață
Fotbaliști ai SSC Napoli

Piotr Zieliński


ඉන්දීය වීර කාව්‍යයක් වූ රාමායණයෙහි සඳහන් වන ප්‍රධානම සහ වැදගත්ම චරිතවලින් එකක් ලෙස හනුමාන් අන්ජනේය (අන්ජනාගේ පුත‍්‍රයා) යනුවෙන් ද හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. රාම රජු විෂ්ණු දෙවියන්ගේ අවතාරයක් සේ සැලකේ. රාම රජුගේ බිරිඳ ගලවා ගැනීම පිණිස රාම ට සහායවූ හනුමන් වනාහි වානරයෙකි.

හෙතෙම රාමගේ බැතිමතෙකු සේ සැලකේ. ආයුධය ලෙස යගදාවක් දරයි. හනුමන්ට භාර්යාවක් සිටිබව සඳහන් නොවේ.

සටහන්

හින්දු ආගම

හනුමාන්


Trennewurth er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Marne-Nordsee i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Dithmarschen. Kreis Dithmarschen ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Trennewurth er en marskkommune i det sydlige Dithmarschen, beliggende omkring midtvejs mellem Marne og Meldorf. Bundesstraße 5 går gennem kommunen. Sydøst for byen ligger to småsøer der er opstået ved digebrud i middelalderen.

I kommunen ligger ud over Trennewurth, Trennewurtheraltendeich, Trennewurtherneuendeich og Trennewurtherkrooge.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Dithmarschen

Trennewurth


بونغاني كومالو ، 6 يناير 1987، لاعب كرة قدم جنوب أفريقي. بدأ مشواره الكروي لاعبًا بنادي أما تكس (نادي جامعة بريتوريا حاليًا) بين عامي 2005 و2007، ثم انتقل إلى نادي سوبرسبورت يونايتد الجنوب إفريقي، ثم انتقل سنة 2011 إلى نادي توتنهام هوتسبير الإنجليزي.

انضم إلى صفوف منتخب جنوب أفريقيا لكرة القدم في عام 2008.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
جنوب إفريقيون من أصل سوازيلندي
خريجو جامعة بريتوريا
رياضيون جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
سوازيلنديون مهاجرون إلى جنوب إفريقيا
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو باوك تسالونيكي
لاعبو بريستون نورث إند
لاعبو بيدفيست ويتس
لاعبو توتنهام هوتسبر
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو سوبر سبورت يونايتد
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2013
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كرة قدم جنوب إفريقيون
لاعبو كرة قدم جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كولتشستر يونايتد
لاعبو منتخب جنوب إفريقيا في كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو منتخب جنوب إفريقيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي جامعة بريتوريا
لاعبو نادي دونكاستر روفرز
لاعبو نادي ريدنغ
لاعبو نادي ريدينغ
مواليد 1987
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية جنوب إفريقيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية جنوب إفريقيون

بونغاني كومالو


Mosby Station (Mosby stasjon) var en jernbanestation på Sørlandsbanen, der lå i Mosby i Kristiansand kommune i Norge. Stationen åbnede 18. november 1895 som en del af den smalsporede Setesdalsbanen fra Kristiansand til Byglandsfjord. Stationens bygninger blev tegnet af Paul Due.

Mosby havde billetkontor, ventesal og afdeling for gods samt et eget das. På første sal i stationsbygningen var der tjenestebolig for stationsmesteren med to værelser, køkken og forrådskammer. I modsætning til de øvrige stationsbygninger blev Mosby Station udstyret med en særlig ventesal for kvinder, formentlig fordi stationen blev benyttet af de mange kvinder, der arbejdede på Høie Fabrikker, og fordi Mosby var et udflugtsmål for det bedre borgerskab i Kristiansand.

I 1912 blev der opført et særskilt pakhus. Stationsbygningen fik isat vinduer ud mod sporet, og taget blev forhøjet. I 1938 blev stationen en del af Sørlandsbanen, da denne blev forlænget til Kristiansand. Mosby blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 17. oktober 1988 og nedlagt 28. maj 1989. Den blev imidlertid genoprettet 19. august 1991 for atter at blive nedlagt 15. august 1995. Stationsbygningen bruges i dag til forretninger og er fredet udvendigt.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Mosby stasjon  hos Norske jernbanestasjoner
 Mosby stasjon  hos Rom Eiendom

Stationer på Sørlandsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1895
Jernbanestationer i Agder

Mosby Station


D.S.B. Før og nu - En Rejse i Rytme og Tempo gennem Tiden er en film fra 1935 instrueret af Jens Frederik Lawaetz.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 DSB Før og nu (se filmen)

DSB
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark


Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies is a scholarly journal that started publication in 1973. The journal focuses on the history and anthropology of the Himalayan region. Printed on traditional rice paper in Kathmandu, Nepal, it is difficult to acquire and only a handful of university libraries have assembled a complete set. Some articles are available in PDF or HTML format.

References

Asian history journals
Academic journals established in 1973
Anthropology journals
Himalayas
South Asian studies journals

Himalayan studies

Kailash (journal)


El Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Granollers es un museo de historia natural situado en Granollers, en la comarca del Vallés Oriental (Cataluña, España). Tiene por ámbitos temáticos la paleontología, la geología, la botánica, la meteorología y, especialmente, la zoología. Tiene su origen en la creación, en 1982, del Área de Ciencias Naturales del Museo de Granollers y obtuvo entidad propia en 1987 con la inauguración de la sede del edificio de La Tela (casa Pius Anfres Martí), una torremodernista  construida en 1912 por el arquitecto J. Batlle i Anfres , con dos pisos y buhardilla y rodeada por un jardín integrado en el conjunto del Museo, convirtiéndose en una pequeña muestra de comunidades vegetales de la comarca, acompañadas por algunas de las rocas más comunes y algunos animales vivos.

Desde 2012 el museo ocupa dos edificios, el ya citado edificio de La Tela, y un nuevo edificio construido detrás de éste.

El Museo tiene una biblioteca con más de 8.000 ejemplares y es también la sede del Centro de Documentación del parque natural del Montseny (sección ciencias naturales) y del Plan de Seguimiento de Ropalóceros de Cataluña. Gestiona asimismo la Estación Meteorológica de Granollers y el Centro de Educación Ambiental de Can Cabanyes.

El Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Granollers forma parte de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona.

Colección

Paleontología
El fondo de paleontología está compuesto principalmente por fósiles procedentes de la comarca del Vallés Oriental. Destaca el material procedente del yacimiento Triásico del Montseny (250 millones de años), con restos de laberintodontes y de diversos anfibios capitosaurios del género Paratosuchus sp. Hay también restos de vertebrados más modernos, como un fragmento de maxilar de mastodonte y de diferentes elefantes Paleoloxodon antiquus del Pleistoceno procedentes de Parets del Vallès, Granollers y Canyamars.

Geología
La sección de geología está integrada principalmente por muestras procedentes de explotaciones mineras de Gualba, Matagalls y Vallcarca, en el Montseny. El jardín de La Tela cuenta también con una pequeña colección de grandes bloques de las rocas más características del Vallés Oriental.

Botánica
Consta de material procedente básicamente de la comarca del Vallès, y destaca el herbario de líquenes.

Zoología
Es la colección más extensa del Museo. En las colecciones entomológicas destacan la colección de mariposas de todo el mundo y la de escarabajos tropicales, y en las colecciones de vertebrados tiene especial interés la colección de mamíferos, representada especialmente por insectívoros y roedores de la península ibérica.

Centro de Documentación del parque natural del Montseny (sección ciencias naturales)
La firma de un convenio entre la Diputación de Barcelona y el Ayuntamiento de Granollers en 1989 convirtió el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Granollers en una de las sedes del Centro de Documentación del parque natural del Montseny, compartiendo su titularidad con el Museo Etnológico del Montseny, sede de la sección de humanidades. El museo se ha especializado en el apartado de las ciencias naturales y la gestión del espacio natural, y cuenta con un fondo de más de 2300 documentos entre libros, artículos, revistas, fotografías y dibujos.

Plan de Seguimiento de Ropalóceros de Cataluña
El Plan de Seguimiento de Ropalóceros de Cataluña, más conocido por el nombre de Catalan Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, es un proyecto de seguimiento de las poblaciones de mariposas que tiene por objeto conocer con precisión los cambios de abundancia de las mariposas a partir de la repetición semanal de censos visuales, a fin de relacionarlos posteriormente con distintos factores ambientales. El proyecto empezó en 1994 con once estaciones de muestreo situadas en el cuadrante noreste de Cataluña; en 2008 contaba ya con 70 estaciones en gran parte de la geografía catalana y las islas Baleares.

Biblioteca del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Granollers
Desde las últimas guías y manuales de campo hasta libros de ornitología del , pasando por los libros de referencia básica del estudio científico de la naturaleza, más de 8.000 volúmenes constituyen la base de la biblioteca especializada en el mundo natural del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Granollers. La Biblioteca del Museo ofrece un variado catálogo de libros que tratan de las ciencias naturales desde diferentes puntos de vista, grupos taxonómicos, ámbitos geográficos y periodos históricos. Mamíferos (en especial pequeños mamíferos y murciélagos), insectos (con el acento marcado en las mariposas), reptiles, anfibios, una gran colección de libros de aves, botánica, árboles, jardinería, ecología, parques naturales, medio ambiente, parques zoológicos, geología, paleontología, etnología o historia de la ciencia son algunas de las temáticas que se pueden encontrar en la Biblioteca.

La Biblioteca también tiene un blog en el que se van publicando historias relacionadas con los libros que custodia: http://www.museugranollersciencies.org/es/museu/biblioteca/

Estación Meteorológica de Granollers
La Estación Meteorológica de Granollers funciona ininterrumpidamente desde su creación, en 1950, por parte del Museo de Granollers; la secuencia de datos meteorológicos de más de 40 años, que se conservan en el archivo del museo, ha permitido estudiar con profundidad el clima de Granollers. La estación está integrada en la red del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.

Centro de Documentación Ambiental de Can Cabanyes
El espacio natural de Can Cabanyes, con una superficie de 8 hectáreas, está situado al sur del municipio de Granollers, entre la carretera de Montmeló y la margen derecha del río Congost, y toma el nombre de la masía que existía en dichos terrenos. Los terrenos fueron cedidos como zona verde por el parque industrial de Can Gordi-Can Català y en ellos se han llevado a cabo actuaciones de mejora paisajística y de restauración ambiental, como la recuperación de las márgenes fluviales, la regeneración del bosque y la creación de una ciénaga artificial, que ha permitido aumentar la naturalización y la diversidad de ambientes de la ribera.

El Centro de Educación Ambiental de Can Cabanyes ofrece información, exposiciones y actividades educativas para escolares y grupos interesados en el patrimonio natural y es un laboratorio de campo donde realizar investigaciones científicas de ornitología y del tratamiento natural de las aguas residuales y los ecosistemas de ribera.

Véase también
 Museo de Granollers

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial
 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña

Museos de Granollers
Granollers
Museos de divulgación científica en España
Museos de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona
Museos de España inaugurados en 1987
Arquitectura modernista de Cataluña
Arquitectura de España de 1912


Chiang Kai-hsin (; * 25. Dezember 1990) ist eine taiwanische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Chiang Kai-hsin nahm 2010 an den Asienspielen teil. 2012 startete sie im Damendoppel bei den Badminton-Asienmeisterschaften. Sie verlor dabei jedoch schon in Runde eins und wurde somit 17. in der Endabrechnung. Mit ihrer Nationalmannschaft qualifizierte sie sich 2012 ebenfalls für die Endrunde des Uber Cups und konnte dort bis ins Viertelfinale vordringen.

Weblinks

Badmintonspieler (Taiwan)
Universiadeteilnehmer (Taiwan)
Sieger bei den World University Games (Badminton)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2015
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2013
Geboren 1990
Frau
Taiwaner

Chiang Kai-hsin


السمك المجدافي ويعرف أيضًا باسم ملك الرنجة، هو سمك كبير يعيش في جميع المحيطات، يصل طوله أحيانًا إلى 11م. وهناك زعنفة حمراء طويلة، بطول جسم السمكة المجدافية الفضي، وهي تسبح بحركة متموجة كالثعبان. له دفة مشطية على شكل عرف، لونها أحمر، وهي أطول سمكة بالمحيط.

معتقدات يابانية
هذا النوع من الأسماك، الذي يتميز بالجسم الطويل الفضي والزعانف الحمراء، عادة ما يعيش في المياه العميقة ونادراً ما يطفو للسطح، بالرغم من وجود أسطورة تقول أنه حين يصعد سمك المجداف إلى سطح الماء فإن ذلك يكون نذيراً بقرب حدوث كارثة.

حتى الاسم الياباني لهذا الصنف من الأسماك، ريوگو نو توكاي – والتي تعني "مرسال قصر الملك التنين" – وهو ما يشير إلى علاقة بالكوارث الطبيعية في الماضي.

ويعلـِّق هيرويوكي موتومورا، أستاذ علم الأسماك في جامعة كاكوشيما:

إلا أن سمعة سمك المجداف كنذير بدمار قريب ترسخت بعد أن جلبت الأمواج ما لا يقل عن عشر أسماك مجداف ميتة على السواحل الشمالية لليابان في 2010. وفي مارس 2011، وقع زلزال بقوة 9 على مقياس ريختر في شمال اليابان، مما تسبب في تسونامي عاتي، قتل نحو 19,000 شخص ودمّر مفاعل فوكوشيما النووي.

ومع اقتراب الذكرى التاسعة لهذا الزلزال، فإن وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي اليابانية تموج بالقلق من معاودة ظهور سمك المجداف.

مراجع

أسماك
فصائل حيوانية

سمك مجدافي


Mafjorden er en fjord på Ingøya i Måsøy kommune i Troms og Finnmark fylke i Norge. Fjorden har indløb  mellem Stokkneset i sydvest og Finneset i nordøst, og den går  3,5 kilometer mod sydøst til Vikran inderst i fjorden. Der ligger flere holme ved indløbet til fjorden, Terningen, Sandholmen og Mafjordholmen. Nord for disse ligger Fruholmen fyr.

Fiskeværet Finnes ligger på østsiden helt yderst i fjorden og lidt længere inde ligger Steinvik. Vikran er en bebyggelse helt inderst i fjorden. Langnes er et næs som går mod nord i fjorden. Østerbotn ligger på østsiden og Vikranleira på vestsiden. Vikranleira er en næstn 700 meter lang, lavvandet bugt, der går mod sydøst.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Troms og Finnmark
Måsøy

Mafjorden


Molly Parker (Maple Ridge, Columbia Británica; 30 de junio de 1972) es una actriz canadiense, conocida por sus papeles en filmes independientes canadienses y estadounidenses, y por su papel de Rabbi Arien en la serie Six Feet Under (2002) y por interpretar a la viuda del Oeste "Alma Garret" en la serie de televisión por cable Deadwood (2004-2006).

Ganó el Premio Genie en 1997 como mejor actriz por Kissed.

Vida y carrera
Parker nació en Maple Ridge, Columbia Británica, de padres que eran dueños de una tienda de mariscos al por menor. Parker y su hermano menor, Henry, fueron criados en una comuna en Pitt Meadows. A los 16 años, después de 13 años en la escuela de ballet, comenzó a actuar en pequeños papeles para algunos programas de televisión. El tío de Parker era actor y su agente la aceptó como cliente, lo que le permitió lanzar su carrera con pequeños papeles en la televisión canadiense. Estudió actuación en el Gastown Actors' Studio de Vancouver, mientras continuaba trabajando en series y películas para la televisión.

Comenzó a hacerse conocida a mediados de los 90's, cuando interpretó a la hija de una oficial del ejército lesbiana en la película para televisión Serving in Silence (1995); a continuación fue nominada a los premios Gemini (el equivalente canadiense de los Emmy), por su actuación en el film, filmado un año antes, Paris or Somewhere (1994). Su debut cinematográfico se produjo en 1996, encarnando a una seductora necrófila en el largometraje Kissed (1996), por el que recibió el premio Genie a la Mejor Actriz.

Su carrera continuó con títulos como Los cinco sentidos (1999); The intruder (1999); The Center of the World (2001), junto a Peter Sarsgaard, y por la cual ganó una nominación a los premios Independent Spirit en la categoría Mejor Protagonista Femenina; Secreto de confesión (2005), que coprotagonizó con Christian Slater; Nueve vidas (2005), de Rodrigo García; Hollywoodland(2006), protagonizado por Adrien Brody, Diane Lane y Ben Affleck; The Wicker Man (2006), con Nicolas Cage; La carretera (The Road)(2009), film apocalíptico protagonizado por Viggo Mortensen; y Trigger (2010), el drama independiente que la tuvo como protagonista.

Parker protagonizó, junto a Hilary Swank y Anjelica Huston, Ángeles de hierro (2004). Otros créditos televisivos en su haber incluyen Twitch City; la miniserie, Intensity; y el telefilme Un paso al frente, junto a Glenn Close.

También protagonizó el vídeo Cold Love, una canción de Curvise y The Good Life. En 2014.

Interpretó al personaje de Jacqueline A. "Jackie" Sharp en la aclamada serie House of Cards.

Tim Kasher, frontman de Cursive y The Good Life

Familia
Parker estuvo casada con Matt Bissonnette y tuvieron un hijo, William Strummer Bissonnette (nacido el 13 de octubre de 2006.)

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Premios

Canadian Screen Awards

Gemini Awards
Los premios Gemini fueron premios otorgados por la Academia de Cine y Televisión de Canadá para reconocer los logros de la industria de la televisión de Canadá.

Genie Awards
Los premios Genie fueron otorgados anualmente por la Academia de Cine y Televisión de Canadá para reconocer lo mejor del cine canadiense de 1980 a 2012.

Gotham Awards
Presentado por Independent Filmmaker Project, los premios Gotham Awards otorgan lo mejor de la película independiente.

Independent Spirit Awards
Los premios Independent Spirit son presentados anualmente por Film Independent, para premiar a los mejores en la realización de películas independientes.

Leo Awards
Los Premios Leo son un programa de premios para la industria del cine y la televisión de Columbia Británica.

Málaga Film Festival
El Festival de Cine de Málaga se celebra anualmente en Málaga, España, en honor a los logros del cine.

Primetime Emmy Awards
Los premios Primetime Emmy son presentados anualmente por la Academia de Artes y Ciencias de la Televisión, también conocida como Academia de Televisión, para reconocer y honrar los logros en la industria de la televisión.

Saturn Awards
Los Premios Saturn son presentados anualmente por la Academia de Películas de Ciencia Ficción, Fantasía y Terror para honrar las películas de ciencia ficción, fantasía y terror, televisión y videos caseros.

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Los premios del Screen Actors Guild están organizados por el Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. Los premios, otorgados por primera vez en 1995, tienen como objetivo reconocer los logros excelentes en el cine y la televisión.

Taormina International Film Festival
El Festival Internacional de Cine de Taormina se celebra anualmente en Taormina, Italia, en honor a los logros del cine.

Toronto International Film Festival
El Festival Internacional de Cine de Toronto, fundado en 1976, se celebra anualmente en Toronto, Ontario, en honor a los logros del cine.

Critics associations

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Canadá
Actores de televisión de Canadá

Molly Parker


This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1977.

Events

The city of Washington, D.C., adopts a human rights code banning sexual orientation discrimination in private employment.  This code replaces previous legislation such as Title 34, enacted in 1973 which also granted sexual orientation protection.
Dade County, Florida, in the United States, enacts a Human Rights Ordinance providing that rights can not be abridged on the basis of sexuality.

February
 7 — The city council of Tucson, Arizona, passes an ordinance prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing and public accommodation.

March
 17 — Arkansas reinstates its sodomy law, two years after repealing it.

May
 21 — 750 gays and lesbians and supporters in Minneapolis protest the appearance of Anita Bryant who had arrived to perform at the opening of a fruit warehouse.

June
 7 — Save Our Children, a campaign founded by Anita Bryant, trading on fears of homosexual "recruitment" and child molestation, results in a repeal of Dade County, Florida's, Civil Rights Ordinance by an margin of 69% to 31%.
 16 — In Houston, Texas, a protest demonstration of 6,000 gays, lesbians and supporters marches through downtown when Anita Bryant arrives to entertain at a banquet.

July
 21 — In Ontario, a committee recommends that the Ontario Human Rights Code be amended to include sexual orientation.

August
 16 — In a New York Supreme Court case, Richards vs. US Tennis ASSN, Renee Richards, a transgender woman, is allowed to play in the tennis tournament.

September
 1 — The present-day Log Cabin Republicans organization is founded as the "Gay Republicans" club, a group of lesbians and gays within the United States' Republican Party.

October
 7 — The Advocate, an LGBT themed magazine, celebrates its 10th anniversary in Washington, D.C.
14 — Minneapolis gay rights activist Thom Higgins throws a pie into the face of Anita Bryant during a news conference in Des Moines, Iowa.
 15 — The school board of Santa Barbara, California, votes to ban discrimination against students based on sexual orientation.

November
 2 — Senior Action in a Gay Environment, now known as Services & Advocacy for GLBT elders, is founded.
8 — Harvey Milk becomes the first openly gay man to be elected in a major U.S. city when he is elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. The man who would assassinate Milk and city mayor George Moscone less than eleven months later—Dan White—is also elected to the Board of Supervisors on this day.
 28 — Aspen, Colorado, passes a gay rights ordinance.

December
 15 — Quebec becomes the first jurisdiction (larger than a city or county) in the world to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. The Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms prohibits discrimination in employment, housing, certain services and other activities in the public and private sectors.

See also

Timeline of LGBT history — timeline of events from 12,000 BCE to present
LGBT rights by country or territory — current legal status around the world
LGBT social movements

Notes

References
 Rutledge, Leigh (1992). The Gay Decades. New York: Penguin Books Ltd. .

LGBT rights by year
1977 in LGBT history

1977 in LGBT rights


Castelul Máriaffi din Sângeorgiu de Mureș datează, în forma sa actuală, din anul 1870. Figurează pe lista monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
La mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea era un castel voluminos și fortificat. În anii 1870, la ordinul lui Albert Máriaffi, castelul a fost reconstruit, lucrările fiind coordonate de maistrul zidar Pál Soós din Târgu Mureș. După naționalizarea din 1948, castelul a fost trecut în folosința Gospodăriei Agricole de Stat; după schimbarea de regim din 1989 clădirea a devenit pustie și s-a deteriorat rapid. În prezent (decembrie 2018) se află într-o stare de degradare foarte accentuată, nu mai are uși și nici geamuri.

Ambele fațade ale clădirii sunt de 28 de metri, cu ornamente. Dinspre șosea, aleea care trece prin parc duce la intrarea în castel, în pridvorul mare cu pergolă cu stâlpi, respectiv în holul central. Aticul aflat deasupra cornișei de pe fațadă accentuează axul central al castelului. Partea dinspre râul Mureș se remarcă prin pridvorul susținut de arcade și boltă boemă, la parter, și pridvorul închis, cu tavan drept, la etaj. Stâlpii din cărămidă de la etaj sunt prevăzuți cu capitel în stil corintic.

Deasupra balconului, s-a construit un atic în stil neorenascentist, asemănător celui de pe fațada posterioară, pe care era amplasat blazonul familiei nobiliare care a comandat construirea castelului: Albert Máriaffi (I.) (1823-1889) și cea de-a doua soție a acestuia, contesa Lujza Bethlen (1835-1900).

Castelul era renumit pentru luxul său; salonul castelului și galeria de portrete conțineau operele mai multor maeștri renumiți în epocă.

Pe timpul lui Lajos Máriaffi (III.) (1868-1915) și a fiului său, Lajos (IV.) (1894-1971), castelul avea un parc de 68 de hectare, care conținea specii de arbori rari și un mic iaz. Numai o mică suprafață din parc s-a mai păstrat, aflată în administrarea Academiei de Științe Agricole, pe locul lui construindu-se blocuri, stațiunea de cercetare și dezvoltare pentru creșterea bovinelor și unitatea de jandarmerie, iar iazul a devenit mlăștinos.

Primăria comunei Sângeorgiu de Mureș a reușit să cumpere castelul în anul 2010, de la urmașii contelui Mariaffi, după ce Ministerul Culturii nu și-a exercitat dreptul de preempțiune. Din bugetul propriu a reabilitat acoperișul, principala urgență, deoarece clădirea era în pericol iminent de prăbușire. În anul 2018 au demarat, timid, lucrările de renovare, cu finanțare europeană, în valoare de 1,1 milioane de euro. După finalizarea lucrărilor de reabilitare, castelul va fi mobilat, datorită unui alt proiect european câștigat, iar apoi introdus în circuitul turistic și cultural al județului Mureș.

La parter vor funcționa Muzeul Etnografic Român, într-o altă sală Muzeul Maghiar și în altă sală Muzeul Romanes, unde vor fi expuse costume populare și obiecte tradiționale specifice fiecăreia dintre etniile care conviețuiesc pe raza comunei. La parter se mai intenționează amenajarea unei biblioteci, inclusiv o bibliotecă electronică, și un mic Muzeu al Satului. La etaj vor fi amenajate o Sală a Căsătoriilor și o sală de ședințe.

Deocamdată, până la finalizarea lucrărilor de reabilitare, care vor dura cel puțin 24 de luni, accesul în curtea castelului este interzis.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ion Dorin Narcis, Castele, palate și conace din România, editura Fundației Culturale Române, București, 2001 ISBN 973-577-320-1.

Vezi și
 Sângeorgiu de Mureș, Mureș

Legături externe
 Monumente istorice din România - Fișă și localizare de monument

Imagini

Castele din România
Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Fondări în 1870
Castele din județul Mureș

Castelul Máriaffy din Sângeorgiu de Mureș


Les statues-menhirs des Ardaliès sont un ensemble de neuf statues-menhirs appartenant au groupe rouergat découvertes à Saint-Izaire, dans le département de l'Aveyron en France.

Généralités
Les neuf statues-menhirs trouvées sur le site des Ardaliès ont toutes été découvertes par Charles Pessayre entre 1971 et 1975 dans un champ situé sur un promontoire dominant la vallée du Dourdou. Elles ont été sculptées dans des dalles de grès permien d'origine locale, assez friable. Ce sont des statues de petites tailles, inférieures à la moyenne des autres statues du groupe rouergat :

Les statues

Statue n°1

C'est une statue masculine complète, la face est en bon état bien qu'elle soit plus érodée dans sa partie haute, le dos est bien état. Elle a été gravée. Les caractères anthropomorphes sont constitués du visage (yeux, nez, tatouages), des bras, des mains, et des jambes disjointes et les orteils bien visibles. Elle porte une ceinture avec une boucle (représentée par une cupule), un baudrier avec anneau (cupule) côté face et côté verso.

Statue n°2

La statue est très fragmentaire. Elle a été sculptée et gravée. Elle ne comporte plus que le bras droit, les mains et une partie de la jambe gauche. C'est une statue masculine qui a été féminisée par gravure de seins (seul le sein droit subsiste). Elle possède plusieurs caractéristiques uniques parmi toutes les statues-menhirs : les mains comportent une représentation des phalanges, la ceinture est décorée de croisillons de face comme de dos, le fourreau du baudrier est décoré de chevrons très fins qui pourrait correspondre à un tressage. Au dos, une omoplate et la bretelle du baudrier sont visibles.

Statue n°3

La statue est amputée de sa partie haute. Elle a été gravée. Elle comporte une ceinture, deux jambes et un pied droit. L'absence de caractère ou d'attributs sexués ne permet pas de définir son sexe.

Statue n°4
Il n'en demeure que le tronçon central, les deux côtés sont très abîmés. Elle a été gravée. Une ceinture est le seul attribut visible ce qui ne permet pas de définir son sexe.

Statue n°5
Il n'en demeure que le tronçon central, les deux côtés sont très abîmés. Elle a été sculptée. Les jambes sont partiellement visibles et elle comporte une ceinture et un baudrier dorsal bifide incomplet.

Statue n°6
Il n'en demeure que la moitié supérieure. C'est une statue féminine. Elle a été gravée par piquetage. Le visage est partiellement effacé mais les yeux, le nez et une partie des tatouages sont visibles. Les mains entourent une zone piquetée dont la signification est indéterminée. Une amorce des jambe est perceptible. La chevelure, très large, est atypique. Les crochets-omoplates sont absents. La ceinture comporte une boucle.

Statue n°7
Il n'en demeure que des fragments inférieurs. La statue a été gravée, seuls la partie basse des jambes et les pieds sont visibles. L'absence de caractère ou d'attributs sexués ne permet pas de définir son sexe.

Statue n°8
Il n'en demeure qu'un fragment inférieur de petite taille () représentant une jambe, un pied et une ceinture. Elle a été gravée.

Statue n°9
C'est la plus petite des statues du groupe rouergat. Elle est complète et en très bon état. Elle a été gravée puis sculptée. Le visage comporte des yeux et des tatouages. Les jambes sont jointives et les orteils sont visibles. Initialement masculine, elle a été féminisée en agrandissant l'anneau du baudrier originel pour dessiner le sein droit, le sein gauche étant rajouté par gravure. La ceinture est décorée d'un motif de chevrons. L'omoplate droite et une partie de celle de gauche, ainsi qu'un baudrier à anneau, sont visibles au dos.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Aveyron
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'Aveyron
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Ardaliès
Site mégalithique dans l'Aveyron

Statues-menhirs des Ardaliès


Glücksburg (Danca:Lyksborg) Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı kent. 39,7 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 6014 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı John Witt tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 stadt.gluecksburg.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Glücksburg


Tetsuya Harada (jpn. 原田 哲也, Harada Tetsuya), (Chiba, perfektura Chiba, Japan, 14 lipnja 1970.), bivši japanski vozač motociklističkih utrka.

Životopis i karijera

Uspjesi u prvenstvima
 Svjetsko prvenstvo - 250cc
 prvak: 1993.
 drugoplasirani: 1995., 2001.
 trećeplasirani: 1997., 1998.

 Svejapansko prvenstvo - 250cc
 prvak: 1992.
 drugoplasirani: 1990., 1991.

 Japansko juniorsko prvenstvo - 125cc
 prvak: 1988.

Osvojene utrke

Osvojene utrke u natjecanjima sa statusom svjetskog prvenstva

Ostale pobjede

Pregled karijere

Po sezonama - cestovni motociklizam

Po natjecanjima - cestovni motociklizam

Povezani članci

Vanjske poveznice
  motogp.com, Tetsuya Harada

Izvori

  sportnetwork.net, Tetsuya Harada profile, pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.
  pilotegpmoto.com, HARADA Tetsuya, preuzeto 28. travnja 2022.
  motorsportstats.com, Tetsuya Harada, pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.
  motorsportmagazine.com, Tetsuya Harada, pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.
  motorsport-archive.com, Tetsuya Harada, pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.
  the-sports.org, Tetsuya Harada, pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.
  motoracing-japan.com, MFJ ROAD RACE CHAMPIONSHIP , pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.
  racingmemo.free.fr, Les Champions Japonais, pristupljeno 28. travnja 2022.

Japanski športski motociklisti

Tetsuya Harada