Edmund, 1st Earl of Lancaster (16 January 12455 June 1296), also known by his epithet Edmund Crouchback, was a member of the royal Plantagenet Dynasty and the founder of the first House of Lancaster. He was Earl of Leicester (1265–1296), Lancaster (1267–1296) and Derby (1269–1296) in England, and Count Palatine of Champagne (1276–1284) in France.

Named after the 9th-century saint, Edmund was the second surviving son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence and the younger brother of King Edward I of England, to whom he was loyal as a diplomat and warrior. In 1254, the 9-year-old Edmund became involved in the "Sicilian business", in which his father accepted a papal offer granting the Kingdom of Sicily to Edmund, who made preparations to become king. However, Henry III could not provide funds for the operation, prompting the Papacy to withdraw the grant and give it to Edmund's uncle, Charles I of Anjou. The "Sicilian business" outraged the barons led by the Earl of Leicester and Edmund's uncle, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and was cited as one of the reasons for limiting Henry's power. Deterioration of relations between the barons and the king resulted in the Second Barons' War, in which the royal government, supported by Edmund, triumphed over the baronage following the death of Montfort in the Battle of Evesham in 1265.

Edmund received the lands and titles of Montfort and the defeated barons Nicholas Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave and Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, and became Earl of Lancaster, Leicester and Derby. Primarily known as the earl of the first county, he eventually became the most powerful baron of England. Later, Edmund accompanied his elder brother Edward on his crusade in the Holy Land, where his epithet "Crouchback" originated from a corruption of 'cross back', referring to him wearing a stitched cross on his garments. Following the death of his first wife, Aveline de Forz, Edmund's aunt and Dowager Queen of France Margaret of Provence arranged his second marriage to Blanche of Artois, the recently widowed Queen Dowager of Navarre and the Countess of Champagne. With his second wife Blanche, Edmund governed Champagne as count palatine in the name of his stepdaughter Joan until she came of age. Edmund was active in supporting his family members, such as assisting Edward in conquering Wales, advocating for the claims of his aunt Margaret against his uncle Charles I of Anjou in his mother and aunt's homeland of Provence and managing Ponthieu on behalf of his sister-in-law, Eleanor of Castile.

When Edmund's stepson-in-law, King Philip IV of France, demanded Edward, who was also his vassal through Gascony, to come to Paris to answer charges of damages caused by English mariners in 1293, Edward sent Edmund to mediate the crisis to avert war. Edmund negotiated an agreement with Philip where France would occupy Gascony for 40 days, and Edward would marry Philip's half-sister, Margaret. When the 40 days were over, Philip tricked Edward and Edmund by refusing to relinquish control over Gascony, calling Edward to again answer for his charges. Edmund and Edward then renounced their homages to Philip and prepared for war against France. Edmund sailed for Gascony with his army and besieged the city of Bordeaux. Unable to pay his troops, Edmund was deserted by his army and retreated to Bayonne, where he died from illness in 1296. Edmund's body was brought back to England, where he was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1301.

Early years, 1245–1265

Birth and childhood

Edmund was born in London to King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence on 16 January 1245. Henry named him after the martyred and canonised 9th-century East Anglian king, whom Henry prayed to for a second son. He was a younger brother of Edward (later King Edward I of England), Margaret and Beatrice, and an elder brother of Catherine. Edmund spent most of his childhood at Windsor Castle alongside his siblings. He grew emotionally attached to his father Henry, who rarely spent extended periods apart from his family.

Sicilian business

In 1254, Henry accepted a papal offer from Pope Innocent IV to make Edmund the next king of Sicily. Sicily had been ruled by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was a rival to Innocent for many years; the papacy hoped for a friendlier ruler to succeed Frederick following his death in 1250. For Henry, Sicily was a valuable prize for his son and would also provide a base to launch his planned crusades in the east. Innocent tasked Henry with sending Edmund and an army to reclaim Sicily from Frederick's son, Manfred, King of Sicily, and to cover expenses and debts up to a total of £135,000, for which the papacy would provide assistance in funding.

The nine-year-old Edmund made preparations to become king, sailing to Gascony with his mother, Eleanor, in May 1254. In Bordeaux, on 3 October, Edmund granted his granduncle Count Thomas of Flanders the Principality of Capua before returning home in December of that year. On 18 October 1255, Edmund received a ceremonial investiture in Sicily, where his father Henry styled him as king and presented him with a ring. In January 1256, Edmund  and in April, he proposed marriage to Plaisance of Antioch, the queen of Cyprus and Lady of Beirut. In April 1257, Henry paraded Edmund in Parliament dressed in Italian clothing to appeal for funds. He also suggested marrying Edmund to a daughter of Manfred to resolve the 'Sicilian business' in the summer of that year.

Prospects turned grim when Pope Alexander IV succeeded Innocent and faced military pressure from the Holy Roman Empire. Alexander could no longer finance Henry's expenses and instead demanded that Henry pay £90,000 in debts to the Papacy as compensation for the war. This was an enormous sum, and Henry found himself desperate for funds. He sought assistance from Parliament, but his request was denied. Despite further attempts, Parliament only granted  to Henry. Growing impatient, Alexander sent an envoy to Henry in 1258, threatening him with excommunication unless he paid his debts and sent an army to Sicily. Failing to convince Parliament further, Henry resorted to extorting money from the senior clergy, raising approximately £40,000. Subsequently, at some point between 1258 and 1263—either under Alexander or Pope Urban IV—the papacy revoked the grant of the Kingdom of Sicily to Edmund and instead bestowed the title upon Edmund's uncle, Charles I of Anjou.

Second Barons' War

The barons, led by Edmund's uncle, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, cited the 'Sicilian business' as one of their grievances against Edmund's father, King Henry III of England. This led to Henry's signing of the Provisions of Oxford in 1258, which curtailed his power as well as that of the major barons. However, Edmund collaborated with Henry and his brother Edward to overturn the Provisions in midsummer of 1262. Power in England swung back and forth between Henry and the barons, culminating in the Treaty of Kingston, under which disputes were to be resolved by Edmund's uncles, Richard of Cornwall and King Louis IX of France.

Despite the treaty, an open civil war erupted between the royal government and the radical barons led by Simon in the summer of 1263, prompting Edmund to flee from the Tower of London to Dover Castle. On 10 July, Henry wrote to Edmund and Robert de Glaston, the constable of Dover Castle, urging them to surrender the castle to the Bishop of London, Henry of Sandwich, who represented the barons, in preparation for peace negotiations. However, in a letter dated 28 July, Edmund and Robert refused to comply, arguing that surrendering the castle would go against their duties until peace was established. As a result, Henry had to personally command them to relinquish the castle.

When Simon's coalition of barons showed signs of fragmentation, Henry appealed to Louis for arbitration in the dispute, as stipulated in the Treaty of Kingston. Initially resistant to this, Simon eventually agreed to French arbitration, and representatives of Henry and Simon traveled to Paris. On 23 January 1264, Louis declared in the Mise of Amiens that Henry had the right to rule over the barons, thereby annulling the Provisions of Oxford. However, the French decision was unpopular; upon Henry's return to England unrest brewed and violence became imminent.

The Second Barons' War finally erupted in April 1264 when Henry's army occupied Simon's territories in the Midlands and advanced to reoccupy a route to France in the southeast. Accompanied by his mother, Eleanor, Edmund went to France, where he helped to raise a mercenary army, with financial assistance from his uncle Louis, to support his father. Despite Simon's capture of Henry, Richard and Edward in the Baronial victory at Lewes on 14 May, he failed to consolidate his control over England and Edward managed to escape captivity. Following the Baronial defeat at Evesham on 4 August 1265, Simon was killed and dismembered by the royal army, and his lands and title as Earl of Leicester were forfeited.

Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, 1265–1293

Becoming earl

On 26 October 1265, Edmund became the Earl of Leicester when his father, King Henry III of England, granted him the title and associated lands, following the re-creation of the earldom. Additionally, he received all the lands that had belonged to Nicholas Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave, a rebel baron. Once the king's victory over the barons was assured, Edmund returned to England on 30 October 1265. As a political refugee, he harboured a desire for revenge against the barons. Alongside his brother Edward, Edmund focused on suppressing the rebel barons known as the "disinherited," whose lands had been confiscated by the royal government. On 6 December of the same year, Edmund gained control of the castles of Cardigan and Carmarthen, and on 8 January 1266, he acquired the demesnes of Dilwyn, Lugwardine, Marden, Minsterworth and Rodley.On 28 June of the same year, Edmund acquired the forfeited estates of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, whose family had held a significant feudatory since the time of Stephen, King of England. During the Second Barons' War, Robert was seen as an unreliable and violent ally to the barons, as he failed to appear promptly at the Battle of Lewes. Moreover, Robert had engaged in indiscriminate raids on lands belonging to his rival, Edward. As a result, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, imprisoned him, fearing his excessive power. After receiving a pardon from Henry, Robert rebelled once again and was captured following his defeat at the Battle of Chesterfield on 15 May of that year. Edmund compelled Robert to agree that he would regain his estates upon payment of an exceedingly hefty sum, fully aware that Robert would be unable to afford such a penalty. This allowed Edmund to retain control of Robert's estates. When Edward ascended to the throne, he granted Robert's former domain of Chartley Castle to Edmund on 26 July 1276 and absolved Edmund from the debts owed by Robert and his ancestors on 5 May 1277.

During the summer of 1266, Edmund led an army in Warwick to counter the raids carried out by the rebels occupying Kenilworth Castle. The Kenilworth garrison attempted to attack Warwick, but Edmund's forces successfully repelled them back to the castle. Subsequently, the royal army besieged Kenilworth Castle, with Edmund commanding one of the four divisions alongside Henry and Edward. The siege concluded on 13 December with the implementation of the Dictum of Kenilworth, which brought peace between the king and the baronial forces by 31 October. Either in the same month or the following year, Edmund acquired Kenilworth Castle.

Since Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of the Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd was an ally of the barons, Henry dispatched Edmund, along with his Justiciar, Robert Walerand, on a diplomatic mission to negotiate peace with the prince on 21 February 1267. However, Llywelyn refused to make peace with the English until September, when Henry threatened to invade Gwynedd. Edmund continued his diplomatic activities by attending the knighting ceremony of his cousin Philip, conducted by his uncle King Louis IX of France, in Paris on 4 June. During his visit, he received the hospitality of Robert II, Count of Artois and Robert's sister Blanche of Artois.

On 30 June 1267, Edmund became the Earl of Lancaster following the title's creation by Henry, and he was granted the royal demesne lands in Lancashire, along with the lordships of Lancaster, Newcastle-under-Lyme and Pickering. Edmund was primarily referred to as this title; the other counties that he controlled, namely Leicester and later Derby, did not  his association with Lancaster. On the same day, Edward granted Edmund the Three Castles and Monmouth Castle in Wales. The following year, Henry appointed Edmund as the Constable of Leicester Castle, a royal possession held in the king's name. The conclusion of the Second Barons' War marked a significant turning point in Edmund's life. Although he had been disappointed by losing the Sicilian crown to his uncle Charles I of Anjou, he had now received a powerful earldom that established the Lancastrian branch of the Plantagenet dynasty. By this time, Edmund had gained a reputation as a ruthless and formidable warrior. With these acquisitions, he became the most influential peer in England. Even upon becoming king, Edward was not worried about Edmund's powerful position or the affairs of most of the baronage because of Edmund's unwavering loyalty to him.

First marriage and crusading
In the Holy Land, under the leadership of the Baibars, the Mamluks captured the city of Antioch, the last remnant of the principality that bears its namesake. The fall of the city led the papal legate of England, Ottobuono—the future Pope Adrian V—to preach for a new crusade. In an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, Edmund pledged himself to undertake a crusade alongside his elder brother Edward and their cousin Henry of Almain. However, after years of civil war, the English crown had depleted its funds and could not support a crusade. Edward was forced to borrow a loan from his uncle, King Louis IX of France, who was organizing a large crusader force with the intent of invading Tunis. Despite being in a better position with his newly received earldom, Edmund hastened to marry a wealthy lady to fund the crusade.

On 20 November 1268, King Henry III of England, Edmund's father, arranged a marriage between Edmund and the recently widowed Isabel de Forz, 8th Countess of Devon. Isabel was wealthy countess, holding the earldoms of Devon and Aumale, as well as the lordships of Holderness and the Isle of Wight. However, Edmund wanted to ensure the security of his inheritance and decided to marry Isabel's daughter, Aveline de Forz, Countess of Aumale. The marriage between Edmund and Aveline was arranged by Edmund's mother, Eleanor of Provence. On 8 or 9 April 1269, Edmund married 10-year-old Aveline, who was 14 years his junior, in Westminster Abbey; the marriage could not be consummated until she turned 14. During 1269, Edmund and his brother Edward prepared for the crusade, although they also participated in carrying the remains of Edward the Confessor to Westminster Abbey following the partial completion of the church's reconstruction by Henry on 13 October 1269. In addition, Edmund assumed the title of Earl of Derby because Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, was unable to fulfill his obligations. As a result, Edmund merged the title and estates of the Earldom with his Earldoms of Leicester and Lancaster.

In the summer of 1270, Edmund and Edward were delayed in joining Louis on the crusade because their father was indecisive about participating. Upon the advice of his councilors, Henry chose to remain in England, while Edward led the first group of English crusaders, setting sail from Dover on 20 August that year. The crusaders' plans failed when an epidemic broke out in their camp, killing Louis on 25 August. Edward arrived at Tunis on 10 November 1270, but it was too late to engage in battle due to the Treaty of Tunis, which had been signed on 30 October. As a result, most of the crusaders returned home.

Between 25 February and 4 March 1271, Edmund embarked for the Holy Land, leaving his mother Eleanor in charge of his estates. Edward had already set off on a crusade to Palestine to support Bohemund VI of Antioch, and arrived in Acre on 9 May 1271. In September 1271, Edmund arrived with a larger army, reinforced by King Hugh III of Cyprus, to assist his brother. Despite some successes, such as the raid on Qaqun—where the crusaders reportedly killed one thousand Turkomans—the seizure of numerous cattle and the repulsion of several Mamluk attacks, the limited size of the crusader forces compelled Hugh to sign a 10 year truce with Baibars in May 1272, much to Edward's dismay. With the crusade coming to an end, Edmund returned to England around 6 December, where he was greeted by jubilant crowds in London. However, Edmund's crusade proved futile and incurred significant expenses.

Historians Peter Heylyn and Simon Lloyd believe that Edumund received his epithet 'Crouchback' during the crusade, suggesting it as a corruption of 'crossback', as Edmund wore a cross stitched into the back of his garments while on the crusade. In 1394, John of Gaunt, the founder of the second House of Lancaster and the husband of Edmund's great-granddaughter Blanche of Lancaster, interpreted the epithet differently, believing that Edmund was a hunchback. According to chronicler John Hardyng, John would forge chronicles to assert that Edmund was the elder brother and not Edward, claiming that the crown passed over him due to his physical deformity. However, Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, presented evidence countering these claims, stating that the chronicles described Edmund as a handsome knight who was skilled in combat.

Second marriage to Blanche of Artois

Edmund's father King Henry III of England died on 16 November 1272, and Edmund's elder brother Edward was proclaimed king. However, Edward was on his way back to England from the Holy Land and his journey was slow, as Edward had to negotiate with King Philip III of France about several claims and put down a Gascon revolt. A rumour spread that Edward was never going to return to England, leading to a growing rebellion in the northern part of the country. Edmund then dispersed the rebels with Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore. In 1273, Edmund's wife Aveline turned fourteen and Edmund consummated his marriage with her.

Edward returned to England on 2 August 1274, and he was crowned King Edward I of England on 19 August 1274. Edmund succeeded him as Lord High Steward of England the following day. On 10 November 1274, Aveline suddenly died, leaving Edmund with no children and dashing his hopes to inherit Aveline's titles and earldoms. Edmund's maternal aunt and the Queen Dowager of France Margaret of Provence wanted to secure a wealthy bride for her nephew not only for familial reasons, but to convince Edmund's brother Edward to support her claims to Provence against Charles I of Anjou, King of Sicily.

Margaret pushed for the marriage of Edmund and Blanche of Artois, Queen Dowager of Navarre and widow of King Henry I of Navarre, and the Countess of the wealthy and powerful County of Champagne and Brie, which made up more than Edmund's lost possessions. Blanche accepted the match because she needed a second husband who was congenial to King Philip III of France—who was Edmund's cousin—to help manage Champagne with her. However, the chronicler John of Trokelowe reported that Edmund and Blanche had also known of each others' reputations as a chivalrous knight and a skilled and beautiful regent, respectively, and they became mutually attracted to each other. Blanche's brother Robert II, Count of Artois, an ally to Charles, was furious upon hearing about their engagement, believing the English to still be hostile to France. Edward, meanwhile, was neutral toward the couple's betrothal, seeing it as nothing more than an additional familial link with his French relatives.

On 6 August 1275, Edmund received a writ of protection to travel overseas from England to France to meet his bride. Between December 1275 and January 1276 in Paris, Edmund married Blanche, three years his junior, and thus became a stepfather to Blanche's daughter Joan. In the name of Joan, Edmund became the count palatine of Champagne and would govern the County along with his wife until Joan reached the age of majority. That month, Edmund paid homage to Philip III, becoming his vassal. The kings of France struggled in controlling Champagne as a vassal until Joan's betrothal to Philip the Fair, the son of Philip III, which allowed Philip III to fully control the county. Due to his commitments elsewhere, Edmund could only administer Champagne intermittently, with the Grand Butler of France John II of Brienne serving in his absence. In June, Edmund brought Blanche to England to see his English possessions and in July he made a journey to his wife's kingdom of Navarre, around the same time Blanche's brother Robert was pacifying the region.

Commander at Wales and diplomat

Following the deterioration of relations between England and the Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd, Edmund's brother King Edward I of England declared war in November 1276. In early 1277, Edmund was summoned to return to England by Edward, along with other English nobles, to proceed against the Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Edmund succeeded Payne de Chaworth as capitaneus of the royal forces in South Wales in April and launched military operations against the Welsh alongside Roger Mortimer and William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. Payne had previously had success in the valley of the River Towy, capturing the castles of Dryslywn, Dinefwr, Carreg Cennan and Llandovery, allowing Edmund, who assumed his command, to push further north, seizing the lands of the Welsh noble Rhys ab Maelgwyn and taking Aberystwyth at the end of July 1277. Edmund assigned his troops to rebuild Aberystwyth Castle, then known as Llanbadarn Castle, and returned to England on 20 September, assigning Roger Myles as constable of the castle. The war ended with the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, with Gwynedd surrendering and ceding control over his vassals and conquered territories.

In 1278, Edmund travelled to his dominion of Champagne to administer the county, after which he returned to England to approve and attend the wedding of Llywelyn and his cousin Eleanor de Montfort, the daughter of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, in Worcester. In the same year, Edmund's wife Blanche gave birth to their son Thomas, who became heir to the Earldom of Lancaster and all of Edmund's domains. The next year, Edward appointed Edmund to be Ambassador to France to negotiate with their cousin King Philip III of France regarding the English claims on the Counties of Agenais and Quercy as part of the dowry of Edmund and Edward's grand-aunt Joan of England, which were under the control of Alphonse, Count of Poitiers.

Since Alphonse died without issue, according to the Treaty of Abbeville of 1259 signed between England and France, the counties as part of Joan's dowry were to be returned to the English crown. Edmund signed a treaty with Philip in May 1279, with Philip renouncing his 1275 oath of allegiance to the vassals of Aquitaine and ceding only Agenais to the English, as he did not believe Quercy to be a part of Joan's dowry. In addition, with the approval of Philip, Edmund started governing the County of Ponthieu alongside his brother-in-law (through his sister Beatrice) Duke John II of Brittany on behalf of his sister-in-law Eleanor of Castile, who inherited the County as Countess following the death of her mother Joan of Dammartin in 1279.

Business in France

In January 1280, a mob formed in Provins, the capital of Brie and also part of the County of Champagne, following the implementation of an unpopular tax, and installed Gilbert de Morry as mayor, killing the previous mayor William Pentecost. Edmund and the Grand Butler of France John II of Brienne marched to Provins with an army, and the leaders of the mob fled, leaving the gates open. Edmund and John forfeited the town's privileges and authorities, disarmed the inhabitants of Provins and condemned the leaders of the mob to death or banishment, with Gilbert being excommunicated. John was more ruthless in punishing the inhabitants of Provins than Edmund; according to a chronicler of the abbey of Saint-Magloire, John ordered hangings, beheadings and mutilations. Edmund went back to visit his estates in England following his chastisement of Provins.

Edmund returned to France and pardoned the town of Provins in July 1281 through the meditation of several church officials and Gilles de Brion, the grand mayor of Donnemarie and brother of Pope Martin IV. Edmund returned privileges to the town, and allowed the inhabitants of Provins to build new fountains, acquire buildings for their courts and establish a bell to mark the work hours and curfew; in exchange, he enacted a harsh tax on the town. The prosperity of Provins soon declined, in contrast to Leicester, a town in Edmund's English domains that saw major growth during his reign. In the same year, Blanche gave birth to Edmund's second son Henry, whose son Henry of Grosmont would eventually become a powerful leader of England during the Hundred Years' War.

In the autumn of 1281, Edmund, as Count Palatine of Champagne, joined forces in Mâcon in October with Philip I of Savoy, Robert II of Burgundy, Otto IV of Burgundy and other nobles to support the claims of his aunt Margaret of Provence to her homeland of Provence against his uncle Charles I of Anjou, who had solidified his control over the region and was unwilling to negotiate. Edmund and the nobles assembled their forces at Lyon in May 1282 to invade Provence, but the eruption of the Sicilian Vespers forced Charles to rent out Provence to Margaret, averting war. That same month, Edmund heard that Wales had launched a war against England, and returned to England to command the English army in South Wales. The Prince of Wales Llywelyn ap Gruffudd retreated southwards when Edward's army pressed hard in North Wales, but a detachment of Edmund's army lured Llywelyn into a trap and killed him in the Battle of Orewin Bridge on 11 December 1282. Edward finalized his conquest of Wales through the capture of Llywelyn's brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd in June 1283, who succeeded Llywelyn as Prince of Wales in December.

Ceding Champagne and managing England
As Joan approached the age of 11, the age of majority in France, Edmund debated with his cousin King Philip III of France about whether Joan would still be under his guardianship until she turned 21, in accordance with the laws of Champagne. This would have allowed him to attain management and revenue of the county for a longer duration. For three months, Edmund would query on Joan's age of majority, until Philip III  and Edmund finally yielded.

When Joan reached the age of majority on 14 January 1284, Philip III compromised with Edmund's wife Blanche of Artois on 17 May via a treaty, allowing her to keep several of her dowerlands—the castles of Sézanne, Chantemerle, Nogent-sur-Seine, Pont-sur-Seine and Vertus, and the Palace of Navarrese Kings in Paris—and paying 60 to 70 thousand livres tournois to Edmund and Blanche. In addition, Philip relinquished any claim to half of the property acquired and held jointly by Blanche and her first husband King Henry I of Navarre in Champagne, and extended this renouncement to Edmund.

Following the marriage of Joan and Prince Philip the Fair, Philip III's son, on 16 August 1284, Edmund renounced the title of Count Palatine of Champagne and ceded control of all of the county except his wife's dowerlands to Philip the Fair. Edmund and Blanche's last son, John, was born in May 1286. For the rest of the 1280s, Edmund oversaw the affairs of his lands, such as hiring a chaplain for Tutbury Castle, but also accompanied his brother King Edward I of England when he stayed in Gascony for almost three years.

Edward inherited the County of Ponthieu following the death of his wife Eleanor of Castile on 28 November 1290. On 23 April 1291, due to Edmund's experience in managing his French domains, Edward granted Ponthieu to Edmund, which he was to administer until Edward's son Edward of Caernarfon gained the age of majority. During the assembly at Norham on 13 June 1291 to select the next King of Scotland, Edmund witnessed the submission of rival claims to the Scottish crown under Edward's arbitration. Edmund also observed the claimants' pledges to accept his brother's decision and witnessed the Scottish nobility swearing fealty to Edward as their overlord.

On 5 February 1292, Edmund was chosen as part of a five-member commission with full authority to establish and enforce regulations to uphold the use of arms in the kingdom. During the same year, he also provided bail for Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, when he was involved in a private war with Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, regarding their rights and privileges as Marcher lords. In 1293, Edmund founded the Abbey of the Minoresses of St. Clare without Aldgate, a convent for the Order of Poor Clares, outside Aldgate. Blanche, his wife, facilitated the arrival of the first nuns to the convent from France. Due to the high rank of Edmund and Blanche in society, the Abbey grew more rapidly than any other Minoresses house in England. Edmund also played a role in establishing a Greyfriars priory at Preston, located in his earldom of Lancaster.

Last years, 1293–1296

Crisis with France

The cordial relationship between England and France soured intensely when English mariners of the Cinque Ports defeated the Norman fleet off of Brittany in 15 May 1293 and afterwards sacked the port of La Rochelle in Poltiers. Edmund's stepson-in-law and first cousin once removed, King Philip IV of France, was outraged and demanded that Edmund's brother King Edward I of England deliver the offenders and pay for damages, threatening to confiscate the English-held vassal of Gascony and imprison many of its influential citizens. On 27 October 1293, Philip IV formally summoned Edward to come to Paris in person to answer for the charges against him in January 1294. The French, especially followers of Philip's brother, Count Charles of Valois, wanted France to annex the Duchy of Aquitaine, which comprises Gascony, believing that Edward wanted war.

Edward did not want war and wanted to show his respect to Philip as his vassal, and sent Edmund and some ambassadors to Paris to negotiate with Philip. Edmund left England for France between the end of 1293 and the beginning of 1294, bringing his wife Blanche with him. In Paris, Edmund was unsuccessful in negotiating a compromise with Philip, until Philip's wife and Edmund's stepdaughter through Blanche, Queen Joan I of Navarre, and his cousin-in-law Queen Dowager of France Marie of Brabant offered to intervene on Edmund's behalf. The private conversation between the queens and the English envoys was cordial and easy-going, with the queens

The English made a secret agreement with Philip: in exchange for Edward's citation being withdrawn, Edward would marry Philip's half-sister Margaret and France would occupy Gascony for 40 days. To arrange the marriage, Edward was to come under safe conduct to Amiens in the week before or after Easter of 1294, following the 40 days of occupation. Edmund, satisfied with the agreement, ordered John St John, the Lieutenant of Gascony, to hand Gascony over to the French, but not before receiving a personal assurance from Philip, in front of an audience including the English envoys, Blanche and Duke Robert II of Burgundy, that he would honor his agreement. After hearing rumours of French betrayal and that Margaret would not accept him as a husband, Edward decided not to visit France, much to Philip's anger.

When the 40 days expired, Edmund and the English envoys asked that Gascony be returned to Edward and the citation be withdrawn. Philip reassured them that they should not be alarmed, as he planned to give a negative answer in public because he did not want to refuse some of his council members who opposed restoring Gascony to English control. The English asked if they could attend the council meeting, but they were refused, and they waited anxiously for Philip's response. Once the meeting was completed, the bishops of Orléans and Tournai told the English envoys that France would keep Gascony and that Philip would not change his mind. Finally, on 21 April, in a parlement session overseen by Philip, Edward was cited again to appear in Paris with no safe conduct granted nor delay allowed. Historian Michael Prestwich believes that the French queens were likely acting in good faith in representing Edmund's interests, but that they and Edmund had underestimated their influence on Philip.

War in France

Upon hearing the decision on his brother King Edward I of England, Edmund renounced his homage to King Philip IV of France, and with his wife Blanche of Artois, sold a part of her dowerlands to an abbey. The couple returned to England with all of their English household and John of Brittany, who had also renounced his homage to Philip. Edward formally renounced his homage to Philip and the English baronage prepared for war. On 1 July 1294, Edward wrote to his administrators in Gascony, apologizing for the secret treaty and stating that he would send Edmund and the Earl of Lincoln Henry de Lacy to reclaim Gascony. On 3 September, he ordered the Cinque Ports to provide shipping for Edmund's voyage. Following the suppression of a Welsh rebellion, Edmund and his envoys explained the causes of the war to a council of magnates on 5 August 1295. Edmund was among the loudest of the nobles in their cries for war.

Edmund planned to launch his expedition to Gascony in October, but fell ill that autumn and did not depart England until the winter. With his expedition, he brought his wife Blanche, Earl Henry de Lacy, 26 knights bannerets and 1,700 men-at-arms. The English prince landed in Pointe Saint-Mathieu in Brittany, sending messengers that they would rest there for several days. The Bretons responded by hanging the messengers, resulting in Edmund's forces looting the countryside. English soldiers also looted the Abbey of Saint-Mathieu de Fine-Terre, although Edmund ordered them to return all stolen valuables. The English army then arrived at Brest, where they received supplies, and sailed down to Blaye and later Castillon, where they landed their forces.

The castle of Lesparre surrendered to Edmund's forces on 22 March 1296 and Edmund launched his siege of Bordeaux with his encampment in Bègles in the south. On 28 March, the Bordeaux garrison attempted to surprise the English encampment, but realized that the English were waiting for them and hastily retreated back to the city, sustaining  casualties. On 30 March, the English broke into the outer wall of Bordeaux, but did not have siege engines to break through the city's inner walls. Hearing that his brother-in-law Robert II, Count of Artois, was in command of a French army at Langon, Edmund and his army left Bordeaux to meet him. Edmund did not find his brother-in-law there and the village there surrendered to him. Edmund then launched a siege of the castle in nearby Saint-Macaire, alerting Robert to send his forces to relieve the castle. Realizing his funds were low, Edmund returned to Bordeaux to siege the city.

Death and burial
During the siege of Bourdeaux, Edmund ran out of money to pay his army and his mercenaries deserted him. Edmund and his remaining forces then travelled to Bayonne, where he was warmly received, although the failure of his campaign troubled him. The English prince fell sick on 13 May 1296 and died on 5 June. In his will, Edmund instructed that his body should not be buried until his debts were paid. Edmund's remains were embalmed and initially kept at the church of the Friars Minors in Bayonne. After six months, they were transferred to the Convent of the Minoresses in London. On 17 November 1296, Edmund's widow, Blanche of Artois, obtained safe conduct for her return to England. In 1298, she received a third of Edmund's estates as part of her dowry. On 24 March 1301, Edmund's body was transported to St Paul's Cathedral and later moved to Westminster Abbey, where it was laid to rest in an elaborate tomb near the resting place of Edmund's first wife, Aveline de Forz.

Family

Issue
Edmund's first wife Aveline de Forz died before the couple could have any children.

By his second wife Blanche of Artois, Edmund had four children. Of these, all three of his sons outlived their father. Edmund's children with Blanche were:

 Thomas (b.  1278 – 22 March 1322)
 Henry (b.  1281 – 22 September 1345)
 John (b. bef. May 1286 – 13 June 1317)
 Mary, no dates were recorded, presumably died young in France
Through his marriage to Blanche, Edmund also became stepfather to Queen Joan I of Navarre.

Ancestry and family tree

References

Bibliography

External links
 Inquisition Post Mortem

Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of
Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of
13th-century English nobility
13th-century English Navy personnel
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Edmund Crouchback
Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of
1st Earl of Leicester
Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of
Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of
Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of
High Sheriffs of Lancashire
Children of Henry III of England
Earls of Lancaster
Military personnel from London
Sons of kings

Edmund Crouchback


La gare de Mellier est une ancienne gare ferroviaire belge de la ligne 162, de Namur à Sterpenich située à Mellier, ancienne commune rattachée à celle de Léglise, dans la province de Luxembourg en Région wallonne.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Mellier était établie au  (PK) 111,10 de la ligne 162, de Namur à Sterpenich (frontière luxembourgeoise), entre la gare de Lavaux (également fermée) et la gare de Marbehan (ouverte aux voyageurs).

Histoire
La gare de Mellier est mise en service le  par l'administration des chemins de fer de l'État belge sur une section de ligne mise en service en 1858 par la Grande compagnie du Luxembourg.

Au lieu d'y construire un bâtiment neuf, l'État choisit de réutiliser celui de la première gare d'Arlon, démonté avec soin pour être reconstruit pierre par pierre à Mellier.

Le , la desserte voyageurs de la gare de Mellier est supprimée.

Quelques années auparavant, la gare était devenue une simple halte et son bâtiment racheté par la commune pour y installer son administration et un bureau de poste. Elle est par la suite utilisée par des associations locales avant d'être rénovée dans les années 2000 avec une salle pour des fêtes et événements privés dans l'ancienne aile droite et les locaux de mouvements de jeunesse dans l'ancien corps central.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le bâtiment de la gare, utilisé comme salle des fêtes et maison des mouvements de jeunesse, provient de la reconstruction de celui de la gare d'Arlon, bâtie en 1858, ce qui en fait l'une des plus anciennes gares de toute la province de Luxembourg avec Habay et Athus. Une gare monumentale de style Beaux-Arts l'a remplacé à Arlon en 1885.

Il s'agit d'un édifice avec un corps central de trois travées espacées sous bâtière transversale avec un œil-de-bœuf au pignon et une toiture à charpente débordante en bois avec une aile latérale (disposée à gauche) de quatre travées. Les percements du rez-de-chaussée sont coiffés d'arcs en plein cintre. À droite se trouvait à l'origine les dépendances dans une aile de deux travées à toit plat qui a par la suite été allongée et dotée d'un toit à deux versants.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ligne 162 (Infrabel)
Schéma de la ligne 162 (Infrabel)
 Liste de gares en Belgique

Liens externes

Gare
Ligne 162 (Infrabel)
Gare fermée dans la province de Luxembourg

Gare de Mellier


Ragnar Lodbrok, prema legendama, bio je vikinški junak te švedski i danski kralj. Poznat je iz staronordijske poezije vikinškog doba, islandskih saga i skoro suvremenih kronika. Prema tradicionalnoj literaturi, Ragnar se istaknuo izvođenjem mnogih napada na Britansko otočje i Sveto Rimsko Carstvo tijekom 9. stoljeća.

Pojavljuje se i u nordijskim legendama, a prema legendarnim sagama o Ragnarovim sinovima i sagama o određenim drevnim kraljevima, otac Ragnara Lodbroka naveden je kao legendarni kralj Šveđana, Sigurd Ring.

Ragnarovi sinovi
Veliku pogansku vojsku navodno su vodili sinovi Ragnara Lodbroka kako bi se osvetili kralju Ælli od Northumbrije koji je prethodno pogubio Ragnara bacivši ga u jamu punu zmija otrovnica. Među organizatorima su bila barem neki od braće – Ivar Bez Kostiju, Ubba, Halfdan, Björn Ironside, Hvitserk i Sigurd Zmija-u-Oku, od kojih su svi poznati kao povijesne osobe, osim malo "sumnjivijeg" Hvitserka. Ivar Bez kostiju bio je vođa Velike poganske vojske od 865. do 870. godine, ali nestaje iz engleskih povijesnih izvještaja nakon 870. godine. Anglosaksonski kroničar Æthelweard bilježi Ivarovu smrt 870. godine. Halfdan Ragnarsson postao je vođa Velike poganske vojske oko 870. i vodio ju je u invaziji na Wessex. Velik broj vikinških ratnika stigao je iz Skandinavije kao dio Velike ljetne vojske koju je predvodio danski kralj Bagsecg, pojačavajući redove Halfdanove vojske.

Prema Anglosaksonskoj kronici, Danci su se 9 puta borili protiv Zapadnih Sasa, uključujući bitku kod Ashdowna 8. siječnja 871. godine, gdje je Bagsecg ubijen. Halfdan je prihvatio primirje Alfreda Velikog, novookrunjenog kralja Wessexa. Nakon Bagsecgove smrti Halfdan je bio jedini preostali kralj napadačke vojske. Možda je bio kralj Jyllanda, budući da se suvladar Halfdan spominje u franačkim izvorima 873. godine. Prema kasnijim sagama Björn Ironside postao je kralj Švedske i Uppsale, iako to predstavlja kronološke nedosljednosti. Björn je imao dva sina, Erika i Refila Björnssona. Njegov sin Erik postao je kralj Švedske, a naslijedio ga je Erik Refilsson (Refilov sin). Sigurd Zmija-u-Oku možda je ista osoba kao Sigfred, Halfdanov brat, koji je također bio danski kralj zajedno s Halfdanom 873. godine. Prema sagama, Sigurd je postao kralj Zelanda i Skånea. Sigurd je vjerojatno naslijedio svog brata Halfdana kao kralj cijele Danske oko 877. godine, a mogao bi biti i vikinški kralj Sigfred koji je ubijen u Zapadnoj Franačkoj 887. godine.

Islandske sage
Prema Priči o Ragnaru Lodbroku, Priči o Ragnarovim sinovima, Hervararovoj sagi, Fragmentima povijesti starih kraljeva i mnogim drugim islandskim izvorima, Ragnar je bio sin kralja Švedske – Sigurda Ringa. Gotovo sve sage slažu se da je danski kralj Randver bio Sigurdov otac, a saga o Hervararu njegovu suprugu navodi kao Åsu, kćer norveškog kralja Haralda od Crvenih Brkova. Izvještaji dalje govore kako je Randver bio unuk legendarnog skandinavskog kralja Ivara Vidfamnea. Nakon smrti kralja Ivara Vidfamnea, Audov najstariji sin Harald osvojio je cijeli teritorij svog djeda i postao poznat kao Harald Wartooth. Haraldov nećak Sigurd Ring postao je glavni kralj Švedske nakon Randverove smrti, vjerojatno kao potkralj Haralda. Sigurd i Harald su se borili u bitci kod Brávellira na ravnicama Östergötlanda, gdje su Harald i mnogi njegovi vojnici poginuli. Sigurd je tada vladao Švedskom i Danskom (ponekad se poistovjećuje s danskim kraljem Sigfredom koji je vladao od oko 770. do svoje smrti prije 804.). Dobio je sina s princezom Alfhild iz kraljevstva Álfheimra, Ragnara Lodbroka, koji ga je naslijedio. Eysteinn Beli, koji je prema Hervararovoj Sagi bio sin Haralda Wartootha, vladao je Švedskom nešto nakon Sigurda dok ga nisu ubili sinovi Ragnara i Aslauga.

U svojim izvještajima o njegovoj vladavini, Sage skandinavske pretpovijesti, poznate kao Fornaldarsǫgur, govore više o Ragnarovim brakovima nego o ratnim podvizima. Prema Sögubrotu, on je bio najveći i najljepši od svih ljudi koje su ljudske oči vidjele, a izgledom je bio poput svoje majke. Prvo je ubio ogromnu zmiju koja je čuvala prebivalište Thore Borgarhjort, kćeri geatiškog velmože Herrauða, pridobivši je tako za svoju suprugu. Ragnar je nadimak "Lodbrok" dobio jer je nosio neobičnu zaštitnu odjeću kada je napadao zmiju. Njegovi sinovi s Thorom bili su Erik i Agnar. Nakon što je Thora umrla, otkrio je Kráku, ženu izuzetne ljepote i mudrosti koja je živjela sa siromašnim seljačkim parom u Norveškoj, i oženio se njome. U ovom braku dobije je sinove Ivara Bez Kostiju, Björna Željeznostranog, Hvitserka, Ragnvalda i Sigurdom Zmija-u-Oku. Kasnije je otkriveno da je Kráka zapravo Aslaug, tajna kći heroja Sigurda Fafnesbanea. Kako su sinovi odrasli i postali ratnici, Ragnar je, ne želeći da ga nadmaše, odlučio osvojiti Englesku sa samo 2 broda. Međutim, porazila ga je nadmoćne engleska mornarica pa biva bačen u zmijsku jamu kako bi umro u mukama. Saga o Ragnaru Lodbroku, Priča o Ragnarovim sinovima i Heimskringla govore o Velikoj poganskoj vojsci koja je napala Englesku oko 866. godine, predvođena sinovima Ragnara Lodbroka kako bi se osvetila kralju Ællu od Northumbrije za kojeg se kaže da ga je zarobio i pogubio Ragnar.

Franački izvještaji
Opsada i pljačka Pariza 845. bili su vrhunac vikinške invazije na Zapadnu Franačku. Vikinške snage predvodio je nordijski poglavica po imenu Reginherus, ili Ragnar. Taj se Reginherus često poistovjećivao s legendarnom likom iz sage Ragnarom Lodbrokom, ali povjesničari osporavaju točnost toga. Ragnar Lodbrok se također poistovjećuje s Ragnarom kojemu je kralj Karlo Ćelavi dodijelio zemlju u Flandriji oko 841. godine koju je na kraju izgubio kao i kraljevu naklonost. Ragnarovi Vikinzi upali su u Rouen na svom putu uz Seinu 845. i kao odgovor na invaziju, odlučan da ne dopusti uništenje kraljevske opatije Saint-Denis, Karlo je okupio vojsku koju je podijelio na 2 dijela, po jedan za svaku stranu rijeke. Ragnar je napao i porazio jednu od divizija manje franačke vojske, uzeo 111 njihovih vojnika kao zarobljenike i objesio ih na otoku u čast nordijskom bogu Odinu i kako bi potaknuo teror kod preostalih franačkih snaga. Ragnarova flota uspjela se vratiti svom gospodaru, danskom kralju Horiku I., ali Ragnar je ubrzo umro od teške bolesti koja se proširila Danskom.

Kasniji izvještaji
Među najstarijim tekstovima koji spominju ime Lodbrok je normanska povijest Williama od Jumiègesa iz oko 1070. godine. Prema Williamu, stari danski kraljevi imali su običaj protjerati mlađe sinove iz kraljevstva kako bi izbjegli ratove za prijestolje. U vrijeme kada je ova praksa bila u modi, kralj Lodbrok je naslijedio svog neimenovanog oca na danskom prijestolju. Nakon što je dobio vlast, poštovao je spomenuti običaj i naredio svom mlađem sinu Björnu Ironsideu da napusti njegovo kraljevstvo. Björn je tako napustio Dansku sa značajnom flotom i počeo pustošiti u Zapadnoj Franačkoj, a kasnije i po Sredozemlju. Otprilike suvremenik Williama je Adam od Bremena čija povijest nadbiskupije Hamburg-Bremen sadrži mnoge tradicije o Skandinaviji iz vikinškog doba. U odlomku koji se odnosi na vikinške pohode kasnog 9. stoljeća spominje danske ili nordijske gusare Horicha, Orwiga, Gotafrida, Rudolfa i Inguara (Ivara). Ivar se osobito smatra okrutnim progoniteljem kršćana i Lodbrokovim sinom.

Anglosasko-irski izvještaji
Prema suvremenoj Angloskoj kronici i Asserovom životu Alfreda, 878. godine "brat Hingwara i Healfdena" s pomorskom flotom, kontingent Velike poganske vojske napao je Devon u Engleskoj i borio se u bitci kod Cynwita gdje su Vikinzi izgubili. Vikinški kralj je ubijen, bilo je mnogi mrtvi te je nekolicina uspjela pobjeći na svoje brodove. Nakon bitke Sasi su napravili veliku pljačku.

Irska knjiga Gaedelov rat s Gallaibom iz 12. stoljeća, s podatcima koji potječu iz ranijih kronika, spominje kralja Halfdana († 877.) pod imenom Ragnaill. Ragnaill se može odnositi ili na Ragnvalda ili na Ragnara. Tri fragmenta iz ranog 11. stoljeća sadrže odlomak koji daje polulegendarnu pozadinu vikinškog zauzimanja Yorka 866. godine. Dva mlađa sina Halfdana protjerala su najstarijeg sina Ragnalla koji je otplovio na Orkneyske otoke sa svoja tri sina i ondje se nastanio. Dvojica sinova kasnije su izvršila pohod na Engleze i Franke, nastavljajući pljačku po Sredozemlju. Jedan od njih je iz vizije saznao da je Ragnall vodio bitku u kojoj je treći sin ubijen. Dva vikinška sina su se zatim vratila natrag s dosta tamnoputih zarobljenika. Pretpostavlja se da je ovo irska verzija sage Ragnara Lodbroka, a mediteranska ekspedicija je povijesni događaj koji se odvija od 859. – 861. godine.

Danski izvori
Chronicon Roskildense (oko 1138.) spominje Lodbroka (Lothpardus) kao oca krajnje okrutnog nordijskog kralja Ivara i njegove braće, Inguara, Ubbija, Byorna i Ulfa, koji vladaju sjevernim naroda. Oni pozivaju razne danske kraljeve da im pomognu uništiti kraljevstvo Franaka. Ivar uspješno napada Britaniju, iako ne kao iz osvete kao u islandskim sagama. Kronika Svena Aggesena (oko 1190.), prvi je danski tekst koji spominje puno ime – Regnerus Lothbrogh. Njegov sin Sigurd napada Dansku i ubija njezinog kralja, čiju kći ženi dok preuzima prijestolje.

Niti jedan od ovih izvora ne spominje Ragnara Lodbroka kao danskog vladara. Prvi koji je to spomenuo je Saxo Grammaticus u svom djelu Gesta Danorum (oko 1200.). Ovo djelo miješa nordijsku legendu s podacima o danskoj povijesti koji potječu iz kronike Adama (Bremen, oko 1075.). Ovdje je Ragnarov otac Sigurd Ring, norveški princ, oženjen danskom princezom, a razlikuje se od pobjednika Brávellira, koji je postojao otprilike 13 generacija ranije. Sigurd i njegov rođak te suparnik Anulu (zabilježeni 812.) obojica su ubijeni u bitci, nakon čega je Ragnar uzdignut na dansko prijestolje. Njegov prvi uspjeh je poraz švedskog kralja Fröa, koji je ubio njegovog djeda.

Izvori

Dodatna literatura

 Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram, and Frederik Pedersen (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press, .
 "Krákumál", Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 17 (2001), p. 299–302.

 "Ragnarsdrápa", Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 24 (2003), p. 112-117.
 "Ragnars saga Loðbrókar",Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 24 (2003), p. 108-112.
 Schlauch, Margaret (transl.) (1964). The Saga of the Volsungs: the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok Together with the Lay of Kraka. New York: American Scandinavian Foundation.
 Smyth, Alfred P. (1977). Scandinavian kings in the British Isles 850–880. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Storm, Gustav (1877), "Ragnar Lodbrok og Lodbrokssønnerne; studie i dansk oldhistorie og nordisk sagnhistorie", Historisk Tidskrift II:1 Historisk tidsskrift: udgivet af den Norske historiske forening.
 Strerath-Bolz, Ulrike (1993). Review of Rory McTurk, Studies in "Ragnars saga loðbrókar" and Its Major Scandinavian Analogues], Alvíssmál 2: 118–19.
 Todd, James H. (1867), Coghad Gaedhel re Gallaibh, London: Longman Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh = The war of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, or, The invasions of Ireland by the Danes and other Norsemen : the original Irish text, edited, with translation and introduction

Vikinzi

Ragnar Lodbrok


Raffaello Riccardi (Moscou,  - Rome, 1977) est un homme politique et un dirigeant sportif italien, il est ministre du Commerce et de la Monnaie dans le gouvernement Mussolini.

Biographie
Né d'une mère russe, il participe à la Première Guerre mondiale en tant qu'officier de cavalerie.

Squadrisme et parti fasciste dans la région des Marches
Après la guerre, il adhère au parti fasciste, étant l'un des fondateurs du Fascio di Combattimento à Senigallia en juillet 1920 et à Pesaro quelques mois plus tard, où il fonde et dirige l'hebdomadaire LOra.

Il est un leader éminent du squadrisme fasciste dans la région des Marches. Il mène de nombreuses expéditions contre les antifascistes. Parmi celles-ci, en octobre 1922, il dirige une expédition à Fossombrone en représailles au meurtre de deux fascistes : au cours de l'action, il condamne à mort le communiste Giuseppe Valenti. Pour échapper à un mandat d'arrêt pour homicide volontaire, il se rend temporairement sous une fausse identité en Sicile, où il aide la mafia à recruter des travailleurs des mines de soufre dans le syndicat fasciste.

Il participe à la marche sur Rome. Il est condamné à 4 mois et 15 jours pour le meurtre de Valenti. La sentence est annulée par l'amnistie du 22 décembre 1922

En 1939, il publie un livre de mémoires sur la période du squadrisme des Marches : Pagine Squadriste. Dans le livre, il rappelle de nombreux épisodes de violence politique dont il a été un protagoniste, dirigeant le squadrismo de Pesaro.
"La violence est la sage-femme de la révolution dans les mains de laquelle naît le nouvel ordre. (...) Les grandes paraboles ascendantes que les peuples construisent et lancent au-delà de leur destin sont éclairées par le sang qui les a générées. Je crois en la violence, et je lui attribue des pouvoirs thaumaturgiques. La violence est à la vie politique d'un peuple ce que la crise est à sa vie économique : le correctif par excellence."

Au début des années 1920, il est administrateur provincial du parti national fasciste. Il est secrétaire privé du député Silvio Gai et est élu sur la liste fasciste aux élections parlementaires de 1924.

Carrière politique
Confirmé dans les élections politiques cinq ans plus tard, il entre dans le gouvernement Mussolini, d'abord comme sous-secrétaire au ministère des Communications (9 juillet 1928 - 11 septembre 1929), puis comme sous-secrétaire au ministère de l'Aéronautique (12 septembre 1929 - 6 novembre 1933). En 1934, il est confirmé comme membre de la Chambre des Députés.

En 1939, il devient conseiller national de la Chambre des Faisceaux et des Corporations (en italien : Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni) jusqu'en août 1943 ainsi que consul général de la Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale.

Il devient ministre du commerce et de la monnaie (31 octobre 1939 - 6 février 1943) et président de l'Institut national du commerce extérieur et commissaire de l'Institut national fasciste du commerce extérieur (Istituto Nazionale Fascista per il Commercio Estero) (1939-1943). En tant que ministre, il a montré au Duce qu'en 1942, Marcello Petacci a été impliqué dans divers scandales financiers.

De 1938 à 1939, il est président général du Club omnisports Polisportiva S.S. Lazio basé à Rome. Il est également devenu président de la Fédération italienne de boxe (Federazione Pugilistica Italiana). En 1942, l'université d'Urbino lui décerne un diplôme honorifique en droit.

Son ascension politique s'accompagne d'une richesse considérable. Au début des années 1930, il participe à une série d'enquêtes gouvernementales sur d'importantes activités économiques de Pesaro : la Cassa di Risparmio di Pesaro, le Consorzio delle Cooperative di Produzione e Lavoro et la Società Anonima Industria Bagni e Alberghi (SAIBA). Les enquêtes ont mis au jour un système de contrôle de ces institutions géré par des membres du mouvement local de gangsters des années 1920, toujours dirigé par Riccardi. Selon les enquêtes, les dirigeants de ces sociétés les ont gérées et utilisées à des fins de spéculation pour leur enrichissement personnel, dans un réseau dense d'abus et d'irrégularités. Les enquêtes ont mis en évidence des cas d'influence directe de Riccardi sur le système, des flux d'argent en sa faveur et l'utilisation de son nom par les dirigeants locaux pour renforcer leur contrôle.

En 1940, Mussolini lui demande de clarifier des rumeurs persistantes sur ses intérêts économiques : Riccardi répond en affirmant son honnêteté. En 1942, d'autres enquêtes révèlent que Riccardi a placé des capitaux en Suisse.

En 1943, il est remplacé dans le département par Oreste Bonomi, après l'approbation de l'ordre du jour des Grandi, et est arrêté sur ordre de Pietro Badoglio et emprisonné à Regina Coeli : libéré par les Allemands en septembre 1943 et emmené à Munich, il adhère à la République sociale italienne sans toutefois y occuper de fonctions institutionnelles.

L'après-guerre
En juillet 1947, il est jugé pour les crimes de 1922 à Fossombrone : il est acquitté pour manque de preuves et déclare que les épisodes racontés dans Pagine squadriste sont fictifs.

En 1946, il publie un livre de mémoires ; plus tard, il se retire dans la vie privée. Il vit à Lugano, en Suisse. Il est cité par certaines sources sous le nom de "Raffaele".

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Gouvernement Mussolini
 Squadrisme

Liens externes

  Raffaello Riccardi, sur le site  siusa.archivi.beniculturali.it, Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (Système d'information unifié pour les superintendances des archives)

Personnalité politique italienne du XXe siècle
Ministre du Commerce et de la Monnaie du royaume d'Italie (1861-1946)
Député de la XXVIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXVIIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXIXe législature du royaume d'Italie
Naissance à Moscou
Naissance en février 1899
Décès à Rome
Décès en 1977
Décès à 78 ans

Raffaello Riccardi


Sonbahar veya güz, yaz ile kış mevsimleri arasındaki mevsimdir. Güz, Hazan ve Bağ bozumu isimleriyle de anılır. Kuzey yarım kürede Eylül, Ekim ve Kasım; güney yarım kürede ise, Mart, Nisan ve Mayıs aylarına denk gelir.

Sonbaharın belirtileri
Gündüzler kısalır, geceler uzar. Güneş, erken batar. Daha az ısı ve ışık verir. Serin, yağmurlu ve rüzgarlı günlerin sayısı artar. Kış mevsiminin habercisidir.

Ağaçların yaprakları sararmaya ve dökülmeye başlar. İğne yapraklı ağaçlar (Çam, ardıç vb.) yapraklarını dökmezler. Çiçeklerdeki çiçek sayısı azalır. Etraftaki otlar ve çimenler kurur.

Ayrıca bakınız

 İlkbahar
 Yaz
 Kış

Galeri

Sonbahar


DJ109F este un drum lung de aproximativ 96 km ce face legătura între depresiunea Maramureșului și cea a Lăpușului cu valea Someșului prin diferite unități de relief, cum ar fi Carpații Orientali și jugul intracarpatic.

Traseu
Pornește la 15 km de orașul Sighetu Marmației, în localitatea Ferești, din drumul național DN18, urcând spre Ocna Șugatag, unde se va întâlni cu DJ 185 dinspre Bârsana, va coborî spre Budești și va urca Pasul Strâmbului spre Cavnic. Peste Pasul Rotunda va trece în valea Lăpușului la Strâmbu Băiuț, unde coboară spre Târgu Lăpuș, de acolo urcă spre Vălenii Lăpușului și coboară prin Cheile Babei la Gâlgău pe râul Someș, unde se termină în DN 1C/E58. Pe sectorul Cavnic-Strâmbu Băiuț (Pasul Rotunda), traseul este închis iarna.

Trecători și relief

 Dealul Ocna Șugatag (591 m), între valea Marei (la Vest) și valea Cosăului (la Est)
 Pasul Neteda (Strâmbului) (1072 m), între munții Gutâi (la Vest) și munții Lăpușului (la Est)
 Pasul Rotunda (Cavnic) (1080 m), în munții Lăpușului
 Vălenii Lăpușului - Coroieni (500 m), între culmi
 Cheile Babei (300 m - 250 m)

Obiective turistice

 Țara Maramureșului

 Stațiunea Ocna Șugatag (băile sărate)

 Munții Gutâi (Creasta Cocoșului, Apostolii Gutinului, etc.)
 Țara Lăpușului
 Cheile Lăpușului
 Cheile Babei

Drumuri județene din România

DJ109F


ශ්‍රී නාගවනාරාමය යනු මීතොටමුල්ල ග්‍රාමයෙහි ඇති පැරණිතම විහාරස්ථාන අතරින් එකකි. පහත දැක්වෙන්නේ විහාරස්ථානය ඉදිරිපට තන ලද නව බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාවයි.

මෙහි පහළ මළුවක් හා ඉහළ මළුවක් වශයෙන් කොටස් දෙකක් ඇති අතර පහළ මළුවෙහි ලැගුම්ගෙය හා බණ මඩුවත් ඉහළ මළුවෙහි බුදු ගෙය, බෝධිය හා දේවාලත් පිහිටා තිබේ. කලින් තිබුණේ එක් ප්‍රධාන දේවාලයක් අමණක් වූ අතර එය නම් පොත නම් ග්‍රන්ථයේ සඳහන් වන සම්මුඛ දේවාලය යැයි පැවසේ.

මීතොටමුල්ල ශ්‍රී නාගවනාරාමයෙහි සේයා රූ එකතුව
<center><gallery perrow="5">
Image:ලැගුම් ගෙය.JPG|ලැගුම් ගෙය
Image:බණ මඩුව.JPG|බණ මඩුව
Image:ඝණ්ඨාර කුළුණ.JPG|ඝණ්ඨාර කුළුණ
Image:ඝණ්ඨාර කුළුණෙහි උපත.JPG|ඝණ්ඨාර කුළුණෙහි උපත
Image:පියගැටපෙළ.JPG|පියගැටපෙළ
Image:බෝධිය1.JPG|බෝධිය
Image:Old Buddha Statue.JPG| බුදු ගෙයෙහි බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාව
Image:ශාරිපුත්‍ර ප්‍රතිමාව.JPG| ශාරිපුත්‍ර ප්‍රතිමාව
Image:මෞද්ගල්‍යාන ප්‍රතිමාව.JPG|  මෞද්ගල්‍යාන  ප්‍රතිමාව
Image:මෙතේ බෝසත් ප්‍රතිමාව.JPG| මෙතේ බෝසත්  ප්‍රතිමාව

ශ්‍රී නාගවනාරාමය
බුදු දහම
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විහාර

මීතොටමුල්ල ශ්‍රී නාගවනාරාමය


Das Deutsche Haus ist eines der ältesten Häuser der Klosterstadt Rehna im Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg. Das Fachwerkgebäude befindet sich an der Bundesstraße 104 in der Gletzower Straße 15 und ist als Baudenkmal ausgewiesen.

Baubeschreibung
Das giebelständige Fachwerkhaus stammt laut Dehio im Kern aus dem Jahr 1537. Dabei wird sich auf eine verlorene Inschrift bezogen. Laut Angaben der Stadtwebsite wurde das Fälldatum der verwendeten Eichen jedoch auf den Winter 1569/70 datiert. Ober- und Dachgeschoss kragen durch Knaggen hervor. Im Obergeschoss wurden als Zierelement Fächerrosetten verwendet. Ebenerdig ragt straßenseitig ein bei einem Umbau in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts angesetzter Utlucht hervor. Innen sind die ursprüngliche hohe Diele und der Hausbaum erhalten.

Das Gebäude mit Feldsteinsockel besitzt an der Straßenseite acht Achsen, wovon drei durch den Utlucht vorgezogen sind. Deutlich zu erkennen sind die nach links um zwei und nach rechts um eine Achse vollzogenen Erweiterungen. Das Satteldach ist durch S-Pfannen gedeckt.

In einem eichenen Balken oberhalb der Haustür findet sich die Inschrift: "AVF IHM WIL ICH FEST BAVEN, ICH WIL (FEST) STAHN, WOL DEM, DER IHM VERTRAVET", auf dem neueren Türbrett die Inschrift: "JOHAN JOCHIM KASSAU, DEN 24. AUGUST 1750. ANNA GERDRUT KASSOWEN, GEBO. ROTHLENDER".

Geschichte
Die teils durch den Utlucht verdeckte Inschrift im Giebelbalken könnte Rückschlüsse auf den Erbauer geben. Sie lautet: "IS GOD FOER VNS.) WER WIL WEDDER VNS SIN. ALLEDINGE VORGEIHT. GADES GNADE EW(IG) STEIHT. HANS. SEEHASE." Dahinter befindet sich eine Hausmarke mit einem kreuzgekrönten Dreieck, einem Rasiermesser und einer Schere, die sich auch auf einem 1577 aufgestellten Grabstein des Barbiers und Wundarztes Hans Seehase in der Kröpeliner Kirche wiederfindet.

Das Deutsche Haus erfuhr im 17. Jahrhundert Anbauten zu allen vier Seiten. Im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert wurde es als Schmiede sowie Ausspann mit Schankrecht genutzt und in dieser Zeit fast ausschließlich von der Familie Grevismühl bewohnt.

Auf die Unterschutzstellung als Baudenkmal im Jahr 1949 folgte 1952/53 eine Restaurierung. Nach der Wende erfolgte von 1998 bis 2003 eine geförderte Sanierung in mehreren Bauabschnitten.

Heutige Nutzung

Seit dem Jahr 2004 hat die Stadtbibliothek im Deutschen Haus ihren Sitz. Ansässig sind auch der Plattdeutsche Verein to Rehna e. V., die Kulturinitiative Maurine-Radegast e. V. und die Volkssolidarität. Einzelne Räume werden für Dauerausstellungen zur Trachtentradition und zum Schuhmacherhandwerk in Rehna und Umgebung genutzt.

Am Tag des offenen Denkmals, zum Martensmannfest sowie auf Anfrage finden Führungen statt.

Weblinks

 Deutsches Haus / Stadtbibliothek auf rehna.de (PDF; 147 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Baudenkmal in Rehna
Rehna
Erbaut im 16. Jahrhundert
Bauwerk in Rehna

Deutsches Haus (Rehna)


Ben Gri  é uma série de televisão de suspense turca produzida pela OGM Pictures para a Walt Disney Company. A série estreou em 16 de novembro de 2022 como original através do Disney+ via Star.

Sinopse
A vida de Fuat Akinci, um advogado bem-sucedido e respeitado, muda quando sua filha sofre um acontecimento infeliz. Querendo vingança, Fuat responde mensagens misteriosas enviadas para seu celular que vão virar sua vida do avesso e fazê-lo enfrentar o passado em meio à escuridão e à luz.

Elenco e personagens
 Timuçin Esen como Fuat Akinci
 Ebru Özkan como Hülya
 Alican Yücesoy como Arda
 İlayda Akdoğan como Ceyda
 Buçe Buse Kahraman como Selin
 Mücahit Koçak
 Onur Bilge como Bülent
 Selin Kahraman como Leyla

Episódios

Lançamento
Ben Gri estreou em 16 de novembro de 2022 com seus dois primeiro episódios no Disney+ via Star onde disponível, no Hulu nos Estados Unidos e através do Star+ na América Latina.

Referências

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão da Turquia que estrearam em 2022
Séries de televisão de drama criminal da década de 2020
Séries de televisão de suspense da década de 2020
Séries de televisão de drama da Turquia
Séries de televisão de suspense da Turquia
Programas de televisão em língua turca
Programação original do Star (Disney+)

Ben Gri


Joseph Robert Shoenfield, né le  à Détroit (Michigan) et mort le  à Durham (Caroline du Nord), est un logicien mathématicien américain.

Biographie
Shoenfield a obtenu son doctorat en 1953 sous la supervision de Raymond Louis Wilder à l'Université du Michigan (Models of formal systems).
À partir de 1952, il est professeur à l'université Duke, où il est resté jusqu'à son éméritat en 1992. De 1970 à 1973, il a été président de la faculté de mathématiques. En 1956-1957, il séjourne à l'Institute for Advanced Study.

Shoenfield a travaillé en théorie de la calculabilité, théorie des modèles, théorie axiomatique des ensembles. Le principal domaine de recherche de Shoenfield est la théorie de la récursion, et ses travaux dans ce domaine couvrent notamment les degrés d'insolvabilité, le treillis des ensembles récursivement énumérables, la théorie de la hiérarchie, les fonctionnelles et la récursion dans les types supérieurs. Il a apporté ce qui est appelé le théorème de l'absolu de Shoenfield et une approche simplifiée de la méthode de forçage. En théorie des modèles, il a développé d'élégantes méthodes algébriques pour montrer l'élimination des quantificateurs. Son manuel Mathematical Logic est devenu un ouvrage de référence.

Distinctions
De 1972 à 1976, Shoenfield est président de l'Association for Symbolic Logic. Il délivre la conférence Gödel lors de la assemblée de 1992 de l'Association for Symbolic Logic.

Le prix Shoenfield est créé en 1999 à la mémoire de Joseph R. Shoenfield ; il est décerné tous les trois ans.

Dès ses études universitaires, Shoenfield est un joueur de bridge et de go passionné et réputé :  il a été l'un des premiers membres de l'American Go Association, et le tournoi Memorial Tournament en Caroline du Nord a été fondé en sa mémoire.

Publications (sélection)

 . — (Première édition : Addison Wesley)
 .

 Réimpression de  ;
 Autre réimpression

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Étudiant de l'université du Michigan
Logicien américain
Personnalité en logique mathématique
Professeur à l'université Duke
Mathématicien américain du XXe siècle
Gödel Lecturer
Naissance en mai 1927
Décès en novembre 2000
Décès à 73 ans

Joseph Shoenfield


The Wisconsin State University Conference (WSUC) was an American intercollegiate college athletic conference that was formed in July 1913 as the Wisconsin State Normal Conference.  All member institutions were located in the State of Wisconsin.  The WSUC sponsored competitions and championships in basketball, football, and other sports.

Charter members included La Crosse, Wisconsin State College of Milwaukee (1913-1956), Oshkosh, Platteville, River Falls, Stevens Point, Superior, and Whitewater.

Other members included Eau Claire (joined 1917) and Stout (1914).

All of these schools were (and remain) State institutions, most of them had been founded as normal schools in the late 19th century. They were renamed as state teachers colleges, state colleges, and state universities before becoming campuses of the University of Wisconsin System when the latter merged with the Wisconsin State Universities in 1971.

Wisconsin State College–Milwaukee became University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1956, and left the conference.

In July 1997, the nine members of the WSUC merged with the Wisconsin Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Conference to form the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

References

External links
 Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference History

Defunct NCAA Division III conferences
College sports in Wisconsin

Wisconsin State University Conference


An Setaria parviflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean Louis Marie Poiret, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni M.Kerguelen. An Setaria parviflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Setaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Setaria

Setaria parviflora


Alberto Del Solar Prado (Jesús María, Lima, 1 de enero de 1930 - 23 de septiembre del 2014) fue un futbolista peruano que se desempeñaba como defensa. Fue uno de los primeros capitanes del Sporting Cristal con el que campeonó en 1956 y en 1961.

Antes de ser futbolista trabajó en el Estanco de Tabaco del Perú y luego pasó al Club Sporting Tabaco, después de su retiro trabajó para Backus y Johnston.

Fue hijo de Enrique del Solar Sánchez y de Leonor Prado. Falleció en Lima el 23 de septiembre de 2014.

Trayectoria
Del Solar jugó 8 años por el antiguo Sporting Tabaco desde 1948 con el que consiguió un subcampeonato en 1954. Fue uno de los que vivieron la fusión con el Sporting Cristal y consiguió su primer título en 1956.

Alternaba en la capitanía con Alfredo Cavero hasta 1958, entre 1959 y 1960 la alternaba con Anselmo Ruíz, en 1961 la alternaban también con Nicolás Nieri donde consiguió su segundo título con el cuadro rimense.

En 1962 cedió la capitanía a Anselmo Ruíz, Nicolás Nieri y a jóvenes promesas como Orlando de La Torre y Roberto Elías. Se convirtió en uno de los referentes del club y luego de su retiro en 1962 formó parte de muchas directivas del Sporting Cristal.

Clubes

Palmarés

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  ISBN 9972-2912-3-X.

Futbolistas de Perú
Del Solar (familia)
Futbolistas del Club Sporting Tabaco
Futbolistas del Club Sporting Cristal en los años 1950
Futbolistas del Club Sporting Cristal en los años 1960

Alberto del Solar (futbolista)


Dengfeng léase Deng-Féng (; sistema postal chino: Tengfeng) es una ciudad-condado en Zhengzhou, provincia de Henan. En la antigüedad se la conocía como Yangcheng (). Dengfeng cubre un área de 1220 km² y tiene una población de 630.000 habitantes.

Dengfeng se encuentra a los pies del monte Song, una de las montañas más sagradas de China y es una de las razones por las que la ciudad es uno de los más famosos centros espirituales del país y hogar de diversas instituciones religiosas y templos tales como el Templo Taoísta Zhongyue, el Templo de Shaolin budista o la Academia Confuciana Songyang. Esto dio lugar a la expresión poética derivada de la literatura china de ser el "centro del cielo y de la tierra" de lo espiritual.

Administración
El municipio de Dengfeng se divide en 15 pueblos que se administran en 12 poblados y 3 villas.

Historia
La primera capital de la dinastía Xia, Yangcheng, fue construida al oeste del municipio de Gaocheng, a la orilla del río Yin y bajo el sagrado monte Song.

El famoso monasterio de Shaolin, origen tradicional del Zen, se halla en Dengfeng.

Lugares de interés

En 2010 la Unesco inscribió muchos de los más famosos lugares de Dengfeng en su lista de Patrimonios de la Humanidad con el nombre de «Monumentos históricos de Dengfeng en la "Ciudad del cielo y de la tierra"». El sitio nombrado Patrimonio de la Humanidad incluye varias puertas históricas, templos (incluyendo al templo de Shaolin), una academia confuciana y el observatorio de Gaocheng:

Otros sitios notables en Dengfeng incluyen el Templo Fawang, un templo budista construido en la dinastía Tang.

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial (en chino)

Ciudades-condado de Henan
Antiguas capitales nacionales de China
Zhengzhou
Localidades con bienes declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad en China

Dengfeng


Holland deltog ved Sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro som blev arrangeret i perioden 5. august til 21. august 2016.

Medaljer

Medaljevinderne

Svømning

Resultater

Svømmede i heats kun

Referencer

Lande ved sommer-OL 2016
2016

Holland ved sommer-OL 2016


Aquarius, rod vodenog bilja iz porodice žabočunovki sa 26 priznatih vrsta i Sjeverne i Južne Amerike.

Rod je opisan 2018. godine.. Vrste su nekada bile uključivane u rod Echinodorus, u kojemu je danas ostala samo vrsta Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett

Vrste
 Aquarius bracteatus (Micheli) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius cordifolius (L.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius cylindricus (Rataj) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius decumbens (Kasselm.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius densinervis (Somogyi) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius emersus (Lehtonen) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius floribundus (Seub.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius glaucus (Rataj) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius grisebachii (Small) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius horizontalis (Rataj) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius inpai (Rataj) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius lanceolatus (Rataj) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius longipetalus (Micheli) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius longiscapus (Arechav.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius macrophyllus (Kunth) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius major (Micheli) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius palifolius (Nees & Mart.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius paniculatus (Micheli) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius pubescens (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius reptilis (Lehtonen) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius scaber (Rataj) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius subulatus (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius trialatus (Fassett) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius tunicatus (Small) Christenh. & Byng
 Aquarius uruguayensis (Arechav.) Christenh. & Byng

Izvori

Žabočunovke

Aquarius (Plantae)


Brendan Comiskey (born August 13, 1935), is the Roman Catholic Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Ferns. He was born in Clontibret, County Monaghan, Ireland.

He was ordained a priest of the little known Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on 25 June 1961, and appointed Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Dublin in 1979.

He was appointed Bishop of Ferns on 4 April 1984.

He resigned on 1 April 2002, over charges that he had failed to deal adequately with allegations that Fr. Seán Fortune and others who were sexually abusing children.

Early career
Comiskey's early clerical career was extremely promising. He was head of his order in Ireland and the UK by the age of 34, became an auxiliary bishop in the Archdiocese of Dublin at age 45 and soon thereafter was appointed to the Diocese of Ferns at the age of 47.
In 2016, his name still appeared on the website of his congregation where he said to be a retreat giver whose conferences are "filled with profound content mixed with wit and humour."

Diocese mired in clerical sexual abuse
Brendan Comiskey succeeded the ebullient but utterly ineffective Donal Herlihy as Bishop of Ferns in 1984. Herlihy, a former staff member at the Pontifical Irish College in Rome, is reported to have had alcohol-related issues in his last years as bishop and his governance of the diocese was slack.

As a result of The Ferns Report, published by the Irish Government on 25 October 2005 into child sex abuse in this diocese (between 1962 and 2002), the wider Irish public became aware of a catalogue of abuse going back to Herlihy's tenure on office involving 100 individual cases involving 21 priests.

It is alleged that Tomás Ó Fiaich, Cardinal Archbishop of Armagh, had been told about the allegations, as had the Holy See.

Resignation
Comiskey resigned in 2002 after the transmission of the BBC documentary "Suing the Pope" amid allegations that he did not report allegations that Fr Sean Fortune had abused a number of children while Comiskey was in control of the diocese. Fortune was a serial paedophile with a manipulative personality and Comiskey admits he found him difficult to deal with. Fortune committed suicide while on bail.

According to the founder of the abuse victims' charity One in Four, Colm O'Gorman, Comiskey was not alone in his responsibility to report the allegations to civil authorities. O'Gorman is quoted as saying, "It would be sad if he (Comiskey) was ultimately scapegoated in all this and the church failed to accept full responsibility".

Bishop Éamonn Walsh was installed in March 2002 as Apostolic Administrator in Ferns and implemented a new child protection policy which resulted in many more historic allegations of child-sexual abuse emerging.

In 2014 Brendan Comiskey "broke his silence" on the child abuse scandal in Ireland claiming that he had done his best and "that he was deeply sorry for all that had happened,"

See also
Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal
Roman Catholic priests accused of sex offenses
Crimen sollicitationis

References

External links
BBC News story on Comiskey's resignation
RTÉ News story about Comiskey
Sunday Business Post 'Comiskey Proved A Formidable Foe'
 Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

1935 births
People from Clontibret
Living people
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Ireland
Roman Catholic bishops of Ferns
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland
Christian clergy from County Monaghan

Brendan Comiskey


أدهم بن علي إسماعيل (و. أنطاكية 1922 - ت. دمشق 1963)، مصور عربي سوري، مارس التصوير الزيتي، وابتكر أسلوباً حديثاً استقاه من التراث العربي التشكيلي، ومن «الخط اللامتناهي» في هذا التراث، ليعالج موضوعات سياسية واجتماعية معاصرة.

سيرته
ولد أدهم في أنطاكية حاضرة لواء اسكندرونة، وتوفي في دمشق. أظهر موهبة فنية مبكرة، وتأثر بأخيه الأكبر من أبيه الذي كان فناناً وخطاطاً معروفاً في أنطاكية، وقد اقترن الفن عند أدهم بالنضال القومي وتلازما في حياته. وبعد نزوحه عن أنطاكية أكمل دراسته في حماة ثم في حلب منذ 1939 وحصل على شهادة الدراسة الثانوية (1945)، واكتشف في هذه المرحلة قدراته الفنية، ثم اختار طريق الفن التشكيلي تاركاً دراسة الحقوق، وعمل مدرساً للتربية الفنية في حلب ثم في دمشق وزار كثيراً من البلدان العربية والأجنبية وأقام عدة معارض.

مارس التصوير الزيتي، وابتكر أسلوباً حديثاً استقاه من التراث العربي التشكيلي.
في عام 1956 تخرّج من أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة في روما – قسم الديكور.
تعلم فن الميدالية والافريسيك في معاهد إيطاليا.
عمل مدرساً للتربية الفنية في ثانويات بدمشق.
– قام بتدريس الفنون في كلية الفنون الجميلة في دمشق.
– زار كثيراً من البلدان العربية والأجنبية وأقام عدة معارض.
– انتقل إلى القاهرة ليعمل مستشاراً فنياً في وزارة الثقافة أيام الوحدة بين سورية ومصر.
– رسم عدة لوحات عبرت عن الأحداث السياسية المعاصرة، وفق رؤيته الفنية الخاصة، وبصيغة فنية مميزة، ثم انتقل إلى استعمال الحرف العربي موضوعاً لتكوينات فنية جديدة.

أعماله الفنية وأسلوبه
لوحاته الأولى، «الزجل السوري» (1947) و«ألحان وعطور» (1950) و« الدبكة» (1950)، تدل على محاولاته الأولى وتكشف شخصية فنية لها استقلالها. وقد برزت شهرته في عام 1951 مع لوحة «العتّال» التي استخدم فيها «الخط اللامتناهي» محدداً الشكل عن طريقه. وفي العام التالي سافر أدهم إلى إيطالية لدراسة الفن التشكيلي. وتؤكد أعماله أن الدراسة صقلت تجربته. ولوحة «الفارس العربي» (1953)، التي عبرت عن نهضة الأمة العربية وانطلاقتها، تدل على نضج أسلوبه في التعبير الفني وارتباطه الصميمي بالقضايا القومية.

وفي السنوات (1956-1961)، التي أمضاها بين درعا والقاهرة ودمشق، رسم عدة لوحات عبرت عن الأحداث السياسية المعاصرة، وفق رؤيته الفنية الخاصة، وبصيغة فنية ازدادت متانة وقوة، ومنها «وراء القضبان» (1956)، و«بور سعيد» (1958)، و«الطائر يفك قيده» (1959) و«زلازل أغادير» (1960).

ثم اتجه إلى الموضوعات الجمالية ما بين 1961 و1963 وإلى استعمال الحرف العربي موضوعاً لتكوينات فنية جديدة، وتلاقت أفكاره هذه مع مبادرات الفنان محمود حماد في مجال الحرف.

وقد عبّر أدهم إسماعيل عن حسه الجمالي بتصوير الأرض والحركة والطبيعة والزهرة والمرأة، وعمّق تجربته الفنية في موضوعات أخرى وطوّرها كي تنسجم الحركة مع المساحة واللون حتى غدت تبدو في كل أعماله معبرة عن رغبته في تقديم فن حديث بروح عربية بالخط واللون وعلاقاتهما اللامتناهية. وهكذا يكون أدهم قد أسهم في تجديد لغة التعبير الفني في سوريا، وفي اكتشاف ما يملكه التراث العربي من أشكال فنية يمكن استخدامها للتعبير عن مضامين متنوعة.

ذكراه
بعض أعماله محفوظة في المتحف الوطني بدمشق ولدى وزارة الثقافة وفي متحف دمّر للفنون.

يوجد مدرسة فنية باسمه في دمشق بعنوان "مركز أدهم إسماعيل للفنون".

معرض الصور

المصادر

للإستزادة
 نعيم إسماعيل، أدهم إسماعيل (مطبعة الإدارة السياسية، دمشق 1964).
 طارق الشريف، عشرون فناناً من سورية (وزارة الثقافة، دمشق 1972).

رسامون سوريون
فنانون تشكيليون سوريون
مواليد 1922
وفيات 1963

أدهم إسماعيل


Shogo Omachi (født 4. maj 1992) er en japansk professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Zweigen Kanazawa.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shogo Omachi


Scott Litt (født ca. 1954) er en amerikansk musikproducer, der hovedsageligt har arbejdet med alternative rockbands og musikere. Han er bedst kendt for at have produceret seks albums for det amerikansk band R.E.M. under deres mest succefulde periode.

Karriere
Litt begyndte som lydinginiør i slutningen af 1970'erne, hvor han arbejdede med indspilninger af Ian Hunter og Carly Simon. Han debuterede som producer på The dB's album Repercussion i 1982, og han arbejdede herefter sammen med Chris Stamey, Matthew Sweet og Beat Rodeo. Hans gennembrud som producer kom i 1987 med R.E.M.s album Document. Litt havde arbejdet med bandet første gang på nummeret "Romance" til et filmsoundtrack, og han endte med at have en lang og succesfuld karriere sammen med R.E.M., hvor han producerede nogle af deres mest succesfulde album. Litt producerede Green (1988), Out of Time (1991), Automatic for the People (1992), Monster (1994) og New Adventures in Hi-Fi (1996). I 1997 stoppede R.E.M. og Litt deres samarbejde.

Ud over R.E.M, har den kommercielt mest succesfulde gruppe, som Litt har samarbejdet med, været Nirvana, hvor han mixede deres singler "Heart-Shaped Box" og "All Apologies" fra deres album In Utero som udkom i 1993, og den pothume udgivelse MTV Unplugged In New York (1994). Litt remixede også "Pennyroyal Tea" og remixet skulle først have været udgivet som single, men singlen blev trukket tilbage kort efter Kurt Cobains død. Hans udgave af sangen kan dog findes på Wal-Mart og Kmart versionerne af In Utero samt Nirvana, Nirvanas opsamlingsalbum. I 1999 og i 2000'erne arbejdede Litt med Incubus hvor han producerede de to albums Make Yourself (1999) og Morning View (2001). Litt mixede også sange for Hole inklusive "Miss World", "Asking For It", "Jennifer's Body" og "Softer, Softest" fra deres album Live Through This.

Han har også arbejdet med Liz Phair, Juliana Hatfield, Indigo Girls, Paul Kelly, Days of the New, New Order, The Replacements, Patti Smith (Dream of Life), The Woodentops (Wooden Foot Cops on the Highway), That Petrol Emotion (Chemicrazy), Counting Crows, Days of the New, The Get Up Kids, Ziggy Marley og Alela Diane.

Litt har etableret sit eget pladeselskab, Outpost Recordings, i begyndelsen i partnerskab med Mark Williams fra I.R.S. Records, med finansiering og distribution fra Geffen Records.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Musikproducere fra USA
R.E.M.

Scott Litt


Doping, sportif performansı artırmak amacıyla yasaklanmış ve vücuda yabancı maddelerin kullanılması ya da herhangi bir maddenin anormal miktarlarda tüketilmesi veya vücuda normal dışı  yollardan alınması olarak tanımlanır.

Dopingin ilk resmi tanımı 1963 yılında yapılmıştır. Buna göre doping; sporcu ya da oyuncuların yarışma sırasında veya oyuna hazırlanırken spor ahlâkına yakışmayacak şekilde performanslarını yapay olarak artıracak ve sporcunun fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlığına zarar verecek madde veya başka olası yöntemleri kullanmasıdır.

Tarih
Dopingin tanımı çok eski dönemlere kadar uzanmaktadır. İlk doping izlerine M.Ö. 3. yüzyılda yapılan olimpiyat oyunlarında rastlanmaktadır. Bu dönemde sporcuların hızlı koşabilmek için mantar yedikleri bilinmektedir.

Romalılar döneminde savaş araba yarışlarında atların daha hızlı koşabilmeleri için atlara su ve bal karışımı hydromel adı verilen bir sıvı içirilirdi. Tarihi kayıtlarda Güney Amerika yerlilerinin koka filizlerini çiğnedikleri görülmektedir.

Modern çağdaki ilk dopinglere 19. yüzyılda yüzücü ve bisikletçilere rastlanmaktadır. Modern olimpiyat oyunlarının başlamasıyla beraber sporcular arasında madde kullanımı hızla yaygınlaşmış ve günümüze kadar olimpiyat oyunlarında çok sayıda bu zararlı madde tespit edilmiştir.

Zararları

Dopingin çarpıntı, yüksek tansiyon, sinirlilik, aşırı ter, saç dökülmesi, kalp krizi sonucu ölüm gibi zararları bulunmaktadır.

Spor terimleri
Eczacılık
Uyarıcılar

Doping


Earle Chester Clements (Morganfield, 22 de outubro de 1896 - 12 de março de 1985) foi um político norte-americano e governador de Kentucky no período de 1947 a 1950. Ele também representou esse estado no Senado e na Câmara dos Representantes no Congresso dos Estados Unidos. Atuou como oficial do Exército dos Estados Unidos na Primeira Guerra Mundial.

Carreira
Depois de seguir seu pai na política local de seu condado natal, Clements concordou em presidir a campanha para governador de Thomas Rhea em 1935. Já comprometido com Rhea, ele recusou uma oferta de Happy Chandler para presidir sua campanha, iniciando a cisão entre os dois homens. Clements foi para o Senado de Kentucky em 1941. Em 1944, ele foi escolhido como líder democrata do Senado e fez campanha com sucesso por um orçamento maior do que o proposto pelo governador republicano Simeon Willis. Sua posição contra Willis o tornou popular no Partido Democrata, e ele cumpriu dois mandatos na Câmara dos Representantes dos Estados Unidos de 1944 a 1948.

Em 1947, Clements sucedeu Willis como governador, derrotando Harry Lee Waterfield, o candidato preferido de Chandler, nas primárias democratas. Como governador, Clements aumentou os impostos e usou a receita para aumentar o financiamento do sistema de parques estaduais e construir e manter mais estradas. Ele também alcançou avanços na educação, incluindo algum progresso em direção à dessegregação. Em 1950, Clements foi eleito para o Senado dos Estados Unidos. Ele renunciou ao cargo de governador para aceitar sua cadeira no Senado. Enquanto estava no Senado, ele atuou como líder do partido democrata sob o comando de Lyndon Johnson e como diretor executivo do Comitê de Reeleição Democrática do Senado de 1957 a 1959. Ele foi derrotado por Thruston Morton em sua candidatura à reeleição em 1956; a falta de apoio de Chandler (então cumprindo seu segundo mandato como governador) contribuiu para a derrota de Clements. Por insistência de Johnson, Clements voltou a presidir o Comitê de Reeleição Democrática do Senado em 1957 e 1959.

Clements apoiou Bert T. Combs para governador contra Chandler em 1955, e o fez novamente contra Harry Lee Waterfield em 1959. Combs derrotou Waterfield e recompensou Clements nomeando-o comissário de rodovias estaduais. Em 1961, Clements e Combs se separaram por causa de um acordo proposto para alugar caminhões basculantes de uma concessionária de carros de Louisville. Jornais estaduais acusaram o negócio de uma vingança para o traficante, um apoiador de Combs. Quando Combs cancelou o acordo, Clements interpretou isso como uma repreensão pública e logo depois renunciou para trabalhar na campanha presidencial de seu amigo, Lyndon Johnson. Após sua separação com Combs, Clements aliou-se à facção de Chandler, opondo-se ao vice-governador de Combs, Wilson Wyatt em sua tentativa de derrubar o senador Thruston Morton. A influência de Clements diminuiu rapidamente após a separação com Combs e, na corrida para governador de 1963, ele não conseguiu entregar seu condado natal para Chandler nas primárias contra Edward T. Breathitt. Clements morreu em sua cidade natal, Morganfield, Kentucky, em 12 de março de 1985.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Alunos da Universidade de Kentucky
Veteranos da Primeira Guerra Mundial dos Estados Unidos
Membros do Partido Democrata (Estados Unidos)
Democratas do Kentucky
Governadores do Kentucky
Senadores dos Estados Unidos pelo Kentucky

Earle Clements


An Bambusa xueana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dieter Ohrnberger. An Bambusa xueana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa xueana


An Eragrostis sororia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karel Domin. An Eragrostis sororia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis sororia


Güdümlü füze deneylerinin balistik aletlerden de faydalanılarak yapılmasında kullanılan çok hassas optik alet.

Sineteodolit; uçuş halindeki bir füzenin mevkiini kontrol için çeşitli tertipte çifter çifter kullanılır. Alet istikamet ve yükseklik açılarını, nişan istikametinin bir şemasıyla birlikte kaydeden, böylece takip hatalarını önlemek ve gerçek hedef istikametini tespit etmek imkânı veren, rasat tipi, sıhhatli bir ölçme cihazından ibarettir.

Ölçü aletleri

Sine teodolit


Candy er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Per Arnoldi efter manuskript af Per Arnoldi.

Handling
Per Arnoldi: Kager, bolcher, slikkepinde, legetøj, spilleautomater, papirhatte, masker, næser, artistkostumer, karruseller, fyrværkeri, kulørte lamper, vifter, serpentiner, pailetter, uniformer, kunstige blomster, spøg og skæmt, flag. En række ting med overflødig, ufunktionel ornamentik og stærk simili - og banal skønhed. Det er forrygende, at man fremstiller så pyntede ting, ovenikøbet maskinelt, og tillægger denne bestemte ornamentik appetitvækkende og købsfremmende egenskaber. Og skønhedsmæssigt kan netop denne banalitet accepteres så fuldt som noget andet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1969

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Candy


Corrado Passera es un banquero y político italiano, actual titular de un macroministerio encargado de Desarrollo Económico, Obras Públicas y Transportes, en el gobierno de Mario Monti. Antes de ocupar este puesto era consejero delegado del importante banco Intesa Sanpaolo.

Referencias

Banqueros de Italia
Gobierno Monti
Orden al Mérito de la República Italiana
Nacidos en Como

Corrado Passera


රම්භා යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ හින්දු පුරාණෝක්තිවේදය තුළ හමුවන දේවලෝකයෙහි විසූයේ යැයි පැවසෙන ප්‍රකට අප්සරාවවකි. ඇය නර්තනය, සංගීතය සහ රූමත්භාවය ගන අංගවලදී කිසිවකුටත් දෙවෙනි නොවන්නියකි. ඇය සාගරය කැළඹීමේ දී උපත ලැබූයේ යැයි සඳහන් වේ.

උද්ධෘත

ප්‍රභව

බාහිර සබැඳි

අප්සරා
රාමායණයෙහි චරිත

රම්භා (අප්සරාව)


{{Infobox person
| name               = Akira Ishida
| image              =
| alt                =
| caption            = Ishida in 2019
| native_name        = 石田 彰
| native_name_lang   = ja
| birth_name         =
| birth_date         =
| birth_place        = Nisshin, Aichi, Japan
| death_date         =
| death_place        =
| education          = Nihon University
| occupation         =
| years_active       = 1987–present
| credits            =
Honkai Impact 3rd as Otto ApocalypseHonkai: Star Rail as Luocha
| agent              = Peerless Gerbera
| height             = 163 cm
}}
 is a Japanese voice actor.

For his portrayal of Saki Abdusha in You're Under Arrest alongside Etsuko Kozakura, Makoto Kurumizawa in BOYS BE, Setsuna Aoki alongside with  Akio Suyama, Urara Takano, Chisa Yokoyama, Michie Tomizawa, Yuriko Fuchizaki, Mayumi Tanaka, Kumiko Nishihara, Ai Orikasa,Yumi Hikita,  Hisao Egawa & Hiroshi Yanaka in Sakura Wars, and Athrun Zala alongside Sōichirō Hoshi, Rie Tanaka, Naomi Shindō, Nanako Mori, & Fumiko Orikasa in Gundam SEED, Gundam Seed Destiny & Mobile Suite Gundam Seed Freedom 2024 he was chosen as the most popular voice actor in the Animage Anime Grand Prix in 2004, and won the Best Supporting Character (male) award at the 1st Seiyu Awards in 2007. He is best known for his roles as Cho Hakkai in Saiyuki, Kaworu Nagisa in Neon Genesis Evangelion, Kuja in Final Fantasy, Otto Apocalypse in Honkai Impact 3rd, Katsura Kotarou in Gin Tama, Zeref in Fairy Tail and Gaara in Naruto''.

Filmography

Animation

Puppet

Theatrical animation

Video games

Tokusatsu

Audio drama

Dubbing roles

References

External links
 Official agency profile

1967 births
Living people
Japanese male stage actors
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Aichi Prefecture
Mausu Promotion voice actors
Nihon University alumni
People from Nisshin, Aichi
Seiyu Award winners
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors

Akira Ishida


L'établissement métis d'East Prairie est une localité désignée située dans la province d'Alberta, dans le centre.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Localité désignée en Alberta

Établissement métis d'East Prairie