يعتبر مجمع الأڤنيوز مول  أكبر مجمع ومركز تسوق تجاري في الكويت. يقع المجمع في منطقة الري الصناعية على امتداد طريق الدائري الخامس من جهة الجنوب وطريق الغزالي السريع من الشرق. في عام 2013 فاز بالجائزة الذهبية لـ «أفضل مركز تسوق 2013» في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا.

افتتح الأڤنيوز في أبريل 2007 تحت رعاية وحضور حضرة صاحب السمو أمير البلاد الشيخ صباح الأحمد الجابر الصباح. حيث تزد تجربة التسوق في الأڤنيوز بإضافة بعد جديد لأكبر تجمع للتسوق والترفيه والذي يعد أيضًا أحد أكبر المجمعات التجارية على مستوى المنطقة. حيث يحتضن الأڤنيوز سلسلة من أشهر العلامات التجارية العالمية والمحلية الموزعة على سبعة مناطق وهي منطقة فرست أڤنيو، سكند أڤنيو، غراند أڤنيو، برستيج، سوكو، المول والسوق.

كما يتميز الأڤنيوز بتصميم عمراني خلاب يجمع عدد من المدارس العمرانية المتنوعة، ويمنح كل منطقة هوية خاصة والمستوحاة من أعرق المدن في العالم مما يجعل من تجربة التسوق في الأڤنيوز تجربة فريدة لكل متسوق وزائر. ويتميز الأڤنيوز بمزيج من العلامات التجارية المتنوعة من أشهر دور الأزياء العالمية والمطاعم والترفيه تمتد على مساحة تأجيرية تبلغ حوالي 270 الف متر مربع، ويتضمن أكثر من 800 محل تجاري، ومواقف سيارات تسع لحوالي 10000 سيارة.

المشروع
يتكون المشروع من أربع مراحل. تم الانتهاء من المرحلتين الأولى والثانية في 2007 و2008 على التوالي، وتم الانتهاء من المرحلة الثالثة في أواخر 2012، وتم الانتهاء من المرحلة الرابعة والأخيرة في مارس 2018 وبمساحة إجمالية 900 ألف متر مربع. وسوف يضم المشروع بشكله النهائي: مجمع تجاري ضخم، فندق أربعة نجوم وفندق خمسة نجوم، قاعة مؤتمرات، مكاتب، مسرح وسينما. وتبلغ إيراداته السنوية 30 مليون دينار أي 100 مليون دولار

الناحية الأمنية
ومن الناحية الأمنية، فالمجمع يحتوي على نقطة شرطة تعمل من أول افتتاح المجمع وحتى إغلاقه، ويجد به أيضًا 950 كاميرا مراقبة على مدار الساعة وبكل مكان بالمبنى بما فيه السرداب، ويوجد به 350 حارس وحارسة لحفظ الأمن.

التصميم المعماري
يعتبر التصميم المعماري للمجمع من أجمل التصاميم المعمارية والهندسية في دولة الكويت، حيث يمتاز شكله الخارجي بطرازه الحديث كما تحيطه النوافير المائية من كل جانب، كما يمتاز تصميمه الداخلي بالمساحات الواسعة والنوافير الكثيرة والمتفرقة في أنحاء المجمع.

تعتبر شركة NORR للاستشارات الدولية هي الشركة التي استوحت فكرة التصميم وبلورتها. كما قامت شركة المباني (المملوكة من قبل أسرة الشايع وعدد من الشركات ورجال الأعمال) بالإشراف الكامل على تنفيذ المجمع التجاري وتعتبر المالك الرسمي للمشروع أيضًا.

المجمع التجاري

فرست أڤنيو
افتتحت منطقة «فرست أڤنيو» عام 2007 والذي تمتد على مساحة 170 ألف متر مربع وعلى ارتفاع طابقين أيضا، حيث تحتوي على 200 متجر من أشهر الماركات العالمية، فضلاً عن نخبة المطاعم والمقاهي الداخلية والخارجية، كما تضم أحد أشهر المتاجر العالمية «إيكيا» وهو الاسم الرائد في عالم الأثاث، فضلاً عن وجود 11 صالة سينما التابعة لسينسكيب من ضمنها سينما لكبار الشخصيات.

سكند أڤنيو
افتتحت منطقة «سكند أڤنيو» عام 2008، حيث تضم أكثر من 200 متجر للماركات الفاخرة والمتوسطة، فضلاً عن العديد من المطاعم والمقاهي العالمية كذلك مراكز التسلية والترفيه لتعكس بلك الكثير من المرح والرخاء والرفاهية. كما تحتضن منطقة «سكند أڤنيو» على واحدة من سلسلة مراكز الهايبرماركت الفرنسية العالمية الشهيرة، كارفور، والتي تصل إلى الكويت لأول مرة وبنموذج الهايبر ماركت الضخم لتحقق بذلك كل رغبات الزوار لكافة السلع والمنتجات وبأسعار تنافسية أيضا وتحت سقف واحد.

غراند أڤنيو

منطقة «غراند أڤنيو»، إحدى مناطق «الأڤنيوز» الجديدة وهي المرحلة الثالثة لمجمع الأفنيوز والتي تم افتتاحها في أواخر عام 2012. تقدم لزوارها تجربة فريدة يعيشون من خلالها في أجواء شبيهة بالسير في أحد شوارع التسوق الكبيرة، مثل شارع «شانزليزيه»، كذلك شارع «أكسفورد» الشهير حيث تمتد المنطقة بطول تصل إلى 500 مترا وبعرض طوله 22 مترا، فضلا عن الساحات الفسيحة على قطر قدره 30 مترا، والمزينة بأشجار النخيل على جانبي الطريق تحت سقف مغطى بمادة ETFE ضد حرارة الطقس الشديد كذلك لتتيح بإضاءة النور الخارجي للمنطقة. كما تحتضن منطقة «غراند أڤنيو» أشهر العلامات التجارية التي يصل البعض منها لأول مرة إلى الشرق الأوسط كذلك نخبة المطاعم والمقاهي أيضا.

برستيج
منطقة «برستيج» إحدى مناطق «الأڤنيوز» الجديدة، تعتبر البُعد الجديد للتسوق الراقي، حيث تلتقي الأناقة والذوق والفخامة مع نخبة من أفخم دور الأزياء العالمية كذلك المطاعم والمقاهي المتميزة والتي يبلغ عددها 48 علامة تجارية من بينها 12 من أكبر الفروع على مستوى الشرق الأوسط في أجواء صممت بدقة وعناية لتحاكي تجربة التسوق الأرقى على الإطلاق ولتؤمن أيضاً الراحة والخصوصية للرواد تحت سقف واحد في موقع فريد ومتميز يطل على طريق الشيخ زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان.

المول
تتميز منطقة «المول» باحتضانها سلسلة من العلامات التجارية العالمية المتنوعة التي يصل البعض منها للمرة الأولى إلى الشرق الأوسط، كذلك نخبة المطاعم والمقاهي الموزعة في مواقع «المول» المختلفة وعلى ارتفاع طابقين أسهمت في استكمال تجربة التسوق للزوار.
ويتضمن «المول» أيضاً «ركن المجوهرات» الذي تم افتتاحه مؤخراً لعشاق الذهب والمجوهرات والأحجار الكريمة، كذلك مدينة «كيدزانيا الكويت» الأسم الرائد في عالم ترفيه الأطفال وتعليمهم بأساليب مبتكرة. كما يتضمن في ركن بازار الكائن في السرداب الأول من منطقة «المول» أكبر متجرين لمجموعة «لاندمارك» الرائدة في قطاع التجزئة والضيافة في المنطقة، هما «سنتربوينت» و«هوم سنتر».

السوق
افتتحت مؤخراً منطقة «السوق» وهي إحدى مناطق «الأڤنيوز» الجديدة التي تتميز بروح مختلفة عن بقية المناطق وتضفي طابعاً ومفهوماً جديداً في عالم التسوق. صممت منطقة «السوق» لتجسد روح أسواق الكويت القديمة بتصميمها المميز، من خلال مبانيها وممراتها وأبوابها وأسقفها الخشبية التي تعكس العراقة والبساطة أيضا. وتقدم منطقة «السوق» لرواد وزوار الأڤنيوز مزيج من المنتجات والبضائع الكويتية التقليدية كالبهارات، والتمور، والأقمشة، والتحف والهدايا والعطور، بالإضافة إلى العديد من المقاهي والمطاعم التي تقدم أشهى وألذ المأكولات الكويتية.

سوكو
صممت منطقة «سوكو» وهي اختصار لجنوب الكويت ضمن مناطق«الأفنيوز» الجديدة لتعبر بذلك عن أفكار الشباب ومتطلباتهم العصرية، حيث تستوحي فكرة تصميم منطقة «سوكو» نسبة إلى حي «سوهو» البوهيمي الشهير في مدينة نيويورك. وتعتبر منطقة «سوكو» الجديدة، والتي تقع على شارعين وبارتفاع طابقين، نموذجاً للتسوق الحديث وتختص بجميع العلامات التجارية الرائدة لفئة الشباب، محتضنة بذلك مزيج من الأزياء عصرية، الملابس والمستلزمات الرياضية، الألكترونيات وصالة للفنون التشكيلية، بالإضافة إلى أشهر المطاعم والمقاهي العالمية والمحلية أيضا.

أشهر المحلات
يضم المجمع التجاري سلسلة ضخمة من المحلات والماركات العالمية، المطاعم والكافيهات، المتاجر والأسواق، مراكز ترفيهية وصالات سينما. كما يضم المجمع 11 قاعة سينمائية منها اثنين نوع VIP تابعة لشركة السينما الكويتية الوطنية (سينسكيب)، تقع بالقرب من ايكيا. وفي ما يلي قائمة بأهم المحلات التي يضمها المركز التجاري:

 المتاجر الضخمة:
 ديبنهامز
 ايكيا
 الكترونيات الغانم
 كارفور
 بروي
 إتش أند أم
 مانجو
 سنتر بوينت
 دين أند ديلوكا
 ريفا ستور
 زارا
 نكست
 ديور
 فندي
 اون تايم
 فيكتوريا سيكريت

 المطاعم:
 شهريار
 طربوش
 الحمراء
 كاشونه البيت
 بيتزاهت
 ليلى من لبنان
 سوتش
 اوليف جاردن
 كاتس
 الكلحه
 تي جي آي فرايديز
 بيتزا اكسبرس
 ذا تشيز كيك فاكتوري
 تشيليز
 ناندوز
 أبل بيز
 لينوتر
 جوني روكيتس
 ماكدونالدز
 كنتاكي
 هارديز
 اليفشن برجر
 شيك شاك

 المقاهي:
 ستاربكس
 لينوز كافيه
 كاريبو كافيه
 كولومبوس
 تشوكليت بار
 كريسبي كريم دونتس
 بابا روتي

المهرجانات والفعاليات
يمتاز مجمع الأفنيوز عن غيره من المجمعات التقليدية في دولة الكويت بتنظيمه لانشطة وفعاليات بين حين وآخر. بعض تلك المهرجانات التي قام باحتضانها: الاسبوع الفرنسي، الاسبوع اللبناني ، اسبوع الورد برعاية منظمة الهلال الأحمر... وغيرها من الفعاليات والانشطة العديدة والمتواجده طوال أيام السنة.

انظر أيضًا
قائمة مراكز التسوق في الكويت

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمجمع الأفنيوز
 خريطة تفاعلية لمجمع الأفنيوز

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 2007 في الكويت
مجمعات تجارية في الكويت
مراكز تسوق أسست في 2007
مواقع جذب سياحي في الكويت

الأفنيوز


Sand flea may refer to:

 Arthropoda of the class Insecta:
 Sandfly
 Chigoe flea Tunga penetrans
 Crustacea of the class Malacostraca:
 Talitridae
 Emerita (crustacean), also known as mole crab
 Culicoides furens, a biting midge known colloquially as "sand fleas", particularly in the Southeastern U.S.
Operation Sand Flea, US operations in Panama

Animal common name disambiguation pages

Sand flea


Antonie "Tonny" van Ede (født 22. december 1924, død 16. februar 2011) var en hollandsk fodboldspiller (højre wing).

På klubplan tilbragte van Ede hele sin 16 år lange karriere, fra 1947 til 1963, hos Sparta Rotterdam i sin fødeby. Med klubben vandt han det hollandske mesterskab i 1959, mens det i henholdsvis 1958 og 1962 blev til sejr i pokalturneringen KNVB Cup.

Van Ede spillede desuden to kampe for Hollands landshold, som han debuterede for 19. april 1953 i en venskabskamp mod ærkerivalerne Belgien.

Titler
Hollands mesterskab
 1959 med Sparta Rotterdam

KNVB Cup
 1958 og 1962 med Sparta Rotterdam

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Holland
Fodboldspillere fra Sparta Rotterdam
Personer fra Rotterdam

Tonny van Ede


An Carex ereica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tang, Fa Tsuan Wang ngan Lun Kai Dai. An Carex ereica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex ereica


Sabine ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite am Rand des Mare Tranquillitatis, südöstlich des Kraters Ritter.
Der Kraterboden ist uneben und am inneren Kraterwall sind Spuren ausgedehnter Rutschungen.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem irischen Astronomen Edward Sabine offiziell benannt. Circa 85 Kilometer in südöstlicher Richtung fand 1969 mit Apollo 11 die erste bemannte Mondlandung statt.

Weblinks

 Sabine auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Edward Sabine

Sabine (Mondkrater)


Rajpura es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Patiala, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 272  a 42 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 92 654 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Rajpura


මෙම ලිපිය ස්වභාවික ගංගා නිර්මාණයන් ගැන වේ. අලංකාර දිය ඇලි සඳහා, කෘතිම දිය ඇල්ල බලන්න. වෙනත් භාවිත සඳහා, දිය ඇල්ල (වක්‍රෝක්තිහරණය) බලන්න.
දිය ඇල්ලක් යනු ගංගාවක හෝ ඇළක සිරස් බිංදුවක් හෝ බෑවුම් සහිත බිංදු මාලාවක් හරහා ජලය ගලා යන ලක්ෂ්‍යයකි. ටැබ්ලට් අයිස් කුට්ටියක හෝ අයිස් තට්ටුවක අද්දර දියවන ජලය වැටෙන විට දිය ඇලි ද ඇති වේ.

දිය ඇලි ආකාර කිහිපයකින් සෑදිය හැක, නමුත් සෑදීමේ වඩාත් පොදු ක්‍රමය නම් ගංගාවක් මෘදු පාෂාණ මතට වැටීමට පෙර ප්‍රතිරෝධී පාෂාණවල ඉහළ තට්ටුවක් හරහා ගමන් කරන අතර එය වේගයෙන් ඛාදනය වන අතර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ඉහළ වැටීමකට තුඩු දෙයි. දිය ඇලි ඒ අවට සහ අවට ජීවත් වන විශේෂ කෙරෙහි ඒවායේ බලපෑම පිළිබඳව අධ්‍යයනය කර ඇත.

මිනිසුන් වසර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ දිය ඇලි සමඟ එකිනෙකට වෙනස් සම්බන්ධතාවයක් ඇති කර ගෙන ඇත, ඒවා නැරඹීමට සංචාරය කිරීම, ගවේෂණය කිරීම සහ නම් කිරීම. ගංගා දිගේ යාත්‍රා කිරීමට ඔවුන්ට බලවත් බාධක ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකිය. දිය ඇලි බොහෝ සංස්කෘතීන්හි ආගමික ස්ථාන වේ. 18 වන සියවසේ සිට ඔවුන් සංචාරක ගමනාන්ත, ජලවිදුලි ප්‍රභවයන් සහ-විශේෂයෙන් 20වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ සිට-පර්යේෂණ විෂයයන් ලෙස වැඩි අවධානයක් ලබා ඇත.

අර්ථ දැක්වීම සහ පාරිභාෂිතය
දිය ඇල්ලක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් නිර්වචනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ගංගාවක ආසන්න හෝ සෘජුව සිරස් අතට ඇති බෑවුම් සහිත ජල බිංදුවක් හරහා ජලය ගලා යන ලක්ෂ්‍යයක් ලෙසය. 2000 දී Mabin සඳහන් කළේ "තොල්වල ස්ථාන සහ ජලනල තටාක අතර තිරස් දුර දියඇලි උසින් c 25% ට වඩා වැඩි නොවිය යුතු බවයි." දිය ඇලි වර්ග කිරීමට විවිධ වර්ග සහ ක්‍රම තිබේ.[1] සමහර විද්වතුන් උපවගන්තියක් ලෙස වේගවත් කිරීම් ඇතුළත් කර ඇත.[2] ඇත්තටම දිය ඇල්ලක් යනු කුමක්ද යන්න දිගටම විවාදයට ලක්වෙමින් පවතී.[3]

සමහර මූලාශ්‍රවල ඇසේ සුද විශාල හා බලවත් දිය ඇල්ලක් ලෙසත් [1][4][5] සහ කඳුරැල්ල කුඩා ලෙසත් සඳහන් වුවද, දිය ඇලි සමහර විට "කැස්කේඩ්" සහ "ඇස් සුද" ලෙස එකිනෙකට හුවමාරු කර ඇත. දිය ඇල්ලක් යනු දිය ඇල්ලක පතුලේ පිහිටුවා ඇති ඇළ තටාක වර්ගයකි.

කැප්රොක් ආකෘතිය
දියඇලි සෑදීමේ කැප්‍රොක් ආකෘතිය[10] පවසන්නේ ප්‍රතිරෝධී පාෂාණ මතින් ගංගා ගලායාම, ඛාදනය සෙමින් සිදුවන අතර පාෂාණ මත ජලයෙන් ජනනය වන අවසාදිතයේ බලපෑමෙන් ආධිපත්‍යය දරන අතර පහළ ඛාදනය වඩාත් වේගයෙන් සිදුවන බවයි.[8][11] දිය ඇල්ලේ මායිමේ දී ජල මාර්ගය එහි ප්‍රවේගය වැඩි කරන විට, ඇඳ කැඩී ඇත්නම් හෝ වෙනත් ආකාරයකින් ඛාදනය වීමට ඉඩ තිබේ නම්, එය ගංගා පතුලේ ඇති ද්‍රව්‍ය උදුරා ගැනීමට ඉඩ ඇත. හයිඩ්‍රොලික් ජෙට් යානා සහ දිය ඇල්ලක ඇඟිල්ලේ ඇති හයිඩ්‍රොලික් පැනීම් මගින් ඇඳ ඛාදනය වීමට විශාල බලයක් උත්පාදනය කළ හැකිය,[12] විශේෂයෙන්ම ජලයෙන් පිටවන අවසාදිත මගින් බල විස්තාරණය කරන විට. අශ්වාරෝහක හැඩැති ඇල්ල ඛාදනය මධ්‍ය ලක්ෂ්‍යයකට යොමු කරයි, දිය ඇලිවලට පහළින් ගංගා පත්‍ර වෙනස් කිරීම ද වැඩි කරයි.[13]

කැළඹිලි සහිත සුළි සුළං නිසා ඇඳ මත ගල් කැරකෙමින් එය විදීම හේතුවෙන් පාෂාණ පාෂාණවල ඇති විය හැකි ගැඹුරු සිදුරක් දේශීය වශයෙන් ඛාදනය වීම "පොහොර දැමීම" ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. ජල මාර්ගයෙන් ගෙන යන වැලි සහ ගල් එම නිසා ඛාදන ධාරිතාව වැඩි කරයි.[8] මේ නිසා දිය ඇල්ල ඇඳේ ගැඹුරට කැටයම් කර ඉහළට බැස යයි. බොහෝ විට කාලයාගේ ඇවෑමෙන්, දිය ඇල්ල උඩුගං බලා බැස යන විට කැනියොන් හෝ ගංඟා පහළට බැස යන අතර එය ඊට ඉහළින් ඇති කඳු වැටිය තුළට ගැඹුරට කැටයම් කරයි.[14] දිය ඇල්ලක් සඳහා පසුබැසීමේ වේගය වසරකට මීටර් එකහමාරක් තරම් ඉහළ අගයක් ගනී.[8]

බොහෝ විට, වඩාත් ප්‍රතිරෝධී රාක්කයට මදක් පහළින් ඇති පාෂාණ ස්ථරය මෘදු වර්ගයකින් යුක්ත වනු ඇත, එයින් අදහස් වන්නේ දිය ඇල්ලට යටින් සහ පිටුපසින් පාෂාණ නවාතැනක් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන නොගැඹුරු ගුහාවක් වැනි සැකැස්මක් සෑදීම සඳහා ස්ප්ලෑෂ්බැක් හේතුවෙන් යටි කැපීම මෙහි සිදුවනු ඇති බවයි. අවසානයේදී, දිය ඇල්ලේ පාදයට ගල් කුට්ටි එකතු කිරීම සඳහා පීඩනය යටතේ පිටතට යන, වඩා ප්‍රතිරෝධී කැප් පාෂාණය කඩා වැටෙනු ඇත. මෙම පාෂාණ කුට්ටි එකිනෙක ගැටෙන විට ඇදී යාමෙන් කුඩා ගල්පර වලට කැඩී යන අතර, ඒවා දිය ඇල්ලේ පාදම උල්ෙල්ඛයෙන් ඛාදනය වන අතර, ගං ඉවුරේ ගැඹුරු ජල තටාකයක් නිර්මාණය කරයි.[15]

පාෂාණ රාක්කය මතින් ගලා යාම නිසා දිය ඇලි වලට මදක් ඉහළින් දිය පහර පුළුල් හා නොගැඹුරු විය හැකි අතර, ජලයේ චාලක ශක්තිය පතුලට වැදීම නිසා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිය ඇල්ලට මදක් පහළින් ගැඹුරු ප්‍රදේශයක් පවතී. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දිය ඇලි ක්‍රමවේද පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනයකින් වාර්තා වූයේ දිය ඇලි ඇල්ලකට ඉහළින් හෝ පහළින් පළල් හෝ පටු විය හැකි නිසා, නිවැරදි භූ විද්‍යාත්මක සහ ජල විද්‍යාත්මක සැකසුම අනුව ඕනෑම දෙයක් පාහේ කළ හැකි බවයි. දිය ඇලි සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඛාදනය හේතුවෙන් පාෂාණමය ප්‍රදේශයක ඇතිවේ. සම්පූර්ණයෙන් සෑදී දිගු කාලයකට පසු, කඳු වැටියෙන් වැටෙන ජලය පසුබසිනු ඇත, එය දිය ඇල්ල බිත්තියට සමාන්තරව තිරස් වළක් ඇති කරයි. අවසානයේදී, වළ ගැඹුරට වැඩෙන විට, දිය ඇල්ල කඩා වැටෙන අතර ගංගා ඇඳෙහි දැඩි බෑවුම් සහිත ප්‍රදේශයක් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය වේ.[8] ඛාදනය වැනි ක්‍රමානුකූල ක්‍රියාවලීන්ට අමතරව, භූමිකම්පා හෝ නායයෑම් හෝ ගිනි කඳු නිසා ඇතිවන පෘථිවි චලනය දිය ඇලි සෑදීමට හේතු විය හැක.

දිය ඇල්ල


Floorballligaen 2000-2001 var den 10. sæson af den bedste danske herrerække i floorball, og blev styret af Dansk Floorball Union. Ligaen er opdelt i en øst og en vestrække. de 4 bedste hold fra øst og vest kvalificerer sig til slutspillet.

Efter et par sæsoner med 10 hold i både øst og vestrækken, forlod 3 hold rækken og kun Stenløse var nyt hold.

KH, Københavns FK og Dragør trak deres hold. For både KH og Købehanvs FK lukkede klubben.

Grundspil

Stilling vest

Kampe vest

Stilling øst

Kampe øst

Topscorer grundspil

Vest

Øst

Slutspil

Kvartfinaler

Semifinaler

Finale

Topscorer slutspil

Floorball-Ligaen

Floorballligaen 2000-01


David Ayres (né le  à Whitby, dans la province de l'Ontario, au Canada) est un agent de maintenance canadien devenu célèbre en tant que premier gardien de but remplaçant d'urgence à remporter une victoire en saison régulière dans la Ligue nationale de hockey (LNH).

Alors qu'il travaillait comme agent de maintenance et de surfaceuse au Coca-Cola Coliseum  Ayres est appelé comme gardien de but d'urgence par leurs adversaires, les Hurricanes de la Caroline, lors d'un match de 2020 contre les Maple Leafs de Toronto après les blessures des gardiens James Reimer et Petr Mrázek.

Bien qu'Ayres n'ait jamais joué dans la LNH auparavant et qu'il ait , lui et la franchise des Hurricanes sont sortis victorieux du match. L'événement est historique car une double blessures de gardiens de but est rare et donc la nécessité d'appeler un gardien de but remplaçant d'urgence également.

La crosse utilisée lors de ce match par Ayres est exposée au Temple de la renommée du hockey.

Références

Naissance en août 1977
Naissance à Whitby (Ontario)
Gardien de but de hockey sur glace
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Joueur des Hurricanes de la Caroline
Joueur de la Ligue nationale de hockey non repêché

David Ayres


Airbus A310 er breiðþota sem var hönnuð og framleidd af Airbus. Airbus hafði séð eftirspurn á flugvélamarkaðnum fyrir farþegaþotu sem væri minni en A300, fyrsta tveggja hreyfla breiðþotan. Airbus byrjaði að fá pantanir í nýju A310 þotuna (upprunnulega A300B10) 1978 frá Swissair og Lufthansa. Þotan flaug fyrst 3. apríl 1982 og fékk flughæfnisvottorð 11. mars 1983.

Airbus A310 er minni útgáfa af fyrstu vél Airbus, A300. Hún er 6.95 metrum styttri heldur en fyrstu útgáfurnar af A300 þotunum. Vængirnir minnkuðu frá 260 niður í 219 fermetra. A310 er með stafrænt mælaborð (e: glass cockpit) og er því aðeins með tveggja manna áhöfn. Þotan er knúin af sömu hreyflum og A300, General Electric CF6-80 eða Pratt & Whitney JT9D og seinna PW4000 þrýstihreyflum. Hún getur setið 220-240 farþega og hefur hámarksflugþol uppá 9,540 km. Þar sem A310 og A300 eru með sama stjórnklefa og svipaða uppsetningu gerir það flugmönnum kleift að hafa réttindi á báðar flugvélar.

Í apríl 1983 var flugvélin tekin í notkun hjá Swissair og var í samkeppni við Boeing 767-200 sem var tekin í notkun rúmum 6 mánuðum áður. Lengri drægni og ný ETOPS reglugerð þýddu að þotan gat flogið beint yfir atlantshafið. Seinasta A310 þotan var afhent í júní 1998, alls voru 255 flugvélar. Arftaki A310 var Airbus A330.

Airbus
Farþegaflugvélar

Airbus A310


Jakovlja je tradicionalna fešta Kanfanara i Kanfanarštine. Traje dva dana i već dugo godina održava se zadnjeg vikenda u srpnju, u svezi s danom sv. Jakova. Održava se od 1991. godine. Mnoštvo je sadržaja kojima je cilj njegovanje i promocija tradicije i istarskih vrijednosti, a posebni su tu smotra istarskih volova i gastro show Fužijada. Smotra istarskih volova je središnji događaj koji manifestaciju prati od samih početaka radi promidžbe i očuvanja te plemenite pasmine kojoj prijeti izumiranje. Gastronomski dio čini promidžba istarske tjestenine biti će predstavljena kroz tradicionalni način izrade fuža. Održava se edukativno natjecanje gdje se ekipe natječu u pripremi fuža po tradicionalnoj recepturi. Za djecu se organizira "kutak" kroz koji mogu naučiti tradicijske vrijednosti Kanfanarštine. Manifestaciju prati športski (biciklijada, boćarski turnir, teniski turnir, nogomet), zabavni i kulturni program (izložbe, nastupi KUD-ova i glazbenika).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Glas Istre Aleta Brattoni: Predstavljen program ovogodišnje 29. Jakovlje: U PETAK FUŽIJADA, U SUBOTU SMOTRA VOLOVA

Kanfanar
Manifestacije u Hrvatskoj

Jakovlja


البهو المعمد (Hypostyle), في العمارة ،هو المساحة الداخلية التي سقفها يرتكز على دعامات أو أعمدة. الكلمة Hypostyle تعني حرفيا «تحت أعمدة».

بهو المعمد هي تقنية إنشائية تسمح ببناء مساحات كبيرة كما في المعابد والقصور والمباني العامة , دون الحاجة إلى أقواس. هذة التقنية كانت تُستخدم على نطاق واسع في مصر القديمة حيث - معبد آمون في الكرنك يقدم مثالا جيدا ، وأيضاً في بلاد فارس ، حيث أطلال بيرسيبولي هو مثال استثنائي لبناء بهو الأعمدة.

مراجع

عمارة مصرية قديمة
عناصر معمارية
عناصر معمارية إسلامية

بهو معمد


Carsten Nørgaard (født 3. marts 1963, Frederiksberg) er en dansk skuespiller. Han er uddannet ved The Actors Center i London i 1991, og hans første rolle var i 1988, som den gådefulde Dolphin Man i filmen The Fruit Machine (kendt som Wonderland i USA). Nørgaard optrådte også i Disney film D2: Mighty Ducks (1994). Nørgaard bor til daglig i Los Angeles, USA.

Nørgaard er i Danmark muligvis mest kendt fra sin rolle i tv-serien fra Rita, hvor han spiller Tom Dyrehave, der er far til Ritas svigerdatter Bitten. I USA er han dog kendt fra roller i særligt en række tv-serier som NCIS og CSI, og måske særligt fra den nylige amerikanske genindspilning af De Tre Musketerer, hvor han spillede sammen med blandt andre Mads Mikkelsen .

Nørgård spillede med i episode 8, sæson 5 af Netflix-serien Cobra Kai. Ligeså i CBS-serien MacGyver i sæson 3 episode 17 som politibetjent.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark
Personer fra Frederiksberg

Carsten Nørgaard


USS Duncan (DD-874) was a  of the United States Navy, the third named for Captain Silas Duncan USN (1788–1834). The ship was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas on 22 May 1944, launched on 27 October 1944 by Mrs. D. C. Thayer and commissioned on 25 February 1945. The ship was sunk in 1980.

Service history
Duncan, converted to a radar picket destroyer during her post-shakedown overhaul, sailed from Norfolk on 2 June 1945 for the Pacific, and after touching at San Diego and Pearl Harbor, joined  for screening and plane guard duty during the strikes on Wake Island of 1 August. After calling at Eniwetok, she continued to Okinawa to join the 7th Fleet for patrol duty off the Chinese and Korean coasts during the landing of occupation troops at Tsingtao, Taku, and Incheon.  Duncan served in the Far East on occupation duty until 25 March 1946 when she sailed for the west coast, arriving at San Diego on 28 April.

For the next year Duncan trained along the west coast, keeping high her operational skills and readiness. In May 1947 she departed San Diego for a five-month cruise to the Far East, where she visited Okinawa, Japan, and China. On her return to the States, Duncan resumed coastal operations with both aircraft and submarines. On 1 March 1948 she suffered 2 killed and 14 injured in an explosion on board. She "suffered considerable damage at the stern and the flooding of the after compartment from a hole at the water line." After repairs at Long Beach, California, the destroyer rejoined the fleet for training until January 1949, when she again sailed for the western Pacific, this time for eight months. Duncan was reclassified DDR-874 on 18 March 1949.

Duncan operated between San Diego and Pearl Harbor until November 1950 when she steamed into Korean waters to join the 7th Fleet. Duncan served a total of three tours off Korea during the fighting. She sailed as plane guard for carriers and as anti-submarine escort for battleships; she fired shore bombardments in support of minesweepers and to interdict enemy communications; she patrolled against North Korean minesweepers and fishing craft. Through all she added her significant contribution to the vast sea-borne support of the United Nations troops ashore.

After the end of the Korean fighting in 1953, Duncan remained busy in the Pacific, alternating Far Eastern duty with training and maintenance on the west coast. She visited Australia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and many islands of the Pacific. During 1960–1961 Duncan entered the FRAM program, and underwent extensive overhaul and modernization at Long Beach Naval Shipyard.

During the Vietnam War Duncan served as plane guard for aircraft carriers on "Yankee Station" in the Gulf of Tonkin, participated in Operations "Sea Dragon" and "Market Time", patrolled on search and rescue duties, and carried out naval gunfire support missions.

Duncan was decommissioned on 15 January 1971, struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 February 1974, and sunk as a target off California on 31 July 1980.

Awards
Duncan received seven battle stars for Korean War service.

References

External links

  USS Duncan (DDR-874) Website

World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Korean War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Orange, Texas
1944 ships
Ships sunk as targets
Maritime incidents in 1980
Shipwrecks of the California coast
Gearing-class destroyers of the United States Navy

USS Duncan (DD-874)


Boeing X-37 eksperimentalna je bespilotna svemirska letjelica za višekratnu upotrebu Svemirskih snaga Sjedinjenih Država, koju je u ime NASA-e izvorno razvila tvrtka Boeing Phantom Works, podružnica Boeinga.  Struktura je izvedena od prethodne eksperimentalne jedrilice X-40.

Povijest razvoja

Program X-37 pokrenula je NASA 1999. godine. Uz pomoć X-37 trebaju se testirati i tehnike i manevri poput polijetanja i ponovnog ulaska u Zemljinu atmosferu. Svemirska jedrilica također može ostati u zemljinoj orbiti dulje vrijeme pa se solarne ćelije od galijevog arsenida koriste se za opskrbu energijom u svemiru.

Izvorno je X-37 dizajniran za postavljanje u orbitu iz prostora za teret Space Shuttlea. Kao posljedica nesreće shuttlea Columbije u veljači 2003. godine jedrilica je modificirana za lansiranje na raketi Delta II. Atlas V (501) kasnije je odabran kao lansirna raketa jer je omogućio da se X-37 smjesti ispod oplate korisnog tereta kako bi se izbjegli aerodinamički problemi tijekom lansiranja.

U rujnu 2004. američka vojna uprava DARPA preuzela je od NASA-e projekt na daljnji razvoj. Od ljeta 2005. probni letovi prototipa X-37A odvijali su se korištenjem privatno razvijenog nosača zrakoplova Scaled Composites White Knight. Sada programom X-37B upravlja jedan USAF-ov ured.

X-37B je trebao letjeti na visinu do 900 km više od godinu dana i ponovno biti u funkciji 15 dana nakon povratka. U orbiti se orbitalna visina može mijenjati uz pomoć potisnika. Prvotno je to bio 29,3 kN snažan potisnik pogonjen motorom Rocketdyne AR2-3 na kerozin i vodikov peroksid, ali je u tijeku razvoja zamijenjen s konvencionalnim hidrazinskim pogonskim sustavom s 14,7 kN.

Prvi test svemirske varijante X-37B (OTV-1: Orbital Test Vehicle 1) u orbiti bio je planiran za ljeto 2006., no to se dogodilo tek 22. travnja 2010. u 23.52h UTC. Atlas V je poslužio kao lansirna raketa, koji je lansirao iz Cape Canaverala. Ovaj prvi let završio je nakon 224 dana, 8 sati i 24 minute potpuno autonomnim slijetanjem u američku zračnu bazu Vandenberg 3. prosinca 2010. Nisu navedeni detalji o ciljevima misije i namjeni zrakoplova.

Drugi primjerak (OTV-2) isporučen je 5. svibnja, a u ožujku je 2011. također uspješno Atlasom V lansiran iz Cape Canaverala. X-37B ostao je u orbiti više od godinu dana kako bi proveo testove sustava i vojne eksperimente. Dana 16. lipnja 2012. OTV-2 završio je svoju misiju i nakon 469 dana u svemiru sletio u zračnu bazu Vandenberg.

Dana 11. prosinca 2012. prvi je orbiter poletio na svoj drugi let na Atlasu V u trećoj misiji X-37B (OTV-3), premašivši trajanje prethodnog leta u ožujku 2014. Nakon 674 dana u svemiru sletio je 17. listopada 2014. u bazu Vandenberg. Dana 20. svibnja 2015. započela je četvrta misija X-37B (OTV-4). Nije objavljeno koji je od dva orbitera korišten. Postavio je četiri mikrosatelita i testirao solarno jedro od 32 četvornia metra i testni pogon. Dana 25. ožujka 2017. premašio je trajanje prethodnog leta: nakon ukupno 718 dana provedenih u svemiru, prvi put je izvršeno slijetanje u Shuttle Landing Facility na Floridi 7. svibnja 2017. godine.

Peta misija X-37B (OTV-5) započela je 7. rujna 2017. transportom rakete Falcon 9 iz privatne svemirske tvrtke SpaceX u svemir. Dana 26. kolovoza 2019 X-37B je ponovno premašio vrijeme provedeno u svemiru na prethodnom letu. Slijetanje u svemirski centar Kennedy na Floridi dogodilo se 27. listopada 2019. nakon 780 dana u svemiru.

Tehničke specifikacije

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Otkriveni neki detalji tajnog svemirskog zrakoplova X-37B Space.com, 18. travnja 2010. (engleski)
 X-37B (OTV-1): igra mačke i miša se nastavlja Raumfahrer.net: praćenje orbite od astronoma amatera
 Tajnoviti svemirski zrakoplov X-37B otkriven u orbiti nakon što je bio skriven 218 dana Spaceflight101.com. 13. travnja 2018. (engleski)

Svemirske letjelice

Boeing X-37


Marquardt Corporation was an aeronautical engineering firm started in 1944 as Marquardt Aircraft Company  and initially dedicated almost entirely to the development of the ramjet engine. Marquardt designs were developed from the mid-1940s into the early 1960s, but as the ramjet disappeared from military usage, the company turned to other fields.

In 1968 Marquardt was merged with CCI Inc. of Tulsa, OK. The newly merged firm became known as "CCI-Marquardt, Inc.". That name changed back to "CCI Inc." after a few years. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s pieces of Marquardt were sold off or merged with other firms. By the 1990s, one of the remnants of the company, called Marquardt Manufacturing Inc. (MMI) was embroiled in a legal suit with its predecessor organization, which had become principally a landlord who owned the buildings and land where MMI was located. By then, most of the remaining pieces of Marquardt were part of Ferranti in England which was in bankruptcy. MMI subsequently declared bankruptcy and sank into oblivion. The remaining piece, Marquardt Jet Laboratories was sold to Kaiser Aerospace. Kaiser-Marquardt was later sold to Primex in Florida. Primex finally became part of Aerojet Rocketdyne.

History

Roy Edward Marquardt was a 1940 aeronautical engineering graduate of The California Institute of Technology (Caltech) who was employed at Northrop during World War II on the YB-35 flying-wing bomber project. While working on problems cooling the engines of the YB-35, which were buried in the trailing edge of the wings, he found that the engine heat could be used to provide useful thrust. This created an interest in the ramjet principle, and in November 1944 he started Marquardt Aircraft in Venice, California to develop and sell ramjet engines. In the late 1940s, the company relocated to Van Nuys, California, adjacent to the Van Nuys Airport.

Marquardt's initial products were wind tunnels, but by the end of their first year they had delivered an experimental 20 inch (0.51 m) ramjet to the United States Navy for testing. The United States Army Air Forces purchased two of the same design early in 1946, and fitted them to the wingtips of a P-51 Mustang fighter for in-flight testing. By this time the Navy had installed theirs on an F7F Tigercat; flight tests commenced in late 1946. Later, the Navy tested the same engines on an XP-83 and F-82 Twin Mustang.

Another early product developed by Marquardt Aircraft was a pulse-jet powered helicopter which was assembled and flown, but never put into production.

Marquardt also provided space and capital for the James B. Lansing Company, a manufacturer of high-quality audio speakers known by the brand "JBL". In the late 1940s, Marquardt took over JBL operations, but the firm was divested when Marquardt was acquired by General Tire and Rubber Company in 1949. JBL speakers are still in production.

Growth and acquisitions

In 1947 Martin built the Gorgon IV missile testbed, powered by the 20" engine. Four Gorgon flights with the new engines were made that year at Mach 0.85 at 10,000 feet (3,000 m) altitude, and in 1948 a newer engine pushed the speeds to Mach 0.9. Martin eventually won a contract to convert the Gorgon design into a target drone, becoming the KDM-1 Plover, and delivering Marquardt a contract for 600 more 20" engines.

In 1948 the newly created United States Air Force took delivery of several larger 30" (0.76 m) designs and fitted them to the wingtips of a P-80 Shooting Star, which became the first manned aircraft to be powered by ramjets alone. An even larger 48" (1.22 m) design was built as a booster for a new interceptor design, but not put into production.

The same year the company also started conversion of the existing engine designs to operate at supersonic speeds. This requires the airflow to be slowed to subsonic speeds for combustion, which is accomplished with a series of shock waves created by a carefully designed inlet. Starting with the existing 20" design from 1947, work progressed until the new engine was ready for use in 1949.

At this point the company had outgrown its Venice plant, and lacked the resources to fund a larger facility. Roy Marquardt sold a controlling interest in the company to General Tire and Rubber Company in 1949, and used the funds to move to a new site in Van Nuys, the former Timm Aircraft factory. The purchase wasn't a happy one for General Tire due to management differences, and after making "only" 25% return in one year, they agreed to sell their share of the company to another investor. Eventually, such an investor was found, and General Tire sold their stake to Laurance Rockefeller in 1950 for $250,000.

In the early 1950s supersonic cruise missile and target drone projects for various roles were quite common. Many of them were designed to be shot down as target drones, or simply crash or explode at the end of their mission, so simplicity and low cost was as important as high-speed performance. This made the ramjet ideally suited to those roles. By 1952 Marquardt was involved in a number of projects, including the Navy's Rigel missile, and the Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc anti-aircraft missile. To test the new engine design for the Bomarc, the Lockheed X-7 high-speed radio control test aircraft was built.

Over the next few years, the X-7 missile broke many records, and led the Air Force to award Marquardt a contract for the BOMARC missile engines. Originally they had intended to award the production to a larger company with better manufacturing abilities, as the Van Nuys plant wouldn't be able to build the 1,500 engines quickly enough. Instead, the Air Force and Marquardt collaborated on a new plant on the shores of Great Salt Lake just outside Ogden, Utah. The plant opened in June 1957 and delivered the first engines a month ahead of schedule. By 1958 the engine was in full production, leading to an additional engine contract from the Air Force for an equally large run of a more advanced version for the IM-99B "Super BOMARC". Meanwhile, the X-7 continued to break records, eventually setting the speed record for air-breathing vehicles at Mach 4.31.

In 1958 Marquardt purchased the assets of Associated Missile Products Company in Pomona, California (AMPCO), part of AMF Atomic, and named it the Pomona Electronics Division. The Pomona Division designed and manufactured radar simulators used to train navigators, bombardiers, and radar systems operators. In the years following the Marquardt purchase, the Pomona Division created radar simulators for the 412L Weapon Control System in Europe; the GAM-72 (Quail) decoy missile; the GAM-77 (Hound Dog) nuclear missile; the AN/APQ T-10 Simulator for the B-52 Navigator and Bombardier; an Atlas Missile launch simulator; the AN/GPS T-4 air defense radar simulator; and other weapon systems trainers. By 1963, the electronics division accounted for ⅓ of Marquardt's total sales.

Also in 1958, Marquardt purchased the Cooper Development Corporation of Monrovia, California (CDC). Clifford D. Cooper, the founder and president, became a Marquardt vice-president. CDC manufactured high-altitude solid-fuel sounding and weather rockets. Cooper Development had been the company responsible for the upper stages of the missile used to place the first U.S. satellite in orbit - the Explorer I.

By 1959 the company had sales of $70 million (equal to over $600 million in 2020 dollars), and had purchased several other smaller aerospace firms. One of these purchases, Power Systems, led to a number of designs for small rocket motors used as positioning thrusters. This would eventually become one of Marquardt's biggest and most important product lines in the 1960s. During this period the main Van Nuys plant was also involved in research into new systems, including a nuclear-powered ramjet for Project Pluto and a liquid air cycle engine (LACE) for the Air Force's Aerospaceplane efforts. Another new product line started with the introduction of their first ram-air turbine, small air-powered generators for providing aircraft with electric power if the main engine failed. Marquardt also developed and produced thrust reversers for jet engines, as well as afterburners (which are functionally the same as a ramjet). With this diversification came a name change, to Marquardt Corporation.

In 1960, Marquardt established a small research laboratory in Maryland named "Marquardt Special Projects Laboratory" (MSPL), whose principal scientist was Dr. Oleg Enikeieff. Enikeiff, a 1943 graduate of California Institute of Technology, had joined Marquardt after being a research engineer for the Harry C. Miller Lock Company, the owner of Sargent Locks. Oleg's expertise was centered on security devices, and some of his unclassified work while at MSPL included patents for an ID card identification system that would scramble its coded contents after each use so it could not be copied, as well as a system to jam microphones in rooms being used as secure locations, so they could not be 'bugged'. Other work at MSPL was classified.

In 1962, Marquardt was licensed by the Southern Pacific Railroad to design and produce a device called the "Grade Crossing Predictor", developed at Stanford University. Marquardt formed a subsidiary, Marquardt Industrial Products Company (MIPCO), as part of the Pomona, California electronics operations, and began selling the computer to major railroads across the country, and eventually world-wide. It enabled the warning lights and gates at grade-level crossings to be lowered based on the speed of an approaching train, rather than at a fixed distance, reducing grade-crossing congestion in populated areas like Chicago.

In 1964, Marquardt purchased a small aerospace firm in Mineola, New York named Automation Laboratories, Inc. (ALI), principally to use their television broadcast expertise in developing a missile launch simulator for the Sheridan Battle Tank. Marquardt had invented a hemispherical photographic system it named VueMarq, and the marriage of the VueMarq system with the ALI TV technology produced a very advanced Sheridan/Shillelagh gunnery simulator. Marquardt was not the successful bidder on the program, and later in 1965 after the GASL merger was completed, ALI was absorbed into GASL and disappeared as a stand-alone entity.

In 1965, Marquardt merged General Applied Science Laboratories, Inc. (GASL), of Westbury, New York, into the company. GASL had been founded in 1956 by Antonio Ferri and Theodore von Karman.

Von Karman was a Hungarian-born scientist who had emigrated to the United States in 1930. It was von Karman who founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology in 1944.

Antonio Ferri was an Italian aerospace scientist who studied supersonic flight in Italy prior to World War II. Ferri had doctorates in both Aeronautical Engineering and Electrical Engineering from the University of Rome. During World War II, after the Germans invaded Italy, Ferri destroyed much of his laboratory equipment and hid his research papers from the Germans. Ferri was in hiding as part of a partisan group when President Roosevelt sent the American wartime spy Morris (Moe) Berg of the Office of Strategic Services (forerunner to the CIA) to Europe to convince Italian scientists to emigrate to the U.S., particularly the aeronautical genius Antonio Ferri. Berg had been a major-league catcher prior to the war, and when he returned with Ferri, President Roosevelt remarked "... I see that Moe Berg is still catching very well". Ferri pioneered many breakthroughs in hypersonic flight, including Supersonic Combustion Ramjet (SCRAMJET) propulsion, and research into the proper shaping of airfoils, engine inlets, and hypersonic reentry phenomena. He was one of the early advocates of swept-back wings for high-speed aircraft.

In 1966, Marquardt bought The R. W. Neill Company in Chicago, a manufacturer of communications systems for railroads. Two smaller firms, Howard+Gould, and Western Industries, also in Chicago, were purchased and merged with R. W. Neill. The Neill company was operated as a subsidiary of the Industrial Products group, MIPCO.

Small Rocket Engines
In 1962 North American Aviation selected Marquardt to provide the reaction control system engines for the Apollo program spacecraft.
By 1970 Marquardt was known primarily as "the" company for small rocket engines and thrusters. Practically all US space vehicles and satellites used their designs, eventually including a major win for the Space Shuttle program. The company developed and provided the 25 and 870 lb. thrusters for the space shuttle.

Research and Development Activities
In 1960, Roy Marquardt had told the employees of the company that government procurement of the Bomarc Missile would end in mid-1962, and that an effort must be made to replace that business. His solution was to use the great scientific and engineering capabilities of the company to develop new technologies. In a newsletter for summer, 1960, he said "I believe that one of our more important actions this year has been to greatly increase company-sponsored and financed research and development, a program started late last year ... Much hard work lies ahead if we are to develop the programs and business replacing the Bomarc as it phases out..."

Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Marquardt and its subsidiaries were a hot bed of scientific research activity. Marquardt made significant advances in many fields, including space propulsion, medicine, optics, life in space, panoramic photography (the VueMarq System), transportation, hypersonic flight, high-temperature metallurgy, water desalination, slurry fuels, underwater propulsion, ram air turbines, afterburners and thrust-reversers for jet aircraft, computer storage, anti-mortar defense systems, FAX machines, television transmission, LED research, and devices as seemingly mundane as pick-up shoes for electric locomotives powered by third-rail power. Roy Marquardt had always believed that the primary mission of the company was "Dedicated to Keeping the United States First in Technology". He kept a large roster of scientists and engineers in the company, and believed that the technical staff should make up about ⅓ of all the personnel of Marquardt. These large engineering and development costs taxed Marquardt's profits, and although the company remained profitable throughout this period, by 1964 the board of directors hired a new president to change the focus toward more profitability. Unfortunately, this meant Marquardt would have to move forward with only the existing product offerings then being manufactured, with little hope of new breakthroughs and future growth. In 1966, the new president announced that in his first year (1965) he had increased profits in part by the "... elimination of research and development efforts that weren't directly related to the company's current activities".

Decline of the Ramjet Market
The market for ramjet engines had largely disappeared by the mid-1960s due to increased performance from turbojet engines, and the belief that rockets were more appropriate for the nation's defense. Marquardt continued low-level development on advanced designs. One system, developed in partnership with Morton Thiokol, placed a solid fuel booster inside the ramjet core. When the solid fuel burned out the ramjet would ignite as normal. The idea was to combine the booster and ramjet into a single airframe, thereby reducing cost, size, and range safety requirements, as nothing would be jettisoned in flight.

Marquardt took advantage of its advanced metal-forming talents to fill the void left by the end of Bomarc ramjet production. Products such as air inlets for the F-4 Phantom, cases for the submarine-launched Polaris missile, leading-edge slats for the Lockheed L-1011, and launch rocket motor cases for TOW missiles became main products of the firm.

However, the sales volume of the company was still below the peak of the early 60s, due to the end of the Bomarc program in Ogden and the B-52 bombardier/navigator simulator program in Pomona.

Mergers, Sale, and Break-up
In 1964, the board of directors appointed a new president, John B. Montgomery; the founder, Roy Marquardt, was retained as chairman of the board. The gradual reduction of the company's focus on research and development was begun at that point to improve profitability. Pieces of Marquardt were then sold off over time.

In 1966, Marquardt sold the Pomona Electronics Division, excluding the Industrial Products subsidiary MIPCO, to Conductron, a subsidiary of McDonnell Aircraft. Conductron later became McDonnell-Douglas Electronics.

In 1967, both Dr. Antonio Ferri and Roy Marquardt resigned from the company, completely ending the founders' association with their firms. Roy Marquardt subsequently engaged in numerous charitable activities in the Los Angeles area, while Antonio Ferri became the Vincent Astor Professor of Aerospace Sciences at New York University.

In 1968 Marquardt merged with CCI Inc. in Tulsa, OK, and formed a new company CCI-Marquardt. This merger permitted CCI to become listed on the New York Stock Exchange, using the listing that had been Marquardt's. Within a few years, the name of the company was changed back to "CCI Inc." and the effort intensified to spin-off or sell the balance of Marquardt it had acquired in 1968.

Also in 1968, The R. W. Neill Company, part of the industrial products group MIPCO, was spun off for an undisclosed amount and became the Larry McGee Company. Larry McGee had been the vice-president of sales and marketing for R. W. Neill Company. The Larry McGee Company is now part of Miller Ingenuity in Minnesota.

General Applied Sciences Laboratories (GASL) in New York was divested. Its ownership has passed through a series of owners including GenCorp, Allied Aerospace, and Alliant Techsystems; it is now part of Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, located on eastern Long Island, New York.

Over the next few years, several additional parts of Marquardt were sold or spun off. In 1971 MIPCO (Marquardt Industrial Products Company) was combined with another CCI rail equipment subsidiary and named Safetran Systems, a company that has subsequently passed through several ownerships including Hawker Siddeley in England, and is now part of Siemens Rail Systems.

In 1971, Marquardt Marine Products Division was sold to Ametek. MMP had been formed originally to manufacture and market the doppler navigation products of the Janus Division of GASL in New York.

In 1973, CCI formed a company named CCI Life Products to develop and market a Marquardt-invented kidney dialysis machine. The device, using a method called sorbent dialysis had been developed by Marquardt while its scientists were conducting a study for NASA on water purification during long-duration space missions. In 1978 this subsidiary was sold to Akzo NV in the Netherlands, which became Organon Teknika. The REDY system for home dialysis was then marketed world-wide.

Finally, in 1983 the balance of the company was purchased by the ISC Defense and Space Group International Signal and Control. In 1987, ISC was purchased by British-based Ferranti.

Ferranti Bankruptcy
In 1989, Ferranti discovered a huge defense contract fraud at ISC amounting to $1-billion (perhaps equivalent to $3 billion in 2020 dollars), masterminded by James Guerin, ISC's deputy chairman prior to the merger. Guerin subsequently received a 15-year prison sentence for fraud and arms smuggling. This led to a restructuring at Ferranti and the plan to sell off some of the assets they had acquired from ISC.

Ferranti declared bankruptcy in 1991. In August 1991 one of the main Marquardt businesses, the manufacturing of components for Rockeye cluster bombs and other weapons, was sold to a group of investors who formed a new company called Marquardt Manufacturing Inc. In December 1991, the other main business, a rocket-propulsion division, was sold to Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corp.  The original Marquardt Co. became principally a landlord, retaining ownership of 56 acres and several buildings near Van Nuys Airport. MMI and the original Marquardt Co. became embroiled in a lawsuit, which led to the bankruptcy and disappearance of Marquardt Manufacturing.

Kaiser reportedly picked up the Marquardt Jet Laboratory for a mere $1 million, with about $50 million in outstanding Space Shuttle contracts. Kaiser sold the bipropellant rocket engine product line to Primex Technologies in 2000 (now Aerojet Rocketdyne) and closed the Van Nuys plant in 2001.

With the sale of Kaiser-Marquardt and the thruster rocket business to Primex in 2000, the name Marquardt disappeared completely from American aerospace industry.

Products

Pulsejets

 Marquardt PJ40
 Marquardt PJ46

Ramjets
 Marquardt RJ30
 Marquardt RJ31
 Marquardt RJ34
 Marquardt RJ39
 Marquardt RJ43
 Marquardt RJ57
 Marquardt RJ59

Other
 Marquardt Space Sled
 Marquardt R-4D  thrust reaction control engines were used on both the Apollo Lunar Module and the Command Service Module on  all the crewed moon flights.
 Bigeye bomb, a binary chemical weapon

See also
 Ramjet engine
 Liquid air cycle engine

Notes

References
 Butz, J. S. Jr., Pluto - A new Strategic System or Just Another Test Program?, Washington, DC, Air Force Magazine, July, 1964
 Cooper, Clifford D., The Runt Pig Principle, Balboa Island, CA, Alliance for Progress Publishers, 1992
 Jacobsmeyer, Jon Wallace, The Marquardt Story, (retrieved March 28, 2020).
 Jacobsmeyer was an engineer at Marquardt Corporation in Van Nuys, California, at about the time the main company location in Van Nuys was closed - circa 2001. He obtained an extensive collection of corporate information, documents and photographs, and is the author of "The Marquardt Story", a partially-completed and unpublished manuscript derived from company records. It has been retrieved with an Internet Archive Search using the Wayback Machine.
 Lindley, Dr. Charles A., Early Aerospaceplane Propulsion Research: Marquardt Corp; ca 1956 - 1963, Washington DC, NASA, 1992
 Smith, Will, Roy Marquardt's Passion for Aviation Took Off from Burlington, Burlington, Iowa, The Hawkeye, December 24, 2017 (retrieved 1-18-2019).
 Space News Roundup, Houston, Texas, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Manned Spacecraft Center, Vol. 3, No. 9, February 19, 1964
 Spinoff, Washington, D.C.,  The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Commercial Programs, Technology Transfer Division, 2002 Issue
 Stechman, R. Carl, and Allen, Robert C., History of Ramjet Propulsion Development at The Marquardt Company – 1944 – 1970, Tucson, AZ, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, July 10, 2005
 Sweetman, Bill, The Ramjet and the Rocket, Washington, DC, Air and Space Magazine, March 21, 2014

Ramjet engines
Rocket engine manufacturers of the United States
Aerospace companies of the United States
Former defense companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
American companies established in 1944
Manufacturing companies established in 1944
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1991
Technology companies disestablished in 1991
1944 establishments in California
1991 disestablishments in California
Van Nuys
History of the San Fernando Valley

Marquardt Corporation


Byriuchyi () é uma ilha na parte noroeste do mar de Azov, oblast de Kherson, Ucrânia, que desde 1929 encontra-se conectada ao continente por um pequeno istmo arenoso. Tem um comprimento de cerca de 24 km, e uma área de . Faz parte do parque Nacional de Azov-Sivash desde 1993.

História
Em 1878, um farol de  foi construído na ilha, mas foi destruído em 1943 por tropas romenas durante a ofensiva da Crimeia e reconstruído em 1957. Em 1927, uma reserva estatal foi criada em Byriuchyi, que agora faz parte do parque Nacional de Azov-Sivash desde 1993.

Em 17 de setembro de 2003, o presidentes da Ucrânia, Leonid Kutchma, e da Rússia Vladimir Putin reuniram-se em Byriuchyi, onde discutiram a questão da fronteira marítima nas águas do mar de Azov e do estreito de Querche. Alguns dias depois, os russos começaram a construção de um dique no estreito, das margens da península de Taman até à ilha ucraniana de Tuzla.

, uma exposição de arte é realizada na ilha anualmente em maio e setembro. No outono de 2015, os cineastas italianos Gianluca e Massimiliano De Serio estavam a realizar filmagens nesta ilha para o seu filme. Em 2016, a quarta parte do filme "XAU" também foi filmada nesta ilha pelo cineasta italiano Giorgio Cugno.

Em 2020, uma forte tempestade atingiu a região e separou a ilha do continente. Durante a invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022, os militares russos roubaram móveis da dacha do presidente ucraniano Volodymyr Zelensky na ilha.

Fauna e flora
Na década de 1970–80, havia plantações de florestas de proteção, compostas por árvores-do-paraíso, ulmeiros-brancos, acácias-bastardas, freixos, espinheiros-da-Virgínia e álamos. É um habitat para cerca de mil veados-vermelhos aclimatizados, 2500 gamos, 90 onagros e várias dezenas de cavalos domésticos, muflões e faisões aclimatizados.

A ilha é do tipo aluvial, formado por areia e coquina (planície costeira arenosa com ocorrência de conchas cimentadas). Ao longo da costa norte, existem inúmeros lagos, vários dos quais são salinos.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Byriuchyi
Oblast de Kherson
Byriuchyi
Penínsulas da Ucrânia
Enclaves e exclaves

Byriuchyi (ilha)


Ifigenia en Táuride (título original en francés, Iphigénie en Tauride) es una tragédie en musique en cinco actos y un prólogo, comenzada por Desmarest alrededor del año 1696, sobre un texto de Joseph-François Duché de Vancy. Obligado a dejar Francia y marchar a Bélgica, y luego a España, dejó la obra inacabada. Fue terminada por André Campra con el concurso del libretista Antoine Danchet. Se debe a Campra todo el prólogo, la mayor parte del acto V, dos arias del acto I, un aria del acto II y del acto III, dos arias del acto IV.

Personajes

Notas y referencias

 Le Magazine de l'opéra baroque

ifigenia tauride
ifigenia tauride
Óperas en francés
Óperas estrenadas en París
Óperas de 1696
Óperas de 1704
desmarets campra
Adaptaciones de obras de Eurípides

Ifigenia en Táuride (Desmarest y Campra)


Walt Disney Comics Digest était l'une des trois bandes dessinées de Petit format (digest) publiées par Gold Key Comics au début des années 1970. Les deux autres étaient Mystery Comics Digest et Golden Comics Digest. C'était la première publication Disney régulière de petit format publiée aux États-Unis et elle a connu un grand succès, offrant un regain des ventes de bandes dessinées malgré la baisse du secteur.

Walt Disney Comics Digest a été publié en  de 1968 à 1976. Le contenu comprenait à la fois de nouvelles histoires et des réimpressions, principalement des diverses propriétés Disney sous licence publiées par Gold Key. Le contenu se concentré sur les personnages animés de Disney ( l'univers de Mickey Mouse, l'univers de Donald Duck, les Castors Juniors, l'Oncle Picsou, Géo Trouvetou, Tic et Tac, Scamp, Peter Pan, ...), mais également des adaptations des films et émissions de télévision de Disney, tels que  sous les mers, Zorro, True-Life Adventures, L'Été magique (1963), Kidnapped, et plus encore.

Le nouveau matériel a été principalement dessiné par Paul Murry, Tony Strobl, Pete Alvarado et Al Hubbard, et comprenait des personnages de Song of the South, Bambi, Dumbo, Little Hiawatha et The Jungle Book.

Un nouveau personnage, le cow-boy héros Buck Duck, apparaît dans le numéro 7 (de ), dans l'histoire de Murry When You Show Your Gums. . . Souriez !. Buck, « le dernier des gentils », vivait dans la ville de Bootsville, dans le vieil ouest, avec son fidèle cheval Spot. Buck avait une personnalité laconique qui parlait peu, et quand il parlait, il utilisait des phrases laconiques de mots monosyllabiques. Le shérif était un oiseau lâche nommé Chicken Duck, et l'intérêt amoureux était représenté par Calamity Duck, qui possédait un saloon à salsepareille. Buck a fait cinq apparitions dans Walt Disney Comics Digest ; la dernière histoire, , a été publiée dans le numéro 42 (). Buck est également apparu dans une histoire de Donald Duck en 1970 et une histoire de Chip 'n' Dale en 1977.

Walt Disney Comics Digest a également présenté six histoires avec le personnage rarement vu Glory-Bee, introduit dans la bande dessinée Mickey Mouse Glory-Bee est apparu pour la première fois dans Digest dans  (numéro 33, ) ; sa dernière apparition dans la bande dessinée était dans  (numéro 53, ).

Outre les histoires, il y avait diverses activités, y compris des pages de puzzle et la section actualités hollywoodiennes de Minnie Mouse, ainsi que des réimpressions des bandes dessinées de Disney Merry Menagerie et True Life Adventures.

Initialement, le magazine comptait , mais a progressivement diminué jusqu'à ce que les derniers numéros aient . À la différence des bandes dessinées standard, le petit format était relié au carré avec une reliure collée. Dans de nombreux cas, les histoires ont été reformatées pour s'adapter au format de résumé.

Références

Liens externes
 Commentaires de l'ancien scénariste de Western Publishing Mark Evanier sur les résumés de Gold Key et leur éventuelle disparition

Petit format
Presse mensuelle aux États-Unis
Publication Disney
Album de bande dessinée sorti en 1968

Walt Disney Comics Digest


Amerindios fue una banda chilena fundada en 1967 en Santiago de Chile por los músicos Mario Salazar y Julio Numhauser, este último uno de los fundadores de la banda Quilapayún, activa hasta hoy. Cuatro años más tarde se integró a sus filas Patricio Castillo, también parte de los primeros miembros de Quilapayún, quien solo estaría con esta banda hasta 1973. Siendo uno de los representantes de la Nueva Canción Chilena y la Fusión latinoamericana en su faceta más rock, los Amerindios se separaron en 1979, dejando como legado tres álbumes oficiales, además de varias participaciones en discos colectivos de varios intérpretes.

Los inicios
Julio y Mario se conocieron en 1967, en el Centro Antropológico Médico-Social del Hospital San Borja, el primero recién titulado como antropólogo, en tanto que el segundo, como sociólogo. Ambos miembros de la izquierda política de su país y con un claro interés en la música latinoamericana, Numhauser ya había incluso tocado durante dos años en los inicios de Quilapayún, uno de los más importantes representantes de la Nueva Canción Chilena y que sigue activa hasta hoy.

En Chile
Su afinidad con la música folclórica y el socialismo los llevó a acercarse a reconocidos músicos contemporáneos a ellos, tales como Víctor Jara, Inti-Illimani, Isabel y Ángel Parra, Payo Grondona, Tiemponuevo y Nano Acevedo, además de la compañía Teatro Aleph. Posteriormente, su interés por el rock los llevó a estrechar amistad con Los Jaivas y Congregación. Con todos ellos participó en grabaciones en estudio y en vivo, frecuentando además la ahora histórica Peña de los Parra.

El nombre que eligen para el dúo, Amerindios, deja en manifiesto su fuerte arraigo por las raíces de América Latina.

Su fuerte compromiso hacia el gobierno de Salvador Allende los llevó a formar parte de delegaciones culturales en el extranjero, junto con otros músicos como Patricio Manns y Cuncumén, además de interpretar las bandas sonoras de los documentales El diálogo de América en 1972, sobre la visita de Fidel Castro a Chile ese mismo año, y de El gran desafío, registro audiovisual de discursos de Allende en la ONU y México.

Patricio Castillo, quien al igual que Julio provenía de los inicios de Quilapayún, y con quienes también tenía afinidades políticas, se une a la banda en 1971, pero se retira en 1973, el mismo año en que cae el gobierno de Allende en manos de Augusto Pinochet.

El exilio
Producto del Golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973 y posterior instauración de la dictadura militar, tanto la agrupación como la mayoría de sus amistades musicales fueron perseguidos por los militares, por lo que permanecieron durante cinco semanas en la clandestinidad eludiendo una orden de arresto. Finalmente, Julio y Mario lograron escapar al exilio junto con sus familias el 23 de octubre de 1973 en una extensa comitiva que incluyó también a los integrantes de Los Jaivas y que tenía como supuesto objetivo un concierto en la ciudad argentina de Mendoza. Su trayecto los llevó a vivir un breve tiempo en Buenos Aires, Argentina y Barcelona, España, para finalmente establecerse en Estocolmo, Suecia.

Si bien durante este tiempo solo lanzaron un único álbum oficial, el grupo tuvo una activa participación de solidaridad con Chile, tocando en conciertos y peñas de exiliados políticos, y participando en álbumes colectivos con otros músicos tales como Alfredo Zitarrosa, Daniel Viglietti y Atahualpa Yupanqui.

Separación
A fines de la década de 1970, Julio Numhauser comienza un trabajo en paralelo en Suiza con la banda Somos, que finalmente marcaría su separación con Mario, y con ello la disolución de Amerindios. Mario Salazar, por su parte, continuaría su trabajo en Suecia creando la agrupación Mario Salazar Band, con la que compondría numerosas canciones de protesta y publicaría dos álbumes.

En 1989, Mario Salazar regresó a Chile, trabajando como sociólogo y realizando esporádicas presentaciones en vivo con Max Berrú, además de grabando algunos temas propios con los miembros de la banda Amaru, formada en 1992. Julio Numhauser, por su parte, permanece en Estocolmo, alternando su trabajo como solista con un trabajo diplomático en la embajada de Chile en Suecia.

Integrantes

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio
 1970 - Amerindios
 1972 - Tu sueño es mi sueño, tu grito es mi canto...
 1978 - Alejado de ti... pero contigo

Sencillos
 1971 - La producción

Bandas sonoras
La banda musicalizó los siguientes documentales:
 1972 - El diálogo de América (de Álvaro Covacevich)
 1973 - El gran desafío

Colectivos
 1972 - Chile pueblo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de Mario Salazar Muñoz - Amerindios

Dúos de música de Chile
Cantautores de la Nueva canción
Grupos de folclore de Chile
Grupos de fusión latinoamericana
Grupos de música de los años 1960

Amerindios (banda)


Älvdalen (Övdaln sau Tjyörtjbynn în limba elfdaliană) este un oraș localizat în partea de vest a Suediei, în comitatul Dalarna, la poalele vestice ale Alpilor Scandinaviei, pe malul râului Österdal. Este reședința comunei omonime. Conform unor estimări oficiale din 2021, populația localității era de 1912 locuitori. Industria lemnului, celulozei și materialelor de construcții.
În parohia Älvdalen, alături de limba suedeză se vorbește și limba elfdaliană, o limbă  scandinavă înrudită cu dialectele suedeze din Dalarna.

Demografie

Vezi și

 Listă de orașe din Suedia

Orașe din Suedia

Älvdalen


Basilio Gabriel Costa Heredia (né à San Carlos en Uruguay le ), plus couramment appelé Gabriel Costa, est un footballeur uruguayen naturalisé péruvien. Il joue au poste de milieu de terrain au sein de l'Alianza Lima au Pérou.

Carrière

En club
Formé au River Plate d'Uruguay, Gabriel Costa se distingue au Pérou au sein du Sporting Cristal. En effet, il y est sacré deux fois champion du Pérou en 2016 et 2018. Lors de ce dernier championnat, il marque 26 buts et délivre 19 passes décisives en 43 matchs et est désigné meilleur joueur de la saison.

En 2019, il est transféré au Colo-Colo du Chili qui paie 1,6 million de dollars US incluant la cession de Christofer Gonzales au Sporting Cristal dans l'opération. Avec un total de 123 matchs joués et 35 buts marqués au sein du club chilien entre 2019 et 2022, Gabriel Costa remporte le championnat 2022 et deux Coupes nationales en 2019 et 2021.

En 2023, il retourne au Pérou afin de s'enrôler à l'Alianza Lima, club où il avait déjà joué sous forme de prêt entre 2014 et 2015.

En équipe nationale
Naturalisé péruvien, Gabriel Costa est convoqué par le sélectionneur du Pérou Ricardo Gareca pour jouer des matchs amicaux face à l'Équateur et au Brésil les 5 et 10 septembre 2019, respectivement. En 2021, il dispute des rencontres de qualifications à la Coupe du monde 2022. Il compte  (sans marquer de but) en équipe du Pérou depuis 2019.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international péruvien
Footballeur uruguayen
Joueur du Club Atlético Bella Vista
Joueur du Club Atlético Rentistas
Joueur de l'Alianza Lima
Joueur du Sporting Cristal
Joueur de Colo Colo
Naissance en avril 1990
Naissance à San Carlos (Uruguay)

Gabriel Costa (football)


The Blueprint is the sixth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z, released on September 11, 2001, through Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. Its release was set a week earlier than initially planned in order to combat bootlegging. Recording sessions for the album took place during 2001 at Manhattan Center Studios and Baseline Studios in New York City. Contrasting the radio-friendly sound of Jay-Z's previous work, The Blueprint features soul-based sampling and production handled primarily by Kanye West, Just Blaze, and Bink, as well as Timbaland, Trackmasters, and Eminem, who also contributes the album's sole guest feature.

At the time of the album's recording, Jay-Z was awaiting two criminal trials, one for gun possession and another for assault, and had become one of hip hop's most dissed artists, receiving insults from rappers such as Nas, Prodigy, and Jadakiss. The album is also notable for both its producers Kanye West and Just Blaze's breakouts as major producers. West produced four of the thirteen tracks on the album, including the songs "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" and the controversial "Takeover", which included diss lyrics aimed at rappers Nas and Prodigy, while Just Blaze produced three tracks, "Girls, Girls, Girls", "Song Cry", and "U Don't Know", also including the hidden bonus track "Breathe Easy (Lyrical Exercise)".

The Blueprint received universal acclaim from music critics, with praise being directed at Jay-Z's lyricism and the album's soul based soundscape. It is widely considered one of the greatest hip-hop albums of all time as well as one of the greatest albums ever made. Despite its release coinciding with the September 11 attacks, it sold over 427,000 copies in its opening week and debuted at number one in the US, holding the spot for three weeks. It was later certified 3x Multi-Platinum by the RIAA. In 2019, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant," being the first entry created in the 21st century.

Background
The Blueprint was reportedly cut in two weeks, with Jay-Z recording nine songs in two days. At the time, he was awaiting two criminal trials for gun possession and assault. He was also engaged in feuds with various rappers such as Jadakiss, Fat Joe and in particular Nas and Mobb Deep member Prodigy. In the song "Takeover", Jay-Z attacks the two Queensbridge rappers, using a sample of the song "Five to One" by The Doors and an interpolation of David Bowie's "Fame". On The Blueprint, Jay-Z and his producers used vintage soul as inspiration, including a vocal sample on almost every track from such artists as Al Green, Bobby "Blue" Bland, David Ruffin and The Jackson 5. Exceptions include "Jigga That Nigga", "Hola Hovito", and "Renegade", a track produced by and featuring the rapper Eminem, and the only track on the album featuring another rapper on verses.

Blueprint Lounge Tour
In late August, Jay-Z announced a September–October tour in small venues. Because of the September 11 attacks occurring on the same day the album was released, the first two performances were rescheduled. Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles were subsequently added, and Jay-Z donated to relief organizations one dollar of the cost of each ticket sold for the tour.

Cover
The photograph on the album's cover, taken by Jonathan Mannion, was inspired by one from The Firm, a series by Jocelyn Bain Hogg depicting organized crime in Britain. Instead of the telephone and brass knuckles seen next to the ashtray in the original picture, a cigar, a pack of cigars and a microphone were placed. It also is a homage to The Blueprint album, by Boogie Down Productions; using a switched point-of-view and dynamic,  but the same pose, as the original album title.

Reception and impact

The Blueprint received rave reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 88, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 12 reviews. Upon its release, The Blueprint was hailed by Vibes dream hampton as Jay-Z's best album, as well as the best album of the year, while The Source awarded The Blueprint a perfect "five-mic" rating, a distinction reserved for hip hop classics. In his review for The Source, Carlito Rodriguez described The Blueprint as " defining moment of Jay-Z's career", commending his ability to convey emotions through his lyrics. Nathan Rabin called it Jay-Z's "strongest, tightest, most consistent album since his legendary debut, 1996's Reasonable Doubt."

The popularity and commercial success of The Blueprint established Kanye West and Just Blaze as two of hip hop's most celebrated producers. West in particular would later be signed by Roc-A-Fella Records in 2002. Both West and Just Blaze would go on to have successful music careers. Furthermore, The Blueprint signaled a major stylistic shift in hip hop production towards a more Soulcentric and sample-reliant sound, creating a number of imitators who attempted to emulate the album's atmospheric style. Prior to The Blueprint, mainstream hip-hop producers had largely eschewed music sampling in favor of the keyboard-driven Timbaland sound (characterized by a shifting, syncopated rhythm, similar to samba or jungle music), due to the financial and legal issues associated with copyright laws.

The Blueprint, however, revived musical sampling as a common practice in hip hop music and dislodged the digital keyboard-driven production style as the dominant sound in hip-hop music. West would later incorporate some of the production and sampling techniques he used on this album into his own solo albums. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "One of the greatest poets ever to pick up a mic released his magnum opus in 2001. One retirement and one un-retirement later, it's still his finest hour."

In 2003, The Blueprint was ranked number 464 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time; in a revised list in 2012, it was ranked number 252; in the 2020 revised list, the album was ranked number 50. Pitchfork named The Blueprint the second best album of 2000–2004, and in 2010, it ranked fifth on their Top 200 Albums of the 2000s list. It is ranked at number 4 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Best Albums of the 2000s". The album received a perfect "XXL" rating from XXL magazine in a 2007 retrospective article. The Blueprint was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Accolades
Album of the Year
 Ranked #4 in NMEs 50 "Albums of the Year 2001".
 Ranked #5 in Rolling Stones "Top 10 of 2001".
 Ranked #7 in Spin magazines "Albums of the Year 2001".
 Ranked #12 in Wire magazine's "50 Records of the Year 2001".

Best Album of the 2000s
 Ranked #1 in Complex Magazines "The 100 Best Albums of the 2000s".
 Ranked #7 in The Stylus Decade's "Top 100 Albums of the 2000s".
 Ranked #4 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Best Albums of the 2000s"
 Ranked #5 in Pitchfork's "The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s".

Top Album
 Ranked #6 in Billboards Critics Pick of the decade 1999-2009
 Ranked #2 in Pitchforks "The Top 100 Albums of 2000-04".
 Ranked #5 in Stylus Magazines "Top 50 Albums of 2000-2005".

Best Album of the Decade
 Ranked #2 in Entertainment Weeklys Best Albums of the Decade.
 Ranked #42 in Pastes 50 Best Albums of the Decade.
 Ranked #4 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the Decade in 2009.
 Ranked #20 in Rhapsody's "100 Best Albums of the Decade" in 2009.
 Ranked #8 in Vibe's "The Greatest 50 Albums Since '93" in 2013.

Greatest Album of All Time
 Ranked #456 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.
 Ranked #252 in Rolling Stone magazine's revised list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2012.
 Ranked #50 in Rolling Stone magazine's revised list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2020.
 Unranked in 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die

Commercial performance
In spite of its release coinciding with the 9/11 attacks, The Blueprint sold over 427,000 copies in its opening week, becoming Jay-Z's fourth consecutive album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It was certified double platinum as sales stand at over two million units in the U.S.
Sales stand at 2.7 million as of February 2012.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies an additional producer
 "Takeover" features additional vocals by Josey Scott.
 "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" features uncredited vocals by Demme Uloa.
 "Girls, Girls, Girls" features additional vocals by Q-Tip, Slick Rick and Biz Markie.
 "Jigga That Nigga" features additional vocals by Stephanie Miller and Michelle Mills.
 "Heart Of The City (Ain't No Love)" features uncredited vocals by Keon Bryce.
 "Never Change" features uncredited vocals by Kanye West.
 "Blueprint (Momma Loves Me)" features background vocals by Schevise Harrell and Luren Leek.
 "Girls, Girls, Girls (Part 2)" features uncredited vocals by Michael Jackson and Chanté Moore.

Samples
 "The Ruler's Back" contains a sample of "If" performed by Jackie Moore, and an interpolation of "The Ruler's Back" performed by Slick Rick.
 "Takeover" contains samples of "Five to One" performed by The Doors, "Sound of da Police" performed by KRS-One, and an interpolation of "Fame" performed by David Bowie.
 "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" contains a sample of "I Want You Back" performed by Jackson 5.
 "Girls, Girls, Girls" contains a sample of "There's Nothing in This World That Can Stop Me from Loving You" performed by Tom Brock, and "High Power Rap" performed by Crash Crew.
 "U Don't Know" contains a sample of "I'm Not to Blame" performed by Bobby Byrd.
 "Heart of the City (Ain't No Love)" contains a sample of "Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City" performed by Bobby Blue Bland.
 "Never Change" contains a sample of "Common Man" performed by David Ruffin.
 "Song Cry" contains a sample of "Sounds Like a Love Song" performed by Bobby Glenn.
 "All I Need" contains a sample of "I Can't Break Away" performed by Natalie Cole.
 "Blueprint (Momma Loves Me)" contains a sample of "Free at Last" performed by Al Green.
 "Breathe Easy (Lyrical Exercise)" contains a sample of "Got to Find My Own Place" performed by Stanley Clarke.
 "Girls, Girls, Girls (Part 2)" contains a sample of "Trying Girls Out" performed by The Persuaders.

Bonus tracks
As with Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter, Jay-Z put two hidden bonus tracks at the end of the final track. "Blueprint (Momma Loves Me)" is 3:41 by itself. Twenty-five seconds of silence follows after and the bonus track "Breathe Easy (Lyrical Exercise)" begins. That song fades and is immediately followed by "Girls, Girls, Girls (Part 2)". It is reported that the latter song features uncredited vocals by Michael Jackson. The final track as a whole is 12:07. On the iTunes Store, however, these bonus tracks are released as separate tracks, thus making the album 15 tracks long. On the vinyl edition, there are no long gaps between the songs, but they are not printed on the back of the album jacket or record label.

Personnel

 Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter – performer, executive producer
 Eminem – performer, producer, mixing
 Slick Rick – vocals
 Q-Tip – vocals
 Biz Markie – vocals
 Demme Ulloa – vocals
 Schevise Harrell – vocals
 Lauren Leek – vocals
 Keon Bryce – vocals
 Stephanie Miller – vocals
 Michele Mills – vocals
 Josey Scott – vocals
 Victor Flowers – organ
 Kanye West – producer, vocals
 Just Blaze – producer
 Bink – producer
 Timbaland – producer
 Poke & Tone – producer
 DJ Head – drum programming

 Damon Dash – executive producer
 Kareem "Biggs" Burke – executive producer
 Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – engineer, mixing
 Jimmy Douglas – engineer, mixing
 Rajon Wright – assistant engineer
 Shane Woodley	– assistant engineer
 Jason Goldstein – mixing
 Richard Huredia – mixing
 Supa Engineer "Duro" – mixing
 Doug Wilson – mixing
 Tony Vanias – recording director
 Tony Dawsey – mastering
 Jason Noto – art direction
 Jonathan Mannion – photography
 Della Valle – images
 Dana "Sonni Black" Anderson – composer
 Sonet Lumiere Philadelphia – music publisher

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

See also
List of number-one albums of 2001 (U.S.)
List of number-one R&B albums of 2001 (U.S.)

References

External links
 The Blueprint at Discogs
 The Blueprint at Metacritic
 Album Review at Blender
 Album review at Stylus Magazine
 Album accolades at acclaimedmusic.net

2001 albums
Jay-Z albums
Albums produced by Bink (record producer)
Albums produced by Eminem
Albums produced by Just Blaze
Albums produced by Kanye West
Albums produced by Timbaland
Albums produced by Trackmasters
Roc-A-Fella Records albums
United States National Recording Registry recordings
United States National Recording Registry albums
Def Jam Recordings albums

The Blueprint


Jedriličarski klub Uskok je hrvatski jedriličarski klub iz Zadra. Primarno se bavi sportskim jedrenjem u klasama Optimist, 420, 470 i 49er.

Klub je u sklopu Narodne tehnike u Zadru djelovao od 1948. pod nazivom Pomorsko brodarsko društvo Zadar, a 1951. izlazi iz Narodne tehnike i mijenja ime u Jedriličarsko društvo Uskok. Godine 1983. godine prelazi na lokaciju rt Vitrenjak gdje se nalazi do danas.

Infrastrukturno je najopremljeniji klub na cijelom Sredozemlju. Zbog tih je uvjeta dobio domaćinstvo brojnih međunarodnih natjecanja: europska prvenstva klasa 470 (1999.), klasa 420 (2004.), klasa 470 (2008.), klasa 49-er (2009.), zatim svjetska prvenstva klasa 470  (2004.) i klasa 49-er (2012.). Godine 2011. godine bio je organizator svjetskog prvenstva u čak osam olimpijskih klasa.
Klub svake godine organizira jedriličarske regate za krstaše i klasu Optimist, a svake dvije do tri godine organizira svjetsko ili europsko prvenstvo za neku od olimpijskih klasa.

Članovi ovog kluba osvojili su mnoge nagrade na jedriličarskim prvenstvima. Dali su natjecatelje koji su jedrili na Olimpijskim igrama: posada Bašić/Cupać natjecala se u klasi 470 u Ateni 2004., a posada Kostov/Cupać u klasi 49-er u Pekingu 2008., Londonu 2012., te u Rio de Janeiru 2016.
U JK Uskoku je s jedrenjem započeo i olimpijski pobjednik na OI 2016. Šime Fantela.

Predsjednik kluba Ive Mustać dobio je nagradu za životno djelo Hrvatskog jedriličarskog saveza.

Godine 2006. klub je dobio godišnju državnu nagradu za šport "Franjo Bučar" u kategoriji športskih udruga i skupina.

Trenutno je u klubu više od 150 redovnih članova.

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice kluba
Facebook stranica kluba

Izvori

Uskok
Šport u Zadru

JK Uskok


El Río o Lugar del Río es una localidad del municipio de San Millán de la Cogolla en La Rioja, (España).

Demografía
El Río contaba a 1 de enero de 2010 con una población de 20 habitantes, 18 hombres y 2 mujeres.

Véase también
 Municipios de La Rioja
 Localidades de entidad menor de La Rioja
 La Rioja (España)

Notas

 Link a web: https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZSo1jnPWF5JG7/

Aldeas de La Rioja (España)
Localidades de La Rioja (España)
San Millán de la Cogolla

El Río (La Rioja)


ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාවක් යනු සංස්කෘතිය තුළ අන්තර්ගත ජනප්‍රිය කොටසක් හෝ රටක හෝ ජාතියකට වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩාව ලෙස සලකනු ලැබේ. ඇමෙරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවෙහි 'ජාතික විනෝදාංශය' යන යෙදුම බහුලව භාවිතා වේ.

ජනතාව විසින් පිලිගැනීම නිසා
ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව යනු කුමක්ද යන්න විග්‍රහ කරන නිල මිණුම් දණ්ඩක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් නොමැති වුවත්, බොහෝ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාවන්හි පොදුවේ දැක ගත හැකි සාමාන්‍ය ලක්ෂණ කිහිපයක් වේ.

ක්‍රීඩාවේ නීතිරීති හා පරමාර්ත එම රට ඉතාමත් විස්තර සහිතව දැනගෙන සීටීම.
රට හෝ ජාතිය විසින් එම ක්‍රීඩාව බොහෝ ලෙස ක්‍රීඩා කිරීම හෝ නැරඹීම.
රට හෝ ජාතිය තුළ එම ක්‍රීඩාව සම්බන්ධව දීර්ඝ ඉතිහාසයකින් යුත් ජනප්‍රිය තත්වයක් හෝ අතිමහත් වර්තමාන ජනප්‍රියත්වයක් පැවතීම.

රජය නිල නියෝගයක් නිකුත්කිරීම නිසා
සමහර රටවල කිසියම් ක්‍රීඩාවක් රජයේ නියෝගය පරිදි නිල ජාතික විනෝදාංශය බවට පත්විය හැකිය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වොලිබෝල් ක්‍රීඩාව මෙන්ම කැනඩාවේ ලැක් රෝස් හා  අයිස් හොකී ක්‍රීඩා දැක්විය හැකිය.

(1994) ඇමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ බේස්බෝල් ක්‍රීඩාව සහ ජපානයේ සුමෝ පොර වැනි දීර්ඝ ඉතිහාසයකින් යුත් ක්‍රීඩා ඇති අනෙකුත් රටවල එම ක්‍රීඩාව නිළ නොවන "නිල" ජාතික විනෝදාංශය ලෙස සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සලකනු ලැබේ. මෙම ලිපිය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සියලුම රටවල ක්‍රීඩාවට ඇති ජනප්‍රියත්වය සලකා නිර්මණය කරන ලදී.

ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාව


An Eragrostis saresberiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georg Oskar Edmund Launert. An Eragrostis saresberiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis saresberiensis


Logia Jesu (ytringer af Jesus ; gr. λόγια; ental 'logion', flertal 'logia') er betegnelse for
enkeltstående ytringer af Jesus, som er
overleveret løsrevet fra deres oprindelige sammenhæng,
altså uden angivelse af hvornår og hvor de er brugt,
og hvad der var foranledningen dertil.

Større eller mindre samlinger af sådanne
logia har man sikkert ofte haft i oldkirkens
første dage, og ved udgravninger i nærheden af
Oxyrhynchos, det nuværende Al Bahnasa, ca. 160 km syd-sydvest for
Kairo, fandt man 1897 og 1903 et
par papyrusfragmenter, som indeholdt en række
Jesusord, hvoraf nogle allerede var kendt i
beslægtet form fra evangelierne, men adskillige var helt nye.

Hvert enkelt udsagn indledes kun med et: "Jesus siger"; for eksempel:

Jesus siger: Hvis I ikke forsager verden, vil I ikke finde Guds
Rige, og hvis I ikke overholder sabbaten, vil I ikke
se Faderen.

Jesus siger: Jeg trådte frem
midt i verden og åbenbarede mig for dem i
kød, og jeg fandt dem alle berusede og ingen
ædru iblandt dem. Og min sjæl ængstes for
menneskenes børn, fordi de er blinde i deres
hjerte, og ser ikke selv deres fattigdom.

Jesus siger: Hvor to eller tre er sammen,
er Gud med dem (?), og hvor en er alene, der
er jeg hos ham. Løft stenen op, og du vil finde
mig dér; kløv træet og jeg er også dér.

Jesus siger: En profet er ikke velset i sit
fædreland, og heller ikke udfører en læge
helbredelser på dem, der kender ham osv.

Håndskrifterne anses i almindelighed for at stamme
fra 3. århundrede; de er meget medtaget af tidens
tand, og i adskillige tilfælde kan man kun
rent hypotetisk rekonstruere den oprindelige tekst.
Deres fremkomst affødte derfor en livlig
videnskabelig diskussion med forskellige tydningsforsøg.

Se også
 Tokildehypotesen, blandt andet om en tabt "talekilde" eller "logiakilde"
 Thomasevangeliet med indledningen: "De hemmelige ord, som den levende Jesus talte, og som Didymos skrev ned. ..."
 Oxyrhynchus papyri

Kilde
 , bind 15, side 973 af professor Holger Mosbech

Eksterne henvisninger
  Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relaterede til Oxyrhynchus papyri (papyrusfragmenterne fra Oxyrhynchos)
 The Sayings of Jesus (1920) af Hugh Gerard Evelyn-White (1884–1924) online på Archive.org. Har kommentar og redegørelse for tidligere litteratur om emnet, dvs. fra før 1920
 Om 'Logiakilden' og 'tokildehypotesen' og betydningen for evangelieforskningen – og kirkefaderen Papias' udsagn derom i Salmonsen, bind 7, side 596f
 Oxyrhynchus Online fra Papyrology.ox.ac.uk, "Papyrology at Oxford"

Jesus
Antikken

Logia Jesu


شَمْبَنْيَة - أرْدَن أو شامبان - أردان  هي منطقة في شمال فرنسا وعاصمتها هي شالون إن شامباني.

مراجع

الوحدات الإقليمية الإحصائية من المستوى الثاني في الاتحاد الأوروبي
تأسيسات سنة 1956 في فرنسا
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 2015
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1956
شامبان أردان
انحلالات سنة 2015 في فرنسا

شامبان - أردان


San Martín de Moreira es una parroquia que se encuentra en el ayuntamiento de Puenteareas. Según el padrón municipal del 2004, tenía 675 habitantes (345 mujeres y 330 hombres), distribuido en 13 identidades de población, lo que supone un aumento en relación con el año 1999 cuando tenía 654 habitantes.

Geografía

La parroquia limita con Salvatierra de Miño y está a dos quilómetros de Puenteareas y a catorce quilómetros de Portugal.

Fiestas
Se celebran dos fiestas importantes al año: a finales de agosto, La Virgen de la Consolación y a mediados de noviembre, la fiesta del patrón: San Martín.

Referencias

Parroquias de Puenteareas

Moreira (Puenteareas)


Fire forsøg er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1949, der er instrueret af Søren Melson efter manuskript af Finn Methling.

Handling
Oplysningsfilm om samarbejdet mellem videnskab og industri - Teknologisk Instituts virksomhed skildres. Som eksempler vises fire forsøg: trætørring, garvning, bagning og et middel til at hindre fiskegarn i at rådne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1949

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Fire forsøg


Felix Joseph Widder (16 de diciembre 1892 - 5 de septiembre 1974) fue un micólogo, botánico, y naturalista austríaco. Desarrolló actividades académicas en la Universidad de Graz

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1972. Das nordamerikanische Xanthium pungens WALLROTH als Adventivpflanze anderer Kontinente. Bot. Notiser 125 (4):389-392

 -------------------. 1950. Die in Steiermark entdeckte Mutante von Tussilago Farfara. 6 pp.

 -------------------. 1937. Uber afrikanische Xanthium-arten

 Libros
 . 1974. Festschrift Widder. Con Josef Poelt, Irmtraud Thaler. Editor Berger, 312 pp.

 -------------------. 1968. Nachträge zur Punktkarte von Dianthus alpinus. Edición reimpresa. 8 pp.

 -------------------. 1967. Diagnoses stirpium novarum. Edición reimpresa. 16 pp.

 -------------------. 1960. Erzherzog Johann und seine Icones Plantarum. I. 14 pp.

 -------------------. 1956. Verzeichnis der wissenschaftlichen Pflanzennamen zu Robert Benz: Die Vegetationsverhältnisse der Lavanttaler Alpen (Lista de nombres de plantas del científico Robert Benz: relaciones de la vegetación Alpes Lavanttaler, vv. 15 de Angewandte Pflanzensoziologie. Ed. Springer, 26 pp. ISBN 3211804064

 -----------------. 1935. Die Bastarde der Doronicum-Arten. 15 pp.

 -----------------. 1931. Draba norica, eine neue Ostalpenpflanze: Aus d. Inst. f. systemat. Botanik d. Univ. Graz. Editor	Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 14 pp.

 -----------------. 1923. Die arten der gattung Xanthium: Beiträge zu einer monographie (Las especies del género Xanthium: Contribuciones para una monografía). Volumen 20 de Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. Beihefte. Editor Verlag des Repertoriums, 221 pp.
 Honores
 Eponimia
 (Orchidaceae) Gymnadenia widderi (Teppner & E.Klein) Teppner & E.Klein
 Véase también
 Tübinger Stift
 Universidad de Viena
 Anexo:naturalistas y epónimos
 Anexo:Micólogos

 Fuentes
 . 2009. Conifers of the world: the complete reference''. Edición ilustrada de Timber Press, 720 pp. ISBN 0881929743

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Austria del siglo XX
Naturalistas de Austria
Micólogos de Austria
Escritores en alemán del siglo XX
Escritores en latín del siglo XX
Nacidos en Klagenfurt
Fallecidos en Viena

Felix Joseph Widder


A Safira de São Eduardo (inglês: St Edward's Sapphire) é uma safira octogonal com lapidação rosa que faz parte das Joias da Coroa Britânica.

Sua história é mais antiga do que qualquer outra pedra preciosa da coleção real. Acredita-se que a pedra tenha estado no anel de coroação de Eduardo, o Confessor, conhecido mais tarde como Santo Eduardo, que ascendeu ao trono da Inglaterra em 1042, vinte e quatro anos antes da conquista normanda. Eduardo, um dos últimos reis anglo-saxões da Inglaterra, foi enterrado com o anel na Abadia de Westminster em 1066.

Foi supostamente retirado do ringue quando o corpo de Eduardo foi reenterrado na Abadia de Westminster em 1163.

Não está claro como a joia sobreviveu à Guerra Civil Inglesa no século XVII, mas provavelmente foi recortada em sua forma atual por Carlos II após a restauração da monarquia.

A Rainha Vitória acrescentou a joia à Coroa Imperial de Estado, dando-lhe um papel de destaque no centro da cruz no topo da coroa, onde permanece até hoje na coroa semelhante usada pelo Rei Carlos III.

A Safira de Santo Eduardo está em exibição pública com as outras Joias da Coroa na Jewel House na Torre de Londres.

Acredita-se que a safira tenha se originado na Ásia, potencialmente no Afeganistão ou no Sri Lanka, que são famosos por seus depósitos de coríndon de produção de gemas desde os tempos antigos.

Galeria

Referências

Joias da Coroa Britânica
Joias

Safira de Santo Eduardo


Samtök frönskumælandi ríkja (franska: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, oft stytt í La Francophonie) eru samtök ríkja þar sem franska er almennt töluð eða er hefðbundið mál, og þar sem töluverður hluti íbúa er frönskumælandi eða umtalsverð tengsl eru við franska menningu. 88 ríki eru aðilar að samtökunum, þar af 57 fullgildir aðilar, 7 aukaaðilar og 27 áheyrnaraðilar.

Samtökin voru stofnuð 1970. Kjörorð þeirra eru égalité, complémentarité, solidarité ("jafnrétti, gagnkvæmni, samstaða"). Núverandi aðalritari samtakanna er Louise Mushikiwabo frá Rúanda.

Alþjóðastofnanir
Menningarfélög
Franska

Samtök frönskumælandi ríkja


Common Rail, "tutuculu püskürtme" veya "ortak boru" anlamına gelen, dizel motorlarda kullanılan bir yakıt enjeksiyon sistemidir. Bugüne kadar kullanılan aynı türdeki sistemlere göre yakıt sarfiyatı, egzoz gazı emisyonu, çalışma sistemi ve gürültü oluşumunda daha üstün bir sistemdir. Direkt tahrik edilen blok veya tek pompalı sistemlerden farklı olarak Common-Rail'de basınç oluşumu ve püskürtme ayrılmaktadır. Geleneksel dizel direkt püskürtücüleri yaklaşık 900 bar'lık basınç ile çalışırken, Common-Rail Sistemi, yakıtı 1500 bar'a kadar yükselen bir basınç ile ortak bir boru üzerinden enjektörlere dağıtır. Elektronik motor kumandası, bu yüksek basıncı, motorun devir sayısına ve yüküne bağlı olarak ayarlar.

Püskürtmeyi, enjektörler üzerinde bulunan ve süratle anahtarlanabilen manyetik supaplar sağlamaktadır. Bu da püskürtmenin şekillendirilmesi, püskürtme miktarının ölçülmesi ve yakıt püskürtmesi bakımından yeni imkânlar sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca yine bu imkânlar sayesinde yeni sistemin bir avantajı olan Pilot (ön) Püskürtme ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Pilot püskürtme, esas ana püskürtmeden önce oluşarak yakıtın yanmasına ilişkin çıkış oranlarını yüksek derecede iyileştirmektedir. Ön veya çoklu püskürtme, süratli manyetik supaplarına çok kere kumanda edilmesi ile oluşturulur. Böylece hem zararlı madde ve gürültü emisyonu hem de dizel motorlarının sarfiyat değerleri daha da azaltılmaktadır. Common-Rail sistemi, motorda önemli değişiklikler yapılmadan, kullanılan püskürtme sisteminin yerini alabilmektedir.

Basınç oluşumunun ve püskürtmenin ayrılmasına ilişkin tek şart, bir dağıtıcı boru (rail) ve enjektörlere giden borulardan oluşan, Yüksek Basınç Tutucusu'dur. Sistemin çekirdek parçası, manyetik supap kumandalı enjektördür. Püskürtme olayı, beyinden manyetik supaba giden bir sinyal ile başlatılır. Bu arada püskürtülen miktar, hem manyetik supabın açılma süresine hem de sistem basıncına bağlıdır. Sistem basıncını, yüksek basınçlı, pistonlu pompa oluşturmaktadır. Adı geçen pompa, düşük tahrik dönme momentleri ile çalışır, bu da pompa tahrikinin yükünü azaltmış olur. Basınç oluşumu için, binek otomobillerde distribütör tipi pompalar; ticari araçlarda ise sıra tipi pompalar öngörülmüştür. Common-Rail sistemlerinde, beyin, sensörler ve çoğu sistem fonksiyonları, başkalarında bulunan pompa-meme-birimi ve pompa-boru-meme gibi zamana bağlı tek pompa sistemleri ile eşittir. Common-Rail tekniği ile varılan gelişmeler duyulabilmekte ve ölçülebilmektedir. Ön püskürtme sayesinde bu direkt püskürtücü, ön yanma odalı motorun düşük gürültü seviyesi ile çalışırken aynı zamanda en katı egzoz gazı kurallarına da uymaktadır.

Otomobil üreticilerinin common rail uygulama adları

 British Leyland Motor Corporation: CRS
 Deutz AG: 4d34i
 BMW: D
 Chevrolet: VCDi
 Citroen:HDI
 Cummins ve Scania: XPI
 Cummins: CCR
 Daimler: CDI (ve Chrysler Jeep araçlarında sadece CRD olarak)
 Fiat Group (Fiat, Alfa Romeo ve Lancia): JTD (MultiJet, JTDm, CDTi, TiD, TTiD, DDiS ve Quadra-Jet)
 Ford Motor Company: TDCi (Duratorq)
 Honda: i-CTDi ve i-DTEC
 Hyundai ve Kia: CRDi
 IKCO: EFD
 Isuzu: iTEQ
 Jeep: CRD
 Komatsu: Tier3, Tier4, 4D95 and higher HPCR-series
 Mahindra: CRDe, DiCR, m2DiCR
 Mazda: MZ-CD, Skyactiv-D, DTİD
 Mitsubishi: DI-D
 Nissan: dCi
 Opel: CDTI
 Proton: SCDi
 PSA Peugeot Citroën: HDi'''
 Renault: dCi
 SsangYong: XDi
 Subaru: TD  D
 Tata: DICOR ve CR4
 Toyota: D-4D ve D-Cat Volkswagen Group (Volkswagen, Audi, Seat and Skoda): TDI'''
 Volvo: D ve D5

İçten yanmalı motor parçaları

Common rail


Fakultet zdravstvenih studija u Rijeci osnovan je 2014. godine iako je prethodno radio u sklopu Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci. Fakultet nudi smjerove radiološke tehnologije, sestrinstva, primaljstva i fizioterapije kao preddiplomske studije dok diplomski smjerovi uključuju fizioterapiju, klinički nutricionizam i sestrinstvo.

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Mjømna er en ø ca. 80 kilometer nord for Bergen i Gulen kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Den har et areal på 10,2 km² og 60 indbyggere.

Mjømna omgives af øerne Byrknesøyna (mod vest), Sandøyna (mod øst), og Hiserøyna (mod norddøst). Fensfjorden ligger syd for øen og Gulafjorden og Sognesjøen løber nord for øen.

Gården Mjømna ligger på vestsiden af øen. Dette gårdnavn er ikke brugt andre steder i Norge.

Historie
Mjømna blev stoppested for Fylkesbådene i 1892, fik postkontor i 1893, kirke i 1901, eget skolehus i 1914 og rigstelefon i 1920. I 1932 blev der bygget en dampskibskaj og en butik.
En mole blev bygget i Leirvika i 1937 . Mjømna fik elektrisk kraft i 1947.

I 1939/40 blev der fundet en økse fra yngre jernalder i Bussevika (Lerivik) i en fjeldsprække ved havet.

Trafik
Fylkesvej 4 går over øen. Mjømna har broforbindelse til Sandøyna via Mjåsundbroen og til Byrknesøyna via Mjømnesundbroen og Nappsundbroen.
I november 2010 blev fastlandsforbindelsen til Ytre-Gulen fuldført med åbningen af Brandangersundet bro fra Fivelsdal på fastlandet til Sandøyna. Sandøyna, Mjømna og Byrknesøyna blir dermed landfast og færgestrækningen Leirvåg-Sløvåg-Skipavik blev ændret til kun at trafikere strækningen Leirvåg-Sløvåg.

Ekspresbådene mellem Bergen og Sogn har daglige anløb på Mjømna.

Kirker
Mjømna kirke er en langkirke som blev bygget i 1901 og har 310 siddepladser.

Referencer

Litteratur
 Kleiva, Ivar; Gulen i Gammal og ny tid, Gulen Kommune 1996,

Øer i Vestland
Gulen

Mjømna


Les Oxytoxaceae sont une famille d'algues dinoflagellés de l'ordre des Peridiniales.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Oxytoxum, dérivé du grec ὀξύς / oxýs, « aigu, pointu », et  τόξον / tóxon, flèche, en référence à la forme élancée, fusiforme, de la cellule de ce dinoflagellé.

Liste des genres et espèces
Selon
 Corythodinium	Loeblich & A.R.Loeblich
 Oxytoxum Stein, 1883
 Pavillardinium G.De Toni
 Pyrgidium Stein

Notes et références

Liens externes

Dinophyta
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Oxytoxaceae