Ernst Ludwig Johann Rittershaus (* 27. Februar 1881 in Darmstadt; † 19. April 1945 in Hamburg) war ein deutscher Psychiater, "Rassenhygieniker" und Hochschullehrer.

Leben
Der Kaufmannssohn Ernst Rittershaus absolvierte nach dem Ende seiner Schullaufbahn ein Studium der Medizin an den Universitäten Würzburg und Bonn. Er wurde 1904 in Bonn mit der Dissertation Fehldiagnosen bei Carcinom. Ein Beitrag zur Statistik der nichtdiagnostizierten Krebse zum Doktor der Medizin promoviert. Anschließend bildete er sich im Bereich Psychiatrie weiter und war als Assistenzarzt ab 1904 bei der Landesirrenanstalt Philippshospital in Goddelau und ab 1907 an der Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik in Erlangen beschäftigt. Rittershaus wechselte 1909 an die "Staatsirrenanstalt Friedrichsberg", wo er im folgenden Jahr Abteilungsarzt wurde und ein von ihm gegründetes psychologisches Laboratorium führte. Dort schrieb er unter dem Titel Irrsinn und Presse eine umfangreiche Studie darüber, wie die fünf Hamburger Tageszeitungen im gesamten Jahr 1911 über Suizide, Geisteskrankheiten und psychiatrische Patienten berichteten. Als frühe Darstellung dieses Themas ist diese Arbeit aus heutiger Sicht zwar methodisch unzulänglich, aber dennoch sehr aufschlussreich.

Während des Ersten Weltkrieges leitete Rittershaus in Brüssel eine psychiatrische Abteilung. Nachdem er 1916 zum Stabsarzt befördert worden war, war er ab 1917 als Armeearzt d.R. in Tournay tätig. Nach Kriegsende folgte 1918 in Hamburg seine Habilitation für Psychiatrie mit der Schrift "Die klinische Stellung des manisch-depressiven Irreseins".

Ab 1920 war er als Privatdozent in Hamburg tätig und wurde am 28. Juli 1926 zum nicht beamteten außerordentlichen Professor ernannt. Ab 1927 war der rassenhygienisch orientierte Rittershaus leitender Oberarzt an der "Staatsirrenanstalt Friedrichsberg".

Rittershaus, von 1920 bis 1933 Mitglied der DVP, trat nach der Machtübergabe an die Nationalsozialisten am 1. Mai 1933 der NSDAP bei. Zudem wurde er Mitglied des  NS-Ärztebundes, des NS-Dozentenbundes und der Reichskulturkammer.

Rittershaus folgte im Jahr 1934 kommissarisch dem zwangsweise in den Ruhestand versetzten Wilhelm Weygandt als Leiter der "Staatsirrenanstalt Friedrichsberg" nach, bis er durch Hans Bürger-Prinz 1936 in dieser Funktion abgelöst wurde. Er wurde nicht in die Psychiatrie- und Nervenklinik übernommen, sondern ging als Oberarzt an die "Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Hamburg-Langenhorn" (heute: Asklepios Klinik Nord, Betriebsteil Ochsenzoll), wo er am 1. April 1938 Oberarzt wurde und ab Januar 1937 zugleich als "Landesobmann für die erbbiologische Bestandsaufnahme in Heil- und Pflegeanstalten" für Groß-Hamburg fungierte. In dieser Funktion führte er erbbiologische Erhebungen durch, die bei der Krankenselektion während der Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus Verwendung fanden.

Unter dem Pseudonym Ernst Rauhaus betätigte sich Rittershaus zudem als Schriftsteller. An der Universität Hamburg lehrte er seit dem 6. September 1939 als a.o. Professor für Psychiatrie und Rassenkunde. Am 28. Februar 1942 schied er krankheitsbedingt aus dem Lehrkörper aus.

Rassentheorie
Rittershaus' Arbeitsgebiet war der Zusammenhang von Rasse, Konstitution, seelischen Eigenschaften und psychischen Krankheiten. Er knüpfte an Ernst Kretschmers Konstitutionstypologie an und behauptete, die von Kretschmer beschriebenen Konstitutionstypen seien Rassenmerkmale. Damit hoffte er diejenigen zu widerlegen, die mit Kretschmers Konstitutionslehre die Rassenlehre kritisierten. Deshalb nahm er auch die Existenz von weit mehr eigenständigen menschlichen Rassen an als die zeitgenössische Rassenlehre. So warf er Hans F. K. Günther vor, die Bedeutung der "fälischen Rasse", die vom Neandertaler abstamme, "vergessen" zu haben. Die jeweiligen Konstitutionstypen verknüpfte Rittershaus mit Dispositionen zu bestimmten Geisteskrankheiten und erklärte, die Schizophrenie sei möglicherweise "der Ausdruck einer zügellosen Rassenmischung", wofür er als Beweis "degenerativste" "Judenpsychosen" anführte. Seine Rassentheorie, die er bereits seit 1930 in dieser Form entwickelt hatte, entsprach weder der Parteilinie noch der seinerzeit anerkannten Rassenlehre. Statt Anerkennung erntete Rittershaus überwiegend Spott.

Schriften
 Psychologische Tatbestandsdiagnostik: Aus d. Irrenanstalt Friedrichsberg; (Die sogenannte "Strafuntersuchung d. Zukunft"). Voss, Hamburg/Leipzig 1912.
 Irrsinn und Presse: Ein Kulturbild, Fischer, Jena 1913.
 Die klinische Stellung des manisch-depressiven Irreseins unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beziehungen zu organischen Gehirnkrankheiten und zur Epilepsie. J. Springer, Berlin 1920/1933.
 Die Irrengesetzgebung in Deutschland nebst einer vergleichenden Darstellung des Irrenwesens in Europa: (Für Ärzte, Juristen u. gebildete Laien). W. de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1927.
 Die Annahme an Kindesstatt (Adoption): Ein Ratgeber für Pflegeeltern und Behörden. J. F. Lehmanns Verl., München 1929.
 Konstitution oder Rasse? 6. Auflage. J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, München 1936.
 Die Rassenseele des deutschen Volkes, ihr Wesen, ihr Wirken und ihre Geschichte im europäischen Raum: Die Rassenfrage in gemeinverständl. Darst. Marhold, Halle 1937.

Literatur
 Rudolf Vierhaus (Hrsg.): Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, Saur, 2. überarbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe, 2007, S. 451.

 Eckart Klaus Roloff: Eine Zeitungsanalyse zur Psychiatrie von 1913. In: Psychiatrische Praxis, Bd. 32, Heft 7/2005, S. 371–372 (Beitrag zu Rittershaus' Buch Irrsinn und Presse)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Rassentheoretiker
Hochschullehrer (Universität Hamburg)
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Psychiater
Rassismus im Nationalsozialismus
NSDAP-Mitglied
DVP-Mitglied
Sanitätsoffizier (Deutsches Reich)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Deutscher
Geboren 1881
Gestorben 1945
Mann

Ernst Rittershaus


The Global Multimedia Protocols Group (GMPG) was founded in March 2003 by Tantek Çelik, Eric A. Meyer, and Matt Mullenweg.  The group has developed methods to represent human relationships using XHTML called XHTML Friends Network (XFN) and XHTML Meta Data Profiles (XMDP), for use in weblogs.

It is an informal organization that engages in experiments in metamemetics.

It was first mentioned in 1992 by author Neal Stephenson in his novel Snow Crash.

GMPG was founded to develop the initial principles for XFN, the XHTML Friends Network as an attempt for the creation of a simple way to express human relationships on the Web within HTML (machine-readable).

, an analysis of the network of pages collected by Common Crawl found that the web host gmpg.org had the highest PageRank and third highest in-degree of all the hosts in the network.

XFN - XHTML Friends Network
XFN provides a list of non-standard attribute values for the HTML attribute "rel", which is used within the "A" element for hyperlinks.

See also
 Microformats

References

External links
GMPG.org official website
GMPG Principles

Internet-related organizations
Organizations established in 2003
2003 establishments in the United States

Global Multimedia Protocols Group


Anisacanthus grace-woodiae, biljna vrsta iz porodice primogovki. Otkrivena je 2019. i imenovana po amaterskoj botanićarki Grace Wood, iz Kostarike, a opisao ju je Barry Hammel.

Izvori

Justicieae
Flora Kostarike

Anisacanthus grace-woodiae


Saucundas anden afgrøde - et risprojekt i Guinea Bissau er en film instrueret af Kristian Paludan.

Handling
Filmen viser den økonomiske og historiske baggrund for den permanente fødevarekrise/rismangel i Guinea Bissau og peger på en løsningsmodel i form af et andelslandbrug, der på længere sigt kan gøre landet selvforsynende med ris. Dette risprojekt, der har fået international støtte bl.a. gennem Folkekirkens Nødhjælp, er en del af den genopbygning, landet er inde i, efter mere end 500 års portugisisk kolonialisme.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1981

Guinea-Bissau
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark


يصف التصويت التراتبي  مجموعة محددة من الأنظمة الانتخابية حيث يقوم الناخبون بترتيب النتائج في هرمية من سلم تراتبي. في بعض المجالات يطلق على التصويت التراتبي اسم التصويت التفضيلي ، ولكن في مجالات أخرى يحمل هذا المصطلح تفاصيل أكثر من ذلك. الفرع الرئيسي الآخر من أنظمة التصويت هو أنظمة الانتخاب التقليدية حيث يتم إعطاء درجات للمرشحين بغض النظر عن تراتبيتهم.

عند الاختيار بين أكثر من خيارين، تقوم أوراق الاقتراع التفضيلية بجمع معلومات من الناخبين أكثر من ورقة الاقتراع ذات العلامة الواحدة (المستخدمة في الفوز للأكثر أصواتا والتمثيل النسبي المختلط... إلخ).

اثبتت كلاً من  و أنه لا يمكن لأي نظام انتخابي تحقيق جميع الخصائص المطلوب توافره فيه لذلك لا يوجد إجماع سواءً بين الأكاديميين أو موظفي الخدمة العامة حول أفضل نظام انتخابي.

هناك العديد من أنواع التصويت التفضيلي المستخدم معظمها في الانتخابات الحكومية: جولة الإعادة المباشرة مستخدمة في انتخابات الولايات والانتخابات الفدرالية في أستراليا وفي الانتخابات الرئاسية في أيرلندا وفي بعض التقسيمات الإدارية في الولايات المتحدة، المملكة المتحدة ونيوزيلندا. الصوت الواحد القابل للتحويل مستخدمة في الانتخابات الوطنية في جمهورية أيرلندا وماطا، مجلس الشيوخ الأسترالي، والانتخابات المناطقية والمحلية في أيرلندا الشمالية، جميع الانتخابات المحلية في اسكولتندا، وبعض الانتخابات المحلية في نيوزيلندا والولايات المتحدة. مستخدم في سلوفينيا وناورو.  أيضاً مستخدم في بعض المناطق.  مستخدم بشكل أكبر في المنظمات الخاصة والأحزاب الصغيرة.

المراجع

اقتراع تراتبي

جولة الإعادة المباشرة
نظرية الخيار الاجتماعي
نظرية الخيار العام

اقتراع تراتبي


Un boghiu (din engleza britanică: bogie) sau truc (din engleza americană: truck) este un șasiu sau un cadru la care sunt montate roți și care se atașează unui vehicul, servind prin urmare drept subansamblu modular de axe și roți. Boghiurile au forme variate în funcție de modul de transport. Un boghiu poate rămâne atașat (precum în majoritatea cazurilor vagoanelor de tren sau remorcilor de camion) sau poate fi rapid detașat (precum în cazurile în care schimbarea boghiurilor e necesară din cauza ecartamentelor feroviare diferite pe care trebuie să circule un tren). Boghiurile pot conține o suspensie (este cazul majorității boghiurilor feroviare și rutiere) sau pot fi rigide și suspendate (este cazul majorității vehiculelor șenilate). Un boghiu poate fi montat pe un pivot, sistem folosit în mod tradițional la locomotive sau drezine, îmbinate suplimentar și retractabile, precum trenul de aterizare al avioanelor de linie, sau fixate pe poziție prin alte mijloace.

Boghiuri pentru calea ferată
Un boghiu este o structură poziționată dedesubtul unui vehicul feroviar (vagon, automotor sau locomotivă), în care osiile (prin urmare și roțile) sunt atașate prin intermediul unor cuzineți.

Prima cale ferată cu ecartament normal a Imperiului Britanic care a utilizat vagoane cu boghiuri în locul rigidelor osii montate a fost Midland Railway, în 1874.

Scop
Boghiurile îndeplinesc mai multe scopuri:
 Sprijină corpul vehiculului feroviar;
 Asigură stabilitatea pe șine drepte sau în curbe;
 Îmbunătățesc calitatea călătoriei absorbind vibrațiile și reducând impactul forțelor centrifuge când trenul circulă la viteze mari prin curbe;
 Reduc generarea de neregularități și abraziuni ale șinelor;

Note

Componente de locomotive
Componente de vehicule
Tehnologie feroviară
Tehnologia vehiculelor

Boghiu


Nadeen Ashraf, , née le , est une militante féministe égyptienne. Son utilisation des médias sociaux suscite le mouvement MeToo en Égypte. Elle fait partie de la liste BBC des 100 femmes 2020.

Biographie
Achraf naît au Caire en 1998. Son père est développeur de logiciels et sa mère est nutritionniste. En 2020, elle étudie la philosophie et les sciences politiques à l'université américaine au Caire.

Dans la nuit du , Achraf crée un compte Instagram nommé Assault Police, première plate-forme publique permettant aux femmes égyptiennes d'avoir une voix dans le mouvement MeToo. Dans un sondage de 2013, 99% des femmes égyptiennes déclarent avoir survécu à une agression sexuelle.

Le compte Instagram Assault Police est initialement créé par Ashraf pour fournir une plate-forme aux femmes qui ont subi des agressions sexuelles et des viols afin de rendre leurs expériences publiques. Le compte joue un rôle de premier plan dans la découverte du cas du harceleur et violeur présumé, Ahmed Bassam Zaki, qui est condamné à trois ans de prison pour des accusations de harcèlement sexuel en ligne en  . Cette affaire très médiatisée incite des personnalités publiques et des organisations égyptiennes, telles que la mosquée Al-Azhar du Caire, à dénoncer le viol et les violences sexuelles.

Le contenu du compte Assault Police passe de la dénonciation à l'expression de préoccupations générales concernant la violence sexuelle, ainsi qu'à l'éducation et à la fourniture de ressources aux femmes. Cela stimule également d'autres mouvements et encourage d'autres femmes à dénoncer le harcèlement sexuel, comme les étudiantes de l'Institut supérieur du cinéma d'Égypte.

Fin 2020, Ashraf prévoit de faire évoluer le compte Instagram vers une organisation destinée à soutenir les survivants, les aider à contacter des professionnels, leur offrir une assistance juridique et une thérapie.

Prix
En 2020, Ashraf est classée parmi la liste BBC des 100 femmes 2020. Elle reçoit également le Changemaker Award lors du gala virtuel Equality Now, parrainé par Gucci.

Notes et références

100 femmes de la BBC
Naissance en mars 1998
Étudiant de l'université américaine du Caire
Féministe égyptienne

Nadeen Ashraf


Spendesk est une start-up française spécialisée dans la gestion de moyen de paiements pour les collaborateurs d'entreprises.

Historique
Spendesk est créée en 2016 au sein du startup studio eFounders par Rodolphe Ardant, Guilhem Bellion et Jordane Giuly .

Entre 2018 et 2019, la startup passe de 20 à 120 collaborateurs, et entame son expansion européenne.

En octobre 2020, Spendesk compte environ 40 000 utilisateurs faisant partie de sociétés clientes telles que Algolia, Curve, Doctolib, Raisin et Wefox.

En juillet 2021, la startup lève 100 millions d'euros lors d'un tour de table mené par General Atlantic. Spendesk est alors présent sur trois principaux marchés : la France, l'Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni.

En 2022, l'entreprise lève 100 millions d'euros et devient la 26ème licorne française. Sa valorisation dépasse le milliard de dollars, mais le montant exact n'est pas communiqué.

En janvier 2022, elle compte 300 collaborateurs et ambitionne de doubler son effectif d'ici la fin 2022.

Notes et références

Start-up
Licorne (entreprise)
Service en ligne
Entreprise Internet
Entreprise Internet ayant son siège en France
Entreprise ayant son siège à Paris

Spendesk


Andy Meddick (1964-), homme politique australien ;
 Jim Meddick (1961-), auteur de comic strip américain.

Meddick


Aulnay-sous-Bois () is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in the Île-de-France region in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located  from the Kilometre zero.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aulnaysiens or Aulnaysiennes in French.

The commune has been awarded four flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography

Situation
Aulnay-sous-Bois is located in the Paris area and is 19 km north-east of Notre-Dame Cathedral, 1 km east of Le Bourget Airport, and 5 km south-west of Charles de Gaulle Airport. The commune stretches over a length of 6.5 km from north to south and a width ranging from 1.4 to 4.3 km from east to west and covers an area of 1,620 hectares.

The town is surrounded by the A3 autoroute in the west which joins the A1 autoroute in the north. Route nationale 2 passes through the heart of the commune from west to east with the N370 coming from the south-east along the eastern border to join the N2. The D44 passes through from north-west to south-east and the D115 from Bobigny in the south-west passes through the centre and continues to Villepinte in the east. The Ourcq Canal passes through the south-eastern end, adjacent to Livry-Gargan.

Distribution of urban zones is:
Residential: 44%
Industrial: 30%
Housing Estates: 11%
Natural areas (parks): 15%

Districts
The north of Aulnay-sous-Bois consists of large housing estates (including the City of 3000 and Milles-Milles), industrial areas (PSA Peugeot Citroën, Garonor, and O'Parinor), and parks (Robert Ballanger Park and Sausset Park):
The Rose des Vents (also known as the City of 3000 in reference to the number of dwellings constructed)
The Etangs (Ponds) (there are the East Etangs - also called Les Nénuphars, and the West Etangs)
The Merisier
The City of Emmaus
Balagny
La Garenne
Ambourget (also called Mitry or Mille-mille)
Savigny
The Gros Saule (A district categorised as a ZSP or Special Security zone)
The central area, called the district of Vieux Pays (Old Country), is older especially with its Church of Saint-Sulpice built in the 12th century and its farm. It includes La Roseraie, Maximilien Robespierre, Le Vieux Pays, Tour Eiffel, and Hotel de Ville.
The south, across the railway line, is wealthier and residential in nature. It consists of suburban districts and is bordered by the Canal de l'Ourcq. It includes Chanteloup, Central Station, Pont de l'Union, and Nonneville.

Rose-des-Vents
When the construction of Clos Saint-Lazare at Stains ended, urbanization of the northern districts of Aulnay-sous-Bois began. The idea was to create an area of factories. It was on this basis that the area of Rose des Vents was built in 1969 in the northern part of Aulnay-sous-Bois. This "Great Housing Estate" was built on former agricultural land. Its mission was to provide shelter for workers and managers for a new Citroën plant to be located a few hundred metres away.

Beyond the Rose des Vents, which is also known as the City of 3000, all of the housing estates in the northern districts total 6,500 housing units including 745 detached houses. 24,000 people, or 30% of the population of Aulnay-sous-Bois, are housed on 4% of the territory.

Communication routes

Roads
The city is served by:
Autoroutes: A1, A3, A104 (the Francilienne)
National Roads: N2 and N370
Departmental Routes: D115, D44, D40, D401

SNCF Railway station, tramway

The commune is traversed by the main railway line from Paris to Soissons, Laon, and Hirson which serves the Aulnay-sous-Bois station where all buses and semi-direct services of  (Roissy and Mitry-Mory) and the Transilien Paris to Crépy-en-Valois  (connecting with TER Villers to Cotterêts/Soissons/Laon) stop and it is the terminus of the  line. The station has a park and ride with a parking fee.

Since November 2006, the classic commuter train the Ligne des Coquetiers (The Egg-cups line) between Aulnay-sous-Bois to Bondy has been replaced by a Tram-train  that takes the same route and allows connection to the  and . Two branches are planned: the first to Clichy-sous-Bois and Montfermeil on the Gargan heights; the second towards Garonor through Rose-des-Vents and the N370 to the heights of Rougemont-Chanteloup.

Between September 2009 to January 2011, the Aulnay-sous-Bois station  has had work done to allow access to all platforms for disabled persons including: the development of four lifts, the rehabilitation of the railway station and underpasses, and the installation of new lighting. Aulnay-sous-Bois station    is also served by bus routes:

Villepinte Station  is located halfway between Aulnay-sous-Bois and Villepinte and it provides access to the district of Rose des Vents. Villepinte station is served by buses: TRA 609 615 617 642 683(RER) (B)(BUS)

In 2023 a station on line 16 in the Grand Paris Express project is planned north of the commune on the embankment of the former N2 road. Its platforms will be at a depth of 15 metres.

Bus
The city is served by various bus networks:

In the medium term, it is proposed the creation of a "transverse" line by merging  lines. In addition, it is also planned to create a circular line to connect different parts of the city to avoid "reloading" (a change of bus) for trips between all economic areas of the city and its public facilities.

Taxi stand
There is a taxi rank at Aulnay-sous-Bois station .

Air transport
Aulnay-sous-Bois is located 5 km from Charles de Gaulle Airport. The airport can be reached by  (4 stations) or by the A1 and A3 autoroutes.

Toponymy
"Aulnay" is a common French toponym and may derive from the Medieval Latin alnetum meaning "alder grove" after the alder trees () which covered Aulnay-sous-Bois in ancient times. An alternative derivation is that Aulnay takes its name from its location in pagellus alnetenis - Aulnaye Country

Aulnoye or Aunois was a small agricultural area in Île-de-France. It included a dozen villages and hamlets scattered between thickets, meadows and woods. The village was surrounded by the Forest of Bondy which covered most of the north-east of Paris.

The location previously bore the names Aunay, Aunais, Anay, Aunoye, Aulnaye, Aulnay-la-Fosse, Aulnay-en-France (15th century), becoming Aulnay-lès-Bondy (i.e. "Aulnay by Bondy") in 1787. The commune was renamed Aulnay-sous-Bois (i.e. "Aulnay under the woods") on 5 January 1903 in reference to the ancient Forest of Bondy. Other nearby commune names (Clichy-sous-Bois, Les Pavillons-sous-Bois, and Rosny-sous-Bois) also refer to the same forest.

History

The area was originally settled around 6000 BC (remains found in the Valley of Sausset). Between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC, farmers living around a "villa" belonging to Sabinus - the Savigny Farm. Two places independent from the parish of Saint Sulpice were Savigny and Nonneville which were attached to the current village. Until the 15th century the lords bore the name of d'Aulnay. The lord Jacques Coitier passed succession to his heirs through his nephew to the Gourgues family. The Canal de l'Ourcq was dug during the Napoleonic period to facilitate relations with Paris. Excavation began in 1803 and the canal was opened between Paris and Claye in 1813.

The register of city council meetings shows that 13 May 1814 was the first Prussian occupation of the village. There were also Prussian occupations in 1814 and 1870. Over a long period houses were destroyed and fields remained deserted. On 15 August 1838 a postal boat service was started on the Canal de l'Ourcq from Paris to Meaux. This service stopped in 1849. In 1875, the French Northern Railway opened a station on the new Paris to Soissons line. The rise of Aulnay was largely due to this event. In 1883 the Parc district began to emerge in the south from a fragment of the Forest of Bondy. In the years which followed cohabitation between the rural community of Vieux-Pays (Old Country) and the more urban community of Parc was difficult. There was even talk of cutting the city in two: Aulnay-les-Bondy for Vieux-Pays and Aulnay-sous-Bois for Parc. The population of Aulnay rose from 780 inhabitants in 1885 to 1,012 in 1886. In 1896 the municipal council was mostly made up of inhabitants of Parc but undertook the development of the entire community of Aulnay. A school, a post office, streets, and bridges were built in the south. The creation of "worker trains" by the French Northern Railway attracted many workers to acquire land. Large properties began to fragment. Parc was sold in lots. Tempted by the greenery on the outskirts of Paris, Parisians bought land and transformed the place into a holiday and residential area.

At the beginning of the 20th century Aulnay grew through accentuation on rail traffic and installation of industries. On 5 January 1903, the city became Aulnay-sous-Bois. In September 1914 Aulnay was saved from German military occupation by the counter-offensive during the First Battle of the Marne. In 1924 the Radiator Company commenced operation and provided employment for 2,300 workers. Other small mechanical or chemical industries also moved to Aulnay. Between 1920 and 1931 most of the housing estates were completed. In 1935 the population of the housing estates represented approximately 40% of the total population of Aulnay. In 1955 the large rural area in the north of the commune began to urbanize: large multi-family housing estates were planned and built. In 1962 the first group of buildings at Merisiers was built.

In 1969 and 1970 a housing zone of 3,000 housing units was built in the district of Rose des Vents. In 1971 the Citroën company opened its first factory in the Paris region north of the city. By 1985 Aulnay was completely urbanized. At that date the extension of the northern part and the establishment of industrial zones was complete. Many facilities were added in the districts and gave the city its present face.

Heraldry

Politics

Administration
Since the French canton reform, which came into effect in March 2015, Aulnay-sous-Bois forms one canton: Canton of Aulnay-sous-Bois.

The city is part of the Syndicat d'équipement et d'aménagement des Pays de France et de l'Aulnoye (Facilities and development association of Pays de France and Aulnoye) (SEAPFA).

Administrative changes
Until 1787, the parish of Aulnay was part of the province of Île-de-France, Prévôté, Généralité, Élection de Paris, Subdélégation de Saint-Denis. In 1787, during the formation of the department of Saint-Germain, the village of Aulnay was within the jurisdiction of Gonesse. In 1790 Aulnay was part of the department of Seine-et-Oise, of the canton and district of Gonesse

In 1801 Aulnay became Aulnay-lès-Bondy and was part of the arrondissement of Pontoise. In 1903 Aulnay-lès-Bondy became Aulnay-sous-Bois. The first Canton of Aulnay-sous-Bois was founded in 1922 and included Blanc-Mesnil, Sevran, Villepinte, and Tremblay-les-Gonesse. From 1964 the city formed a Canton of Aulnay alone. Aulnay-sous-Bois, previously under the Department of Seine-et-Oise and the arrondissement of Pontoise, was attached to the new department of Seine-Saint-Denis, Arrondissement of Le Raincy, under the Act of 10 July 1964. This reform came into force on 1 January 1968. Between July 1967 and March 2015, Aulnay-sous-Bois was divided into two separate electoral districts and had two councillors.

Mayors

The 2008 French municipal elections, in Aulnay-sous-Bois were annulled on 2 October 2008 by the Administrative Court of Cergy-Pontoise due to putting up posters in the night before the second round of municipal elections. An appeal was brought before the Council of State and the municipal council and the elections in March 2008 remained in place until the court's decision. The elections were finally validated after the decision of the court.

Mayors from 1939

Demographics
According to INSEE (2004), the average household income is €15,000. Much of the upper-middle class lives in the south of the town. The canton of Aulnay-Sud has a very different character from the canton of Aulnay-Nord, owing to differences in education and wages. For example, the average income in the south of the town is around €20,000 - €25,000 (2004), much higher than the national average of €15,000 (2004). Furthermore, the north (Aulnay-Nord) has a high number of HLM (public housing). There is even a political divide, with Aulnay-Nord Canton sending a Socialist representative (Gerard Segura) to the Council-General for the Seine-Saint-Denis Department, but Aulnay-Sud a conservative (Jacques Chaussat).

Immigration

As of circa 1998 there were about 3,000 persons of East and Southeast Asian origin in Aulnay, while there were a total of 6,000 living in the area around Aulnay. Most of them were of Cambodian origin, including those with and without Cambodian citizenship. The commune also had an above-average number of persons of Laotian origin, including those with and without Laotian citizenship. Ethnicities included Khmer people, Lao people, and Overseas Chinese.

Many Asian families in Aulnay arrived in the period 1982 through 1990. As of circa 1998 most of the Asians in Aulnay resided in Les Trois Mille, a social housing estate, mainly due to a social agency wanting to increase ethnic diversity in a predominately North African area.

As of circa 1998 there were about 1,280 Asians in the Aulnay area active in the job market, and about 100 of the ethnic Chinese in the Aulnay area worked in Belleville and the 13th arrondissement of Paris. Even though Citroën factories are in proximity to Tres Trois Mille, relatively less than 88 of the Asians in Aulnay work in the factories.

Political trends and results
For the 2007 elections Aulnay-sous-Bois was one of 82 communes with more than 3,500 people to use voting machines. They have been used for all polling stations since the 2004 European elections. The municipal council elected in 2008 decided to return to vote by paper ballots.

Twinning
Aulnay-sous-Bois has twinning associations with:
 Rufisque (Senegal) since 2011.
 Al-Ram (Palestine) since 2010.
 Abala District (Republic of the Congo) since 2003.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 85,740 inhabitants.

The Centre for Strategic Analysis conducted a study on the city: the extract below tends to reflect a bad reputation, not necessarily deserved in all its aspects.

"It would be wrong to present Aulnay simply as a disadvantaged commune. It is a city which is composed in part of professions, middle, and senior management. It is also a city with important economic resources - three economic centres are located there: a PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, a L'Oréal group centre, and a Garanor centre of economic activity..."

In 2011 Aulnay-sous-Bois was the 55th most populated commune in France.

Economy
The city had good growth due to companies like L'Oréal and PSA Peugeot Citroën being located there. There are concerns, however, resulting from the departure of Xerox France and the fears that plague the Citroën plant.

Statistics
Aulnay-sous-Bois had 3,398 business enterprises in 2012 and 622 new enterprises were created in that year.

Large companies
Aulnay-sous-Bois is home to the largest company in the department: Peugeot-Citroën Aulnay with over 5,000 employees and a production of about 400,000 vehicles per year.

L'Oréal is located in the commune (a street and a pathway in the city bear the name of its founder Eugène Schueller), with a factory in the north and a research centre in the south.
The Garonor logistics park has many freight companies.
The O'Parinor regional mall (see shopping).

The city itself employs nearly 2,400 people and thus constitutes one of the largest employers in the town (see Administrative Staff).

Automotive production
In May 1973 it was reported that the first Citroën DS had emerged from the production line at Citroën's new plant at Aulnay. The plant has subsequently produced various Citroën and Peugeot models and has on occasion hit the headlines as a focus of industrial strife. On 12 July 2012 PSA Peugeot Citroën announced that it will permanently close the Aulnay-sous-Bois plant due to overcapacity.

Aulnay is also the site of the subterranean Citroën repository of Citroën archives and 370 Citroën cars produced over the years. The repository, established in 2002, is not open to the public although members of Citroën enthusiasts' clubs and other important visitors are occasionally granted access to it.

Shops
The O'Parinor regional mall is located in the commune.

There is an Intermarché Hypermarket in Chanteloup.

There is at least one market every day from Tuesday through Sunday:
At Galion in the heart of Rose des Vents: Tuesdays, Fridays, and Sundays
At Vieux-Pays: Wednesdays and Saturdays
On the Boulevard de Strasbourg: Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays

Two markets were held on the Place des Etangs and in the Ambourget district without success.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings which contain items registered as historical objects:
The Savigny Farm contains a Group sculpture: Saint Antoine (14th century)
The Church Square contains 12a Group sculpture: Saint Antoine (14th century)

Religious heritage

The commune has one religious building that is registered as a historical monument:
The Church of Saint-Sulpice (12th century). The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
12 Anagogic Stained glass windows (20th century)
2 Tombstones of Elisabeth Guibillon and Jeanne Berson (17th century)
A Painting: Christ and Saint Mary Magdalene (18th century)
A Painting: Saint Vincent de Paul (19th century)
A Painting: The meal of Emaus (1711)
A Tombstone of Thomas Michel (1665)
A Tombstone of Jacques Longer (1711)
A Tombstone of Louis Le Clerc de Cottier (1679)
A Tombstone of Robert la Nesle (1745)
A Painting: The meal of Emaus (1713)
A Painting: Saint Roch and the plague (18th century)
A Silver plate and 2 Silver Cruets (1826)
A Statue: Virgin and Child (17th century)
A Console (18th century)
2 Sculptures: Angels seated holding a shield (18th century)
10 decorative windows (19th century)
2 stained glass windows of Saint Dominique and Saint Roch (1865)
2 stained glass windows of the Assumption and the Resurrection (1866)

Other churches contain items registered as historical objects:
The Chapel of Saint-Paul d'Ambourget contains abstract stained glass windows (20th century)
The Church of Saint-Joseph at 57 Avenue de la Croix-Blanche contains:
10 stained glass windows depicting saints (1934-1940)
2 stained glass windows of Saint Adrien and Saint Martha (1934)
2 stained glass windows of Saint Mary (1942)
2 stained glass windows of Bon Pasteur and the Virgin and Child (20th century)
A stained glass window consecrated at Saint Joseph (1920)
The Church of Saint-Pierre of Nonneville at 54 Rue de Reims contains:
10 geometric stained glass windows (20th century)
An abstract stained glass window (20th century)

Parks
Aulnay has 153 hectares of green space of which these are the main ones:
Sausset departmental Park traversing both Aulnay-sous-Bois and Villepinte (200 hectares - the 2nd largest in the department)

Robert Ballanger communal park (29 hectares), with a lookout where the Eiffel Tower and Sacré-Cœur can be seen

Dumont Park, avenue Dumont
Gainville Park, park of swans, rue de Sevran (7.6 hectares), next to the Gainville House - the oldest house in Aulnay (dating to the 17th century)Émile Zola Park, boulevard Émile Zola (4.4 hectares)Faure Park, circular road (9 hectares)Bigottini Park, avenue de la Croix-BlancheHonoré Daumier Rose Garden, avenue du Maréchal juin (8 hectares and 2,500 rose plants)Banks of the Canal de l'OurcqSerres municipales, rue Auguste Renoir

Facilities

Cultural Facilities

The Jacques Prévert Theatre and cinema is a multi-cultural centre that offers diverse live entertainment programming for both adults and young audiences. It can accommodate 100,000 spectators annually and offers throughout the year: theatre, dance, songs, and opera. It is also a cinema. The two theatres (the largest of which accommodates 700 seats) show twenty films per month.
The CAP is a cultural facility dedicated to contemporary music and all kinds of music from around the world. It is a venue with a theatre with a capacity of over 500 people and holds about four to five concerts per month. It also offers education through 17 workshops for instrumental practice at every level: percussion, string instruments, wind instruments, guitar etc. as well as in vocal technique and gospel singing. Supporting young talent is also one of the objectives of the CAP. Three rehearsal studios and a resource centre are available for amateur musicians to help them realize their projects, information on contracts, intermittent status of the show, the addresses of places to play, and many other functions.
The Conservatory of Music and Dance is a departmental branch (CRD) which offers individual and group courses for children from the age of 4. It is possible to choose from: Accordion, Viola, Bassoon, Clarinet, Harpsichord, Bass, Horn, Flute, Guitar, Harp, Oboe, Piano, Percussion, Saxophone, Trombone, Trumpet, Tuba, Violin, and Cello.
The Dance Centre of Galion welcomes and supports youth in their artistic activities with three rehearsal studios, work experience, and regular courses. It is recognized as a Centre of Resources for Amateur Dancing Practice in Ile-de-France. To promote dance in all its forms it organizes meetings between different experiences, expressions, and supports the creation of young choreographers.
The Claude Monet School of Art is one of the largest non-degree schools in France. It is open to children and adults. Twelve teachers educate nearly 800 apprentice artists every year and introduce techniques from different artistic disciplines to them: drawing, painting, printmaking, tapestry, photography, ceramics, sculpture, cartoon, graphic design, and art history. Their teaching mission is completed by the design, organization, and presentation of exhibitions promoting the encounter between the public and works of art.
The CREA is a unique arts educational structure in France. It is established at the Jacques Prévert theatre and plans to build a centre in Vieux Pays. Its director, Didier Grosjman, and his team have realized many projects with schools, colleges, autistic children, students, and teachers. Four "permanent" courses have been offered since its inception 25 years ago:
L'éveil (Awakening) for children between 7–8 years old
avant-scène (Forestage) for those 8 to 11 years old
chœur de scène (choir stage) for children 10–18 years who play at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra de Vichy
Créa'tures, the choir of young adults.

5 libraries and a Mediabus:Dumont library, Boulevard du General GallieniGuillaume Apollinaire Library, rue TurgotAlphonse Daudet Library, rue du HameauJules Verne Library, rue du LimousinElsa Triolet Library, Saturn Street
A Sound library, rue Roger Contensin

Cultural events and festivals

In 1981 and 1982, Aulnay-sous-Bois was a stage town for the 68th and 69th Tour de France during the 10th stage (Le Mans-Aulnay-sous-Bois) in 1982 and for the 20th stage in 1982 (Sens-Aulnay-sous-Bois).

Every winter an outdoor skating rink (600 metres square in 2006-2007) is installed at the Vieux Pays Farm.

Every Easter Monday there is a Spring Fair that combines antiques, a flea market, and a garage sale. It brings together about 1,500 exhibitors between Vieux Pays and the Place du General Leclerc.

The Jacques Prévert Theatre and cinema stages Les Panoramiques festival in May - a festival of artistic practices for amateurs. It unites for one week different theatrical companies of children, adolescents, and adults who present their creations on stage.

Every year in November is the Aulnay All Blues festival.

In early June there is the Festival of Towns in Flower and Cycling in Gainville (Parc des Cygnes) Park.

A Festival of Military Music is scheduled on the second Saturday of June. Groups from several European countries are invited. In the morning a parade is held in the city from Dumont Park followed by an outdoor concert at Dumont Park. In the afternoon there is a parade from the Vieux Pays Farm and a concert in the Pierre Scohy gymnasium.

The Festival of the Canal de l'Ourcq is held in mid-June between the Pavilions-sous-Bois port and the Jardins Perdus Gateway.

The traditional Festival of the Tree takes place for two days in early November at Dumont Park. There are organized exhibitions and workshops for children focused around trees, nature, and wildlife. The adventure trail from tree to tree is free for all.

The festival of hip-hop,  (A Hip Hop Organization), is organized by the Centre de Danse du Galion in partnership with the Jacques Prévert Theatre and cinema and the current music scene Le Cap in December. Over the past 10 years it has brought together the avant-garde of the French hip-hop scene.

The Battle VNR, every last Sunday of May, is a break-dance hip-hop event which has been running since 2002.

The city hosted the 2012 Boxing Championship of France.

Les Futuriales Festival takes place every year in Dumont Park since 2010. It has for its theme literature of the imagination and has more than 60 authors in one day. It is co-organized by the Librarie Folies d'Encre and the network of libraries.

Education

Education of very young children:
 6 full-time collective home crèches

Public schools:
 23 public nursery schools/preschools
 30 public primary schools
At the end of the 2007-2008 year the Bougainville elementary school was closed - Le parisien, edition 93 of 3 September 2007
 7 public junior high schools
 a project for a 7th school in the south is in progress
 2 public secondary schools
 Lycée polyvalent régional Voillaume
 Lycée Jean Zay

Private schools:
1 private preschool elementary, junior and senior high school: Institution l'Espérance
1 private preschool, elementary school and senior high school: Protectorat Saint-Joseph

Health

There are three health facilities in Aulnay-sous-Bois:
The Centre Hospitalier Robert Ballanger: the inter-communal hospital for Aulnay-sous-Bois, Villepinte, and Sevran (1750 employees).
The René Muret-Bigottini Gerontology Hospital straddles the border between Sevran and Aulnay-sous-Bois.
The '''Clinic of Aulnay, Private Hospital of east Paris

Sports
"Coursailles" Olympic Swimming Stadium (up to 2700 people entering per day)

8 gymnasiums
Stadiums:
Velodrome
5 multi-purpose stadiums
2 Sports Complexes
3 tennis complexes

Worship

Catholic worship:
Church of Saint-Sulpice, Rue de Sevran.
Church of Saint-Pierre de Nonneville, rue de Reims
Church of Saint-Paul of Ambourget, Rue du 8 Mai 1945
Church of Saint-Jean, gallerie Surcouf
Chapel of Notre-Dame du Coudray, Rue Francis Creno
Church of Saint-Joseph Church (including Christmas and every Sunday at 9:30 am it offers Mass in Polish), avenue de la Croix Blanche.
Protestant worship: Temple of the Reformed Church of France, Boulevard Gourgues.
Muslim worship:
Cultural Association of Muslims of Rose des Vents, rue Auguste Renoir
Cultural Association of Muslims of Aulnay, Rue de l'Esprit
Cultural Association of Muslims of Mitry, Allée des Cyprès
Jewish worship:
Synagogue, Allée du Clermont-Tonnerre
Synagogue, Rue Dupuis

Notable people

Amine, singer
Robert Ballanger, politician
Claude Louis Berthollet, inventor
Thomas Bouhail, silver medalist in Gymnastics Vaulting (2008)
Olivier Dacourt, football player for Inter Milan
Guy Decomble, actor, born on 12 November 1910
Alou Diarra, Footballer
Boubakary Diarra, footballer at FC Torino (Italy)
Nicolas Douchez footballer at Paris Saint-Germain
John Dovi, Heavyweight Boxing champion, National coach for the French Boxing Federation
Boukary Dramé footballer at FC Sochaux
Joachim Ekanga-Ehawa, basketballer at Paris-Levallois Basket
Paul Éluard, writer and poet
Françoise Hardy, actress, singer, autobiographer
Alexandre Devoise, French radio presenter
Jack Harris born Jacques Estevant (1940), composer, French novelist and poet
Jean-Louis Mandengue, Heavyweight Boxing Champion of France
Aya Nakamura, French-Malian RnB singer
Sefyu, rapper
Moussa Sissoko, footballer at Tottenham Hotspur and the France National Team
Saïd Taghmaoui, film actor
Teddy Tamgho, world champion and world record holder for the indoor triple jump (2010)
Ali Traoré, basketballer at ASVEL Lyon-Villeurbanne
Vald, rapper

Bibliography
 Aulnay-sous-Bois, youth of an old country, Jacques Varin, 1982
 Aulnay-Sous-Bois (History of) Jules Princet, 1936 (reprint 2004),

See also
Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department

References

External links

Official website
Aunay on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Seine-Saint-Denis

Aulnay-sous-Bois


كارلو غينسبورغ (Carlo Ginzburg)، ولد بمدينة تورينو عام 1939، مؤرخ إيطالي معاصر، عرف خاصة بالتاريخ المجهري.

سيرته
 ينحدر من عائلة أدبية حيث كانت أمه ناتاليا غينسبورغ روائية، وكان والده ليون غينسبورغ صحافيا.
 درّس التاريخ بجامعة بولونيا الإيطالية قبل أن يتحول إلى جامعة كاليفورنيا بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. وقد اهتم بالسحر وقمعه في نهاية القرون الوسطى.
 كتب العديد من المقالات في عدد من المجلات العلمية من بينها مجلة الماضي والحاضر (Past and Present) ومجلة كراسات تاريخية (Quaderni Storici).
 في عام 1992 حصل على جائزة أبي واربورغ.

مؤلفاته
من أهم مؤلفاته:
 الجبن والدود، عالم طحان فريولي من القرن السادس عشر (1976)Le fromage et les vers. L'univers d'un meunier frioulan du XVIe s وهو الكتاب الذي اعتبر فاتحة توجه جديد لدراسة التاريخ نحو التاريخ المجهري.
  تحقيق حول بيرو دلا فرانسيسكا (Enquête sur Piero della Francesca (1983.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أساتذة جامعة كاليفورنيا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تورينو
إيطاليون من أصل يهودي أوكراني
حاصلون على جائزة بلزان
خريجو جامعة بولونيا
خريجو جامعة بيزا
كتاب إيطاليون في القرن 20
كتاب ذكور إيطاليون في القرن 20
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور إيطاليون
كتاب من تورينو
مواليد 1939
مواليد في تورينو
مؤرخون إيطاليون
مؤرخون إيطاليون القرن 20
مؤرخون إيطاليون القرن 21
مؤرخون يهود
يهود إيطاليون
يهود إيطاليون في القرن 20

كارلو غينسبورغ


A eleição presidencial turca de 2018 foi realizada em turno único no dia 24 de junho de forma simultânea à eleição parlamentar de 2018. Esta foi a 2.ª eleição presidencial direta na história política do país e a 1.ª eleição presidencial desde a mudança do sistema de governo após a aprovação do presidencialismo no referendo constitucional de 2017, no qual o presidente da Turquia passa a acumular também as funções de chefe de governo para além das funções de chefe de Estado que desempenhava anteriormente.

Originalmente agendadas para ocorrer somente em , o presidente em exercício Recep Tayyip Erdoğan e o presidente do Partido de Ação Nacionalista (MHP), Devlet Bahçeli, partido minoritário que sustenta politicamente o governo do Partido da Justiça e Desenvolvimento (AKP) na Grande Assembleia Nacional da Turquia, decidiram por antecipar a eleição de modo a fazer valer o mais rapidamente possível a alteração constitucional aprovada pelo eleitorado turco no ano anterior. Após a eleição parlamentar de 2018, o cargo de primeiro-ministro foi abolido e um novo governo presidencialista assumiu plenamente suas funções.

Resultados eleitorais

2018
Turquia
Eleição

Eleição presidencial na Turquia em 2018


Susanne Ann Blakeslee (født 27. januar 1956) er en amerikansk skuespiller og komiker.

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Los Angeles
Skuespillere fra Californien

Susanne Blakeslee


كورنليوس فاندربلت ؛ (27 مايو 1794 - 4 يناير 1877) عرف بلقب كومودور (عميد البحار)، كان رجل أعمال أمريكي بنى ثروته في النقل البحري والنقل بالسكك الحديدية وكان مؤسس أسرة فاندربلت، بلغت قيمة ثروته 167.4 مليار دولار أمريكي.

كانت ثمة حدودا طبيعية للحروب السعرية، حيث تتحول تخفيضات الأسعار من دون مستوى معين إلى ما يشبه «الانتخار الاقتصادي». ومع ذلك فلم يكن مجلس إدارة خط إري مهتما كثيرا بهذا المسائل الهامشية الاستراتيجية كالرحبية أو القدرة على الاستمرار والنمو. إذ كان مهتما كثيرا بالأرباح التجارية القصيرة الأجل التي تحقق في وول ستريت، وهذا ما جعل خط إري الورقة الرابحة في قطاع السكك الحديد في نيويورك (ودعت تشارلز فرانسيس إلى تسميته «المرأة الفاسقة في وول ستريت»). وأراد كورنيليوس فاندربيلت – وهو شخصية ذات نفوذ متصاعد في تلك السوق – أن يفعل شيئا ما حيالها.

لقد ترك فاندربيلت عمله لدى توماس جيبونز في العام 1829، وبدأ عمله الخاص في مجال المراكب البخارية. وأضحى بعد فترة وجيزة أكبر ملاك السفن في أمريكا، وفي العام 1837 كانت صحيفة جورنال أوف كوميرس أول من استخدم اللقب الفخري الذي دخل فيه التاريخ: عميد البحار (الكومودور). كان أسلوب عمل الكومودور هو البساطة بعينها: 1- إدارة المؤسسة بأعلى قدر من الكفاءة وأقل مستوى ممكن من التكاليف. 2- المنافسة السعرية الضارية لتدمير المنافس أو إخراجه من السوق أو رشوته للخروج من المنافسة. 3- الالتزام بما يبرمه من اتفاقيات وعقود. لقد كتب عنه ماثيو هيل سميث – وهو محام وكاهن إبرشي – في العام 1870 أن «كلام الكومودور موثوق كعقوده، عندما يصدر عنه بملء إرادته. كما أنه حريص في المقابل على تنفيذ أي وعد يصدر عنه».

كان فاندربيلت راغبا في قبول مبلغ ما يثنيه عن المنافسة في أحد خطوط السكك الحديد، لأن المراكب البخارية – على عكس السكك الحديد – يمكن أن تشغل حيثما وجد الماء الكافي لتعوم فيه. فإن حصل على المال الذي يحمله على مغادرة نهر هدسون مثلا فإن ذلك يسهل كثيرا المنافسة على طريق لونج آيلاند ساوند أو طريق نيويورك – فيلادلفيا. لكن البعض لم يدرك ذلك، كانت «نيويورك تايمز» في صفحتها الافتتاحية في خمسينيات القرن التاسع عشر أول من استخدم الصورة – إن لم تكن الكلمة أيضا – التي يظهر فيها البارونات اللصوص في القرون الوسطى، وذلك في نقد تكتيكيات فانلدربيلت. ويعرف عن البارونات اللصوص أنهم عاشوا على ضفاف نهر الراين، وفرضوا على العابرين إلى قلاعهم رسم عبور يضمن لهم المرور بسلام. (وسواء كان هؤلاء حقيقة واقعة أو كانوا من نسج خيال القرن التاسع عشر، فهذه مسألة أخرى).

لقد كان فرض رسوم العبور لقاء تسهيل حركة العابرين – بالطبع – ابتزازا واضحا، لأن ذلك لا يقوم أساسا على تبادل الثروة. لكن فاندربيلت لم يكن يصنع شيئا من هذا القبيل. ففي العام 1859 عرضت صحيفة «هاربرر ويكلي» – وهي أقل اهتماما بالأحداث الاقتصادية من «التايمز» – تفسيرا لذلك. فقد كتبت «كان ذلك هو النزعة السائدة، أن ينظر إلى تلك المنافسات على أنها محاولات من جانبه لابتزاز المشاريع الناجحة. فليس عدلا أن يقرر المرء دوافع جاره في اتخاذ عمل ما، إذا كان العمل في حد ذاته مشروعا وقانونيا. ولابد من الحكم على العمل بنائجه. وقد كانت النتائج إنشاء فاندربيلت خطوط سكك حديد منافسة التخفيض الدائم لأجول النقل. وكانت الأسعار كلما مد» خط حديد منافس«تتراجع على الفور، وبعض النظر عن نتيجة المنافسة، سواء انتهت بإخراج المنافسين – كما كانت الحال دائما – أو الخضوع لهم. فإن الأسعار ما كانت تعاد إلى سابق عهدها. إن هذه النعمة العظيمة – ألا وهي السفر الرخيص – إنما يدين بها الناس والمجتمع في المقام الأول إلى كورنيليوس فاندربيلت». وستعتنق «التايمز» نفسها وجهة النظر هذه عن الكومودور.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

شخصيات أعمال من جزيرة ستاتن
أشخاص من جامعة فاندربيلت
أشخاص من جزيرة ستاتن
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في النقل البحري
أمريكيون أعضاء في الكنيسة المورافية
حائزون على ميدالية الكونغرس الذهبية
عائلة فاندربيلت
فاعلو خير من ولاية نيويورك
مواليد 1794
مواليد في جزيرة ستاتن
وفيات 1877
وفيات في نيويورك
مدراء سكك حديدية أمريكيون في القرن 19
أعضاء نادي يخوت نيويورك

كورنليوس فاندربلت


Ida Magli, née à Rome le  et morte dans la même ville le , est une universitaire anthropologue et féministe italienne.

Biographie
Ida Magli est diplômée en philosophie à l'université La Sapienza de Rome. Elle est professeur de psychologie sociale à l'université de Sienne puis professeur sur le chaire d'anthropologie culturelle à l'université La Sapienza jusqu'à sa retraite en 1988.

Elle a renouvelé les paradigmes de l'anthropologie sur la sphère du sacré et de la condition féminine à la lumière des enseignements d'anthropologues comme Alfred Kroeber et Franz Boas.

Ses études d'anthropologie religieuse sont novatrices, étayées par une pensée profane et provocatrice vis-à-vis  de la religion. Son livre Gesù di Nazareth obtient le prix Brancati en 1982.

Elle étudie également l'histoire des femmes en identifiant les racines de la domination masculine.

Parallèlement à son travail scientifique, elle s'implique dans des activités éditoriales. À Rome en 1975, elle fonde, avec Annarita Buttafuoco et Tilde Capomazza, la revue DWF donnawomanfemme, la première revue italienne consacrée aux études historiques et socioanthropologiques féministes. Elle crée également la revue Antropologia culturale, qu'elle dirige de 1989 à 1992.

Dans les dernières années de sa vie, elle prend des positions claires contre la construction de la communauté européenne.

Elle écrit également des articles dans les journaux La Repubblica, L'Espresso et il Giornale.

Principaux écrits

 Introduzione all'antropologia culturale. Storia, aspetti e problemi della teoria della cultura, Bari, Laterza, 1980, traduit en anglais Cultural Anthropology, an introduction Jefferson : McFarland & Co., 2001

Religion
 Gli Uomini della penitenza, lineamenti antropologici del medioevo, Rocca San Casciano : L. Cappelli, 1967
 Gesù di Nazareth, tabù e trasgressione Milan Rizzoli, 1982
 Santa Teresa di Lisieux - Una romantica ragazza dell'Ottocento, Milan : Rizzoli, 1984
 La Madonna, Milan, Rizzoli, 1987, traduit en allemand.
 Storia laica delle donne religiose, 1995,  traduit en anglais Women and self-sacrifice in the Christian church : a cultural history from the first to the nineteenth century, Jefferson (N.C.) : McFarland, cop. 2014
 Il mulino di Ofelia: uomini e dèi , 2007

Féminisme
 La donna, un problema aperto, Florence : Vallecchi, 1974
 Avec Ginevra Conti Odorisio, Matriarcato e potere delle donne, 1978, traduit en francais  par Mireille Zanuttini et Josette Vermiglio Matriarcat et-ou pouvoir des femmes ?  Paris : des Femmes, 1983
 La femmina dell'uomo, Bari-Rome, Laterza, 1982.,
 La sessualità maschile, Milan A. Mondadori, 1989
 Sulla dignità della donna. La violenza sulle donne, il pensiero di Wojtyla, Parma, Guanda, 1993

Europe

 Contro l'Europa - tutto quello che non vi hanno detto di Maastricht, Milan Bompiani, 1997
 La dittatura europea, 2010
 Dopo l'Occidente, 2012
 Difendere L'italia, 2013

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité italienne du XXe siècle
Anthropologue italien
Féministe italienne
Professeur à l'université de Sienne
Professeur à l'université de Rome « La Sapienza »
Étudiant de l'université de Rome « La Sapienza »
Naissance à Rome
Naissance en janvier 1925
Décès à Rome
Décès en février 2016
Décès à 91 ans

Ida Magli


Isaac Doukas Komnenos (or Ducas Comnenus, c. 1155 – 1195/1196) was a claimant to the Byzantine Empire and the ruler of Cyprus from 1184 to 1191. Contemporary sources commonly refer to him as the emperor of Cyprus. He lost the island to King Richard I of England during the Third Crusade.

Family

At the death of Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos in 1143, the throne passed not to his third and oldest living son, Isaac Komnenos, but his youngest son, Manuel I Komnenos, who successfully claimed the throne. Isaac nevertheless served amiably as sebastokrator, and his first wife Theodora Kamaterina (d. 1144) bore him a daughter, Irene Komnene, and other children. Irene Komnene married an unnamed Doukas Kamateros and gave birth to Isaac Komnenos, a minor member of the Komnenos family, .

Life

Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates provides most of the following account of his life. Isaac was the son of an unnamed member of the noble Byzantine family, Doukas Kamateros, and Irene Komnene, daughter of sebastokrator Isaac Komnenos.

Governor and prison
Isaac Komnenos married an Armenian princess on Cyprus.

Emperor Manuel I Komnenos made Isaac governor of Isauria and the town of Tarsus, where he started a war against the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, soldiers of which captured him. As Emperor Manuel died in 1180, seemingly nobody greatly cared about the fate of Isaac, whose long imprisonment seemingly failed to improve his general disposition. On account of his Armenian royal wife, he perhaps endured not too harsh terms of captivity.

In 1183 his aunt Theodora Komnene, queen consort of Jerusalem, arranged with the new Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos (1183–1185), to marry their daughter Eirene to a son of Manuel I, and contribute to Isaac's ransom. Constantine Makrodoukas, a loyal supporter of the emperor and uncle of Isaac, and Andronikos Doukas, a relative, childhood friend, described as a "sodomite and debaucher", both contributed to his ransom. These two relatives personally stood surety for the fealty of Isaac Komnenos to the Byzantine emperor. The Knights Templar, whom Niketas Choniates labels "the Phreri," contributed as well, as part of their international banking functions.

From prison to Cyprus
In 1185, the Armenians released Isaac, clearly tired of the imperial service. He used the rest of the money to hire a troop of mercenaries and sailed to Cyprus. He presented falsified imperial letters that ordered the local administration to obey him in everything and established himself as ruler of the island.

Because Isaac Komnenos failed to return to imperial service, Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos ordered Constantine Makrodoukas and Andronikos Doukas arrested for treason, although Constantine had heretofore loyally supported the emperor. The courtier Stephen Hagiochristophorites conducted a water-oracle that gave the letter I (iota) as the initial of the succeeding emperor, so Byzantine emperor Andronikos I feared an attempt of Isaac to usurp the throne. On 30 May 1185, as court officials led Andronikos Doukas and Constantine from prison to face the charges, Hagiochristophorites incited the watching crowd to stone both men to death.

Another oracle gave the date of the start of the rule of the next Byzantine emperor, a time much too near then for Isaac to make the crossing from Cyprus, which greatly relieved Byzantine emperor Andronikos I.

Meanwhile, Isaac took many other Romans into his service. He created an independent patriarch of Cyprus, who crowned him as emperor in 1185.

After a popular uprising at Constantinople led to the death of Andronikos I on 12 September 1185, Isaac II Angelos succeeded to the Byzantine throne. He raised a fleet of 70 ships to take back Cyprus. The fleet was under the command of John Kontostephanos and Alexios Komnenos (died 1188), a nephew once removed of the emperor. Neither man was ideally suited for this responsibility, John being of advanced age and Alexios having been blinded by order of Andronikos I.

The fleet landed in Cyprus, but after the troops had disembarked, the ships were captured by Margaritus of Brindisi, a pirate in the service of King William II of Sicily. Subsequently, Isaac or more likely Margaritus won a victory over the Byzantine troops and captured their commanders, who were carried off to Sicily. The rest of the sailors on Cyprus tried their best to survive and to fend off the enemy. "Only much later did they return home, if they had not perished altogether."

Rule of Cyprus
From the time of his coronation, Isaac quickly started to plunder Cyprus, raping women, defiling virgins, imposing overly cruel punishments for crimes, and stealing the possessions of the citizens. "Cypriots of high esteem, comparable to Job in riches now were seen begging in the streets, naked and hungry, if they were not put to the sword by this irascible tyrant." Furthermore, he despicably ordered the foot of Basil Pentakenos, his old teacher, hacked and amputated.

Niketas Choniates, clearly not very partial to Isaac, describes him as an irascible and violent man, "boiling with anger like a kettle on the fire." Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos nevertheless bore responsibility for greater cruelties. A seeming league with William II of Sicily, a powerful thorn in the side of the Byzantine Empire, helped Isaac to hold the island for the duration of his reign, and he was also closely connected to Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria.

Third Crusade
Richard the Lionheart and others embarked on the Third Crusade in 1189. Early in 1191, Berengaria of Navarre, the fiancée of Richard, and Joan of England, the sister of Richard, travelled together and were shipwrecked on Cyprus; Isaac Komnenos then took them captive. In retaliation, Richard conquered the island while on his way to Tyre. Isaac is recorded shooting two arrows at Richard from horseback, which is notable because Byzantine horse archery is an obscure subject.

The English took Isaac prisoner near Cape Apostolos Andreas on the Karpass Peninsula, the northernmost tip of the island. According to tradition, as Richard had promised not to put him into irons, he kept Isaac prisoner in chains of silver. The English transferred Isaac to the Knights Hospitaller, who kept him imprisoned in Margat near Tripoli.

This was a major turning point in the history of Cyprus, leading to the foundation of the Kingdom of Cyprus which would rule the island for several centuries.

On his return to England, King Richard granted to the town of Portsmouth the coat of arms of Isaac Komnenos: "a crescent of gold on a shade of azure, with a blazing star of eight points" - in recognition of the significant involvement of soldiers, sailors, and vessels from Portsmouth in the conquest of Cyprus. This remains Portsmouth's coat of arms up to the present.

Imprisonment, ransom, and death
Returning to Europe after the Third Crusade, Richard was captured by Leopold V, Duke of Austria and Styria, and imprisoned by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, accused of murdering his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. The subsequent ransom agreement freed Isaac and his daughter into the care of Leopold V, the son of Isaac's aunt Theodora Komnene.

Isaac then traveled to the Sultanate of Rûm, where he attempted to gain support against the new Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, crowned in 1195. However his ambitions came to nothing, as he died of poisoning in 1195 or 1196.

His daughter

Sources do not name the daughter of Isaac but usually call her the "Damsel of Cyprus". Upon the deposition of her father Isaac, she joined the court of Richard the Lionheart, and after the Third Crusade, she traveled back to England with the other ladies of his court, including Joan of England, sister of Richard, and Berengaria of Navarre, now queen consort of England. In 1194, as part of ransom agreement of King Richard, the English released the Cypriot princess into the care of Leopold of Austria, a distant relative.

Later she lived in Provence, where in 1199 she again encountered Joan, now married to Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse. After Joan's death in early September 1199, Raymond married the princess from Cyprus, but the marriage was annulled probably in late 1202. In 1203 she married Thierry of Flanders, an illegitimate son of Count Philip I of Flanders. The couple sailed from Marseille in 1204 with a convoy of warriors who intended to join the Fourth Crusade, but on reaching Cyprus, they attempted to claim the island as inheritors of Isaac. The attempt failed, and they fled to Armenia.

Notes

References

Bibliography
Boyle, David, The Troubador's Song: The Capture and Ransom of Richard I, Walker Publishing Company, 2005
Brudndage, J. A., 'Richard the Lion-Heart and Byzantium', Studies in Medieval Culture 6-7 (1970), 63-70 and reprinted in J.A. Brundage, The Crusades, Holy War and Canon Law, Variorum, 1991, No. IV
Coureas, Nicolas, 'To what extent was the crusaders' capture of Cyprus impelled by strategic considerations', Epetêris 19 (1992), 197-202
Edbury, P. W., The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374, Cambridge University Press, 1991
 Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014.
Harris, Jonathan, 'Collusion with the infidel as a pretext for military action against Byzantium', in Clash of Cultures: the Languages of Love and Hate, ed. S. Lambert and H. Nicholson, Brepols, 2012, pp. 99–117
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991
Rudt de Collenberg, W. H., 'L'empereur Isaac de Chypre et sa fille (1155–1207)', Byzantion 38 (1968), 123–77

External links
Roman Emperors webpage brief biography

Isaac
Byzantine usurpers
1150s births
1190s deaths
12th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine governors of Cyprus
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
Christians of the Third Crusade

Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus


Binta Ann née en  en république de Guinée, est une autrice et activiste des droits des femmes et des enfants.

Elle a reçu le Prix franco-allemand des droits de l'Homme 2017 et le prix de la femme de l'année 2018 dans la catégorie sociale et humanitaire en Guinée.

Biographie

Jeunesse et études
Binta Ann est née en Guinée en 1975. Elle suit des études en lettres modernes dans son pays avant de se rendre en France pour étudier le tourisme.  Elle part ensuite pour les États-Unis où elle obtient un master en éducation préscolaire et élémentaire dans le New Jersey.

Carrière
Au New Jersey, elle enseigne à l'école américaine.

Après son retour en Guinée, elle enseigne successivement au American International School of Conakry puis au lycée Français de Conakry. Elle travaille à l'agence américaine pour le développement international (USAID), dans le département de démocratie et gouvernance.

Elle est enseignante au lycée de Conakry.

Œuvre littéraire
En 1998, elle publie son roman Awa la petite mendiante, qui est plus tard adapté en film par l'Unicef, puis en 2004 Mariage par colis.

Elle aborde les thèmes de l'excision et des mariages arrangés et de la polygamie.

Activiste

Fondation Fonbale
Créée en 2008 aux États-Unis avant d'être agréée en Guinée en 2011,  la fondation Fonbale de Binta Ann œuvre pour le bien-être des femmes et des enfants démunis. Portant son engagement à sa plume, elle est à l'origine de plusieurs livres qui traitent du bien-être et de la défense des personnes vulnérables.

Publications

 Awa la petite mendiante, 1998.
.
 .
 C'est quoi les droits des enfants, 2016.
 .
.
.
 Les règles d'hygiène pour les enfants, 2017.

Prix et reconnaissances

 2017 : Prix franco-allemand des droits de l'Homme
 2018 : Prix Gnouma Magazine de la femme de l'année dans la catégorie sociale et humanitaire en Guinée.

Vie privée
Binta Ann est marié et mère de deux enfants.

Bibliographie

.

Liens

Notes et références

Liens externes

Militant pour les droits des femmes
Personnalité féminine guinéenne
Naissance en 1975
Naissance en Guinée
Militant guinéen
Écrivain guinéen du XXe siècle
Écrivain guinéen du XXIe siècle

Binta Ann


Osteopetrosis, literally "stone bone", also known as marble bone disease or Albers-Schönberg disease, is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser, in contrast to more prevalent conditions like osteoporosis, in which the bones become less dense and more brittle, or osteomalacia, in which the bones soften. Osteopetrosis can cause bones to dissolve and break.

It is one of the hereditary causes of osteosclerosis. It is considered to be the prototype of osteosclerosing dysplasias. The cause of the disease is understood to be malfunctioning osteoclasts and their inability to resorb bone. Although human osteopetrosis is a heterogeneous disorder encompassing different molecular lesions and a range of clinical features, all forms share a single pathogenic nexus in the osteoclast. The exact molecular defects or location of the mutations taking place are unknown. Osteopetrosis was first described in 1903, by German radiologist Albers-Schönberg.

Signs and symptoms

Despite this excess bone formation, people with osteopetrosis tend to have bones that are more brittle than normal. Mild osteopetrosis may cause no symptoms, and present no problems.

However, serious forms can result in the following:
 Stunted growth, deformity, and increased likelihood of fractures
 Patients experience anemia, recurrent infections, and hepatosplenomegaly due to bone expansion leading to bone marrow narrowing and extramedullary hematopoiesis
 It can also result in blindness, facial paralysis, and deafness, due to the increased pressure put on the nerves by the extra bone
 Abnormal cortical bone morphology
 Abnormal form of the vertebral bodies
 Abnormality of temperature regulation
 Abnormality of the ribs
 Abnormality of vertebral epiphysis morphology
 Bone pain
 Cranial nerve paralysis
 Craniosynostosis
 Hearing impairment
 Hypocalcemia

Malignant infantile osteopetrosis

Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO), also known as malignant infantile osteopetrosis or infantile malignant osteopetrosis (IMO), is a rare type of skeletal dysplasia characterized by a distinct radiographic pattern of overall increased density of the bones with fundamental involvement of the medullary portion. Infantile osteopetrosis typically manifests in infancy. Diagnosis is principally based on clinical and radiographic evaluation, confirmed by gene analysis where applicable. As a result of medullary canal obliteration and bony expansion, grave pancytopenia, cranial nerve compression, and pathologic fractures may ensue. The prognosis is poor if untreated. The classic radiographic features include endobone or "bone-within-bone" appearance in the spine, pelvis and proximal femora, upper limbs, and short tubular bones of the hand. Additionally, there is the Erlenmeyer flask deformity type 2 which is characterized by the absence of normal diaphysial metaphysical modeling of the distal femora with abnormal radiographic appearance of trabecular bone and alternating radiolucent metaphyseal bands.

The precise and early diagnosis of infantile osteopetrosis is important for management of complications, genetic counselling, and timely institution of appropriate treatment, namely hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), which offers a satisfactory treatment modality for a considerable percentage of infantile osteopetrosis. Amelioration of radiographic bone lesions after HSCT in infantile osteopetrosis has been proposed as an important indicator of success of the therapy. A few publications with limited study participants have demonstrated the resolution of skeletal radiographic pathology following HSCT.

Adult osteopetrosis
Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO) is also known as Albers-Schonberg disease. Most do not know they have this disorder because most individuals do not show any symptoms. However, the ones that do show symptoms will typically have a curvature of the spine (scoliosis), and multiple bone fractures. There are two types of adult osteopetrosis based on the basis of radiographic, biochemical, and clinical features.

Many patients will have bone pains. The defects are very common and include neuropathies due to cranial nerve entrapment, osteoarthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. About 40% of patients will experience recurrent fractures of their bones. 10% of patients will have osteomyelitis of the mandible.

Causes
The various types of osteopetrosis are caused by genetic changes (mutations) in one of at least ten genes. There is nothing a parent can do before, during or after a pregnancy to cause osteopetrosis in a child.

The genes associated with osteopetrosis are involved in the development and/or function of osteoclasts, cells that break down bone tissue when old bone is being replaced by new bone (bone remodeling). This process is necessary to keep bones strong and healthy. Mutations in these genes can lead to abnormal osteoclasts, or having too few osteoclasts. If this happens, old bone cannot be broken down as new bone is formed, so bones become too dense and prone to breaking.
 Mutations in the CLCN7 gene cause most cases of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis, 10-15% of cases of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (the most severe form), and all known cases of intermediate autosomal osteopetrosis.
 Mutations in the TCIRG1 gene cause about 50% of cases of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis.
 Mutations in the IKBKG gene cause X-linked osteopetrosis.
 Mutations in other genes are less common causes of osteopetrosis.
 In about 30% percent of affected people, the cause is unknown.
Normally, bone growth is a balance between osteoblasts (cells that create bone tissue) and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone tissue). Those with osteopetrosis have a deficiency of osteoclasts, meaning too little bone is being resorbed, resulting in too much bone being created.

Gene variation

Mechanisms
Normal bone growth is achieved by a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption (breakdown of bone matrix) by osteoclasts. In osteopetrosis, the number of osteoclasts may be reduced, normal, or increased. Most importantly, osteoclast dysfunction mediates the pathogenesis of this disease.

Osteopetrosis is caused by underlying mutations that interfere with the acidification of the osteoclast resorption pit, for example due to a deficiency of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme encoded by the CA2 gene. Carbonic anhydrase is required by osteoclasts for proton production. Without this enzyme hydrogen ion pumping is inhibited and bone resorption by osteoclasts is defective, as an acidic environment is needed to dissociate calcium hydroxyapatite from the bone matrix. As bone resorption fails while bone formation continues, excessive bone is formed.

Mutations in at least nine genes cause the various types of osteopetrosis. Mutations in the CLCN7 gene are responsible for about 75 percent of cases of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis, 10 to 15 percent of cases of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, and all known cases of intermediate autosomal osteopetrosis. TCIRG1 gene mutations cause about 50 percent of cases of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Mutations in other genes are less common causes of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms of the disorder. The X-linked type of osteopetrosis, OL-EDA-ID, results from mutations in the IKBKG gene. In about 30 percent of all cases of osteopetrosis, the cause of the condition is unknown.

The genes associated with osteopetrosis are involved in the formation, development, and function of specialized cells called osteoclasts. These cells break down bone tissue during bone remodeling, a normal process in which old bone is removed and new bone is created to replace it. Bones are constantly being remodeled, and the process is carefully controlled to ensure that bones stay strong and healthy.

Mutations in any of the genes associated with osteopetrosis lead to abnormal or missing osteoclasts. Without functional osteoclasts, old bone is not broken down as new bone is formed. As a result, bones throughout the skeleton become unusually dense. The bones are also structurally abnormal, making them prone to fracture. These problems with bone remodeling underlie all of the major features of osteopetrosis.

Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of osteopetrosis includes other disorders that produce osteosclerosis. They constitute a wide array of disorders with clinically and radiologically diverse manifestations. Among the differential diagnosis are hereditary ostoesclerosing dysplasias such as; neuropathic infantile osteopetrosis, infantile osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis, infantile osteopetrosis with immunodeficiency, infantile osteopetrosis with leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome (LAD-III), pyknodysostosis (osteopetrosis acro-osteolytica), osteopoikilosis (Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome), osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis, mixed sclerosing skeletal dysplasias, progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati–Engelmann disease), SOST-related sclerosing skeletal dysplasias. Besides, the differential diagnosis includes acquired conditions that induce osteosclerosis such as osteosclerotic metastasis notably carcinomas of the prostate gland and breast, Paget's disease of bone, myelofibrosis (primary disorder or secondary to intoxication or malignancy), Erdheim-Chester disease, osteosclerosing types of osteomyelitis, sickle cell disease, hypervitaminosis D, and hypoparathyroidism.

Treatment
It was the first genetic disease treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic precursors). There is no cure, although curative therapy with bone marrow transplantion is being investigated in clinical trials. It is believed the healthy marrow will provide cells from which osteoclasts will develop. If complications occur in children, patients can be treated with vitamin D. Gamma interferon has also been shown to be effective, and it can be associated to vitamin D. Erythropoetin has been used to treat any associated anemia. Corticosteroids may alleviate both the anemia and stimulate bone resorption. Fractures and osteomyelitis can be treated as usual. Treatment for osteopetrosis depends on the specific symptoms present and the severity in each person. Therefore, treatment options must be evaluated on an individual basis. Nutritional support is important to improve growth and it also enhances responsiveness to other treatment options. A calcium-deficient diet has been beneficial for some affected people.

Treatment is necessary for the infantile form:
 Vitamin D (calcitriol) appears to stimulate dormant osteoclasts, which stimulates bone resorption
 Gamma interferon can have long-term benefits. It improves white blood cell function (leading to fewer infections), decreases bone volume, and increases bone marrow volume.
 Erythropoietin can be used for anemia, and corticosteroids can be used for anemia and to stimulate bone resorption.
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) improves some cases of severe, infantile osteopetrosis associated with bone marrow failure, and offers the best chance of longer-term survival for individuals with this type.

In pediatric (childhood) osteopetrosis, surgery is sometimes needed because of fractures. Adult osteopetrosis typically does not require treatment, but complications of the condition may require intervention. Surgery may be needed for aesthetic or functional reasons (such as multiple fractures, deformity, and loss of function), or for severe degenerative joint disease.

Prognosis
The long-term-outlook for people with osteopetrosis depends on the subtype and the severity of the condition in each person. The severe infantile forms of osteopetrosis are associated with shortened life expectancy, with most untreated children not surviving past their first decade. Bone marrow transplantation seems to have cured some infants with early-onset disease. However, the long-term prognosis after transplantation is unknown. For those with onset in childhood or adolescence, the effect of the condition depends on the specific symptoms (including how fragile the bones are and how much pain is present). Life expectancy in the adult-onset forms is normal.

Prevalence
Approximately eight to 40 children are born in the United States each year with the malignant infantile type of osteopetrosis. One in every 100,000 to 500,000 individuals is born with this form of osteopetrosis. Higher rates have been found in Denmark and Costa Rica. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.

The adult type of osteopetrosis affects about 1,250 individuals in the United States. One in every 200,000 individuals is affected by the adult type of osteopetrosis. Higher rates have been found in Brazil. Males and females are affected in equal numbers.

Osteopetrosis affects one newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000 worldwide, but the odds are much higher in the Russian region of Chuvashia (1 of every 3,500–4,000 newborns) due to genetic traits of the Chuvash people.

Recent research
Recent research demonstrated that the systematic administration of RANKL for one month to Rankl(-/-) mice, which closely resemble the human disease, significantly improved the bone phenotype and has beneficial effects on bone marrow, spleen and thymus; major adverse effects arise only when mice are clearly overtreated. Overall, it provided evidence that the pharmacological administration of RANKL represents the appropriate treatment option for RANKL-deficient ARO patients, to be validated in a pilot clinical trial.

Interferon gamma-1b is FDA-approved to delay the time to disease progression in patients with severe, malignant osteopetrosis.

Notable cases
 Laurel Burch
 Lil Bub

References

Bibliography

 GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on CLCN7-Related Osteopetrosis

External links

Genetic disorders by system
Rare diseases
Diseases named for discoverer

Osteopetrosis


Bangiaceae, porodica crvenih algi u redu Bangiales. Postoji 185 vrsta i dvadesetak rodova. Ime je dobila po rodu Bangia, a najveći broj vrsta pripada rodovima Pyropia i Porphyra.

Rodovi

 Aspalatia Ercegovic    (3)
 Bangia Lyngbye       (16)
 Bangiella Gaillon    (1)
 Bangiomorpha N.J.Butterfield    (1)
 Boreophyllum S.C.Lindstrom, N. Kikuchi, M.Miyata & Neefus (5)
 Clymene W.A.Nelson    (1)
 Dione W.A.Nelson  (1)
 Fuscifolium S.C.Lindstrom   (2)
 Lysithea W.A.Nelson    (1)
 Minerva W.A.Nelson  (1)
 Neomiuraea N.Kikuchi, S.Arai, G.Yoshida, J.-A.Shin & Miyata   (1)
 Neoporphyra J.Brodie & L.-E.Yang (10)
 Neopyropia J.Brodie & L.-E.Yang (20)
 Neothemis A.Vergés & N.Sánchez   (2)
 Phycocalidia Santiañez & M.J.Wynne (10)
 Phyllona J.Hill    (4)
 Porphyra C.Agardh    (55)
 Porphyrella G.M.Smith & Hollenberg    (2)
 Pseudobangia K.M.Müller & R.G.Sheath    (1)
 Pyropia J.Agardh   (39)
 Uedaea J.Brodie & L.-E.Yang (1)
 Wildemania De Toni (8)

Izvori

Bangiales

Bangiaceae


Seiya Fujita (født 2. juni 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Shonan Bellmare.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Seiya Fujita


MMIC (kan udtales mimik) er akronym for Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit,  som er en type af integrerede kredsløb (IC) enhed, der kan arbejde ved mikrobølge frekvenser (300 MHz til 300 GHz). MMIC er et analogt mikrobølgekredsløb opbygget på en monokrystallin halvlederchip; fx siliciumgermanium, galliumarsenid eller indiumfosfid. R. S. Pengally anses som "opfinderen" af MMIC. MMIC kan designes og anvendes som forstærkere, blandere osv. i mikrobølgekredsløb.

Se også
 HEMT
 MESFET
 Elektrisk transmissionslinje

Integrerede kredsløb

MMIC


نادي إيبسويتش تاون لكرة القدم  هو نادي كرة قدم إنجليزي في إبسويتش، تأسس في 1878، يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزية. على الرغم من تأسس إبسويتش تاون في 1878 إلا انه لم يصبح ناديا محترفا إلا في 1936 وبعد ذلك انضم لدوري كرة القدم في 1938. إبسويتش تاون يلعب مبارياته المحلية في بورتمان رود. إبسويتش تاون هو النادي المحترف الوحيد في مقاطعة سوفولك. ألوان النادي التقليدية هي القمصان الزرقاء والسراويل البيضاء.

فاز إبسويتش تاون بلقب الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز لمرة واحدة كانت في موسم 1961/62 في أول موسم لهم في الدرجة العليا. وكان وصيف الدرجة العليا مرتين: 1980/81 و 1981/82. إبسويتش تاون توج بلقب كأس انجلترا لمرة واحدة وكانت في موسم 1977/78 بعد الفوز على آرسنال 1-0 في النهائي. وتوج الفريق بلقب الدوري الأوروبي لمرة واحدة في موسم 1980/81 بعد الفوز ضد إي زد ألكمار 5-4 بمجموع لقائي الذهاب والإياب. منذ موسم 1957/58 إلى الآن لا يزال إبسويتش تاون يتنافس في أكبر درجتين في الكرة الإنجليزية «الدرجة الممتازة والدرجة الأولى» ولم ينزل عنهما منذ ذلك الحين.

شارك إبسويتش تاون في دوري أبطال أوروبا مرة واحدة في موسم 1962/63 وخرج من الدور الأول. شارك أيضاً في كأس الاتحاد الاوروبي 10 مرات؛ توج باللقب مرة واحدة في 1980/81 وخرج من دور ربع النهائي في 1973/74. شارك مرة واحدة في كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية وخرج من الدور الثالث على يد برشلونة 1977/78.

يتمتع إبسويتش تاون برقم رائع؛ لم يخسر هذا الفريق في ملعبه مطلقاً في المسابقات الأوروبية؛ حصيلة 31 مباراة فاز بـ25 منها وتعادل 6.

مراجع

أندية فائزة بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
أندية الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
أندية دوري البطولة الإنجليزية
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1878
أندية كرة قدم في إنجلترا
أندية كرة قدم في سوفولك
تأسيسات سنة 1878 في إنجلترا
حائزون على كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
شركات مقرها في إبسوتش

إيبسويتش تاون


Les Thalassionemataceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Bacillariophyta (Diatomées), de la classe des Bacillariophyceae et de l'ordre des Thalassionematales.

Étymologie
Le nom de la famille vient du genre type Thalassionema, dérivé du grec , mer, et de , fil, littéralement « fil de mer », en référence à la forme effilée de cette diatomée marine.

Description

Distribution

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Lioloma Hasle, 1996
 Thalassionema Grunow ex Mereschkowsky, 1902 - genre type
 Thalassiothrix Cleve & Grunow, 1880
 Trichotoxon F.M.H.Reid & Round, 1988

Systématique
Le nom correct complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Thalassionemataceae Round, 1990.

Publication originale
  Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990). The diatoms biology and morphology of the genera. pp. [i-ix], 1-747. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Bacillariophyta
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Thalassionemataceae


ඉන්දියාවේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා කොඩි දිනය හෝ  කොඩි දිනය යනු ඉන්දියානු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සාමාජිකයන්ගේ සුභසාධනය තකා, ඉන්දියාවේ ජනතාවගෙන් ආධාර මුදල් එකතු කිරීම සඳහා වෙන්වූ දිනයකි.

1949  වසරෙහි පටන් වාර්ෂිකව දෙසැම්බර් 7 වනදා ඉන්දියාව තුල එය පවත්වා ඇත. පසුගිය කාලය තුල, එය වර්ධනය වී ඇත්තේ, ඉන්දියාවේ සොල්දාදුවන්, හමුදා භටයන් සහ නාවික භටයන් සිහිකිරීම පිළිබඳ සම්ප්‍රදායයක් බවට භාවිතා කරන දිනයක් බවටය.

ඉතිහාසය
ඉන්දියාව විසින් නිදහස අත්පත් කර ගත් විගසින්, ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සාමාජිකයන්ගේ සුබසාධනය කළමනාකරණය කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවයක් රජයට ඇති විය. 1949 අගෝස්තු 28 දිනදී, ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යවරයා යටතේ පිහිටුවනු ලැබූ කමිටුවක් විසින් තීරණය කරනු ලැබුවේ, සෑම වසරකම දෙසැම්බර් 2 දිනදී, කොඩි දිනයක් සැමරිය යුතු බවයි. කොඩි දිනයක් සැමරීමේ අදහස වූයේ, මහජනතාව වෙත කුඩා කොඩි බෙදා හැර, ඒ සඳහා පරිත්‍යාග එකතු කිරීමයි. රට වෙනුවෙන් සටන් කල සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සමාජිකයන්ගේ පවුල් සහ යැපෙන්නන් පිළිබඳ වග බලා ගැනීම, ඉන්දියාවේ මහජනතාවගේ වගකීමක් බවද කොඩි දිනය විසින් අවධානයට යොමු කෙරෙයි.

එකල ඉන්දියාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා වූ ජවහර්ලාල් නේරු, 1954 දෙසැම්බර් 7 දිනදී පැවසුවේ

සති කිහිපයකට පෙර, ඉන්දු-චීනයෙහි සංචාරය කල අවස්ථාවෙහිදී, එහි ජාත්‍යන්තර කොමිසමට සම්බන්ධව සේවය කරන අපගේ නිලධාරින් සහ සොල්දාදුවන් මම දුටුවා. ඔවුන්ගේ දැකුම්කළු බව සහ එම ඈත දේශයෙහි ඔවුන් සිදු කරන හොඳ කාර්යය දුටු මට ඉමහත් සතුටක් දැනුණි. එහි ජනතාව අතර සාමාන්‍ය ජනප්‍රියතාවයකට ලක්ව සිටි ඔවුන් මා තවත් ප්‍රීති ප්‍රමෝදයට ලක් කලා. ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යශූර භාවයෙන් මෙන්ම ඔවුන්ගේ සුහදශීලී භාවයෙන්ද, ඉන්දියාවේ කීර්තිය ඔවුන් විසින් ඔප්නැංවූවා. ඉන්දියාවේ සෑම පළාතකම සොල්දාදුවන් එහි සිටියා. පළාත්මය හෝ වෙනත් වෙනස්කමක් ඔවුන් එහිදී ප්‍රදර්ශනය කලේ නැහැ. ඔවුන් ගැන දැන ගැනීමට සහ මෙහිදී සහ එහිදී අපගේ රට වෙනුවෙන් සේවය කරන එම තරුණ සොල්දාදුවන් ගේ සේවය අගැයීමට මාගේ ජනතාව සතුටු වන බවට මට සහතිකයි. එම ඇගැයීම ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමේ එක් ක්‍රමයක් වන්නේ කොඩි දින අරමුදලකි.

වැදගත්කම සහ  අභිප්‍රාය
මූලික අභිප්‍රායයන් තුනක් පෙරදැරි කර ගෙන කොඩි දිනය පැවැත්වෙයි

 සටන් අපාතිකයන් පුනුරුත්ථාපනය
 සේවා-නියුක්ත භටයන්ගේ සහ ඔවුන්ගේ පවුල්වල සුබසාධනය
 සේවා-වියුක්ත භටයන්ගේ සහ ඔවුන්ගේ පවුල්වල ප්‍රතිවාසනය සහ සුබසාධනය.

සන්නද්ධ හමුදා කොඩි දිනය පැවැත්වෙන්නේ සහ අවශ්‍ය ආධාර එකතු කරන්නේ කොඩි බෙදා හැරීම තුලිනි. දැනට සේවය කරන ඉන්දියානු හමුදා සාමාජිකයන් සහ රණවිරුවන් වෙත කාතඥතාවය පුද කිරීම සහ අගය කිරීම සහ රට වෙනුවෙන් දිවි පිදූවන් අනුස්මරණය කිරීම සඳහා ඉන්දියානුවන්ට අවස්ථාවක් මෙහිදී උදා කර දෙයි.

කොඩි දිනය තුලදී, ඉන්දියානු සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හී අංශ තුනම,  ඉන්දියානු යුද්ධ හමුදාව, ඉන්දියානු ගුවන් හමුදාව සහ ඉන්දියානු නාවික හමුදාව විසින්, විවිධවූ  ප්‍රසංග, සැණකෙළි, නාට්‍ය සහ අනෙකුත් විනෝදාස්වාද වැඩසටහන්  සංකලනයක් එළිදක්වන්නේ, ඔවුන්ගේ සාමාජිකයන් විසින් ජාතික ආරක්ෂාව සහතික කිරීමට දරන්නාවූ පරිශ්‍රමය පිළිබඳ පොදු ජනතාව දැනුවත් කිරීමටය. ඒ වෙනුවෙන් ලැබෙන පරිත්‍යාග බලාපොරොත්තුවෙන්, සේවා තුන නිරූපණය කෙරෙන රතු, තද නිල් සහ ලා නිල් පැහැති කුඩා කොඩි බෙදා හැරෙයි.

සටහන්

කොඩි දින
ඉන්දියාවේ හමුදාව
 දෙසැම්බර් මසදී පැවැත්වෙන සිහිකිරීම්
ඉන්දියාවේ පැවැත්වෙන සිහිකිරීම්

ඉන්දියානු සන්නද්ධ හමුදා කොඩි දිනය


Wittmackanthus, monotipski rod broćevki raširen po sjeveru Južne Amerike, od Gvajane do Perua, i na sjever do Paname. Opisao ga je Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze 1891. godine. Rod sadrži samo jednu vrstu, drvo ili grm W. stanleyanus, koje može narasti do 35 m visine.

Sinonimi
 Pallasia Klotzsch
 Alseis darienensis Dwyer
 Calycophyllum stanleyanum M.R.Schomb.
 Pallasia stanleyana (M.R.Schomb.) Klotzsch
 Rondeletia dukei Dwyer & M.V.Hayden

Izvori

Ixoroideae

Wittmackanthus


الأَرُزُّ المزروع أو اختصاراً الأَرُزُّ أو رُزّ  هو نوع نباتي يتبع جنس الأرز  ويعد الغذاء الرئيسي لأكثر من نصف سكان العالم وخاصة في قارة آسيا. وهو من محاصيل الحبوب الغذائية.

موطن الأرز وانتشاره في العالم
لا يعرف موطن الأرز الأصلي على وجه التحديد ولكن يرجح أن يكون من شرق آسيا فقد بدأت زراعته في وادي نهر يانغتسي في الصين منذ 2000 عام قبل الميلاد، كذلك يقال أنه موجود بالهند منذ القدم ونقل إلى المشرق وأوروبا، ويقال أنه نقل إلى مصر في عهد الخلفاء الراشدين ونقله العرب إلى إفريقيا، ثم انتقل إلى أوروبا بعد الحروب الصليبية. زرع في إيطاليا في القرن الخامس عشر وزرع في أمريكا في القرن السابع عشر. ويزرع الأرز اليوم في جميع القارات.

الوصف النباتي
الأرز نبات عشبي حولي ينتمي للفصيلة النجيلية. يبلغ طول نبتة الأرز 50 – 180 سم. الثمرة عبارة عن برة تنمو على سنبلة.

المجموع الجذري ليفي وسطحي، وينتشر في أصناف الأرز المائي أفقياً حتى مسافة 20-40 سم، أما جذور أصناف المناطق العالية فتنتشر عميقاً في التربة. الساق قائمة ومجوفة، يراوح ارتفاعها بين 60 و180سم، وتتشكل على الساق الرئيسية إشطاءات كثيرة في الأتربة الخصبة والمروية، قد يصل عددها إلى 50 إشطاء. الأوراق غمدية متبادلة. وتحتوي الأجزاء الهوائية للنبات على صبغة الأنثوسيانين .

النورة الزهرية عنقودية مفردة أو مجتمعة، ويخرج العنقود الزهري جزئياً أو كلياً من الغمد عند النضج. يراوح عدد الأزهار بين 75 و100 زهرة، وتحتوي كل سنيبلة على ثلاث أزهار تكون زهرتها العليا فقط خصبة، أما الزهرتان السفليتان فتتحولان إلى وريقتين عقيمتين. تتكون الزهرة من ست أسدية تحمل كل منها متكاً يحتوي على حبوب اللقاح، ومن قلم قصير يحمل في نهايته ميسمين ريشيين ومبيض مكّون من خلية واحدة تحتوي على بويضة وحيدة، وتحاط الأجزاء الزهرية بعصافتين (قشرتين) داخليتين صغيرتين وعصافة خارجية. يمكن أن تحمل السفا  أو تكون أحياناً عديمة السفا .

زراعة الأرز
يزرع عادة في الأراضي المغمورة. يتوقف نجاح زراعة الأرز على ثلاثة عوامل رئيسية:
 درجة الحرارة ويجب أن لا تقل عن 21 درجة مئوية طوال موسم النمو الذي يمتد من 4 - 6 شهور.
 وفرة الماء المتجدد الذي يغمر الأرض المزروعة بالأرز طوال فترة النمو.
 خصوبة التربة ويفضل أن تكون غنية بالمواد العضوية.

يوجد نوع من الأرز يزرع في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية لا يحتاج إلى الغمر بالماء بل يحتاج إلى تربة مبتلة إلى فترات طويلة ويسمى بالرز الجبلي. أصناف الأرز الموجودة في العالم كثيرة جدا ففي الهند وحدها يوجد 1100 صنف إضافة إلى 1300 صنف في بقية أنحاء العالم.

الأرز في الثورة الخضراء
كان الأرز أحد ثلاثة محاصيل رئيسية (إلى جانب القمح والذرة) عمل عليها العلماء في الثورة الخضراء لزيادة إنتاج الغذاء في العالم. تم استنباط أصناف عالية الإنتاجية وذات دليل حصاد عالٍ في المركز الدولي لبحوث الأرز  في لوس بانيوس في الفلبين. كان أول صنف في هذه الثورة هجيناً بين صنف بيتا  الإندونيسي وصنف دي جيو وو جن  وسمي الهجين IR8.

التصنيف النباتي
يضم الجنس Oryza، نحو 23 نوعاً محدداً، يُستعمل نوعان منها في الزراعة هما:  الذي يُزرع في مساحات محدودة في إفريقيا، حباته داكنة اللون وسيئة النوع، ويهجن بنجاح مع نوع الأرز المزروع  الذي يضم معظم الأصناف المزروعة في العالم، ويصنف في ثلاث مجموعات هي: المجموعة الهندية  التي تسود في المناطق الاستوائية وشبه الاستوائية، والمجموعة اليابانية  التي تزرع فقط في المناطق المعتدلة وشبه الاستوائية. ومجموعة جاوة  وتتركز زراعتها في إندونيسيا.

وتوجد أيضاً أنواع برية كثيرة ثنائية أو رباعية الصيغة الصبغية، تنتشر في أمريكا وإفريقيا والهند وإندونيسيا والفيليبين وماليزيا وغيرها.

التصنيف الزراعي

حسب طريقة الزراعة
 أصناف أرز المناطق المنخفضة المغمورة بالماء: تضم مجموعة أصناف نوع الأرز المزروع التي تتميز بمردود من الحبات يفوق مردود أرز المناطق المرتفعة، ويعود ذلك إلى غياب الأعشاب الضارة وعدم تعرض نباتاته للإجهاد المائي. وهي أصناف طويلة النمو تبقى قمم نباتاتها فوق مستوى الماء. وتزرع غالباً في السهول والوديان التي يتوافر فيها الماء بغزارة مثل كمبوديا وتايلند، وفي بعض مناطق الهند وباكستان.
 أصناف أرز المناطق المرتفعة غير المغمورة بالماء: وتُزرع في الهضاب والمرتفعات الغزيرة الأمطار، وتتركز زراعتها أساساً في الهند بنسبة 75% من إجمالي الإنتاج.

بحسب حجم الحبة

تصنف في ثلاث فئات من الأصناف هي:
 أصناف قصيرة الحبة: طول حباتها المقشورة نحو 5.5مم، وغير المقشورة نحو 7.5مم.
 أصناف متوسطة الحبة: يراوح متوسط طول حباتها المقشورة بين 6 و6.7مم، وغير المقشورة بين 8 و8.7مم.
 أصناف طويلة الحبة: ويراوح متوسط طول حباتها المقشورة بين 6.6 و7.7مم وغير المقشورة بين 9 و9.8مم.

تنتشر الأصناف القصيرة الحبات في الجزء الشمالي من المناطق شبه الاستوائية، وتسود الأصناف الطويلة الحبات في المناطق الاستوائية من آسيا.

بحسب طبيعة النشاء
من حيث طبيعة النشاء، تميز فئتان من الأرز هما: الأرز الشائع، ويشكل نسبة 90 - 100% من إجمالي الأرز المزروع عالمياً. والأرز الشمعي الذي تكون نسبة انتشار زراعته عالمياً أقل من 10%.

أصناف الأرز المنتشرة في الوطن العربي والعالم

انتشرت في سوريا زراعة الأصناف الآتية:
 أرز تلكلخ: مُدخل وقد زرع في منطقة تلكلخ.
 قرش داغ: تركي، مبكر ومردوده متدني.
 ياباني لؤلؤ: مبكر لكنه يعاني الانفرا والحساسية للفحة.
 باليلا ناعم: صنف إيطالي مبكر ومقاوم للرقاد، صفاته التكنولوجية جيدة، زرع على نطاق واسع في الحسكة وحلب وحوض الفرات.
 وباليلا خشن: صنف إيطالي الأصل حباته متوسطة الطول وإنتاجيته أقل من السابق.
 نهضة: صنف مصري كثير الإشطاءات وتبلغ نسبة التصافي فيه نحو 73%.
 أرز عرابي: صنف مصري يعرف باسم أرز الجفاف يعطي إنتاجية عالية ويستهلك نصف المياة التي تروى بها الأصناف التقليدية.
 وياباني لؤلؤ منتخب: مقاوم لمرض اللفحة والرقاد لكنه سهل الانفراط، حباته قصيرة شفافة، زرع في حلب والرقة وحمص ودرعا ويتميز بموسم نمو طويل ولم يستسغه المستهلك.

وتنتشر في مصر عدة أصناف منها: نهضة، ياباني 15، ياباني لؤلؤ، ياباني منتخب، جيزة 14، عجمي، وعجمي منتخب وغيرها.

أما في العراق فيوجد ما يُعد أحد أكثر أنواع الأرز جودة وهو النوع المعروف باسم العنبر الذي يزرع في النجف والديوانية وبابل والناصرية كما تنتشر أنواع أخرى تُعد متوسطة إلى عالية الجودة وهي أصناف النعيمية والحويزاوي والأحمر الذي يُعد منخفض الجودة. أما في شمال العراق فيوجد صنف عقراوي الذي يزرع في الجبال التي تحيط بقضاء عقرة في شمال العراق وشمال شرق الموصل. وعلى العموم النوع الذي يُعد الأفضل والأكثر إنتاجاً هو العنبر بسبب شدة بياضه ورائحته المميزة ونسبة البروتين العالية وكبر حجم البذرة.

وينتشر في الهند نحو 4000-5200 صنف، وفي كل من الفلبين وتايلاند نحو 300-500 صنف. ويرجع التباين الكبير في عدد الأصناف المزروعة إلى اختلاف خصائصها الإنتاجية، ومتطلباتها البيئية، وطول مواسم نموها، وتحملها للملوحة، ومدى انسجامها مع أذواق المستهلكين.

أصناف أرز مشهورة

 أرز بسمتي: ويزرع في الهند وباكستان وبنغلاديش.
 أرز هاشمي: ويزرع في إيران.
 أرز كامولينو: ويزرع في إيطاليا وأستراليا ومصر والعراق وسوريا.
 أمريكي (حبة طويلة): يزرع في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 أرز مصري
 أرز حساوي

إنتاج الأرز

تتبع زراعة الأرز صناعات مهمة من ضرب الأرز وتبييضه، وتنتج من عملية تبييض الأرز منتجات مختلفة منها 18% قشور 9% رجيع و56% أرز سليم و15% كسر و2% شوائب، وتستعمل قشور الأرز في صناعة الورق وكسماد عضوي.

المعلومات الغذائية
يحتوي كل كوب من الأرز المطبوخ (158غ) بحسب وزارة الزراعة الأميركية على المعلومات الغذائية التالية :
 السعرات الحرارية: 194
 الدهون: 0.58
 الدهون المشبعة: 0.11
 الكاربوهيدرات: 41.16
 الألياف: 1.4
 البروتينات: 4.60
 الكولسترول: 0

مقارنة بين أهم الأغذية الأساسية

الطبخ
إن الأرز هو أساسي في معظم المأكولات إذ إن أغلب الأطباق تطبخ وتقدّم مع الأرز منها: السبانخ مع الأرز، الأرز باللحم، الأرز بالدجاج، الأرز بالخضار، البازيلا والأرز، أرز الصيادية وغيرها..

انظر أيضًا
 أرز بلبن
 أرز ذهبي
 كشري
 قش
 إناري
 إيثانول حيوي

المراجع

أعشاب آسيا
أنواع الطعام
تسلسل الجينوم
جينومات متسلسلة
زراعة استوائية
محاصيل نقدية
مواد غذائية أساسية
نجيلية
نماذج نباتية

أرز


El cantón de Heiltz-le-Maurupt era una división administrativa francesa, que estaba situada en el departamento de Marne y la región de Champaña-Ardenas.

Composición
El cantón estaba formado por veintidós comunas:
 Alliancelles
 Bassu
 Bassuet
 Bettancourt-la-Longue
 Mussy-le-Repos
 Changy
 Charmont
 Heiltz-le-Maurupt
 Heiltz-l'Évêque
 Jussecourt-Minecourt
 Outrepont
 Possesse
 Saint-Jean-devant-Possesse
 Sogny-en-l'Angle
 Val-de-Vière
 Vanault-le-Châtel
 Vanault-les-Dames
 Vavray-le-Grand
 Vavray-le-Petit
 Vernancourt
 Villers-le-Sec
 Vroil

Supresión del cantón de Heiltz-le-Maurupt

En aplicación del Decreto n.º 2014-208 de 21 de febrero de 2014, el cantón de Heiltz-le-Maurupt fue suprimido el 22 de marzo de 2015 y sus 22 comunas pasaron a formar parte del nuevo cantón de Sermaize-les-Bains.

Referencias

Heiltz-le-Maurupt

Cantón de Heiltz-le-Maurupt


Dotson'sa, Gavran (Dotson 'sa ili Dotson'sa na jeziku Koyukon): Gavran je bog stvoritelj Koyukona i drugih plemena Athabaskan na Aljaski. On je cijenjena i dobronamjerna transformatorska figura koja pomaže ljudima i oblikuje njihov svijet za njih, ali u isto vrijeme on je i varalica i mnoge Koyukonove priče o Ravenu imaju veze s njegovim neozbiljnim ili loše promišljenim ponašanjem koje ga je dovelo do u nevolji.

Stvaranje svijeta (Indijanci Koyukon)
U jako, jako davno vrijeme na svijetu su živjele divovske životinje i nije postojalo takvo nešto kao što je čovječanstvo. Svi su bili veliki i mogli su razgovarati jedni s drugima i koristiti magiju. Bilo je čak i nekih životinja koje više ne žive na zemlji. Jednog dana Dotson' Sa, Veliki Gavran, reče Gavranu: "Napravi veliki splav."

Tako je Gavran napravio veliki čamac. Trebalo je dugo jer je morao biti jako velik. Kad je Raven završio, Dotson' Sa mu je rekao da nije dovoljno velik.

"Moraš ga izgraditi većeg." Kaže on.

Kad je bilo gotovo, počela je padati kiša. Isprva je padala samo mala kiša i Dotson' Sa je naredio Ravenu da okupi sve životinje u parove. Gavran je skupio životinje i hranu za njih. Bilo je jako teško, ali je ipak uspio.

Kad su sve životinje bile na splavi, počela je padati jaka kiša. Cijeli je svijet ubrzo bio potopljen i na svijetu su ostale samo one životinje na splavi.

Kad je prestala kiša, Gavran je zamolio nekoliko galebova da odlete u svim smjerovima u potrazi za kopnom. Odletjeli su i vratili se govoreći kako zemlje nema na vidiku. Bila je samo voda!

Nakon nekog vremena poplava je gotovo nestala. Gavran je rekao Muskratu da otpliva do dna oceana kako bi napravio otok. Muskrat, koji je stvarno bio prilično velik, zaronio je i počeo skupljati mulj s dna. Držao je ovo dok se nije pojavila zemlja.

Dotson' Sa upotrijebio je svoju magiju i napravio bobice, drveće i biljke da prekriju zemlju. Kad je to učinio, ostala su jezera i bare tamo gdje su bila niska mjesta u zemlji. Zatim je Veliki Gavran napravio rijeke. Napravio ih je tako da teku u oba smjera! S jedne strane rijeka se spuštala do mora, a s druge je tekla prema planinama!

Kasnije je, međutim, zaključio da je putovati prelako pa je napravio tako da rijeke teku u more.

Sada kada je poplava nestala i kada je bilo zemlje, Dotson' Sa je odlučio napraviti čovjeka. Stvorio ga je od kamena, ali budući da je napravljen od stijene, čovjek nikada neće umrijeti, pa ga je Veliki Gavran odlučio napraviti od gline.

Nakon što je stvorio čovjeka, stvorio je i ženu kako bi se mogli vjenčati i imati djecu. Gavran je želio ženu pa je pokušao oženiti jednu od žena, ali muškarci su mu je oduzeli. To je Gavrana razbjesnilo, pa je uzeo malo suhog lišća i zgnječio ga u veliku vrećicu. Uzeo je torbu i otišao do mjesta gdje su ljudi živjeli i otvorio je. Izletjeli su milijuni komaraca koji još uvijek gnjave i grizu čovječanstvo jer Gavranu nije bilo dopušteno oženiti ženu.

Gavran stvorio cijeli svijet. Zato ga nikad ne love jer je sve napravio.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (bogovi stvaratelji)
Koyukon mitologija

Dotson'sa


Aşağıtaşmalı, Diyarbakır ilinin Çermik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Tarihi hakkinda, yerel ve bagimsiz arastirma yapilmalidir.

Coğrafya
Diyarbakır il merkezine 127 km, Çermik ilçesine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Çermik'in mahalleleri

Aşağıtaşmalı, Çermik


Henrik Lehm (født 23. august 1960) er en dansk fodboldtræner, der siden primo januar 2016 har været cheftræner for HB Køge.
Lehm var i 3 sæsoner hos Næsby Boldklub i perioden 2008-2011. I hans første sæson var der stor drama, da Næsby Boldklub egentlig var rykket ned, men diverse ting løste sig, så Næsby Boldklub alligevel blev i rækken.. Efter Næsby Boldklub kom Lehm til FC Hjørring, hvor han startede 26. marts 2012. Han valgt dog ikke at fortsætte efter den succesfulde halvsæson hvor FC Hjørring reddede sig fra nedrykning. Efterfølgende blev han ansat af AB den 14. august 2012. AB og Lehm valgte dog at stoppe samarbejdet efter en succesfuld sæson, hvor undgik nedrykning.
Lehm, der blandt andet også har været ungdoms-kvindelandstræner og cheftræner for Næsby Boldklub, FC Hjørring og Akademisk Boldklub blev i januar 2016 ny cheftræner for HB Køge. I maj 2018 forlod han HB Køge for at blive talentchef i Næsby Boldklub.

Karriere (cheftræner)

Danmark U/17 (kvinder)

Danmark U/17 (kvinder) : 22 kampe med 6 sejre, 6 uafgjorte og 10 nederlag.

Danmark U/19 (kvinder)

Danmark U/19 (kvinder)  : 46 kampe med 24 sejre, 9 uafgjorte og 13 nederlag.

Næsby Boldklub
2.division 2008-09 : 28 kampe med 8 sejre, 8 uafgjorte og 12 nederlag.  2.division 2009-10 : 30 kampe med 6 sejre, 6 uafgjorte og 18 nederlag. 2.division 2010-11 : 30 kampe med 12 sejre, 12 uafgjorte og 6 nederlag.

FC Hjørring
1.division 2011-2012 : 12 kampe med 4 sejre, 3 uafgjorte og 5 nederlag.

AB
1.division 2012-13 : (23 kampe med 7 sejre, 8 uafgjorte og 8 nederlag.)

HB Køge
1.division 2015-16 : 14 kampe med 5 sejre, 3 uafgjorte og 6 nederlag. 1.division 2016-17 : 33 kampe med 11 sejre, 14 uafgjorte og 8 nederlag. 1.division 2017-18 : 33 kampe med 14 sejre, 10 uafgjorte og 9 nederlag.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 HB Køges trænerstab
http://www.transfermarkt.com/henrik-lehm/profil/trainer/13052

Fodboldtrænere fra Danmark

Henrik Lehm