In mathematics, tetration (or hyper-4) is an operation based on iterated, or repeated, exponentiation. There is no standard notation for tetration, though  and the left-exponent xb are common.

Under the definition as repeated exponentiation,  means , where  copies of  are iterated via exponentiation, right-to-left, i.e. the application of exponentiation  times.  is called the "height" of the function, while  is called the "base," analogous to exponentiation. It would be read as "the th tetration of ".

It is the next hyperoperation after exponentiation, but before pentation. The word was coined by Reuben Louis Goodstein from tetra- (four) and iteration.

Tetration is also defined recursively as

allowing for attempts to extend tetration to non-natural numbers such as real and complex numbers.

The two inverses of tetration are called super-root and super-logarithm, analogous to the nth root and the logarithmic functions. None of the three functions are elementary.

Tetration is used for the notation of very large numbers.

Introduction
The first four hyperoperations are shown here, with tetration being considered the fourth in the series. The unary operation succession, defined as , is considered to be the zeroth operation.

Addition   copies of 1 added to  combined by succession.
Multiplication   copies of  combined by addition.
Exponentiation   copies of  combined by multiplication.
Tetration   copies of  combined by exponentiation, right-to-left.

Note that nested exponents are conventionally interpreted from the top down:  means  and not

Succession, , is the most basic operation; while addition () is a primary operation, for addition of natural numbers it can be thought of as a chained succession of  successors of ; multiplication ) is also a primary operation, though for natural numbers it can analogously be thought of as a chained addition involving  numbers of . Exponentiation can be thought of as a chained multiplication involving  numbers of  and tetration () as a chained power involving  numbers . Each of the operations above are defined by iterating the previous one; however, unlike the operations before it, tetration is not an elementary function.

The parameter  is referred to as the base, while the parameter  may be referred to as the height. In the original definition of tetration, the height parameter must be a natural number; for instance, it would be illogical to say "three raised to itself negative five times" or "four raised to itself one half of a time." However, just as addition, multiplication, and exponentiation can be defined in ways that allow for extensions to real and complex numbers, several attempts have been made to generalize tetration to negative numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers. One such way for doing so is using a recursive definition for tetration; for any positive real  and non-negative integer , we can define  recursively as:

The recursive definition is equivalent to repeated exponentiation for natural heights; however, this definition allows for extensions to the other heights such as , , and  as well – many of these extensions are areas of active research.

Terminology
There are many terms for tetration, each of which has some logic behind it, but some have not become commonly used for one reason or another. Here is a comparison of each term with its rationale and counter-rationale.

 The term tetration, introduced by Goodstein in his 1947 paper Transfinite Ordinals in Recursive Number Theory (generalizing the recursive base-representation used in Goodstein's theorem to use higher operations), has gained dominance. It was also popularized in Rudy Rucker's Infinity and the Mind.
 The term superexponentiation was published by Bromer in his paper Superexponentiation in 1987. It was used earlier by Ed Nelson in his book Predicative Arithmetic, Princeton University Press, 1986.
 The term hyperpower is a natural combination of hyper and power, which aptly describes tetration. The problem lies in the meaning of hyper with respect to the hyperoperation sequence. When considering hyperoperations, the term hyper refers to all ranks, and the term super refers to rank 4, or tetration. So under these considerations hyperpower is misleading, since it is only referring to tetration.
 The term power tower is occasionally used, in the form "the power tower of order " for . Exponentiation is easily misconstrued: note that the operation of raising to a power is right-associative (see below). Tetration is iterated exponentiation (call this right-associative operation ^), starting from the top right side of the expression with an instance a^a (call this value c). Exponentiating the next leftward a (call this the 'next base' b), is to work leftward after obtaining the new value b^c. Working to the left, consume the next a to the left, as the base b, and evaluate the new b^c. 'Descend down the tower' in turn, with the new larger value for c on the next downward step.

Owing in part to some shared terminology and similar notational symbolism, tetration is often confused with closely related functions and expressions. Here are a few related terms:

In the first two expressions  is the base, and the number of times  appears is the height (add one for ). In the third expression,  is the height, but each of the bases is different.

Care must be taken when referring to iterated exponentials, as it is common to call expressions of this form iterated exponentiation, which is ambiguous, as this can either mean iterated powers or iterated exponentials.

Notation
There are many different notation styles that can be used to express tetration. Some notations can also be used to describe other hyperoperations, while some are limited to tetration and have no immediate extension.

One notation above uses iterated exponential notation; this is defined in general as follows:

  with  s.

There are not as many notations for iterated exponentials, but here are a few:

Examples
Because of the extremely fast growth of tetration, most values in the following table are too large to write in scientific notation. In these cases, iterated exponential notation is used to express them in base 10. The values containing a decimal point are approximate.

Remark: If x does not differ from 10 by orders of magnitude, then for all . For example,  in the above table, and the difference is even smaller for the following rows.

Properties
Tetration has several properties that are similar to exponentiation, as well as properties that are specific to the operation and are lost or gained from exponentiation. Because exponentiation does not commute, the product and power rules do not have an analogue with tetration; the statements  and  are not true for most cases.

However, tetration does follow a different property, in which . This fact is most clearly shown using the recursive definition. From this property, a proof follows that , which allows for switching b and c in certain equations. The proof goes as follows:

When a number  and 10 are coprime, it is possible to compute the last  decimal digits of  using Euler's theorem, for any integer . This is also true in other bases: for example, the last  octal digits of  can be computed when  and 8 are coprime.

Direction of evaluation
When evaluating tetration expressed as an "exponentiation tower", the serial exponentiation is done at the deepest level first (in the notation, at the apex). For example:

This order is important because exponentiation is not associative, and evaluating the expression in the opposite order will lead to a different answer:

Evaluating the expression the left to right is considered less interesting; evaluating left to right, any expression  can be simplified to be . Because of this, the towers must be evaluated from right to left (or top to bottom). Computer programmers refer to this choice as right-associative.

Extensions
Tetration can be extended in two different ways; in the equation , both the base  and the height  can be generalized using the definition and properties of tetration. Although the base and the height can be extended beyond the non-negative integers to different domains, including , complex functions such as , and heights of infinite , the more limited properties of tetration reduce the ability to extend tetration.

Extension of domain for bases

Base zero
The exponential  is not consistently defined. Thus, the tetrations  are not clearly defined by the formula given earlier. However,  is well defined, and exists:

Thus we could consistently define . This is analogous to defining .

Under this extension, , so the rule  from the original definition still holds.

Complex bases

Since complex numbers can be raised to powers, tetration can be applied to bases of the form  (where  and  are real). For example, in  with , tetration is achieved by using the principal branch of the natural logarithm; using Euler's formula we get the relation:

This suggests a recursive definition for  given any :

The following approximate values can be derived:

Solving the inverse relation, as in the previous section, yields the expected  and , with negative values of  giving infinite results on the imaginary axis. Plotted in the complex plane, the entire sequence spirals to the limit , which could be interpreted as the value where  is infinite.

Such tetration sequences have been studied since the time of Euler, but are poorly understood due to their chaotic behavior. Most published research historically has focused on the convergence of the infinitely iterated exponential function. Current research has greatly benefited by the advent of powerful computers with fractal and symbolic mathematics software. Much of what is known about tetration comes from general knowledge of complex dynamics and specific research of the exponential map.

Extensions of the domain for different heights

Infinite heights

Tetration can be extended to infinite heights; i.e., for certain  and  values in , there exists a well defined result for an infinite . This is because for bases within a certain interval, tetration converges to a finite value as the height tends to infinity. For example,  converges to 2, and can therefore be said to be equal to 2. The trend towards 2 can be seen by evaluating a small finite tower:

In general, the infinitely iterated exponential , defined as the limit of  as  goes to infinity, converges for , roughly the interval from 0.066 to 1.44, a result shown by Leonhard Euler. The limit, should it exist, is a positive real solution of the equation . Thus, . The limit defining the infinite exponential of  does not exist when  because the maximum of  is . The limit also fails to exist when .

This may be extended to complex numbers  with the definition:

where  represents Lambert's W function.

As the limit  (if existent on the positive real line, i.e. for ) must satisfy  we see that  is (the lower branch of) the inverse function of .

Negative heights
We can use the recursive rule for tetration,

to prove :

Substituting −1 for  gives
 .

Smaller negative values cannot be well defined in this way. Substituting −2 for  in the same equation gives

which is not well defined. They can, however, sometimes be considered sets.

For , any definition of  is consistent with the rule because
  for any .

Real heights

At this time there is no commonly accepted solution to the general problem of extending tetration to the real or complex values of . There have, however, been multiple approaches towards the issue, and different approaches are outlined below.

In general, the problem is finding — for any real  — a super-exponential function  over real  that satisfies

 for all real

To find a more natural extension, one or more extra requirements are usually required. This is usually some collection of the following:
 A continuity requirement (usually just that  is continuous in both variables for ).
 A differentiability requirement (can be once, twice,  times, or infinitely differentiable in ).
 A regularity requirement (implying twice differentiable in ) that:
 for all

The fourth requirement differs from author to author, and between approaches. There are two main approaches to extending tetration to real heights; one is based on the regularity requirement, and one is based on the differentiability requirement. These two approaches seem to be so different that they may not be reconciled, as they produce results inconsistent with each other.

When  is defined for an interval of length one, the whole function easily follows for all .

Linear approximation for real heights

A linear approximation (solution to the continuity requirement, approximation to the differentiability requirement) is given by:

hence:

and so on. However, it is only piecewise differentiable; at integer values of  the derivative is multiplied by . It is continuously differentiable for  if and only if . For example, using these methods  and

A main theorem in Hooshmand's paper states: Let . If  is continuous and satisfies the conditions:

  is differentiable on ,
  is a nondecreasing or nonincreasing function on ,

then  is uniquely determined through the equation

where  denotes the fractional part of  and  is the -iterated function of the function .

The proof is that the second through fourth conditions trivially imply that  is a linear function on .

The linear approximation to natural tetration function  is continuously differentiable, but its second derivative does not exist at integer values of its argument. Hooshmand derived another uniqueness theorem for it which states:

If  is a continuous function that satisfies:

  is convex on ,

then . [Here  is Hooshmand's name for the linear approximation to the natural tetration function.]

The proof is much the same as before; the recursion equation ensures that  and then the convexity condition implies that  is linear on .

Therefore, the linear approximation to natural tetration is the only solution of the equation  and  which is convex on . All other sufficiently-differentiable solutions must have an inflection point on the interval .

Higher order approximations for real heights

Beyond linear approximations, a quadratic approximation (to the differentiability requirement) is given by:

which is differentiable for all , but not twice differentiable. For example,  If  this is the same as the linear approximation.

Because of the way it is calculated, this function does not "cancel out", contrary to exponents, where . Namely,
 .

Just as there is a quadratic approximation, cubic approximations and methods for generalizing to approximations of degree  also exist, although they are much more unwieldy.

Complex heights

It has now been proven that there exists a unique function  which is a solution of the equation  and satisfies the additional conditions that  and  approaches the fixed points of the logarithm (roughly ) as  approaches  and that  is holomorphic in the whole complex -plane, except the part of the real axis at . This proof confirms a previous conjecture. The construction of such a function was originally demonstrated by Kneser in 1950. The complex map of this function is shown in the figure at right. The proof also works for other bases besides e, as long as the base is bigger than . Subsequent work extended the construction to all complex bases.

The requirement of the tetration being holomorphic is important for its uniqueness. Many functions  can be constructed as

where  and  are real sequences which decay fast enough to provide the convergence of the series, at least at moderate values of .

The function  satisfies the tetration equations , , and if  and  approach 0 fast enough it will be analytic on a neighborhood of the positive real axis. However, if some elements of  or  are not zero, then function  has multitudes of additional singularities and cutlines in the complex plane, due to the exponential growth of sin and cos along the imaginary axis; the smaller the coefficients  and  are, the further away these singularities are from the real axis.

The extension of tetration into the complex plane is thus essential for the uniqueness; the real-analytic tetration is not unique.

Non-elementary recursiveness
Tetration (restricted to ) is not an elementary recursive function. One can prove by induction that for every elementary recursive function , there is a constant  such that

We denote the right hand side by . Suppose on the contrary that tetration is elementary recursive.  is also elementary recursive. By the above inequality, there is a constant  such that . By letting , we have that , a contradiction.

Inverse operations
Exponentiation has two inverse operations; roots and logarithms. Analogously, the inverses of tetration are often called the super-root, and the super-logarithm (In fact, all hyperoperations greater than or equal to 3 have analogous inverses); e.g., in the function , the two inverses are the cube super-root of  and the super logarithm base  of .

Super-root

The super-root is the inverse operation of tetration with respect to the base: if , then  is an th super root of  ( or ).

For example,

so 2 is the 4th super-root of 65,536.

Square super-root

The 2nd-order super-root, square super-root, or super square root has two equivalent notations,  and . It is the inverse of  and can be represented with the Lambert W function:

The function also illustrates the reflective nature of the root and logarithm functions as the equation below only holds true when :

Like square roots, the square super-root of  may not have a single solution. Unlike square roots, determining the number of square super-roots of  may be difficult. In general, if , then  has two positive square super-roots between 0 and 1; and if , then  has one positive square super-root greater than 1. If  is positive and less than  it does not have any real square super-roots, but the formula given above yields countably infinitely many complex ones for any finite  not equal to 1. The function has been used to determine the size of data clusters.

At :

Other super-roots

For each integer , the function  is defined and increasing for , and , so that the th super-root of , , exists for .

One of the simpler and faster formulas for a third-degree super-root is the recursive formula, if: , and next , for example .

However, if the linear approximation above is used, then  if , so  cannot exist.

In the same way as the square super-root, terminology for other super roots can be based on the normal roots: "cube super-roots" can be expressed as ; the "4th super-root" can be expressed as ; and the "th super-root" is . Note that  may not be uniquely defined, because there may be more than one  root. For example,  has a single (real) super-root if  is odd, and up to two if  is even.

Just as with the extension of tetration to infinite heights, the super-root can be extended to , being well-defined if . Note that  and thus that . Therefore, when it is well defined,  and, unlike normal tetration, is an elementary function. For example, .

It follows from the Gelfond–Schneider theorem that super-root  for any positive integer  is either integer or transcendental, and  is either integer or irrational. It is still an open question whether irrational super-roots are transcendental in the latter case.

Super-logarithm

Once a continuous increasing (in ) definition of tetration, , is selected, the corresponding super-logarithm  or  is defined for all real numbers , and .

The function  satisfies:

Open questions
Other than the problems with the extensions of tetration, there are several open questions concerning tetration, particularly when concerning the relations between number systems such as integers and irrational numbers:
 It is not known whether there is a positive integer  for which  or  is an integer. In particular, it is not known whether either of  or  is an integer.
 It is not known whether  is rational for any positive integer  and positive non-integer rational . For example, it is not known whether the positive root of the equation  is a rational number.
 It is not known whether  or  are rationals or not, nor even their exact values.

See also

 Ackermann function
 Big O notation
 Double exponential function
 Hyperoperation
 Iterated logarithm
 Symmetric level-index arithmetic

Notes

References

 Daniel Geisler, Tetration
 Ioannis Galidakis, On extending hyper4 to nonintegers (undated, 2006 or earlier) (A simpler, easier to read review of the next reference)
 Ioannis Galidakis, On Extending hyper4 and Knuth's Up-arrow Notation to the Reals (undated, 2006 or earlier).
 Robert Munafo, Extension of the hyper4 function to reals (An informal discussion about extending tetration to the real numbers.)
 Lode Vandevenne, Tetration of the Square Root of Two. (2004). (Attempt to extend tetration to real numbers.)
 Ioannis Galidakis, Mathematics, (Definitive list of references to tetration research. Much information on the Lambert W function, Riemann surfaces, and analytic continuation.)
 Joseph MacDonell, Some Critical Points of the Hyperpower Function.
 Dave L. Renfro, Web pages for infinitely iterated exponentials

 Hans Maurer, "Über die Funktion  für ganzzahliges Argument (Abundanzen)." Mittheilungen der Mathematische Gesellschaft in Hamburg 4, (1901), p. 33–50. (Reference to usage of  from Knobel's paper.)
 The Fourth Operation
 Luca Moroni, The strange properties of the infinite power tower (https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.05559)

Further reading

Exponentials
Operations on numbers
Large numbers

Tetration


ජොසේ එඩ්වාඩෝ ඩොස් සැන්ටොස්  (; 28 අගෝස්තු 1942 - 8 ජූලි 2022) යනු ඇන්ගෝලියානු දේශපාලනඥ වන අතර ඇන්ගෝලාවේ හිටපු ජනාධිපතිවරයා වේ. ඔහු අප්‍රිකාවේ දෙවන දීර්ඝතම ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරූ අතර, ඩොස් සැන්ටොස්ට මාස දෙකකටත් අඩු කාලයකට පෙර බලය ලබා ගත් සමක ගිනියාවේ ජනාධිපති ටියෝඩෝරෝ ඔබියැන්ග් න්ගුමා ම්බසෝගෝ විසින් අභිබවා ගියේය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1942 උපත්

ජොසේ එඩ්වාඩෝ ඩොස් සැන්ටොස්


NK Croatia je nogometni klub iz Marjančaca, naselja u sastavu grada Valpova u Osječko-baranjskoj županiji.

NK Croatia je član Nogometnog središta Valpovo te Županijskog nogometnog saveza Osječko-baranjske županije. Klub je osnovan 1973. i djelovao je sve do 1990. U klubu treniraju trenutačno i natječu se samo seniori u sklopu 2. ŽNL Osječko-baranjske NS Valpovo u koju su ušli nakon reorganizacije 2022.
Klub je reaktiviran u proljeće 2019. nakon dugog niza godina mirovanja. Domaće utakmice klub igra trenutno na Sportskom parku u Valpovu, dok se ne uredi nogometno igralište na kraju sela neposredno uz rijeku Vučicu.

Izvor
 https://www.valpovstina.info/index.php/sport/2337-s-croatiom-u-srcu

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice grada Valpova

Croatia

NK Croatia Marjančaci


Panfilo "Ping" Morena Lacson, Sr. (* 1. Juni 1948 in Imus, Cavite) ist ein philippinischer Politiker der Generaldirektor der Philippine National Police (PNP) und von 2001 bis 2013, sowie von 2016 bis 2022 Mitglied des Senats war.

Leben

Aufstieg zum Chef der PNP
Nach dem Besuch der Bayang Luma Elementary School sowie der High School des Imus Institute begann er 1964 ein Studium der Philosophie am Lyceum of the Philippines University und schloss dies Studium 1967 mit einem Bachelor of Arts (A.B. Philosophy) ab. Danach trat er in die Philippine Military Academy (PMA) ein und wurde nach Abschluss der dortigen Ausbildung 1971 mit einem Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Offizier der Philippine Constabulary und gehörte bis 1986 der Metrocom Intelligence and Security Group an.

1986 wurde er Offizier der Integrierten Einsatzgruppe der Polizei zur Bekämpfung von Autoentführungen (Integrated National Police Anti-Carnapping Task Force), ehe er von 1988 bis 1989 Kommandeur der PNP in der Provinz Isabela. Danach war er bis Februar 1992 Kommandeur der Polizeieinheit METRODISCOM auf Cebu sowie danach kurze Zeit zwischen Februar und Juli 1992 Kommandeur der PNP in der Provinz Laguna. Nach Beendigung dieser Tätigkeit war er von 1992 bis 1995 Chef der Präsidialen Verbrechensbekämpfungskommission (Presidential Anti-Crime Commission), ehe er 1996 kurzzeitig Verwendung als Leiter eines Polizeisonderprojekts mit dem Namen Alpha fand. Während dieser Zeit absolvierte er zudem ein postgraduales Studium im Fach Politikwissenschaft an der Universität der Stadt Manila, das er 1996 mit einem Master of Science (M.Sc. Government Management) abschloss.

Zwischen 1998 und 2001 Chef der Präsidialen Eingreiftruppe gegen organisierte Kriminalität (Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force). Zuletzt war Ping Lacson zugleich von November 1999 bis Januar 2001 Generaldirektor der PNP und damit Chef der philippinischen Polizei.

Politische Laufbahn

Erste Amtszeit als Senator und Präsidentschaftskandidat
Nach seiner Versetzung in den Ruhestand engagierte er sich in der Politik und wurde bei den Wahlen im Mai 2001 als Kandidat der Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) erstmals zum Senator gewählt. Bereits kurz nach seiner Wahl legte er mehrere Gesetzentwürfe wie das Anti-Money Laundering Control Act of 2001 gegen Geldwäsche, das Alternative Youth Training Course als Ergänzung für die Ausbildung von Studenten an den College sowie das Anti-Human Trafficking Act of 2001 gegen den Menschenhandel. Zwischen 2004 und 2007 war Lacson auch Vorsitzender des Senatsausschusses für den öffentlichen Dienst und Regierungsumbau (Committee on Civil Service and Government Reorganization).

Am 10. Mai 2004 kandidierte er bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen für das Amt des Präsidenten der Philippinen. Er belegte dabei jedoch nach der Wahlsiegerin Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (39,99 Prozent) sowie Fernando Poe Jr. (36,51 Prozent) mit 10,88 Prozent der Wählerstimmen nur den dritten Platz im fünfköpfigen Kandidatenfeld.

Zweite Amtszeit als Senator und Mordvorwürfe
Bei den Senatswahlen im Mai 2007 wurde Lacson wiedergewählt und gehörte damit dem Senat für eine weitere sechsjährige Amtszeit bis 2013 an. Zwischen 2007 und 2010 war er Vorsitzender der Senatsausschüsse für Konten (Committee on Accounts), für Wege und Mittel (Committee on Ways and Means) sowie für Ethik (Committee on Ethics).

Mitte 2008 wurde gegen ihn Vorwürfe erhoben, dass er der Hintermann eines Doppelmordes an den Publizisten Salvador "Bubby" Dacer und dessen Fahrer im Jahr 2000 sei. Dacer beschuldigte Lacson zuvor, ein Vermögen mit illegalen Börsengeschäften verdient zu haben. Nachdem es zu Interviews von mutmaßlichen Zeugen wie die früheren leitenden Polizeioffiziere (Police Senior Superintendent) Cezar Mancao und Reynaldo Berroya, ein späterer Unterstaatssekretär im Verkehrsministerium, in den Tageszeitungen The Philippine Star und Philippine Daily Inquirer kam, verzichtete Lacson im Juli 2009 auf eine Kandidatur bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen im Mai 2010. Am 5. Januar 2010 verließ er die Philippinen und flog nach Hongkong, woraufhin das Regionalstrafgericht von Manila am 5. Februar 2010 Haftbefehl gegen ihn erließ. Am 12. Februar 2010 kam es zur Ausstellung einer internationalen Fahndungsausschreibung bei Interpol. Am 3. Februar 2011 hob das Berufungsgericht (Court of Appeals) die Anklage wegen Mordes auf und begründete dies damit, dass der Hauptzeuge Mancao nicht glaub- und vertrauenswürdig sei. Nach Rechtskraft des Urteils kehrte Lacson am 26. März 2011 auf die Philippinen zurück.

Im 15. Kongress war Senator Lacson wiederum Vorsitzender des Senatsausschusses für Konten sowie für Nationale Verteidigung und Sicherheit (Committee on National Defense and Security). Am 30. Juni 2013 schied Lacson aus dem Senat aus, nachdem er nach zwei Amtszeiten in Folge nicht mehr zur Wahl antreten durfte.

Nach dem Taifun Haiyan, der im November 2013 auf den Philippinen schwere Zerstörungen verursachte, wurde Lacson im Dezember 2013 von Präsident Benigno Aquino III. zum Leiter des Wiederaufbaus (Presidential Assistant for Rehabilitation and Recovery) ernannt. Am 10. Februar 2015 trat Lacson von diesem Amt zurück. Von 2016 bis 2022 war Lacson erneut Mitglied des Senats. Er trat 2022 nicht mehr zur Wiederwahl an um stattdessen erfolglos für das Amt des Staatspräsidenten zu kandidieren.

Weblinks
 Homepage des Senats
 Eintrag (i-site.ph)

 Sen. Panfilo 'Ping' Lacson: Controversy-magnet Supercop. In: The Manila Times vom 11. Dezember 2011

Einzelnachweise

Polizist (Philippinen)
Senator (Philippinen)
Philippiner
Geboren 1948
Mann

Panfilo Lacson


Gláucio de Jesus Carvalho (født 11. november 1975) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Gláucio de Jesus Carvalho


Samyutta Nikaya ("Coleção de Discursos Agrupados") é uma coletânea de escrituras budistas, o terceiro dos cinco Nikāyas no Sutta Pitaka, que é um dos "três cestos" que compõem o Cânone Pali do budismo theravada.

Como frequentemente os textos da coletânea são escritos de modo abreviado, o número total de suttas/sutras não é claro. Bhikkhu Bodhi organizou o total de suttas em 2904, enquanto a Pali Text Society os apresenta como 2889; já os comentários ao Cânone Pali de Budagosa registram 7762 suttas no Samyutta Nikaya. Um estudo de Rupert Gethin registra o total de suttas da edição birmanesa e cingalesa dessa coletânea como 2854 e 7656, respectivamente, enquanto seu próprio cálculo é de 6696; Gethin também diz que o total na edição tailandesa não é claro. Os suttas/sutras são agrupados em cinco vargas/vaggas(seções). Cada vagga é dividida em samyuttas/saṃyuktas, ou capítulos, cada um dos quais possui um grupo de suttas de um tópico relacionado.

Paralelos em outras escolas
O Samyutta Nikaya corresponde ao Saṃyukta Āgama preservado nos agamas do Cânone budista chinês, provenientes principalmente de traduções dos registros da escola Sarvastivada, hoje extinta.

Embora haja diferenças entre o conteúdo dos textos, bem como na ordenação dos suttas, há uma considerável semelhança entre o Samyutta do Cânone Pali e a versão preservada no Cânone Chinês. Por pertencerem a tradições budistas que com o tempo ficaram geograficamente distantes (tradição Teravada no sul da Ásia e tradição Sarvastivada ao norte), essa semelhança entre os registros sugere que seu conteúdo é parte da origem da literatura e doutrina budista.

Conteúdo
Alguns dos assuntos abordados nos suttas do Samyutta Nikaya são: os Cinco agregados, Originação dependente e as Quatro Nobres Verdades.

No Samyutta Nikaya está registrado o Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (em Português: Colocando a roda do Darma em movimento), o qual é tradicionalmente considerado como o primeiro sermão do Buda histórico. Há variações desse discurso registradas em outros suttas do Cânone Pali.

Bibliografia

Ligações Externas
 Tradução do Saṃyutta Nikāya para o Português no site Buddhasasana.com.br
Saṃyutta Nikāya em vários idiomas no site Suttacentral.net. O site também contém versões paralelas do Saṃyutta Nikāya registradas no Cânone Budista Chinês.

Teravada
Cânone páli
Termos budistas
Palavras, frases e expressões em sânscrito
Palavras, frases e expressões em páli

Samyutta Nikaya


Le camp de César est bâti à Saint-Romain-de-Benet, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

Au hameau de Toulon, situé près de Saujon, se trouvent les ruines d'un castrum (ou camp romain) couramment appelé « camp de César ». Ce camp, bâti sur une hauteur, daterait du , et aurait notamment abrité un temple et un donjon. Les vestiges de ce lieu sont inscrits à l'inventaire des monuments historiques.

Le lieu est classé au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Architecture

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime
 Liste de monuments romains

Liens externes

Monument historique en Charente-Maritime
Monument historique classé en 1886
Monument romain en Charente-Maritime

Camp de César (Saint-Romain-de-Benet)


Lando Conti (1 de novembro de 1933 – 10 de fevereiro de 1986) foi um político italiano e ex-presidente da câmara de Florença, na Itália, assassinado pelo grupo terrorista Brigadas Vermelhas.

Biografia
Conti foi presidente da câmara de Florença de 26 de março de 1984 a 26 de setembro de 1985. Ele era membro do Partido Republicano Italiano.

No dia 10 de fevereiro de 1986 Conti foi morto a tiros pelas Brigadas Vermelhas. Ele foi morto nas colinas fora da cidade. As Brigadas Vermelhas não assumiam a responsabilidade por um assassinato político desde 27 de março de 1985.

Conti está sepultado no Cimitero di Trespiano. Em 2000, o túmulo da sua família no cemitério histórico foi vandalizado.

Nascidos em 1933
Mortos em 1986
Políticos da Itália

Lando Conti


Damsa Barajı, Nevşehir'de, Damsa Çayı üzerinde, sulama amacı ile 1965-1971 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır.

Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 862.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 31,50 m, normal su kotunda göl hacmi 7,12 hm3, normal su kotunda göl alanı 0,82 km²'dir. 1.390 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti vermektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Nevşehir ilindeki barajlar

Damsa Barajı


Congos fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Congo i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Congos fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Afrika

Congos fodboldlandshold


The Noose Hangs High este un film de comedie american din 1948. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Bud Abbott și Lou Costello.

Distribuție
 Bud Abbott ca Ted Higgins
 Lou Costello ca Tommy Hinchcilffe
 Joseph Calleia ca Nick Craig
 Leon Errol ca Julius Caesar 'J.C.' McBride
 Cathy Downs ca Carol Blair
 Mike Mazurki ca Chuck
 Fritz Feld ca psychiatrist

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1948
Filme în limba engleză
Filme de comedie din anii 1940
Filme de comedie americane
Filme de comedie
Filme regizate de Charles Barton

Ștreangul atârnă sus


Quando eravamo repressi est un film italien réalisé par Pino Quartullo, sorti en 1992.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Quando eravamo repressi
 Réalisation : Pino Quartullo
 Scénario : Pino Quartullo
 Musique : Sergio Cammariere,  et Sergio Reali
 Photographie :
 Pays d'origine : Italie
 Format : Couleurs - Dolby
 Genre : comédie
 Durée : 100 minutes
 Date de sortie : 1992

Distribution
 Pino Quartullo : Massimiliano
 Alessandro Gassmann : Federico
 Francesca D'Aloja : Isabella
 Lucrezia Lante della Rovere : Petra
 Vittorio Gassman : le sexologue
 Pietro De Silva
 Raoul Bova (non crédité)

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1992
Comédie italienne
Premier long métrage sorti en 1992

Quando eravamo repressi


Folgend die Ergebnisse und Platzierungen bei den British Commonwealth Games 1974 im Herreneinzel im Badminton.

Ergebnisse

Endstand

Weblinks
 Medaillengewinner der Commonwealth Games
 thecgf.com

1974
Badminton
Commonwealth Games 1974
Commonwealth Games 1974

British Commonwealth Games 1974/Badminton (Herreneinzel)


ألونا بوندارينكو  مواليد 13 أغسطس 1984 في كريفي ريه، الجمهورية الأوكرانية السوفيتية الاشتراكية، هي لاعبة كرة مضرب أوكرانية سابقة بدأت مسيرتها كمحترفة سنة 1999 وكانت تلعب باليد اليمنى، اعتزلت اللعب في 2011. كما أنها إحدى بطلات الجراند سلام. أعلى تصنيف لها في الفردي كان المركز الـ 19 في سنة 2008. أعلى تصنيف لها في الزوجي كان المركز الـ 11 في سنة 2008. سبق أن شاركت في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

روابط إضافية

 Site of a family of Bondarenko
 Site of Alona Bondarenko
 Site about Alona and Kateryna Bondarenko
 Photos of Alona Bondarenko 2007
 Pictures of Alona Bondarenko

أبطال بطولة أستراليا المفتوحة
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كريفي ريه
فائزات بالجراند سلام في زوجي السيدات
لاعبات كرة مضرب أوكرانيات
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من أوكرانيا
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008
مواليد 1984
مواليد في كريفي ريه
رياضيون من مقاطعة دنيبروبتروفسك
رياضيون من كريفي ريه

اليونا بوندارينكو


Edge, İngilizcede "kenar; cismin ince tarafı" anlamındaki sözcük. "Uç nokta" anlamında da kullanılmaktadır: örn. "Cutting edge of the technology". Şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Bilişim
 EGPRS - yüksek hızda veri iletişimi sağlayan teknoloji.
 Enhanced Data rates for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) Evolution, mobil haberleşmede üçüncü neslin başlangıcı olarak sayılabilecek hızlı veri iletişimi teknolojisi olan EDGE'in kısaltması
 Edge (dergi), video oyunu dergisi
 Edge, Microsoft tarafından hazırlanan bir tarayıcı.
 Edge Games, Amerikalı video oyunu geliştiricisi

Kişiler
 The Edge, U2'nun gitaristi
 Emekli Profesyonel güreşçi Adam Copeland'ın ring adı.
 Şafak Edge, Türk basketbolcu

Diğer
 Edge (tıraş jeli)
 EDGE species, evrimsel açıdan diğerlerinden farklı ve soyu tehlikedeki hayvan türlerinin bir listesi
 Ford Edge, bir otomobil modeli

Edge


An Cyperus haematodes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher. An Cyperus haematodes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus haematodes


Dnevnik svete Faustine Kowalske knjiga je poljske svetice Faustine Kowalske u obliku dnevničkih zapisa o autoričinim unutarnjim vjerskim iskustvima. Sveta Faustina otkriva u svojim duhovnim iskustvima poruku Božanskoga milosrđa, koju joj je Isus Krist priopćio. Dnevnik je svjedočanstvo, koje katolici prepoznaju kao remek-djelo mistične književnosti te ishodište pobožnosti Božanskome milosrđu.

Časna sestra Faustina Kowalska napisala je Dnevnik u Vilniusu i Krakovu po Isusovom naduhnuću, što su potvrdili njezini ispovjednici: Mihael Sopoćko i Józef Andrasz. Prva bilješka datira iz srpnja 1934., a posljednja je iz lipnja 1938. godine. Rukopis nema izmjena ili brisanja, samo podcrtane olovkom Isusove riječi, koje su u izdanjima knjige označene podebljanim slovima ili kurzivom. Original Dnevnika čuva se u samostanu Sestara Gospe od Milosrđa u Łagiewniki u Krakovu.

Prvo izdanje ovog djela dogodilo se 1983. godine. Prije toga mali su ulomci objavljeni u brošurama posvećenim Božanskom milosrđu u novim oblicima koje je Isus dao sestri Faustini. Prva mehanička kopija Dnevnika nije bila precizna, a privatni transkripti prevedeni su na talijanski, što je sadržavalo teološke pogreške. To je bio razlog za objavu iz 1952. godine koja zabranjuje štovanje Božanskog milosrđa u obrascima koje je prenosila sestra Faustina. Zabrana je otkazana 15. travnja 1978., tijekom pontifikata pape Pavla VI.

Prvo kritičko izdanje cijelog Dnevnika pripremljeno je za proces beatifikacije časne sestre Faustine i objavljeno je u Rimu 1981. godine na 50. godišnjicu prvog ukazanja Milosrdnog Isusa (22. veljače 1931.), čime je počelo proročko poslanje apostola Božanskog Milosrđa.

Dnevnik je radi lakšeg čitanja podijeljen na 1828 točaka. Jedna točka sastoji se od jednog ili više odlomka.

Struktura dnevnika je kako slijedi:

Knjiga I.: točke 1 - 521 (započeto u srpnju 1934.)
Knjiga II.: točke 522 - 1000 (započeto u studenom 1934)
Knjiga III.: Točke 1001 - 1230 (započeto u veljači 1937.)
Knjiga IV.: Točke 1231 - 1321 (započeto u kolovozu 1937.)
Knjiga V.: točke 1322 - 1589 (započeto u listopadu 1937)
Knjiga VI.: Točke 1590 - 1803 (započeto u Krakovu 10. veljače 1938. Dovršeno u lipnju 1938.)
Knjiga VII.: pod naslovom Moja priprema za svetu pričest: Točke 1804 - 1828.

Knjiga je nakon objavljivana postigla veliku popularnost i prevedena je na velik broj jezika uključujući hrvatski. Godine 2008., Dnevnik sv. Faustine bila je najčešće prevedena poljska knjiga.

Izvori

Vidi i:

Isus
Književnost 20. stoljeća
Poljska književnost
Kršćanska književnost
Božje milosrđe

Dnevnik svete Faustine Kowalske


"Bejeweled" je pjesma američke kantautorice Taylor Swift. To je deveta pjesma na Swiftinom desetom studijskom albumu, Midnights (2022.), koji je objavljen 21. listopada 2022. preko Republic Recordsa. Pjesma je dodatno objavljena kao digitalni promotivni singl 25. listopada. Napisali su je i producirali Swift i Jack Antonoff.

Pozadina
Dana 28. kolovoza 2022. Taylor Swift najavila je svoj deseti studijski album, Midnights, koji je objavljen 21. listopada 2022. Popis pjesama nije odmah otkriven. Jack Antonoff, dugogodišnji Swiftin suradnik koji je radio s njom od njenog petog studijskog albuma 1989 (2014.), potvrđen je kao producent na Midnightsu videom objavljenim na Swiftinom Instagram računu 16. rujna 2022. pod nazivom "The Making of Midnights". Počevši od 21. rujna 2022., Swift je počela otkrivati popis pjesama nasumičnim redoslijedom kroz svoju kratku video seriju na TikToku, pod nazivom Midnights Mayhem with Me. Sastojala se od 13 epizoda, s jednom pjesmom otkrivenom u svakoj epizodi. Swift baca kavez za lutriju koji sadrži 13 ping pong loptica numeriranih od jedan do trinaest, od kojih svaka predstavlja pjesmu Midnights, a kada loptica ispadne, otkrila je naslov odgovarajuće pjesme na albumu, putem telefona. U sedmoj epizodi 5. listopada 2022., Swift je objavila naslov devete pjesme kao "Bejeweled".

Tekst i kompozicija
"Bejeweled" je disko pjesma, s stihovima o prepoznavanju vlastite vrijednosti u vezi koja je toksična i samo jedna strana ima slobodu dok druga mora "biti zaključana pod ključem".

Izdavanje
Swift je izjavila kako će par dana nakon izlska albuma, na 25. listopada, objaviti drugi singl i glazbeni video za pjesmu "Bejeweled". Osim Swift, glumci glazbenog spota "Bejeweled" uključuju — Jack Antonoff, Laura Dern, sestre Haim (Este, Danielle i Alana), Dita Von Teese i Pat McGrath.

Glazbeni video
Glazbeni video za pjesmu "Bejeweled", koju je napisala i režirala Swift, premijerno je prikazan na YouTubeu u 12:00 EDT 25. listopada. Sadrži mnogo skrivenih poruka koje se pozivaju na njezin prethodni rad, osobito njezin singl "Exile" iz 2020. i njezin album Speak Now iz 2010. s naznakama da će potonji biti sljedeći ponovno snimljeni album koji će biti objavljen.

Priča se poziva na bajku Pepeljuga i pruža ironičan obrat. U njemu Swift tumači lik Pepeljuge, nazvan samo "Kućna djevojka". Ona trpi ruganje od lika opake maćehe, koju glumi Laura Dern, i zlih polusestara, koje glume članovi benda Haim, čiju jednu bljuvotinu Swift čisti. Dok odlaze na bal, Swift otvara ručni sat i pretvara se u figuru kraljice u plaštu u balskoj haljini. Ona pjeva drugi stih u zlatnom liftu inspiriranom Art Decoom na putu do bala na trećem katu nebodera. Swift zatim prolazi kroz okruženje ispunjeno padajućim dragim kamenjem prije nego što skine ogrtač, otkrivajući plesnu odjeću nadahnutu američkom burleskom. Ona upoznaje svoju "vilinsku božicu" (Dita Von Teese) i one izvode plesnu točku u paru ogromnih čaša za martini, prije nego što Swift izađe na pozornicu na balu u okruženju inspiriranom satnim mehanizmom okružena djevojkama. Njezin čin zapanji opaku maćehu i polusestre i impresionira "kraljicu Pat" (Pat McGrath). Kraljica Pat prisiljava Swift da zabavi lik Šarmantnog princa (Jack Antonoff), ali Swift odbija prinčevu bračnu ponudu. Glazbeni video završava s princem koji prihvaća Swiftino odbijanje dok ona uživa u pogledu iz svog novostečenog dvorca sa zmajevima koji ga okružuju.

Izvori

Američke skladbe
Skladbe Taylor Swift

Bejeweled (pjesma Taylor Swift)


Ursića mlinica nalazi na rječici Grab u selu Grabu, Grad Trilj.

Opis
Ursića mlinica s vodoravno položenim mlinskim kolom, smještena na gotovo samom izvoru rječice Grab, najstarija je grabska mlinica. Zbog razlike u vodostaju, Ursića mlinica se sastoji od dva dijela, odnosno ljetne i zimske mlinice koje su postavljene jedna uz drugu. Zimska mlinica ima tri, a ljetna dva mlina. U produžetku mlinice nalazi se prostorija u kojoj je nekad boravio mlinar. Građena je od priklesanog kamena, većih dimenzija. Kameni pokrov dvostrešnih krovišta zamijenjen je valovitom azbestno-cementnom pločom. Kako se sastoji od ljetnog i zimskog mlina, Ursića mlinica je jedinstvena i značajna za proučavanje tipologije mlinica na području cijele Hrvatske.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4873 zavedena je pod vrstom "nepokretna kulturna baština - pojedinačno", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Mlinice na Grabu

Ursića mlinica u Grabu


Ada Felice-Rošić (Rijeka, 1922. - Rijeka, 2013.) je bila riječka arhitektica koja je odigrala važnu ulogu u poslijeratnoj obnovi grada.

Rani život i obrazovanje
Rođena je u Rijeci, a obrazovanje je nastavila u Zagrebu 1942. godine upisom na Arhitektonski fakultet na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu. U jednom je trenutku pauzirala studij kako bi se pridružila pokretu otpora i pružila podršku partizanima u širem području svog rodnog grada. Po stjecanju diplome 1949. vraća se u Rijeku i zapošljava u Građevno-projektnom zavodu gdje u okolnostima poslijeratne obnove ima priliku ostaviti zapažene rezultate te projektira brojne stambene i javne objekte koji dan danas oblikuju vizuru i život u gradu.

Karijera
Zajedno s Nadom Šilović godinama je intenzivno radila na obnovi grada u Građevno-projektnom zavodu. Zajedno su projektirale stambene objekte duž Ulice Janka Polić Kamova te u Strossmayerovoj ulici. Šilović se nakon toga vraća u Zagreb, dok Felice-Rošić 1958. prelazi u riječko građevinsko poduzeće Primorje gdje je ostala aktivna do umirovljenja te realizirala brojne zapažene projekte. Najvažniji od njih su stambeni objekti na Turniću i Kozali te u Ulici Janeza Trdine gdje je slijedila smjernice tada važećeg Detaljnog urbanističkog plana Starog grada. Jedni od zapaženijih projekata su joj također i zgrada Trgovačke i tekstilne škole u Vončininoj ulici, što je jedini objekt namijenjen srednjoškolskom obrazovanju sagrađen nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, te projekt robne kuće Korzo, prvi suvremeni trgovački centar koji je niknuo u centru grada 70-ih godina.

Neboderi na Kozali koje je projektirala su i dan danas prvi vizualni doživljaj grada Rijeke gotovo svim posjetiteljima.

Izvori

Hrvatski arhitekti
Životopisi, Rijeka

Ada Felice-Rošić


Oplysningens dialektik er en bog af Theodor Adorno og Max Horkheimer, hvori de bl.a. fremfører idéen om kulturindustrien. Tanken med dette begreb er, at populærkulturen kan ligne en stor fabrik, der producerer standardiserede "kulturprodukter," der manipulerer masserne til at blive passive, og at de "enkle fornøjelser" som populærkulturen tilbyder, får mennesker til at blive sløve og får dem til at affinde sig deres økonomiske livsforhold, lige meget hvor ringe det er. Horkheimer og Adorno mener, at selvom to forskellige kulturprodukter ser ud til at være forskellige, så er dette blændværk. Ifølge deres tankegang er alle populærkulturelle tekster skåret over samme skabelon på måde, så masserne aldrig skal anstrenge sig for at afkode, det de ser, læser eller og hører. Litteraten Anne H. Stevens opsummerer således: "De kritiserer Hollywood-film, populærmusik og selv Disney-tegnefilm som kapitalistiske redskaber, der hjernevasker masserne, så de ikke kan tænke selv." Stevens bemærker, at Adorno og Horkheimers synspunkter gerne kan virke både fordømmende og elitære, men at de udmærker sig ved at påpege et ideologisk lag i ellers tilforladelig populærkulturelle tekster.

Adorno og Horkheimer opfatter denne masseproducerede kultur som modsætning til den mere svært tilgængelige højkultur. Adorno og Horkheimer mener, at kulturindustriens produkter idylliserer samfundet i stedet for at være kritisk over for det. De skriver: "Men den oprindelige affinitet mellem forretning og underholdning viser sig i dennes egen mening: apologien for samfundet." Underholdningsprodukter udtrykker derfor justificerende ideologiske synspunkter.Ud fra tanken om at kunsten bør anspore til en fri og kritisk tankegang er kulturindustrien dermed en undergravelse af selve kunstens idealer og dens berettigelse.

Kritik
Adorno og Horkheimers kultur- og mediesyn er blevet kritiseret for at være meget pessimistisk. Per Stig Møller skriver fx at det "At skære underholdningen over én kam siger mere om [Horkheimer og Adorno] end om underholdningen." Stuart Hall har argumenteret for at populærkultur ikke kun bør forstås som fordummende underholdning til masserne eller som udelukkede at være en kapitalistisk måde at tjene penge på. Denne holdning er karakteristisk for den britiske tradition for kulturstudier, der generelt set ikke er mistænksom over for populærkulturen som Adorno og Horkheimer.

Litteratur på dansk

 Horkheimer, Max & Theodor W. Adorno (1993): "Oplysningens dialektik". Gyldendal

Se også

 Kritisk teori
 Ideologikritik
 Mistænksomhedens hermeneutik

Noter

Humaniora
Kunst
Æstetik
Filosofi
Sociologisk litteratur

Oplysningens dialektik


Linkville bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Linkville (Indiana)
 Linkville (Michigan)
 Linkville (Missouri)

Linkville


Brian Gerard James (20 mai 1969) este un wrestler american care lucreaza in WWE ca agent. Înainte de asta, a lucrat ca luptător în World Wrestling Federation (WWF), ca Road Dogg sau Jesse James , și ca Brian James in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). James a făcut un cuplu, împreună cu luptătorul Monty Sopp (Billy Gunn/Kip James) de ani de zile, fiind cunoscuti sub numele de New Age Outlaws sau The James Gang. De asemenea, a făcut parte din stable-ul D-Generation X , împreună cu Triple H, X-Pac și Chyna , și 3 Live Kru lângă Ron Killings și Konnan.

James a câștigat de cinci ori Campionatul Mondial din Perechi de WWF și o dată Campionatul în Perechi din WWE lângă Gunn și de două ori Campionatul Mondial din Perechi din NWA împreună cu membrii de la 3LK. Individual, a câștigat Campionatul Intercontinental de WWF și Campionatul Hardcore WWF o dată.

James este un luptător de a doua generație; tatăl lui Bob Armstrong a fost un luptător la ca și frații lui Scott, Brad, și Steve.

Titluri în Wrestling
All-Star Championship Wrestling
ACW Tag Team Championship (1 dată) – with Dysfunction
Catch Wrestling Association
CWA World Tag Team Championship (1 dată) – cu Cannonball Grizzly
Coastal Carolina Wrestling Alliance/Carolina Wrestling Federation
CCWA/CWF World Heavyweight Championship (1 dată)
Freedom Pro Wrestling
FPW Tag Team Championship (1 dată) - cu Billy Gunn
Maryland Championship Wrestling
MCW Tag Team Championship (1 dată) – cu Kip James
Millennium Wrestling Federation
MWF Tag Team Championship (1 dată) – with Beau Douglas
NWA Wrestle Birmingham
NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (2 ori)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Billy Gunn
PWI ranked him #46 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999
PWI ranked him #43 of the best 100 tag teams of the "PWI Years" in 2003 cu Billy Gunn
PWI ranked him #183 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
NWA World Tag Team Championship (2 ori)1 – cu Ron Killings și Konnan
Feast or Fired (2007 – World Tag Team Championship contract)
TWA Powerhouse
TWA Tag Team Championship (1 dată) – cu Billy Gunn
United States Wrestling Association
USWA Heavyweight Championship (1 dată)
USWA Television Championship (2 ori)
USWA World Tag Team Championship (2 ori) – cu Tracy Smothers
World Wrestling All-Stars
WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 dată)
World Wrestling Federation/WWE
WWF Hardcore Championship (1 dată)
WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 dată)
WWF Tag Team Championship (5 ori) – cu Billy Gunn
WWE Tag Team Championship (1 dată) – cu Billy Gunn
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Gimmick (1996) ca The Real Double J

Referințe

Nașteri în 1969
Wrestleri americani

Brian Gerard James


Snopes , formerly known as the Urban Legends Reference Pages, is a fact-checking website. It has been described as a "well-regarded reference for sorting out myths and rumors" on the Internet. The site has also been seen as a source for both validating and debunking urban legends and similar stories in American popular culture.

History

1990s
In 1994, David and Barbara Mikkelson created an urban folklore web site that would become Snopes.com. Snopes was an early online encyclopedia focused on urban legends, which mainly presented search results of user discussions based at first on their contributions to the Usenet newsgroup alt.folklore.urban (AFU) where they'd been active. The site grew to encompass a wide range of subjects and became a resource to which Internet users began submitting pictures and stories of questionable veracity. According to the Mikkelsons, Snopes predated the search engine concept of fact-checking via search results. David Mikkelson had originally adopted the username "Snopes" (the name of a family of often unpleasant people in the works of William Faulkner) in AFU.

2000s
In 2002, the site had become known well enough that a television pilot by writer-director Michael Levine called Snopes: Urban Legends was completed with American actor Jim Davidson as host. However, it did not air on major networks.

By 2010, the site was attracting seven million to eight million unique visitors in an average month.

2010s
By mid-2014, Barbara had not written for Snopes "in several years" and David was forced to hire users from Snopes.com's message board to assist him in running the site. The Mikkelsons divorced around that time. Christopher Richmond and Drew Schoentrup became part owners in July 2016 with the purchase of Barbara Mikkelson's share by the internet media management company Proper Media.

On March 9, 2017, David Mikkelson terminated the brokering agreement with Proper Media, which is also the company that provides Snopes with web development, hosting, and advertising support. The move prompted Proper Media to stop remitting advertising revenue and to file a lawsuit in May. In late June, Bardav—the company founded by David and Barbara Mikkelson in 2003 to own and operate snopes.com—started a GoFundMe campaign to raise money to continue operations. They raised $500,000 in 24 hours. Later, in August, a judge ordered Proper Media to disburse advertising revenues to Bardav while the case was pending.

In July 2018, Snopes abruptly terminated its contract with Managing Editor Brooke Binkowski, with no explanation. By the time Snopes co-founder and CEO David Mikkelson confirmed the termination to her, the situation was still not clear.

In early 2019, Snopes announced that it had acquired the website OnTheIssues.org, and is "hard at work modernizing its extensive archives". OnTheIssues is a website that seeks to "present all the relevant evidence, assess how strongly each piece supports or opposes a position, and summarize it with an average" in order to "provide voters with reliable information on candidates' policy positions".

In 2018 and 2019, Snopes fact-checked several articles from The Babylon Bee, a satirical website, rating them "False". The decision resulted in Facebook adding warnings to links to those articles shared on its site. Snopes added a new rating called "Labeled Satire" to identify satirical stories.

In 2019, Snopes was embroiled in legal disputes with Proper Media, with a court case scheduled for spring 2020. By then Proper Media had become a co-owner of Bardav through acquiring Barbara Mikkelson's half-interest share, intending to take overall ownership of Snopes for its own "portfolio of media sites". The move failed as David Mikkelson had no intention to sell his share.

2020s

COVID-19 pandemic and misinformation

As the COVID-19 pandemic started in 2020, many people tried to "educate themselves on the coronavirus" and find "any comfort, certainty, or hope for a cure [for the coronavirus]". Snopes has around 237 COVID-related fact-checking articles.

Plagiarism by co-founder David Mikkelson

On August 13, 2021, BuzzFeed News published an investigation by reporter Dean Sterling Jones that showed David Mikkelson had used plagiarized material from different news sources in 54 articles between 2015 and 2019 in an effort to increase website traffic. Mikkelson also published plagiarized material under a pseudonym, "Jeff Zarronandia". The BuzzFeed inquiry prompted Snopes to launch an internal review of Mikkelson's articles and to retract 60 of them the day the Buzzfeed story appeared. Mikkelson admitted to committing "multiple serious copyright violations" and apologized for "serious lapses in judgment." He was suspended from editorial duties during the investigation, but remains an officer and stakeholder in the company.

Change of ownership
On September 16, 2022, David Mikkelson stepped down as CEO and was succeeded by shareholder and board member Chris Richmond. Richmond and fellow shareholder Drew Schoentrup together acquired 100% of the company, ending the ownership dispute which began in 2017.

Main site
Snopes aims to debunk or confirm widely spread urban legends. The site has been referenced by news media and other sites, including CNN, MSNBC, Fortune, Forbes, and The New York Times. By March 2009, the site had more than six million visitors per month. David Mikkelson ran the website from his home in Tacoma, Washington.

Mikkelson has stressed the reference portion of the name Urban Legends Reference Pages, indicating that the intention is not merely to dismiss or confirm misconceptions and rumors but to provide evidence for such debunkings and confirmation as well. Where appropriate, pages are generally marked "undetermined" or "unverifiable" when there is not enough evidence to either support or disprove a given claim.

In an attempt to demonstrate the perils of over-reliance on the Internet as authority, Snopes assembled a series of fabricated urban folklore tales that it termed "The Repository of Lost Legends". The name was chosen for its acronym, T.R.O.L.L., a reference to the definition of the word troll, meaning an internet persona intended to be deliberately provocative or incendiary.

In 2009, FactCheck.org reviewed a sample of Snopes's responses to political rumors regarding George W. Bush, Sarah Palin, and Barack Obama, and found them to be free from bias in all cases. In 2012, The Florida Times-Union reported that About.com's urban legends researcher found a "consistent effort to provide even-handed analyses" and that Snopes' cited sources and numerous reputable analyses of its content confirm its accuracy.

Mikkelson has said that the site receives more complaints of liberal bias than conservative bias, but added that the same debunking standards are applied to all political urban legends.

Funding
In 2016, Snopes said that the entirety of its revenue was derived from advertising.  In the same year it received an award of $75,000 from the James Randi Educational Foundation, an organization formed to debunk paranormal claims. In 2017, it raised approximately $700,000 from a crowd-sourced GoFundMe effort and received $100,000 from Facebook as a part of a fact-checking partnership. Snopes also offers a premium membership that disables ads.

On February 1, 2019, Snopes announced that it had ended its fact-checking partnership with Facebook. Snopes did not rule out the possibility of working with Facebook in the future but said it needed to "determine with certainty that our efforts to aid any particular platform are a net positive for our online community, publication and staff". Snopes added that the loss of revenue from the partnership meant the company would "have less money to invest in our publication—and we will need to adapt to make up for it".

Snopes publishes a yearly summary detailing expenses and sources of income.

See also

 Hoaxes – fabricated falsehoods

References

External links

Internet properties established in 1995
Webby Award winners
Skepticism
1995 establishments in California
Fact-checking websites

Snopes


RMU-Ring Main Unit

It is the unit(switchgear) to help to control "high voltage(11kv) ring circuits".By using this we can do maintenance and modifications.

වලය පරිපථ ප්‍රධාන ඒකකය(සුවිචය)

විදුලිය ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේ අධි වෝල්ටීයතා (කි.වෝල්ට් 11)සැපයුම් සඳහා වන භූගත පරිපථ සඳහා යොදාගන්නා උපාංගයකි(පොලොවට ඉහල උප පොලක මෙය ස්ථානගත කරනු ලැබේ ).මෙය ස්විචයක් ලෙසද සඳහන් කර හැක.නිවැරදි ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය නොදැන භාවිතාකිරීමට යාම ඉතා  භයානක විය හැක.

Ring Main Unit


Astragalus vesicarius es una  especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las leguminosas. Se encuentra en Europa.

Distribución
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia que alcanza un tamaño de 10-20 cm de altura, sedosa, blanca, erguida o ascendente, con tallo leñoso y hojas tortuosas, imparipinnadas, pequeñas, con 4-6 pares de foliolos elípticos u oblongos, con estípulas libres. Las flores de color púrpura con alas blancas, grandes, en las cabezas globulares de 3-10 flores, sobre largos pedúnculos.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en las rocas y pastizales de altura de los Alpes, Savoie, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes Marítimos, Suiza, el norte de Italia y España.

Taxonomía
Astragalus vesicarius fue descrita por Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 760, en el año 1753. (1 May 1753)
Citología
Números cromosomáticos de Astragalus vesicarius  (Fam. Leguminosae) y táxones infraespecificos: : n=8; 2n=16

Variedades aceptadas
Astragalus vesicarius subsp. carniolicus (A.Kern.) Chater
Astragalus vesicarius subsp. pastellianus (Pollini) Arcang.
Astragalus vesicarius subsp. vesicarius L.
Sinonimia
Astragalus cuatrecasasii Font Quer in Cavanillesia 7: 74 (1935)
Astragalus vesicarius var. multiflorus Cuatrec. in Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sèr. Bot. 12: 335 (1929)
Astragalus albicaulis sensu Hayek
Astragalus dealbatus auct.
Astragalus glaucus M.Bieb.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

vesicarius

Astragalus vesicarius


Pterocladiaceae, porodica crvenih algi, dio reda Gelidiales. Sastoji se od 28 priznatih vrsta unutar dva roda.

Opisana je 2006. godine

Rodovi
 Pterocladia J.Agardh 4
 Pterocladiella B.Santelices & Hommersand 24

Izvori

Gelidiales

Pterocladiaceae


Playlista (eng. playlist) je lista audio i video datoteka koje se može izvoditi na medijskom playeru, bilo u nizu ili nasumice (promiješano ili nasumično). U najopćenitijem obliku audio playlista je jednostavno lista skladba i ponekad petlja. Riječ ima nekoliko specijaliziranih značenja u području televizijskog i radijskog emitiranja i osobnih računala.

Playlista također može biti lista snimljenih naslova na digitalnom video disku. Na internetu playlista može biti popis nastavaka u filmskom serijalu; na primjer Flash Gordon na planetu Mongu dostupan je na YouTubeu kao playlista od trinaest uzastopnih videonastavaka.

Datotečni formati
 .asx
 .bio
 .fpl
 .kpl
 .m3u/.m3u8
 .pla
 .aimppl
 .plc
 .mpcpl
 .pls
 .smil
 .vlc
 .wpl,
 .xspf
 .zpl

Vidi
 Mixtape
 Sustav glazbenog raspoređivanja
 Promiješana svirka
 Jezik za označavanje za playliste

Izvori

Glazba

Playlista


Smrdulja (lat. Bifora), maleni biljni rod trajnica iz porodice Apiaceae kojemu pripada svega tri vrste bradavičava (B. testiculata), zrakasta smrdulja (B. radians) i američka vrsta Bifora americana. Rod je raširen po nekim zemljama Europe, Azije i sjevernoj Africi, a u mnoge krajeve (Sjeverna Amerika i Australija) je uvezena.

Hrvatski naziv došao je zbog njezinog veoma neprijatnog mirisa, pa je ne jede ni stoka. Zrakasta smrdulja česta je na agrarnim površinama, napose u monokulturi žita i drugim intenzivnim monokulturama.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Coriandreae

Smrdulja


Illescas bezeichnet:

 Cerro Illescas, einen Berg in Peru
 Illescas (Peru), eine Halbinsel in Peru
 Illescas (Spanien), eine Ortschaft in Spanien
 Illescas (Toledo), Stadt in der Provinz Toledo in der Autonomen Gemeinschaft Kastilien-La Mancha
 Illescas (Gerichtsbezirk), Gerichtsbezirk in Spanien
 Illescas (Uruguay), eine Ortschaft in Uruguay
 Miguel Illescas Córdoba (* 1965), einen spanischen Schachmeister

Illescas


… denn die Musik und die Liebe in Tirol ist ein deutscher Schlagerfilm von Werner Jacobs aus dem Jahr 1963.

Handlung
Susanne Berger ist eine begabte Trompetenspielerin und tritt abends regelmäßig mit ihrem Freund Walter Pfeil im Duett im Jazzkeller Heißes Pflaster auf. Gerne würde Musikfernsehredakteur Herbert Petunius sie "entdecken", darf seiner Chefin jedoch nur männliche Künstler zuarbeiten. In der Bar erscheint Susannes Cousine Monika, die in einem kleinen bayrischen Dorf wohnt und sich zum ersten Mal in die Großstadt getraut hat: Sie eröffnet Susanne, dass beide eine Alm geerbt haben.

Am nächsten Tag fahren Susanne, Monika, Walter und die gemeinsame Freundin Heidi zur Alm, um sich alles vor Ort einmal anzusehen. Was sie nicht wissen ist, dass die Almhütte seit ihrem Leerstand von einer Schmugglerbande als Lager genutzt wird. Die Schmuggler hatten kurz zuvor die fahrenden Musikanten Peter und Paul gefangen genommen, die sich in die Hütte verirrt hatten und sogleich an den Verzehr der kistenweise vorhandenen Nahrungsmittel gegangen waren. Notgedrungen müssen sich Peter und Paul der Bande anschließen, da sie ansonsten um ihr Leben fürchten müssten. Zur Bande stößt zudem der vorgebliche Schmuggler Fred, der jedoch in Wirklichkeit Jurist ist und die Bande endlich dingfest machen will.

Susanne und ihre Freunde ahnen jedoch von der Bande nichts, die sich im Keller der Hütte verborgen hält. Die neuen Besitzer wollen am nächsten Morgen wiederkommen, um aufzuräumen. Sie wollen aus der Hütte eine Tanzbar machen. In der Nacht versucht die Bande, die Schmugglerware aus dem Keller zu bringen, scheitert jedoch, weil der benötigte Laster von der Polizei abgefangen wird. Sie müssen nun anders an die Sache herangehen: Am nächsten Morgen finden Susanne und ihre Mitstreiter Peter, Paul und Fred schlafend in der Hütte vor. Alle drei geben vor, fahrende Musikanten zu sein. Sie dürfen nun bei der Renovierung der Hütte mithelfen und passen auf, dass das Lager nicht entdeckt wird.

Am Abend findet die erste Tanzveranstaltung statt und auch Schmuggler Krummblick, der allein im Keller ausharrt, um per Funk vom Boss über die weiteren Entwicklungen informiert zu werden, kommt nun als verirrter Bergsteiger verkleidet nach oben. Walter jedoch wird misstrauisch, weil Fred, Peter und Paul Krummblick zu kennen scheinen und der wiederum nicht sagen kann, welchen Berg er zuletzt bestiegen hat. Walter warnt Susanne, die jedoch schon früher mit seiner Eifersucht zu kämpfen hatte und nun glaubt, er wolle nur die Männer aus dem Haus haben. In der Nacht legt sich Walter außerhalb der Hütte auf die Lauer und sieht bald, wie die Schmuggler zum Haus kommen und aus dem Keller die Ware holen. Er alarmiert die Polizei, die nicht nur die Schmuggler, sondern auch die jungen Frauen festnimmt. Monika kann fliehen und kehrt kurze Zeit später zu Walter zurück, der am nächsten Tag zunächst vergeblich versucht, seine Freunde aus dem Gefängnis zu holen.

Auch Fred ist entkommen und wird in der Zeitung steckbrieflich gesucht. Er kontaktiert den Leiter der Schmugglerbande Oskar und berichtet ihm, dass eine Razzia im Hauptlager geplant sei. Oskar fährt zu seinem Chef – es ist Rehlein, die Leiterin des Heißen Pflaster. Die Polizei trifft an der Bar ein, doch können Oskar und Rehlein fliehen. Erst an der Grenze werden sie als fahrende Musikanten von Fred geschnappt, der inzwischen seine Tarnung aufgegeben hat.

Susanne und ihre Freunde sind unterdessen aus dem Gefängnis entlassen worden und auch Peter und Paul haben sich als unschuldig erwiesen. Auf der Almhütte feiern alle eine große Party, zu der auch Herbert Petunius gekommen ist. Er darf inzwischen auch Frauen entdecken, sodass Peter und Paul auf eine Teiltravestie zurückgreifen müssen, um engagiert zu werden. Am Ende finden sich die Paare: Monika und Walter werden ein Paar, Susanne und Fred finden zusammen und auch Herbert findet in Heidi eine neue Partnerin.

Produktion
… denn die Musik und die Liebe in Tirol erlebte am 20. Dezember 1963 im Bavaria in Würzburg seine Premiere. Im Film sind zahlreiche Schlager zu hören:

 Gus Backus: Caroline
 Gus Backus: Wenn doch jede Woche mal der Erste wär'
 Trude Herr: Ich bin eine Frau von Format
 Hannelore Auer: Almdudl-Twist
 Vivi Bach: King Hully Gully
 Vivi Bach, Hannelore Auer, Claus Biederstaedt u. a.: Denn die Musik und die Liebe in Tirol
 Peppino di Capri: Signorina mit dem blonden Haar
 Billy Mo: Ohne Geld gibt's keine Musik
 Teddy Parker: Holiday Twist
 Elke Sommer: Hully Gully Italiona
 Gitta Walther: Immer redest Du nur vom Mondenschein
 Tommy Frank: Lady wunderbar
 Chris Barber's Jazz Band: Nobody's Sweetheart (instrumental)
 Chris Barber's Jazz Band: O sole mio (instrumental)

Kritik
"Die anspruchslose Handlung fungiert als Gerippe für zahlreiche Schlager- und Musiknummern", stellte der film-dienst fest.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1963
Deutscher Film
Musikfilm

… denn die Musik und die Liebe in Tirol


لۇشۈن (التقليدية الصينية :鲁迅؛ المبسطة الصينية :鲁迅؛ نظام الكتابة الصينية : Lǔ شون) أو لو Hsün (واد بين جايلز)، هو اسم مستعار للShuren تشو (التقليدية الصينية :周树人؛ المبسطة الصينية :周树人؛ نظام الكتابة الصينية : تشو Shùrén ؛ واد بين جايلز : شو شو جين) (25 سبتمبر 1881—19 أكتوبر 1936) يعتبر واحدا من أهم الكتاب الصينيين من القرن العشرين. ونظر كثيرون ان مؤسس الصين الحديثة والأدب، وكتب في baihua (白话) (الدارجة)، فضلا عن الكلاسيكية الصينية. لو شون كان كاتب قصة قصيرة، ومحرر، ومترجم وناقد، والكاتب والشاعر. في 1930s أصبح الرئيس الفخري للرابطة الصينية اليسارية الكتاب في شانغهاي.

لو شون تمارس أعمال نفوذ كبير جدا بعد الرابع من مايو حركة إلى درجة أنه كان محتفى به بعد النظام الشيوعي عام 1949. ماو تسي تونغ نفسه مدى الحياة المعجب لو شون أعمال. وإن كانت متعاطفة مع المثل العليا لليسار، في الواقع أبدا لو شون وانضم للحزب الشيوعى الصينى. لو شون أعمال معروفة للقراء الإنجليزية من خلال العديد من الترجمات، وخاصة القصص المختارة للترجمة Hsun لو شيان يانغ يي يانغ وغلاديس.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أسماء قلمية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بكين
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة سون يات سين
إسبرانتوين صينيون
خريجو جامعة توهوكو
روائيون صينيون في القرن 20
شعراء صينيون
شعراء صينيون في القرن 20
شعراء من تشيجيانغ
فلاسفة القرن 20
فلاسفة كتبوا حول النشاط والتغيير الاجتماعي
كتاب ذكور صينيون في القرن 20
كتاب قصة قصيرة ذكور صينيون
كتاب قصة قصيرة صينيون في القرن 20
كتاب قصة قصيرة من تشيجيانغ
كتاب من شاوكسينج
مترجمون إلى الصينية
مترجمون صينيون في القرن 20
مدافن في شانغهاي
مربون من شاوكسينج
مسؤولون حكوميون صينيون
مغتربون صينيون في اليابان
مواليد 1881
مواليد في شاوكسينج
مؤرخون صينيون في القرن 20
نقاد اجتماعيون
نقاد ثقافيون
نقد أدبي صيني
وفيات 1936
وفيات في شانغهاي
كتاب مجلات صينيون
محررو مجلات صينيون
كتاب بأسماء مستعارة القرن 20

لو شون


Aritmetik Mantık Birimi (AMB) aritmetik ve mantık işlemlerini gerçekleştiren bir dijital devredir. AMB en basit işlemi gerçekleştiren mikro denetleyiciden, en karmaşık mikroişlemciye sahip bir bilgisayara kadar tüm işlemcilerin yapıtaşıdır. Modern bilgisayarların içinde bulunan mikroişlemcilerin ve ekran kartlarının içinde çok karışık ve güçlü AMB'ler bulunmaktadır.
AMB kavramına ilk olarak 1945 yılında matematikçi John von Neumann EDVAC adlı yeni bir bilgisayar üzerine bulgularını anlatan raporunda değinmiştir.

Ön gelişim
1946 yılında, Von Neumann ve meslektaşları Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) için bir bilgisayar tasarlamaktaydı.İlerleyen yıllarda birçok bilgisayar tasarımı için prototip haline gelmiş olan bu bilgisayarda temel matematiksel işlemleri ( toplama, çıkarma, çarpma ve bölme) gerçekleştirme gerekliliğinden dolayı , Von Neumann işe yarar bir bilgisayarın bahsedilen işlemler için özelleşmiş bir yapıya ihtiyaç olduğuna inanıyordu ve buna bağlı olarak AMB'nin bir zorunluluk olduğunu belirtmiştir.

Sayısal sistemler
Bir AMB, işlemlerini diğer dijital devrelerin kullandığı sayı biçimiyle aynı şekilde ifade etmelidir. Modern işlemcilerin tamamına yakını İkiye Tümleyen gösterimini kullanmaktadır. İkiye tümleyen gösterimi işaretli ve işaretsiz sayıları kolay ve verimli bir şekilde gösterebildiğinden AMB'ler için işlem kolaylığı sağlamaktadır. Eski bilgisayar ise birçok çeşitli sayı gösterim biçimi kullanmaktaydı.Bu bilgisayarlarda bire tümleyen,ikiye tümleyen,işaret büyüklüğü formatı ve hatta gerçek ondalık sistem gibi fonksiyonlar da bulunmaktaydı.

Genel bakış

İşlemciler birçok işlemi bir veya daha çok AMB ile gerçekleştirilir. AMB veriyi giriş yazmaçlarından alır, işletir ve sonucu bir çıkış yazmacına kaydeder. Kontrol birimi AMB'nin veriye hangi işlemi yapacağını seçer. İşlemcinin diğer mekanizmaları yazmaçlar ve hafıza arasında verileri taşır.

Şekilde görülen 2-bit AMB'nin A ve B isminde iki tane girişi bulunmaktadır. A[0] & B[0] en anlamsız biti (basamak değeri en düşük biti), A[1] & B[1] en anlamlı biti (basamak değeri en yüksek biti) göstermektedir.
A ve B girişleri soldaki 4 tane mantık kapısına (yukarıdan aşağıya) yönlendirilmektedirler: XOR , VE, VEYA ve XOR.Yukarıdaki 3 mantık kapısı XOR, VE ve VEYA işlemini gerçekleştirirken en son XOR kapısı tam toplayıcının (full adder) giriş kapısıdır.
Son adımda ise istenilen sonuç çoklayıcı yardımıyla seçilir. Denetim biriminden gelen 3 bitlik işlem kodu (OP) çoklayıcıya hangi girişi seçmesini gerektiğini belirtir.
	İşlem kodu = 000 → XOR
	İşlem kodu = 001 → VE
	İşlem kodu = 010 → VEYA
 İşlem kodu = 011 → Toplama

Çoklayıcının geri kalan 4 çıkışı farklı işlemler (çıkarma,çarpma vs.) için boş durumda beklemektedir.Gelen elde(carry-in) ve çıkan elde (carry-out) bir çeşit durum yazmacına bağlanmıştır.

1) Aritmetik ve lojik ünite

İşlemci tarafından gerçekleştirilecek matematiksel ve mantıksal işlemlerin yapıldığı bölümdür.

Aritmetik lojik ünitenin yapısı

Bu birime giriş işlemleri, akümülatör kaydedicisiyle bellekten alınan veri arasında veya akümülatörle diğer kaydediciler arasında olabilir. ALU' nun mikroişlemci içerisindeki basitleştirilmiş çalışma biçimi Şekil-2'de görülmektedir.

ALU işlemleri ADDER (toplayıcı) ve SHIFTER (kaydırıcı) denilen iki esas devre ile gerçekleştirilir. Genelde, bu esas devreler ALU olarak anılmaktadır. Ancak bilgileri depolayıcı ve değerlendirici bazı yardımcı devrelerden de yararlanılır. Bu yardımcı devreler:

 Akümülatör

Başlangıç ve sonuç bilgilerini depolamak için akümülatör kullanılır. Bazı mikroişlemcilerde akümülatör yerine VERİ KAYDEDİCİ (data reg) kullanılmıştır.

Geçici kaydedici (temporary register)

Bellekten alınan işlem bilgilerinin ilk durak yeri: geçici kaydedicidir.

Bayrak kaydedici (flag register)

Bazı mikroişlemcilerde bayrak kaydedici yerine; ALU tarafından yapılan işlemlerin sonucunu gösteren ve bu sonuçları değerlendirme ortamını yaratan devredir. Bu sonuçlara göre bazı düzeltmeler gerekiyorsa bilgisayar bunları kendi kendine yapabildiği gibi bayrak ekrana çağrılarak bazı yarılarının dışarıdan yapılması da mümkün olmaktadır. Durum kaydedici veya Koşul kodu kaydedici değimleri de kullanılır. Aritmetik lojik işlem birimi ve bu yardımcı devrelerinin tümüne birden ALU grubu denir. Yalnızca ALU denildiğinde ise asıl işlem yürütücü kısım olan ADDER ve SHIFTER amaçlanır.

Kontrol birimi

İşlemciye gönderilen komutların çözülüp (komutun ne anlama geldiğinin tanımlanması) işletilmesini sağlar. İşlemci içindeki birimlerin ve dışındaki birimlerin eş zamanlı olarak çalışmasını sağlayan kontrol sinyalleri bu birim tarafından üretilir.

Aritmetik lojik ünitenin fonksiyonları

Aritmetik işlemler denilince başta toplama, çıkarma, bölme ve çarpma; mantık işlemleri denilince AND, OR EXOR ve NOT gibi işlemler akla gelir. Komutlarla birlikte bu işlemleri, mantık kapılarının oluşturduğu toplayıcılar, çıkarıcılar ve kaydıran kaydediciler gerçekleştirirler. Bloklaştırılmış bu devreler bir dâhili veri yolu vasıtasıyla birbirlerine, bir başka veri yolu ve tamponlar vasıtasıyla kaydedicilere ve zamanlama-kontrol birimine bağlanmıştır.

ALU' da gerçekleşen bütün bu işlemler kontrol sinyalleri vasıtasıyla Zamanlama ve Kontrol Biriminin gözetiminde eşzamanlı olarak yapılır. Mikroişlemcinin temel elemanlarından biridir. ALU iki parçadan oluşur: Aritmetik ve lojik üniteler.

a) Aritmetik ünite: Toplama, çıkarma, artırma, azaltma gibi işlemleri yapar.

b) Lojik ünite: AND, OR, NOT gibi işlemleri gerçekleştirir

Temel işlemler
AMB'lerin çoğu aşağıdaki işlemleri gerçekleştirebilir.
 Toplama,çıkarma ve bazı durumlarda çarpma ve bölme işlemleri (çarpma ve bölme AMB'nin bir birimi olacağı gibi AMB'den bağımsız bir birimde olabilir.AMB'de ne kadar çok birim varsa yapısı da o kadar karmaşık olmaktadır.)
 Mantıksal işlemler: (VE, DEĞİL, VEYA, ÖZELVEYA)
 Bit kaydırma işlemleri. Bir sayıyı belirtilen bit sayısı kadar sağa veya sola, işaret genişletilerek veya genişletilmeyerek, kaydırmak veya döndürmek.Kaydırmalar sayıyı 2 ile çarpma veya bölme olarak da düşünülebilinir.Çarpma ve bölme işlemlerinde olduğu gibi bu işlemlerde AMB'den bağımsız birim tarafından üstlenilebilir.

Karmaşık işlemler
AMB'ler herhangi bir işlemi yürütecek şekilde tasarlanabilir fakat işlem ne kadar karmaşıksa maliyet artar. Bu maliyet işlemcide kullandığı yer, harcadığı enerji vs. olabilir.
Bu sebepten dolayı bir AMB tasarlayıcısı, tasarımın işlemi istenen hızda yapmasını temin ederken, bu tasarımın uygulama esnasındaki karmaşıklığı ve sarfiyatı ile ilgili ödünleşimi de yapması gerekir. Örneğin bir sayının karekökünü alacak bir AMB tasarlandığını düşünelim.İlgili mühendisin önünde aşağıdaki seçenekler bulunmaktadır:
 Çok fazla karmaşık bir devre tasarlayarak, tek basamakta karekökü hesaplayan bir AMB olabilir.Buna "tek vuruşluk hesaplama (calculation in single cycle)" denir.
 Çok karmaşık bir devre tasarlayarak, karekökü birkaç basamakta hesaplayan bir AMB olabilir.Buradaki fark basamakların arasındaki geçici sonuçlar arka arkaya dizilmiş devrelerden geçerek her basamakta var olan sonuca yeni bir işlem uygulanarak nihai sonuca ulaşılması işlemidir.Bunu bir üretim bandına benzetebiliriz.Bu sayede AMB aynı anda birkaç sayının karekökünü işleme alabilir.AMB'de bulunan basamak sayısı kadar sayı işlenmeye başladıktan sonra her adımda bir sonuç dışarı çıkar ve böylece AMB dolduktan sonra tek vuruşluk işlem yapandan farkı kalmaz.Bu tip işleme "boru hattı ile hesaplama" denmektedir.
 Karmaşık bir devre tasarlayarak karekök işlemini değişik basamaklarda hesaplayan bir AMB olabilir. Buna "etkileşimli hesaplama" denmektedir ve genelde mikroprogramlama ile yapılmış karmaşık bir denetim birimi ile gerçekleştirilir.
 İşlemcide basit bir AMB bulundurulur, yukarıdaki seçeneklerden herhangi birini gerçekleştiren yardımcı bir ikinci işlemci, ayrıca ve daha pahalı bir şekilde sisteme eklenebilecek halde satılabilir.
 Programcılara yardımcı ikinci bir işlemci veya emülatör bulunmadığını söyleyerek, kendi algoritmalarını yazmalarını söylemek.Bu işlem yazılım kütüphanelerinin var olma nedenidir.
 Yardımcı işlemcinin varlığı taklit edilerek, program her karekök işlemini gerçekleştirmek istediğinde eğer varsa yardımcı işlemciyi kullanması, yoksa bir kesme yaratarak işletim sistemini karekök işlemini herhangi bir yazılımla gerçekleştirmesi yönünde uyarması şeklinde bir çözüm olabilir. Buna yazılım taklidi denir
Yukarıdaki seçenekler en hızlı ve pahalıdan en yavaş ve en ucuza doğru gitmektedir.En basit bilgisayar dahi en karmaşık formülü gerçekleştirebilir fakat basit bilgisayarın var olan işlemi yavaş gerçekleştirmesinin nedeni ,yukarıda belirtilen seçeneklerde olduğu gibi, işlenmesi gerek basamak sayısının artmasıdır.
Intel Core veya AMD64 gibi güçlü işlemcilerde çok karmaşık AMB'ler bulundurmak mümkün olduğundan; basit işlemler için 1. seçenek, çoğu karmaşık işlemler için 2. seçenek ve aşırı karmaşık işlemler için 3. seçenek kullanmaktadır.

Giriş ve çıkış
AMB'nin girişleri işlenecek veriler ve denetim biriminden gelen hangi işlemin yapılacağını belirten değerlerdir.Çıkışı ise yapılan işlemin sonucudur.
Çoğu AMB tasarımında belirli durumlara göre farklı değerler alan bitler bulunmaktadır bunlara bayraklar denir. Bu bayraklar elde ,taşma, sıfıra bölme gibi olabilir ve AMB'ye giriş ya da çıkış olabilir.

Kayan nokta birimi
Kayan nokta birimi de AMB gibi iki değer arasında belirli işlemleri gerçekleştirir fakat üzerinde çalıştığı değerler ikiye tümleyen ,BCD'den daha karmaşık olan kayan nokta gösterimine sahip değerlerdir. Bu işlemleri gerçekleştirmek için kayan nokta biriminin de içinde AMB'ler bulunabilir.
Genel olarak mühendisler ikiye tümleyen, BCD gibi formatlara sahip tam sayı ile aritmetik işlemler yapan birimlere AMB ismini vermektedir. Kayan nokta veya karmaşık sayı gibi daha çok bitle gösterilen biçimlerle işlem yapan birimlere daha yaratıcı isimler verilmektedir.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Karmaşık bir AMB'nin MATLAB benzetimi

Bilgisayar aritmetiği
Merkezî işlem birimi
Sayısal devreler

Aritmetik mantık birimi


Sir Thomas Kitson ou Kytson (1540-1603) est un propriétaire terrien anglais.

Il est le fils aîné de Thomas Kitson de Hengrave Hall et de sa seconde épouse Margaret Donnington (décédée en 1561).

Carrière

Son père est décédé peu de temps avant sa naissance. Sa mère meurt en 1561 et lui laisse pour 200 £ d'argenterie, la meilleure chaîne en or et la bague en turquoise de son père, et quinze pièces de tapisserie ayant appartenu à son troisième mari, le comte de Bath. Elle lui laisse également des biens ménagers, des armes et des armures à Hengrave et Chevington, ainsi que le bétail. En 1603, la Grande Chambre de Hengrave est ornée de 15 pièces de tapisserie, de "travaux de parc" représentant "de grandes bêtes et des oiseaux", représentant probablement le legs de sa mère, avec deux autres pièces suspendues au-dessus des pièces de cheminée, une tissée avec le Kitson et Armes de Cornwallis à la frontière.

Kitson et sa seconde épouse Elizabeth Cornwallis sont les mécènes du madrigaliste John Wilbye et du compositeur Edward Johnson. Il achète une paire de virginals à Londres en 1575 et engage un musicien appelé Cosen pour apprendre à jouer à leurs filles. Meg et Mary Kitson ont apprécié un jeu de cartes appelé « maw ».

Il paie l'artiste George Gower 5 £ pour cinq tableaux en août 1573. Deux portraits, de Thomas Kitson et de sa femme Elizabeth, sont aujourd'hui à la Tate Gallery. En juillet 1574, il reçoit à Hengrave les joueurs de Lord Leicester et un ours dansant. En août, il fait enduire et blanchir à la chaux sa maison à colombages de Londres dans Coleman Street et les poutres sont peintes en noir.

La reine Elizabeth séjourne à Hengrave en août 1578. Selon Thomas Churchyard, à Hengrave, "le tarif et le banquet ont tellement dépassé un certain nombre d'autres endroits qu'il mérite d'être mentionné. Un spectacle représentant les fées, tant bien que mal, y fut vu : dans le spectacle duquel un riche bijou fut présenté à l'Altesse de la Reine".

Le mariage de Mary Cornwallis
En 1577, son neveu, William Bourchier (3e comte de Bath), étudiant à Cambridge lui rend visite à Hengrave. Kitson le persuade d'épouser la sœur de sa femme, Mary Cornwallis (décédée en 1627), sans consulter ses parents. Ce mariage est perçu comme avantageux pour les Kitsons de Hengrave. William retourne à Cambridge et le dit à son tuteur. Sa mère Frances, Lady FitzWarin arrive au Collège et se dispute avec lui. En dépit d'être un Kitson, elle est très en colère et le bannit de chez elle, pensant qu'il aurait pu épouser la fille d'un grand aristocrate.

En 1581, une enquête est faite sur la validité du mariage. Mary, comtesse de Bath, refuse, mais le mariage est déclaré invalide. Peu de temps après, le comte de Bath épouse Elizabeth Russell, une fille du comte de Bedford. Des poèmes diffamatoires circulent, décrivant les actions de Thomas Kitson dans l'organisation du mariage de Mary Cornwallis comme trompeuses, affirmant qu'elle a eu un enfant de Francis Southwell avant le mariage clandestin. Thomas Kitson continue à affirmer que Mary Cornwallis est la comtesse légitime de Bath et fait une déclaration en sa faveur dans son testament.

Le poète Francis Davison rejoint la controverse opposant Mary Cornwallis et Thomas Kitson et fait circuler un pamphlet, Answer to Mrs Mary Cornwallis Pretended Countess of Bath's Libel Against the Countess of Cumberland. La Manchester Art Gallery a un portrait de Mary Cornwallis. Le mariage à Hengrave est qualifié de "mariage prématuré de nuit" dans une lettre de 1596.

Le scandale ne semble pas avoir entravé les négociations de mariage des propres filles de Thomas Kitson. Bess de Hardwick écrit en janvier 1581 que son fils Charles "doit se réjouir avec de si bons amis" et que Margaret Kitson a une "attitude vertueuse".

Elizabeth Kitson se rend à la cour au palais de Greenwich en avril 1583. Ses dépenses sont enregistrées par l'intendant Hengrave Thomas Fryer. Leur fille Mary épouse Lord Darcy en avril. On lui achète des bijoux, des collerettes, des partlets, des blouses brodées et une chemise de nuit recouverte de velours noir.

Mariages et famille
Il se marie avec Jane Paget, fille de William Paget (1er baron Paget). Son frère  est marié à Nazareth Newton, une dame d'honneur. Thomas et Jane n'ont pas d'enfants.

Il se remarie à Elizabeth Cornwallis (décédée en 1628), la fille aînée de Sir Thomas Cornwallis (décédée en 1604). Elle a été une assistante de Margaret Audley, duchesse de Norfolk. Ils ont :

 Margaret (Meg) Kitson (décédée en 1583), qui épouse Sir Charles Cavendish (1553-1617) en 1582. Il est le fils de Sir William Cavendish et de Bess de Hardwick. Bess de Hardwick négocie le mariage en 1581 par l'intermédiaire de son gendre Gilbert Talbot qui a des discussions avec Sir Thomas Cornwallis sur les détails du contrat, instruit par des lettres de Bess.
 Mary Kitson, qui épouse Thomas Darcy (1er comte Rivers). Ils se séparent en 1594. Son fils Thomas Darcy (décédé en 1614) est page de Henri-Frédéric Stuart et se produit au tournoi du Prince Henry en janvier 1610. Un inventaire de ses biens réalisé en 1644 comprend des portraits de ses parents. Dans un portrait de 17 ans en 1583, elle tient des gants. Son portrait de 1617 la montre avec le coude sur les hanches et la devise "Si non, je m'en fiche" sur un papier à la main.

Thomas Kitson meurt à Hengrave le 28 janvier 1603 et est inhumé le 2 mars à l'église de Hengrave. Son monument le représente en armure avec ses deux femmes sous un dais autoportant.

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité anglaise du XVIe siècle
Personnalité liée au Suffolk
Décès en 1603
Naissance en 1540

Thomas Kitson (1540-1603)


Ågård Frimenighed er en grundtvigsk evangelisk luthersk frimenighed med samme bekendelsesgrundlag som Folkekirken.

Oprettelsen af menigheden fandt sted i efterdønningerne af den folkelige grundtvigske vækkelse, som havde rejst sig fra midten af 1800-tallet. I den lokale sognekirke i Øster Starup var forkyndelsen præget af det indre missionske, men efterhånden var der flere og flere på egnen, som søgte et andet bibelsyn. Derfor blev der indgået det kompromis, at der blev ansat en grundtvigsk hjælpepræst til den missionske sognepræst i Øster Starup. Så kunne sognebørnene selv vælge, hvilken præst de ville høre om søndagen.

Præster ved Ågård Frimenighed
Georg Valdemar Brücker 1887-1929

Karl Nielsen 1929-1930

Otto Helms 1930-1938

Richard Andersen 1939-1954

Erik Staffeldt 1955-1970

Gunhild Krøigaard 1970-1976

Gunnar Kasper Hansen 1976-1991

Hasse Neldeberg Jørgensen 1991-1997

Henrik Jensen 1997 -

Eksterne henvisninger

Frimenigheder

Ågård Frimenighed


Morgan Lewis (October 16, 1754 – April 7, 1844) was an American lawyer, politician, and military commander.  The second son of Francis Lewis, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Lewis fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.  He served in the New York State Assembly (1789, 1792) and the New York State Senate (1811–1814) and was New York State Attorney General (1791–1801) and Governor of New York (1804–1807).

Early life and education
Morgan Lewis was born on October 16, 1754, of Welsh descent, the second son of Francis Lewis (1713–1802) and Elizabeth (née Annisley) Lewis (1715–1778).  Lewis grew up in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, where he decided to dedicate himself to the ministry. However, based on his father's advice, he attended the College of New Jersey, which is now Princeton University, graduating in 1773, and began to study law. He read law alongside John Jay. His studies were interrupted by military service during the American Revolutionary War, but he was admitted to the bar in 1783.

Career

American Revolutionary War
From September 1, 1776, to the end of the war he was a colonel and the Quartermaster General for the Northern Department.

In 1774, he joined the American Revolution as a volunteer in the Continental Army. Lewis was then made a captain of a regiment of the New York militia. Once the 2nd New York militia regiment was organized, he was promoted to the rank of major. He was then appointed chief-of-staff to General Horatio Gates, with the rank of colonel, and accompanied him into Canada, and soon after congress appointed him quartermaster-general of the Northern Army. In 1775, he planned and executed the night attack on Stone Arabia, and was in command at the battle of Crown Point, where he was accompanied by New York Governor George Clinton. He was prominent throughout the campaign that ended with the surrender of John Burgoyne at Saratoga.

New York governor
After the Revolution, Lewis completed his legal studies while he lived in Albany, New York, boarding at the riverside home of James Bloodgood. In 1779, the tax list showed him living there with personal property valued at $2,000, one of the city's highest assessments. Later, he qualified for a "bounty right" as a member of the city regiment of the Albany County Militia. During that time, he acquired some Albany property. He was elected to the New York State Assembly, 1789 and 1792, and the New York State Senate from 1811 to 1814. He was New York State Attorney General (December 24, 1791 – October 28, 1801) and later Justice and Chief Justice (October 28, 1801) of the Supreme Court of New York.

He served as governor of New York from 1804 to 1807, defeating Vice President Aaron Burr in the race to succeed George Clinton as governor. In the New York gubernatorial election, 1804, he was largely responsible for splitting the Jeffersonian Republican Party in New York into "Lewisites" (allies of Lewis) and the "Clintonians" (allies of New York Mayor DeWitt Clinton) with his combination of Lewisites (labeled "Quids" by the Clintonians) and Federalists.

During his tenure, the United States Military Academy at West Point was established, the state's militia system was restructured, and educational improvements were sanctioned. On April 30, 1807, he was defeated in his run for re-election by Daniel D. Tompkins, also a future vice president. Tompkins received 35,074 votes, and Morgan Lewis received 30,989 votes. He then returned home to Staatsburg, Dutchess County, New York, where he turned his attention to agriculture. Having given up the practice of law, Lewis established a cloth factory, and for several years devoted himself to manufacturing. The failure of a mercantile house to which his goods were assigned caused him to discontinue the business.

War of 1812
Prior to the War of 1812, Lewis declined the office of US Secretary of War under President James Madison. Instead, he resumed his duties as Quartermaster General and served in western New York. He was commissioned as a brigadier general on April 3, 1812, and was promoted to major general on March 2, 1813, as part of his service on the Niagara Frontier. He commanded the American forces at the Battle of Fort George. Although the British position was captured, Lewis ordered Colonel Winfield Scott to break off the pursuit of the defeated British troops. But for Lewis's overcaution, Scott might have been able to capture Major General John Vincent's entire division and greatly weaken the British defense of the Niagara Peninsula. Later, Lewis was appointed as commander of Upstate New York. He procured the release of the American prisoners in Canada, advanced from his private fortune the money for its accomplishment, and rewarded his own tenants who had served in or sent sons to the war by allowing them free rent for the time they served in the army. After the war, Lewis was discharged from the Army on June 15, 1815.

Lewis was a presidential elector in the presidential election of 1828.

Personal life
In 1779, he married Gertrude Livingston (1757–1833), the daughter of Margaret Beekman and Judge Robert Livingston. They lived in Rhinebeck and then in Hyde Park in Dutchess County, New York. In 1790, his Rhinebeck household was served by eight slaves. Together, Morgan and Gertrude had:

 Margret Lewis (1780–1860), who married Maturin Livingston (1769–1847), a lawyer and politician from New York.

In 1792, Lewis, purchased an estate covering of about 334 acres (135 ha) in Staatsburg, New York, and commissioned the construction of a colonial-style house. In the summer of 1824, on his visit to the United States, the Marquis de Lafayette dined there on his way upriver to visit Lewis' brother-in-law, Chancellor Livingston.

In 1832, the house was destroyed by a fire, said to be an act of arson committed by disgruntled tenant farmers. After the fire, Lewis and his wife immediately replaced the structure with a Greek Revival mansion with 25 rooms. The house was inherited in 1844 after Morgan Lewis died, by his daughter Margaret and her husband, Maturin Livingston.

Later life
Lewis was a Freemason and served as Grand Master in the Grand Lodge of New York from 1830 to 1843. From 1832 to 1835, he was the president of the Historical Society of New York. Lewis was an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president general from 1839 to 1844. He also helped to found New York University in New York City.

Lewis died in New York City on April 7, 1844.

Legacy
The following communities have been named in Lewis' honor:

 Lewis County, New York,
 The Town and Village of Lewiston, in New York,
 The Town of Lewis in Essex County, New York

References

External links
 Governor Morgan Lewis

 The Morgan Lewis Papers 1715-1860 at the New York Historical Society

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1754 births
1844 deaths
Livingston family
Princeton University alumni
Governors of New York (state)
Continental Army officers from New York (state)
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) state senators
New York State Attorneys General
New York University people
New York Supreme Court Justices
American people of Welsh descent
Quartermasters General of the United States Army
New York (state) Democratic-Republicans
1828 United States presidential electors
University and college founders
People of the Province of New York
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States

Morgan Lewis (governor)