Lafayette College is a private liberal arts college in Easton, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1826 by James Madison Porter and other citizens in Easton, the college first held classes in 1832.  The founders voted to name the college after General Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution.

Located on College Hill in Easton, the campus is in the Lehigh Valley, about  west of New York City and  north of Philadelphia. Lafayette College guarantees campus housing to all enrolled students. The college requires students to live in campus housing unless approved for residing in private off-campus housing or at home as a commuter.

The student body, consisting entirely of undergraduates, comes from 46 U.S. states and territories and nearly 60 countries. Students at Lafayette have access to more than 250 clubs and organizations, including athletics, fraternities and sororities, special interest groups, community service clubs, and honor societies.

History

Founding

A group of Easton, Pennsylvania residents, led by James Madison Porter, son of General Andrew Porter of Norristown, Pennsylvania, met on December 27, 1824, at White's Tavern to discuss founding a college in town.  The recent visit of General Lafayette to New York during his grand tour of the US in 1824 and 1825 prompted the founders to name the college after the renowned French military officer, a hero of the American Revolutionary War, as "a testimony of respect for [his] talents, virtues, and signal services... in the great cause of freedom".

The group established a 35-member board of trustees, a system of governance that continues at the college to the present.  They selected Porter, lawyer Jacob Wagener, and Yale-educated lawyer Joel Jones to come up with an education plan.  The charter gained state approval from the legislature and, on March 9, 1826, Pennsylvania Governor John Andrew Shulze. Along with establishing Lafayette as a liberal arts college, the charter provided for religious equality among professors, students, and staff.

The board of trustees met on May 15, 1826, for the election of officers: Thomas McKeen as Treasurer, Joel Jones as Secretary, and James Madison Porter as the first president of the college. Over the next few years, the board met several times to discuss property and funding for the college's start-up. Six years after the first meeting, Lafayette began to enroll students.

The college opened on May 1, 1829, with four students under the guidance of Rev. John Monteith. At the start of the next year, the Rev. George Junkin, a Presbyterian minister, was elected first official president of the college. He moved the all-male Manual Labor Academy of Pennsylvania from Germantown (near Philadelphia) to Easton. Its first two professors were Charles F. McCay and James I. Coon. Classes began on May 9, 1832, with instruction of 43 students in a rented farmhouse on the south bank of the Lehigh River. Junkin supported colonization of Liberia by ex-slaves from the United States. He proposed Lafayette for educating free African Americans for missionary work in the new American colony established by the American Colonization Society. Between 1832 and 1844, ten black students were enrolled at Lafayette, four of whom later served as missionaries in Liberia. Most African Americans, however, wanted to gain their legal rights in the United States, which, for many, had been their homeland for generations.

During the college's first years, students were required to work in the fields and workshops to allow the college to earn money to support its programs.  This manual labor was retained as part of the curriculum until 1839, as the college was focused on preparing students for Military and Civil Engineering. Later that year, Lafayette purchased property on what is now known as "College Hill" – nine acres of elevated land across Bushkill Creek.  The college's first building was constructed two years later on the current site of South College.

A dispute between Porter and Rev. Junkin led to the latter man's resignation from the presidency in 1841. The trustees considered the possibility of religious affiliation to achieve financial stability for the college.

In 1854, Lafayette College became affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. By relinquishing their control, the college was able to collect $1000 a year from the Presbyterian Church Board of Education as regularly as the latter could pay it. In the time from 1855 to 1856, Lafayette had a peak enrollment of 112 students in total. The class of 1857, a close-knit group of 27 men, worked in secrecy to establish charters in national fraternities, thus founding the first Greek fraternities at Lafayette College. These fraternities remained secret until 1915, as they were discouraged by the authorities as divisive of group unity.

World War I
In preparation for United States entry into the World War I, which had involved European nations since 1914, Lafayette announced that current students would be awarded their degrees in absentia if they enlisted or went to work on farms to support the war effort. Professor Beverly Kunkel organized The Lafayette Ambulance United, Section 61, United States Army Ambulance Corps.  During the summer of 1917, Dr. MacCracken arranged to adapt the campus as a war camp for the War Department.  Men trained to serve in mechanical trades.  Lafayette remained a war camp until January 2, 1919, when the regular course of study was re-established there.

Great Depression

Between 1930 and 1934, during the Great Depression, the number of students declined dramatically.  The college created new scholarships and scholarship loans to enable more students to attend.  It also founded an Engineering Guidance Conference for boys. The conference was two weeks long and introduced twenty-one high school students to the concepts of engineering. This program continued until the outbreak of World War II in 1941. Though the college faced its own deficits during the Depression, it aided the larger community by offering a series of free classes to unemployed men, beginning in 1932. They also made athletic facilities available for free to unemployed members of the community. Enrollment began to rise again for the 1935–1936 academic year.

Decade of Progress campaign

As the college moved out of the Great Depression, the college's new president, William Mather Lewis, began what was called the Decade of Progress capital campaign, in order to fund delayed improvements. It started as a celebration of the 70th anniversary of Lafayette's engineering program.  President Lewis regarded this 70-year span as a period which "covers the great development in American engineering which has now seemed to reach its peak." The goal of this campaign was to raise $500,000 for payments on Gates Hall, renovation of Van Wickle Memorial Library, and equipment upgrades in other departments. By the time the campaign closed in 1944, the college had received a total amount of $280,853.34.

World War II
Initially, most of the faculty and students at Lafayette wanted the U.S. to stay out of the conflict in Europe. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the Pan-American Congress, saying that the US had a duty to protect Americans' science, culture, freedom and civilization, thirty-seven Lafayette faculty members wired the president objecting to his speech. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and declaration of war by the US, the Northampton County Council of Defense organized a College Council of Defense at Lafayette. The college took official action as well. It bolstered its ROTC program and improved facilities to prepare for air raid tests. The college continued its academic programs until the US lowered the draft age from 20 to 18 in November 1942.

While more students enlisted, Lafayette College was one of 36 academic institutions selected by the United States Department of War to train engineering and aviation cadets. After the war, the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944 (known as the GI Bill) resulted in a new wave of enrollment at Lafayette by veterans: in 1949 the college had approximately 2000 students.

Coeducational institution
In 1967, in consideration of cultural changes that included women seeking more participation in society, faculty requested that a special committee be formed to discuss making Lafayette a co-educational institution. That committee issued a formal recommendation the following year. In September 1970, Lafayette College welcomed its first official coeducational class with 146 women (123 freshmen, and 23 transfers).

21st century
In 2004, a report on religious life at Lafayette College was compiled, recommending a review of the college's formal relationship with the Presbyterian church. The college has retained its affiliation, although it is not a member of the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities.

In 2007, the college commemorated the 250th birthday of General Lafayette through a series of lectures and campus dedications. Major festivities were held on September 6, 2007, Lafayette's birthday. They were started the night before with a lecture by renowned historian David McCullough. On March 9, Lafayette commemorated approval of the college charter by the Pennsylvania Legislature with a campus-wide and alumni toast around the world.

On January 16, 2013, Dr. Alison R. Byerly was announced as Lafayette's 17th and first female president. She took office on July 1, 2013, replacing outgoing president Daniel Weiss. She was formerly a professor at Middlebury College.

In the mid-2010s, the college began to undertake plans for expansion of the student body to 2,900 students and the construction of new dorms and academic buildings, with the stated goal of raising funds for financial aid.

Nicole Hurd, the founder of the College Advising Corps, was announced as Byerly's successor as president on May 15, 2021.

Academics

Lafayette College offers a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in 37 fields. Lafayette also offers 14 Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees, 10 in areas of science and four in fields of engineering. Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
Economics (81)
Mechanical Engineering (60)
Neuroscience (39)
Political Science & Government (38)
Chemical Engineering (35)
Psychology (34)
Civil Engineering (32)
International Relations & Affairs (32)

Lafayette College offers engineering programs within its liberal arts setting. The engineering programs offer five concentrations: chemical, civil, electrical & computer, mechanical, and engineering studies. In 2012, 94% of Lafayette's candidates (currently enrolled) passed the Fundamentals of Engineering Examination. This is the first requirement toward getting a professional engineering license. The national average varies from 70 to 87%, depending on the type of engineering.

Lafayette's team was undefeated in the academic College Bowl in 1962, retiring after beating the University of California, Berkeley for its fifth victory. In recent years, Lafayette College students earned numerous national and international scholarships, For the class of 2012, Lafayette gave financial aid to 66% of its students, with the average package amounting to $26,850 for all students.

The college also offers merit-based academic scholarships: the Marquis Fellowship, a full-tuition scholarship, and the Marquis Scholarship, a half-tuition scholarship. As of 2021, Lafayette's endowment was more than $1.063 billion.

Admissions
For the class of 2027, the college received 9,866 applications, of which 3032 were accepted, for an acceptance rate of 30.7 percent.

Campus

Lafayette College occupies College Hill in Easton, Pennsylvania, located in the Lehigh Valley. It is about  west of New York City and  north of Philadelphia. Its 340-acre campus houses 69 buildings, comprising approximately 1.76 million square feet. This includes a 230-acre athletic campus.  Lafayette's campus buildings range in architectural style from Pardee Hall's Second Empire design and Hogg Hall's Collegiate Gothic, to the late modern architecture of the Williams Center for the Arts, the William E. and Carol G. Simon Wing of Skillman Library, and the Farinon College Center.

Academic facilities

Williams Center for the Arts is the college's performing arts center. Completed in 1983, the building houses the Performance Series, the Williams Art Gallery and College Collections, the College Theater program, the departments of Art and Music, and the student-led Arts Society. The centerpiece of the Williams Center is the 400-seat theater/concert hall and also contains a versatile art gallery, a 100-seat black box theater, and classrooms and studios for music and art.

Pardee Hall, funded by Ario Pardee and completed in 1873, is one of the earliest buildings constructed at Lafayette College. When initially constructed, it was one of the largest academic buildings of its era. Pardee was designed to hold all of the science programs. Today it is used for most of Lafayette's humanities and social science departments.

The Kirby Hall of Civil Rights was constructed in the late 1920s between the First World War and the Great Depression. The cost of the building was donated by Kirby. The design was "rumored to be per square foot the most expensive building of its day." Lafayette selected the architectural firm Warren and Wetmore, known for their projects of designing the New York Yacht Club, the New York Biltmore Hotel, and Grand Central Station. The building's exterior embraces styles of Republic Rome, the Renaissance, 17th English classicism, and Beaux-Arts. The interior lobby area contains broad staircases and is constructed of travertine marble. The building currently houses the Government and Law department. Students have access to the Kirby library, which has 20-foot ceilings and oak-paneled book cases.

Markle Hall, now the main administrative building, holding Offices of Admissions and Financial Aid, was designed as the Hall of Mining Engineering. The college's Special Collections maintains an online historical overview of all the campus buildings.

The David Bishop Skillman library, built in 1961, is the main library on campus; the Simon Wing was added in 1986, and a $22 million renovation and expansion was completed in 2004.
 The library contains over 500,000 volumes in its collections and subscribes to thousands of magazines, journals, and newspapers in the electronic and paper format. In addition, the college's Special Collections and College Archives holds materials and displays holdings related to the Marquis de Lafayette. Reading and study areas and computer labs are available to the students.

East Asia Image Collection
The East Asia Image Collection (EAIC) is an open-access digital repository of images from all areas of the history of the Empire of Japan. It is curated by the Digital Scholarship Services of Lafayette College. Rare materials include prewar picture postcards, high-quality commercial prints, and colonial era picture books.

Housing and student life facilities

Lafayette College guarantees campus housing to all enrolled students. The school requires students to live in campus housing unless approved for residing in private off-campus housing, or at home as a commuter. The college offers on-campus housing options, including traditional halls, Greek chapter houses, suite-style halls, and group living units. Some halls are single gender, while others may be co-ed by floor, wing, room, or suite. In addition, Lafayette College provides specialty housings that ties to specific academic departments, student organizations, or religious affiliations. Other residences include the McKelvy House, the Arts Houses, the Hispanic Society of Lafayette, and the Hillel House.

Lafayette College offers a variety of dining options for campus residents. Farinon College Center houses two of the main dining halls on campus. The top floor of Farinon is an "all-you-can-eat" style buffet, while ground level is a food court. Marquis Hall, the second-largest dining hall on campus, is the second dining hall with an "all-you-can-eat" style buffet. Marquis also houses regularly themed events and contests. Gilbert's Cafe, a coffeehouse located on the ground floor of Kirby House, was opened in 1999 to provide a late-night hangout and food for students. Simon's, a sandwich shop, is located in the ground floor of Kamine, a residence hall. The Skillman Café, located in the Skillman Library, sells Starbucks coffee and fresh-baked items made by the college. Lafayette also maintains an off-campus organic farm, LaFarm, which provides vegetables to the dining halls and employment for interested students.

Athletics

The Lafayette Leopards compete in the Patriot League under the guidance of current Athletic Director Sherryta Freeman. Lafayette offers students participation in 23 NCAA Division I sports, 18 club sports, and over 30 intramural sports.  Student-athletes are considered students first, and athletes second.  Lafayette currently ranks third nationally in student-athlete graduation success rate, according to the most recent NCAA study.

In 1896, Lafayette was the first non-Ivy League school to win a national football championship.  It was the first to use the "huddle", and the head harness, precursor to the football helmet.

Chief rivalry (Lafayette-Lehigh)

Lafayette College's athletic program is notable for "The Rivalry" with nearby Lehigh University.  Since 1884, the two football teams have met 150 times. This rivalry has had the most games in the history of American college football. It is also one of the oldest (when including high school or secondary school contests). It is also the longest-running rivalry in college football, with the teams playing at least once every year since 1897.  The Rivalry is considered to be one of the best in college athletics by ESPNU. It recently ranked as #8 among the Top Ten College Football Rivalries.

Student life

Students at Lafayette are involved in over 200 clubs and organizations including athletics, fraternities and sororities, special interest groups, community service clubs and honor societies. The Lafayette College Student Government, consisting of 40 representatives, selected by 12 elected students, is responsible for chartering and supporting most of the student organizations on campus, and is responsible for allocating their budgets to allow these clubs to create programming and events for the campus community. Student Government collaborates with different administrative bodies on campus to improve the community, and is one component of the shared governance model with the faculty, administration, and Board of Trustees, which operates in order to best meet the needs of the students.

Greek life
Lafayette College has a Greek community. Though students are not eligible to join these organizations until sophomore year, approximately 39% of eligible students join the school's fraternities and sororities. All but two of the Greek organizations at Lafayette are located on campus, making it a viable living option. Additionally, members of each house commit themselves to various philanthropic ventures throughout the academic year as these groups work together with the college, local, and national affiliates to help achieve the goals and ideals their organizations were founded upon.

In addition to the social fraternities and sororities, there are also a number of academic honor societies on campus.

Newspaper
The Lafayette, Lafayette's weekly student newspaper, was founded in 1870 and is the oldest college newspaper in Pennsylvania. It is available in both print and online form. Published every Friday during the academic year, print editions can be found around campus. All articles printed will also be available to read online and are uploaded every Friday. The newspaper has been published continuously since its creation, with the exception of during World War II, when operations were suspended between fall 1943 and March 1945. Over 4,200 digitized issues of The Lafayette are available online. The newsroom is located in the Farinon College Center.

Campus radio
The college radio station, which was founded in 1946, is WJRH and broadcasts to the campus and greater Lehigh Valley area at 104.9FM.

Student government
Lafayette College Student Government is composed of four executive members (president, vice president, treasurer, and secretary), the board of directors, and committee members. With approximately 60 members, the student government covers a wide range of topics. Each committee has one elected director and three to seven committee members that are chosen through an application process and vetted by the elected members.

Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega, an international co-educational service fraternity, was founded at Lafayette in 1925 by Frank Reed Horton in Hogg Hall. The chapter regained its charter in 2018 after the efforts of student leaders, and maintains a mission to provide service work on campus and in the Easton community.

Investment club
Founded in 1946, the club is the oldest student-run investment club in the country. The club made national news in 2016, when CNN profiled their investment skills that led to returns of over 175 times their initial investment over 70 years (from $3,000 in 1946 to $530,000 in 2016), thereby beating the S&P 500 Index. As of April 2023, the portfolio has a market value of over $1 million and contains over 50 stocks.

Engineers Without Borders

The club was founded in 2003 and is a member of EWB-USA. Members of the club represent many disciplines in engineering and the liberal arts.  The club is linked with rural villages in the Yoro region of Honduras. EWB's mission is to design and implement projects in these villages that help promote better life.  The club has focused its efforts on water treatment systems.

El Convento, which is located in the Yoro district of central Honduras, will be the third sustainable water project EWB-LC students have worked on in the country since 2003 when the club was founded. The group has implemented gravity-fed water systems in neighboring Lagunitas and La Fortuna.  In La Fortuna, the group utilized a slow sand filter in its system. The group's previous work garnered national media exposure for being one of six national institutions to receive a $75,000 grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Volunteer opportunities

Landis Center
The Landis Center, Lafayette College's community outreach program, provides students with service opportunities.

Alternative School Break
Another volunteering alternative to the aforementioned Engineers Without Borders and Landis is Alternative School Break (ASB). Students travel in teams during the January interim or spring break and help communities build homes, paint, and tutor. Recent destinations have included the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, New Orleans, Chicago, and New York City. Students raise money through various fundraising events to mitigate the cost of the trip.

Lafayette Activities Forum
The Lafayette Activities Forum is a student-run organization to "promote campus interaction and student relations by incorporating programs and entertainment that reflect the interests of the general student body". LAF is made up of five committees: Class Year Experience, Culture, Media, & Entertainment, Traditions, Music & Coffeehouse, and Marketing. They are in charge of planning events such the Spring Concert, Fall Fest, the Spot Underground, Open Mic nights, and Live Comedy.

Notable people

Notable alumni of Lafayette College include CEOs Ian Murray (Vineyard Vines) and Chip Bergh (Levi Strauss & Co.), author Jay Parini, major league baseball manager Joe Maddon, and politicians William E. Simon (Secretary of the Treasury), John W. Griggs (Attorney General), and Marcia Bernicat (U.S. Ambassador to Bangladesh). Additionally, Lafayette counts among its alumni two Nobel Laureates (Philip S. Hench, Haldan K. Hartline), two billionaires, one MacArthur Fellow, and dozens of prominent bankers, judges, and scientists.

Notable alumni

Since the college's establishment in 1826, and in conformity with the changing role of higher education in the U.S., the occupations of its graduates have shifted greatly from mainly clergymen, to rail road engineers, to lawyers, and then in the early-mid 20th century to the more diversified roles across the occupational spectrum seen presently. A non-exhaustive list of alumni achievements known to be deserving of recognition is as follows:

In government: Seventeen United States Congressmen, six governors, more than fifty members of state legislatures, four members of the President's cabinet, four ambassadors of the United States, countless diplomats, judges, mayors, and local government officials

In business: Several executives have attended including Captains of Industry at the turn of the century such as the founding members or directors of Carnegie Steel, Dow Jones & Company, and Woolworth's. In more recent times, graduates have held executive positions at a variety of Fortune 500 companies including ExxonMobil, Asbury Automotive Group, Morgan Stanley, Citigroup, Merrill Lynch and Goldman Sachs.

In technology: Sarkis Acopian, inventor of the solar radio; William C. Lowe, supervisor of the team that launched the first IBM PC; Don Lancaster (class of 1961) author of numerous electronic books including TTL Cookbook and CMOS Cookbook

In academia: James McKeen Cattell, the first professor of psychology in the United States; Frank Reed Horton, founder of the Alpha Phi Omega service fraternity; Steven Kuehl, Professor of marine geology; Barry Wellman, founder of the International Network for Social Network Analysis

In literature: Stephen Crane, author of The Red Badge of Courage; Jay Parini, professor and a leading innovator in biographical fiction; Ross Gay, poet and professor; Kameisha Jerae Hodge, writer, editor, and poet

In medicine: Two Nobel Prize winners, Philip S. Hench and Haldan K. Hartline

In military: Two four-star generals, Peyton C. March and George H. Decker, and two three-star generals, Edgar Jadwin and Stuart Risch

In science: Chief Chemist, USDA, William McMurtrie; inventor of Corningware, S. Donald Stookey; MacArthur Fellow and professor of psychiatry; Jay Weiss; Leidy Klotz, professor and author

In sports: Five members of The College Football Hall of Fame, eight NFL players, seven professional baseball players, and an Olympic gold medalist, including two-time World Series champion Joe Maddon (2002, 2016); and Charlie Berry Jr, who played for the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Athletics and is the only person to officiate an NFL Championship, World Series, and College All-star game in the same year.

Notable faculty

 Eugene C. Bingham, former chemistry department head, pioneer in rheology theory
 John Franklin Bruce Carruthers, former head of the Bible department, reverend to early aviators
 Lyman Coleman, former chair of ancient languages, scholar of religion
 Guy Consolmagno, assistant professor, physics, and astronomy
 Thomas Messinger Drown, former professor of chemical engineering, analytical chemist, and metallurgist
 Clement Eaton, History Department chairman, 1931–1942
 Terry Jonathan Hart, visiting lecturer of engineering
 Robert Higgs, former professor of economics, known for his ratchet effect theory
 Caspar Wistar Hodge, Jr., former professor of religion and theological scholar
 George Junkin, first and third president of Lafayette College
 Ed Kerns, former head of the art department, known for his contributions to abstract expressionism
 Chawne Kimber, mathematician and quilter
 William Sebring Kirkpatrick, former lecturer of municipal law, member of the United States House of Representatives
 Francis March, first professor of English Literature at any American college or university
 Donald L. Miller, writer and war historian
 Michael H. Moskow, former professor of economics, eighth president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
 Bruce Allen Murphy, Supreme Court Scholar
 Arnold A. Offner, historian of foreign policy, former president of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations
 Alix Ohlin, Canadian novelist, associate professor of English
 Thomas Conrad Porter, former professor of botany and zoology
 Theodore Roethke, poet
 Len Roberts, former professor of English, Fulbright scholar and fellow of the National Endowment for the Humanities
 Anna Rubin, former professor of music, composer
 Rosemarie Tong, former professor of philosophy, known for her contributions to bioethics and health care reform
 Lee Upton, poet, writer in residence, professor of English
 Laura Walls, former professor of English, researcher of American Transcendentalism
 Hana Wirth-Nesher, former professor of English, American-Israeli literary scholar

Notable coaches
 George Barclay, head football coach (1908); inventor of the football helmet
 Butch van Breda Kolff, head men's basketball coach (1952–1956)
 Tom Davis, head men's basketball coach (1971–1977)
 Tim Lenahan, head men's soccer coach (1998–2000)
 Herb McCracken, head football coach (1924–1935)
 Tim Murphy, assistant football coach (1981)
 Edward Mylin, head football coach (1937–1942, 1946)
 Steve Spagnuolo, assistant football coach, (1984–1986)
 Jock Sutherland, head football coach (1919–1923)
 Gary Williams, head men's soccer coach and assistant men's basketball coach (1972–1977)
 Hal Wissel, head men's basketball coach (1967–1971)

References

External links

 Official athletics website

1826 establishments in Pennsylvania
Easton, Pennsylvania
Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union
Educational institutions established in 1826
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
Liberal arts colleges in Pennsylvania
Patriot League
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges in Northampton County, Pennsylvania

Lafayette College


Tsugutoshi Oishi (født 25. september 1989) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub SC Sagamihara.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tsugutoshi Oishi


Konakkuran, Adana ilinin Feke ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski adı Puhnu olup 1970´yıllarında adının Konakkuran olarak değiştirilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 157 km, Feke ilçesine 35 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Feke'nin mahalleleri

Konakkuran, Feke


Glenea arouensis é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por James Thomson em 1858.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

arouensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1858

Glenea arouensis


"Super Cool" este un cântec al interpretei române Anca Pop. Acesta a fost lansat la data de 24 martie 2016 ca cel de-al doilea extras pe single al albumului său de debut omonim.

Videoclip
În aceeași zi a fost lansat un videoclip muzical pentru promovarea cântecului, regizat de către Bogdan Păun. Efecte psihedelice sunt folosite pe tot parcursul videoclipului. În videoclip sunt prezentați doi cai care bat în tobe japoneze, și alte tipuri de iluzii.

Ordinea pieselor pe disc

Specificații
 A ^ Versiunea de pe albumul de proveniență, Anca Pop.
 B ^ Remix "Pink Elephant West".
 C ^ Remix "Pink Elephant East-Sax".
 D ^ Remix "Pink Elephant East-Bouzouki".
 E ^ Remix "Sergio T".
 F ^ Remix Edit "Sergio T".

Referințe

Legături externe

Cântece pop
Cântece românești
Cântece din 2016
Discuri single din 2016
Cântece de Anca Pop

Super Cool


The European Patent Organisation (sometimes abbreviated EPOrg in order to distinguish it from the European Patent Office, one of the two organs of the organisation) is a public international organisation created in 1977 by its contracting states to grant patents in Europe under the European Patent Convention (EPC) of 1973. The European Patent Organisation has its seat at Munich, Germany, and has administrative and financial autonomy. The organisation is independent from the European Union, and has as member states all 27 EU member states along with 12 other European states.

The evolution of the Organisation is inherently linked to that of the European Patent Convention. See European Patent Convention (EPC) for the history of the European patent system as set up by the EPC, operated by the European Patent Office (EPO), and supervised by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation.

Organs

The European Patent Organisation has two organs: the European Patent Office, which acts as its executive body, and the Administrative Council, which acts as its supervisory body as well as, to a limited extent, its legislative body. The actual legislative power to revise the European Patent Convention lies with the Contracting States themselves when meeting at a Conference of the Contracting States.

Besides, the Boards of Appeal, which do not form an independent organ of the Organisation but are integrated within the European Patent Office, are assigned the role of an independent judiciary. The European Patent Organisation is in that sense an international organisation "modelled on a modern state order and based on the separation of powers principle".

European Patent Office

The European Patent Office (EPO) examines European patent applications and grants European patents under the European Patent Convention. Its headquarters are located at Munich, Germany, with a branch in Rijswijk (near The Hague, Netherlands), sub-offices in Berlin, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, and a "liaison bureau" in Brussels, Belgium.

Administrative Council

The Administrative Council is made up of members of the contracting states and is responsible for overseeing the work of the European Patent Office, ratifying the budget and approving the actions of the President of the Office. The council also amends the Rules of the EPC and some particular provisions of the Articles of the European Patent Convention.

As of 2019, the Chairman of the Administrative Council is Josef Kratochvíl.

Legal status
The European Patent Organisation has legal personality, and is represented by the President of the European Patent Office.

Member states, extension state, and validation states

There are, as of October 2022, 39 Contracting States to the EPC, also called member states of the European Patent Organisation: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom (see European Patent Convention article for the dates of entry in force in each country). That is, all EU member states are also members of the European Patent Organisation, and, additionally, Albania, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom are also members of the European Patent Organisation. The most recent member state to join the EPC was Montenegro which did so on 1 October 2022.

In addition, there is one "extension state", Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is not a Contracting State to the EPC but has signed an extension agreement under which the protection conferred by European patent applications and patents is extended to the relevant country. Slovenia, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, and Montenegro were all extension states prior to joining the EPC.

Furthermore, there are so-called "validation states", which are not Contracting States to the EPC but have signed validation agreements that act similarly to the extension agreements to extend the protection of European patent applications and European patents. Morocco, Moldova, Tunisia, and Cambodia became validation states on 1 March 2015, 1 November 2015, 1 December 2017, and 1 March 2018, respectively.

See also
 Eurasian Patent Organization
 European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), dealing with trademarks and industrial designs for the European Union
 International Patent Institute (IIB), established in 1947 and integrated into the European Patent Organisation on its creation
 Patent examiner
 Trilateral Patent Offices

Notes

References

External links

Patent offices
Organisations based in Munich
International organisations based in Germany

European Patent Organisation


Des élections législatives ont eu lieu en Libye pour élire la Chambre des représentants le 17 janvier 1960.

Déroulement
Le pays a été divisé en 55 circonscriptions pour les élections. La majorité des circonscriptions ont été contestées par deux candidats ou plus, bien que les partis politiques étant interdits à l'époque, tous les candidats étaient indépendants. C'était la première élection au cours de laquelle le vote secret était utilisé à l'échelle nationale, car auparavant il avait été confiné aux zones urbaines.

Résultats
Le Premier ministre Abdul Majid Kubar et tous les autres ministres ont été réélus, mais le président du Parlement Salim al-Qadi a perdu son siège. À la suite des élections, al-Qadi a été nommé ministre de l'Éducation, en remplacement de Bubakir Naama, qui est devenu gouverneur de Tripolitaine. Ahmed al-Hasairi a remplacé Ibrahim Bin Shaban au poste de ministre de la Défense, tandis que Ben Shaban a été nommé "ambassadeur en général". Le ministre de l'Économie Rajab Bin Katu est devenu ministre de la Santé, échangeant des portefeuilles avec Mohammed Bin Othman Abd al-Hamid Daibani est resté ministre de la Justice, Nasr al-Kizza est resté ministre des Communications et Wahbi al-Bouri est resté ministre d'État.

Références

1960
Libye
1960 en Libye
Janvier 1960

Élections législatives libyennes de 1960


Olaylar
 Ocak - Kutsal Roma İmparatoru IV. Heinrich tarafından atanan Alman piskoposlar Papa VII. Gregory'ye olan bağlılıklarını sona erdirdiler.
 14 Şubat - Papa VII. Gregory IV. Heinrich'i aforoz etti.
 25 Aralık - Polonya kralı II. Bolesław (Lehçe: Bolesław Śmiały) Gniezno'da tahta çıktı.
 Murabıtlar, Gana'nın başkenti Kumbi'yi ele geçirdiler.

Doğumlar
 4 Ocak - İmparator Zhezong, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın yedinci imparatoru (ö. 1100)
 1 Haziran - Prens Kievli I. Mstislav (ö. 1132)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 El-Hadi bin el-Nizar, Elemûtlar-Nizârî Devleti hükümdârı (ö. 1136)
 Hâfız, Fâtımî halifesi (ö. 1149)

Ölümler
 21 Mart - Burgonya Dükü I. Robert (d. 1011)
 28 Nisan - II. Svend, Danimarka kralı (d. 1019)
 27 Aralık - Prens Kievli II. Sviatoslav (d. 1027)

1076


Luis Alberto Corvalán Castillo (Santiago, Chile, 2 de agosto de 1947-Sofía, Bulgaria, 26 de octubre de 1975) fue un ingeniero agrónomo y activista chileno.

Biografía
Hijo de Luis Corvalán (1916-2010), quien fuera secretario general del Partido Comunista de Chile (1948-1990) y prisionero político de la dictadura de Pinochet. Estuvo casado con Ruth Vuskovic Céspedes, hija de Pedro Vuskovic (ministro de Economía de Salvador Allende), con la que tuvo un hijo, el músico e investigador del folclor Diego Corvalán (hoy radicado en México). Se tituló como ingeniero agrónomo en la Universidad de Chile, donde fue dirigente de la FECH, y luego participó en el Plan de Reforma Agraria de la Unidad Popular.

Fue detenido tres días después del golpe militar del 11 de septiembre de 1973 y torturado durante más de un año, primero en el Estadio Nacional y más tarde en el campo de concentración Chacabuco. Tras ser liberado junto con otras 43 personas, entre ellas el cantautor Ángel Parra, hijo de Violeta Parra, grabó clandestinamente el álbum Chacabuco, que posteriormente Ángel le dedicaría.

Fue exiliado a Bulgaria en 1975, donde colaboró en el documental El corazón de Corvalán, dirigido por el cineasta soviético Román Karmen y estrenado en 1976, que formó parte de la campaña internacional que buscaba conseguir la liberación de su padre. Falleció durante la realización del documental, a los 28 años, como consecuencia de las torturas que sufrió en cautiverio.

En agosto de 2007 fue publicado póstumamente Viví para contarlo, libro escrito por Luis Alberto Corvalán en 1975 acerca de su escalofriante experiencia en Chacabuco. La obra incluye un prólogo escrito por Gladys Marín en junio de 1977, durante su exilio en México.

Referencias

Comunistas de Chile
Ingenieros de Chile
Torturados de Chile
Activistas por los derechos humanos de Chile
Chilenos exiliados de la dictadura militar
Víctimas de violación de los derechos humanos en Chile
Alumnado de la Universidad de Chile
Fallecidos en Sofía

Luis Alberto Corvalán


Medea er er en troldkvinde i græsk mytologi.

Derudover kan navnet også betyde:

Værker opkaldt efter Medea
 Medea (tragedie) – antik græsk tragedie af Euripides

Geografiske navne
 Medea (provins) – Provins i Algeriet
 Medea (by) – Administrationsbyen i provinsen

Medea (flertydig)


علم مقاطعة كولومبيا البريطانية عرض العلم في يوم 14 يونيو من سنة 1960 ويتكون العلم من أربعة خطوط متموجة بيضاء وثلاثة خطوط متموجة زرقاء ترمز إلى موقع المقاطعة بين جبال روكي والمحيط الهادئ الشمس تمثل حقيقة أن كولومبيا البريطانية هي مقاطعة كندية تقع في غرب البلاد.

مراجع

أعلام كندا
أعلام كولومبيا البريطانية
أعلام مع صلبان
استحداثات 1906
كولومبيا البريطانية

علم مقاطعة كولومبيا البريطانية


Kemaliye, Samsun ilinin Havza ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Köy ahalisi mübadil asıllıdır. Selanik, Yunanistan göçmeni olan köylü Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'le hemşehri olduğundan köye Kemaliye adı verilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 101 km, Havza ilçesine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Havza'nın mahalleleri

Kemaliye, Havza


Se cumple un año ¡¡¡y se cumple!!! es un álbum recopilatorio conformado por canciones interpretadas por varios artistas chilenos folcloristas y de la Nueva Canción Chilena participantes del sello Dicap, tales como Ángel Parra, Patricio Manns, Roberto Parra y Tito Fernández, entre otros. Fue lanzado en 1971 de forma independiente por el MAPU (partido izquierdista formado en 1969 y cuyos miembros luego del Golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973 fueron perseguidos políticos) para celebrar el primer aniversario del Gobierno del entonces Presidente de Chile Salvador Allende.

El álbum comienza y termina con el tema de Ángel, hijo de Violeta Parra, que al año siguiente daría nombre a su álbum Cuando amanece el día. A lo largo de los 35 minutos de duración se incluyen extractos de grabaciones de discursos de Allende, incluyendo dos minutos iniciales que preceden a la abertura musical del disco.

Lista de canciones

(*) «Palabras», también llamadas «Habla el compañero Allende», son extractos de grabaciones de discursos de Salvador Allende.
(**) versión con guitarra, tiple y bajo.

Créditos
 Colaboradores
 Roberto Frenkel
 Lalo Parra
 Clarita Parra
 Pedro Yáñez
 Marcelo Castillo
 Jorge Coulón

Referencias

Álbumes recopilatorios de 1971
Álbumes de Chile de 1971
Álbumes de Ángel Parra
Álbumes de Patricio Manns
Álbumes de Tito Fernández
Álbumes de varios artistas

Se cumple un año ¡¡¡y se cumple!!!


Idan David Amsalem (în ) este un chitarist și compozitor israelian, membru al trupei de oriental metal Orphaned Land. În trecut, Amsalem a fost component al formației Armilos și a participat la înregistrări în studio pentru trupa Edenwar.

Idan Amsalem l-a înlocuit în Orphaned Land, la începutul lui 2014, pe chitaristul și membrul fondator Yossi Sassi.

Discografie

cu Orphaned Land
Albume de studio
Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs (2018)
Kna'an (2016)
EP
Sukkot in Berlin (2015)

Colaborări
cu  Illusion Shankara & Hidden Trip  – producător a trei piese (albumul Bom Shiva, 2001)
cu Shlomit & RebbeSoul  – tobe pe piesa Spirit (Ruchi) (albumul The Seal Of Solomon, 2015)

Note

Chitariști israelieni
Chitariști heavy metal
Evrei israelieni
Membri Orphaned Land

Idan Amsalem


Forsvar i dybden eller dybdeforsvar er et militært udtryk, som betyder at den forsvarende side placerer sine enheder så de gradvis absorberer en angribende fjendes styrke. Enheder som er placeret længere tilbage og som kan gå til modangreb kan indgå i et dybdeforsvar. Et vellykket dybdeforsvar kan gøre at "chokket" fra et kraftigt overfald gradvis mindskes. Der findes flere historiske eksempler på vellykkede dybdeforsvar, eksempelvis slaget ved Kursk under anden verdenskrig.

Se også
Den brændte jords taktik

Militærtaktik

Forsvar i dybden


Tuvalus fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Tuvalu i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Tuvalus fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Oceanien

Tuvalus fodboldlandshold


7640 Marzari este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7640 Marzari este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,19 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 5,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

7640 Marzari


مقياس الإشعاعية الطيفية: هو جهاز مصمم لقياس توزيع القدرة الطيفية للمنابع الضوئية. وهو يعمل بشكل مشابه للمضواء الطيفي ضمن المجال المرئي للأشعة الكهرومغناطيسية. وتستخدم عادة لتقييم وتصنيف الأضواء من أجل بيعها بالنسبة للمصنع، أو من أجل تأكيد مواصفاتها من قبل المستهلك.

يستخدم مقياس الإشعاعية الطيفية لمعايرة شاشات الكرستال السائل LCD و أنبوب الأشعة المهبطية CRT في الحواسيب المحمولة و أجهزة بث مرئي فائق الجودة HDTV. تقاس قيم الفضاء اللوني وتقارن مع القيم المعيارية للتأكد من أن الألوان المعروضة صحيحة، وإزالة تفاوت الألوان بين الشاشات المتعددة.

اقرأ أيضًا

 علم قياس الإشعاع

مراجع

إضاءة
قياس إشعاعي
لون
مطيافيات

مقياس الإشعاعية الطيفية


Kontraktteori er en gren af økonomisk teori, som undersøger, hvordan forskellige aktører indgår formaliserede aftaler for at opnå bestemte formål. Det kan f.eks. være overenskomster mellem lønmodtagere og virksomheder, kontrakter mellem aktionærerne i en virksomhed og virksomhedens ledelse, mellem en virksomhed og dens leverandører, mellem en udlejer af en ejendom og hans lejere eller mellem forsikringsselskaber og deres kunder.

Kontraktteori under asymmetrisk information
I kontraktteori kan asymmetrisk information mellem parterne finde sted. Når der ikke er fuldkommen information, vil personer ofte befinde sig i en situation, hvor de er afhængige af, at andre handler på deres vegne. Kontrakter er en måde, hvorpå man kan skabe incitamenter, som forhindrer en interessekonflikt, og fastlægger, hvordan en eventuel risiko skal fordeles mellem parterne. Kontrakter bruges således ofte til at regulere principal-agent-forhold. Teorien kan f.eks. besvare spørgsmål som hvornår arbejdere bør få udbetalt en bonus for deres indsats; hvordan man bedst indretter kontrakten, der specificerer, under hvilke omstændigheder bonussen skal udbetales; om direktører i virksomheder bør få aktieoptioner som del af deres ansættelseskontrakter, eller om andre ordninger er bedre; hvornår forsikringsselskaber bør forlange selvrisiko; hvordan det er bedst at indrette en forsikring med en selvrisiko; og under hvilke omstændigheder det er hensigtsmæssigt at privatisere offentlige ydelser.

En vigtig del af kontraktteorien er teorien om ufuldstændige kontrakter. Denne teori tager udgangspunkt i, at det ofte kan være umuligt at specificere regler for samtlige mulige fremtidige hændelser, som kan påvirke forholdet mellem kontraktparterne. I sådanne situationer bør kontrakter i stedet bestemme, hvem der har retten til at bestemme, hvilke handlinger der skal foretages i den givne situation.

Historie

Den senere Nobelpristager i økonomi Kenneth Arrow underkastede som en af de første området en formel analyse i 1960'erne. Området blev kendt i en bredere offentlighed, da økonomerne Oliver Hart og Bengt Holmström i 2016 fik Nobelprisen i økonomi for deres forskning indenfor kontraktteori.

Se også

Asymmetrisk information
Retsøkonomi

Kilder

Mikroøkonomi

Kontraktteori


La Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans  ou NAS JRB New Orleans ( IATA : NBG , ICAO : KNBG , FAA LID : NBG), est située à Belle Chasse, Paroisse de Plaquemine, en Louisiane. La base aéronavale de l'US Navy abrite le  de la  un escadron de soutien logistique de la flotte du  , un détachement d'hélicoptères d'attaque de l'United States Marine Corps Reserve, ainsi que d'autres activités de l'US Navy et de l'US Army. La base a un horaire de fonctionnement 24/24 heures, 7/7 jours, pour répondre à la fois aux exigences de souveraineté aérienne/de défense du territoire du NORAD du 159 FW et aux missions de recherche et sauvetage de la station aérienne de la Garde côtière de la Nouvelle-Orléans d'application du droit maritime/de sécurité portuaire. Il contient un aéroport militaire connu sous le nom d'AlLin Callender Field qui est situé à 6 km au sud du quartier d'affaire de La Nouvelle-Orléans. Le prédécesseur de la base, NAS New Orleans, a occupé l'emplacement actuel du campus principal de l'Université de La Nouvelle-Orléans jusqu'en 1957.

Occupants actuels
 Strike Fighter Squadron 204 (VFA-204) du Tactical Support Wing : Chasseurs d'attaque F/A-18 Hornet (U.S. Navy Reserve),
 VMR Belle Chase ,d
  (159 FW) : Avions de chasse F-15C/D Eagle (Louisiana Air National Guar),
Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 54  (VR-54) : C-130T Hercules (U.S. Navy Reserve),
 Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 773 (HMLA-773) : Hélicoptères UH-1Y Super Huey et AH-1 Super Cobra (U.S. Marine Corps),
 Coast Guard Air Station New Orleans : Hélicoptères MH-65C Dolphin,
 NCTAMS LANT
 ,
 Navy Operational Support Center (NOCS New- Orleans),
 ,
 FRC Mid-Atlantic Site Nouvelle-Orléans
 Bureau des services juridiques de la région Détachement du sud-est de la Nouvelle-Orléans
 Bureau de la logistique aérienne de la marine
 Station de traitement d'entrée militaire (alias MEPS), Nouvelle-Orléans

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans - site militarybase.net
  Naval Air Station New Orleans website

Liens internes

New Orleans
New Orleans
Base militaire en Louisiane
Base de l'United States Marine Corps
Installation de la United States Air National Guard

Naval Air Station New Orleans


Rick Macci (né le  à Greenville) est un entraîneur et ancien joueur de tennis américain.

Directeur de l'académie de tennis réputée Rick Macci Tennis Academy, il a notamment entraîné cinq joueurs classés numéro un : Andy Roddick, Jennifer Capriati, Maria Sharapova, Serena Williams et Venus Williams. Il a aussi entraîné de nombreux autres joueurs notables dont Anastasia Myskina, Mary Pierce, Sofia Kenin et Bethanie Mattek-Sands.

Sept fois récompensé comme entraîneur national de l'année United States Professional Tennis Association (USPTA), en 2010, il est intronisé au Temple de la renommée de l'USPTA en Floride.

Il est consultant pour le programme de développement des joueurs de l'USTA à Boca Raton, en Floride.

Dans le film La Méthode Williams (2021), son personnage est interprété par Jon Bernthal.

Notes et références

Naissance en décembre 1954
Naissance dans le comté de Darke
Entraîneur américain de tennis

Rick Macci


An Helictotrichon turcomanicum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Czopanov. An Helictotrichon turcomanicum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Helictotrichon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Helictotrichon

Helictotrichon turcomanicum


عين رافة هي قرية تقع غربي مدينة القدس تأسست علي يد السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني، يقدر عدد سكان قرية عين رافة نحو 1200 نسمة جميعهم ينتمون إلى الأسرة البرهومية البنانية الاصل، وتقع بجانها طريق القدس يافا.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في عقد 1940
أماكن مأهولة في منطقة القدس
تأسيسات عقد 1940 في الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين
قرى القدس
قرى عربية في إسرائيل

عين رافة


Leigh syndrome (also called Leigh disease and subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system. It is named after Archibald Denis Leigh, a British neuropsychiatrist who first described the condition in 1951. Normal levels of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate, and thiamine diphosphate are commonly found, but there is a reduced or absent level of thiamine triphosphate. This is thought to be caused by a blockage in the enzyme thiamine-diphosphate kinase, and therefore treatment in some patients would be to take thiamine triphosphate daily.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of Leigh syndrome were classically described as beginning in infancy and leading to death within a span of several years; however, as more cases are recognized, it is apparent that symptoms can emerge at any age—including adolescence or adulthood—and patients can survive for many years following diagnosis. Symptoms are often first seen after a triggering event that taxes the body's energy production, such as an infection or surgery. The general course of Leigh syndrome is one of episodic developmental regression during times of metabolic stress. Some patients have long periods without disease progression while others develop progressive decline.

Infants with the syndrome have symptoms that include diarrhea, vomiting, and dysphagia (trouble swallowing or sucking), leading to a failure to thrive. Children with early Leigh disease also may appear irritable and cry much more than healthy babies. Seizures are often seen. Excess lactate may be seen in the urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood of a person with Leigh syndrome.

As the disease progresses, the muscular system is debilitated throughout the body, as the brain cannot control the contraction of muscles. Hypotonia (low muscle tone and strength), dystonia (involuntary, sustained muscle contraction), and ataxia (lack of control over movement) are often seen in people with Leigh disease. The eyes are particularly affected; the muscles that control the eyes become weak, paralyzed, or uncontrollable in conditions called ophthalmoparesis (weakness or paralysis) and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements). Slow saccades are also sometimes seen. The heart and lungs can also fail as a result of Leigh disease. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (thickening of part of the heart muscle) is also sometimes found and can cause death; asymmetric septal hypertrophy has also been associated with Leigh syndrome. In children with Leigh-syndrome associated ventricular septal defects, caused by pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, high forehead and large ears are seen; facial abnormalities are not typical of Leigh syndrome.

However, respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in people with Leigh syndrome. Other neurological symptoms include peripheral neuropathy, loss of sensation in extremities caused by damage to the peripheral nervous system.

Hypertrichosis is seen in Leigh syndrome caused by mutations in the nuclear gene SURF1.

Genomics

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and over 30 genes in nuclear DNA (gene SURF1 and some COX assembly factors) have been implicated in Leigh disease.

Disorders of oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which cells produce their main energy source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), may be caused by mutations in either mtDNA or in nuclear encoded genes. The latter account for the majority of Leigh disease, although it is not always possible to identify the specific mutation responsible for the condition in a particular individual. Four out of the five protein complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are most commonly disrupted in Leigh syndrome, either because of malformed protein or because of an error in the assembly of these complexes. Regardless of the genetic basis, it results in an inability of the complexes affected by the mutation to perform their role in oxidative phosphorylation. In the case of Leigh disease, crucial cells in the brain stem and basal ganglia are affected. This causes a chronic lack of energy in the cells, which leads to cell death and in turn, affects the central nervous system and inhibits motor functions. The heart and other muscles also require a lot of energy and are affected by cell death caused by chronic energy deficiencies in Leigh syndrome.

Mitochondrial DNA mutations
Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotic cells. Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria carry their own DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The information stored in the mtDNA is used to produce several of the enzymes essential to the production of ATP.

Between 20 and 25 percent of Leigh syndrome cases are caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA. The most common of these mutations is found in 10 to 20 percent of Leigh syndrome and occurs in MT-ATP6, a gene that codes for a protein in the last complex of the oxidative phosphorylation chain, ATP synthase, an enzyme that directly generates ATP. Without ATP synthase, the electron transport chain will not produce any ATP. The most common MT-ATP6 mutation found with Leigh syndrome is a point mutation at nucleotide 8993 that changes a thymine to a guanine. This and other point mutations associated with Leigh syndrome destabilize or malform the protein complex and keep energy production down in affected cells. Several mitochondrial genes involved in creating the first complex of the oxidative phosphorylation chain can be implicated in a case of Leigh syndrome, including genes MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND5, MT-ND6 and MT-CO1.

Mitochondrial DNA is passed down matrilineally in a pattern called maternal inheritance—a mother can transmit the genes for Leigh syndrome to both male and female children, but fathers cannot pass down mitochondrial genes.

Nuclear DNA mutations

Nuclear DNA comprises most of the genome of an organism and in sexually reproducing organisms is inherited from both parents, in contrast to mitochondrial DNA's maternal pattern of inheritance. Leigh syndrome caused by nuclear DNA mutations is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. This means that two copies of the mutated gene are required to cause the disease, so two unaffected parents, each of whom carries one mutant allele, can have an affected child if that child inherits the mutant allele from both parents.

75 to 80 percent of Leigh syndrome is caused by mutations in nuclear DNA; mutations affecting the function or assembly of the fourth complex involved in oxidative phosphorylation, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), cause most cases of Leigh disease. Mutations in a gene called SURF1 (surfeit1) are the most common cause of this subtype of Leigh syndrome. The protein that SURF1 codes for is terminated early and therefore cannot perform its function, shepherding the subunits of COX together into a functional protein complex. This results in a deficit of COX protein, reducing the amount of energy produced by mitochondria. SURF1 is located on the long arm of chromosome 9. Some types of SURF1 mutations cause a subtype of Leigh syndrome that has a particularly late onset but similarly variable clinical course. Another nuclear DNA mutation that causes Leigh syndrome, gene DLD, affects another protein complex in the mitochondria, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Other nuclear genes associated with Leigh syndrome are located on chromosome 2 (BCS1L and NDUFA10); chromosome 5 (SDHA, NDUFS4, NDUFAF2, and NDUFA2); chromosome 8 (NDUFAF6), chromosome 10 (COX15); chromosome 11 (NDUFS3, NDUFS8, and FOXRED1); chromosome 12 (NDUFA9 and NDUFA12); and chromosome 19 (NDUFS7). Many of these genes affect the first oxidative phosphorylation complex.

X-linked Leigh syndrome

Leigh syndrome can also be caused by deficiency of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), the x-linked gene being PDHA1. In general, there are two major presentations of PDH deficiency, metabolic and neurologic, which occur at equal frequency. The metabolic form presents as severe lactic acidosis in the newborn period, and many die as newborns. Patients with the neurologic presentation are hypotonic (low muscle tone), feed poorly, lethargic, and develop seizures, mental retardation, microcephaly, blindness and spasticity secondary to contractures. "Between these two extremes, there is a continuous spectrum of intermediate forms...A number of patients with primarily neurological symptoms fit into the category of Leigh's syndrome."

X-linked recessive Leigh syndrome affects male children far more often than female children because they only have one copy of the X chromosome. Female children would need two copies of the faulty gene to be affected by X-linked Leigh syndrome.

French Canadian Leigh syndrome
The type of Leigh syndrome found at a much higher rate in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec is caused by a mutation in the LRPPRC gene, located on the small ('p') arm of chromosome 2. Both compound heterozygosity and homozygous mutations have been observed in French Canadian Leigh syndrome. This subtype of the disease was first described in 1993 in 34 children from the region, all of whom had a severe deficiency in cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the fourth complex in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Though the subunits of the protein found in affected cells were functional, they were not properly assembled. The deficiency was found to be almost complete in brain and liver tissues and substantial (approximately 50% of normal enzyme activity) in fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) and skeletal muscle. Kidney and heart tissues were found to not have a COX deficiency.

French Canadian Leigh syndrome has similar symptoms to other types of Leigh syndrome. The age of onset is, on average, 5 months and the median age of death is 1 year and 7 months. Children with the disease are developmentally delayed, have mildly dysmorphic facial features, including hypoplasia of the midface and wide nasal bridge, chronic metabolic acidosis, and hypotonia (decreased muscular strength). Other symptoms include tachypnea (unusually quick breathing rate), poor sucking ability, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), and tremors. Severe, sudden metabolic acidosis is a common cause of mortality.

Estimates of the rate of genetic carriers in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region range from 1 in 23 to 1 in 28; the number of children born with the disease has been estimated at 1 in 2063 to 1 in 2473 live births. Genealogic studies suggest that the responsible mutation was introduced to the region by early European settlers.

Pathophysiology
The characteristic symptoms of Leigh syndrome are at least partially caused by bilateral, focal lesions in the brainstem, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and other regions of the brain. The lesions take on different forms, including areas of demyelination, spongiosis, gliosis, necrosis, and capillary proliferation. Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons, inhibiting their ability to communicate with other neurons. The brain stem is involved in maintaining basic life functions such as breathing, swallowing, and circulation; the basal ganglia and cerebellum control movement and balance. Damage to these areas therefore results in the major symptoms of Leigh syndrome—loss of control over functions controlled by these areas.

The lactic acidosis sometimes associated with Leigh syndrome is caused by the buildup of pyruvate, which is unable to be processed in individuals with certain types of oxidative phosphorylation deficiencies. The pyruvate is either converted into alanine via alanine aminotransferase or converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase; both of these substances can then build up in the body.

Diagnosis
Leigh syndrome is suggested by clinical findings and confirmed with laboratory and genetic testing.

Clinical findings
Dystonia, nystagmus, and problems with the autonomic nervous system suggest damage to the basal ganglia and brain stem potentially caused by Leigh syndrome. Other symptoms are also indicative of brain damage, such as hypertrichosis and neurologically caused deafness. Laboratory findings of lactic acidosis or acidemia and hyperalaninemia (elevated levels of alanine in the blood) can also suggest Leigh syndrome. Assessing the level of organic acids in urine can also indicate a dysfunction in the metabolic pathway.

Differential diagnosis
Other diseases can have a similar clinical presentation to Leigh syndrome; excluding other causes of similar clinical symptoms is often a first step to diagnosing Leigh syndrome. Conditions that can appear similar to Leigh disease include perinatal asphyxia, kernicterus, carbon monoxide poisoning, methanol toxicity, thiamine deficiency, Wilson's disease, biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD), and some forms of encephalitis. Perinatal asphyxia can cause bilateral ganglial lesions and damage to the thalamus, which are similar to the signs seen with Leigh syndrome. When hyperbilirubinemia is not treated with phototherapy, the bilirubin can accumulate in the basal ganglia and cause lesions similar to those seen in Leigh syndrome. This is not common since the advent of phototherapy.

Treatment
Succinic acid has been studied, and shown effective for both Leigh syndrome, and MELAS syndrome. A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet may be followed if a gene on the X chromosome is implicated in an individual's Leigh syndrome. Thiamine (vitamin B1) may be given if pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is known or suspected. The symptoms of lactic acidosis are treated by supplementing the diet with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or sodium citrate, but these substances do not treat the cause of Leigh syndrome. Dichloroacetate may also be effective in treating Leigh syndrome-associated lactic acidosis; research is ongoing on this substance. Coenzyme Q10 supplements have been seen to improve symptoms in some cases.

Clinical trials of the drug EPI-743 for Leigh syndrome are ongoing.

In 2016, John Zhang and his team at New Hope Fertility Center in New York, USA, performed a spindle transfer mitochondrial donation technique on a mother in Mexico who was at risk of producing a baby with Leigh disease. A healthy boy was born on 6 April 2016. However, it is not yet certain if the technique is completely reliable and safe.

Prognosis
Different genetic causes and types of Leigh syndrome have different prognoses, though all are poor. The most severe forms of the disease, caused by a full deficiency in one of the affected proteins, cause death at a few years of age. If the deficiency is not complete, the prognosis is somewhat better and an affected child is expected to survive 6–7 years, and in rare cases, to their teenage years.

Epidemiology
Leigh syndrome occurs in at least 1 of 40,000 live births, though certain populations have much higher rates. In the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of central Quebec, Leigh syndrome occurs at a rate of 1 in 2000 newborns.

History
Leigh syndrome was first described by Denis Leigh in 1951 and distinguished from similar Wernicke's encephalopathy in 1954. In 1968, the disease's link with mitochondrial activity was first ascertained, though the mutations in cytochrome c oxidase and other electron transport chain proteins were not discovered until 1977.

See also
 Joseph Maraachli case
 Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa

References

Further reading
  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Mitochondrial DNA-Associated Leigh Syndrome and NARP
  OMIM entries on Mitochondrial DNA-Associated Leigh Syndrome and NARP

External links

Mitochondrial diseases
Neurological disorders
Neurological disorders in children
Rare syndromes
TCA and ETC metabolism disorders
Diseases named for discoverer

Leigh syndrome


Herne Hill railway station is in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London, England, on the boundary between London fare zones 2 and 3. Train services are provided by Thameslink to London Blackfriars, Farringdon, St Pancras International and St Albans on the Thameslink route and by Southeastern to London Victoria (via Brixton) and Orpington on the Chatham Main Line. It is  down the line from Victoria.

The station building on Railton Road was opened in 1862 by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. Initial service was only to Victoria, but by 1869 services ran to the City of London, King's Cross, Kingston via Wimbledon, and Kent, including express trains to Dover Harbour for continental Europe. The arrival of the railways transformed Herne Hill from a wealthy suburb with large residential estates into a densely populated urban area.

Description
Herne Hill railway station sits at the bottom of the hill that gives the area its name and is close to Brockwell Park. The section of Railton Road outside the station is mixed usage for pedestrians and vehicles.

The Chatham Main Line and Sutton Loop railway lines through Herne Hill are elevated above road level on a brick viaduct that runs north–south. The station's 1862 Gothic, polychrome brick building is on the western side of the viaduct, with access to the station also from the east via a foot tunnel from Milkwood Road. The building houses a ticket office and newsagent, and was Grade II listed in 1998: the listing notes the station's arched doorways, Welsh slate roof and decorative brickwork. It was described by Cherry and Pevsner as a "handsome group" and featured on the cover of a book about London's railway architecture. The station entrance canopy (which had been shortened and altered in the mid-20th century) was removed in 2015, owing to its state of disrepair; a new one was installed in July 2016, with a new timber valance design and cornice based on the original Victorian one.

The four tracks are served by two island platforms; northbound trains call at the western platform and southbound trains the eastern platform, providing cross-platform interchange between the two routes.

There are flat junctions at each end of the station: Herne Hill North Junction, where the lines to Loughborough Junction and Brixton diverge; and Herne Hill South Junction, where the lines to West Dulwich and Tulse Hill diverge. Thameslink and Southeastern services cross each other's paths at the junctions, constraining capacity on both routes. The station also has a turnback siding on its eastern side, adjacent to Milkwood Road.

History
The area now known as Herne Hill had been a rural part of the Manor of Milkwell since the 13th century. Two tributaries of the River Effra met at the undeveloped site of the future station; it was known as Island Green until the 18th century.

In 1783 a timber merchant, Samuel Sanders, bought Herne Hill from the Manor. Sanders granted leases for large plots of land to wealthy families – John Ruskin spent his childhood at an estate on Herne Hill. The Effra was covered over in the 1820s; and the area had become an upper-class suburb by the mid-19th century (a contemporary author referred to the hill as "the Elysium" for merchants). The opening of the railway station, which provided convenient and cheap access to central London, started the urbanisation of Herne Hill. All of the large estates were eventually cleared to make way for many smaller houses. An 1870 railway travel guide noted the population of Herne Hill was 701; the contemporaneous development of new residential streets would increase the population by 3,000.

Construction

A railway line through Herne Hill was proposed in 1852 by the Mid Kent and London and South Western Junction Railways Company. No construction work was undertaken at that time and the company had ceased to exist by 1860.

In the late 1850s, the East Kent Railway had ambitions to run passenger trains between Kent and London, but it did not own any railway lines in inner London. It reached an agreement with the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) in 1858 to use its West End and Crystal Palace line to access Battersea and (from 1860) Victoria. This arrangement incurred costly access fees, but it was necessary until the company obtained Parliamentary authority to build in London.

On 6 August 1860, the Metropolitan Extensions Act granted the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR; the successor to the East Kent company) the powers to build three inner London lines: Beckenham Junction to Herne Hill (); Herne Hill to Farringdon (); and Herne Hill to Battersea to connect with the lines into Victoria (). The route from Beckenham Junction to Battersea closely resembled that of the 1852 proposal, going via Clapham, Brixton, Herne Hill, Dulwich and Sydenham.

Herne Hill station and the first section to be completed, from Victoria to Herne Hill via Stewarts Lane and , opened on 25 August 1862. The station was designed by architect John Taylor and railway engineers Joseph Cubitt and J.T. Turner. The building was intended to impress: it had tea rooms offering buffets, decorative brickwork and a tower (which also served the practical function of concealing the water tank for steam locomotives). The Building News described the station in 1863 as "spacious and convenient ... and of the very best quality". It also stated that "an unusual amount of decorative taste has been displayed" in the station's construction; even the viaduct was praised as "one of the most ornamental pieces of work we have ever seen attempted on a railway" for its fine brickwork. The station's design prompted the journal to write a 2,000-word editorial bemoaning the comparatively poor architectural quality of other contemporary civil engineering projects. An architectural critic later noted the station was "eulogised" by journals upon its opening and that its architecture was still seen as exemplary at the end of the 19th century.

There were initially two platforms, up and down. The up platform was accessed from the upper floor of the station building via a stairway outside the building. The station's original signal box, elevated above the railway viaduct at the junction between Norwood Road and Half Moon Lane, was a prominent feature in Herne Hill for many years.

The land for the station was compulsorily purchased from the estate of Thomas Vyse (died 1861), manufacturer of straw hats and owner of the Abbey, an estate at 70 Herne Hill; the station and much of the viaduct were built on part of the Abbey's grounds. A new road (Station Road) was built from the junction of Norwood Road and Half Moon Lane, Herne Hill's main thoroughfare, to the station.

The line from Beckenham Junction reached Herne Hill from the south in July 1863, connecting the station to the LCDR's lines in Kent, and finally allowing the LCDR to avoid using the LB&SCR's tracks to access Victoria from Kent. On 6 October 1863, the City Branch opened from Herne Hill as far as , via  and .

In 1868, the LB&SCR opened a suburban line from London Bridge to Sutton via . A  connecting line from Tulse Hill to Herne Hill opened on 1 January 1869.

Early services
From July 1863, LCDR trains between Victoria and Kent ran through Herne Hill, and to continental Europe via a connecting steamboat from Dover Harbour to Calais; these boat trains left Victoria and Ludgate Hill simultaneously and were joined at Herne Hill. Express journeys from Herne Hill to Dover, a distance of , took 1 hour 36 minutes, at an average speed of . Services to London were split at Herne Hill to give passengers easier access to the City of London and beyond; the LCDR began operating direct services to King's Cross and Barnet (now High Barnet Underground station) from Herne Hill when Snow Hill tunnel opened.

A popular workmen's train (one penny per journey) ran between Ludgate Hill and Victoria via Herne Hill from 1865. Trains left from both termini at 04:55 and returned at 18:15. The LCDR was compelled to operate this service by Parliament to compensate for the large number of working-class homes destroyed in Camberwell during the construction of the City Branch. Regular one-way fares to Ludgate Hill were eightpence, sixpence and fourpence for first, second and third class respectively (or return for one shilling, ninepence and sevenpence respectively), with journey times of 15 minutes on express trains and 26 minutes when calling at all stops.

Both the Great Northern Railway (GNR) and the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) helped fund the Metropolitan Extensions (£320,000 and £310,000 respectively; £ and £ in ) in return for the right to use the LCDR's tracks. The GNR ran trains between Hatfield and Herne Hill from August 1866 until March 1868 (when the trains were diverted to Victoria via Loughborough Junction); this was a busy all-stops service, with 15 trains leaving Hatfield and 14 leaving Herne Hill every day. The LSWR began running trains between Ludgate Hill and Wimbledon via Herne Hill when the Tulse Hill extension was completed. Some of these services went as far as Kingston until the mid-1890s.

Changes from 1870 to 1923
By 1870 a track had been added to the east of the station and two sidings had been added to the west; one of the western sidings was a bay platform for passenger trains, which was accessed from the platform adjoining the upper floor. Interlocking signalling was in use at Herne Hill by 1880.

The LCDR enlarged the station in 1884 to meet growing demand: the viaduct was widened to allow for the construction of a second island platform and two lines to the east (the easternmost line was used only for freight); and the foot tunnel under the viaduct was opened. In 1885, the LCDR decided to use Blackfriars Bridge railway station solely as a goods yard but lacked the space to sort wagons at the site. It purchased  of land between Herne Hill and Loughborough Junction for this purpose. The Herne Hill Sorting Sidings had some 35 sidings, the longest of which was . A stationmaster's house was built at 239 Railton Road in the mid-1880s as the site offered a good view of the station (it is now privately owned). In 1888, Railton Road was extended to the Norwood Road/Half Moon Lane junction and Station Road ceased to exist.

At the beginning of 1899, the LCDR and the neighbouring South Eastern Railway (SER) combined their operations as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), jointly owned by the two railways. The SECR ran the trains, but the lines and stations continued to be owned by the LCDR or SER.

A late-night service from Ludgate Hill (departing 01:15) to Beckenham Junction via Herne Hill began in 1910. The intention was to satisfy journalists on Fleet Street who regularly complained in print about the poor quality of service on the line; those working on the morning papers often worked beyond midnight and missed the last train.

Services to Farringdon from Herne Hill were discontinued in 1916 with the closure of Snow Hill tunnel to passengers, and trains from the south terminated at Holborn Viaduct. The LCDR amalgamated with the LB&SCR, SER and several other railways to form the Southern Railway at the start of 1923.

Modernisation
Work began on electrifying the former LCDR suburban routes in 1924. Herne Hill station was extensively remodelled as part of these works: the eastern island platform was lengthened; the original island platform was demolished and replaced by one further west, allowing two tracks to be laid between the island platforms; the western sidings were removed; and the upper floor was closed to passengers.

On 12 July 1925, a 660-volt third-rail system came into operation on both routes through Herne Hill, from Victoria to Orpington on the Chatham Main Line and along the entire length of the City Branch. Electric trains ran every 20 minutes on both routes during the day and were kept overnight at the sorting sidings north of the station.

The distinctive signal box overlooking Norwood Road and a similar signal box at the northern end of the station were demolished in 1956 and replaced by a single signal box adjacent to the north junction. The replacement signal box was in use from June 1956 until December 1981, when its functions were transferred to Victoria; the building still exists and is used by railway staff. The signalling at Herne Hill was upgraded from semaphores to colour lights on 8 March 1959 as part of the Kent Coast electrification plan.

By 1959, the pattern of commuter services at Herne Hill had taken the shape it held into the 21st century: all-stops trains from Victoria to Orpington and from the City of London to Wimbledon and Sutton (but, unlike the modern Sutton Loop, via West Croydon). However, there was a decline in the number of electric trains on the Chatham Main Line through Herne Hill in the years after the war. Immediately after electrification in 1925, six trains used the route between Herne Hill and Shortlands in each direction during every off-peak hour. By 1960, it had dropped to two trains in each direction.

The Herne Hill Sorting Sidings closed on 1 August 1966 and the freight line to the east of the station was taken out of service. Nothing of the sidings remains: residential accommodation has been built along Shakespeare Road (on the western sidings) and commercial premises have been built along Milkwood Road (on the eastern sidings).

From 1988
In 1988, Snow Hill tunnel re-opened and the former LCDR City Branch formed the basis of the new Thameslink route. Network Rail began a major upgrade of the route in 2009. A key objective of the Thameslink Programme was allowing more trains to travel between central London and Brighton, which was prevented by a bottleneck between London Bridge and Blackfriars on a viaduct through the historic Borough Market. Network Rail initially suggested widening the viaduct and demolishing part of the market, but the public backlash against this plan prompted Network Rail to consider permanently routing all Thameslink trains to/from Brighton via Herne Hill, avoiding London Bridge and the market. This would have required the grade separation of the two lines through Herne Hill, which would have been achieved by constructing a new viaduct immediately to the east of the existing viaduct and using a fly-over to connect the southern end of the new viaduct to the line between Tulse Hill and North Dulwich (taking the tracks over the Chatham Main Line and towards Tulse Hill). This proposal was rejected in 2004 because of its environmental impact on Herne Hill and the larger number of interchanges offered on the London Bridge route; the Borough Market viaduct was widened instead.

From 1994 until the completion of High Speed 1 in November 2007 Eurostar services linking London Waterloo to Brussels and Paris passed through Herne Hill without stopping. This marked the end of rail services to the continent via Herne Hill, which had been started by the LCDR in 1863 when the line between Victoria and Dover via Herne Hill was completed.

The upper floor of the station, which had not been used by passengers since 1925, was converted into  of office space in 1991 and rented as 'Tower House' (after the station's distinctive tower). The disused freight line to the east of the station was partly reopened in 2009 as a siding for use by Thameslink trains to compensate for the loss of sidings when the Moorgate Thameslink branch was closed. The line's connection to the south junction was severed during these works. The station had become fully accessible by 2010: lifts were installed to provide step-free access to the platforms in 2008 and a unisex disabled-accessible toilet was opened on the southbound platforms in 2010.

Accidents and disruption

On 6 November 1947, a steam train approaching from West Dulwich passed a signal at danger in heavy fog and crashed into an electric train crossing the station's south junction towards Tulse Hill. One passenger on the electric train was killed and nine others were hospitalised.

A minor accident occurred on 30 June 1957. A light engine travelling towards Tulse Hill was waiting to cross the south junction when it was struck from behind by an express passenger train from Victoria that had passed a signal at danger. The driver of the light engine and two passengers from the express were hospitalised but quickly discharged.

A second fatal collision occurred at the sorting sidings, just north of the station, on 1 April 1960 in fog that reduced visibility to . A steam locomotive was waiting on the southbound track outside Herne Hill for a proceed signal when the signalman cleared an electric passenger train behind the steam locomotive to proceed down the same track. The steam locomotive was struck from behind, killing the electric train's driver.

Future

Services
The route through the station was busier from December 2014 to 2018 as Thameslink trains serving London Bridge were diverted via Herne Hill – an additional four trains per hour in both directions. This was due to the redevelopment of London Bridge that temporarily closed it to Bedford-Brighton trains. The additional trains did not call at Herne Hill; they ran fast between London Blackfriars and East Croydon. It was not possible for the 12-car peak trains to call at Herne Hill as the platforms are too short and it was not viable to use selective door operation as the carriages not on the platforms would foul the junctions.

Network Rail, in its July 2011 London & South East route utilisation strategy, recommended that all services from Herne Hill towards Blackfriars should terminate in the bay platforms at Blackfriars after London Bridge's redevelopment is completed in 2018 and the diverted Thameslink trains return there. Passengers from Herne Hill would then have had to change at Blackfriars to travel further north. Network Rail made this recommendation because more services will be using the route between St Pancras and London Bridge from 2018; sending trains from Herne Hill to the terminating platforms on the western side of Blackfriars (instead of the through tracks on the eastern side of the station) would have removed the need for them to cross in front of trains to/from Denmark Hill and trains to/from London Bridge at junctions south of Blackfriars.

In January 2013, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that trains serving the Sutton Loop Line (also known as the Wimbledon Loop) will continue to travel across London after 2018. The number of trains calling at Herne Hill on the route will remain unchanged, with four trains per hour. The DfT also decided the Sutton/Wimbledon Loop will remain part of the Thameslink franchise until at least late 2020; following which the route is now served by the Class 700 trains.

In the longer term, Network Rail has forecast that by 2031 there will be 900 more passengers attempting to travel on the route between Herne Hill and Blackfriars during the busiest peak hour every weekday than can be accommodated on the trains. It is anticipated that eight-car trains with higher capacity (similar to the Class 378 trains used on inner London metro routes) will eventually be required to address this shortfall.

Station infrastructure

The route from Victoria to Orpington via Herne Hill is projected to be amongst the most congested and overcrowded in South East London by 2026. Network Rail is considering grade-separating the two lines passing through Herne Hill so that trains would not cross each other's paths at the station's junctions; this restricts the number of services that can pass through the station. A 2008 route utilisation strategy for South London concluded that this improvement will not be required before 2020 but recommended safeguarding the required land. Grade-separation is supported by Southeastern and First Capital Connect believed it should be given more consideration, but Network Rail has stated that it would be difficult to carry out the work because the station is on a viaduct and surrounded by buildings. The 2011 route utilisation strategy, which examined options for congestion relief at Herne Hill before 2031, did not suggest grade-separation as an option in the 2011–2031 period.

This project would also enable the platforms at Herne Hill to be lengthened to accommodate 12-car trains as the current northern junction, which prevents them from being extended, would be removed. However, longer trains could not be used on the Sutton/Wimbledon Loop without also rebuilding Tulse Hill and Elephant & Castle.

The congestion within the station itself has been noted by Network Rail and it is keeping the situation under review. Transport for London (TfL) has recommended that specific improvement works (new entrance doors, removal of interior wall, wider stairs to platforms and second station entrance) be carried out between 2014 and 2019.

TfL has also suggested there may be potential for the turnback siding adjacent to Milkwood Road to be converted for passenger use. This would require substantial changes to the station as there is no direct access to the platforms from Milkwood Road and the current subway for accessing the platforms does not extend east of the southbound platform.

Incorporation into London Overground
The Mayor of London published a long-term vision for the London Overground in February 2012. It recommends that all London suburban rail services should eventually be devolved to TfL and that suburban services currently provided by Southeastern be devolved before 2020 to demonstrate the benefits of this approach. Southeastern's suburban services include the route between Victoria and Orpington via Herne Hill. TfL had announced that it would bid in late 2012 to have more involvement in these services after the expiration of Southeastern's franchise in early 2014, but the DfT announced in March 2013 that Southeastern's franchise was being extended until mid-2018.

Victoria line extension
TfL has considered extending the Victoria line to Herne Hill to provide faster turnaround at the southern end of the line. The extension is not a priority for TfL as it has a weaker business case than other infrastructure projects.

Service pattern

Services at Herne Hill are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink using ,  and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 4 tph to  via London Blackfriars
 2 tph to
 2 tph to  via
 4 tph to  (2 of these run via  and 2 run via )

During the peak hours, additional Southeastern services operate between London Victoria and Bromley South.

During the evening and on Sundays, a number of Thameslink services are extended beyond St Albans City to  and .

Connections
London Buses routes 3, 37, 68, 196, 201, 322, 468, school route 690 and night routes N3 and N68 serve the station.

Notes

References

External links

Former London, Chatham and Dover Railway stations
Railway stations in the London Borough of Lambeth
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway
Railway stations served by Southeastern
Railway station
1862 establishments in England

Herne Hill railway station


Mare Vint (født Mänd, 15. september 1942 i Tallinn, død 10. maj 2020) var en estisk grafiker.

Vint dimitterede fra Tallinns 9. gymnasium (9. Keskkool) i 1961. I årene 1962-1967 studerede hun på Kunstakademiet (Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, ERKI), hvorfra hun dimitterede som glaskunstner. Hun arbejdede i årene 1967-1969 på Tallinns 46. gymnasium (46. Keskkool) som kunstlærer og derefter som en freelance kunstner.

Siden 1973 har hun været medlem af de Estiske Kunstneres Forbund (Eesti Kunstnike Liit). Hun har praktiseret tusch- og blyantstegninger og siden 1972 overvejende litografi.

Vints kunst kom stærkt i forgrunden i anden halvdel af 1960'erne og begyndelsen af 1970'erne. Vints kunst er karakteriseret ved kontrasten mellem sort og hvid i tegninger, hvor farve er essensen.

Årene 1980-1990 udgjordes billedemotiverne af haver, parker og fugle. Motiverne er undertiden udformet med fine linjer, prikker og rytmer i samspillet med den ledige plads.

I 2015 blev hun tildelt Den Hvide Stjernes Orden IV. klasse fortjenstmedalje (Valgetähe IV klassi teenetemärk).

Kunstnere fra Estland
Personer fra Tallinn

Mare Vint