Der Ort Tergolape war eine römische Mansio in der Provinz Noricum ripense. Sie lag laut der Tabula peutingeriana an der Straße zwischen Ovilava (Wels) und Iuvavum (Salzburg). Man nimmt einen Standort im Umfeld des heutigen Breitenschützing/Schlatt und/oder Schwanenstadt an. Archäologisch konnte Tergolape bislang noch nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden.

Name
Eckehard Bamberger führt den Namen tergo-l-ape auf illyrisch terg oder targu ("Markt") und ape, was dem lateinischen aqua ("Wasser") entsprechen soll, zurück. Das Infix -l- dient dabei als Verkleinerungsform für tergo. "Tergolape" hieße also so viel wie "Kleiner Markt am Wasser".

Ausgrabungen

Breitenschützing/Schlatt

Koordinaten:

Eine Anlage ähnlicher Art wie in der Gemeinde Schlatt (Oberösterreich) konnte in Österreich noch nicht festgestellt werden.
Die Ausgrabungen erstreckten sich von 1953 bis 1963 und somit über einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren. Der Welser Archäologe Gilbert Trathnigg konnte bereits 1954 den Kern der mansio feststellen. Damals standen ihm 20 Mann zur Verfügung, die über einen Zeitraum von 14 Tagen rund 1000 m an Suchgräben zogen. Das Grabungsgebiet und auch das Mauerwerk war durch landwirtschaftliche Maschinen arg in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. Doch die vorhandenen Baureste kamen klar zum Ausdruck.
Bis 1957 wurden 38 Gebäudereste von unterschiedlicher Größe freigelegt. Sie dienten als Scheunen und Depots oder waren Wohnhäuser. Eine ehemalige Schmiedewerkstätte und eine Gießerei wurden ebenfalls freigelegt. Zusätzlich fand man 13 Gräber mit zum Teil gut erhaltenen Skeletten. Außerhalb der Grenzmauern konnten weitere zahlreiche Hausfundamente angeschnitten werden.
Sehr erschwert wurden die Grabungsarbeiten durch räumliche und tiefenmäßige Beschränkungen, die sich der Grundbesitzer ausbedungen hatte.
In drei Grabungskampagnen 1976, 1977 und 1979 wurden unter Grabungsleitung von Manfred Pertlwieser und Vlasta Tovornik die letzten 17 bisher geborgenen Bestattungen ausgegraben.

Schwanenstadt

Koordinaten:

Seit 1882 wurden bei Grabungen, die durch Fundierungsarbeiten auf diesem Gelände getätigt wurden, Skelettfunde mit Grabbeigaben gemacht, die eine frühmittelalterliche Nekropole vermuten ließen. Als im Frühjahr 1951 abermals Gräber angetroffen wurden, unternahm das Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum eine Notbergung.
1978/79 wurden erstmals planmäßige Grabungen am Osteingang der Stadt Schwanenstadt durchgeführt. Vlasta Tovornik vom Landesmuseum wurde mit der Grabung beauftragt. Sie schreibt in ihrem Buch Das bajuwarische Gräberfeld von Schwanenstadt: "Der Gräberbelag zieht sich am nordöstlichen Ortseingang in eher geringer Breite beidseitig entlang der heutigen Bundesstraße, die sich mit der einstigen Römerstraße Laureacum Ovilava Juvavum deckt." Im ersten Grabungsjahr konnten im Volksschulvorgarten 36 Gräber freigelegt werden, im Jahr darauf an der Südseite, im Garten der Pausinger Villa, 54 Bestattungen erfasst werden. Als Beigaben in den Frauengräbern treten hauptsächlich Halsperlenketten auf, bei den Männern kommt gewöhnlich ein Messer oder eine Gürtelschnalle, seltener ein Kamm vor. Viele dieser wertvollen Funde sind im Heimathaus in Schwanenstadt ausgestellt.
1996 konnte auch der Vorgarten des Hauses Linzerstraße 17 untersucht werden, wobei weitere 18 Körperbestattungen freigelegt wurden. In der Mehrzahl waren es W – O orientierte bajuwarische Gräber. Auch hier konnten römische Gebäudefundamente, dichte Lagen römischer Keramik und Kleinfunde wie im Schulgarten, wo sich nach Ausweis der gefundenen Schmiedeschlacken vermutlich auch eine römische Schmiede befand, festgestellt werden.
Zusammenfassend zu den Schwanenstädter Ausgrabungen: Das baiuwarische Reihengräberfeld wurde etappenweise – ab 1882 bis 1996, im Wesentlichen in den Jahren 1978 bis 1979 – beidseitig der durch Schwanenstadt führenden Linzerstraße auf nicht zusammenhängenden Grabungsflächen und nicht vollständig aufgedeckt. Die zugehörige zeitgleiche Ansiedlung befand sich eventuell unter der am linken Ufer der Ager gelegenen Altstadt von Schwanenstadt. Das ist allerdings archäologisch nicht nachgewiesen. Im Areal der Nekropole traf man auf urnenfelderzeitliche Siedlungs- und Grabreste, zahlreiche römerzeitliche Kleinfunde, aber auch von den Grabanlagen gestörte Kulturschichten und Gebäudereste.

Funde
Die Funde aus den Grabungen befinden sich im Heimatmuseum Schwanenstadt, im Stadtmuseum Wels und im Landesmuseum in Linz.

Lage
Die Meinungen über die Lage gingen schon seit jeher dermaßen auseinander, dass für die Station Tergolape ein Gebiet von Lambach bis Vöcklabruck in Frage kam.
Die in antiken Quellen überlieferte mansio Tergolape an der Verbindungsstraße Lauriacum – Ovilava – Iuvavum ist mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit mit Schwanenstadt-Schlatt gleichzusetzen.
Die Lage des antiken Tergolape wurde von verschiedenen Forschern schon öfter unterschiedlich interpretiert und bestimmt, eine Einhelligkeit in dieser Frage wurde bis heute nicht erreicht. Alfred Mück schreibt dazu: "Ich will anhand der alten Quellen und aufgrund der Bodenfunde versuchen, Tergolape endlich zu fixieren. Einige Forscher suchten Tergolape in Lambach. (Muchar, Reichard, Pichler, Miller, Smith u. a.) in oder bei Schwanenstadt (Jordan, Scheib, Holder u. a.) Schiffmann in Oberndorf bei Schwanenstadt, manche sogar in Vöcklabruck oder Schöndorf. Mommsen schreibt: 'Tergolape ungefähr in Schwanenstadt'. Aus der Verschiedenheit der Auffassungen ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer Lösung dieser Frage."

Tergolape in Breitenschützing/Schlatt?
Römische Ruinen in Breitenschützing wurden der Station Tergolape zugeordnet. Durch das Gebiet führte die Reichsstraße von Iuvavum nach Ovilavis, die etwa den Verlauf der heutigen Bundesstraße 1 hatte. In antiken Quellen wird für Tergolape eine Entfernung von 14 Meilen (20,75 km) von Ovilavis genannt.
Als einer der ersten vertrat Altstraßenforscher Herbert Jandaurek die Meinung, dass die Station im Raum Schwanenstadt-Breitenschützing anzusetzen sei. Autor Anton Bamberger stimmt mit dieser Annahme vollständig überein. Bamberger, als Initiator der Ausgrabungen, hatte Pläne, Tergolape in ein Freilichtmuseum zu verwandeln.
Die Umfassungsmauer der zwischen 1953 und 1956 ergrabenen villa rustica in Breitenschützing/Schlatt umgibt eine trapezförmige Fläche, deren bekannte Mauern 140, 104 und 146 m lang sind. Mehrere Gebäudestrukturen konnten ergraben werden, darunter ein Hauptgebäude mit Seitenapsiden. Ein Holzbau wird aufgrund von Schlackenfunden als Schmiede bestimmt. Ein Brennofen wurde freigelegt. Die Bebauung weist mehrere Bauphasen auf.
In das Hauptgebäude wurden drei Körperbestattungen gesetzt; nachrömische Gräber wurden ebenfalls zwischen den Mauern von zwei Gebäuden geborgen.
Neben der Interpretation des Befundes als villa rustica gibt es die Vermutung, dass es sich um die Straßenstation Tergolape handeln könnte.
Die Mauerreste in Breitenschützing wurden aufgrund der Entfernung zu Ovilave als Straßenstation Tergolape angesehen, die in der Tabula Peutingeriana aufscheint. Jüngere Forschung sieht jedoch diese in Schwanenstadt. So könnten die Gebäudestrukturen in Breitenschützing als villa rustica gesehen werden. In Oberharrern wurde ein Schutthorizont angeschnitten.
Der Befund zur Grabung in Breitenschützing lautete 1955: "Es ist nicht so, dass wir einen Inschriftenfund der nur zu einer Poststation passen würde nachweisen konnten."
In einem 2009 verfassten Beitrag schreibt Josef Stern unter dem Titel Wo liegt Tergolape: "Dem Versuch, in der Ausgrabungsstätte von Breitenschützing lediglich das Areal einer villa rustica zu sehen, kann mit der Untersuchung des topgrafischen Umfeldes entgegengetreten werden".
Die optimale strategische Positionierung für Lichtsignale auf der Hochebene ohne landschaftliche Barrieren spricht zudem für die Lage in Breitenschützing/Schlatt.

Tergolape in Schwanenstadt?
Die Kartierung der Gräber des bajuwarischen Gräberfeldes lässt erkennen, dass unter der Linzerstraße (Bundesstraße 1) in Schwanenstadt eine Fernstraße lag, die mit der Römerstraße von Ovilava nach Iuvavum gleichgesetzt wird. Dafür spricht die Lage der Befunde von Gebäuderesten unmittelbar an der Römerstraße. Des Weiteren wird gemutmaßt:
So kann nunmehr die römische Straßenstation Tergolape am östlichen Ortseingang von Schwanenstadt angenommen werden.
Für die Gleichung Tergolape = Schwanenstadt lassen sich verschiedene Gründe anführen. Vor allem sind es Funde, die in Schwanenstadt gemacht wurden und die Tatsache, dass in einem größeren Umkreis von Schwanenstadt, in dem aller Wahrscheinlichkeit Tergolape gelegen sein musste, keine derartigen Funde gemacht wurden, die für eine geschlossene römische Ortschaft von der Bedeutung Tergolapes sprechen.
Der Ort Tergolape lag an der Stelle des mittelalterlichen Marktes. Dieser wird 788 als Suanaseo das erste Mal erwähnt und war Mittelpunkt eines karolingischen Gerichtes. Außer Funden von Terra sigillata, Ziegeln, Gefäßscherben u. a. sind noch andere Momente für die Identifizierung Tergolape = Schwanenstadt, maßgebend.
Nicht zuletzt kann aber nunmehr die römische Straßenstation Tergolape endgültig für diesen Bereich am Ortseingang von Schwanenstadt lokalisiert werden.
Zusammenfassend kann man sagen: An Stelle des heutigen Schwanenstadt war zur Römerzeit eine Ansiedlung, die als Straßenknotenpunkt und durch ihre Lage an der Reichsstraße besondere Bedeutung hatte. Der Name Tergolape kann auf Grund der Entfernungsangabe der Tabula nur mit Schwanenstadt in Verbindung gebracht werden; aus dem Namen ergibt sich ferner, dass die römische Ansiedlung eine illyrische und keltische Niederlassung fortsetzte. Römische Funde wurden auch in Oberndorf und Staig, also in unmittelbarer Nähe der Stadt gemacht, doch ist über die Art der Funde nichts bekannt.

Tergolape – eine Annäherung?
Naheliegend erscheint folgende Vermutung: Schwanenstadt als Wohnort für die Zivilbevölkerung und Breitenschützing/Schlatt als Position für die Poststation Tergolape.

Ende und Nachwirkungen
Tergolape ereilte, wie alle übrigen Orte des oberen Ufernoricums, das Ende durch plündernde Heruler und Thüringer.

Die wissenschaftliche und vor allem die pseudowissenschaftliche/überlieferte Diskussion zur genauen Positionierung dürfte noch nicht vollständig abgeschlossen sein.

Durch die Gemeinden Schlatt und Schwanenstadt führt entlang des Flusses Ager der Römerradweg. Die Tergolape, als die einzige sichtbare und bedeutungsvolle Ausgrabungsstelle wird jedoch der Bevölkerung nicht zugänglich gemacht. Der Wunsch Bambergers, ein Freilichtmuseum an dieser historisch so bedeutsamen Stelle in Breitenschützing/Schlatt zu errichten, bleibt seit nun beinahe 60 Jahren unerhört. Ganz im Gegenteil. Die Anlage ist überwuchert und wird von Jägern unter anderem zum Ablagern von Gegenständen (Dachplatten, Holzresten, Plastikfässern, Fangzäunen) benutzt.

Der in Schwanenstadt ansässige Briefmarkensammelverein trägt den Namen BSV Tergolape Schwanenstadt.

Zitierte Literatur

Weblinks
 Kartenausschnitt im Verzeichnis der Cambridge University
 Heimatmuseum Schwanenstadt

Einzelnachweise

Noricum (Römisches Reich)
Schwanenstadt
Schlatt (Oberösterreich)

Tergolape


La bromuro peroxidasa o bromoperoxidasa (EC 22.214.171.124) es una enzima que cataliza la reacción:

 RH + HBr + H2O2  RBr + 2 H2O

Algunos organismos que expresan esta enzima son: Ascophyllum nodosum (macroalga marrón), Corallina officinalis (macroalga coralina) Corallina pilulifera (alga coralina roja). Las enzimas de las algas rojas y marrones contienen vanadio. Cataliza la adición de un grupo bromo a moléculas orgánicas como los sesquiterpenos formando enlaces C-Br estables. Las bromoperoxidasas también oxidan al yodo.

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de la base de datos ExPASy.

Peroxidasas
EC 1.11.1
Proteínas con vanadio

Bromuro peroxidasa


An Dendrobium polycladium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Dendrobium polycladium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New Caledonia.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. p. atractoglossum
 D. p. polycladium

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium polycladium


Conselheiros de Estado são membros seniores da família real britânica a quem o monarca pode delegar e revogar funções reais através de cartas patentes ao abrigo do Grande Selo, para evitar atrasos ou dificuldades no envio de negócios públicos em caso de doença (exceto incapacidade total ) ou de sua ausência intencional ou real do Reino Unido.

Conselheiros de estado podem realizar "as funções reais que podem ser especificadas nas Cartas Patentes". Na prática, isso significa a maioria dos deveres oficiais do monarca, como participar de reuniões do Conselho Privado, assinar documentos de rotina e receber as credenciais de novos embaixadores na Corte de St James's. No entanto, por lei, os conselheiros de Estado não podem conceder graduações, títulos ou títulos de nobreza. Eles também, pelos termos das cartas patentes, não podem lidar com uma série de funções constitucionais essenciais, como assuntos da Commonwealth, a dissolução do Parlamento (exceto por instrução expressa do monarca) e a nomeação de primeiros-ministros. Um raro exemplo ocorreu em 7 de fevereiro de 1974 da Proclamação da Dissolução do Parlamento sendo promulgada pela Rainha Elizabeth, A Rainha Mãe e pela princesa Margarida como Conselheiras de Estado, sob instruções expressas da Rainha Isabel II.

As funções reais devem ser exercidas conjuntamente pelos conselheiros de Estado, mas as cartas patentes podem dispor de outra forma, bem como poderão dispor de outras condições. No entanto, há uma presunção legal de que os conselheiros de Estado devem atuar em conjunto e, como tal, são necessários pelo menos dois para atuar, com a ausência de um possível risco de contestação judicial.

Conselheiros de Estado são o cônjuge do monarca e as quatro pessoas seguintes na linha de sucessão que atendem às seguintes especificações: devem ser súditos britânicos maiores de idade (21 anos, ou 18 anos para o herdeiro aparente e presuntivo) domiciliados no Reino Unido e não desqualificado para se tornar monarca. Durante uma regência, as próximas quatro pessoas elegíveis na linha de sucessão após o regente (e o cônjuge do monarca) podem ser conselheiros.

História
Os primeiros conselheiros de Estado foram criados em 1911 por uma Ordem do Conselho de Jorge V, e este processo repetiu-se em cada ocasião de ausência ou incapacidade do Rei.

Uma regra para todos os reinados futuros, no entanto, foi estabelecida pelo Regency Act 1937.

Desde a aprovação da Lei da Regência de 1937, as únicas pessoas que foram conselheiros de estado enquanto não eram uma rainha consorte, príncipe ou princesa foram George Lascelles, 7º Conde de Harewood ; Alastair Windsor, 2º Duque de Connaught e Strathearn (embora Windsor tenha sido um príncipe entre 1914 e 1917 e nunca tenha servido na prática durante seu curto mandato); e Maud Carnegie, condessa de Southesk (que tinha direito ao estilo de princesa, mas não o usava). [ citação necessária ] Antes disso, o Lord Chancellor, o Lorde presidente do Conselho, o primeiro-ministro e o Arcebispo da Cantuária havia sido nomeado para o cargo por Jorge V. [ citação necessária ]

Rainha Elizabeth A Rainha Mãe perdeu sua elegibilidade para ser conselheira de estado em 1952 após a morte de seu marido, o rei Jorge VI . A Seção 3 da Lei de Regência de 1953 , no entanto, restaurou sua posição. A disposição era específica para ela, em vez de se aplicar a consortes viúvas em geral, e tornou-se discutível após sua morte em 2002.

Conselheiros de estado foram nomeados pela última vez para a Abertura do Parlamento do Estado em 2022 .

Em setembro de 2022, o The Daily Telegraph relatou que o rei Carlos III queria que a lei fosse alterada para permitir que apenas membros trabalhadores da família real servissem como conselheiros de estado. Isso eliminaria a elegibilidade de membros da família que não exercem funções oficiais, ao mesmo tempo em que criaria a possibilidade de cônjuges de membros de alto escalão e aqueles com posição inferior na linha de sucessão serem chamados e desempenharem o papel.

Questões foram levantadas na Câmara dos Lordes em outubro de 2022 por Lord Stansgate sobre a "adequação" de ter o duque de York e o duque de Sussex como conselheiros de estado quando o primeiro "deixou a vida pública" e o segundo "deixou o país". ". Posteriormente, foi relatado que, em vez de remover os duques da lista de conselheiros de estado, estava sendo proposto que o grupo de conselheiros fosse expandido, possivelmente para incluir a princesa Ana, Princesa Real e o príncipe Eduardo, Conde de Wessex, a fim de criar uma lista mais flexível de conselheiros disponíveis . membros da realeza para substituir o rei, se necessário.

Esperava-se que as mudanças na Lei de Regência fossem apresentadas a tempo de acomodar as viagens ao exterior planejadas para 2023 pelo rei Carlos III, a rainha Camila e o príncipe e a princesa de Gales.

Em 14 de novembro de 2022, o Rei enviou uma mensagem às duas Casas do Parlamento, pedindo formalmente uma mudança na lei que permitiria que a princesa Ana, Princesa Real e o príncipe Eduardo, Conde de Wessex fossem adicionados à lista de conselheiros de estado.  No dia seguinte, um projeto de lei para esse fim foi apresentado ao Parlamento e recebeu o consentimento real em 6 de dezembro, entrando em vigor em 7 de dezembro.

Lista dos atuais conselheiros de estado
A partir de 7 de dezembro de 2022, os elegíveis para serem nomeados conselheiros de estado de Carlos III são:

Destes sete, o príncipe André e o príncipe Harry não desempenham funções reais. Se o Príncipe Harry deixar de ser domiciliado no Reino Unido, ele se tornará inelegível para ser um conselheiro de estado. Em fevereiro de 2022, no entanto, o príncipe Henrique, Duque de Sussex renovou seu contrato de arrendamento em Frogmore Cottage no Reino Unido, o que significa que ele pode pretender continuar a residir lá. O príncipe André, Duque de Iorque continua qualificado para servir depois de se retirar da maioria das atividades reais; isso provocou reação devido às alegações de abuso sexual feitas contra ele. Caso qualquer um dos indivíduos acima, exceto a Rainha, o Duque de Edimburgo ou a Princesa Real, se torne inelegível ou incapaz de servir, as próximas pessoas elegíveis seriam a Princesa Eugénia e então Peter Phillips até 8 de novembro de 2024, quando Lady Luísa Windsor completa 21 anos. O Príncipe Jorge também se tornará automaticamente conselheiro de estado em seu 21º aniversário e substituirá a princesa Beatriz.

Lista de ex-conselheiros de estado
A seguir está uma lista de todas as pessoas que já foram elegíveis para ser um conselheiro de estado, listadas em ordem cronológica:

Cronologia

Bibliografia

 Velde, François R. (2004). Regency Acts 1937 to 1953. Retrieved 2005.

Reino Unido
Carlos III do Reino Unido

Conselheiro de Estado do Reino Unido


Radu Negulescu, nach 1980 Johann R. Wolf (* 22. März 1941 in Bistrița, deutsch Bistritz), ist ein rumänisch-deutscher Frauenarzt und ehemaliger rumänischer Tischtennisnationalspieler aus den 1960er Jahren. Er wurde 1960 Vizeeuropameister.

Sportlicher Werdegang
Bereits in seiner Jugend erzielte Radu Negulescu mehrere Erfolge bei Jugendeuropameisterschaften: 1958 siegte er im Doppel mit Gheorghe Cobirzan und mit der Mannschaft, ein Jahr später holte er den Titel im Einzel, Doppel mit Adalbert Rethi und Mixed mit Mariana Barasch. 1960 wurde er erstmals für die Europameisterschaft nominiert. Dabei erzielte er seinen größten Erfolg, indem er im Einzel Vizeeuropameister hinter dem Ungarn Zoltán Berczik wurde. Auch im Mixed mit Angelica Rozeanu holte er Silber. Bei den Europameisterschaften 1964, 1966 und 1968 gewann er keine Medaille mehr. Von 1959 bis 1967 nahm er an fünf Weltmeisterschaften teil. Bei den Balkanmeisterschaften wurde er in den 1960er Jahren viermal Erster (u. a. in den Doppeln 1964 mit Dorin Giurgiucă und 1967 mit Adalbert Rethi sowie 1966 im Mixed mit Carmen Crişan) und fünfmal Zweiter.

Nationaler Meister wurde er sechsmal im Einzel (1959, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1967), fünfmal im Doppel (1961 bis 1964 mit Adalbert Rethi, 1968 mit Dorin Giurgiucă) und 1964 im Mixed Maria Alexandru. Mit dem Verein CSM Cluj gewann er 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966 und 1967 den Europapokal.

Seine Erfolge wurden mit dem Titel Meister des Sports gewürdigt. Nach 1968 trat Radu Negulescu international nicht mehr in Erscheinung.

Privates und Werdegang als Frauenarzt
Negulescus Vater, Jean, ein Arzt, war deutscher Herkunft. Radu Negulescu ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder. Er arbeitete als Gynäkologe in einer Klinik in Cluj-Napoca. 1975 nahm er eine Stelle als Assistenzarzt an der Frauen-Klinik Ulm an, nebenbei spielte er beim SSV Ulm 1846 in der Baden-Württembergischen Liga. 1981 übersiedelte er mit seiner Familie endgültig nach Deutschland, weil er hier für seine Kinder die besseren Perspektiven sah. Er änderte seinen Namen in Johann R. Wolf und hatte bis zum Erreichen des Ruhestandes Ende 2006 eine Praxis als Gynäkologe in Pulheim.

Turnierergebnisse

Weblinks
 Artikel über Radu Negulescu (rumänisch) (abgerufen am 19. März 2012)

Einzelnachweise

Tischtennisspieler (Rumänien)
Rumäne
Geboren 1941
Mann

Radu Negulescu


Yenilenme (yenilenim) veya rejenerasyon, bazı doku ve hücrelerinin yenilenmesi ya da verilen kayıpların tekrar yerine konmasına verilen addır.

 Fizyolojik yenilenme, normal yaşantıda bazı vücut doku ve hücrelerinin sürekli olarak yaptığı yenilemedir. Örneğin, epitel tabakası ve kan hücrelerinde, eklem bacaklılarda üst derininin atılması, kuşlarda tüy, memelilerde kıl, geyiklerde boynuz değişimi, vs.
 Onarımsal yenilenme, vejetatif üreme sırasında ya da yaralanmalarda vücudun eksik kısımlarının tamamlanmasıdır. Örneğin bazı eklem bacaklılar, balıklar, amfibiler de genellikle genç dönemlerde yitirilen üyeler yenilenebilir. Bunun en bilinen örneği, kertenkelelerin kuyruklarını yenilemesidir. Çoğu omurgasız hayvan, vücudunun tamamını yenileyebilir. Örneğin denizyıldızı orta diskten parça alınması koşuluyla, kopan bir kol tüm vücudunu tamamlayabilir. Halkalı solucanlar, ortadan bölündüklerinde arka kısım ön tarafı, ön kısımsa arka tarafını tamamlayabilir. En bilindik rejenerasyon örneklerinden Planaria ise 1/100'ünü yenileyebilir. Yenilenme yeteneği hayvanın yaşı, organizasyon derecesi geliştikçe azalır. Gelişmiş çok hücrelilerde yenilenme genellikle olmaz, dokuların bazılarında (beyin, retina) hiç görülmezken bazı dokularda görülür.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Döllenme
 Embriyonik gelişim
 Çokhücrelilerde özel gelişimler

Gelişim biyolojisi
Üreme fizyolojisi
Biyolojik yaşlanma

Yenilenme


Calamodin (Citrus microcarpa, × Citrofortunella microcarpa sau × Citrofortunella mitis), cunoscut și sub numele de calamansi, este un hibrid de citrice important din punct de vedere economic care este cultivat în Filipine. Este nativ pentru Filipine și zonele înconjurătoare din sudul Chinei, Taiwan, Borneo și Sulawesi. Calamondinul este omniprezent în bucătăria tradițională filipineză. Se folosește în diferite condimente, băuturi, mâncăruri, marinate și gemuri. Calamondinul este, de asemenea, folosit ca ingrediente în bucătăriile din Malaezia și Indonezia.

Calamondinul este o citrofortunella, un hibrid între kumquat (considerat anterior ca aparținând unui gen separat Fortunella) și o altă specie de Citrus (în acest caz, probabil mandarina portocalie).

Nume

Numele "calamondin" este o formă a cuvântului din limba tagalog kalamunding. Alte denumiri comune ale calamondinului includ: calamansi, calamonding, calamondin portocaliu, calamandarin, lămâie aurie, lămâie filipineză și altele.

Calamondin a fost anterior identificat ca Citrus mitis Blanco, C. microcarpa Bunge sau C. madurensis Lour., toate clasificate drept citrice. Sistemul Swingle de clasificare a citricelor ar pune kumquats într-un gen separat, Fortunella, ceea ce face din calamondin un hibrid intergeneric, iar în 1975 i s-a dat numele hibrid × Citrofortunella mitis de către John Ingram & Harold E. Moore bazat pe numele speciilor Blanco, dar în 1984, D. Onno Wijnands a subliniat că numele speciei lui Bunge, C. microcarpa (1832), a precedat Citrus mitis (1837) al lui Blanco, făcând din × Citrofortunella microcarpa numele propriu zis. Analiza filogenetică plasează acum kumquatul în același gen ca și alte citrice, ceea ce înseamnă că hibrizii, inclusiv cei numiți anterior ca × Citrofortunella, aparțin de asemenea de Citrus.

Calamondin este cultivat pe scară largă în Filipine , unde este numit kalamansî [kɐlɐmɐnˈsɪʔ], pronunțat calamansi) sau kalamunding la poporul Tagalog, poporul Kapampangan și poporul Pangasinan ; și limonsito sau simuyaw [sɪˈmujɐw] de poporul Visayan. În Malaezia se numește limau kasturi; și în Sri Lanka ca hinnāraṁ (හින්නාරං). Calamondin crește, de asemenea, în partea de nord a Indoneziei și a Chinei de Sud. Este disponibil pe tot parcursul anului în Filipine și este văzut, de obicei, în stare verde nematurizat. Când este lăsată să se coacă, se transformă într-o mandarină portocalie.

Descriere

Calamondin, × Citrofortunella microcarpa, este un arbore sau copac mic care ajunge la o înălțime de 3-6 metri. Planta este caracterizată prin apendicele asemănător aripilor pe pețiolurile frunzelor și florile albe sau purpurii. Fructul de calamondin seamănă cu o lămâie mică, rotundă, de obicei cu diametrul de 25-35 mm, dar ajunge uneori pana la 45 mm. Pulpa centrală și sucul are culoarea portocalie a unui mandarin cu o coajă de portocală foarte subțire atunci când este coaptă. Fiecare fruct conține de la 8 până la 12 semințe.

Mutație pestriță
Există, de asemenea, o mutație variată a calamondinului obișnuit, care prezintă dungi verzi pe fructul galben.

Folosire

Fructele sunt acre și sunt adesea folosite pentru conservare sau gătit. Calamondinul poartă un mic fruct de citrice care este folosit pentru a aroma alimentele și băuturile. În ciuda aspectului exterior și al aromelor sale, gustul fructului în sine este destul de acru, deși coaja este dulce. Marrmelada din calamondin poate fi făcută în același mod ca și marmelada din portocale. Ca și alte fructe citrice, calamondinul este bogat în vitamina C.

Fructele pot fi înghețate întregi și folosite ca niște cuburi de gheață în băuturi cum ar fi ceaiul, băuturi răcoritoare, apă și cocktailuri. Sucul său poate fi folosit în locul sucului lămâii obișnuite persane (cunoscută și sub denumirea de Bearss lime). Sucul este extras prin zdrobirea întregului fruct și se obține o băutură aromată similară cu limonada. Un lichior poate fi făcut din fructele întregi, în combinație cu vodcă și zahăr.

Asia
În bucătăriile asiatice, sucul este folosit pentru marinarea peștelui, pasărilor și a cărnii de porc. Este foarte frecvent utilizat ca un condiment în feluri de mâncare din bucătăria filipineză, cum ar fi tăițeii pancit sau orezul lugaw, sau în sawsawan (sos) pe bază de suc de calamansi și sos de soia / sos de pește folosit pentru pești, pachețele de primăvară, găluște și diverse mâncăruri savuroase.

Fructele sunt folosite în rețetele locale din nordul Indoneziei, în special în regiunea Sulawesi de Nord. Peștele este șpreiat și marinat cu suc înainte de gătire pentru a elimina mirosul de "pește". Kuah asam ("supa iute acrișoară") este o supă regională din pește la care se adaugă suc de calamondin.

Florida

În Florida, fructul este folosit în forma sa întreagă cât mai coaptă. Degustătorii au găsit elemente de gust de caise, mandarine, lămâie, ananas și guava. Coaja este atât de subțire încât fiecare fruct trebuie să fie prins cu mână în copac pentru a evita ruperea. Se poate folosi întregul fruct fără tulpini și semințe. Este prelucrat manual, prăjit, la blender sau în sucuri și utilizat în diverse produse cum ar fi tortul de calamondin, coulis, marmeladă și gem. Coaja poate fi deshidratată și utilizată ca aromă gastronomică cu sare și zahăr. Fructul a fost popular în bucătăriile din Florida sub formă de tort, din anii 1920 până în 1950.

Locuitorii din Florida care au un calamondin în curte folosesc adesea sucul într-o variantă de vară de limonadă sau suc de lămâie, așa cum s-a menționat mai sus, și, lăsat un pic acru, taie setea cu aroma sa distinctivă; de asemenea, poate fi folosit la pește și la fructe de mare sau oriunde s-ar folosi alte citrice.

Cultivare

Cultivarea sa s-a răspândit din Filipine în toată Asia de Sud-Est, India, Hawaii, Indiile de Vest, America Centrală și de Nord.

În zona subtropicală și în părți ale Americii de Nord calde temperate, × Citrofortunella microcarpa este cultivată în principal ca o plantă ornamentală în grădini și în ghivece și pe terase și în curți. Planta este deosebit de atractivă atunci când fructele sunt prezente.

Planta este sensibilă la frigul prelungit și / sau extrem și, prin urmare, este limitată la creșterea în aer liber la zonele tropicale, subtropicale și zonele temperate cele mai calde (cum ar fi câmpul de coastă din sud-estul Statelor Unite (zonele USDA 8b-11) din California, sudul Arizonei, sudul Texasului și Hawaii). Plantele cu flori sunt aduse într-o seră, în solar sau în interior, ca o plantă de casă în timpul perioadelor de iarnă în regiunile cu climă mai rece.

În patria sa natală din Asia de Sud, calamondinul crește bine în zonele răcoroase și înalte și în solurile nisipoase bogate în materie organică. Zonele cu foarte multă apă nu sunt potrivite pentru cultivarea sa, deoarece nici un citrus nu tolerează continuu solurile înmuiate în apă. Pomii sau arborii altoiți vor începe să dea roade la un an sau doi ani după plantare. Copacii pot trăi timp de patruzeci sau mai mulți ani.

În cultivarea sa în Regatul Unit, această plantă a câștigat Premiul Garden Merit oferit de Royal Horticultural Society (confirmat 2017).

Vezi și

 Citrus depressa (shikwasa, lămâie hirami), un arbore similar folosit pe scară largă în Taiwan și Okinawa, Japonia
 Citrus poonensis (ponkan portocaliu), un pom cu fructe dulci de dimensiuni asemănătoare din China

Referințe

Legături externe
 Informații NPGS / GRIN: X Citrofortunella mitis
 Calamondin - fructul cel mai versatil din Horticultura Aggie.
 http://www.plantemania.ro/plante-de-vanzare/calamondinul/

Arbori ornamentali
Flora din Indonezia
Bucătăria orientală
Pomi din Asia
Hibrizi
Citrice
Pages with unreviewed translations

Calamondin


Nogometni klub Poštar je bio nogometni klub iz Zagreba.

Povijest
Klub je nekoliko puta bio obnavljan. Osnovan je 18. rujna 1919. kao Hrvatski poštanski športski klub, na inicijativu zagrebačkih poštara. Klub je treninge imao na igralištu HAŠK-a u Maksimiru. Klub je imao nogometnu, turističku, šahovsku, stolnotenisku i plivačku sekciju. Povodom 10. godišnjice izdana je 1929. godine spomen-knjiga.
Tijekom zimske stanke sezone 1929./30., prestao se natjecati u natjecanjima zagrebačkog podsaveza, premda je i dalje imao nogometni odjel. Obnovljen je u NDH 1945. kao Fizkulturno družtvo Poštar kao klub radnika i namještenika PTT-a i krugovala.
Poštar se 1946. spojio s Lokomotivom (bivšim Željezničarom) iz Zagreba. Ponovo je obnovljen kao samostalni klub 1949. godine. Konačno je ugašen 9. ožujka 1964. godine. Cijelu svoju povijest klub se natjecao u nižim zagrebačkim ligama. Utakmice je igrao na igralištu na Miramarskoj cesti, Maksimiru, Veslačkoj ulici i Oboju.

Istaknuti djelatnici
 K. Arkus
 U. Greiner

Poznati igrači
 Otto Bobek
 Vladimir Čonč
 Ivan Ožegović
 Milan Šulenta (po odlasku u Mostar, ondje osnovao klub istog imena
 Branko Zebec
 Josip Krnić (i igrač i trener)
 Ivan "Đalma" Marković
 Franjo Andročec
 Đuka Strugar

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
NK Maksimir  Grb NK Poštara

Bivši hrvatski nogometni klubovi
Nogometni klubovi u Gradu Zagrebu

NK Poštar Zagreb


In the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, an Outer Plane is one of a number of general types of planes of existence. They can also be referred to as godly planes, spiritual planes or divine planes. The Outer Planes are home to beings such as deities and their servants such as demons, celestials and devils. Each Outer Plane is usually the physical manifestation of a particular moral and ethical alignment and the entities that dwell there often embody the traits related to that alignment.

The intangible and esoteric Outer Planes—the realms of ideals, philosophies, and gods—stand in contrast to the Inner Planes, which compose the material building blocks of reality and the realms of energy and matter.

All Outer Planes are spatially infinite but are composed of features and locations of finite scope. Many of these planes are often split into a collection of further infinites called layers, which are essentially sub-planes that represent one particular facet or theme of the plane. For example, Baator's geography is reminiscent of Hell as depicted in Dante's The Divine Comedy. In addition, each layer may also contain a number of realms. Each realm is the home to an individual deity, or occasionally a collection of deities.

Publication history
The Outer Planes were presented for the first time in Volume 1, Number 8 of The Dragon, released July 1977 as part of the Great Wheel of Planes. In the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", Gary Gygax mentions that there are 16 Outer Planes and describes the Seven Heavens, the Twin Paradises, and Elysium as "Typical higher planes", Nirvana as the "plane of ultimate Law" and Limbo as the "plane of ultimate Chaos (entropy)", and the Nine Hells, Hades' three glooms, and the 666 layers of the Abyss as "Typical lower planes". Other Outer Planes mentioned by name in the article include the Happy Hunting Grounds, Olympus, Gladsheim, Pandemonium, Tarterus, Gehenna, Acheron, and Arcadia.

The Outer Planes were further "refined in the Players Handbook (1978) and Deities & Demigods (1980)". The appendix of the Player's Handbook included an abstract diagram of the planes, and mentioned the same 16 Outer Planes: the Seven Heavens of absolute lawful good, the Twin Paradises of neutral good lawfuls, the planes of Elysium of absolute neutral good, the Happy Hunting Grounds of neutral good chaotics, the planes of Olympus of good chaotics, the planes of Gladsheim (Asgard, Valhalla, Vanaheim, etc.) of chaotic good neutrals, the planes of Limbo of neutral (absolute) chaos (entropy), the Planes of Pandemonium of chaotic evil neutrals, the 666 layers of the Abyss of absolute chaotic evil, the planes of Tarterus of evil chaotic neutrals, Hades' "Three Glooms" of absolute (neutral) evil, the furnaces of Gehenna of lawful evil neutrals, the Nine Hells of absolute lawful evil, the nether planes of Acheron of lawful evil neutrals, Nirvana of absolute (neutral) lawfuls, and the planes of Arcadia of neutral good lawfuls. Shannon Appelcline, the author of Designers & Dragons, highlighted that throughout the early 1980s Dragon magazine would continue to detail "some of the planes in more depth", however, "there was no overarching plan for the planes of D&D other than a few increasingly old drawings".

Both Appelcline and Curtis D. Carbonell, in his book the Dread Trident: Tabletop Role-Playing Games and the Modern Fantastic, highlighted that information on the planes and the shared cosmology was codified in the Manual of the Planes (1987) and Tales of the Outer Planes (1988). Carbonell wrote that project leader and designer Jeff Grubb detailed "the schematization of the planes' requisite five area: the Prime Material, the Ethereal, the Astral, the Inner, and the Outer planes. This basic structure is still used in 5e, with some changes that provide minor rearrangements and clarifications [...]. Grubb's approach demonstrated a need to codify, while still remaining flexible, that has remained as a primary aim of the latest edition".

Carbonell also highlighted that the 1989 Spelljammer campaign setting added cosmology that "allowed travel between the different settings" such as Dragonlance, Greyhawk, and the Forgotten Realms. However, campaign settings such as Dark Sun and Ravenloft were inaccessible in this cosmology. Then in 1993, TSR wanted to do a series of books about the Outer Planes. Zeb Cook, creator of the Planescape universe, describes it this way: So there was this huge collection of over ten years of stuff that was just kind of quietly ignored with no sense of logic to it, and we figured that 'Oh, we don't need to explain it—it's enough to say "It came from The Outer Planes. So [one of the TSR designers] said, 'Let's do this series of books, one about each Plane,' which would have been about 10 million books, so TSR said, 'Well, that's a good idea, but 10 million books is not such a great idea. We'd rather create a campaign world that's set in the Outer Planes,' because they had figured out by that point that worlds sold. And so they came to me, the senior designer with a huge gaping hole in my schedule, and wanted me to take this idea and execute it. 'Make us a campaign world that's completely different from all of the ones we have....'Carbonell called the 1994 Planescape campaign setting "the most complex example of the multiverse created during the varieties of 2e's AD&D settings" and wrote: "A more nuanced and sophisticated attempt at harmonization, Planescape provided an alternate way to travel between the planes than Spelljammer's science-fantasy-oriented approach". The 3rd edition Manual of the Planes (2001) detailed both the inner and outer planes. Kevin Kulp, for DMs Guild, wrote that "the authors used an approach that said 'here's how it's been done in the past, and here are other ways you can do it,' which allowed the book to avoid setting planar mechanics in stone. Instead it gave DMs a modular approach by presenting Options, a flexible strategy that pleased both 1e and Planescape fans. Vast amounts of new ideas and new locations were presented, dovetailing nicely with canon from earlier editions".

The 4th edition Manual of the Planes (2008) shifted the locations of the various Outer Planes to fit the new World Axis cosmology. However, the 5th edition Player's Handbook (2014) and Dungeon Master's Guide (2014) shifted most of the cosmology of the planes back to the Great Wheel model with some aspects of the World Axis model retained in the descriptions of the inner planes.

Standard D&D cosmology

The standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology contains sixteen Outer Planes. This cosmology is outlined in the Great Wheel model where the Outer Planes are arranged in a ring of sixteen planes with the Good-aligned planes (or Upper Planes) at the top, and the Evil-aligned planes (or Lower Planes) at the bottom. Depictions usually display the Lawful planes (or Planes of Law) to the left, and the Chaotic planes (or Planes of Chaos) to the right. Between all of these sit the Neutral planes, or the Planes of Conflict. The center contains the Inner and Material Planes.

One further plane sits in the center of the ring, the Outlands, being neutral in alignment. At the center of the Outlands is a Spire of infinite height; the city of Sigil floats above the Spire's pinnacle.

This D&D cosmology is the standard cosmology in the 3rd and 5th Editions and is the official cosmology used in campaign settings such as Planescape and Greyhawk. "It's common for gods from different campaign settings to share a plane but maintain their own space. Mount Celestia, for example, houses both Heironeous from Greyhawk and Torm from the Forgotten Realms". Many of the alternative names derive from the 1st-edition Manual of the Planes (1987), and the in-game explanation given in the Planescape setting is that these names are used by the "Clueless", or characters from the Prime Material unfamiliar with the planes.

4th Edition differences
The 4th Edition World Axis model outlines that the mortal world is between "the Astral Sea above and the Elemental Chaos below". Most of the Outer Planes are now located in the Astral Sea (such as Celestia and the Nine Hells). The Abyss is an exception; it is now located in the Elemental Chaos.

Cosmology in campaign settings
Other Dungeons & Dragons cosmologies were developed after Greyhawk for various other campaign settings, however, "they would be subsumed under 5e's umbrella concept of the multiverse".

Forgotten Realms cosmology
The Forgotten Realms cosmology was originally the same as that of a standard Dungeons & Dragons campaign.  The cosmology for the 3rd edition of D&D was altered substantially so that it contained twenty-six Outer Planes, arranged in a tree-like structure around the central 'trunk' of the material plane of Toril. Unlike the Outer Planes of the standard D&D cosmology which were heavily alignment-based, the Outer Planes of the Forgotten Realms cosmology were faith-based.

The planes of the Forgotten Realms were retooled in the 4th Edition to match the new default cosmology, with many of the planes or realms being relocated to the Astral Sea, and a handful now located in the Elemental Chaos. Appelcline highlighted that the 4th Edition World Axis model "had actually originated with the Forgotten Realms, which was planning a view of the heavens as early as 2005 or 2006. It was then co-opted by the SCRAMJET world design team for D&D 4e".

The Barrens of Doom and Despair plane is designed to be inhospitable to Dungeons & Dragons player characters. Even though there is little light or water, other characters from the franchise can be found here. Five deities make their homes here, including Bane (his home was previously referred to as Acheron), Beshaba, Hoar, Loviatar, and Talona. The Barrens of Doom and Despair consist of a single infinite plane, with no constituent layers. It links via the Astral Plane to the planes of the Prime Material (such as Toril) and a number of portals directly connect it with Hammergrim and the Blood Rift. Beshaba's realm, the Blood Tor, links directly to the Abyss.

List of Forgotten Realms planes

Eberron cosmology

The Eberron cosmology, used in the original Eberron campaign setting, contained thirteen Outer Planes in 3rd edition, and gained at least two for 4th edition under the new cosmology. They exhibit traits similar to those of the standard D&D cosmology but also some (Irian, Mabar, Fernia, and Risia) appear more like Inner Planes. The cosmology was unique in that the Outer Planes orbited around Eberron through the Astral plane. As they orbited, their overlap with the material plane changed and access to those planes became easier or restricted.

Like most other D&D campaign settings, in 3rd edition D&D Eberron has a number of planes. Besides the Prime Material Plane, the Ethereal Plane, the Plane of Shadow, and the Astral Plane, the Eberron Campaign Setting has thirteen relatively unique planes. Gates or portals to any of the planes are very rare. These thirteen planes metaphysically orbit around Eberron, and depending on their current location are considered in one of four states.
 Waxing/Waning – The plane is either approaching or moving away from Eberron. Planar travel occurs as normal.
 Coterminous – The plane actually touches Eberron, and certain effects are strengthened in Eberron. Also, it may be possible to travel between planes by going to an appropriate spot. For example, when Risia, the Plain of Ice is coterminous, one may enter the plane from Eberron by walking into a blizzard. Because of seals placed by the Gatekeeper druids, Xoriat, the Realm of Madness, is incapable of becoming coterminous with Eberron.
 Remote – The plane is furthest from Eberron, and certain effects are weakened in Eberron. Also, reaching a remote plane with the spell plane shift is difficult and requires a high DC check. Because of the conflict between the Quori and the giants of Xen'drik, Dal Quor is always considered remote from Eberron.

List of Eberron planes

Fictional descriptions

List of planes

Abyss
The Abyss is known for having hundreds of layers, and many realms of deities and demons, including its horrific first layer of Pazunia (also known as the Plane of Infinite Portals), and the White Kingdom ruled by the King of Ghouls,

In a critical review of Planes of Chaos for White Wolf Inphobia magazine, Keith H. Eisenbeis described the danger of adventuring in planes such as the Abyss, especially for low- and mid-level characters: "Sure, it's possible to design a situation in which first-level characters can accomplish something important and survive in the Abyss, but the immensity and power of the planes is undermined. In addition, on planes such as the Abyss, negotiating with evil creatures is frequently necessary, possibly making these planes useful to only neutral and evil characters."

Ken Denmead of Wired described a number of aspects of the Abyss as psychedelic, calling the doors on one layer of the Abyss similar to the "loony corridor scene from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band."

Acheron
Acheron ( ), also known as The Infernal Battlefield of Acheron, is a lawful neutral/lawful evil–aligned plane of existence.

Arborea
Arborea or more fully, the Olympian Glades of Arborea, is a chaotic good-aligned plane of existence. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.

Arborea is also referred to as "Olympus" or "Arvandor", though technically those names describe separate realms within the plane. Arborea is stylised as a peaceful plane of natural beauty with a multitude of thriving environments. Much of the plane is dominated by vast tall forests, but also includes glades of wildflowers and fields of grain. As a plane that also embodies chaos, it has a wild and often sudden nature. The weather can change drastically at short notice, changing from warm sunshine to raging winds and back again in just a few minutes.

Publication history
The plane known as Olympus was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as  "The planes of Olympus of absolute good chaotics".

Inhabitants
The eladrin, powerful elf-like celestial creatures are the protectors of Arborea, the most common of which is the Ghaele. Lillends are also common on the plane. Many types of celestial and anarchic version of common animals, natural creatures suffused with tendencies of good or chaos, are found in Arborea. Also, primitive Orc-Baboon hybrids known as Losels dwell in its wilderness, occasionally migrating between it and the Beastlands.

Arborea has two main types of petitioner, the first of which are the spirits of the elven dead. Some take the form of celestial creatures or others simply merge with the plane itself, as a final reward after death. The second main type are the bacchae, drunken revellers who perpetually indulge in wild celebrations, enticing visitors to join with them.

Structure
As an outer plane, Arborea is spatially infinite, further consisting of three infinite layers (or sub-planes). Arborea's first layer shares borders with the neighbouring planes of the Heroic Domains of Ysgard and the Wilderness of the Beastlands; travel is possible between Arborea and these planes at certain locations.

Layers
The wandering realm of the Seelie Court often appears on the plane of Arborea, always in a different location.

Arborea has three layers:

Arvandor/Olympus
In previous editions, this layer was known as Olympus, but the most recent edition of Manual of the Planes refers to it only as Arvandor. Principally, it is the home plane of the Seldarine, the good Elven deities, headed by Corellon Larethian. This layer is mostly endless canopies of forest with huge clearings containing many idealized elven settlements. Arvandor has a day and night cycle matching that of the material plane. The goddess Eilistraee also resides in the forests of Arvandor, despite her banishment.

The realm of Brightwater, a separate plane in the third edition Forgotten Realms cosmology is located on Arvandor. Four goddesses have domains here, including Lliira, Sharess, Sune, and Tymora.

The actual realm of Olympus is found here, and is home to many deities of the Greek pantheon, including Zeus, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Hera, Hermes, and the titan Rhea.

There are several other realms located on this layer, including:
The aarakocra goddess Syranita's realm of Whistledge;
The giant goddess Iallanis's realm of Florallium;
Trithereon's realm of The Forking Road;
Chih-Nii's realm of Loom of the Celestial River.

Aquallor/Ossa
When not with the Seldarine, Deep Sashelas also has his own realm of Elavandor on Ossa.

Poseidon's realm of Caletto can be found on Ossa.

Mithardir/Pelion
Nephthys has her realm of Amun-thys on Pelion.

Historic influences
Arborea incorporates many elements of Greek mythology, with the game's version of Mount Olympus as a central feature, to the point that the whole plane was originally named Olympus in 1st edition. The name of Arborea, introduced in 2nd edition AD&D, is derived from its "endless rolling forests", as in arboreal.

Arcadia
Arcadia ( ) or more fully, the Peaceable Kingdoms of Arcadia, is a lawful neutral/lawful good-aligned plane of existence.

Baator
Baator, also known as the Nine Hells of Baator or the Nine Hells, is a lawful evil–aligned plane of existence.

Baator is stylised as a plane of sinister evil and cruelty. The different types of devils that dwell here obey a strict hierarchical caste-like social structure. Each continually plots to advance their position through treachery and deception. Unlike the demons of the Abyss, the devils are highly organized, with a logical and calculating nature.

The plane itself is composed of nine different layers, each of which models a differing but no less inhospitable and dreadful environment, from barren plains of ash and rock to frozen wastes of endless ice.

The nine layers in order are Avernus, Dis, Minauros, Phlegethos, Stygia, Malbolge, Maladomini, Cania and Nessus.

Publication history
The plane known as the Nine Hells was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as one of the "Typical lower planes". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as  "The Nine Hells of absolute lawful evil".

History
The article "The Politics of Hell" by Alexander Von Thorn in Dragon No. 28 (1979) describes how Hell was originally ruled by Satan, who was usurped by Baalzebul, who was in turn overthrown by Asmodeus.

The article "The Possessors" by Arn Ashleigh Parker in Dragon No. 42 (October 1980) follows up on this article by explaining that Selm, a lieutenant of Satan, was made the Prince of Possessors, and remained in that position throughout these various changes in the administration in Hell.

Beastlands
The Beastlands (more properly, the Wilderness of the Beastlands, formerly the Happy Hunting Grounds in early versions of the game) is a neutral (chaotic) good-aligned plane of existence.

Bytopia
Bytopia, also known as the Twin Paradises, (bi- + utopia) or, more fully, the Twin Paradises of Bytopia, is a lawful good/neutral good aligned plane of existence. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk, and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings. Bytopia is a virtuous plane of cultivated beauty, and is home to many of the deities of the gnomish pantheon.

Publication history
The plane known as the Twin Paradises was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as one of the "Typical higher planes". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "The Twin Paradises of neutral good lawfuls".

Structure
Bytopia is a spatially infinite plane, consisting of two layers or sub-planes. It is unique in the sense that the two layers are laid facing one another, each looking down (or up; the terms are relative here) at the other. A traveller can look up from one layer and see the other above him looking back down (or, from the other side's perspective, up), provided that the sky is clear. To get from one layer to the other, travellers must either climb tall mountains, or fly. Gravity reverses when someone reaches the middle point between the two layers. Bytopia shares its borders with the neighbouring planes of the Seven Mounting Heavens of Celestia and the Blessed Fields of Elysium; travel is possible between Bytopia and these planes at certain locations.

Dothion is a serene pastoral layer of meadows and wild-flowers; it is home to the souls of farmers, craftsmen, honest merchants, and gnomish commoners. The Golden Hills, a separate plane in the 3rd-Edition Forgotten Realms cosmology, is located here, and is home to the gnome deity Garl Glittergold, as well as Baervan Wildwanderer, Baravar Cloakshadow, Flandal Steelskin, Gaerdal Ironhand, Nebelun the Meddler, and Segojan Earthcaller. Flandal shares his Mithral Forge with Ama-Tsu-Mara. The godly realms of Deephome, home of Callarduran Smoothhands, god of the svirfneblin, and Prosperity, realm of Inari, are also located on Dothion.

Shurrock is the mountainous untamed twin, home of hidden beasts and monsters. The gnomish underground mining city of Quarry that specialises in gemcutting is located here. Rangers often foray into this wilderness to slay creatures that have threatened the folk of Dothion.

A number of godly realms exist on this layer, including Heart of Justice, realm of Kiri-Jolith, and Windwrath, realm of Tefnut. Martyrdomain was the realm of Ilmater in previous editions of Dungeons & Dragons.

Carceri
Carceri (more fully, the Tarterian Depths of Carceri; also, Tarterus or The Red Prison) is a neutral (chaotic) evil-aligned plane of existence.

Elysium
Elysium, or more fully, the Blessed Fields of Elysium, is a strongly good-aligned plane of existence.

Gehenna
Gehenna (beginning in the third edition of the game, the Bleak Eternity of Gehenna; also, The Fourfold Furnaces or The Fires of Perdition) is a plane of existence of neutral evil/lawful evil alignment. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology. It borders the Gray Waste of Hades and the Nine Hells of Baator.

Gray Waste of Hades
The Gray Waste (more fully, the Gray Wastes of Hades; also, Hades, The Three Glooms, Hope's Loss or The Nadir) is a strongly neutral evil aligned plane of existence. It is one of a number of alignment-based Outer Planes that form part of the standard Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) cosmology, used in the Planescape, Greyhawk, and some editions of the Forgotten Realms campaign settings.  Hades is the plane of origin of the yugoloth daemons. Pathfinder's analogue to Hades is the plane called Abaddon (from the Hebraic Abaddon).

Publication history
The plane known as Hades was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as Hades' three glooms, one of the "Typical lower planes". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original (1st edition) AD&D Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "Hades' "Three Glooms" of absolute (neutral) evil".

Description
According to Trenton Webb's critical review of Planes of Conflict for British RPG magazine Arcane, the Gray Waste "erodes the sense of purpose that is the hallmark of an alignment-based philosophy. One symptom of this is the place's ability to fade the colour from a character's clothes!" Stang and Trammell called Hades "the realm of the dead", where larvae created by night hags are used as currency.

Limbo
Limbo or more fully, the Ever-Changing Chaos of Limbo, is a chaotic neutral-aligned plane of existence.

The plane known as Limbo was mentioned for the first time by name in the article "Planes: The Concepts of Spatial, Temporal and Physical Relationships in D&D", in The Dragon #8, released July 1977. In the article Gary Gygax describes the plane as the "plane of ultimate Chaos (entropy)". The plane was mentioned again in an appendix of the known planes of existence in the original Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) Players Handbook, published in June 1978, where it was described as "The planes of Limbo of neutral (absolute) chaos (entropy)".

Limbo is described as a place of pure chaos where everything is in constant motion and change, especially the landscape, which can shift unpredictably and randomly rolls over upon itself like liquid. Very few places in Limbo are stable enough for normal travel.

Limbo is home to the slaadi and their lords (most notably Ygorl and Ssendam), and to the githzerai.  Very few gods call Limbo home, as the plane is not well-suited to any sort of permanent structures.  The shared realm of Tempus and the Red Knight can be found on Limbo, as can Shaundakul's realm.  The elven god Fenmarel Mestarine calls this chaotic plane home as well.

The plane of Limbo is the location of a number of godly realms:
The elven god Fenmarel Mestarine's realm of Fennimar.
Indra, Vayu, and Agni's realm of Swarga.
Llerg's realm of Beasthaven.
Procan's realm of Seasedge.
Ralishaz's realm of The Kiss of Luck.
Shaundakul's realm of Shaunadaur.
Shina-Tsu-Hiko's realm of Windshome.
Sirrion's realm of The Flame Void.
Tempus and the Red Knight's shared realm of Knight's Rest.
Susanoo's realm of The Globe of Raging Chaos.

Fauna include the Chaos dragon.

Limbo is named after the Limbo of Catholic mythology, where the souls of the dead who died before Jesus's death went, before he descended there to release them, but there is little similarity of philosophy between the two realms. In appearance, it is based on the Abyss in John Milton's Paradise Lost.

Mechanus
Mechanus, also known as The Clockwork Nirvana of Mechanus (or simply Nirvana in AD&D 1st Edition) is a purely lawful aligned plane of existence.

Mount Celestia
Mount Celestia or more fully, the Seven Mounting Heavens of Celestia, or even the Seven Heavens is a lawful good-aligned plane of existence.

The seven layers in order are Lunia, Mercuria, Venya, Solania, Mertion, Jovar, and Chronias.

Outlands
The Concordant Domain of the Outlands, also known as the Concordant Opposition, is the Outer Plane where the souls of people of Neutral alignment are sent after death. It is popular as a meeting place for treaties between the powers. The Outlands are also home to the gate-towns. At the center of the Outlands is the Spire, atop which Sigil can be seen. The Outlands are the home plane of the neutral-minded rilmani. The Outlands are part of a series of rings that form the multiverse. Travel between the planes of the Outlands is accomplished via The Great Road.

In first edition and second edition AD&D before Planescape, this plane is also at the center of the Outer Planes and known by its original name Concordant Opposition. The First Edition Manual Of Planes states that the center of the plane takes various forms at different times (a mountain, a huge tree, etc.) and godly powers are lost as one moves toward the center, as well as spells, beginning with the highest levels of spells at the farthest out and then gradually losing the lower ones step by step the further one moves inward. Within  of the center, not even chemical reactions take place, and neither man nor deity can get closer than . In Second Edition Outer Planes Monstrous Compendium, under the description of the Mediators of Nirvana (Mechanus), it states that this plane was originally intended for Neutral Powers (deities) and created by the Powers (deities) of creation, but each Neutral Deity asserted their individual influence causing it to become unbalanced, then were cast out by the powers of creation. It also states that three lights of balance exist at the center of this plane, one for each Mediator in Nirvana. (Mechanus) Before Planescape, there is also no mention whatsoever of Sigil being at the Center of this Plane.

Gate-towns are settlements which are built around a permanent portal to a certain Outer Plane on the Great Wheel. Gate-towns are important strategically because they provide a (relatively) stable way to enter a desired Outer Plane. The gate-towns reflect the plane that they lead to, for example, Xaos (or aXos, soaX, etc.) is a town where everything changes from one moment to the next. Even the location of the portal to Limbo changes every day – not that there's any regularity to daybreak and nightfall in Xaos. The character of Xaos mirrors what the plane of Limbo is like.

Realms
The Outlands is the location of a number of godly realms, including the following:

 The Caverns of Thought, realm of the illithid deity Ilsensine
 The Court of Light, realm of the naga deity Shekinester
 The Flowering Hill, the realm of the halfling goddess Sheela Peryroyl
 Gzemnid's Realm, home of the beholder deity of gases and vapors
 The Hidden Realm, home of the chief giant deity Annam
 The Hidden Vale, realm of the Dragonlance god Gilean
 The Hidden Wood, realm of the nature god Obad-Hai
 The Library of Lore, realm of the god Boccob
 The Mausoleum of Chronepsis, realm of the dragon deity Chronepsis
 The Marketplace Eternal, realm of the god Zilchus
 The Palace of Judgement, Yen-Wang-Yeh's realm
 The Scales of Wealth, the realm of Shinare
 Semuanya's Bog, realm of the lizardfolk deity Semuanya
 The Steel Hills, realm of the goddess Ulaa
 Thoth's Estate, the realm of Thoth
 Tvashtri's Laboratory, realm of the Indian god of artifice
 The Web of Fate, realm of the goddess Istus
 The Well of Urd, realm of the Norns
 Wonderhome, realm of Gond

Three dwarven gods, (Vergadain, Dugmaren Brightmantle, and Dumathoin) share the realm of The Dwarven Mountain on the plane of the Outlands.

The Celtic gods (Daghdha, Diancecht, Goibhniu, Lugh, Manannan mac Lir, Oghma, and Silvanus) share the realm of Tír na nÓg on the Outlands.

Pandemonium
Pandemonium (or, the Windswept Depths of Pandemonium) is the Outer plane where Chaotic Evil and Chaotic Neutral petitioners are sent after death. Pandemonium is a large, complex cavern that never ends. Compounding this problem, howling winds drive most of its residents mad. There are few creatures that are native to this plane; those individuals who do live there usually have no choice in the matter.

Pandemonium had four layers named Pandesmos, Cocytus, Phlegethon and Agathion.

Ysgard
Ysgard is the Outer Plane of Chaotic Neutral / Chaotic Good alignment. It is also called Asgard, Gladsheim or The Heroic Domains.

Reception
Backstab magazine reviewer Lord Winfield characterized the Outer Planes as the place where most of the major powers of the setting are found, and that part of Planescape which has the most potential for exploration by the player characters.

Citations

General references

 Cook, David. Player's Handbook (TSR, 1989).
 Grubb, Jeff. Manual of the Planes (TSR, 1987).
 Grubb, Jeff, David Noonan, and Bruce Cordell.  Manual of the Planes (Wizards of the Coast, 2001).
 Redman, Rich, Skip Williams, and James Wyatt. Deities and Demigods (Wizards of the Coast, 2002).

Further reading

Dungeons & Dragons locations
Fictional dimensions
Fictional elements introduced in 1977
Parallel universes in fiction

fr:Cosmologie standard de Donjons et Dragons#Plans extérieurs

Outer Plane


بنجامين هول  (8 نوفمبر 1802 - 27 أبريل 1867) كان مهندساً مدنياً وسياسياً بريطانياً اشتهر بمشاركته في إعادة بناء دار البرلمان البريطاني في ويستمنستير بمدينة لندن، وخاصة في إنشاء برج الساعة «بيغ بن» الذي أصبح من أشهر معالم إنكلترا.

حياته
وُلد بنجامين هول في 8 نوفمبر 1802، وكان والده صناعيا. في 1832 تم انتخابه نائبا في البرلمان البريطاني كممثل محافظة مونماوث في ويلز وبقي كأحد أعضاء البرلمان لمدة خمس سنين. كان له دور فعال في تمرير قوانين الأجور العينية في عام 1831. شن حملة معادية لسوء استخدام نفقات الانتخابات البرلمانية ودافع عن حق سكان ويلز في الحصول على الخدمات الدينية باللغة الويلزية. انشغل أيضاً في خلاف مع الأساقفة حول حالة الكنيسة الأنجليكانية في ويلز وعارض طريقة استغلال عائدات الكنيسة. أصبح بارونيتاً في عام 1838. في عام 1855 قدم السير بنجامن هول قانوناً برلمانياً أدى لتأسيس المجلس الحضري للأعمال (MBW)، وكان أول مفوض رئيسي للمجلس، وكان مسؤولاً عن الكثير من التحسينات الصحية والبيئية في لندن. كما أشرف على المراحل التالية من إعادة بناء بيوت البرلمان، ومن بين ذلك تركيب جرس «بيغ بن» الذي يزن 13.8 طنات في برج الساعة.

مراجع

أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1831–32
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1832–35
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1835–37
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1837–41
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1841–47
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1847–52
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1852–57
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1857–59
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
مهندسون مدنيون بريطانيون
مواليد 1802
مواليد في لندن
وفيات 1867

بنجامين هول


කඳාන යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි අර්ධ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශයකි. කොළඹ අග නගරයේ සිට කි.මී. 19 පමණ දුරින් A3 කොළඹ-මීගමුව ප්‍රධාන  මාර්ගය ආශ්‍රිතව ප්‍රදේශය පිහිටා ඇත.

ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම

ජනගහනය

සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ

ආර්ථිකය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභා

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

කඳාන


Posavina TV (Posavska televizija) je bosanskohercegovačka televizijska postaja na hrvatskom jeziku. Sjedište je u Brčkom.

Povijest
Pokrenuta je 9. travnja 2009. godine kao prva internetska televizija u BiH, a od 26. rujna 2013. dostupna je i putem satelita Eutelsat 16A (Eutelsat 16A (16°E), freq. 11678 Horizontalna,FEC ¾, Symbol rate: 30000 DVB-S/QPSK, FTA). Od 5. travnja 2009. je na Facebooku, a od 17. prosinca 2009. je na YouTubeu.

Postaja donosi najnovije vijesti iz Posavine, BiH i dijaspore, radi pozitivne priloge, reportaže, dokumentarne emisije, promociju pjevača, izvorne pjesme i starih običaja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice
YouTube
YouTube
Google+

Bosanskohercegovačke televizijske postaje
Elektronički mediji na hrvatskom jeziku u Bosni i Hercegovini
Brčko

Posavina TV


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 944 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 944 en Finlande
  dans certains départements, en France

Route 944


A União Nacional da Rússia (UNR, em russo RNE) ou Movimento cívico patriótico de toda a Rússia "União Nacional da Rússia" (), foi um grupo não registrado, neonazista, irredentista com base na Rússia e que operava anteriormente em estados com população russófonas. Foi fundado pelo ultranacionalista Alexander Barkashov. O movimento defende a expulsão de não-russos e uma maior participação de instituições tradicionais russas como a Igreja Ortodoxa Russa. A organização não possuía registro a nível federal na Rússia, ainda assim colaborou com certa limitação com o Serviço de Segurança Federal. O grupo foi banido de Moscou em 1999 se tornando extinto logo em seguida.

Ideologia, táticas e atividades

Promovendo o conceito de "Rússia para russos e compatriotas", os membros do partido (às vezes chamados de Barkashovitas) apoiam práticas que incluem a expulsão de minorias que "têm sua pátria fora da Rússia", especialmente judeus e migrantes do Cáucaso do Sul, como azeris, georgianos e armênios, assim como nacionalidades da Ásia Central, cazaques, uzbeques, tajiques e outros. A visão deles da Rússia é dividida entre privilegiados, etnicamente russos, a quem garantiriam a maioria da representação política, e não-russos, que vivem na Rússia e têm sua pátria nacional ali, incluindo populações indígenas do extremo oriente russo, extremo norte, turcomanos e outras minorias.

Novos recrutas (storonniki, literalmente "apoiadores" ou "acompanhantes") na organização tinham tradicionalmente a exigência de servirem como funcionários de baixo escalão na organização, atuando como motoristas e distribuindo panfletos, bem como comparecendo às sessões de formação sobre a filosofia e crenças do grupo, muitas das quais derivavam de um livro escrito por Barkashov.  À medida que os membros avançavam, poderiam alcançar o nível spodvizhniki (literalmente arcaico, "colega de trabalho" ou "colega de esforços") e ganhar o direito de usar a insígnia e participar de treinamento paramilitar. Os membros mais dedicados avançam ao nível de soratniki (literalmente "camarada-em-armas"), que servem como lideranças do grupo.

Membros de alguns grupos locais da RNE foram condenados por crimes graves de racismo, como foi o caso do grupo da RNE em Tver, que vandalizou túmulos judaicos e muçulmanos, assassinou e agrediu indivíduos pertencentes a minorias étnicas, difundiu ódio racial, entre outros crimes.

Alegadamente, a RNE falava sobre matar judeus e ciganos que residiam na Rússia. Apesar da semelhança da RNE com o Nazismo, seu fundador Barkashov rejeitava os rótulos "fascista" e "nazi", no entanto, admitiu ter sido um nacional-socialista. O grupo tinha um número de aproximadamente 20.000 a 25.000 membros antes de sua dissolução em 2000.

História

Em 1989, Barkashov era o segundo em comando da Frente Nacional-Patriótica da Rússia Pamyat. Seu conflito com Dmitri Vasilyev culminou em Barkashov liderando, segundo suas palavras, "os membros mais disciplinados e ativos, insatisfeitos com o papo furado e peripécias teatrais do Pamyat". Em 1990, a RNE cresceu face as dificuldades econômicas e sociais enfrentadas pelos russos ao longo da dissolução da União Soviética.

O movimento União Nacional da Rússia foi fundado em 16 de outubro de 1990 de um racha do grupo Frente Nacional-Patriótica "Memória" (NPF "Pamyat"), ganhando corpo entre 1990 e 1991. Os membros vestiam preto e uniformes camuflados. O grupo também adotou um emblema vermelho e branco com a suástica e expressava abertamente admiração pelo nacional-socialismo alemão e por celebrações públicas da ascensão dos nazistas, apesar de a organização oficialmente negar qualquer apoio a ideologia nazista. Eram ativos não só na Rússia, mas também na Estônia, Letônia, Lituânia e Ucrânia. A RNE tentou unir grupos nacionalistas organizando primeiro sobors eslavos, e depois russos. Se reuniram com diversos grupos para buscar objetivos comuns, mas tiveram pouco progresso.

Em meados de 1993, a RNE havia se tornado o movimento nacionalista russo mais proeminente, com uma vasta rede de divisões regionais. Além de se engajar em ações políticas, a RNE conduzia exercícios militares e treinamentos táticos. Quando a crise constitucional russa de 1993 deslanchou, a RNE militou em defesa do parlamento russo contra o presidente Boris Yeltsin. Em 1993, ela também tomou parte na defesa e patrulhamento da Casa Branca, a residência do Conselho Supremo da Federação Russa, contra as tropas do presidente. Após a vitória de Yeltsin, a RNE operou ilegalmente por vários meses. Enquanto esteve no submundo, o movimento continuou a publicar seu jornal Ordem Russa.

No mesmo ano, a organização foi registrada como "um clube para uma criação militar e patriótica", e mais tarde foi reconhecida por autoridades locais como "uma unidade voluntária popular de autodefesa". Para ajudar a alcançar seus objetivos, a RNE desenvolveu um quadro paramilitares armados, conhecidos como Vityazi russos, que eram treinados no uso de armas de pequeno porte e explosivos.

Em 15 de outubro de 1995, 304 delegados de 37 divisões regionais compareceram a uma conferência da RNE em Moscou.

Em 1998, o prefeito de Moscou, Yuri Luzhkov, com o apoio de autoridades de alto escalão do governo, proibiram a segunda conferência regional da RNE de ser realizada na cidade.

No auge de sua popularidade em 1999, estimava-se que a RNE tivesse de 20.000 a 25.000 membros ativos por toda a Rússia por estados oficial.

O grupo foi banido em Moscou em 1999 e Barkashov perdeu seu controle por volta de 2000, à partir de então se tornou extinto.

Após o banimento, alguns líderes da RNE foram presos e o grupo foi dividido em diversos grupos. Os membros desses novos grupos, especificamente Alexander Barkashov, o Exército Ortodoxo da Rússia, e outros, desde então se engajaram em atividades religiosas e ativismo pró-russo na guerra de Donbas.

Veja também
 Sentimento antigeorgiano
 Antissemitismo na União Soviética
 Exército de Libertação da Rússia

Referências

Leitura adicional

 Stephen D. Shenfield, Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements.  M. E. Sharpe, New York, fevereiro de 2001. ; Ch. 6: Barkashov and the Russian National Unity, pp. 113–189.

Ligações externas
Website oficial (em russo)
RNE center  (em inglês)
The Reemergence of Political Anti-Semitism in Russia: A Call for Action (em inglês)
União Nacional da Rússia (em russo)

Anticomunismo na Rússia
Política anti-imigração na Rússia
Ortodoxia Oriental e políticas de extrema-direita
Neonazismo na Rússia
Pan-eslavismo
Fascistas da Rússia
Extrema-direita na Rússia

União Nacional da Rússia


الفينول هو مركب صلب بلوري عديم اللون ذو رائحة قاريّة لطيفة، وغالبًا ما يشار إليها برائحة المشافي. صيغته الكيميائية المجملة C6H6O، والتي يمكن أن تكتب بالشكل المفصل C6H5OH. وبنيته عبارة عن زمرة الهيدروكسيل مرتبطة بحلقة فينيل،  فهو مركب عطري.

الفينولات
تستخدم كلمة الفينول أيضا للإشارة إلى أي مركب يحتوي على حلقة عطرية ذات ست عناصر، مرتبطة مباشرة إلى زمرة الهيدروكسيل (-OH). في الواقع، تعتبر الفينولات فئة من المركبات العضوية التي تحتوي الفينول كعضو أساسي.

الخواص

الفينول محدود الذوبان في الماء (8.3 غ/100مل). وهو حامضي بعض الشيء. ولجزيء الفينول ميل ضعيف لفقد شاردة H+ من زمرة الهيدروكسيل، معطيًا شادرة الفينوكسيد العالية الذوبان في الماء C6H5O−. بالمقارنة مع الكحول الأليفاتي، يظهر الفينول حموضة أعلى من الكحول بكثير، بل ويتفاعل مع محلول NaOH ليفقد H+، في حين أن الكحول الأليفاتي لا يتفاعل. إحدى التفسيرات لزيادة الحموضة هي استقرار الرنين (resonance stabilization) لأنيون الفينوكسيد في الحلقة العطرية. وبهذه الطريقة، الشحنة السلبية على الأكسجين تتقاسمها ذرات الكربون الأرثو والنظيرة (para). بتفسير آخر، زيادة الحموضة هي نتيجة لتداخل المدارات بين زوج الأكسجين الوحيد والنظام العطري. درجة الحرارة الحرجة الخاصة بمحلول الفينول والماء هي 66.8°م.

محاذير التعامل مع المركب
من أشهر خصائص الفينول أنه مادة سامة وآكالة ولذلك لابد من ارتداء اللباس الواقي أثناء الاستخدام والحرص الشديد على عدم اللمس والاستنشاق نظرا لخطورته الشديدة على الجلد والجهاز التنفسي والعيون والتعرض لتركيز عالي منه يسبب حروقا خطيرة. كما تستخدم مادة الفينول في الحد من انتشار نيماتودا تعقد الجذور في زراعات الموز.

اقرأ أيضا
 بوليفينول

المراجع

أحماض أكسجينية
العلم في 1834
فينيلات
كيمياء عضوية
مانعات العفونة
مسرطنات المجموعة 3 حسب تصنيف الوكالة الدولية لأبحاث السرطان
ملوثات هواء خطرة
مواد كيميائية أولية

فينول


The Kamnik–Savinja Alps () are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps. They lie in northern Slovenia, except for the northernmost part, which lies in Austria.

The western part of the range was named the Kamnik Alps () in 1778 by the scientists Belsazar Hacquet and Franz Xaver von Wulfen, after the town of Kamnik (Stein) in the valley of the Kamnik Bistrica River. Its eastern part was named the Savinja Alps (Sanntaler Alpen) or Solčava Alps (Sulzbacher  Alpen) by the mountaineer Johannes von Frischauf in 1875, after the settlement of Solčava (Sulzbach) and the main river, the upper Savinja (Sann).

Geography
The Kamnik–Savinja Alps are located south of the Karawanks range at the border of Austria and Slovenia, stretching from the Sava River in the west to the Savinja in the east, where the adjacent Slovenian Prealps with the Pohorje range, the Celje Hills at the Dravinja River, as well as the Sava Hills are located. In the northwest, the valley of Vellach Creek (at ) leading to Bad Vellach is the southernmost point of both the Austrian state of Carinthia and Austria as a whole.

The entire main chain is today part of Slovenia. Historically it formed the border between the Inner Austrian duchies of Carinthia, Styria, and Carniola. The tripoint was located at the Carinthia Mount Rinka ().

There is also a small glacier below Mount Skuta, which is the easternmost glacier in the Southern Alps.

Mountains and passes
The most important peaks are:
 Grintovec –
 Kočna –
 Skuta –
 Ojstrica –
 Storžič –
 Planjava –
 Brana –
 Carinthia Mount Rinka –
 Cold Mountain –
 Krofička –
 Kalce Ridge –

In total, 28 peaks surpass 2,000 m. The total area of the Slovene part is about 900 km2. About three-quarters of the area is covered with forest, and many of the higher peaks are bleak and rocky.

The most important passes are the Seebergsattel () between Austrian Carinthia and Slovenia's Municipality of Jezersko, as well as the Pavlič Pass. On the Slovenian side, there is a skiing area, whereas tourism in the Vellach Valley focuses on health spas.

Gallery

See also
List of mountains in Austria
List of mountains in Slovenia

External links

Kamnik–Savinja Alps on Hiking Trail

Southern Limestone Alps
Mountain ranges of the Alps
Mountain ranges of Carinthia (state)
Mountain ranges of Slovenia
Natura 2000 in Slovenia

Kamnik–Savinja Alps


An Arisaema griffithii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Arisaema griffithii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arisaema

Arisaema griffithii


Fakılar, Alaca - Çorum ili Alaca ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fakılar, Şarkikaraağaç - Isparta ili Şarkikaraağaç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fakılar, Devrekani - Kastamonu ili Devrekâni ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fakılar, Hadım - Konya ili Hadim ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Fakılar, Çamlıyayla - Mersin ili Çamlıyayla ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Fakılar


Borač je predio u gornjem toku Neretve (Gornje Neretve). Prostrano je područje. Dijeli se na Gornji i Donji Borač.

Na padinama Zelengore izvire Neretva i teče uzdužnom dolinom vratolomno strmim vododerinama do utoka Rame. Borač je prvi dio te doline, do sela Uloga. Tu je skup sela. Nalaze se na tromeđi Bosne, Hercegovine i Crne Gore: Luka, Žurovići, Šumići, Bundići, Soderi, Šipovica, Melečići, Sambelići, Počelj, Mjedenik na visini od 900 do 1200 metara.

Pripada sjevernom dijelu nevesinjske župe Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije. U Borču je nekad bio bio veći broj Hrvata katolika.
Zbog poboljšanih uvjeta bh. katolicima na prijelazu 19. u 20. stoljeće, broj katoličkih vjernika snažno je narastao i u ovom kraju Gornje Neretve pa je katoličke školske djece bilo toliko da se od mjesnoga biskupa tražilo i stalnog kateheta, koji bi ujedno i bio stalni svećenik u ovom kraju.
Katolici s područja Borča (Klinja, Ulog, Cerova, Baketa, Boljuni, Obadi, Obalj, Tomišlja, Kladovo Polje) htjeli su sagraditi 1913. crkvu za ovaj dio nevesinjske župe. Mostarsko-duvanjski biskup im je 9. kolovoza te godine izdao dozvolu. Odbor za gradnju čiji su članovi bili ovdašnji katolici predvidio je da crkva bude posvećena sv. Petru. Premda su u međuvremenu blagoslovljeni temelji i građa za crkvu, izbijanje Prvoga svjetskog rata i kasnije nesuglasice s mjesnom vlašću, do daljnjega su odgodile njezinu gradnju. Katolička zajednica bila je toliko brojna da su bez obzira na nepovoljne prilike za katolički puk između dvaju svjetskih ratova 24. siječnja 1929. godine ovdašnji katolici zatražili i utemeljenje zasebne župe u koju bi se ušla sva naselja Borča (Ulog, Klinja, Obalj, Obrnja, Tomišlja, Kladovo Polje, Cerova, Obadi, Baketa, Jablanići, Kovačići, Milarevo...) i mjesto Kalinovik. Katolici su u Borču u crkvenim zabilješkama registrirani i polovicom 19. stoljeća. Humljaci s 20. stoljeća dosta su naselili po gornjim predjelima nevesinjskog kotara, a posebice po Borču. Tada su sela Donjeg Borča pripadala su uloškoj općini koja je onda postojala, dok su sela Gornjeg Borča pripadala općini Gackom. Hrvata nije bilo u Gornjem Borču, dok su u mnogim selima Donjeg Borča Hrvati živjeli na svojim imanjima.
1934. godine udovoljeno je i odlučeno je da se za katolike ovog dijela nevesinjske župe gradi crkva u Ulogu, iste godine formiran je odbor za prikupljanje milodara i crkva sv. Ane izgrađena je 1937., i 9. rujna iste godine blagoslovljena. Do Drugoga svjetskog rata ovaj su kraj nastavale brojne obitelji Baketa, Bogdanovića, Konjevoda, Marića, Papaca, Previšića, Raguža, Šutala, Vuletića...

Rijeka Neretva od izvora na 1227 metara nadmorske visine sa zapadne strane sedla Gredelj – planine Jabuka, teče kroz Borač u kojem je i selo Ulog. U Borču je dolina ižlijebljena, dubine 500 do 600 metara, nema većih pritoka zbog relativno malog slivnog područja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Župa Uznesenja BDM, Nevesinje Stare fotografije Uloga i Borča
Fondacija Ruđer Bošković Donja Hercegovina Hrvati su nestali iz Borča, 28. srpnja 2004.

Zemljopis Bosne i Hercegovine

Borač (predio)


Émile Crampes (né le  à Lau-Balagnas (Hautes-Pyrénées) et décédé le  à Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) est un joueur et entraineur français de rugby à XV, ayant évolué avec la Section paloise. Demi de mêlée, Crampes est champion de France avec la Section en 1928. Il formait avec Robert Sarrade, demi d'ouverture, une charnière remarquée dans le monde du rugby à XV des années 30. Crampes est mécanicien à Pau.

Crampes devient entraineur de la Section en 1943.

Biographie

Rugbyman à la Section paloise avec laquelle il remporta le premier titre de champion de France en 1928 à Bordeaux, battant en finale Quillan par 6 a 4, et demi de mêlée brillant, Crampes axait tout son jeu sur le collectif et formait avec Robert Sarrade une remarquable paire de demis. Il aurait sans doute mérité aux environs de 1928 une reconnaissance internationale. En 1943, il devient entraineur de la Section paloise.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1900
Naissance dans les Hautes-Pyrénées
Joueur français de rugby à XV
Joueur de la Section paloise
Entraîneur de la Section paloise
Demi de mêlée (rugby à XV)
Décès en septembre 1972
Décès à Pau
Décès à 72 ans

Émile Crampes


Radmila Petrović (født Radmila Miljanić 19. april 1988 i Nikšić, Jugoslavien) er en tidligere kvindelig montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, som spillede højre fløj for ŽRK Budućnost og for det montenegrinske landshold. Hun stoppede sin landsholdskarriere efter OL 2016. Hun stoppede efterfølgende også på klubplan, efter hendes graviditet i 2016.

Hun var med på Montenegros landshold, som vandt sølv ved OL 2012 i London og guld ved EM 2012 i Serbien. Hun var også på holdet ved VM i 2011, EM 2014 samt OL 2016.

På klubplan har hun vundet Champions League med ŽRK Budućnost i 2011-12 og 2014-15.

Hun blev gift med Vanja Petrović i juli 2013.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro
Håndboldspillere fra ŽRK Budućnost
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Montenegro
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2012

Radmila Petrović


Payom Sinawat était une artiste textile. Connue comme une experte des arts textiles traditionnels de l'Isan (nord-est de la Thaïlande), elle a été nommée artiste nationale en arts visuels en 1987 et fut honorée en 2018 par un Google Doodle.

Biographie
Elle fabriqua à la main de la soie pour la Reine et contribua à populariser les arts textiles traditionnels .

L'un des tissus de l'Isaan qu'elle créait à la main sur des métiers à tisser traditionnels, et qui inspira en partie le Doodle de 2018, s'appelle le  : Le tissage du khit () privilégie certaines couleurs de base, comme le rouge, le violet et le vert foncé, bien que d'autres couleurs soient également utilisées. Il comprend des motifs géométriques aux couleurs contrastées, généralement un motif plus sombre sur un fond clair, qui semble " flotter " au-dessus. Il existe environ 72 motifs différents qui sont pour la plupart géométriques, bien que certains aient des formes reconnaissables, comme des poissons, des éléphants ou des tortues. Tous les motifs ont des noms traditionnels spécifiques.

Références

Liens externes

Artiste textile thaïlandais
Artiste national de Thaïlande
Artisanat en Thaïlande
Isan
Naissance en février 1909
Naissance dans la province de Si Saket
Décès en octobre 2008
Décès à 99 ans

Payom Sinawat


Johan Carl Wilcke (født 6. september 1732 i Wismar, død 18. april 1796 i Stockholm) var en svensk fysiker.

Wilcke blev 1770 professor i fysik i Stockholm og 1784 sekretær i Vetenskapsakademien. Han beskæftigede sig især med elektricitetslæren, forklarede de forskellige fænomener ved Voltas elektrofor, studerede de daglige og årlige forandringer i kompasnålens stilling og var den første, som tegnede isoklinkort.

Kilder

Fysikere fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1700-tallet

Johan Carl Wilcke


Fluorescein is an organic compound and dye based on the xanthene tricyclic structural motif, formally belonging to triarylmethine dyes family. It is available as a dark orange/red powder slightly soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications.

The color of its aqueous solutions is green by reflection and orange by transmission (its spectral properties are dependent on pH of the solution), as can be noticed in bubble levels, for example, in which fluorescein is added as a colorant to the alcohol filling the tube in order to increase the visibility of the air bubble contained within. More concentrated solutions of fluorescein can even appear red (because under these conditions nearly all incident emission is re-absorbed by the solution).

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Uses

Fluorescein sodium, the sodium salt of fluorescein, is used extensively as a diagnostic tool in the field of ophthalmology and optometry, where topical fluorescein is used in the diagnosis of corneal abrasions, corneal ulcers and herpetic corneal infections.  It is also used in rigid gas permeable contact lens fitting to evaluate the tear layer under the lens. It is available as sterile single-use sachets containing lint-free paper applicators soaked in fluorescein sodium solution.

The thyroxine ester of fluorescein is used to quantify the thyroxine concentration in blood.

Fluorescein is also known as a color additive (D&C Yellow no. 7). The disodium salt form of fluorescein is known as uranine or D&C Yellow no. 8.

Fluorescein is a precursor to the red dye eosin Y by bromination.

Safety
Oral and intravenous use of fluorescein can cause adverse reactions, including nausea, vomiting, hives, acute hypotension, anaphylaxis and related anaphylactoid reaction, causing cardiac arrest and sudden death due to anaphylactic shock.

Intravenous use has the most reported adverse reactions, including sudden death, but this may reflect greater use rather than greater risk.  Both oral and topical uses have been reported to cause anaphylaxis, including one case of anaphylaxis with cardiac arrest (resuscitated) following topical use in an eye drop. Reported rates of adverse reactions vary from 1% to 6%. The higher rates may reflect study populations that include a higher percentage of persons with prior adverse reactions.  The risk of an adverse reaction is 25 times higher if the person has had a prior adverse reaction.  The risk can be reduced with prior (prophylactic) use of antihistamines
and prompt emergency management of any ensuing anaphylaxis.  A simple prick test may help to identify persons at greatest risk of adverse reaction.

Chemistry

The fluorescence of this molecule is very intense; peak excitation occurs at 495 nm and peak emission at 520 nm. Values for the deprotonated form in basic solution.

Fluorescein has a pKa of 6.4, and its ionization equilibrium leads to pH-dependent absorption and emission over the range of 5 to 9. Also, the fluorescence lifetimes of the protonated and deprotonated forms of fluorescein are approximately 3 and 4 ns, which allows for pH determination from nonintensity based measurements. The lifetimes can be recovered using time-correlated single photon counting or phase-modulation fluorimetry. Upon exhaustive irradiation with visible light fluorescein decomposes to release phthalic and formic acids and carbon monoxide, effectively acting as a photoCORM.

Fluorescein has an isosbestic point (equal absorption for all pH values) at 460 nm.

Derivatives

Many derivatives of fluorescein are known. Examples are:
fluorescein isothiocyanate 1, often abbreviated as FITC, features an isothiocyanate group (−N=C=S) substituent. FITC reacts with the amine groups of many biologically relevant compounds including intracellular proteins to form a thiourea linkage.
succinimidyl ester modified fluorescein, i.e. NHS-fluorescein, is another common amine-reactive derivative, yielding amide adducts that are more stable than the aforementioned thioureas.
Others: carboxyfluorescein, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester, Pentafluorophenyl esters (PFP), tetrafluorophenyl esters (TFP) are other useful reagents.

In oligonucleotide synthesis, several phosphoramidite reagents containing protected fluorescein, e.g. 6-FAM phosphoramidite 2, are used for the preparation of fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides.

The extent to which fluorescein dilaurate is broken down to yield lauric acid can be detected as a measure of pancreatic esterase activity.

Synthesis
Approximately 250 tons/y were produced in the year 2000.  The method involves the fusion of phthalic anhydride and resorcinol, similar to the route described by Adolf von Baeyer in 1871. In some cases, acids such as zinc chloride and methanesulfonic acid are employed to accelerate the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

Research
Fluorescein is a fluorophore commonly used in microscopy, in a type of dye laser as the gain medium, in forensics and serology to detect latent blood stains, and in dye tracing. Fluorescein has an absorption maximum at 494 nm and emission maximum of 512 nm (in water). The major derivatives are fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and, in oligonucleotide synthesis, 6-FAM phosphoramidite.

Biosciences

In cellular biology, the      isothiocyanate derivative of fluorescein is often used to label and track cells in fluorescence microscopy applications (for example, flow cytometry).  Additional biologically active molecules (such as antibodies) may also be attached to fluorescein, allowing biologists to target the fluorophore to specific proteins or structures within cells. This application is common in yeast display.

Fluorescein can also be conjugated to nucleoside triphosphates and incorporated into a probe enzymatically for in situ hybridisation. The use of fluorescein amidite, shown below right, allows one to synthesize labeled oligonucleotides for the same purpose. Yet another technique termed molecular beacons makes use of synthetic fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides.  Fluorescein-labelled probes can be imaged using FISH, or targeted by antibodies using immunohistochemistry.  The latter is a common alternative to digoxigenin, and the two are used together for labelling two genes in one sample.

Intravenous or oral fluorescein is used in fluorescein angiography in research and to diagnose and categorize vascular disorders including retinal disease, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory intraocular conditions, and intraocular tumors. It is also being used increasingly during surgery for brain tumors.

Diluted fluorescein dye has been used to localise multiple muscular ventricular septal defects during open heart surgery and confirm the presence of any residual defects.

Earth sciences
Fluorescein is used as a rather conservative flow tracer in hydrological tracer tests to help in understanding of water flow of both surface waters and groundwater. The dye can also be added to rainwater in environmental testing simulations to aid in locating and analyzing any water leaks, and in Australia and New Zealand as a methylated spirit dye.

As fluorescein solution changes its color depending on concentration, it has been used as a tracer in evaporation experiments.

One of its more recognizable uses was in the Chicago River, where fluorescein was the first substance used to dye the river green on St. Patrick's Day in 1962. In 1966, environmentalists forced a change to a vegetable-based dye to protect local wildlife.

Fluorescein dye solutions, typically 15% active, are commonly used as an aid to leak detection during hydrostatic testing of subsea oil and gas pipelines and other subsea infrastructure. Leaks can be detected by divers or ROVs carrying an ultraviolet light.

Plant science
Fluorescein has often been used to track water movement in groundwater to study water flow and observe areas of contamination or obstruction in these systems. The fluorescence that is created by the dye makes problem areas more visible and easily identified. A similar concept can be applied to plants because the dye can make problems in plant vasculature more visible. In plant science, fluorescein, and other fluorescent dyes, have been used to monitor and study plant vasculature, particularly the xylem, which is the main water transportation pathway in plants. This is because fluorescein is xylem-mobile and unable to cross plasma membranes, making it particularly useful in tracking water movement through the xylem. Fluorescein can be introduced to a plant's veins through the roots or a cut stem. The dye is able to be taken up into the plant the same way as water and moves from the roots to the top of the plant due to a transpirational pull. The fluorescein that has been taken up into the plant can be visualized under a fluorescent microscope.

See also
 Chemical derivatives of fluorescein:
 Eosin, group of dibromo, or tetrabromo, derivatives of fluorescein
 Calcein, fluorescent dye and complexometric indicator
 Fluorescein amidite (FAM), synthetic equivalents of fluorescein used in oligonucleotide synthesis
 Merbromin, or mercurochrome, organomercuric antiseptic
 Erythrosine, tetraiodofluorescein
 Rose bengal, tetrachloro-tetraiodo-fluorescein used as stain in histology
 DyLight Fluor, a product line of fluorescent dyes
 Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, a biochemistry laboratory test
 Other dyes:
 Rhodamine, family of derivatives of xanthene used as dyes, indicators and fluorescent tracers
 Methylene blue, blue thiazine dye also used as a medication
 Haematoxylin, natural stain derived from hearthwood and used in histology
 Laser dyes
 Precursor aromatic heterocyclic chromophore structures:
 Phenothiazine, the chromophore structure in methylene blue
 Xanthene, aromatic heterocyclic structure present in fluorescein
 Xanthone
 Xanthydrol

References

External links

Absorption and Emission Spectra of Fluorescein in Ethanol and Basic Ethanol at OGI School of Science and Engineering
Fluorescein Ionization Equilibria at Invitrogen
Absorption spectra and fluorescence emission spectra

Benzoic acids
Fluorone dyes
Laser gain media
Maritime signalling
Phenols
Staining dyes
Triarylmethane dyes
Vinylogous carboxylic acids
Acid dyes

Fluorescein


Görsdorf ist ein Weiler vom Ortsteil Emstadt von Schalkau im Landkreis Sonneberg in Thüringen.

Lage
Das kleine Bauerndorf war und ist ein Grenzort. Es liegt an der Grenze zu Bayern. Der ehemalige Bahnhof der Werrabahn  steht schon auf bayerischem Gebiet. Schalkau liegt nordöstlich vom Weiler und ist über die Kreisstraßen 22 und 23 erreichbar.

Geschichte
1180 ist der Ort erstmals urkundlich als Görelsdorf erwähnt worden.

Ab 1528 gehörte Görsdorf zum Rottenbacher Kirchensprengel. 1781 bestanden in dem Ort 15 Güter. 1857 hatte der Ort 12 Schulkinder und 101 Einwohner, die in 17 Wohnhäusern lebten. 71 Einwohner lebten Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts im Weiler.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Görsdorf zusammen mit Truckendorf in die Gemeinde Emstadt eingegliedert. 1994 wurde Emstadt nach Schalkau eingemeindet.

In den 1980er Jahren wurde um Görsdorf eine Grenzmauer errichtet, die auch als Sichtblende diente. Das Grenzdenkmal in Görsdorf wurde im Jahr 2005 durch das Deutsche Kuratorium zur Förderung der Wissenschaft und Bildung und Kultur e.V. saniert.

Dialekt
In Görsdorf wird Itzgründisch, ein mainfränkischer Dialekt, gesprochen.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort im Landkreis Sonneberg
Geographie (Schalkau)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sonneberg)
Ersterwähnung 1180
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Görsdorf (Schalkau)