La consolidación de estados financieros es una técnica contable para elaborar unas cuentas anuales únicas que engloban los datos de un Grupo de empresas, sintetizando en una visión única la situación patrimonial, económica y financiera correspondiente a las cuentas de diferentes empresas que están interrelacionadas y constituyen un grupo empresarial.

Los estados financieros individuales de una sociedad pierden significación, cuando esta entidad se encuentra incluida en un conjunto que forma una unidad supraempresarial, en el que cada empresa mantiene su propia personalidad, y donde existe una sociedad que ejerce un control efectivo, que toma las decisiones de forma directa o indirecta sobre las demás. Esto ocurre porque las cuentas de cada unidad por separado no dan una imagen completa de las actividades de la misma y omiten informaciones relevantes como créditos y débitos recíprocos, pudiendo existir resultados recíprocos que no son reales o que no han sido realizados. En estos casos la información consolidada (balance y cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias consolidadas) del grupo de sociedades suministran mejor la información patrimonial y económica que se esconde detrás de la pluralidad jurídica que forma el grupo.

La sociedad que posee el control sobre el resto de sociedades se suele denominar dominante o compañía controladora y las sociedades controladas por aquella se denominan dependientes, dominadas, o bien subsidiaria . La normativa mercantil y fiscal suele recoger la existencia de los grupos de sociedades, estableciendo la obligación de formular estados financieros consolidados porque la información contable individual de las sociedades integrantes del grupo es insuficiente para mostrar la realidad económica y financiera del mismo. Desde el punto de vista fiscal, las legislaciones normalmente permiten tributar al grupo en el Impuesto sobre sociedades como sujeto pasivo para que la tributación se ajuste a la capacidad económica del grupo.

Conceptos básicos

Compañía tenedora: Es aquella que tiene inversiones permanentes en otras compañías.
Compañía controladora: Es aquella que controla a una o más subsidiarias, es decir, que posee más del 50% de las acciones comunes en circulación de otras compañías.
Compañía subsidiaria: Es la empresa que es controlada por otra conocida como controladora, es decir, que es poseída por del 50% de las acciones comunes en circulación.
Compañía afiliada: Son aquellas compañías que tienen accionistas comunes o administración común significativa, es decir, que tienen inversión de otra compañía entre el 25% y el 50% de sus acciones comunes en circulación.
Compañía asociada: Es una compañía en la cual una compañía llamada tenedora tiene influencia significativa en su administración, pero sin llegar a tener el control de la misma.
Control: Es el poder de gobernar las políticas de operación y financieras de una empresa a fin de tener beneficio de sus actividades.
Se considera que se tiene el control de otra empresa cuando se posee directa o indirectamente a través de subsidiarias más del 50% de las acciones en circulación con derecho a voto de la compañía emisora.
Influencia significativa: Es el poder para participar en decidir las políticas de operación y financieras de la empresa en la cual se tienen inversión, pero sin tener el poder de gobierno sobre dichas compañías y políticas.
Interés minoritario: Es la porción de la utilidad o pérdida neta del ejercicio y del resto del capital contable de las subsidiarias consolidadas que es atribuible a accionistas ajenos a la compañía controladora.
Inversiones permanentes en acciones: Son aquellas efectuadas en títulos representativos del capital social de otras empresas (acciones, partes sociales o certificados de aportación) con la intención de mantenerlas por un plazo indefinido (largo plazo).  Generalmente estas inversiones se realizan para ejercer control o tener injerencia sobre otras empresas.

Requisitos para la consolidación
 Efectuar un estudio preliminar de las subsidiarias cuyos estados financieros habrán de consolidarse con el propósito de conocer la naturaleza de las mismas.
 De ser posible unificar los catálogos de cuentas de la controladora y sus subsidiarias para facilitar el proceso de consolidación.
 Es importante que los estados financieros individuales se encuentren dictaminados con el objeto de tener una mayor seguridad sobre las cifras que se está presentado en los estados financieros.
Es necesario que exista conciliación entre las cuentas corrientes y/o recíprocas entre las diversas empresas del grupo.

Casos en los que no deben de incluirse las subsidiarias en la consolidación
 Cuando el control sólo sea temporal, debido a que su inclusión en la consolidación distorsionaría las cifras de un periodo a otro.
 Cuando no se tenga el control administrativo por encontrarse en quiebra o liquidación.
 Las que se encuentran en alguna situación especial como periodo de reorganización o inicio de operaciones.
 Las domiciliadas en el extranjero en donde existan restricciones para remisión de utilidades.
 Cuando la actividad sea muy diferente a la de la controladora que no permita una interpretación correcta de los estados financieros consolidados.

Fases de la elaboración de cuentas consolidadas
Las cuentas consolidadas muestran la información como si el grupo fuese una sola sociedad y como si todas las sociedades que lo constituyen se hubiesen fusionado en una única entidad. Las fases que comprende la consolidación son:

Homogeneización
Se produce una doble homogeneización, de carácter temporal y valorativo.
Homogeneización temporal: Partiendo de las cuentas anuales de las distintas sociedades que intervienen en la consolidación, el primer aspecto es que deben referirse a la misma fecha de cierre y al mismo período que las cuentas anuales de la sociedad dominante o controladora. Las normas de la Normas de Formulación de Cuentas Anuales Consolidadas españolas disponen que, si una sociedad dependiente cierra su ejercicio en una fecha que no difiera en más de tres meses, anteriores o posteriores, a la fecha de cierre de las cuentas consolidadas, puede incluirse en la consolidación por los valores contables correspondientes a las mencionadas cuentas anuales, siempre que la duración de su ejercicio coincida con el de las consolidadas.

Homogeneización valorativa: Con el fin de lograr una uniformidad dentro del grupo es necesario que las cuentas anuales de las sociedades que intervienen en la consolidación empleen los mismos criterios de valoración. Para ello se establece una regla general consistente en que los elementos del activo, pasivo, ingresos y gastos comprendidos en la consolidación deben ser valorados siguiendo métodos uniformes.

Agregación
La agregación consiste en la suma de los saldos de las distintas sociedades. En la agregación de las cuentas anuales consolidadas se utilizan distintas técnicas. La elección de una u otra depende del tipo de relación que se tenga con respecto a la sociedad que se incluye en la consolidación:
 El método de integración global se aplica a las sociedades del grupo.
 El método de integración proporcional se aplica opcionalmente a las sociedades multigrupo, es voluntario pues se puede optar por el procedimiento de puesta en equivalencia, debiendo aplicarse la opción de manera uniforme respecto a todas las sociedades que se encuentren en dicha situación.
 El procedimiento de puesta en equivalencia que se aplica a las sociedades asociadas, así como a las sociedades multigrupo a las que no se les aplica el método de integración proporcional.

Eliminación
Uno de los aspectos más importantes en los estados financieros consolidados, es la eliminación de las partidas recíprocas de operaciones que provienen entre compañías que forman el grupo.
Las diferentes operaciones que afectan a las empresas serán eliminadas al efectuarse la consolidación de estados financieros y a continuación se mencionan las eliminaciones más comunes e importantes que suelen presentarse en la consolidación de empresas:

México
 Eliminaciones de inversión en subsidiarias en la fecha de adquisición de las acciones:
 Compra de acciones a un precio igual a su valor contable
 Compra de acciones a un precio superior al valor contable de la acción.
 Compra de acciones a un precio inferior al valor contable de las mismas.
 Eliminación de cuentas por cobrar y por pagar:
 Eliminación de cuentas corrientes.
 Documentos.
 Intereses.
 Eliminación de ventas de mercancía:
 Ventas realizadas al costo.
 Ventas que lleven implícita una utilidad.
 La mercancía ha sido vendida totalmente fuera del grupo.
 La mercancía aún se conserva integra en los inventarios de la empresa compradora.
 Sólo una parte de la mercancía ha sido vendida fuera del grupo y la otra parte se conserva en los inventarios de la compradora.
 Eliminación de operaciones por venta de activo fijo.

España
Eliminación inversión-patrimonio neto: tiene por objetivo eliminar la inversión representativa de la participación en el patrimonio de la sociedad dependiente con la parte proporcional del patrimonio neto que le corresponde de esa sociedad.
Eliminación de créditos y débitos recíprocos: tiene por objeto eliminar, a efectos consolidados, las operaciones de crédito-débito entre sociedades que forman parte del  grupo. Aunque en cada sociedad individualmente considerada es cierto que existe un crédito o una deuda, cuando se integran en una unidad económica superior que es el grupo no existe ninguno de estos elementos patrimoniales.
Eliminación y reclasificación de gastos e ingresos (recíprocos) por operaciones internas.
Eliminación de resultados por operaciones internas de existencias: comprenderá las existencias registradas con criterio de coste de adquisición o producción, que mientras que las existencias no se vendan fuera del grupo, será necesario eliminar el resultado que la sociedad vendedora pudiera haber registrado en sus cuentas individuales, adicionalmente, el precio de adquisición de las existencias que habrá registrado la compradora en sus cuentas individuales no es el valor del grupo, ya que para este el precio de adquisición es el que estaba registrado por la sociedad vendedora.

Beneficiarios de la consolidación
La presentación de las cuentas consolidadas contribuye a suministrar información más válida a:

 El Estado como instrumentador del control y fiscalidad.
 La gerencia de la sociedad dominante o controladora.
 Los accionistas de las empresas para un mejor conocimiento de la forma en que se gestionan sus intereses patrimoniales.
 Los futuros inversores.
 Los clientes, proveedores y prestamistas.
 Los empleados.

Normativa española
En la normativa española destacan los siguientes conceptos:
 Se entiende que las sociedades a las que se les aplique el método de integración global y/o el método de integración proporcional forman el conjunto consolidable.
 El perímetro de la consolidación está formado por las sociedades que integran el conjunto consolidable y las sociedades a las que se les aplica el procedimiento de puesta en equivalencia.

Consolidación fiscal
En casi todos los países existe también un régimen de consolidación contable y un régímen de consolidación fiscal para los grupos de sociedades, como régimen especial del Impuesto sobre sociedades, al que tienen acceso de forma voluntaria, los grupos que cumplan determinados requisitos. La aplicación del régimen de consolidación fiscal implica la ausencia de tributación individual del Impuesto sobre sociedades de las entidades incluidas en ese grupo.

Referencias

Contabilidad
Finanzas

bg:Консолидация
de:Konsolidierung
en:Consolidation (business)
fr:Consolidation comptable
pl:Konsolidacja (ekonomia)
sv:Konsolidering (ekonomi)

Consolidación de estados financieros


Pobačaj u Rusiji obavlja se na zahtjev tijekom prvih dvanaest tjedana trudnoće, a u posebnim okolnostima i u kasnijim fazama. Godine 1920., Ruska Sovjetska Federativna Socijalistička Republika postala je prva zemlja na svijetu koja je dopustila pobačaj u svim okolnostima, ali tijekom 20. stoljeća, zakonitost pobačaja promijenila se više od jednom, a zabrana je ponovno donesena od 1936. do 1955. godine. Rusija je imala najveći broj pobačaja po ženi u svijetu prema podacima UN-a od 2010. godine. Što se tiče ukupnog broja, Kina je 2009. godine izvijestila da ima više od 13 milijuna pobačaja, na 1,3 milijardu stanovnika, u usporedbi s 1,2 milijuna pobačaja u Rusiji, na 143 milijuna stanovnika. Ipak, broj pobačaja pao je na dvostruko manje na 600,000, 2017. godine.

Pobačaj je bio zabranjen u Ruskom Carstvu. Tijekom cara Alekseja Romanova, kazna za pobačaj bila je smrt, koju je kasnije uklonio Petar Veliki. Pobačaj je i dalje tretiran kao ozbiljan zločin do 1917. godine. Kroz članke 1462. i 1463. Ruskog kaznenog zakona pojedinci "krivi za zločin mogu biti lišeni građanskih prava i prognani ili osuđeni na tešku radnu snagu." Unatoč svojoj nezakonitosti, postajala su "crna tržišta" pobačaja.

Tijekom 2000-ih godina, stalno smanjenje stanovništva Rusije, zbog nedovoljnoga broja porođaja i niske životne dobi postao je glavni izvor zabrinutosti. Ruski parlament je 21. listopada 2011. godine donio zakon koji ograničava pobačaj u prvih 12 tjedana trudnoće, uz iznimku do 22 tjedna ako je trudnoća bila posljedica silovanja, a iz medicinske se nužnosti može obaviti u bilo kojem trenutku tijekom trudnoće. Novi zakon također je obvezao razdoblje čekanja od dva do sedam dana prije nego što se pobačaj može obaviti, kako bi se žena omogućilo "preispitivanje svoje odluke". Pobačaj se može obavljati samo u licenciranim ustanovama (obično bolnicama ili ženskim klinikama) i s liječnicima koji imaju specijalističku obuku. Liječnik može odbiti pobačaj, osim iznimnih situacija. Novi zakon je strožiji od prethodnog, jer je prije bilo dopušteno ići na pobačaj na osnovi šire društveno-ekonomske osnove, dok su prema sadašnjem zakonu takvi pobačaji dopušteni samo ako postoje ozbiljni medicinski problemi majke ili fetusa ili u slučaju silovanja.

Pitanje pobačaja ponovno je steklo pozornost 2011. godine. Tadašnji predsjednik Dmitri Medvedev potpisao je nekoliko ograničenja pobačaja koja uključuju zahtijevanje od pružatelja pobačaja da 10% prihoda usmjere na edukaciju o opasnosti pobačaja za zdravlje žene i te se pobačaj ne smije smatrati sigurnim medicinskim postupkom. Medvedevova supruga Svetlana zauzima se za prava nerođene djece i sudjelovala je u nacionalnoj kampanji protiv pobačaja pod nazivom "Daj mi život!" i "Dan obitelji, ljubavi i vjernosti" njezine Zaklade za društvene i kulturne inicijative u suradnji s Ruskom pravoslavnom crkvom, koja se protivi pobačaju.

Statistike pobačaja bile su državne tajne u Sovjetskom Savezu sve do kraja 1980.-ih. U tom razdoblju SSSR je imao jednu od najviših stopa pobačaja na svijetu. Dosegla je vrhunac 1965. godine kada je provedeno 5,5 milijuna pobačaja, što je najveći broj u povijesti Rusije. Danas ih ima oko 600,000 godišnje.

Izvori

Politika Rusije
Rusija

Pobačaj u Rusiji


Kastamonu Belediyesi GSK er en tyrkisk kvindehåndboldklub fra byen Kastamonu i Tyrkiet. Klubben holder til i Kastamonu Merkez Sport Hall.

Klubben ansatte i juli 2020 den danske succestræner Helle Thomsen. Thomsen var i klubben blot én enkelt sæson. Klubben hentede efterfølgende rumænske Costică Buceschi som nye cheftræner, der også blev afskediget i sommeren 2022.

Holdet er pr. 2022, deltagende i EHF Champions League-sæsonen 2022-23.

Resultater
Tyrkiske Superliga:
Vinder: 2016–17, 2018–19, 2019-20, 2020-21
Sølv: 2017-18
Bronze: 2014–15.
EHF Cup:
Semifinale: 2018
EHF Challenge Cup:
Finalist: 2016

Arena
Arena: Kastamonu Merkez Sport Hall
By: Kastamonu, Tyrkiet
Kapacitet: 4000
Adresse: Saraçlar, Stadyum Cd., 37100 Kastamonu Merkez/Kastamonu

Spillertruppen 2022-23

Målvogtere
 1  Yaren Berfe Göker
 58  Merve Durdu
Fløjspillere;
LW
 6  Kübra Sarikaya
 77  Majda Mehmedović
RW
 3   Nursah Sancak
 8  Simone Böhme
Stregspillere
 14  Nurceren Akgün
 17  Katarina Ježić
 37  Ceren Coşkun

Bagspillere
LB
 2  Samara Vieira
 19  Neslihan Çalışkan
 21  Betül Yılmaz
CB
 13  Serpil İskenderoğlu
 20  Mouna Chebbah
RB
 35  Azenaide Carlos

Trænerteam
Trænerteam gældende for sæsonen 2021-22.
  Cheftræner: Costică Buceschi
  Assistenttræner: Serkan Mehmet Inci
  Målvogtertræner: Erdal Kaynak
  Fysioterapeut: Nurşen İNCE

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Klubbens hjemmeside

Håndboldklubber
Sportsklubber i Tyrkiet

Kastamonu Belediyesi GSK


Alonso Rodríguez, conocido como Alonzo Rodríguez (Messina, 1578 - c. 1648) fue un pintor italiano, hijo de un capitán español.

Biografía

Alonzo Rodríguez se formó como pintor en su ciudad natal con Giovan Simone Comandè. Muy pronto hubo de trasladarse a Roma y Nápoles, donde entró en contacto con el estilo de Caravaggio y, especialmente, con las interpretaciones napolitanas del arte de Miguel Ángel Merisi. En su obra son particularmente evidentes las influencias de Battistello Caracciolo y Bernardo Cavallino. El papel jugado por Alonzo Rodríguez como propagador de un estilo caravaggista mediterráneo y casi ibérico no ha sido estudiado. Tras su regreso a Messina pintó la Cena en Emaús, conservada en el Museo Regional, y La Última Cena, actualmente en el Ayuntamiento, buenos testimonios de su trabajo.

Bibliografía
 Strinati, Claudio; Zuccari, Alessandro, I caravaggeschi : percorsi e protagonisti. Milano, Skira, 2010. ISBN 9788884912824.

Enlaces externos

 Domenico Sedini, Alonzo Rodríguez, catálogo en línea Artgate  de la Fondazione Cariplo.

Caravaggistas
Pintores de Italia del siglo XVII
Nacidos en Mesina
Fallecidos en Mesina

Alonso Rodríguez (pintor)


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පලාතේ කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇති නගරයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන
කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

දර්ගා නගරය


Leopoldo Longanesi, dit « Leo », est un journaliste, publiciste, scénariste, auteur de pièces de théâtre, écrivain et éditeur italien, né le  à Bagnacavallo et mort le  à Milan. Principalement connu dans son pays pour ses œuvres satiriques sur la société italienne, il fonde en 1946 la maison d'édition éponyme à Milan et fait figure de mentor auprès de Indro Montanelli, journaliste, historien et fondateur de Il Giornale, l'un des journaux les plus influents d'Italie.

Entre 1927 et 1950, il publie plusieurs magazines tels que L'Italiano (1926-1942), Omnibus (1937-1939) et Il Borghese (1950-), ce dernier étant une revue hebdomadaire culturelle et satirique à l'orientation conservatrice. Longanesi se décrit lui-même comme un "anarchiste culturel" et prend la direction d'un parti populiste de droite vantant le conservatisme, les vertus agraires et le néofascisme nostalgique et anti-démocratique post Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Longanesi est reconnu pour ses talents de caricaturiste élégant et raffiné ainsi que pour ses différents mémoires, caractérisés par une verve acerbe aux accents nostalgiques fascistes (In piedi e seduti, Una vita, Ci salveranno le vecchie zie?).

Œuvres

Littérature

Vade-mecum del perfetto fascista seguito da dieci assiomi per il milite ovvero Avvisi ideali (1926)
L'Almanacco di Strapaese, avec Mino Maccari (1928)
Piccolo dizionario borghese, avec Vitaliano Brancati (1941)
Parliamo dell'elefante : frammenti di un diario (1947)
In piedi e seduti (1919-1943) (1948)
Il mondo cambia. Storia di cinquant'anni (1949)
Una vita. Romanzo (1949)
Il destino ha cambiato cavallo (1951)
Un morto fra noi (1952)
Ci salveranno le vecchie zie? (1953)
L'onesto Signor Bianchi (1953)
Lettera alla figlia del tipografo (1957)
La sua signora. Taccuino" (1957)Me ne vado. Ottantun incisioni in legno (1957)
"Il meglio di Leo Longanesi" -prefazione di Mario Monti (1958)L'italiano in guerra, 1915-1918 (1965, posthume)I Borghesi Stanchi (1973, posthume)Il Generale Stivalone (2007, posthume)Faust a Bologna (2013, posthume)Morte dell'Imperatore (2016, posthume)

ThéâtreDue Servi, avec Mino Maccari (1924)Una conferenza (1942)Il commendatore (1942)Il suo cavallo (1944)La colpa è dell'anticamera (1946)

Cinéma
 Batticuore, avec Mario Camerini et Ivo Perilli (1939)Dieci minuti di vita, avec Steno et Ennio Flaiano (non terminé, 1943)Quartieri alti, avec Steno, Renato Castellani, Mario Soldati et Ercole Patti (1945)

Publicités
Supercortemaggiore (Agip)
Agipgas (Agip)
Vespa (Vespa)
Moto Guzzi (Moto Guzzi)
Adolph's (Adolph's)

 Notes et références

 Bibliographie
Indro Montanelli e Marcello Staglieno  - Leo Longanesi.'' Milano, Rizzoli, 1984.

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1905
Personnalité liée à Imola
Journaliste italien
Écrivain italien du XXe siècle
Dramaturge italien du XXe siècle
Mémorialiste italien
Éditeur italien
Anticommuniste italien
Mémorialiste du XXe siècle
Décès en septembre 1957
Décès à Milan
Décès à 52 ans

Leo Longanesi


Ad hominem (/æd ˈhɒmənəm -ˌnɛm, ɑd‐/), argumentum ad hominem ya da kişi karalama safsatası; kalıplaşmış bir Latince deyimdir. Bir reaksiyonun, belirli bir kişinin herhangi bir konudaki duruşu yerine şahsına yöneltilmesidir. Örneğin bir argümana cevap verirken, argümanı eleştirmekten ziyade, argümanı ortaya atan kişinin konuyla ilgisiz bir özelliğini gündeme getirerek fikirlerini çürütmeye çalışmaktır. Önerme yerine, önerme yapan kişi tartışma konusu edilerek iddialara karşı çıkmak yoluyla yapılır. Ad hominem, mantıksal bir safsata kabul edilir.

Etimoloji
Ad hominem kavramı birebir çevrildiğinde "kişiye" anlamına gelir.

Türleri
Kişi karalama safsatası Saldırı safsataları türünde bir safsatadır. Saldırı safsataları Kişi Karalama Safsatası, Niteliksel Kişi Karalama Safsatası, Sen de Safsatası ve Önyargı OIuşturma (Dolduruşa Getirme) Safsatası olarak dört başlık altında sınıflandırılır.

Kişi Karalama Safsatası (Argumentum Ad Hominem)
Bir önerinin reddedilmesini sağlamak için, önerinin kendisi yerine öneriyi yapan kişinin karakteri ya da hareketleriyle ilişkilendirip tartışma konusu yapmak.

Örnekler:Tanrının olmadığını mı tartışıyorsun? Sen bir delisin.Senin müdür hakkında söylediklerini duydum. Nankör adam, sen müdürün o kadar ekmeğini yedin.

Niteliksel Kişi Karalama Safsatası (Circumstantial Ad Hominem)
Bir önerinin reddedilmesini sağlamak için, önerinin kendisi yerine öneriyi yapan kişinin etnik kökeni, politik tutumu, dini görüşü gibi niteliklerine saldırmak.

Örnekler:Başkan bu konuda haklı olamaz. Çünkü kanının son damlasına kadar liberal.Onun önerisini kabul edemeyiz, çünkü o karşı partiden.

Sen de Safsatası (Ad Hominem Tu Quoque)
Bir kişinin iddiası ya da söyledikleri hareketleriyle çelişiyor diye iddianın yanlış olduğu savı.

Örnekler:Vergi gelirlerinin yeni spor salonu için kullanılmasına karşı olmanız makul bir tutum değil. Yeni senfoni binası için lehte oy kullanmıştınız ve onun maliyeti de vergi gelirleriyle karşılanmıştı.

Bize o kadar sigara içmeyin zararlıdır diyorsun ama sen de içiyorsun.

Önyargı Oluşturma Safsatası (Poisoning The Well)
Dolduruşa getirme safsatası da denilir. Kişi Karalama Safsatasının bir alt türüdür: Bir insan hakkında önceden olumsuz bilgiler (doğru ya da yanlış) verilerek, onun söyleyeceklerini gözden düşürme ve önyargı oluşturma şeklinde olur.

Örnekler:Biz onun cemaziyel evvelini biliriz.Hasan ünlü bir avukat olmuş, öyle mi? O iki lâfı bir araya getiremezdi.

Kaynakça

Latince mantık deyişleri
Söz sanatları

Ad hominem


Demircilik, demir işleme sanatıdır. Şamanizmle bağlantılı olup aynı zamanda falcılara ve büyücülere özgü bir sanat sayılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Meslekler listesi
 Metal işçiliği
 Metalurji
 El işi
 El sanatları
 Atölye

Sanat meslekleri

Demircilik


2387 Xi'an este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
2387 Xi'an este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Zijinshan din Nanking. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 10,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 2001-3000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1975
Centura de asteroizi

2387 Xi'an


Im Eun-joo (kor. ; * 5. März 1961) ist eine ehemalige südkoreanische Marathonläuferin.

1983 gewann sie den Dong-A-Marathon, den Hamilton-Marathon und den Winstone People's Marathon. 1984 und 1985 wiederholte sie ihren Sieg beim Dong-A-Marathon.

1986 wurde sie Vierte beim Tokyo International Women's Marathon, und 1987 kam sie beim IAAF-Weltcup-Marathon mit ihrer persönlichen Bestzeit von 2:37:06 h auf den 15. Platz. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1988 in Seoul lief sie auf Rang 37 ein.

Weblinks

Marathonläufer (Südafrika)
Olympiateilnehmer (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1988
Südkoreaner
Geboren 1961
Frau

Im Eun-joo


Moscheea Istiqlal este o moschee din Jakarta, Indonezia. Aceasta este moscheea națională a acestei țări și cea mai mare moschee din Asia de Sud-Est. Numele de Istiqlal sau Masjid Istiqlal înseamnă Moscheea Independenței.

Istorie și arhitectură
În anul 1949, Indonezia și-a proclamat independența față de Imperiul Olandez, în urma Revoluției Naționale Indoneziene dintre anii 1945-1949. Imediat după proclamarea republicii, a fost propusă ideea contruirii unei mari moschei ca simbol național al independențeii Indoneziei, țara cu cei mai mulți musulmani din lume. Proiectul a fost lansat de Wahid Hasyim, ministrul afacerilor religioase din aceea vreme și susținut de Anwar Cokroaminoto, mai târziu devenit președinte al Fundației Masjid Istiqlal. Fundația a fost fondată în anul 1953 sub președinția lui Cokroaminoto, ce i-a propus președintelui indonezian Sukarno construirea marelui locaș. Sukarno a fost de acord, iar în anul 1954 a numit un comitet tehnic pentru a supraveghea începerea și desfășurarea construcțiilor.

Au fost propuse mai multe locații pentru viitoarea moschee. Vice-președintele Mohammad Hatta a spus că aceasta ar trebui construită în apropierea zonelor rezidențiale de pe Bulevardul Thamrin, unde se află în prezent Hotel Indonesia. Cu toate acestea, Sukarno a insistat că moscheea ar trebui construită în apropiere de cea mai importantă piață națională, Piața Merdeka, în apropiere de palatul prezidențial. El a mai sugerat de asemenea că moscheea ar trebui construită față în față cu Catedrala Romano-Catolică, pentru a arâta buna-înțelegere inter-confesională și toleranța poporului indonezian. Pentru a putea face loc moscheii, citadela Prințului Frederick, construită în anul 1837, a fost demolată.

Construcția a început oficial pe data de 24 august 1961, lucrările fiind inaugurate de însuși președintele Sukarno. Designu-l pentru moschee a fost ales în urma unui concurs organizat în anul 1955. Frederich Silaban, un arhitect creștin din insula Sumatra a fost cel ce a câștigat concursul cu designu-l său modern și unic. Pe data de 22 februarie 1978, locașul a fost inaugurat de către acelaș președinte, după 17 ani de lucrări.

Masjid Istiqlal este nu numai cea mai mare moschee din Indonezia, ci este cea mai mare moschee din Asia de Sud-Est. Domul edificiului are un diametru de 45 de metri, iar minaretul este înalt de 96,66 de metri. Sala de rugăciune este o clădire imensă susținută de 12 coloane, iar curtea este impresionantă. În această moschee se pot ruga în acelaș timp aproximativ 120.000 de persoane. Un detaliu important ce stă drept dovadă toleranței religioase a poporului indonezian este că în timpul sărbătorilor mari creștine, precum Crăciunul, curtea moscheii este folosită de către numeroșii credincioși romano-catolici ce nu încap în mica catedrală de vizavi.

De-a lungul timpului, Moscheea Istiqlal a fost vizitată de numeroși lideri de stat ai lumii. Printre personalitățile ce au trecut pragul moscheii îl putem menționa pe președintele Statelor Unite ale Americii, Bill Clinton, președintele Mahmoud Ahmadinejad al Iranului, președintele Muammar Gaddafi al Libiei, Prințul Charles al Marii Britanii, președintele american Barack Obama și cancelarul Germaniei, Angela Merkel.

Galerie de imagini

Moschei din Indonezia

Moscheea Istiqlal


A bandeira da deficiência, também chamada de bandeira da superação, ou bandeira dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência, é uma bandeira que representa as pessoas com deficiência. Foi criada por Eros Recio, um dançarino valenciano com síndrome de down, em 2017. A bandeira destina-se a uso geral, particularmente em eventos centrados na deficiência.

Há outra bandeira amplamente usada chamada de Bandeira do Orgulho da Deficiência. Uma bandeira criada por Ann Magill em 2016 e 2021, uma mulher com deficiência. Esta bandeira foi criada para ser usada nos dias da parada do orgulho, seu uso é comum em países de língua inglesa.

Design e significado
As bandeiras destinam-se a representar as pessoas com deficiência, sua luta por direitos e conceitos relacionados, incluindo o movimento do orgulho da deficiência e os Jogos Paralímpicos.
A bandeira da deficiência é uma bandeira tricolor com três listras horizontais de tamanho igual em cores de ouro, prata e bronze. Essas cores pretendem evocar as três medalhas dos Jogos Paralímpicos e pretendem representar a superação de obstáculos pelo coletivo, e não os sentimentos competitivos e meritocráticos relacionados ao evento em si. Por exemplo, as adversidades discriminatórias impostas pela sociedade, a conquista de novos direitos conquistados para o coletivo e a celebração de uma maior consciência da desigualdade. Segundo Recio, as três cores também representam as diferentes formas de deficiência. No entanto, os significados dessas cores devem ser decididos pela comunidade coletiva que representam.

A bandeira do orgulho da deficiência representa o movimento do orgulho da deficiência. A origem é predominante nas redes sociais e nos países anglófonos, onde a presença do movimento é maior. A bandeira original foi projetada em 2016 e adaptada em junho de 2019. O fundo preto representa o sofrimento da comunidade com deficiência pela violência e também serve como cor de rebelião e protesto. O relâmpago representa como as pessoas com deficiência devem superar as barreiras e demonstra sua criatividade ao fazê-lo. As cinco cores representam a variedade de necessidades e experiências: transtorno mental, deficiência intelectual e de desenvolvimento, deficiência invisível e não diagnosticada, deficiência física e deficiência sensorial.

Em 2021, a bandeira de Ann Magill foi alterada para ficar visualmente segura, com cores suaves e listras diagonais retas, e evitar gatilhos como enxaquecas, desorientação, epilepsia e outros tipos de fadiga ocular. O design de Magill ficou popular no . A bandeira do Orgulho da Deficiência é de domínio público sob uma licença Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0). O amarelo, outras vezes dourado, representa o espectro autista, a neurodiversidade e deficiências cognitiva e intelectual, o azul para depressão, ansiedade e transtornos mentais, vermelho para deficiências físicas, branco para deficiências invisíveis ou não diagnosticadas e verde para deficiências de percepção sensorial.

Movimento e influência
O movimento do orgulho da deficiência tem suas raízes em eventos de conscientização do orgulho para outras comunidades minoritárias. O conceito e o design da Bandeira do Orgulho da Deficiência também foram inspirados e influenciados por movimentos sociais como a comunidade LGBT+, orgulho LGBT e .

A primeira Parada do Orgulho da Deficiência nos Estados Unidos foi realizada em Boston, Massachusetts, em 1990. Desde então, as paradas do orgulho da deficiência se espalharam por todo o país. Desfiles também ocorreram na Noruega, Reino Unido, Coreia do Sul e Alemanha.

Relação com Eros Recio
Segundo Eros Recio, a bandeira é desenhada com as cores de três metais: ouro, prata e bronze. Estes pretendem representar os três principais tipos de deficiência: física, mental (intelectual ou psicossocial) e sensorial. A bandeira e seu desenho têm um caráter geral, ou seja, cada cor não representa exclusivamente um tipo específico de deficiência, mas sim todas elas como um todo. Tampouco significa que exclui outras formas de deficiência, como deficiência visceral ou deficiência múltipla. É importante mencionar que nenhuma cor é considerada mais importante que outra.

Em 12 de dezembro de 2019, Eros Recio participou de um ato oficial do  de Valência, no qual uma Bandeira da Deficiência feita de seda foi adicionada à exposição. Nesta ocasião, Recio reiterou sua afirmação em um discurso de que esta bandeira representa todas as pessoas com deficiência.Durante o ato, foi mencionada a incorporação de uma nova definição para a bandeira: "Bandeira da Superação". Isso foi para destacar o caráter vingativo do termo "deficiência" e evitar uma possível segregação social típica do capacitismo.

Além disso, alguns pequenos banners foram entregues em reconhecimento a este trabalho social a Vicente Genovés, Presidente do Grande Colégio de Arte da Seda; José María Chiquillo, Presidente da Rede Internacional Rotas da Seda da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO), representantes de organizações de pessoas com deficiência, como a Fundação Roig Alfonso ou Aspaym CV, e a escritora Carmen Carrasco.

Em 3 de dezembro de 2017, no Dia Internacional das Pessoas com Deficiência das Nações Unidas, parlamentares de países latino-americanos se reuniram em uma assembleia plenária no Peru. Por aclamação, declararam que a bandeira é o símbolo de todas as pessoas com deficiência. No mesmo dia, a bandeira foi entregue à sede europeia das Nações Unidas. Muitas cidades e municípios espanhóis exibem a bandeira no Dia Internacional das Pessoas com Deficiência. Em 2018, a bandeira foi exibida na cidade de Santa Cruz de La Palma, nas Ilhas Canárias de La Palma. Em 3 de dezembro de 2018, a bandeira foi adotada pelo "Foment d'Esportistes amb Reptes" (FER), uma organização esportiva olímpica e paralímpica da Espanha.

Ver também
 Acessibilidade
 Bandeira de orgulho
 Dia do Orgulho Autista
 Diversidade funcional
 Inclusão social
 Movimento das pessoas com deficiência
 Neurodiversidade

Deficiencia
Direitos da pessoa com deficiência

Bandeira da deficiência


Holt Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 13,42 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 185 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Karl-Heinz Bendixen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-schafflund.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Holt (Schleswig)


NGC 7374B je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7374
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7374 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7374 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7350 - 7399

7374B

NGC 7374B


A Recopa Catarinense de 2023 foi a quinta edição deste evento esportivo, um torneio estadual de futebol organizado pela Federação Catarinense de Futebol (FCF). Foi disputado em partida única entre o Brusque, vencedor do Campeonato Catarinense e o Marcílio Dias, vencedor da Copa Santa Catarina.

Na partida, realizada em 11 de janeiro, no estádio Augusto Bauer, o Brusque saiu vitorioso pelo placar mínimo e conquistou o seu segundo título do torneio.

Antecedentes
Em 13 de janeiro de 2018, a Chapecoense, detentora do título estadual da temporada anterior enfrentou, em um amistoso, o vencedor da Copa Santa Catarina, o CA Tubarão. Mais tarde, em 14 de setembro, a FCF oficializou, nos mesmos moldes, a Recopa Catarinense no calendário estadual. Na ocasião, a entidade planejou realizar o torneio no mês de janeiro, mas a Copa América de 2019 inviabilizou a realização da partida naquele mês. Até a edição em questão, o Figueirense possui duas conquistas, enquanto Avaí, Joinville e o próprio Brusque venceram o torneio uma vez.

Partida

A partida foi realizada às 20 horas de quarta-feira, 11 de janeiro, no estádio Augusto Bauer, em Brusque. O público presente foi de 3.179 torcedores. O quarteto de arbitragem foi composto por Bráulio da Silva Machado, auxiliado pelos assistentes Henrique Neu Ribeiro e José Roberto Larroyd. Tiago Soares dos Santos atuou como quarto árbitro. Para esta edição, contou com homenagens ao Pelé, incluindo o troféu, batizado Rei Pelé. Já a transmissão ocorreu através do site Futebol Catarinense TV.

No primeiro tempo, a partida foi corrida e equilibrada, embora sem grandes chances de gols. O clube mandante era mais presente no campo ofensivo, enquanto o visitante optou pelos contragolpes, porém nenhum dos dois teve sucesso. O primeiro tempo, aliás, ficou marcado por reclamações de pênaltis.

O tempo complementar começou com um ritmo mais lento, com o Marcílio Dias abdicando do ataque e o Brusque tentando finalizações de fora da área. No entanto, aos 21 minutos, Thiago Alagoano tocou para Luizinho, que arrematou para fora. No minuto seguinte, Olávio teve uma finalização bloqueada. O único gol foi marcado aos 36 minutos por Alex Ruan. Logo depois, a partida foi interrompida devido aos sinalizadores acesos pela torcida do Brusque. Nos minutos finais, uma confusão generalizada terminou em duas expulsões, uma para cada clube.

Detalhes

Repercussão
O triunfo do Brusque significou o terceiro título conquistado em quatro anos. Já Ianson e Airton tornaram-se os jogadores mais vitoriosos da história do clube, ambos com seis títulos.

Ligações externas
 Página da competição no site da Federação Catarinense de Futebol

Recopa Catarinense
Futebol de 2023 em Santa Catarina

Recopa Catarinense de 2023


Depuis qu'il est devenu un État américain en 1959, l'Alaska a droit à un membre à la Chambre des Représentants des États-Unis, élu dans un seul district congressionnel, dit at-large. En termes de taille, le district congressionnel de l'Alaska est le plus grand district congressionnel des États-Unis et la deuxième plus grande circonscription électorale représenté par un seul membre au monde, derrière la seule circonscription électorale du Nunavut au Canada.

Ce siège est occupée depuis septembre 2022 par la démocrate Mary Peltola.

Histoire
Le district a été créé lorsque l'Alaska a obtenu le statut d'État le 3 janvier 1959. L'Alaska n'a toujours droit qu'à un seul membre à la Chambre des Représentants.

Registre des affiliations politiques

Résultats des élections présidentielles

Liste des Représentants du district

Résultats électoraux
Ce district est normalement considéré comme fermement Républicain car aucun Démocrate n'a été élu depuis 1972 et parce que le titulaire Don Young a rarement été confronté à un défi sérieux depuis 1992 lorsqu'il a battu le maire John Devens (D-Valdez) de 4 %. Bien que des allégations de corruption contre Young aient conduit les Démocrates à cibler ce siège en 2008, Young a conservé son siège.

1958 à 2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022
L'Alaska utilise un système électoral non partisan pour déterminer les quatre meilleurs candidats qualifiés qui passeront aux élections générales. En vertu de la loi de l'Alaska, un candidat n'a pas besoin d'être membre d'un parti politique ou d'un groupe politique pour se présenter aux élections. De plus, si un candidat est enregistré comme affilié à un parti politique ou à un groupe politique, cela ne signifie pas que le candidat est nommé, soutenu par, approuvé ou associé à ce parti ou groupe particulier. Lors de l'élection générale, l'Alaska utilise le vote par ordre de priorité pour déterminer le vainqueur parmi le groupe de quatre candidats sélectionnés lors de la Primaire.

L'Alaska a tenu sa Primaire le 16 Août 2022. Les quatre candidats arrivés en tête sont (dans l'ordre) : Mary Peltola (D) ; Sarah Palin (R) (l'ancienne Gouverneure de l'État) ; Nick Begich (R) et Tara Sweeney (R). Tara Sweeney se retire, les trois autres candidats s'affronteront donc le 8 novembre 2022.

Références

Alaska
Politique en Alaska

District congressionnel at-large d'Alaska


Nahija al-Bab () je nahija u okrugu al-Bab, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 489,28 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 112.219 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju al-Bab.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Al-Bab (nahija)


A Fórmula 4 Brazil Championship, também conhecida como Fórmula 4 Brasil, ou ainda F4 Brasileira é uma série de corridas regulamentada pela FIA como um dos campeonatos de Fórmula 4 de países ao redor do mundo.

A meta da competição é que os melhores jovens pilotos do Brasil cheguem aos mais altos postos do automobilismo mundial, como a Fórmula 1, já que, por ser um campeonato da FIA contribui para a soma de pontos necessária para a posse da superlicença na futura carreira adulta dos(as) pilotos.

A criação da F4 Brasileira, foi um acordo inicialmente firmado entre a CBA (Confederação Brasileira de Automobilismo) e a F/Promo Racing, empresa que já organizava competições da tradicionalíssima Fórmula Vee no Brasil, porém a Vicar, organizadora da Stock Car Brasil substituiu a F/Promo Racing na elaboração das etapas.

História
Gerhard Berger e a FIA Singleseater Commission lançaram a Fórmula 4 em março de 2013. O objetivo da Fórmula 4 era tornar a escada para a Fórmula 1 mais transparente. Além das regulamentações esportivas e técnicas, os custos também são regulamentados. Um carro para competir nesta categoria não pode exceder € 30.000 e uma única temporada na Fórmula 4 não pode exceder € 100.000.

A nova categoria é uma iniciativa da Vicar, mesma empresa responsável pela promoção da Stock Car. A nova categoria foi anunciada no começo de novembro por Reginaldo Leme em uma das transmissões direto de Interlagos no final de semana do Grande Prêmio do Brasil de 2021, após assinatura de contrato entre Fernando Julianelli, CEO da Vicar, e Gianfranco de Bellis, CEO da Tatuus, fabricantes dos carros que são utilizados na F4 ao redor do mundo, com licença da FIA (Federação Internacional de Automobilismo)  produzidos na Itália.

A possibilidade surgiu no primeiro semestre de 2021, em uma etapa da Stock Car, durante uma conversa entre Giovanni Guerra, presidente da CBA (Confederação Brasileira de Automobilismo) e Fernando Julianelli. Em pouco tempo, os responsáveis pela nova categoria estavam em conversas com Gianfranco de Bellis, e os planos avançaram. O projeto é liderado por Gastão Fráguas Filho, campeão mundial de kart em 1995. E conta com os principais patrocínios do BRB e da Lei de Incentivo ao Esporte do Governo Federal.

"Existe um importante vácuo no automobilismo brasileiro em termos de continuidade de carreira, que pretendemos agora preencher, incluindo um carro tão atualizado que só irá estrear mundialmente em 2022", disse Julianelli em declarações publicadas pelo site da FIA.
"Outro ponto importante é que teremos no Brasil o mesmo equipamento usado nos principais centros internacionais do automobilismo. Nosso objetivo é encorajar novos talentos e dar a nossos kartistas a oportunidade de estarem prontos para competir em alto nível sem deixarem o Brasil tão jovens", completou.

Carro
O modelo base do Fórmula 4 é o T-021, da segunda geração dos chassis Tatuus, o T-021 atende as especificações de segurança e performance das equipes e da FIA, feito especialmente para os jovens pilotos.

Motor e pneus
O motor será o Abarth-Autotecnica 1.4, com 176cv a 5500 rpm de potência e câmbio da especialista francesa SADEV de seis marchas, acionado por sistema de borboletas e eletrônica ECU Magneti-Marelli SRG-141. Os pneus serão importados, produzidos especialmente pela italiana Pirelli.

Transmissão e cobertura televisiva
O contrato de reprodução da Fórmula 4 Brasileira é de responsabilidade do Grupo Bandeirantes com moldes e gráficos da Stock Car adaptados para a categoria e suas logos. A transmissão vai ao ar na TV fechada pelo canal esportivo Band Sports, e online no canal do YouTube da Fórmula 4 Brasileira, denominado como: F4 Brasil certificado pela FIA.

Ver também
 Fórmula 2
 Fórmula 3
 Campeonato Argentino de Fórmula 4
 Fórmula Futuro Fiat
 Fórmula Ford
 Fórmula Chevrolet
 Fórmula Vee

Brasil
Monopostos

Campeonato Brasileiro de Fórmula 4


Prispodoba o mudrim i ludim djevicama jedna je od Isusovih prispodoba, zabilježena u evanđelju po Mateju.

Prispodoba govori o deset djevica (djeveruša) koje s lampama ili bakljama čekaju na dolazak mladoženje, tijekom noći. Pet djevica su mudre i ponijele su dovoljno goriva za lampe. Pet su nerazumne i nisu. Mladoženja kasni, i ludim devojkama ponestane goriva u lampama. Kad mladoženja stigne, pet djevojaka koje su bile spremne za njegov dolazak nagrađene su, a pet koje nisu spremne nisu smjele ići na svadbu. Prispodoba ima eshatološku temu: biti spreman za sudnji dan. Sličan svršetak i slično učenje ima i prispodoba o stražaru.

Priča o deset djevica bila je jedna od najpopularnijih parabola u srednjem vijeku, s velikim utjecajem na gotičku umjetnost, skulpturu i arhitekturu njemačkih i francuskih katedrala.

Ovu prispodobu Isus daje kao jedan u nizu odgovora na pitanje njegovih učenika: "Kaži nam kad će to biti? I kakav je znak tvog dolaska i kraja vremena?" (Mt 24,3) Ostale parabole u ovom nizu su priča o cvijetanju smokve i priča o stražaru. Sve one govore o neophodnosti da se uvijek bude spreman, jer je neizvjestan čas dolaska Gospoda, odnosno drugi Kristov dolazak.

U ovoj prispodobi, Krist je predstavljen kao mladoženja, nadovezujući se na starozavjetni prikaz Boga kao mladoženje (Jeremija 2,2 i drugde). Richard Thomas France smatra da se ova priča "posebno obraća onima u Crkvi, koji ne treba da pretpostavljaju da je njihova budućnost bezuvjetno osigurana."

Spencer Kimball objašnjava zašto mudre djevice nisu podijelile gorivo, navodeći da nije u pitanju sebičnost ili neljubaznost, već da "vrsta goriva potrebna da osvijetli put" nije dijeljiva. On razjašnjava da se poslušnost, smiren um, ispravan život i vjera ne mogu dijeliti, već svatko mora steći "tu vrstu goriva" za sebe.

 "Tada će kraljevstvo nebesko biti kao kad deset djevica uzeše svoje svjetiljke i iziđoše u susret zaručniku. Pet ih bijaše ludih, a pet mudrih. Lude uzeše svjetiljke, ali ne uzeše sa sobom ulja. Mudre pak zajedno sa svjetiljkama uzeše u posudama ulja." "Budući da je zaručnik okasnio, sve one zadrijemaše i pozaspaše. Tada ustadoše sve one djevice i urediše svoje svjetiljke. "Dok one odoše kupiti, dođe zaručnik: koje bijahu pripravne, uđoše s njim na svadbu i zatvore se vrata. Bdijte dakle jer ne znate dana ni časa!" (Mt 25,1-13)

Izvori

Isusove prispodobe

Mudre i lude djevice


Yamaçköy, Karabük ilinin Yenice ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Sekse olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 47 km, Yenice ilçe merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yenice (Karabük) belde ve köyleri

Yamaçköy, Yenice


The Party of the European Left (PEL), commonly abbreviated European Left, is a European political party that operates as an association of democratic socialist and communist political parties in the European Union and other European countries. It was formed in January 2004 for the purposes of running in the 2004 European Parliament elections. The PEL was founded on 8–9 May 2004 in Rome. The elected MEPs from member parties of the PEL sit in The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL group in the European Parliament, though not all PEL members are also members of GUE/NGL.

Several member and observer parties participate also in the more radical European Anti-Capitalist Left. Before the PEL was founded, most of its members already held annual meetings together, as part of the New European Left Forum (NELF). The current president is the Austrian politician Walter Baier.

History
The Party of European Left (PEL) was formed on 8 and 9 May 2004 in Rome, Italy. The party's first congress took place on 8 October 2005 in Athens, and produced the Athens Declaration of the European Left. The second congress was held 23–25 November 2007 in Prague. The third congress was held on 2–5 December 2010 in Paris. Its fourth congress was held on 13–15 December 2013 in Madrid. Its fifth congress took place on 16–18 December 2016 in Berlin, and elected German lawyer and politician Gregor Gysi as the new PEL President. Heinz Bierbaum was elected president in 2019. He was succeeded by Walter Baier in December 2022.

It operates a think tank, Transform Europe, and it has women's wing named EL-Fem.

Ideology
PEL has been described as a left-wing and a far-left political party. Its ideology is based on principles of democratic socialism, socialism, and communism. It is opposed to capitalism and consists of parties with wide range of opinions. PEL is also supportive of progressivism.

It takes a soft Eurosceptic approach towards the European Union, and opposes militarization and foreign interventionism. PEL opposed the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan, and criticised the oppression of 2009 Iranian presidential election protests. It is also opposed to NATO and United States military bases. It supports Cuba, and a delegation visited the nation in February 2022.

In an interview with the political magazine Jacobin, Walter Baier, the president of PEL, described PEL as part of the "socialist left" and criticised the European Union, stating that it is neoliberal and "closer to enlightened absolutism than parliamentary democracy".

Leadership
President: Fausto Bertinotti (2004–2007), Lothar Bisky (2007–2010), Pierre Laurent (2010–2016), Gregor Gysi (2016–2019), Heinz Bierbaum (2019–2022), Walter Baier (2022–present)
Leader in the European Parliament: Francis Wurtz (2004–2009), Lothar Bisky (2009–2012), Gabi Zimmer (2012–2019), Martin Schirdewan (2019–present)

Membership
The Party of the European Left consists of member parties with full rights, observer parties, individual members and EL partners. As of September 2023, The Party of the European Left has 24 member parties in 22 countries. Not all members of PEL are members of The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL group in the European Parliament.

Full members

Observer members

EL-Partners

Former members

See also
European Anti-Capitalist Left
European United Left–Nordic Green Left
Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties
List of communist parties represented in European Parliament
Nordic Green Left Alliance
Now the People
Unified European Left Group

References

External links

Italian website

Political parties established in 2004
Pan-European political parties
International organisations based in Belgium
Socialist parties in Europe
Democratic socialism in Europe
2004 establishments in Europe
Eurosceptic parties

Party of the European Left


Os Redsocks (por vezes, referidos como Red Socks) foram uma banda portuguesa de punk-rock e ska, formada em 2004, em Ovar.

Embora tenham sido alvo de relevante cobertura mediática, principalmente, no final da década de 2000, os Redsocks acabariam por desbandar em 2010, tendo editado uma única compilação de originais, de forma independente.

Biografia
A ideia de criar uma banda partiu de Hugo Pereira e Ricardo Matos, enquanto estes eram estudantes na Escola Secundária Júlio Dinis, em Ovar. Este projeto, entretanto nomeado "Redsocks", viria a ser composto por vários elementos, sem no entanto se chegar a uma constituição que se reunisse e levasse efetivamente a cabo quaisquer ensaios.

Em 2004, com o ingresso de João Leal, Miguel Sampaio e Luís Pinto, dá-se início aos primeiros ensaios propriamente ditos e os primeiros concertos ao vivo, na zona de Ovar. Durante este período, os Redsocks atuaram principalmente na Região de Aveiro, integrando a primeira edição do festival Punk Fest, realizado em Ovar e que contou com bandas como More Than a Thousand, Fonzie ou Easyway.

Em 2005, Miguel Sampaio é substituído na bateria por Rafael Silva (Miguel tornar-se-ia músico profissional de jazz), levando à formação definitiva dos Redsocks, composta por um saxofonista/vocalista (Luís Pinto), dois guitarristas (Hugo Pereira e João Leal), um baixista (Ricardo Matos) e um baterista (Rafael Silva).

Em 2008, os Redsocks lançaram a compilação de originais Rock 'n Roll is Bitchin''', com três temas originais (Passivity, Kitty e Kid Gasoline). O nome da compilação faz referência e homenagem à música homónima lançada no álbum Cheer Up!, de Reel Big Fish, uma das influências musicais da banda. Em março, participaram no Concurso de Música de Aveiro (COMA), organizado pela Associação de Estudantes da Universidade de Aveiro, com as bandas The Un-X-Pected, PaperLost e Reckless, tendo obtido o 2º lugar.

Em 2009, a banda participou em vários festivais e concursos de música, destacando-se o VieiraRock (Vieira do Minho), SuperBock SuperRock, Latada de Coimbra e OVAR ao VIVO. Acabariam por vencer o concurso COMA, o que lhes permitiu integrar o cartaz da Semana do Enterro da Universidade de Aveiro, na qual atuaram no mesmo ano, juntamente com David Fonseca e Rita Redshoes.

Em 2010, apesar do sucesso do ano anterior, os Redsocks decidiram iniciar um hiato, o qual nunca viriam a interromper, apenas voltando a reunir-se em concertos de forma esporádica.

 Integrantes
 Formação final
 Luís Pinto (saxofone/vocais);
 João Leal (guitarra-solo);
 Hugo Pereira (guitarra-ritmo);
 Ricardo Matos (baixo);
 Rafael Silva (bateria).

 Ex-Integrantes
 Miguel Sampaio (bateria).

 Discografia
 Rock 'n Roll is Bitchin''' (2008).

Ligações Externas
 Repositório Digital

Bandas extintas de Portugal
Música do distrito de Aveiro
Bandas de punk rock
Bandas de ska punk
Bandas formadas em 2004
Ovar

Redsocks (banda)


Star Wars Eclipse est un futur jeu vidéo développé par Quantic Dream et édité par Lucasfilm Games.

Développement
Star Wars Eclipse est annoncé durant l'événement The Game Awards 2021 avec une première bande-annonce en cinématique. On y apprend que le jeu est au début de son développement et qu'il se déroulera durant l'ère de La Haute République.

Le jeu est développé par les deux branches de Quantic Dream à Paris et à Montréal.

Musique
Quantic Dream a fait appel à Nima Fakhrara pour composer la bande-son de Star Wars Eclipse. Il avait auparavant composé pour le studio la bande-son de Connor, dans Detroit: Become Human.

Controverses
En 2018, plusieurs sites ont accusé Quantic Dream d'avoir une culture de studio toxique favorisant le racisme, le sexisme et l'homophobie. Depuis son annonce, de nombreux fans ont lancé une campagne à l'encontre de Quantic Dream et Lucasfilm Games, appelant à l'arrêt du projet.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Jeux vidéo
 La Haute République

Liens externes

Jeu vidéo développé en France
Eclipse
Eclipse

Star Wars Eclipse


Podocarpus er ættkvísl sígrænna barrtrjáa og runna um mestallt suðurhveli og norður til Japan. Tegundirnar eru taldar á milli 97 til 107.

Tegundir
 Subgenus Podocarpus
 section Podocarpus (austur og suður Afríka)
 Podocarpus elongatus
 Podocarpus latifolius
 Podocarpus milanjianus
 section Scytopodium (Madagaskar, austur Afríka)
 Podocarpus capuronii
 Podocarpus henkelii
 Podocarpus humbertii
 Podocarpus madagascariensis
 Podocarpus rostratus
 section Australis (Suðaustur-Ástralía, Nýja-Sjáland, Nýja-Kaledónía, Suður-Síle)
 Podocarpus acutifolius
 Podocarpus alpinus
 Podocarpus gnidioides
 Podocarpus laetus
 Podocarpus lawrencei
 Podocarpus nivalis
 Podocarpus nubigenus
 Podocarpus totara
 section Crassiformis (norðaustur Queensland)
 Podocarpus smithii
 section Capitulatis (mið Chile, suður Brasilíu, Andesfjöll frá norður Argentína til Ekvador)
 Podocarpus aracensis
 Podocarpus glomeratus
 Podocarpus lambertii
 Podocarpus parlatorei
 Podocarpus salignus
 Podocarpus sellowii
 Podocarpus sprucei
 Podocarpus transiens
section Pratensis (suðaustur Mexíkó til Guyana og Perú)
 Podocarpus oleifolius
 Podocarpus pendulifolius
 Podocarpus tepuiensis
section Lanceolatis (suður Mexíkó, Puerto Rico, Minni Antillaeyjar, Venesúela til hálendis Bólivíu)
 Podocarpus coriaceus
 Podocarpus matudae
 Podocarpus rusbyi
 Podocarpus salicifolius
 Podocarpus steyermarkii
section Pumilis (suður Karíbaeyjar og hálendis Guyana )
 Podocarpus angustifolius
 Podocarpus aristulatus
 Podocarpus buchholzii
 Podocarpus roraimae
 Podocarpus urbanii
section Nemoralis (mið og norður Suður-Ameríka, suður til Bólivíu)
 Podocarpus brasiliensis
 Podocarpus celatus
 Podocarpus guatemalensis
 Podocarpus magnifolius
 Podocarpus purdieanus
 Podocarpus trinitensis
 Subgenus Foliolatus
 section Foliolatus (Nepal til Súmatra, Filippseyjar, og Nýja-Gínea til Tonga)
 Podocarpus archboldii
 Podocarpus beecherae
 Podocarpus borneensis
 Podocarpus deflexus
 Podocarpus epiphyticus
 Podocarpus indonesiensis
 Podocarpus insularis
 Podocarpus levis
 Podocarpus neriifolius
 Podocarpus novae-caledoniae
 Podocarpus pallidus
 Podocarpus rubens
 Podocarpus spathoides
 section Acuminatus (norður Queensland, Nýja-Gínea, New Britain, Borneó)
 Podocarpus dispermus
 Podocarpus ledermannii
 Podocarpus micropedunculatus
 section Globulus (Tævan til Víetnam, Súmatra og Borneó, og Nýja-Kaledónía)
 Podocarpus annamiensis
 Podocarpus globulus
 Podocarpus lucienii
 Podocarpus nakaii
 Podocarpus sylvestris
 Podocarpus teysmannii
section Longifoliolatus (Súmatra og Borneó, austur til Fídjieyja)
 Podocarpus atjehensis
 Podocarpus bracteatus
 Podocarpus confertus
 Podocarpus decumbens
 Podocarpus degeneri
 Podocarpus gibbsii
 Podocarpus longefoliolatus
 Podocarpus polyspermus
 Podocarpus pseudobracteatus
 Podocarpus salomoniensis
section Gracilis (suður Kína, yfir Malesíu til Fídjieyja)
 Podocarpus affinis
 Podocarpus glaucus
 Podocarpus lophatus
 Podocarpus pilgeri
 Podocarpus rotundus
 section Macrostachyus (Suðaustur-Asía til Nýju-Gíneu)
 Podocarpus brassii
 Podocarpus brevifolius
 Podocarpus costalis
 Podocarpus crassigemmis
 Podocarpus tixieri
 section Rumphius (Hainan, suður yfir Malesia til norður Queensland)
 Podocarpus grayae (aka P. grayii og P. grayi)
 Podocarpus laubenfelsii
 Podocarpus rumphii
 section Polystachyus (suður Kína og Japan, yfir Malaya til Nýju-Gíneu og norðaustur Ástralía)
 Podocarpus chinensis
 Podocarpus chingianus
 Podocarpus elatus
 Podocarpus fasciculus
 Podocarpus macrocarpus
 Podocarpus macrophyllus
 Podocarpus polystachyus
 Podocarpus ridleyi
 Podocarpus subtropicalis
 section Spinulosus (suðaustur og suðvestur strönd Ástralíu)
 Podocarpus drouynianus
 Podocarpus spinulosus

Tilvísanir

Gagnviðarætt

Podocarpus


Kale, askerî açıdan önem taşıyan bölgelerin güvenliği için yapı. Şu anlamlara da gelebilir:

Yerleşim yerleri

 Kale, Denizli - Denizli ili ilçesi
 Kale, Malatya - Malatya ili ilçesi
 Demre - Antalya ili ilçesinin eski adı

Diğer
 Kale (satranç) - Satranç oyununda bir taş
 Kale (spor) - Takımla oynanan bazı top oyunlarında bir terim
 Kale (şirket)

Kale (anlam ayrımı)


The year 1950 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 The Alas Building, Buenos Aires, Argentina, is commissioned by President Juan Perón for the Association of Unionized Latin American Workers (ATLAS, S.A.). It would be the tallest building in Buenos Aires from its completion until 1996, when it was surpassed by the Le Parc tower.
 Frank Lloyd Wright completes construction of several Usonian style houses across the United States, including
 John D. Haynes House in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
 Fountainhead (J. Willis Hughes House) in Jackson, Mississippi.
 Thomas Keys Residence in Rochester, Minnesota.
 Richard C. Smith House in Jefferson, Wisconsin.
 J.A. Sweeton Residence in Cherry Hill, New Jersey.
 The Larkin Administration Building in Buffalo, New York, United States, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1904, is demolished, despite widespread protests.
 The original golden Kinkaku-ji temple in Kyoto, Japan, originating in the 14th century, is destroyed by arson (July 2).
 The Salutation, Sandwich, Kent, England, designed by Edwin Lutyens and built 1911–12, becomes a Grade I listed building in the United Kingdom.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened

 June 16 – Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, built to accommodate the 1950 FIFA World Cup.
 November 7 – Árpád Bridge, Budapest, Hungary, designed in 1939 by János Kossalka and opened as Sztálin híd.
 date unknown – Hyart Theater, built in Lovell, Wyoming, by Hyrum "Hy" Bischoff.

Buildings completed

 Alsancak Hocazade Mosque (Alsancak Hocazade Camii), İzmir, Turkey.
 The Barn (Los Angeles), designed by A. Quincy Jones as a home and office for himself.
 Rockefeller Guest House in Manhattan, designed by Philip Johnson.
 Rose Seidler House, Sydney, Australia, designed by Harry Seidler for his mother.
 Blažo Jovanović Bridge, Podgorica, Montenegro, designed by Branko Žeželj.
 Eames House (pictured) in Santa Monica, California, designed by Charles and Ray Eames.
 Mutual of New York Building, Times Square, New York City, USA, designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon (who also designed the Empire State Building).
 Neutra Office Building completed in Los Angeles, California, designed by modernist architect Richard Neutra and used as his office until his death in 1970.
 Pointe des Corbeaux Lighthouse, Île d'Yeu, France, replacing the original building destroyed in 1944.
 St. George's Anglican Church, Berlin: the new building is established in the Neu-Westend neighbourhood in the British Sector as the garrison church of the British forces.
 Romney Avenue Infant School in Lockleaze, Bristol, England, designed by Richard Sheppard to utilize aluminium components made by the Bristol Aeroplane Company.
 First stages of United Nations Headquarters completed by Wallace Harrison (director of planning) in Manhattan. The Secretariat Building (by Le Corbusier and Niemeyer) is completed two years later.

Awards
 AIA Gold Medal – Patrick Abercrombie.
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Eliel Saarinen.
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture – Jacques Perrin-Fayolle.
go home

Births
 March 29 – Richard Feilden, English architect (died 2005)
 Herzog & de Meuron, Swiss architects:
 April 19 – Jacques Herzog
 May 8 – Pierre de Meuron
 October 31 – Zaha Hadid, Iraqi-born British architect (died 2016)
 Hafeez Contractor, Indian architect

Deaths
 July 1 – Eliel Saarinen, Finnish architect (born 1873)
 July 8 – William Weir, British conservation architect (born 1865)
 August 31 – Maciej Nowicki, Polish architect (born 1910) (in TWA Flight 903 disaster)

References

1950 in architecture


الوثيقة ق (Q document من كلمة Quelle الألمانية أي مصدر) هي نص مفقود افترض وجوده كأحد مصادر إنجيلي متى ولوقا. بينما يؤمن بعض العلماء بوجوده تاريخيا، يشكك عدد منهم بذلك.

ويًرجح بعض الباحثين المسلمين أن الوثيقة ق هي مصدر الإنجيل الأصلي الذي تكلم وبشر به المسيح عيسى بن مريم أثناء حياته.

تمهيد
بسبب اكتشاف العلماء في القرن التاسع عشر وجود كثير من المواد المشتركة في إنجيلي متى ولوقا لا توجد في إنجيل مرقس الذي افترض بشكل عام أنه مصدرهما المشترك، فقد اقترحوا وجود مصدر مشترك ثان هو وثيقة ق. ويبدو أن هذا النص المفقود المفترض كان مجموعة أقوال للسيد / المسيح، سميت أيضا إنجيل ق أو إنجيل الأقوال ق أو مخطوطة ق أو مصدر الأقوال أو لوجيا. والتعرف على وثيقة ق كان أحد عاملين أساسيين لفرضية المصدرين والعامل الآخر هو أسبقية مرقس.

إن فرضية المصدرين أكثر الحلول قبولا للمشكلة السينوبتية التي تتعامل مع العلاقة الأدبية بين الأناجيل القانونية الثلاثة الأولى متى ومرقس ولوقا والتي تسمى الأناجيل السينوبتية. فالتشابه في اختيار الكلمات وترتيب الأحداث يظهر وجود علاقة بينها. تدرس المشكلة السينوبتية سبب هذه العلاقة وطبيعتها. وحسب فرضية المصدرين استعمل كل من متى ولوقا وبشكل مستقل إنجيل مرقس. وهذا حتم وجود مصدر مفترض لشرح وجود مواد سميت التقليد الثنائي أو المضاعف وهي المواد المشتركة بين متى ولوقا ولكنها غير موجودة في مرقس. وسمي هذا المصدر المفترض وثيقة ق.

الأناجيل السينوبتية

من بين أناجيل كثيرة كتبت في القدم قبلت فقط أربعة أناجيل كأناجيل قانونية في العهد الجديد هي أناجيل متى ومرقس ولوقا ويوحنا. تتشابه أناجيل متى ومرقس ولوقا كثيرا فيما بينها، فهي عادة تقص القصص نفسها عن المسيح وتتبع الترتيب نفسه وتستعمل كلمات متشابهة.

عرف في المقابل منذ وقت بعيد أن إنجيل يوحنا يختلف جدا عن الأناجيل القانونية الثلاثة الأولى بالمواضيع والمحتويات والمدة وتسلسل الأحداث والأسلوب. لخص إكليمندس الإسكندري الطابع الفريد لإنجيل يوحنا بقوله «يوحنا أخيرا مدركا أن الحقائق 'المادية' سجلت في تلك الأناجيل [الثلاثة] ألف إنجيلا 'روحيا'».

تعني كلمة سينوبتي في اليونانية ذا رؤية مشتركة. وبسبب الاشتراكات الكثيرة بين أناجيل متى ومرقس ولوقا سميت هذه الأناجيل الأناجيل السينوبتية.

تتميز الأناجيل السينوبتية بوجود الكثير من المواد المتوازية فيما بينها. 80% تقريبا من آيات مرقس لها آيات موازية في كل من إنجيلي متى ولوقا. وبسبب اشتراك هذه المواد بين الأناجيل الثلاثة سميت التقليد الثلاثي، وأغلبه روايات مع بعض الأقوال.

بالإضافة لذلك توجد كمية لا بأس بها من المواد في إنجيلي متى ولوقا ولكنها ليست في إنجيل مرقس. 25% من أيات متى تقريبا لها آيات موازية في لوقا وليس في مرقس. سميت المواد المشتركة بين متى ولوقا التقليد الثنائي.

المشكلة السينوبتية

إن العلاقة بين الأناجيل السينوبتية الثلاثة أكثر من تشابه في الرؤيا، فهي تخبر عادة القصص نفسها بالترتيب نفسه وحتى بالكلمات نفسها، فبعض المقاطع مكررة بالحرف.

لاحظ العلماء أن التشابهات بين مرقس ومتى ولوقا أكثر من أن تكون صدفة. فالشهود العيان الذين يصفون أحد الحوادث لا يستعملون الكلمات نفسها، لذا عرف العلماء والباحثون وجود علاقة أدبية بين الأناجيل السينوبتية الثلاثة منذ مدة طويلة.

تعرف العلاقات بين أناجيل متى ومرقس ولوقا بالمشكلة السينوبتية، والتي عرفت منذ القدم وحاول العديد حلها. حاول أوغسطينوس مثلا في القرن الخامس تفسير العلاقة بينها باقتراح أن متى كتب أولا ثم كتب مرقس إنجيله باستعمال إنجيل متى كمصدر ثم أخيرا كتب لوقا إنجيله مستعملا إنجيلي متى ومرقس كمصدر. بالرغم من أن هذا الحل لا يفضله العلماء حديثا لكنه يمثل أحد أقدم وأشهر الحلول المقترحة للمشكلة السينوبتية.

وثيقة ق
إذا كانت فرضية المصدرين صحيحة فالمصدر الثاني لإنجيلي متى ولوقا بالإضافة إلى إنجيل مرقس يجب أن يكون وثيقة مكتوبة. فإذا كانت مثلا ق روايات شفهية مشتركة لن تفسر التشابهات بكلمات متطابقة بالترتيب نفسه بين متى ولوقا إذا ما اقتطف منها متى ولوقا.

وكذلك يمكن استنتاج أن وثيقة ق التي كانت لدى متى ولوقا كانت مكتوبة باليونانية. فلو استخدما وثيقة بلغة أخرى مثل الآرامية فمن المستبعد جدا أن تتطابق ترجمتان مستقلتان بالكلمات وترتيبها.

لذا يجب أن تكون وثيقة ق مكتوبة قبل تأليف إنجيلي متى ولوقا، ويقترح بعض العلماء أنها كتبت قبل مرقس.

مع افتراض وجود وثيقة ق المفقودة، يعتقد العلماء أنهم يستطيعون إعادة تأليفها بفحص المواد المشتركة بين متى ولوقا والغائبة من مرقس. من الملاحظ أن هذه الوثيقة لا تصف أحداث حياة يسوع، فهي لا تصف ولادته واختياره للتلاميذ الإثني عشر ولا صلبه أو قيامه، بل هي مجموعة من أقوال وتعليمات يسوع المسيح.

أدلة المصدر المشترك الثاني

يُستنتج وجود ق من أن متى ولوقا لا يعتمدان على بعضهما البعض في التقليد الثنائي (المواد المشتركة بين متى ولوقا والغائبة من مرقس حسب تسمية علماء العهد الجديد). لكن التماثل اللفظي بين متى ولوقا كبير جدا في بعض مواد التقليد الثنائي بحيث لا يمكن شرحه إلا باعتمادهما على مصدر أو مصادر مكتوبة مشتركة. فحسب فرضية ق استعمل متى ولوقا وثيقة مشتركة، من أدلة وجود وثيقة ق المكتوبة:

 تطابق الكلمات أحيانا بشكل مبهر، فمثلا متى 6: 24 = لوقا 16: 3 (27 و28 كلمة يونانية بالترتيب)، متى 7: 7-8 = لوقا 11: 9:10 (24 كلمة يونانية في كل منهما).
 هناك أحيانا الترتيب نفسه بينهما، مثلا عظة البرية = عظة الجبل.
 وجود مضاعفات عندما يقدم متى ولوقا نسختين لقول متشابه لكن في مناسبتين مختلفتين. قد تدل هذه الأقوال المضاعفة على مصدرين مكتوبين.
 بعض المواضيع مثل النظرة التثنوية للتاريخ أوضح في ق منها في متى أو لوقا.
 يذكر لوقا أنه عرف عن عدة مصادر مكتوبة عن حياة المسيح له المجد وأنه فحصها من أجل أن يجمع أكبر قدر من المعلومات (لوقا 1: 1-4).

طالع أيضاً
 الإنجيل في الإسلام

مراجع

 The Lost Gospel: The Book Q and Christian Origins Macmillan Co. (1993, paperback 1994).

مواقع خارجية
مقال للدكتور تابور

المشكلة السينوبتية
دراسات كتابية
فقه اللغة
كتب مفقودة
نصوص مسيحية
نقد كتابي
وثائق مفترضة

وثيقة ق


مُسبق الصنع مصطلح يشير إلى ماتم صنعه مسبقاً سواء كان ذاك المصنوع بناءاو اله أو جهاز ويكون بذالك نيقصه التجميع فقط .

مثال
 بناء جاهز تم صنع كل عنصر منة على حدة، في ورشة العمل أو في المصنع، وبعد ذلك يتم تجميعها مع عناصر أخرى، البناء المُسبق الصنع أو الجاهز، هو نوع من المباني الذي يتكون من عدة عناصر أو وحدات بُنيت في المصانع والتي يتم تجميعها في الموقع.

وصلات داخلية
 تصنيع
 الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد

مصادر

تصنيع
مبان ومنشآت حسب النوع
منزل
هندسة معمارية

مسبق الصنع


Johan 2. af Bayern-München (født 1341, død 1397), var regerende hertug af Bayern-München fra 1375 til 1397. Han var sønnesøn af kejser Ludvig 4.

Johan 2. var søn af hertug Stephan 2. af Bayern og Elisabeth af Sicilien.

Johan 2. var gift med Katharina af Görz. De fik tre børn:
 hertug Ernst af Bayern-München (1373–1438)
 Vilhelm 3., medhertug af Bayern-München (1375–1435)
 dronning Sophie af Bøhmen (1376–1425, gift med kong Wenzel 4. af Bøhmen og det tyske rige

Huset Wittelsbach
Hertuger af Bayern

Johan 2. af Bayern-München


Ibzan ( ʾIḇṣān; ; , meaning "illustrious") appears in the Hebrew Bible as the ninth of the Judges of Israel.

Biography
Little is said of Ibzan apart from this:

Many scholars believe that the Bethlehem referred to in this passage is the Bethlehem in the territory of the Tribe of Zebulun, in Galilee (Joshua 19:15), rather than the more famous Bethlehem in the Tribe of Judah.

However, the Talmud (Bava Batra 91a) asserts that Ibzan is to be identified with Boaz from the Book of Ruth, who lived in the Bethlehem in Judah, and that he consummated his marriage with Ruth on the last night of his life.

See also
 Biblical judges
 Book of Judges

References

External links

Book of Judges people
Hebrew Bible judges
12th-century BCE Hebrew people
Tribe of Judah

Ibzan


Illinois Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts college in Bloomington, Illinois. Founded in 1850, the central portion of the present campus was acquired in 1854 with the first building erected in 1856.

History
The university was founded in 1850 as a private four-year college in Bloomington, Illinois.

Illinois Wesleyan's College of Liberal Arts was formally organized in 1906, and the College of Fine Arts – combining schools of art, music, and theatre arts – was established in 1948.

Illinois Wesleyan offered nursing study in conjunction with the Brokaw School of Nursing beginning in 1923, and in 1959 established the IWU School of Nursing with a four-year baccalaureate program.

IWU operated a School of Law from 1873-1928.

The Board of Trustees took formal action to invite black students to enroll at Illinois Wesleyan in 1867 and women in 1870. The first female graduate, Hannah I. Shur, received her diploma in 1872. Gus A. Hill was the first African-American graduate, earning a law degree in 1880.

The University's first international students, Y. Osawa and K. Tanaka, arrived from Japan in 1889.

Academics
Illinois Wesleyan is an independent, residential university with an approximate enrollment of 1,629.
 It offers over 80 majors, minors and programs. Its most popular majors, based on number out of 381 graduates in 2022, were:
Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (53)
Business/Commerce (36)
Psychology (31)
Finance (28)
Biology/Biological Sciences (26)

The university maintains a low student/faculty ratio of 11 to 1, with an average class size of 16 Also, more than 9 in 10 IWU students receive a scholarship or need-based assistance. Illinois Wesleyan is also a member of the Annapolis Group and has chapters in the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi honor societies.

The university consists of the College of Liberal Arts, the College of Fine Arts that includes three professional schools—the Ames School of Art, School of Music and the School of Theatre Arts; and the School of Nursing. Illinois Wesleyan's campus occupies approximately  a short walk north from downtown Bloomington in central Illinois.

Bachelor's degree programs are offered in three colleges:
College of Liberal Arts: organized in 1906
College of Fine Arts: Schools of art, music, and theatre arts organized in 1929, 1946, 1947 respectively
School of Nursing: Established in 1959

Ames Library

Illinois Wesleyan's Ames Library was completed in 2002. It contains over 368,000 volumes spread over five floors. The Ames Library also houses eight sets of stained glass panels originally from Pembroke College at Oxford University. Among the special collections are the papers of former U.S. Representative Leslie C. Arends; the Gernon collection of first editions of detective fiction and mysteries; and the Schultz collection of 18th- and 19th-century British drama, including The Beggar's Opera. Construction cost $25.7 million; Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbot were the principal architects.

May Term
Illinois Wesleyan offers a May Term course option. The university refers to it as a 4–4–1 system. This allows any student who has completed a full course-load in either the spring or fall semesters of that academic year to enroll in a May Term class.

May Term classes last approximately three weeks during the month of May. Students take several hours of instruction in the same course each day for five days each week. This allows the students to immerse themselves in that one topic. At the end of the May Term a student completes the equivalent of a single course during one semester.

May Term emphasizes curricular experimentation, and also offers an opportunity for service projects, study abroad, and internships.

Study abroad
Illinois Wesleyan offers a number of study abroad opportunities, and ranks in the top 40 schools in the nation for students studying abroad. IWU's International Office provides support for over 300 global Study Abroad Options in 70 countries through various institutes such as IES and SIT Study Abroad. Domestically, IWU offers a UN semester, a Washington Semester, and the Associated Colleges of the Midwest Chicago Program. Internationally it offers programs in London and Barcelona. It also maintains a very strong relationship with Pembroke College, Oxford, and traditionally a few juniors can spend a year there as exchange students.

Research
The university publishes several different undergraduate research journals in the fields of political science, economics, history, and English. Perhaps the first of its kind, the Undergraduate Economic Review is a student-managed, open access journal that has published original undergraduate content from students in the U.S. and at least 15 other countries. Its "internal twin", the Park Place Economist, publishes original work of Economics seniors graduating Illinois Wesleyan University. Articles range from basic topical explorations to focused senior research. All published volumes are available online.

The John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference was established in 1990 to provide opportunities for students to present research projects and findings in a public and interactive manner. The Action Research Center was established in 2004 to partner student research and service projects with the wider Illinois community.

Controversy
In November 2021, the American Association of University Professors' governing council sanctioned Illinois Wesleyan for violating standards of academic governance when they discontinued the anthropology, French, Italian and religious studies programs and announced plans to fire six tenured faculty members.

Athletics

Illinois Wesleyan University participates in the NCAA's Division III and is a member of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW). Illinois Wesleyan teams have won 136 CCIW Titles and 9 Division III National Championships. Illinois Wesleyan has produced 135 Academic All-American student athletes since the program began in 1970, a total that is tied for 25th among all participating colleges and universities, regardless of NCAA division.

Illinois Wesleyan University's Division III athletic teams, known as the "Titans," helped found the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW) in 1946. Illinois Wesleyan was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1910 to 1937.

The Titans have 22 varsity teams, 11 men's and 11 women's, with the addition of men's and women's lacrosse in 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Shirk Center

Shirk Center is the university's athletic complex. The two-story  complex was constructed in 1994. A 20,000-square-foot expansion was opened in 2016. The Shirk complex provides a multi-use facility for squash, tennis, basketball, and other indoor sports. It also houses Fort Natorium, the university's swimming center, as well as classrooms and a six-lane, 200-meter track. The Shirk Center also hosted the 2010 & 2011 NCAA Division III Women's National Basketball Championships. The "Shirk" is also the championship venue for the annual State Farm Holiday Classic, one of the largest, coed high school holiday basketball tournaments in the nation, as well as the Heart of Illinois Conference basketball tournament in mid-January.

Division III NCAA National championships
Men's
Basketball – 1997
Baseball – 2010
Golf – 2019, 2021
Women's
Indoor Track & Field – 2008
Outdoor Track & Field – 2008, 2010, 2016
Basketball – 2012

Campus life
The university and Student Senate regularly bring speakers and comedians to campus. There are regularly organized social events both on and off-campus.  Faculty colloquia regularly provide opportunities for intellectual discussion and encouragement.  The campus itself is an arboretum, home to over 1,000 trees from 90 different species.

Residential living and community
All halls are co-ed, all residence hall rooms have cable television and wireless Internet, and the vast majority of rooms are two/three-person units. Dodds Hall offers eight-person suites and Harriet Fuller Rust House offers four-person and six-person suites as well as two eight-person two-story townhouse style suites. Traditional style living is offered in Magill Hall and Pfeiffer Hall. First-year students live in first-year halls: Gulick Hall, Munsell Hall, and Ferguson Hall. Illinois Wesleyan also offers two themed housing communities: Kemp Hall (the International House) and Blackstock Hall (the Arts House). Nearly one-third of the campus community is involved and/or resides in one of five fraternities or four sororities. Students are also able to live in the Gates (est. 2013), and the East Street Apartments (est. 2006) which are modern, apartment-style residences that students can sign as leases.

Campus activities and organizations
There are 200 student organizations at Wesleyan, ranging from the rock-climbing club, the Anime club, to Pi Kappa Lambda (the music honors society).

Lectures and speakers
Illinois Wesleyan co-hosts the annual Stevenson Lecture Series, initiated in 1965 as a memorial to former Governor Adlai Stevenson. IWU co-hosts the Lecture Series with Illinois State University.

Martin Luther King Jr. spoke at the university twice, in 1961 and 1966. In 1966 he came to the university while he was trying to organize in Chicago. There, he said,

And I still have faith in America because I love America and I believe that we will continue to build a coalition of conscience that one day will solve this problem. We sing a little song in our movement and it has been our guiding faith. Sometimes we've been facing hooded perpetrators of violence; sometimes we face jeering mobs. Sometimes we face dogs and the gushing waters from fire hoses. Sometimes in crowded jail cells we join hands to sing it. And sometimes in just open mass meetings. But we could sing it as a hymn of faith. We shall overcome, we shall overcome, deep in my heart I do believe we shall overcome.

Media
Illinois Wesleyan has its own radio station, WESN 88.1 FM. It plays a mix of indie, rock, classic, electronic, and folk music.

Wesleyan also has its own television station, Titan TV, broadcasting exclusively to IWU's residence halls. It broadcasts a collection of movies and campus announcements.

The campus newspaper is called The Argus, published continuously under student supervision since 1894.

Transportation
Illinois Wesleyan University is served by Connect Transit. The Blue, Gold, and Green routes provide bus service between campus, downtown Bloomington, uptown Normal, and other destinations.

Sustainability
IWU's Minor Myers Jr. Welcome Center, opened in 2008, and State Farm Hall, opened in 2013, include geothermal heating/cooling systems. The Welcome Center was awarded Silver Certification as a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) building.

The university's "Think Green" behavioral change campaign encourages community members to conserve resources.

Notable alumni
 Abraham Akaka, civil rights activist, humanitarian, three decades as shepherd of Kawaiahaʻo Church in Honolulu, Hawaii
 H. Clarence Baldridge, Governor of Idaho
 Chris Bisaillon, wide receiver, College Football Hall of Fame inductee
 Tony Blazine, NFL player and College Football Hall of Fame inductee
 Cherlynlavaughn Bradley, first African-American woman to earn a PhD in organic chemistry at Northwestern University
 Bill Brady, Illinois State Senator, 2010 Republican candidate for Governor of Illinois
 J. Bradley Burzynski, Illinois State Senator
 Alice Sudduth Byerly (1855–1904), temperance activist
 Charlene Carruthers, feminist activist, National Director of Black Youth Project 100
 Alfred O. Coffin, first African American man to receive a PhD in Biology
 Alex Cosmidis, baseball player, scout, minor-league manager
 John E. Cribbet, legal scholar, Dean of University of Illinois College of Law, and Chancellor of University of Illinois
 Tom Cross, Illinois State Representative and House Republican Leader
 Bill Damaschke, head of Creative Production and Development, DreamWorks Animation
 Jeremy C. Daniel, federal judge for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, since 2023
 Amanda Dehnert, theater director, musician, and writer; artistic director for Trinity Rep in Providence, RI
 Kevin Dunn, actor, noted for his appearances in Transformers movie franchise and TV series Veep
 Frankie Faison, actor, noted for his appearance in all four Hannibal Lecter films
 George L. Fox, Chaplain's Medal for Heroism recipient
 James Fulkerson, composer
 Glen Gray, bandleader
 Harlan Hogan, voice actor
 Lester Hunt, Governor of Wyoming
 Oliver Lee Jackson, painter, printmaker, sculptor, educator
 Richard Jenkins, Oscar-nominated actor, best known for his roles in The Visitor and Six Feet Under (2001–2005)
 Charles "Buffalo" Jones, Western buffalo hunter who co-founded Garden City, Kansas; attended for two years ca. 1860 but did not graduate
 Tony Kaska, football player
 Dave Kindred, columnist for Washington Post and Sporting News, elected to National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Hall of Fame
 Colleen Lawless, federal judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois since 2023
 Sigmund Livingston, founder of Anti-Defamation League
 Scott W. Lucas, Senator of Illinois
 Denny Matthews, radio voice of Kansas City Royals since team's inception in 1969, Ford Frick Award recipient
 Bessie S. McColgin, Oklahoma legislator, first woman to serve in Oklahoma House of Representatives
 Wayne Messmer, longtime Wrigley Field public-address announcer and singer of national anthem
 Jim Molinari, former head men's basketball coach at Bradley University and Western Illinois University
 Christina Moore, actress, known for MADtv and 90210
 Opal J. Moore, poet, short story writer, and university professor
 Mary L. Moreland (1859–1918), minister, evangelist, suffragist, author
 Bob Morrow, NFL player
 Gregory Poland, physician and vaccinologist
 Doug Rader, Major League Baseball player and manager
 Robert P. Regan, Illinois state representative and businessman
 George Rock, band member with Spike Jones and His City Slickers
 Edward B. Rust Jr., CEO of State Farm
 Larry Shue, playwright and actor
 Jack Sikma, seven-time NBA All-Star center and Hall of Fame inductee
 Ralph C. Smedley, founder of Toastmasters International
 Sandra Steingraber, author and biologist
 Thomas Sterling, United States Congressman, graduated from IWU in 1875; served in Congress 1913–1925
 Margaret Ashmore Sudduth (1859–1957), educator, editor, temperance advocate
Elsa Swartz (1874–1948), composer and music educator
 Michael L. Tipsord, Chairman and CEO of State Farm
 Robert C. Underwood (1915–1988), Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court
 Dawn Upshaw, Grammy Award-winning soprano
 Phill Wilson, activist and founder of the Black AIDS Institute
 Bobby Winkles, Major League Baseball manager and College Baseball Hall of Fame coach
 Steve Yoder, college basketball coach

Notable faculty
John Marshall Hamilton, Governor of Illinois
Judy Jolley Mohraz, history lecturer 1972–1974, 9th president of Goucher College
Tari Renner, political science professor, Mayor of Bloomington, IL

References

External links

Official athletics website

1850 establishments in Illinois
Universities and colleges established in 1850
Bloomington, Illinois
Universities and colleges in Bloomington–Normal
Liberal arts colleges in Illinois
Private universities and colleges in Illinois

Illinois Wesleyan University


Antikacı Dükkanı (İngilizce özgün adıyla The Old Curiosity Shop), İngiliz yazar Charles Dickens'ın bir romanı.

Antikacı Dükkanı (Barnaby Rudge ile birlikte) Charles Dickens tarafından çıkartılan, kısa ömürlü haftalık "Master Humphrey's Clock" isimli dergide 1840-1841 yılları arasında yayımlanmıştır. Antikacı Dükkanı, 1841 yılında kitap olarak da basılmıştır.

Küçük Nell ve büyükbabasının borç yüzünden Londra'dan kaçıp taşrada bir yerden bir yere sürüklenmelerini anlatır. Charles Dickens, diğer tüm romanlarında anlattığı insanlık trajedisine burada da değinmiş ve sanayileşme dönemi Birleşik Krallık'ının sefaletini Nell'in gözünden dile getirmiştir.

Kitap ilk yazıldığında (Dickens'in diğer romanları gibi) büyük başarı kazandı ve popüler hale geldi. Günümüzde Antikacı Dükkanı'nın, Viktorya Dönemi duygusallığını aşırı bir şekilde yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Gerçekten de, Oscar Wilde "Küçük Nell'in ölümünü 'gülmeden' okumak için kişinin taştan bir kalbi olması lazım" demiştir.

Hikâye boyunca süregelen tesadüfler ve aşırı duygusallık romanın gerçekçiliğine gölge düşürse ve roman biraz dağınık olsa da Charles Dickens'ın her zamanki gibi son derece renkli olan karakterleri yazarı affettirmektedir. Romanın asıl zenginliği, edebiyat tarihinin belki de en kötü karakteri sayılabilecek Quilp ve Bay Swiveller karakterleridir. Kitap, aynı zamanda, Viktorya Dönemi Birleşik Krallık'ını çarpıcı bir şekilde gözler önüne sermektedir.

Klasik romanlar
Charles Dickens romanları
1841 romanları
İngilizce romanlar

Antikacı Dükkanı


المفاخذة هي شكل من أشكال ممارسة الجنس بين الرجل والمرأة، والتي يقوم بها الرجل عن طريق ادخال قضيبه بين فخذي المرأة مسبباً الاحتكاك أو تقوم به المرأة عن طريقة تدليك قضيب الرجل بيديها وبين فخذيها وأشفار مهبلها. والهدف من ذلك هو التحفيز الجنسي للرجل دون دخول القضيب للمهبل وبحيث المفهوم يمكن أن يتضمن بعضها إكمال الجماع والبعض الآخر بدون جماع،

يمكن أن تتضمن هذه الممارسة في بعض المجتمعات نوع آخر في اليابان نجد ممارسة " 素股"  الشبيه وفي بعض الدول الغربية في النوادي الليلية مثل نواد التعر  والرقص المثير  والتي تقدم فقرات للزبون متضمنة رقصات وممارسات شبيه.

المراجع

أفعال جنسية
أوضاع جنسية
مجتمع الميم
جنس خارجي

مفاخذة


Malignancy () is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.

A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues. A benign tumor has none of those properties, but may be harmful to health. The term benign in more general medical use characterises a condition or growth that is not cancerous, i.e. does not spread to other parts of the body or invade nearby tissue. Sometimes the term is used to suggest that a condition is not dangerous or serious.

Malignancy in cancers is characterized by anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis. Malignant tumors are also characterized by genome instability, so that cancers, as assessed by whole genome sequencing, frequently have between 10,000 and 100,000 mutations in their entire genomes.  Cancers usually show tumour heterogeneity, containing multiple subclones. They also frequently have reduced expression of DNA repair enzymes due to epigenetic methylation of DNA repair genes or altered microRNAs that control DNA repair gene expression.

Tumours can be detected through the visualisation or sensation of a lump on the body. In cases where there is no obvious representation of a lump, a mammogram or an MRI test can be used to determine the presence of a tumour. In the case of an existing tumour, a biopsy would be then required to make a diagnosis and distinguish whether the tumour is malignant or benign. This involves examination of a small sample of the tissue in a laboratory.
If detected as a malignant tumour, treatment is necessary; treatment during early stages is most effective. Forms of treatment include chemotherapy, surgery, photoradiation and hyperthermia, amongst various others.

Signs and symptoms
When malignant cells form, symptoms do not typically appear until there has been a significant growth of the mass. Once signs and symptoms do arise, they are dependent on the location, size and type of malignancy. Usually, it is quite general and can be associated with other illnesses or diseases and thus, can be difficult to diagnose or can be misdiagnosed.

Signs include observable or measurable aspects such as weight loss (without trying), a fever or unusual bleeding. On the other hand, symptoms are felt internally by the individual such as fatigue or changes in appetite. A general list of common signs and symptoms includes pain (headaches or bone aches), skin changes (new moles or bumps), coughing and unusual bleeding. There are also signs and symptoms specific to females including belly pain and bloating or breast changes i.e., the formation of a lump. Signs and symptoms specific to males include pain or growths in the scrotum or difficulty urinating.

Causes
Malignant cells often evolve due to a combination of reasons rather than one definitive reason. Reasons which can explain their development include genetics and family history, triggers such as infectious diseases, and exposure to risk factors.

Triggers
Infectious diseases play a role in the development of malignancy, with agents of infectious disease being able to produce a multitude of malignant cells. These include bacterial causes, fungal and parasitic causes and, viral causes. Bacteria, fungi and similar pathogens have the ability to form an environment within states of chronic inflammation which gives rise to oncogenic potential. Viral agents are able to assist the formation of malignant tumours due to a mechanism of cell transformation. This cell transformation can occur through either "DNA integration or cellular-DNA alteration of growth regulator genes". Inflammation can also play a role in triggering malignancy as it can promote stages of tumour formation. The main purpose of inflammation is to repair tissue, defend the body against pathogens and regenerate cells. At the same time, inflammatory cells can also interact with malignant cells to form an inflammatory tumour microenvironment. This environment increases the likelihood of forming malignant cells through blockage of anti-tumour immunity. Once this occurs, the inflammatory tumour microenvironment begins to send out tumour-promoting signals to epithelial cells, triggering the formation of malignant cells.

Risk factors
Traditional risk factors of developing malignancy include smoking, sun exposure and, having a history of cancer in the family. Other risk factors include developing post-transplant malignancy which occurs subsequent to solid organ transplantations.

Post-transplant malignancy
Individuals who undergo organ transplant surgery have an increased risk of developing malignancy in comparison to the general population. The most common form of malignancy being "nonmelanoma skin cancer and, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders". The different types of malignancy developed post-transplant depend on which organ was transplanted. This is linked to recipients being at a higher risk when exposed to traditional risk factors as well as, the type and intensity of the operation, the duration of their immunosuppression post-operation and, the risk of developing oncogenic viral infections.

Management
There are various treatment forms available to help manage malignancy. Common treatments include chemotherapy, radiation and surgical procedures. Photoradiation and hyperthermia are also used as treatment forms to kill or reduce malignant cells. A large portion of patients are at risk of death when diagnosed with malignancy as the disease has usually progressed for a number of years before detection.

Surgery
Surgery can help manage or treat malignancy by either removing the tumour, localising it and/or determining whether there has been a spread to other organs. When undertaking surgery for malignancy, there are six major objectives which are considered. These include "prevention of cancer, diagnosis and staging of disease, disease cure, tumour debulking, symptom palliation and patient rehabilitation".

Surgical prevention of cancer largely consists of removing the organ at risk of developing malignancy. This would occur if an individual is predisposed to the formation of malignant cells as a result of inherited genetic mutations and, acquired diseases.

Surgical diagnosis of malignancy involves completing a biopsy. This process requires a sufficient amount of tissue to make a confident diagnosis and, the handling of specimen to expand information provided from testing. Biopsies are categorised into four different processes: "fine-needle aspirate (FNA), core needle, incisional and, excisional".

Curative surgery (also known as primary surgery) can be conducted when the malignant tumour has only invaded one area of the body. The objective is to remove the entirety of the malignant cells without violating the tumour; if the tumour is violated, the risk of both tumour spillage and wound implantation would increase.

The surgical procedure of tumour debulking can be undertaken to increase the effectiveness of postoperative forms of treatment. Symptom palliation and patient rehabilitation do not play a role in controlling or reducing malignancy growth rather, they increase the patient's quality of life.

Photoradiation
Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is a drug which was developed to be absorbed by malignant cells and only becomes active when exposed to light. It is commonly used to identify and localise cancers as when it is under activation of blue light the red fluorescence of the malignant tumour (due to the HPD) can be observed easily.

The combination of HPD with red light (photoradiation) has been used on various malignant tumours including malignant melanomas and carcinomas on a range of different organs including the breast and colon. This form of treatment produces a singlet oxygen through the photodynamic process; where the oxygen molecule exists in an electronically excited state. The singlet oxygen is a cytotoxic agent  which holds the ability to eradicate malignant cells by preventing both nucleic acid and protein synthesis. The treatment process also utilises HPD's capability of accumulating at higher levels in malignant tissues compared to most other tissues.

In the case of deeply pigmented or larger tumours, a stronger course of this treatment process is required in order to be effective.

Hyperthermia
Malignancy can be treated through the use of hyperthermia by applying either surgical perfusion or interstitial techniques to the body. The use of this treatment type largely depends on the fact that malignant and normal cells have differing responses to the energy source used. This dependency is due to the intracellular changes which occur during hyperthermia; as the nucleic acids, cell membrane and cytoskeleton within each cell is affected indirectly and/or through multiple pathways. The combination of these intracellular changes means there is no specific target of cell death in the hyperthermic process.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is commonly used as either the primary treatment or in conjunction with other treatment forms such as radiotherapy or surgery. It can be administered through "injection, intra-arterial (IA), intraperitoneal (IP), intrathecal (IT), intravenous (IV), topical or oral".

The purpose of chemotherapy is to use cytotoxic agents which kill rapidly dividing cells within the body. It targets the cellular mechanisms which allow the development of malignancy throughout the body. There are no specific areas which are targeted and so, there is a lack of differentiation between normal and malignant cells, resulting in a range of side effects. This includes bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal problems and alopecia. Some side effects are specific to the anticancer drug used, the most common being bone marrow suppression as bone marrow has the ability to divide rapidly due to high growth fraction. This is because anticancer drugs have the highest activity in high growth fraction tissues.

Alkylating agents are used in chemotherapy as these are chemically reactive drugs which form covalent bonds when reacting with DNA. This results in breaks within DNA strands causing either inter-strand or intra-strand DNA cross-linking. The sub-classes of alkylating agents are "nitrogen mustards, oxazaphosphorines, alkyl alkane, sulphonates, nitrosoureas, tetrazines and aziridines."

Epidemiology
Malignancy has been a constant global health concern for a number of years, resulting in significant social and economic impacts on individuals with malignancy and their families. The risk of developing malignancy is 20.2%. In 2018, 18 million patients were diagnosed with a malignant tumour with lung, breast and prostate being the most common form. Additionally, there were approximately 10 million mortalities due to cancer in 2020 and, there is an overall trend which demonstrated that malignant mortality has increased by 28% over the past 15 years.

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in comparison to other forms of cancer, with the leading cause of development due to smoking. The number of smokers in China is rapidly increasing with tobacco killing approximately 3000 people each day. The diagnosis of lung cancer is most common within the 50–59-year age bracket. Further, it caused 1.8 million deaths in 2020 alone.

In those aged 14 or younger, leukaemia is the most frequent form of malignancy with the brain and nervous system subsequent. These individuals account for approximately 1% of the cancer mortality rate – about 110,000 children each year. The 15-49-year-old age bracket most common form of malignancy is breast cancer with liver and lung cancer following. Finally, those aged 60 and over mainly develop lung, colorectal, stomach and liver malignancy.

Uses of "malignant" in oncology include:
Malignancy, malignant neoplasm and malignant tumor are synonymous with cancer
Malignant ascites
Malignant transformation

Non-oncologic disorders referred to as "malignant" include:
Malignant hypertension
Malignant hyperthermia
Malignant otitis externa
Malignant tertian malaria (malaria caused specifically by Plasmodium falciparum)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

See also

 Precancerous condition

References

Medical terminology
Oncology

ja:悪性腫瘍

Malignancy