Andreas Henkel; auch Andreas Heckel, Andreas Henkl oder Andreas Henkle; (* 2. August 1731 in Gottenau (Markt Rettenbach); † nach 1790) war ein deutscher Stuckateur und Bauhandwerker.

Leben
Henkel heiratete am 19. Februar 1756 in Mindelheim Maria Benedikta Leimlin. Nach dem Mindelheimer Trauungsbuch stammte er aus "Stätten", was den Geburtsort betreffend aber nicht richtig ist. Seine Frau schenkte ihm bis 1760 vier Kinder (Franz Xaver * 3. Dezember 1756, Maria Viktoria Katharina * 5. April 1758, Maria Thekla Katharina * 21. April 1759 und Joseph Anton Ignaz * 27. Juli 1760). Sie starb am 2. November 1790. Er muss danach außerhalb Mindelheims verstorben sein.

Werk
In Mindelheim selbst, wo zu dieser Zeit keine größeren Kirchenbauten erfolgten, sind Arbeiten von Henkel nicht nachweisbar, wohl aber in der näheren und weiteren Umgebung:
 1769 Stuckierung der Pfarrkirche St. Magnus in Unterrammingen
 1770 Stuckaturen im Tafelzimmer und Stiegenhaus des Pfarrhofs in Zaisertshofen bei Tussenhausen
 1770 Stuckierung der Pfarrkirche St. Ulrich in Seeg, von dem aus Mindelheim stammenden Pfarrherrn Ignaz Lorenz Sautermeister dorthin berufen
 1776/77 in der ehemaligen Augustinerkirche in Oberndorf am Neckar, wo er mit seinen Stuckarbeiten ein neues Erscheinungsbild prägte

Bei allen angeführten Aufträgen arbeitete er mit dem Maler Johann Baptist Enderle zusammen. Auch für den Fürsterzbischof von Mainz muss er gearbeitet haben, denn dieser ernannte ihn "in Ansehung seiner Kunst zum Hofstuckadorarbeiter". Es wird wohl Enderle gewesen sein, der Henkel mit dem Mainzer Fürstbischof bekannt machte, da Enderle in Mainz die Augustinerkirche (1772) und die Ignatiuskirche (1774) freskiert hatte.

Literatur

Weblinks

Stuckateur
Bildender Künstler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1731
Gestorben im 18. oder 19. Jahrhundert
Mann

Andreas Henkel


Perturbacija (astronomija)
Perturbacija (biologija)
Perturbacija (geologija)
Perturbacijska funkcija, funkcija u matematičkom programiranju
Perturbacijska teorija (matematika)
Perturbacijska teorija (kvantna mehanika)
Sprječavanje pada ili perturbacijski trening, skup akcija radi sprječavanja padova kod ljudi treće dobi
Perturbativna kvantna kromodinamika
praćenje točke najveće snage (MTTP), metoda perturbiranja i promatranja
perturbacijski problem iza svih ostalih u matematičkoj analizi

Perturbacija


فَرِّق تَسُدْ هو مصطلح سياسي عسكري أقتصادي الأصل اللاتيني له "divide et impera" ويعني تفريق قوة الخصم الكبيرة إلى أقسام متفرقة لتصبح أقل قوة وهي غير متحدة مع بعضها البعض مما يسهل التعامل معها كذلك يتطرق المصطلح للقوى المتفرقة التي لم يسبق أن اتحدت والتي يراد منعها من الاتحاد وتشكيل قوة كبيرة يصعب التعامل معها. وسياسة فرق تسد ليست بسياسة جديدة بل هي قديمة قدم السياسة نفسها حيث طبقها السومريون والمصريون واليونانيون القدماء لتفكيك قوة أعدائهم وتحييد هذه القوة من خلال توجيهها داخليا واحدة ضد الأخرى.
والاستعمار في شكله الحالي ومنذ نشأته في بداية سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر طبق هذا الأسلوب القديم في السياسة لنفس الأغراض والأهداف ومن أجل إضفاء الشرعية على احتلاله لبلد ما من خلال الظهور.
ويبدو أن سياسة فرق تسد تأتي بعد مرحلة فرق تغزو، لأن استعباد شعب ما والاستيلاء على أراضيه وثرواته يتطلب أولاً إنهاك قواها العسكرية والاقتصادية لغرض تسهيل العملية وتقليص تكاليفها. وهذا يتم عادة من خلال إثارة الفتنة الطائفية والتحريض على العنصرية ونشر روح الانتقام بين الطوائف والطبقات المكونة لهذا الشعب وإشعال حروب داخلية وخارجية تنتهى بإنهاك قوى كافة الأطراف.

سايكس - بيكو
أشهر المناطق التي رسمت وفق سياسة فرّق تسد، كانت منطقة الوطن العربي، التي قُسِّمت بحسب رؤية كلا من سايكس - بيكو، للحيلولة دون قيام اتحاد عربي قوي.

انظر أيضاً
 صراع منخفض الكثافة
 استراتيجية التوتر
 الدعاية السوداء
 الرنجة الحمراء
 تقويض اجتماعي
 ثقافة الخوف
 حرب نفسية
 خطاب الكراهية
 دعاية شعبية زائفة
 راية كاذبة
 سياسات الهوية
 شخصنة
 منظمة واجهة
 القائد السام

مراجع

مستحدثات في الألفية الأولى ق م
إستراتيجية
تلاعب نفسي
تنمر في مكان العمل
صراع تنظيمي
فيليب الثاني المقدوني
كلمات وعبارات لاتينية
مصطلحات سياسية
مصطلحات علوم سياسية
مكان العمل
مكيافيلية
نرجسية
نزاع
نفوذ اجتماعي وسياسي

فرق تسد


اللافتة عبارة عن صورة أو علامة مميزة للدلالة على شيء معين. قد تكون لغرض الإرشاد أو الإعلان أو أغراض أخرى على حسب المكان الموضوعة فيه. وقد تكون مكتوبة أو مُصَوَّرَة أو الاثنين معاً.

انظر أيضاً
 لافتة مرورية
 لافتة متحف

مراجع

إرشادات
دعاية وإعلان
رموز

لافتة


Booster Gold (Michael Jon Carter) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Dan Jurgens, the character first appeared in Booster Gold #1 (February 1986) and has been a member of the Justice League.

He is initially depicted as a glory-seeking showboat from the future, staging high-publicity heroics through his knowledge of historical events and futuristic technology. Carter develops over the course of his publication history and through personal tragedies to become a hero weighed down by his reputation.

The character has been portrayed in live action television by Eric Martsolf in Smallville and by Donald Faison in the seventh season of the Arrowverse series Legends of Tomorrow. The character will appear in an upcoming self-titled television series on Max, set in the DC Universe (DCU) media franchise.

Publication history

Booster Gold first appeared in Booster Gold #1 (February 1986), being the first significant new character introduced into DC Universe continuity after Crisis on Infinite Earths. The next year, he began to appear regularly in the Justice League series remaining a team member until the group disbanded in 1996. He and his former Leaguers subsequently appeared as the "Superbuddies" in the Formerly Known as the Justice League miniseries and its JLA: Classified sequel "I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League".

At Wizard World Los Angeles in March 2007, Dan DiDio announced a new ongoing series titled All-New Booster Gold, which was later published as simply Booster Gold. The series follows the events of 52 and was initially co-written by Geoff Johns and Jeff Katz, with art by creator Jurgens and Norm Rapmund. The series focuses primarily on Booster Gold's clandestine time travel within the DC Universe. The series also features Rip Hunter, Skeets, and Booster's ancestors Daniel Carter and Rose Levin as supporting characters. The tagline of the series is: "The greatest hero you've never heard of!" Katz and Johns left the book after 12 issues (#1-10, #0, and a One Million issue). Jurgens and Rapmund stayed. Jurgens assumed writing duties following four issues by guests Chuck Dixon and Rick Remender.

In May 2010, Keith Giffen took over the Booster Gold title, linking it with the 26-week miniseries Justice League: Generation Lost, in which Booster united with Fire, Ice and Captain Atom to defeat the resurrected Maxwell Lord. From July 2010 through February 2011, Booster starred alongside Rip Hunter, Green Lantern, and Superman in the six-issue miniseries Time Masters: Vanishing Point, part of the "Return of Bruce Wayne" arc, which also reintroduced the Reverse-Flash and established the background for the 2011 DC crossover event Flashpoint. Jurgens returned to the main Booster Gold title with issue #44.

Development
Jurgens's 1984 series proposal for Booster Gold compared the hero to U.S. Olympic Gold athletes such as Dorothy Hamill, Peggy Fleming, and Caitlyn Jenner, who had turned "Olympic gold into commercial gold", selling multiple products based on their fame and past accomplishments. Booster's origin as a security guard at a future Superman museum was altered when writer/artist John Byrne was brought to DC to reboot Superman's origin in The Man of Steel.

Legacy
Since his origin, other characters within the DC Universe have hinted that there is a greater purpose to Booster Gold than he knows.

During the Millennium event, Harbinger reveals to Martian Manhunter that Booster is descended from the Chosen and that he must be protected. It is revealed that Booster is destined to come to the past to protect him from an unknown event in the future. In 52, Rip states that the moment Booster helped save the multiverse from Mister Mind would be remembered in the future as the start of Gold's "glory years." Later, in the new Booster Gold series, Rip hints at a "Carter heroic legacy." It is then revealed that Booster is important to the Time Masters, as he will train "the greatest of them all", being the father and the teacher of Rip Hunter himself, who willingly chose to protect his identity against other time-travelers, to pass through history as the only loser of the clan. Despite the general distrust of Booster, Rip and his descendants apparently know the truth, always honoring him.

Due to the complicated Time-Travel mechanics, Booster's future self, "currently" operating from an unknown era with his time-travel educated wife, still watches over his past self and his son, making sure that Rip Hunter gives his past self proper schooling. The older Booster acts in total anonymity, and has access to other "time-lost" equipment than his suit, such as Superboy's seemingly-destroyed "super-goggles".

Due to a predestination paradox, the future Booster is revealed to be a more experienced Time Master than his son Rip Hunter, but also that he personally tasked Rip to school his past self. It is also implied that the departure of the Hypertime concept, rather than a simple retcon, is Booster's work, as in the future he tasked himself with the role of pruning divergent timelines from each universe in the Multiverse.

Fictional character biography

From the future
Michael Jon Carter was born poor in 25th-century Gotham City. He and younger twin sister Michelle never knew their father because he left after gambling away all their money. Michael was a gifted athlete, attending Gotham University on a football scholarship. At Gotham U., Michael was a star quarterback until his father reentered his life and convinced him to deliberately lose games for gambling purposes. He was exposed, disgraced and expelled. Later, he was able to secure a job as a night watchman at the Metropolis Space Museum, where he studied displays about superheroes and villains from the past, particularly the 20th century.

Michael's sidekick is a robot named Skeets. Skeets is a 25th-century security robot (sometimes "valet unit") with artificial intelligence. He is capable of flight, cognition, and voice projection, which are all considered highly advanced for 21st century Earth. He also has historical records which give him a vast knowledge of what will happen between the 21st and 25th centuries, though its reliability has become questionable. He possesses numerous miniature tools and weapons kept within his shell, and is also equipped with a powerful energy blaster. He is apparently immune to reality and temporal manipulation.

With the help of Skeets, Michael stole devices from the museum displays, including a Legion of Super-Heroes flight ring and Brainiac 5's force field belt. He used Rip Hunter's Time Sphere, also on display in the museum, to travel to the 20th century, intent on becoming a superhero and forming a corporation based around himself to make a comfortable living. He is a shameless self-promoter whose obsession with fame and wealth irritates other heroes.

Carter's nickname as a football player was "Booster", but his chosen 20th century superhero name was "Goldstar". After saving the president, Carter mangled the two names, causing US President Ronald Reagan to introduce him as "Booster Gold". The name stuck. In a running joke throughout the DC Universe, people erroneously call him "Buster," to his chagrin.

Celebrity
Booster is originally based in Superman's home city, Metropolis. He starts his hero career by preventing the shapeshifting assassin Chiller, an operative of The 1000, from killing the President of the United States and replacing him. With the subsequent public exposure, Booster signs a multitude of commercial and movie deals. During his career, his sister Michelle Carter, powered by a magnetic suit, follows in his footsteps as the superheroine Goldstar. Booster is devastated when she dies battling creatures from another dimension. Amassing a small fortune, Booster founds Goldstar, Inc. (later Booster Gold International) as a holding company and hires Dirk Davis to act as his agent. During the Millennium event, Davis reveals that he is a Manhunter in disguise and that he siphoned money from Booster's accounts in hopes of leaving him no choice but to do the Manhunters' bidding. Although the Manhunters are ultimately defeated, Booster is left bankrupt.

Justice League
Booster Gold is a key character in the late 1980s/early 1990s Justice League revamp by writers Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis. Booster Gold is frequently partnered with fellow Justice League member Blue Beetle, and the two quickly become best friends. The duo's notable appearances include a stint as superhero repo men, and as the minds behind the construction of a gaming resort, Club JLI, on the living island Kooey Kooey Kooey.

After one too many embarrassments and longing for his old reputation, Booster quits the League to found The Conglomerate, a superhero team whose funding is derived from corporate sponsors. Booster and his team are determined to behave as legitimate heroes, but find that their sponsors compromise them far too often. The Conglomerate reforms several times after Booster rejoins the League, though without much success.

When an alien comes to Earth on a rampage, Booster coins the name Doomsday for it. While battling the entity, Booster's costume is destroyed. Blue Beetle is able to design a new, bulkier costume to replace it, although this costume often malfunctions. During a later battle with Devastator, a servant of the Overmaster, Booster is nearly killed and loses an arm. Again, Blue Beetle comes to his aid, designing a suit that acts as a life support system in addition to replicating the powers of Booster's previous costumes. This suit also includes a cybernetic prosthetic for his lost arm.

Extreme Justice
After the Justice League falls apart, Booster Gold joins Extreme Justice, a team led by Captain Atom. While a member of this team, Booster makes a deal with the supervillain Monarch, who fully heals Booster's wounds so that he can once again remove his battle suit. Booster dons a new costume created by Blue Beetle. Skeets acts as its systems controller, who aids Booster and is able to take control of the costume if Booster is rendered unconscious.

Following the disbanding of Extreme Justice, this suit is destroyed. A new costume is created by Professor Hamilton, based on the designs of both the original 25th century costume and the energy containment suit Superman was wearing at this time. This costume is apparently later tweaked to resemble Booster's original costume more closely.

Countdown to Infinite Crisis: The OMAC Project
After the events depicted in the limited series Identity Crisis, in which Sue Dibny is murdered, Gold retires briefly, but then helps Blue Beetle discover who is manipulating KORD Industries. Booster is badly injured in an explosion at Kord's home, and it is revealed that his companion Skeets has been dismantled for its 25th century technology by the Checkmate organization.

In The OMAC Project limited series, Booster Gold gathers the old Justice League International heroes to investigate Blue Beetle's disappearance. At the series' end, he is ruined physically and emotionally, having destroyed much of his gear in the fight against the OMACs. He has seen his friend Rocket Red die in battle. He discovered that another friend, Maxwell Lord, is responsible for killing Blue Beetle and that in fact, Lord always hated metahumans and superheroes. In a moment of self-reflection, he realizes that if only he had bothered to recall more of what was history in his native era, he might have been able to warn his friends. Giving a farewell kiss to the forehead of his wounded teammate Fire as she lay in a hospital bed, he drops his trademark goggles on the floor and leaves, saying only that he has decided to "go home", implying a return to the 25th century.

Infinite Crisis
In Infinite Crisis, Gold resurfaces in the ruins of the Justice League Watchtower on the moon, along with Skeets, again branded as a criminal in his time for "hijacking historical records". When Skeets fails to locate the absent Martian Manhunter, Booster searches for Jaime Reyes, the new Blue Beetle, whom he promptly takes to the Batcave. Booster tells Batman the subject of the stolen records: Batman never finds Brother Eye, but Booster implies that, with Jaime's aid, they can succeed. The mission is successful and Booster plays a pivotal role in the destruction of the satellite.

52 and Supernova

In the aftermath of Infinite Crisis, Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman temporarily retire their costumed identities, and the remaining heroes attend a memorial for Superboy in Metropolis. Booster attends the memorial, but when Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman do not arrive as he expects, he suspects his robot sidekick Skeets is malfunctioning and becomes hysterical. After Skeets reports other incorrect historical data, Booster searches fellow time traveler Rip Hunter's desert bunker for answers, finding it littered with enigmatic scrawled notes. Booster finds photos of himself and Skeets surrounded by the words "his fault" with arrows pointing toward them.

One Year Later

Following the events of 52, Booster Gold returns in his second solo series with the first story arc "52 Pick-Up". Booster puts in a request to the Justice League that they admit him and the group begrudgingly decide to monitor him over the following week. However, Rip Hunter informs Booster that history has become malleable after Mister Mind's rampage and earlier damage to the timeline.

Blackest Night

In a tie-in to the Blackest Night event, Booster faces Ted Kord, reanimated as a Black Lantern. At first unavailable due to reliving Ted's funeral in the past, he returns to meet his ancestor Daniel Carter, only to find the crashed, derelict Bug at his house. Then, he finds the Black Lantern pummeling Jaime Reyes, Daniel, and Skeets. Attacked by him, he removes Daniel and Rose from the scene and heads to Kord Industries to arm himself. He uses a special light gun designed by Ted to blast the corpse and separate the ring with light, simulating the emotional spectrum.

Upon separating the corpse from the ring, he collects Ted's remains before the ring can reanimate them and takes them into the Time Sphere to Vanishing Point Fortress to secure them. He is somewhat relieved when Skeets uses the Fortress's special chronal surveillance equipment to display images of the days of Team Blue and Gold. Jaime promises to live up to Kord's legacy and eventually form a new Blue and Gold team. They find evidence at the warehouse of someone else entering, even though the doors were genetically coded, with only two people cleared for access: Ted and Booster.

Brightest Day

Booster next finds his sister living in Coast City mere hours before its destruction. Though unable to save her boyfriend, Booster and Michelle patch up their relationship, with her agreeing not to leave him. This arc introduces an older Booster Gold, the man that trained Rip Hunter and was the master of both Time, the Multiverse, and Hypertime. Rip reveals that this Booster is not only his father, but also has been watching Rip training the young Booster Gold, aiding him when needed. Older Booster also reveals that he is still married to Rip's mother, and that Michelle is with them in some unknown time.

In Justice League: Generation Lost, Booster is part of the manhunt to bring the resurrected Maxwell Lord to justice. He finds Max but is beaten badly. Fire, Ice, and Captain Atom find him just as Lord uses his psychic powers to the utmost to erase all memory of himself from the minds of the entire world. For some reason, Booster, Fire, Ice, and Atom are the only ones who remember Lord and see him in recorded images. Trying to convince Batman (Dick Grayson), Booster is horrified to learn that, thanks to Max, the world believes Ted Kord committed suicide. Fire, Ice, and Captain Atom are soon set up by Max to cut them off from allies, but, ironically, Booster is left alone because his reputation is already poor.

Flashpoint

After the Time Masters: Vanishing Point event, Rip Hunter informed them that someone snuck into the JLI base, leaving messages on a chalkboard about the altered timeline. When Earth entered an alternate timeline due to the actions of the Flash, Booster and Skeets awaken and are the only ones who remember the original timeline (later, Booster realizes that the chronal protection in his suit saved him from being erased). Gold travels to Coast City, but US soldiers attack him mistaking him to be an Atlantean threat. Skeets is damaged when Gold is attacked by the military's Project Six, which is revealed to be Doomsday.

During the battle in Coast City, he discovers that Doomsday is controlled by General Nathaniel Adam. He escapes from Doomsday and then saves a woman named Alexandra Gianopoulos from Doomsday's attack. He learns the timeline has been changed, suspecting Professor Zoom. Alexandra and Booster split up, but she secretly has powers allowing her to take others' powers and follows him. Later, he flies to Gotham City when Doomsday attacks him. General Adam's control link is destroyed by Alexandra in an attempt to rescue Booster. Doomsday's true personality comes to the surface and he attacks Booster. During the fight, Doomsday beats him nearly to death, but he is rescued by Alexandra. He tries to prevent Doomsday from killing innocent people, and manages to put Doomsday's helmet back on. Doomsday's control is restored to Adam, who grabs Booster, hoping to kill him. Fortunately, Adam takes him back to the base for interrogation, allowing him to escape when the sight of "Project Superman" causes Doomsday's true personality to resurface. Alexandra defeats Doomsday by using the control helmet to make Doomsday tear himself apart, subsequently asking Booster to take her with him when he restores history to normal. Alexandra subsequently sacrifices herself to save Booster from an Atlantean attack, leaving him to return to Vanishing Point as history resets without any clear memory of his time in the "Flashpoint" universe. Before the Time Masters: Vanishing Point event, Alexandra somehow appeared in the JLI base and left the messages regarding the altered timeline on the chalkboard before vanishing.

The New 52

In The New 52, Booster Gold appears as part of the new Justice League International series. In the Post-Flashpoint continuity, Booster is portrayed with his original glory-seeking personality and is chosen by the U.N. to lead the JLI due to his PR sense and naiveté. He takes his leadership role seriously, and strives to become a better hero and role model. However, despite his best efforts and support from Batman, who officially defers to Booster's leadership after supporting Booster for leader, the JLI falls apart due to a string of attacks against the group that leaves members killed or wounded. Despite his best attempts to bring in new members, Booster later watches in horror as the hero OMAC betrays the team and inflicts more carnage, including teleporting Blue Beetle to the homeworld of the villainous "Reach" species.

In the end, Gold is confronted with what appears to be an older version of him, an agent of A.R.G.U.S. who warns his present self to prevent Superman and Wonder Woman from dating. Failure to prevent it, without explanation, would cause Booster Gold to cease existing. As the JLI monitor reveals Superman and Wonder Woman kissing, the future Gold disappears. The present day Gold disappears moments later. A.R.G.U.S.' director Amanda Waller orders Chronos to search for the contemporary Gold through time, but Chronos is captured by the Secret Society before carrying out his mission. The older Booster Gold mysteriously reappears in other timelines, like 19th century Gotham City. In Booster Gold: Futures End #1, the older Booster clarifies he is not an older version of the New 52 Booster, but an older version of him from a universe which has ceased to exist. The older Booster is sent careening through the timeline, eventually meeting up with his sister, Goldstar, who is in a version of Metropolis which has been sealed in a bubble by a godlike version of Brainiac from an alternative universe. They are teleported to where the younger, New 52 Booster is held captive by Brainiac. Brainiac threatens to kill Michelle unless the younger Booster gives up the location of Vanishing Point, which he concedes. The older Booster knows this could lead to the end of the Multiverse, setting up the events of Convergence.

In the two-part Convergence: Booster Gold, Booster is found by a Pre-Flashpoint Rip Hunter on Skartaris, where the older Booster Gold and Goldstar are in prison on the planet Telos, where Brainiac has gathered cities from across the history of the Multiverse. The New 52 Booster and Rip release them both. Hunter tells older Gold that he has not traveled through the timeline, but through the cities in the planet which were now chronal anomalies that he was in conflict with, and that his body absorbed so much time travel radiation that he was aging rapidly and dying. The aged Pre-Flashpoint Booster transports again, and encounters the Zero Hour Ted Kord. Booster explains to Kord that he has led a good life, married and had a son. Rip, the New 52 Booster and Michelle find him, and Rip forces the New 52 Booster to take his father into the raw chronal field contained at Vanishing Point to cure him; Pre-Flashpoint Booster's body is destroyed, but he is reborn as Waverider, an all-knowing cosmic time traveler. Waverider then emerges on Telos in the final issue of Convergence, along with the New 52 Booster and Goldstar to bring back Brainiac, and they convince him to save the Multiverse from its imminent destruction. Brainiac then sends the Zero Hour Parallax and Pre-Flashpoint Superman back to the conclusion of the Crisis on Infinite Earths to avert the original crisis event, and this results in many of the classic worlds of the Multiverse being reborn in their modern forms.

Alternate versions of Booster Gold and Blue Beetle as they were prior to Countdown to Infinite Crisis appear in the pages of Justice League 3000 #14, where they are awaken from a 1,000-year suspended animation on Takron-Galtos in the 31st century. According to Keith Giffen, "they're J.M. DeMatteis and my Blue Beetle and Booster Gold".

DC Rebirth

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to the New 52. Booster Gold and his robot partner Skeets return in Action Comics #992.

Other versions
As the series Booster Gold features time travel as a major plot element, Booster regularly visits alternate timelines where key events in history played differently. Occasionally, in Booster Gold, and in Justice League International, alternate versions of Booster from these timelines make appearances.

In I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League, several "Super Buddies" visit an alternate universe where Maxwell Lord leads a violent super-team of strippers and male enforcers called the "Power Posse". An apparently unpowered and street-talking Gold serves as an employee. He is much more brutish, pimp slapping a female employee simply because Lord commands it. This alternate version of JLI may be the same team as the Antimatter Universe-based Crime Syndicate of Amerika, which first appeared in Justice League Quarterly #8 (1992) sans Booster Gold, but many of the events in this series do not seem to tie directly into continuity.

Elseworlds
In The Kingdom, the sequel to the Mark Waid and Alex Ross Kingdom Come Elseworlds series, Booster is the founder and owner of the Planet Krypton restaurant.

In Justice Riders, a western take on the Justice League by Chuck Dixon and J. H. Williams III, Booster is a travelling gambler who wants to join Sheriff Diana Prince's posse. To counter the speed advantage of Prince's preferred choice, Wallace "Kid Flash" West, he acquires a machine gun from the eccentric inventor Ted Kord. At the end of the story, once the Justice Riders have defeated Maxwell Lord, Gold heads for Denver, where "the suckers come in by the trainload every day".

Justice League 3000
In the continuity of Justice League 3000, Ted and Booster have slept for 1,000 years in suspended animation tubes. They wake up on Earth, now the prison world of Takron Galtos, where they are immediately taken advantage of.

DC One Million
The DC One Million version of Booster Gold is a time traveler named Peter Platinum ("Platinum always beats gold") who appears in Booster Gold vol. 2 #1,000,000. Based on Booster's reputation as a profiteer posing as a hero, Platinum admits to Booster that he is pulling the same scam, but more successfully, and assumes Booster is after a cut. His superhero gear is based on technology stolen from Rip Hunter, who has apparently had several encounters with him to get it back.

52 Multiverse
In the final issue of DC Comics' 2006–2007 year-long weekly series, 52, it was revealed that a "Multiverse" system of 52 parallel universes, with each Earth being a different take on established DC Comics characters as featured in the mainstream continuity (designated as "New Earth"), had come into existence. The Multiverse acts as a storytelling device that allows writers to introduce alternate versions of fictional characters, hypothesize "What if?" scenarios, revisit popular Elseworlds stories, and allow these characters to interact with the mainstream continuity.

The 2007–2008 weekly series Countdown to Final Crisis and its spin-offs would either directly show or insinuate the existence of alternate versions of Booster Gold in the Multiverse. For example, Countdown #16 introduced his evil Earth-3 counterpart, a member of the villainous Crime Society of America — and a similar Booster Gold exists on the Antimatter Universe, as suggested in a 1992 Justice League comic book, with Booster's evil variant first appearing in a 2005 Super Buddies story. The 2007 Countdown spin-off series Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer also featured a gender-reversed Earth-11 where, through character exposition, it is revealed that Maxine Lord (the female Maxwell Lord) murdered this world's female Booster Gold as opposed to its Ted Kord counterpart. The 1997 Tangent Comics fifth-week event (Jurgens) originally introduced an entirely different version of Booster Gold, a yacht-owning gentleman connected to the origins of the mysterious Green Lantern; when the Tangent Comics universe was later amalgamated into Earth-9 of the 52 multiverse, 2008's Tangent: Superman's Reign #1 (again by Jurgens) introduced an African American superhero by that name.

Reception
Booster Gold was ranked as the 173rd greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine. IGN also ranked him as the 59th greatest comic book hero.

In other media

Television

Animation
 Booster Gold and Skeets appear in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Tom Everett Scott and Billy West respectively. This version of the duo are members of the Justice League who originate from the year 2462.
 Booster Gold and Skeets make a cameo appearance in the Legion of Super-Heroes episode "Man of Tomorrow" as janitors in a Superman museum.
 Booster Gold and Skeets appear in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced again by Tom Everett Scott and Billy West respectively. This version of the duo are members of Justice League International.
 Booster Gold appear in Teen Titans Go!, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. This version is in a relationship with Ted Kord.
 Booster Gold appears in the Mad segment "That's What Super Friends Are For".
 Booster Gold appears in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special as a member of the Justice League.
 Booster Gold appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Diedrich Bader.

Live-action
 Booster Gold and Skeets appear in the Smallville episode "Booster", portrayed by Eric Martsolf and voiced by Ross Douglas respectively.
 In November 2011, Syfy ordered a Booster Gold television series, developed by Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg. While the latter submitted a script in early June 2013, the project never came to fruition.
 Both fans and critics noted similarities between Kryptons version of Adam Strange and Booster Gold, with many outlets considering the former an amalgamation of the two.
 Legends of Tomorrows executive producers Marc Guggenheim and Phil Klemmer had frequently talked about bringing Booster Gold into the series. However, the character had been off-limits for most of the series's run. Due to this, some of Booster's character traits were incorporated into Rip Hunter. Eventually, Donald Faison would portray a variation of Booster Gold in the series finale "Knocked Down, Knocked Up". This version is "Mike", who protects a fixed point in time in 1916. While supposedly agreeing to help the Legends, Mike destroys Gwyn Davies' time machine and hijacks their timeship, the Waverider, to confront his superiors. When the Waverider returns, the Legends find he has been arrested by the Time Police.
 In January 2023, James Gunn announced a Booster Gold TV series was in development for HBO Max and DC Studios.

Film
 Booster Gold appears in The Death and Return of Superman, portrayed by Joe Bereta.
 Booster Gold appears in Batman and Harley Quinn, voiced by Bruce Timm. This version is a member of the Justice League.
 Booster Gold makes a cameo appearance in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.

Video games
 Booster Gold appears as a non-playable character in DC Universe Online, voiced by Tracy W. Bush.
 Booster Gold appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham and Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Travis Willingham.

Miscellaneous
 Booster Gold appears in Smallville Season 11.
 Booster Gold appears in the Graphic Audio radio-play adaptation of 52.
 Booster Gold appears in Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century #19.
 Booster Gold and Skeets appear in the Injustice 2 prequel comic, with the former serving as a friendly rival of Ted Kord's. A year after the fall of High Councilor Superman's Regime, Booster time-travels to the present to warn Kord of his impending death. After Kord is fatally wounded by Orca and Killer Croc, Booster visits Kord one more time, with the latter entrusting the former to train Jaime Reyes in his stead and bequeathing Kord Industries to him. Later in the series, a dying Booster is visited by alternate universe versions of himself and Kord, who stay with him until he dies.

References

External links
 Booster Gold at Comic Vine

Characters created by Dan Jurgens
1986 comics debuts
2007 comics debuts
Comics about time travel
Comics characters introduced in 1986
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics LGBT superheroes
DC Comics titles
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional players of American football
Fictional janitors
LGBT characters in animated television series
Twin characters in comics
Time travelers

Booster Gold


Rafael Alcântara do Nascimento (), cunoscut ca Rafinha , este un fotbalist brazilian care evoluează la Inter Milano, împrumutat de la FC Barcelona.

Și-a început cariera cu Barcelona, debutând cu prima echipă în 2011. După un împrumut la Celta, a jucat primul său meci la Liga pentru fostul club în 2014.

Rafinha a reprezentat atât Spania, cât și Brazilia la nivel de tineret, înainte de a debuta cu cei din urmă la seniori în 2015.Acesta are un frate mai mare care joacă pentru FC Liverpool, Thiago Alcántara.

Referințe

Fotbaliști brazilieni
Fotbaliști internaționali brazilieni
Brazilieni în viață
Fotbaliști ai FC Barcelona
Fotbaliști ai RC Celta de Vigo
Fotbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Rafinha Alcántara


هوكر للطائرات  شركة طائرات بريطانية تأسست عام 1920 تحت اسم إتش. جي هوكر للهندسة  غير اسم الشركة ليصبح هوكر للطيران عام 1933، في عام 1935 اندمجت الشركة مع أرميسترونغ سيدلي، فتشكلت مجموعة هوكر سايدلي إلا أن شركة هوكر استمرت في إنتاج الطائرات تحت اسم المجموعة هوكر سايدلي.

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 1963 في إنجلترا
تأسيسات سنة 1920 في إنجلترا
شركات المملكة المتحدة
شركات بريطانية أسست في 1920
شركات تصنيع مركبات انحلت في 1963
شركات تصنيع مركبات أسست في 1920
شركات تصنيع مقرها في لندن
شركات صناعة طائرات سابقة في المملكة المتحدة
هوكر سايدلي
شركات بريطانية انحلت في 1963

طائرات هوكر


CAF Şampiyonlar Ligi, Afrika kıtasında kulüpler seviyesinde yapılan en büyük futbol organizasyonudur. Her sene Afrika Futbol Konfederasyonu (CAF) tarafından düzenlenen turnuvaya Afrika kıtasının önde gelen kulüpleri katılır.

Şampiyonlar

Kulüplerin şampiyonlukları

Ülkelere göre başarı sırası

Para ödülü
Afrika Futbol Federasyonu'nun 2009 yılında almış olduğu kararla para ödülü bu şekilde dağıtılmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 CAF Konfederasyon Kupası
 CAF Süper Kupası

Dış bağlantılar
 CAF Şampiyonlar Ligi Resmi İnternet Sitesi

Kaynakça

CAF kulüp müsabakaları

CAF Şampiyonlar Ligi


Vištaspa, helenizirano u Histasp, može biti:
 Vištaspa (fl. 10. st. pr. Kr. ili prije, ako je uopće povijesna osoba), prvi Zaratustrin patron
 Histasp, otac Darija I. (fl. 550. pr. Kr. BCE), satrap Baktrije i vjerojatno satrap Fārsa
 Histasp (sin Darija I.) (fl. oko. 480. pr. Kr.)
 Histasp (sin Kserksa I.) (fl. oko 460. pr. Kr.)

Histasp (razdvojba)


Agrilus huashanus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Jendek, 2001.

Referências

huashanus

Agrilus huashanus


Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Suli, conocido también como Al-Suli (880 - 946) fue un nadim del Califato Abasí, poeta, historiador y un histórico jugador árabe del shatranj, predecesor del ajedrez. Escribió la crónica Akhbar al-Radi wa'l-Muttaqi, donde detallaba el reinado de los califas Ar-Radi y Al-Muttaqui.

Tras la muerte del califa Ar-Radi en el año 940, Al-Suli cayó en desgracia ante el nuevo gobernante debido a su simpatía hacia el islam chií, por lo que tuvo que exiliarse en Basora, donde pasó sus últimos años viviendo en la pobreza.

La crónica
Su crónica, Akhbar al-Radi wa'l-Muttaqi, estuvo durante mucho tiempo a la sombra de otras más famosas como las de Al-Masudi y Miskawayh, tal vez debido al ser visto como un nadim y no como un académico. Sin embargo, su posición cercana a los califas le permitieron detallas etapas clave como la transición a la dinastía búyida.

Shatranj
Al-Suli llegó a la prominencia como jugador de shatranj en algún momento entre los años 902 y 908 cuando derrotó al-Mawardi, el campeón de Al-Muqtafi, califa de Bagdad, por quien fue sustituido. Tras la muerte de Al-Muqtafi, al-Suli permaneció como campeón en favor del nuevo gobernante. Posteriormente, empezó a enseñar ese deporte, siendo al-Lajlaj su discípulo más conocido.

Otro de sus aportaciones destacadas, fue su libro Kitab ash-Shatranj. Se trataba del primer libro científico jamás escrito sobre la estrategia del ajedrez. Enter sus páginas, se detallaba información sobre aperturas, los principales problemas en el juego estándar e incluso partidas comentadas. Posteriormente, escritores europeos emplearon su obra como base del ajedrez moderno.

Al-Suli creó un jugada difícil conocida como el Diamante de Al-Suli que pudo ser resuelta hasta pasar más de mil años.

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Leder, S. "al-Suli, Abu Bakr Muhammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, segunda edición. Editada por: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel y W.P. Heinrichs.

Ajedrecistas árabes
Historiadores de Irak
Historiadores árabes
Historia del ajedrez
Iraquíes del siglo IX
Iraquíes del siglo X
Poetas de Irak del siglo IX
Poetas de Irak del siglo X
Historiadores del siglo X
Personas del califato abasí del siglo X

Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Suli


التدفق النقدي ، يشير إلى حركة النقود داخل أو خارج النشاط التجاري، المشاريع أو المنتجات المالية. وعادة ما يقاس من خلال فترة معينة محدودة من الزمن.

إن «التدفق النقدي» هو مصطلح عام يستخدم بشكل مختلف تبعا للسياق. فيمكن تعريفها من قبل المستخدمين وفقا لأغراضهم الخاصة. ويمكن أن تشير إلى التدفقات الفعلية السابقة، أو إلى التدفقات المتوقعة في المستقبل. ويمكن أن تشير إلى إجمالي التدفقات لجميع المعنيين أو لمجموعة فرعية فقط من تلك التدفقات. ومن المصطلحات الأخرى الثانوية «صافى التدفق النقدى»، «التدفق النقدى التشغيلى»، «التدفق النقدى الحر».. ويستخدم قياس «التدفق النقدى» لما يلي:

 لتحديد قيمة أو معدل العائد المادى للمشروع. ويستفاد من الوقت المستخدم في التدفقات النقدية (الداخلة، والخارجة) من المشاريع كمدخلات في النماذج المالية مثل معدل العائد الداخلي، وصافي القيمة الحالية.
 لتحديد مشاكل السيولة في الأعمال التجارية. فالأرباح لا تكون بالضرورة سيولة مادية. ويمكن لشركة ان تفشل بسبب النقص في الأموال النقدية، حتى وان كانت لديها أرباح.
 كمقياس بديل للأرباح في الأعمال التجارية عندما يعتقد أن مفاهيم المحاسبة على أساس الاستحقاق لا تمثل الواقع الاقتصادي. فعلى سبيل المثال، قد تكون الشركة مربحة نظريا ولكن قليلة توليد العمليات النقدية (كما قد يكون الحال بالنسبة للشركة التي تقايض على منتجاتها بدلا من بيعها نقدا). في مثل هذه الحالة، يمكن أن تستمد الشركة النقدية من خلال إصدار أسهم إضافية، أو رفع مستوى تمويل الديون الإضافية.
 لتقييم 'جودة' الدخل المتولد من المحاسبة على أساس الاستحقاق، فعندما يتكون صافي الدخل من بنود كثيرة غير نقدية يعتبر منخفض الجودة.
 لتقييم مخاطر المنتجات المالية. على سبيل المثال مطابقة المتطلبات النقدية، وتقييم مخاطر التخلف عن السداد، ومتطلبات إعادة الاستثمار.

التدفق النقدي في الأعمال التجارية والمالية
التدفقات النقدية، وبإجمالها مجتمعة تسمى (صافي التدفقات النقدية) وهي ضرورية للتوفيق بين الرصيد النقدي الأولى، والرصيد النقدي النهائى.. وتصنف إلى:

 التدفقات النقدية للعائد على التشغيل: النقود المنفقة أو المكتسبة نتيجة الأنشطة، والأعمال التجارية الداخلية. وتشمل الأرباح النقدية، بالإضافة إلى التغيرات في رأس المال العامل. وعلى المدى المتوسط يجب أن يبقى الصافى الإجمالي موجب القيمة، لتظل الشركة قادرة على الوفاء بمتطلباتها.
 التدفقات النقدية للعائد على الاستثمار: وهي النقود المكتسبة من بيع الأصول طويلة المدى، أو التي يتم إنفاقها على الإنفاق الرأسمالي (الاستثمار، والمقتنيات، والأصول) طويلة المدى.
 التدفقات النقدية التمويلية: وهي النقود التي وردت من الديون، والأسهم، أو المدفوعة كأرباح للأسهم، إعادة شراء الاسهم، أو تسديدات الديون.

سبل زيادة التدفق النقدي
والطرق الشائعة هي:

 البيع—البيع إلى العميل للحصول على النقدية الفورية.
 الجرد—لا تدفع إلى الموردين لبضعة أسابيع إضافية في نهاية الفترة.
 لجنة المبيعات—يمكن تشكيل إدارة منفصلة لا علاقة لها بالشركة وتعمل كوكيل. وعندئذ يمكن تسجيل الأعمال التجارية اربع مرات في السنة كاستثمار.
 الأجور.
 الصيانة—التعاقد مع الشركة التي تدفع لها خمس سنوات مقدما لمواصلة القيام بالعمل.
 عقود الإيجار والمعدات—شراء
 إيجار—شراء الممتلكات (إعادة التأجير والبيع، على سبيل المثال).
 تكاليف التنقيب عن النفط—يستعاض عنها عن طريق شراء شركة أخرى.
 البحث والتطوير—الانتظار حتى المنتج أن يتم التأكد منه عن طريق المعامل الأولية، ثم شراء المعمل.
 رسوم الاستشارات—تدفع من أسهم الخزينة إلى الأطراف ذات العلاقة.
 الفائدة—الديون القابلة للتحويل حيث التحويل مع تغيرات سعر الفائدة غير المسددة.
 الضرائب --

مثال على تدفق نقدي ايجابى «40 دولار»

ويتضمن هذا المثال الأنواع الآتية من التدفقات:

 القروض الواردة: التدفق المالي
 المبيعات: التدفق التشغيلى
 المواد: التدفق التشغيلى
 العمل: التدفق التشغيلى
 رأس المال المشترى: التدفق الاستثمارى
 سداد القروض: التدفق المالي
 الضرائب: التدفق المالي

ولنقارن، على سبيل المثال، بين شركتين باستخدام التدفق النقدي الكلي فقط ومن ثم نفصل تيارات التدفق النقدى. فتظهر خلال السنوات الثلاث الماضية التدفقات النقدية الإجمالية التالية:

شركة أ:
سنة 1 : التدفق النقدي +10 م
السنة 2 : التدفق النقدي +11 م
السنة 3 : التدفق النقدي +12 م

شركة (ب):
سنة 1 : التدفق النقدي +15 م
السنة 2 : التدفق النقدي +16 م
السنة 3 : التدفق النقدي +17 م

فالشركة (ب) لها تدفق نقدى سنوى مرتفع وتبدو الخيار الأفضل للاستثمار.
و لنرى كيف تقوم التدفقات النقدية للشركتين:

شركة (أ):

السنة الأولى: OC: +20M FC: +5M IC: -15M, total = +10M
السنة الثانية: OC: +21M FC: +5M IC: -15M, total = +11M
السنة الثالثة: OC: +22M FC: +5M IC: -15M, total = +12M

شركة (ب):

السنة الأولى: OC: +10M FC: +5M IC: 0, total = +15M
السنة الثانية: OC: +11M FC: +5M IC: 0, total = +16M
السنة الثاثة: OC: +12M FC: +5M IC: 0, total = +17M

 OC == Operational Cash, FC = Financial Cash, IC == Investment Cash OC=النقدية التشغيلية FC=النقدية المالية IC=النقدية الاستثمارية

الآن يظهر أن الشركة (أ) هي التي تكسب المزيد من الاموال من أنشطتها الأساسية، وأنفقت بالفعل 45M في استثمارات طويلة الأجل، والتي لن تظهر إلا بعد مرور ثلاث سنوات. فعند مقارنة الاستثمارات باستخدام التدفقات النقدية يجب دائما التأكد من استخدام نفس تخطيط التدفق النقدي.

انظر أيضا
 التدفق النقدي المخصوم
 معدل العائد الداخلي
 صافي القيمة الحالية
 عودة رأس المال

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الاتحاد الدولي للمحاسبين الدولي إرشادات الممارسة الجيدة على تقييم المشاريع باستخدام التدفقات النقدية المخصومة
 نماذج متعلقة بالتدفق النقدي

التدفق النقدي
تحليل أساسي
تمويل الشركات
مصطلحات محاسبية
مفاهيم أساسية في الاقتصاد

تدفق نقدي


Vila Mou Portekiz'de Viana do Castelo belediyesine bağlı olan, 3,02 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 564 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viana do Castelo

Vila Mou


Royal Air Force Digby otherwise known as RAF Digby is a Royal Air Force station located near Scopwick and  south east of Lincoln, in Lincolnshire, England. The station is home to the tri-service Joint Service Signals Organisation, part of the Joint Forces Intelligence Group of Joint Forces Command. Other units include the RAF Aerial Erector School, No. 54 Signals Unit and No. 591 Signals Unit.

Formerly an RAF training and fighter airfield, it is one of the country's older Royal Air Force stations, predated only by RAF Northolt, which is the oldest and predates the Royal Air Force by three years, having opened in 1915. Flying at Digby ceased in 1953.

History

First World War
There are dated photographs that show that the airfield was already in use for flying training by Royal Naval pilots in the summer of 1917, although no documents supporting this have ever been found. The photographs show contemporary hangars, sheds and aircraft already in place around grassed runways and uniformed Royal Naval trainee pilots from the HMS Daedalus facility at Cranwell receiving instruction. What is on record is the minutes of a conference held at the Scopwick airfield in November 1917 that confirmed its suitability for conversion to a training depot station in its own right. On 12 January 1918 the War Office issued the authority notice for the site to be formally taken over under the Defence of the Realm Regulations.

Early accommodation for personnel was under canvas and the first pilots arrived on 28 March 1918, commanded by Major John H D'Albiac a former Royal Marines aviator. The party left Royal Flying Corps Portholme Meadow aerodrome in Huntingdonshire and moved to Scopwick, bringing Handley Page bombers with them. RAF Scopwick aerodrome was deemed officially open with their arrival, although the newly established Royal Air Force did not formally come into existence until four days later on 1 April 1918. D'Albiac was appointed as RAF Scopwick's first commanding officer. A works report dated November 1918 shows that all building works had been completed. Designated as No. 59 Training Depot Station RAF, its initial establishment of 10 x Handley Page 0/100s, 18 x FE2EB/DS and 30 x Avro 504Ks indicates that it was a night bomber training unit. The only action seen by RAF Scopwick during World War I was when a German Zeppelin attempted a bombing raid, with its bombs missing the station and falling in a nearby field.

Between the wars
In April 1920 No. 59 TDS handed over to No. 3 Flying Training School RAF whose first commander was Squadron Leader A T Harris, later to become known as Air Marshal 'Bomber' Harris. Five months later the name of the station changed from Scopwick to RAF Digby, after several instances of aircraft spares being delivered in error to RAF Shotwick in North Wales. The role of the station also switched from training bomber pilots to training fighter pilots. In April 1922 the school was disbanded and the station placed on care and maintenance, when the RAF contracted further after the end of the war.

The closure was short-lived and in June 1924 No. 2 Flying Training School RAF arrived from RAF Duxford. The school flew Avro 504s, Bristol Fighters, and Sopwith Snipes and specialised in training novice pilots to fly in fighter-type aircraft, rather than the usual practice of learning on basic trainers and later converting to fighters. The school was commanded by Wing Commander Sidney 'Crasher' Smith DSO AFC, so named because of his habit of landing his aircraft rather more robustly than they were designed for; including three aircraft in a single day. Smith returned to Digby five years later as a Group Captain, for a second stint as station commander. Smith's replacement as station commander was an officer due for greater things, Wing Commander Arthur Tedder later became Lord Tedder and Marshal of the Royal Air Force. In 1934 the station was commanded by Group Captain T Leigh-Mallory, who was later to become Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory and one of the most notable commanders in Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain.

Between 1929 and 1936 the appearance of the station changed dramatically and most of the original wooden 1917/1918 hangars, barrack blocks and offices were demolished and replaced with substantial brick structures. The seven original hangars were replaced by two new ones, although a planned third hangar was first delayed and eventually never built. Most of the domestic barrack blocks, officers' mess, station headquarters, squadron offices and married quarters built at this time still stand and remain in use. The No. 12 Group RAF Lima Sector Operations bunker, now the station museum, was constructed at a cost in 1936 of £5,000.

The following year saw a major change to the station's function. On 7 September 1937 No. 2 Flying Training School relocated to RAF Brize Norton, and Digby was handed to No. 12 Group Fighter Command as an operational fighter station intended to provide fighter cover for the cities of Lincoln, Nottingham and Leicester. Two months later there were already two squadrons of fighters at Digby, No. 73 Squadron RAF flying Gloster Gladiators and No. 46 Squadron RAF equipped with Gloster Gauntlets. In 1938 both squadrons were re-equipped with Hawker Hurricanes and joined by another Hurricane squadron No. 504 Squadron RAF, an auxiliary squadron from Nottingham.

Second World War
RAF Digby entered the war with some of its squadrons operating from nearby satellite fields under its control at RAF Coleby Grange and RAF Wellingore. The first squadron scrambled from Digby was No. 46 Squadron on 3 September; told there was an incoming German raid they found nothing and returned.

October 1939 saw a number of arrivals at the station. On 10 October No. 611 Squadron RAF flying Supermarine Spitfires and No. 229 Squadron RAF operating Bristol Blenheims arrived at Digby. Initially, No. 611 Squadron flew affiliation exercises with the other two squadrons and with other new arrivals No. 44 Squadron RAF and No. 144 Squadron RAF, who were both equipped with Hampden light bombers. At the end of October a Bristol Blenheim fighter and escort Squadron arrived, No. 29 Squadron RAF. With the squadron came the soon-to-be-famous officer Guy Gibson, who would be awarded a Victoria Cross as the commander of the Dambusters. It was Gibson's second tour at Digby as he had learned to fly at the station while attending No. 2 FTS in 1936. Gibson was still based at Digby in 1940 when he was married in Penarth, South Wales.

As 1939 came to a close King George VI made the first of three formal visits to RAF Digby. In addition to inspecting No. 46 Squadron, he presented decorations to fighter pilots from Digby and several neighbouring stations. The recipients included Guy Gibson who received his first DFC.

For six weeks in May and June 1940 the station was home to No. 222 Squadron RAF on a rotational rest and recuperation break from fighting the Battle of Britain from RAF Duxford. The squadron's most famous flight commander was the legless fighter ace Flight Lieutenant Douglas Bader. With the station's complement of pilots expanding nearby Wellingore Hall was requisitioned as a second officers' mess.

In late August 1940 a single German Junkers Ju 88 bomber appeared suddenly out of the mist and dropped its load of bombs on the station, all of them missing the runways and buildings to explode harmlessly on open ground. In February 1941 the first of the Canadian fighter squadrons arrived at Digby. No. 1 (Canadian) Squadron and No. 2 (Canadian) Squadron immediately renumbered as No. 401 Squadron RCAF and No. 402 Squadron RCAF respectively; both squadrons were equipped with Hurricanes. The Canadian Digby wing was formed on 24 April 1941 when the station received three further squadrons, No. 409 Squadron RCAF flying Boulton Paul Defiants, No. 411 Squadron RCAF and No. 412 Squadron RCAF both flying Supermarine Spitfires.

RAF Digby received several German bomber raids during 1941 and extensive damage was suffered. It was decided to relocate the 12 Group Sector Operations Centre away from further danger and it moved to a luxurious setting in the west wing of Blankney Hall where it stayed for the remainder of the war. Several RAF squadrons arrived to serve alongside the Canadians during 1941; No. 92 Squadron RAF and No. 609 Squadron RAF both arrived from RAF Biggin Hill on rotational rest and recuperation leave. There were now so many airmen at RAF Digby that even the two officers' messes could not accommodate them all. Several squadrons commandeered the nearby Ashby Hall as their officers' mess and the hall remained in this role until the end of the war when it fell into disrepair and its estate was broken up.

American-born pilot and poet John Gillespie Magee flying for the Canadian air force was killed at the age of 19 on 11 December 1941 while stationed at RAF Digby with No. 412 (Fighter) Squadron RCAF. Magee took off in a Spitfire from the satellite field at RAF Wellingore and, while descending through cloud over Roxholm village just south of Digby, was involved in a mid-air collision with an Airspeed Oxford climbing out of RAF Cranwell. Magee is buried at the war graves section of Scopwick churchyard along with 49 other aviators from local airfields and five German aircrew. On his grave are inscribed the first and last lines from his poem High Flight:

 "Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth –
 Put out my hand and touched the Face of God."

UK bomb-disposal teams were having continuing problems rendering safe with German  Butterfly bombs because no examples had been safely dismantled to learn the best process. This was because butterfly bombs were specifically designed to detonate if they were disturbed in any way. Whilst dealing with eight butterfly bombs which had fallen on RAF Harlaxton and failed to explode, Flight Sergeant Hanford of RAF Bomb Disposal (based at RAF Digby) noticed that the arming rods on the bombs had not fully unscrewed themselves i.e. the fuzes were not fully armed. Hanford carefully screwed the arming rods back into the fuze pockets by hand, thereby enabling the bomb disposal scientists to safely dismantle the fuze mechanisms, learn how they worked and develop counter-measures. Highly useful information in the form of diagrams and detailed explanations were then distributed to bomb disposal technicians for instructional purposes. Hanford was later awarded the British Empire Medal for this feat of extreme bravery.

Airfield guarding duties during the war were covered initially by a variety of Army units and later by several squadrons the RAF Regiment. In February 1941, Digby was guarded by B Company of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. From the middle of 1941 until 1942 Digby was guarded by D Company of the 70th Battalion Royal Welch Fusiliers.

RCAF Digby
On 16 September 1942 control of Digby formally passed to Canada and the station was renamed Royal Canadian Air Force Station Digby under the command of Group Captain McNab RCAF. In February 1943 the first de Havilland Mosquitos arrived at Digby and were allocated to No. 410 Squadron.

During early 1944 Digby was a hive of activity with all of the resident squadrons and several visiting squadrons, including several Czech and Belgian squadrons, taken up with training for D-day invasion support. When the invasion took place all of the squadrons relocated to captured airfields in France and Digby became an almost deserted 'ghost town'. All that remained were No. 116 Squadron RAF flying a small number of Airspeed Oxfords in an anti-aircraft training role and two squadrons flying elderly Blenheims for radar calibration off the east coast.

In May 1945 control of the station was handed back by the Canadians and it again became RAF Digby, although the new station badge showed the autumn gold maple leaf to permanently acknowledge its history as a Canadian facility for three years. By the time the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945, RAF Digby had been the wartime home to 30 RAF squadrons, 13 Canadian squadrons, 4 Polish squadrons, 2 Belgian squadrons and 1 Czech squadron. Those airmen had flown Hurricane, Spitfire, Defiant, Blenheim, Beaufighter, Mosquito, Mustang, Wellington, Oxford and Anson aircraft. The station had also hosted the full range of visiting RAF heavy bombers and their crews, as well as no fewer than 30 USAAF B-17Gs on a foggy night in November 1944.

Post-war
Following the end of World War II Digby increasingly took on a non-flying role for RAF Technical Training Command. In 1948 the Secretarial Branch Training School relocated from RAF Hereford and the Equipment Officers' School was established at Digby. Between 1948 and 1950 Digby also became home to the No.1 Initial Officer Training unit, the Aircrew Education Unit, the Aircrew Transit Unit and the Instructional Leadership Course. In 1951 No. 2 Aircrew Grading School for both potential pilots and ancillary aircrew was established at Digby using a wide range of elderly aircraft.

The station badge was awarded in July 1952 and depicts a white crane superimposed over a maple leaf. The station's motto Icarus Renatus means Icarus Reborn and relates to the short period when the station was under 'care and maintenance' and then re-activated.

Flying ceased at Digby when all units and training schools were disbanded or relocated during January 1953 and the station was placed on care and maintenance until October 1954 when building works commenced in preparation for the establishment of the proposed signals units. No. 399 Signals Unit arrived in January 1955 and declared itself fully operational on 15 February, located in No. 2 hangar (now the station gymnasium). The second, No. 591 Signals Unit arrived in July 1955 and set up operations in hangar No. 1 (North).

In September 1959 the Wireless Operators' School and the Aerial Erectors' School were established at Digby to begin training their respective students. The station continued to expand its scope of operations steadily from the 1970s and into the new millennium. British Army elements arrived in 1994 and were later joined by the Royal Navy. The addition of US detachments signalled the start of yet another era in the history of Digby. On 1 September 1998 399 Signals Unit merged with the newly arrived Special Signals Support Unit from Loughborough to form the Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby).

No. 54 Signals Unit was established in 2014 and provides processing, exploitation, and dissemination of all UK air-derived electronic surveillance data. The unit forms part of No. 1 Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Wing which has its headquarters at RAF Waddington.

Based units
Notable units based at RAF Digby.

Royal Air Force
No. 1 Group (Air Combat)
 No. 1 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Wing
 No. 54 Signals Unit
No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support)

 Support Force
 No. 90 Signals Unit
 Operational Information Services Wing
 No. 6 (Cyber Reserve) Squadron
 No. 591 Signals Unit

No. 22 Group (Training)
 The Defence College of Technical Training (DCTT)
 The Defence School of Communications and Information Systems (DSCIS)
 No. 1 Radio School
 The Aerial Erector School
 Air Training Corps
 Central & East Region
 Headquarters Trent Wing
Other
 Sector Operations Room Museum

Strategic Command
Defence Intelligence
 Director of Cyber Intelligence and Information Integration
 Joint Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities (CEMA) Group
 Headquarters Joint Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities (CEMA) Group
Joint Forces Intelligence Group (JFIG)
 Joint Service Signals Organisation
 Headquarters Joint Service Signals Organisation (HQ JSSO)
 Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby)
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)
National Security Agency (NSA), United States Government

Role and operations

Joint Service Signals Organisation
The Joint Service Signals Organisation is part of Joint Forces Intelligence Group branch of Defence Intelligence. It provides direct support to strategic decision making and operations and is made up of personnel from all three services. The JSSO also conducts research into new communications systems and techniques in order to provide operational support to static and deployed units of the armed forces.

Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby) is one of several Joint Service Signal Units (JSSU) within the JSSO and provides specialist communications information systems to the British Armed Forces.

No. 591 Signals Unit
No. 591 Signals Unit (591 SU) is a communications and electronic security monitoring organisation providing services to the RAF. The unit was established on 1 June 1952 at RAF Wythall. It moved to Digby in 1955 and was transferred to Strike Command in July 2000 when it became an Air Combat Support Unit (ACSU) of the RAF Air Warfare Centre. No. 591 SU predominately carry out their activities on deployed operations.

The Aerial Erector School
The RAF Aerial Erector School AES is an element of No. 1 Radio School at RAF Cosford and provides training to personnel of the Armed Forces and civilians.

Air Training Corps
Trent Wing Air Training Corps manages staff and cadets stretching across 31 ATC squadrons in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.

Museum
RAF Digby is also home to the Sector Operations Room Museum which was opened by Air Chief Marshal Sir John Allison on 30 May 1997. The museum is funded by donations and is normally open to the public from 11.00am on Sundays from 1st Sunday in May to 1st Sunday in October, or by special arrangement.

See also
 List of Royal Air Force stations
 Bison concrete armoured lorry – one of which was used by the RAF Regiment to defend the airfield.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore (1984) Action Stations: Wartime Military Airfields of Lincolnshire and the East Midlands v. 2

 Rennison, John P. (2003) Digby Diary: A History of RAF Digby in Lincolnshire, 1917–1953

External links

Royal Air Force stations in Lincolnshire
Museums in Lincolnshire
Military and war museums in England
World War II museums in the United Kingdom
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom
Military installations established in 1918
Royal Canadian Air Force stations
Military installations of the United States in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Lincolnshire
1918 establishments in the United Kingdom
UKUSA listening stations

RAF Digby


Strugatski kardeşler, Arkadi Natanoviç Strugatski (28 Ağustos 1925, Batum -  12 Ekim 1991, Moskova) ve Boris Natanoviç Strugatski (15 Nisan 1933, Leningrad -  19 Kasım 2012) Sovyet yazar kardeşler.

Batı dünyasında, Andrey Tarkovski tarafından İz Sürücü adı ile sinemaya uyarlanan "Uzayda Piknik" adlı romanları ile isimlerini duyurmuşlardır. Ayrıca "İktidar Mahkumları" adlı romanları da The Inhabited Island adıyla sinemaya uyarlanmıştır.

Romanları

Rus yazarlar
Sovyet yazarlar
Kardeşler

Arkadi ve Boris Strugatski


O țară, două sisteme (, engl. one country, two systems) a fost strategia politică oficială a lui Deng Xiaoping, vizavi de Hong Kong, Macao și Taiwan.

A fost o formulă, stabilită în 1997, la retrocedarea Hong Kong-ului (care a fost sub suveranitatea britanică)  Chinei. Aceasta înseamnă că Hong Kong este o parte a Chinei, fără a aplica aceleași reguli, politici și economici. După revenirea Hong Kong-ului la China, acest slogan a fost de asemenea utilizat pentru alte teritorii, inclusiv în 1999 pentru Macao, sau chiar Taiwan. Deng Xiaoping:

Literatură
 One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation|Auflage=|Verlag=Lexington Books|Ort=Hong Kong|Jahr=2004|ISBN=0739104926
 Luo, Jing, Over A Cup Of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture|Verlag=University Press of America China|Jahr=2004|ISBN=0761829377

Politica Chinei
Fraze

O țară, două sisteme


Tabinjke (lat. Moridae), porodica riba iz reda bakalarki. Sastoji se od 18 rodova s ukupno 108 vrsta

U Jadranu su prisutne tri vrste tabinjak mračnjak (Gadella maraldi), mediteranski tabinjak (Lepidion lepidion) i okatica (Mora moro).

Rodovi
 Antimora Günther, 1878
 Auchenoceros Günther, 1889
 Eeyorius Paulin, 1986
 Eretmophorus Giglioli, 1889
 Gadella Lowe, 1843
 Guttigadus Taki, 1953
 Halargyreus Günther, 1862
 Laemonema Günther, 1862
 Lepidion Swainson, 1838
 Lotella Kaup, 1858
 Mora Risso, 1827
 Notophycis Sazonov, 2001
 Physiculus Kaup, 1858
 Pseudophycis Günther, 1862
 Rhynchogadus Tortonese, 1948
 Salilota Günther, 1887
 Strinsia Rafinesque, 1810
 Svetovidovia Cohen, 1973
 Tripterophycis Boulenger, 1902

Vrste

 Antimora microlepis Bean, 1890
 Antimora rostrata (Günther, 1878)
 Auchenoceros punctatus (Hutton, 1873)
 Eeyorius hutchinsi Paulin, 1986
 Eretmophorus kleinenbergi Giglioli, 1889
 Gadella brocca Paulin & Roberts, 1997
 Gadella dancoheni Sazonov & Shcherbachev, 2000
 Gadella edelmanni (Brauer, 1906)
 Gadella filifer (Garman, 1899)
 Gadella imberbis (Vaillant, 1888)
 Gadella jordani (Böhlke & Mead, 1951)
 Gadella macrura Sazonov & Shcherbachev, 2000
 Gadella maraldi (Risso, 1810)
 Gadella molokaiensis Paulin, 1989
 Gadella norops Paulin, 1987
 Gadella obscurus (Parin, 1984)
 Gadella svetovidovi Trunov, 1992
 Gadella thysthlon Long & McCosker, 1998
 Guttigadus globiceps (Gilchrist, 1906)
 Guttigadus globosus (Paulin, 1986)
 Guttigadus kongi (Markle & Meléndez C., 1988)
 Guttigadus latifrons (Holt & Byrne, 1908)
 Guttigadus nudicephalus (Trunov, 1990)
 Guttigadus nudirostre (Trunov, 1990)
 Guttigadus squamirostre (Trunov, 1990)
 Halargyreus johnsonii Günther, 1862
 Laemonema barbatulum Goode & Bean, 1883
 Laemonema compressicauda (Gilchrist, 1903)
 Laemonema filodorsale Okamura, 1982
 Laemonema goodebeanorum Meléndez C. & Markle, 1997
 Laemonema gracillipes Garman, 1899
 Laemonema laureysi Poll, 1953
 Laemonema longipes Schmidt, 1938
 Laemonema macronema Meléndez C. & Markle, 1997
 Laemonema melanurum Goode & Bean, 1896
 Laemonema modestum (Franz, 1910)
 Laemonema nana Taki, 1953
 Laemonema rhodochir Gilbert, 1905
 Laemonema robustum Johnson, 1862
 Laemonema verecundum (Jordan & Cramer, 1897)
 Laemonema yarrellii (Lowe, 1838)
 Laemonema yuvto Parin & Sazonov, 1990
 Lepidion capensis Gilchrist, 1922
 Lepidion ensiferus (Günther, 1887)
 Lepidion eques (Günther, 1887)
 Lepidion guentheri (Giglioli, 1880)
 Lepidion inosimae (Günther, 1887)
 Lepidion lepidion (Risso, 1810)
 Lepidion microcephalus Cowper, 1956
 Lepidion natalensis Gilchrist, 1922
 Lepidion schmidti Svetovidov, 1936
 Lotella fernandeziana Rendahl, 1921
 Lotella phycis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
 Lotella rhacina (Forster, 1801)
 Lotella tosaensis (Kamohara, 1936)
 Mora moro (Risso, 1810)
 Notophycis fitchi Sazonov, 2001
 Notophycis marginata (Günther, 1878)
 Physiculus andriashevi Shcherbachev, 1993
 Physiculus argyropastus Alcock, 1894
 Physiculus beckeri Shcherbachev, 1993
 Physiculus bertelseni Shcherbachev, 1993
 Physiculus capensis Gilchrist, 1922
 Physiculus chigodarana Paulin, 1989
 Physiculus coheni Paulin, 1989
 Physiculus cyanostrophus Anderson & Tweddle, 2002
 Physiculus cynodon Sazonov, 1986
 Physiculus dalwigki Kaup, 1858
 Physiculus fedorovi Shcherbachev, 1993
 Physiculus fulvus Bean, 1884
 Physiculus grinnelli Jordan & Jordan, 1922
 Physiculus helenaensis Paulin, 1989
 Physiculus hexacytus Parin, 1984
 Physiculus huloti Poll, 1953
 Physiculus japonicus Hilgendorf, 1879
 Physiculus karrerae Paulin, 1989
 Physiculus kaupi Poey, 1865
 Physiculus longicavis Parin, 1984
 Physiculus longifilis Weber, 1913
 Physiculus luminosa Paulin, 1983
 Physiculus marisrubri Brüss, 1986
 Physiculus maslowskii Trunov, 1991
 Physiculus microbarbata Paulin & Matallanas, 1990
 Physiculus natalensis Gilchrist, 1922
 Physiculus nematopus Gilbert, 1890
 Physiculus nielseni Shcherbachev, 1993
 Physiculus nigrescens Smith & Radcliffe, 1912
 Physiculus nigripinnis Okamura, 1982
 Physiculus normani Brüss, 1986
 Physiculus parini Paulin, 1991
 Physiculus peregrinus (Günther, 1872)
 Physiculus rastrelliger Gilbert, 1890
 Physiculus rhodopinnis Okamura, 1982
 Physiculus roseus Alcock, 1891
 Physiculus sazonovi Paulin, 1991
 Physiculus sterops Paulin, 1989
 Physiculus sudanensis Paulin, 1989
 Physiculus talarae Hildebrand & Barton, 1949
 Physiculus therosideros Paulin, 1987
 Physiculus yoshidae Okamura, 1982
 Pseudophycis bachus (Forster, 1801)
 Pseudophycis barbata Günther, 1863
 Pseudophycis breviuscula (Richardson, 1846)
 Rhynchogadus hepaticus (Facciolà, 1884)
 Salilota australis (Günther, 1878)
 Svetovidovia lucullus (Jensen, 1953)
 Tripterophycis gilchristi Boulenger, 1902
 Tripterophycis svetovidovi Sazonov & Shcherbachev, 1986

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Bakalarke

Tabinjke