La Estación de Alverca es una estación de la Línea del Norte, que sirve a parroquias de Alverca del Ribatejo, en el Ayuntamiento de Vila Franca de Xira, en Portugal.

Características

Descripción física
En enero de 2011, contaba con cuatro vías de circulación, con longitudes entre los 268 y 518 metros; las plataformas presentaban todas 223 metros de extensión, y 90 centímetros de altura.

Véase también
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional
 Comboios de Portugal

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Página sobre la Estación de Alverca, en el portal de la operadora Comboios de Portugal
Página oficial de la Estación de Alverca, en el portal de la Red Ferroviaria Nacional
Página con fotografías de la Estación de Alverca, en el directorio Railfaneurope

Alverca
Alverca
Vila Franca de Xira
Alverca

Estación de Alverca


Gronau, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bonn kentine bağlı idari bölge. Uzun yıllar ağırlıkla tarımsal faaliyetlere sahne olan bölge, Bonn'un 1949 yılında başkent olmasının ardından hızla gelişti. Gronau'da bulunan ve aralarında Hammerschmidt Köşkü ve Schaumburg Sarayı'nın da yer aldığı çok sayıda binaya kısa süre içinde pek çok kamu binası eklendi.

Münsterland

Gronau


Maria Dorothea, prinsesse af Württemberg (fuldstændigt navn: Maria Dorothea Luise Wilhelmine Karoline von Württemberg (født 1. november 1797 i Carlsruhe (Pokój), Schlesien, død 30. marts 1855 i Budapest, Ungarn) blev gennem sit ægteskab ærkehertuginde af Østrig og vicedronning af Ungarn.

Forældre
Maria Dorotea af Württemberg var datter af Ludvig, prins af Württemberg og Henriette af Nassau-Weilburg).

Henriette af Nassau-Weilburg var datter af fyrste Karl Christian af Nassau-Weilburg og prinsesse Caroline af Oranje-Nassau-Dietz.

Caroline af Oranje-Nassau-Dietz var datter af arvestatholder Vilhelm 4. af Oranien og Anne, Princess Royal og prinsesse af Oranje (datter af Georg 2. af Storbritannien).

Ægteskab
Maria Dorotea af Württemberg var gift med Josef af Østrig, der var vicekonge (Palatin) af Ungarn fra 1796 til 1846.

Børn
 Fransisca Marie Elisabeth af Østrig (født og død 1820)
 Alexander af Østrig (1825-1837)
 Elisabeth Fransisca Maria af Østrig (1831-1903), gift med 1) Ferdinand af Østrig-Este 2) Karl Ferdinand af Østrig-Teschen (1818-1874)
 Josef Karl af Østrig (1833-1905), gift med Clotilde af Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha
 Marie Henriette af Østrig (1836-1902), gift med Leopold 2. af Belgien

Personer fra Budapest
Huset Habsburg-Lothringen
Huset Württemberg

Maria Dorotea af Württemberg


Die Communauté de communes du Canton de Pontvallain ist ein ehemaliger französischer Gemeindeverband mit der Rechtsform einer Communauté de communes im Département Sarthe in der Region Pays de la Loire. Sie wurde am 28. Dezember 1993 gegründet und umfasste neun Gemeinden. Der Verwaltungssitz befand sich im Ort Cérans-Foulletourte.

Historische Entwicklung
Mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar 2017 fusionierte der Gemeindeverband mit
 Communauté de communes Aune et Loir sowie
 Communauté de communes du Bassin Ludois
und bildete so die Nachfolgeorganisation Communauté de communes Sud Sarthe.

Ehemalige Mitgliedsgemeinden
 Cérans-Foulletourte
 Château-l'Hermitage
 La Fontaine-Saint-Martin
 Mansigné
 Oizé
 Pontvallain
 Requeil
 Saint-Jean-de-la-Motte
 Yvré-le-Pôlin

Canton de Pontvallain
Gegründet 1993
Aufgelöst 2016


Die Japanische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1997 fand vom 4. bis zum 9. November 1997 in der Präfektur Aichi statt. Es war die 51. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Japan.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks

http://www.badminton-a.com/nbaevent/index/aj.htm

1997
Badminton 1997
Sportveranstaltung in der Präfektur Aichi

Japanische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1997


Reacția Grignard este o reacție chimică organometalică în care un reactiv Grignard (adică o halogenură de alchil-, vinil- sau aril-magneziu) se adiționează la o grupă carbonilică dintr-o aldehidă sau o cetonă. Reacția este cunoscută pentru faptul că este o metodă importantă de formare de noi legături carbon-carbon. Trebuie făcută distincția dintre reacția Grignard și reacția care are loc între un compus halogenat și magneziu metalic, care este reacția de obținere a reactivilor Grignard. Reacția se finalizează cu hidroliza compusului intermediar de adiție, cu obținerea unui alcool primar (plecând de la formaldehidă), a unui alcool secundar (plecând de la aldehide) sau a unui alcool terțiar (plecând de la cetone):

Reacția Grignard și respectivi reactivii Grignard au fost descoperiți de către chimistul francez François Auguste Victor Grignard (Universitatea din Nancy, Franța), care a publicat primele rezultate în anul 1900 și care a primit Premiul Nobel pentru Chimie în anul 1912 pentru lucrările sale.

Mecanism de reacție
Atomul de carbon legat de magneziu prezintă un caracter nucleofil, producând un atac nucleofil asupra atomului de carbon electrofil prezent în legătura polară a grupei carbonilice. Etapa de adiție a reactivului Grignard la grupa carbonilică are de obicei loc prin intermediul unei stări de tranziție hexaciclice care implică două molecule de reactiv Grignard. După obținerea intermediarului organomagnezian, are loc o reacție de hidroliză în mediu acid, care se finalizează cu obținerea alcoolului corespunzător.

Note

Vezi și

 Reacție Wittig
 Reacție Barbier
 Sinteză Bodroux-Cicibabin
 Reacție Fujimoto-Belleau
 Reacție Sakurai

Grignard
Grignard
Chimie organometalică

Reacție Grignard


A penalty in ice hockey is a punishment for an infringement of the rules. Most penalties are enforced by sending the offending player to a penalty box for a set number of minutes.  During the penalty the player may not participate in play. Penalties are called and enforced by the referee, or in some cases, the linesman. The offending team may not replace the player on the ice (although there are some exceptions, such as fighting), leaving them short-handed as opposed to full strength. When the opposing team is said to be on a power play, they will have one more player on the ice than the short-handed team.  The short-handed team is said to be "on the penalty kill" until the penalty expires and the penalized player returns to play. While standards vary somewhat between leagues, most leagues recognize several common varieties of penalties, as well as common infractions.

The statistic used to track penalties is called "penalty minutes" and abbreviated to "PIM" (spoken as single word "pims"). PIM is an acronym for "penalties in minutes", though the full term is rarely used today. It represents the total assessed length of penalties each player or team has accrued.

History

The first codified rules of ice hockey, known as the Halifax Rules, were brought to Montreal by James Creighton, who organized the first indoor ice hockey game in 1875. Two years later, the Montreal Gazette documented the first set of "Montreal Rules", which noted that "charging from behind, tripping, collaring, kicking or shinning the ball shall not be allowed".  The only penalty outlined by these rules was that play would be stopped, and a "bully" (faceoff) would take place. Revised rules in 1886 mandated that any player in violation of these rules would be given two warnings, but on a third offence would be removed from the game.

It was not until 1904 that players were ruled off the ice for infractions.  At that time, a referee could assess a two-, three- or five-minute penalty, depending on the severity of the foul.  By 1914, all penalties were five minutes in length, reduced to three minutes two years later, and the offending player was given an additional fine. When the National Hockey League (NHL) was founded in 1917, it mandated that a team could not substitute for any player who was assessed a penalty, thus requiring them to play shorthanded for the duration. The penalty was shortened to two minutes for the 1921–22 season, while five- and ten-minute penalties were added two years later.

Types of penalties
Both the NHL and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) recognize the common penalty degrees of minor and major penalties, as well as the more severe misconduct, game misconduct, and match penalties.

Quick reference chart

Minor penalty
A minor penalty is the least severe type of penalty. A minor penalty is two minutes in length. The offending player is sent to the penalty box and in most cases, his team will play shorthanded.  If the offending player is the goaltender or a coach the team is given a "bench minor" penalty (assessed against the team, rather than an individual player), then any skater who was on the ice at the time of the infraction may serve the penalty. In rare cases, when the offending player suffers an injury on the same play, whoever is on the ice at the time of the penalty may also serve the penalty, as was the case of Game 2 of the Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals' series during the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs, when Phil Kessel served a penalty in place of Tom Kühnhackl.

A team with a numerical advantage in players will go on a power play.  If they score a goal during this time, the penalty will end and the offending player may return to the ice. In hockey's formative years, teams were shorthanded for the entire length of a minor penalty.  The NHL changed this rule following the 1955–56 season where the Montreal Canadiens frequently scored multiple goals on one power play.  Most famous was a game on November 5, 1955, when Jean Béliveau scored three goals in 44 seconds, all on the same power play, in a 4–2 victory over the Boston Bruins.

Coincidental (or "matching") minor penalties occur when an equal number of players from each team are given a minor penalty at the same time. The permission of a substitute player depends on the league and the situation at the time of the infractions.  In some leagues, such as the NHL, the teams will play four-on-four for the duration of the penalties if they occurred when both teams were at even strength.  However, if there is already a manpower differential, then both teams are allowed to make substitutions while the penalized players will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage in play after their penalty expires.  In other competitions, such as IIHF events, coincidental penalties do not affect manpower in any situation. Coincidental minor penalties are not ended when a goal is scored by either team.

In some cases, a referee can impose a double or triple minor. The infraction is counted as two or three separate minor penalties. If a team scores a power play goal during such a penalty, only the current block of two minutes being counted down is cancelled; the penalty clock is then reset to the next lowest interval of two minutes (ex. a goal with a double-minor penalty clock at 3:45 is reset to 2:00). Expiration rules of double- or triple-minor penalties due to goals being scored are identical to that of regular minor penalties being served back-to-back.

Major penalty
A major penalty is a stronger degree of penalty for a more severe infraction of the rules than a minor. Most infractions which incur a major penalty are more severe instances of minor penalty infractions; one exception is fighting, which always draws a major. A player who receives a major penalty will remain off the ice for five minutes of play during which his team will be short-handed. A major penalty cannot end early even if a goal is scored against the short-handed team, unless the goal is scored during an overtime period (which ends the game). If major penalties are assessed to one player on each team at the same time, they may be substituted for, and teams will not be reduced by one player on the ice. The penalized players will remain in the penalty box until the first stoppage of play following the end of the penalties. This commonly occurs with majors for fighting.

Starting with the 2019–20 season, NHL referees are required to use on-ice video review for all major (non-fighting) penalties in order to either confirm the call or reduce the call to a minor penalty.

Under IIHF rules, every major penalty carries an automatic game misconduct penalty; in other competitions, earning three major penalties in a game results in a game misconduct penalty, though a number of infractions that result in a major penalty automatically impose a game misconduct as well.

Infractions that often call for a major penalty include spearing, fighting, butt-ending, charging, and boarding.

Misconduct penalty

A player who receives a misconduct penalty will remain off the ice for ten minutes. The player may be substituted for on the ice and may return to the ice at the first stoppage in play following the expiration of the penalty (unless other penalties were assessed); however, in practice, misconduct penalties are normally assessed along with two minute minor penalties (resulting in a penalty combination colloquially called a "two-and-ten"). If an additional penalty is incurred with a misconduct penalty, the times run concurrently (simultaneously), with another eligible player serving the other penalty in the offender's place to enforce a disadvantage. For example, if a player receives a 2-minute minor plus a misconduct for boarding, two players will be sent to the penalty box: the offender and a teammate of his, frequently one who was on the ice at the time. The team is allowed to immediately substitute for the offender, so there is only a one-man disadvantage. Once the boarding penalty ends, the teammate can return to the ice, and both teams are at full strength again while the offender remains in the penalty box until the first stoppage in play after his/her ten minutes have elapsed. This is according to USA Hockey Rule 404(a) and NHL Rule 28. In the event the other penalty is a non-coincidental major, most adult leagues allow deferring placing the substitute player into the penalty box so long as he is in place before the major penalty expires (but the team must still play shorthanded). In such cases, only a player from the penalty box can emerge in place of the offender after the end of the major penalty.

Misconduct penalties are usually called to temporarily take a player off the ice and allow tempers to cool. They are sometimes also assessed in conjunction with fighting majors, giving the offending players the opportunity to calm down as they sit out their ten minutes.

IIHF rules state that a player who gets another misconduct penalty risks a game misconduct penalty and is ejected.

Game misconduct penalty
A player (whether a skater or goaltender) or any member of any team's coaching staff who receives a game misconduct penalty is ejected, and is sent to the team's dressing room. The player may be immediately substituted for on the ice; however, in practice, game misconduct penalties are often assessed as an addition to a particularly egregious infraction that has also earned the player a two-minute minor penalty or (more often) a five-minute major penalty, in which case another player will serve this penalty in place of the ejected player. Regardless of the time during the game that the penalty is given, the player is charged with ten penalty minutes (twenty in the IIHF rules) for statistical purposes for the game misconduct. This rule also applies to match penalties (see below).

In most leagues, the referee has the discretion to call a game misconduct on a player charged with boarding due to the likelihood of injury to the boarded player.  However, in the NHL, if a boarded player suffers a head or facial injury (a concussion risk), the offending player receives an automatic game misconduct.

Any player who is dismissed twice for stick infractions, boarding or checking from behind, or dismissed three times for any reason, in a single NHL regular season incurs an automatic one-match ban, and further discipline is possible for subsequent ejections. For each subsequent game misconduct penalty, the automatic suspension shall be increased by one game. Salary lost as a result of a ban is usually donated to a league-supported charity or to a program to assist retired players.

Examples of a game misconduct penalty include getting out of the penalty box before the penalty time is served, trying to join or attempt to break up a fight [third man in] or earning a second misconduct penalty in the same game.

Match penalty
A player who receives a match penalty is ejected. A match penalty is imposed for deliberately injuring another player as well as attempting to injure another player. Many other penalties automatically become match penalties if injuries actually occur: under NHL rules, butt-ending, goalies using blocking glove to the face of another player, head-butting, kicking, punching an unsuspecting player, spearing, and tape on hands during altercation must be called as a match penalty if injuries occur. Under IIHF rules, match penalty used to be imposed for kneeing and checking to the head or neck area if injuries occurred; since the 2023/24 edition of IIHF rules, match penalty has been removed from the rules and a major penalty with a game misconduct penalty should be imposed for dangerous actions.

NHL referees are required to use on-ice video review for all match penalties in order to either confirm the call or reduce the call to a minor penalty.

The team of the offending player must choose a substitute player to place in the box from any of the eligible players, excluding the goaltender. The substitute serves a five-minute penalty similar to a major penalty (except in overtime, goals scored against the penalized team do not end the penalty early). If the goaltender receives a match penalty, another player serves the time so that the team may immediately insert a backup. In most cases, offending players are suspended from the next game their team plays, and often face hearings with the possibility of a lengthier ban. In the NHL, a match penalty and a game misconduct are virtually identical in application. However, a match penalty carries a larger fine, and the offending player is suspended indefinitely until the Commissioner rules on the issue.

In NCAA hockey, a similar penalty called a game disqualification results in automatic suspension for the number of games equal to the number of game disqualification penalties the player has been assessed in that season.

For statistical purposes, match penalty is counted as ten minutes in NHL and as twenty-five minutes under the IIHF rules.

Match penalties can also be used in cases where severe unsportsmanlike conduct has occurred, such as taunting that is offensive on the basis of race, sexual orientation, etc., as well as acts that are exceptionally disrespectful to another opponent regardless of whether or not an injury occurred. An example of this occurred when New York Rangers defenseman K'Andre Miller was assessed such a penalty for spitting on Los Angeles Kings defenseman Drew Doughty during a game at Madison Square Garden on February 26, 2023.

Penalty shot

A penalty shot is a special case of penalty for cases in which a scoring opportunity was lost as a result of an infraction (like being tripped or hooked while on a breakaway; or a player other than the goaltender covers the puck with his hand inside the crease). The player who was deprived of the opportunity (in cases the infraction was against him, for example, on breakaways), or one chosen by the team (in cases where the infraction is not against a specific player), is allowed an unchallenged opportunity to score on the opposing goaltender as compensation. If the infraction occurred when the penalized team has pulled their goalie and the infraction occurs during a breakaway, a goal is immediately awarded to the other team rather than a penalty shot. Regardless of whether or not the penalty shot is successful, the penalty is now treated as if a goal had been scored during that penalty; a minor penalty is negated, and a double-minor is reduced to a regular minor. Major, match, and misconduct penalties are served in their entirety as these are not affected by goals. If the non-offending team scores a goal in the delayed penalty situation, the penalty shot is not taken and the penalized team serves the time instead.

Apart from their use as a penalty, penalty shots also form the shootout that is used to resolve ties in many leagues and tournaments.

Gross misconduct penalty
Similar to a game misconduct in severity, gross misconduct penalties have been eliminated from the NHL rulebook. It was imposed for an action of extreme unsportsmanlike conduct, such as abuse of officials or spectators, and could be assessed to any team official in addition to a player. Infractions which garnered a gross misconduct now earn a game misconduct. The penalty had last been assessed in 2006 on Atlanta Thrashers coach Bob Hartley due to post-game comments made regarding referee Mick McGeough's blown call during a game versus Edmonton.  The Phoenix Coyotes' Shane Doan was the last player to be given a gross misconduct penalty in 2005 for alleged ethnic slurs directed at French-Canadian referees (later investigated and subsequently cleared by the NHL).

However, this penalty is still in effect in Canadian hockey. "A Gross Misconduct penalty shall be assessed [to] any player or team official who conducts herself in such a manner as to make a travesty of the game."

 This penalty can be assessed for actions which include the consumption of alcohol prior or during the game.
 Where a player or team official becomes involved in a fight with a team official or spectator.
 Any player or team official who sprays water on or at an official
 Any player or team official who engages in verbal taunts based on discriminatory grounds (race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation)

Enforcement of penalties
The referees make most penalty calls. Linesmen may stop play and enforce only certain infractions (as defined by the rules governing the league in which they officiate), such as "too many players on the ice". The official will initially put an arm in the air to signal a penalty; the official will stop play only once the offending team has control of the puck, or play is stopped by normal means. A delayed penalty is one in which the penalty is called but play is not yet stopped because the non-offending team retains the puck. Because the play will stop immediately upon the offending team gaining control of the puck, the goaltender of the non-offending team will often go to the players' bench upon seeing the arm signal to allow an extra attacker on the ice until the play is stopped. Because the offending team will not be able to take a shot on goal before the play is stopped, this is generally seen as a risk-free play. However, there have been instances in which the non-offending team accidentally puts the puck into their own net, usually on a failed backwards pass. Once the offending team touches the puck and the play is stopped, the referee will signal the specific infraction. If the penalized player was injured on the play and cannot return, another player on the team would serve the penalty if it involves a team being short-handed.

In the NHL, if the non-offending team scores a goal in a delayed penalty situation, then it is treated as if a goal was scored during that penalty. Thus, if the delayed penalty is a minor, the penalty is waved off. If the delayed penalty is a double-minor, only the first two-minute block is waved off, and the offending player must still serve the second time block. These rules used to be in college hockey as well, until the 2010–2011 season, when it was changed so that the penalty would still be imposed even if a goal was scored. Major penalties, misconduct penalties and match penalties, which are not affected by goals, are enforced in the usual manner, in both college hockey and the NHL, whether or not a goal is scored.

The offending player or players are sent to the penalty box where they must remain until the penalty has expired. Typically a team will not be allowed to replace the penalized player on the ice; the player will return directly to the ice once the penalty has expired. This creates a power play during which the penalized team will have one player fewer than their opponent and is said to be "short-handed". If two players on a team are in the penalty box at the same time, the situation is called a "five on three" (as is customary, the goalies are not counted in this expression) or "two-man advantage". Additional players may be penalized, but a team will never play with fewer than three skaters on the ice. Additional penalties will be delayed until one of the earlier penalties has expired (see stacked penalties below).

In leagues which play with a shorthanded overtime (with only three or four attackers on the ice), should a team be penalized with only three players on the ice, the penalized player may be immediately substituted by the offending team, but an additional skater is then allowed on the other team to create an advantage, until a five-on-three is produced.  If a penalty in this situation expires without a goal being scored, the penalized player will be allowed back on the ice and will play normally until there is a stoppage; both teams will then be reduced back to the correct numbers. Ending coincidental penalties produce a similar situation, with both teams playing with additional players until play is stopped, allowing teams to be reduced again.

While goaltenders can be assessed penalties, a goaltender cannot go to the penalty box and the penalty must be instead served by another player from their team who was on the ice at the time of the infraction (the PIM will be charged to the goaltender). If the goaltender receives either (a) three major penalties (NHL Rule 28.2), (b) one game misconduct penalty (NHL Rule 28.4), or (c) one match penalty (NHL Rule 28.5) however, he or she is ejected for the remainder of the game and must be substituted.

While a team is short-handed, they are permitted to ice the puck as they wish, without having the icing infraction called against them. This allows short-handed teams to relieve pressure more easily when defending with fewer skaters than their opponents. This exemption does not apply to teams whose opponents have pulled their goaltender for an extra attacker (unless the defending team is killing a penalty at the same time).

Stacked penalties
A team must have a minimum of three skaters on the ice at all times. If an accumulation of penalties would otherwise force a team to fall below this minimum, the situation becomes known as "stacked penalties". This means that the new penalty will start when one of the already-penalized players causing the disadvantage is allowed back onto the ice, whether the time expires or the opposing team scores on the power play. This also means that the player whose penalty expires first out of the three must wait for a stoppage in play, or the expiration of the second penalty, before leaving the penalty box so that it is appropriately 5 on 3, 5 on 4, and 5 on 5 in succession for each respective situation. Penalties that allow for immediate substitution (certain coincidental penalties and misconduct penalties) do not produce a disadvantage and thus do not count for stacked penalties. Stacked penalties still apply in shorthanded overtimes because two penalties still result in a five-on-three situation regardless of the initial lineup due to the rules allowing an extra attacker as needed.

Final five minutes
In a situation where there are fewer than five minutes remaining in play (the final five minutes of regulation time or the five minutes of regular season overtime), should unequal simultaneous penalties be assessed (a minor or double-minor penalty against one team and a major or match penalty against the other), then instead of both sides serving their full times (which is impossible in the case of the major/match penalty, as fewer than five minutes remain), the minor penalty is cancelled and its time subtracted from the major penalty, which is then assessed against that team.

In addition, under most leagues' "fight instigator" rules, a player penalized as a fight instigator in the final five minutes (or during overtime) is charged with a game misconduct penalty and further disciplinary action. This is intended to discourage "revenge" fights started by badly-losing teams.

List of infractions
In the NHL, infractions that result in penalties include:

 Abuse of officials  Arguing with, insulting, using obscene gestures or language directed at or in reference to, or deliberately making violent contact with any on or off-ice official. This generally is issued in addition to other penalties or as a bench penalty against a coach or off-ice player, and is grounds for ejection under a game misconduct or match penalty in most leagues including the NHL.
 Aggressor penalty  Assessed to a player who engages in a fight with an unwilling combatant. This is independent of the instigator penalty, and both are usually not assessed to the same player at one time (in that case the player's penalty for fighting is usually escalated to attempt to injure, a match penalty).
 Attempt to injure Deliberately trying to harm an opponent, in any manner. This type of infraction carries an automatic match penalty.
 Biting Carries a major penalty (5:00) and Game Misconduct.
 Boarding Pushing, tripping or checking an opposing player violently into the boards.
  (or Stabbing) Jabbing an opponent with the end of the shaft of the stick. It carries an automatic major penalty and game misconduct.
 Broken stick Engaging in play while holding a broken stick.
 Charging Taking more than three strides or jumping before hitting an opponent.
  Hitting an opponent from behind is illegal. It carries an automatic minor penalty and misconduct, or a major penalty and game misconduct if it results in injury. See checking. This is generally allowed in the NHL unless it's covered by another infraction such as boarding or illegal check to the head.
 Clipping Delivering a check below the knees of an opponent.  If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result.
 Cross-checking Hitting an opponent with the stick when it is held with two hands and no part of the stick is on the ice.
 Delay of gameStalling the game (for example, shooting the puck out of play from the defensive zone, holding the puck in the hand, refusing to send players out for a faceoff, or even repeated deliberate offsides).  Starting in the 2004–05 AHL season and advanced to the NHL in the a year later, an automatic delay of game penalty is charged to goaltenders that go into the corners behind the goal line (outside a trapezoid-shaped area just behind the net) to play the puck. Some delay of game offenses, such as taking too long to send players to take a faceoff, are not punished with a penalty: instead, the official may choose to eject the centre of the offending team from the face-off circle and order him replaced with another player already on the ice. An unsuccessful coach's challenge will result in a minor penalty for delay of game for the first unsuccessful challenge and a double-minor penalty for each additional unsuccessful challenge.
 Diving (or "embellishment")  Falling to the ice after a hit, exaggerating the effect of the hit in an attempt to draw a penalty for the opposing team.
 Elbowing Hitting an opponent with the elbow. If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result.
 Eye-gouging Carries a major penalty and often a match penalty.
 Fighting Engaging in a physical altercation with an opposing player, usually involving the throwing of punches with gloves removed or worse. Minor altercations such as simple pushing and shoving, and punching with gloves still in place, are generally called as roughing.
  Physically impeding or checking the goaltender. Visually impeding the goaltender's view of the play with the body, called "screening", is legal; but at no time may a goaltender be hit or checked.
 Goaltender leaving the crease A goaltender may not leave the vicinity of his crease during an altercation. Once he has left the crease during an altercation, he may be given a penalty.
 Head-butting Hitting an opponent with the head. A match penalty is called for doing so.

 High-stickingTouching an opponent with the stick above shoulder level. A minor penalty is assessed to the player. If blood is drawn, a double-minor (4 minutes) is usually called.  A common (yet false) belief is that blood drawn automatically warrants a double-minor. There is no such rule; this is, however, the precedent that has been in place for years.  Referees may use their discretion to assess only a minor penalty even though blood was drawn.  They may also assess a double-minor when blood is not drawn, if they believe that the player was sufficiently injured or that the offending player used excessively reckless action with his stick.  If a player, while in the action of "following through" on a shot, strikes an opposing player in the head or face area with his stick, high sticking is not called unless the referee can determine that the player taking the shot was deliberately aiming to strike the opposing player. A penalty is also not called when the puck is hit by a high stick, but play will be stopped and the ensuing faceoff will take place at a spot which gives the non-offending team an advantage. Also, a goal that is scored by means of hitting the puck with a stick above the height of the crossbar will not be counted unless it is done by a player of the defending team. (Note that the requirements for high-sticking the puck for purposes of allowing/disallowing goal is different from the other forms of high-sticking.)  NHL referees can use on-ice video review to confirm or overturn a double-minor high sticking call.
  Grabbing an opponent's body, equipment or clothing with the hands or stick. Generally a minor; USA Hockey rules call for a major and a game misconduct for grabbing and holding a facemask or visor.
 Holding the stick Grabbing and holding an opponent's stick, also called when a player deliberately wrenches a stick from the hands of an opposing player or forces the opponent to drop it by any means that is not any other infraction such as Slashing.
 Hooking Using a stick as a hook to slow an opponent, no contact is required under new standards.
  As of the start of the 2010–11 NHL season, any form of "a hit to an opponent, where the player's head is targeted and/or the principal point of contact" is punishable with a combination five-minute major penalty and game misconduct, due to the increasing concern following concussion injuries to NHL players following incidents such as David Booth and Marc Savard's concussions in the 2009–10 NHL season. A second incident of this type caused by the same player in a season (or post-season playoffs) results in an automatic suspension for the following game their team plays, with the potential for increasing durations of suspension from active play, for any subsequent checks to opposing players' head areas. The following season, it was changed to any hit to an opposing player's head that is targeted and the principal point of contact. An illegal check to the head is punishable with either a two-minute minor penalty or a match penalty. In the 2013–14 NHL season, the rule was clarified to "A hit resulting in contact with an opponent's head where the head was the main point of contact and such contact to the head was avoidable is not permitted (known as illegal check to the head). As mentioned before, that is punishable with either a two-minute minor penalty or a match penalty.Rule 48 – Illegal Check to the Head
  Using equipment that does not meet regulations, either by size (length, width) or number (two sticks) or other guidelines (e.g. a goaltender's facemask can no longer be the "Jason Voorhees"-style form-fit mask, a skater may not have a stick with a curve exceeding 3/4" (19 mm), nor may they play with a goaltender's stick (a goaltender may play with a regular player's stick). If a player (non-goaltender) breaks a stick, it is mandatory to drop the stick immediately and play without it until getting a replacement from the bench. Otherwise a penalty will be assessed to the offending player (some game summaries call this "playing with a broken stick"). In addition, in the NHL a player may not pick a broken stick up off the ground after it has been dropped (they can only receive a stick from another player or from the bench; goaltenders may not go to the bench but must have a stick carried out to them). This rule is generally not enforced in amateur leagues except for broken sticks or egregiously out-of-spec equipment, as the cost of acquiring gear that meets NHL specifications since a 2005 (and further in 2013) rule change is prohibitive, especially for goalies. Goaltenders will now receive a two-game suspension for the use of oversized equipment. Their teams will also be fined $25,000, the trainer will be docked $10,000, the coach and general manager fined $50,000 and the owner fined $100,000.
 Instigator penalty An instigator of an altercation is a player who demonstrates any of the following actions: distance travelled; gloves off first; first punch thrown; menacing attitude. A player deemed an instigator will receive an instigating minor penalty. A player who instigates a fight in the final five minutes of a game (or in overtime in the regular season) will instead be charged a game misconduct and given an automatic one-game suspension. The length of the suspension would double for each additional incident. The player's coach will be fined $10,000, a penalty that would double for each recurrence.
  Impeding an opponent who does not have the puck, or impeding any player from the bench. No contact is required under the new standards.
 Joining a fight Also called the "third man in" rule, the first person who was not part of a fight when it broke out but participates in said fight once it has started for any reason (even to pull the players apart) is charged with an automatic game misconduct in addition to any other penalties they receive for fighting.
 Kicking Kicking an opponent with the skate or skate blade. Kicking carries a match penalty if done with intent to injure, but otherwise carries a major penalty and a game misconduct. (Under Hockey Canada rules, kicking or attempting to kick an opponent always carries a Match Penalty regardless of intent.)
 Kneeing  Hitting an opponent with the knee. If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result.
 Leaving the penalty bench  A penalized player who leaves the penalty bench before his penalty has expired, whether play is in progress or not, shall incur an additional minor penalty after serving his unexpired penalty. Any player who, having entered the penalty bench, leaves the penalty bench prior to the expiration of his penalty for the purpose of challenging an official's ruling, shall be assessed a game misconduct penalty. He shall also be automatically suspended for at least the next three regular league or playoff games of his club. A player exiting the penalty bench, or player's bench, during an altercation or for the purpose of starting an altercation will be given a game misconduct, and suspended the next 10 games.
 Participating in the play beyond the centre red line (goaltender) A rare infraction, carries a minor penalty and is only assessed against the goaltender.
 Playing with too many sticks When a player plays with more than one stick. For example, if a goaltender were to lose his stick and a player from his team skates over to pick up the goaltender stick and then, while skating back to the goaltender with both sticks, attempts to touch a live puck with either stick, will be called for Playing with too many sticks.
 RoughingPushing or shoving after the whistle has been blown or when it takes place away from the play (often called against a player from each team, resulting in a coincidental minors situation, but can also be called on a single player); also called when the hands make contact with an opponent's head/face on an otherwise legal check; called in non-checking leagues when a body check is made. Non-checking leagues may also refer to this as simply 'body checking'. In the NHL, a minor penalty for roughing is assessed when a player intentionally removes the helmet of an opponent. If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result.
 Secondary altercation  This infraction is not listed in the NHL Rulebook, but it is prevalent in the Central Hockey League (United States) and other minor leagues. It is most commonly issued when players engage in or attempt to engage in fight after the original fight (between two separate players). This infraction carries an automatic game misconduct penalty.
 Slashing  Swinging a stick at an opponent, no contact is required under new standards. If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result.
 Slew footing  This occurs when a player uses his feet or knees to knock an opponent's skates out from under him with a kicking or leg dragging motion from behind. If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result. Slew footing as a separate infraction does not exist in the USA Hockey rulebook .
 Spearing  Stabbing an opponent with the stick blade. It carries an automatic major penalty and game misconduct.
 Starting the wrong lineup This very rare bench minor penalty is assessed when the offending team's starting lineup contains any player not listed in the lineup submitted before the game. For this to be called, the captain of the non-offending team must bring this breach of the rules to the referee's attention immediately at the first stoppage of play. Also the penalty may be assessed if a player is not put on the scoresheet at the beginning of the game and plays. The only way for this to be called is if the official scorer notifies the referee of this oversight.
 Substitution infraction (Illegal Substitution)  This rare bench minor penalty is assessed when a substitution or addition is attempted during a stoppage of play after the linesmen have signaled no more substitutions (once the face-off is set) or if a team pulls its goaltender and then attempts to have the goaltender re-enter play at any time other than during a stoppage of play. Too many men on the ice and/or starting the wrong lineup can also simply be called a substitution infraction.
 Throwing the stick/Throwing stick/Throwing equipment  Often accompanied by a penalty shot. If any player on the ice who throws his stick or any part thereof or any other object (i.e. equipment) in the direction of the puck or an opponent in any zone, except when such act has been penalized by the assessment of a penalty shot or the awarding of a goal then a minor penalty will be assessed. Should any player, coach, or non-playing person on the players' bench or penalty bench throw anything on the ice during the progress of the game or during a stoppage of play, a bench minor penalty unsportsmanlike conduct shall be assessed. Can be upgraded to game misconduct or match penalty depending on severity.
 Too many men on the ice  Having more than the allowable number of players (six, including the goaltender, if not already short handed) on the ice involved in the play at any given time. "Involved in the play" is key; players that are entering the ice as substitutes for players coming off (line changing) may enter the ice once the player returning to the bench is less than five feet from his team's bench (Rule 74.1); at that point the returning player is considered out of the play, even if the play passes in front of the bench, unless he actively makes a move for the puck. Players entering the ice are part of the play as soon as their skates touch the ice.
 Tripping Using a stick or one's body to trip an opponent, no contact is required under new standards. If injury results, a major penalty and a game misconduct will result.
 Unsportsmanlike conduct  Arguing with a referee, fan, opponent or teammate; using slurs against an opponent, teammate or fan; playing with illegal equipment; making obscene gestures or abusing an official, fan, opponent or teammate. Can carry either a minor, major, misconduct, game misconduct or match penalty, depending on the gravity of the infraction (for instance, using obscene language to a referee initially results in a minor, but making an obscene gesture to an opponent, teammate, fan or official carries a game misconduct.) Also, in some leagues the penalty progression is different for players and team officials (for example, in the USA Hockey rulebook players get a minor for their first infraction, a misconduct for their second and a game misconduct for their third, whereas the option of a misconduct is removed for coaches; in addition, after each penalty for  a team official, the penalty count resets itself). Unsportsmanlike conduct may also be called if a player drops gloves and stick in preparation for a fight, but the non-offending player does not drop the corresponding equipment and has committed no action (verbal or physical harassment) to attempt to instigate a fight. Since 2008, the NHL has ruled that standing in front of an opposing goaltender and engaging "in actions such as waving his arms or stick in front of the goaltender's face, for the purpose of improperly interfering with and/or distracting the goaltender" will draw a minor unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, a rule interpretation inspired by the play of Sean Avery against Martin Brodeur.

List of fouls/infractions that result in minor penalties
Charging
Clipping
Closing hand on puck
Cross-checking
Delay of game
Elbowing
Embellishment
Goaltender interference
High-sticking
Holding
Holding the stick
Hooking
Illegal equipment
Illegal stick
Instigator
Interference
Kneeing
Leaving penalty bench too early
Leaving the crease (goalkeeper)
Participating in the play beyond the centre red line (goalkeeper)
Roughing
Slashing
Throwing puck towards opponent's goal (goalkeeper)
Throwing stick
Tripping
Unsportsmanlike conduct

List of infractions that result in bench minor penalties
Abuse of officials
Delay of game
Deliberate illegal substitution
Face-off violation
Illegal substitution
Improper starting line-up
Interference from players' or penalty bench
Interference with an official
Leaving bench at end of period
Refusing to start play
Stepping onto ice during period (Coach)
Throwing objects onto ice
Too many men on the ice
Unsportsmanlike conduct

List of fouls/infractions that result in major penalties
Boarding
Butt-ending
Charging
Checking from behind
Clipping
Cross-checking
Elbowing
Fighting
Head-butting
Hooking
Illegal Check to the Head
Interference
Kneeing
Slashing
Spearing

List of infractions that result in misconduct penalties
Banging boards with stick in protest of an official's ruling
Continuing or attempting to continue a fight
Deliberately breaking stick or refusing to surrender stick for measurement
Deliberately throwing any equipment (including stick) out of playing area
Entering or remaining in the referee's crease
Fighting off the playing surface (or with another player who is off the playing surface)
Inciting an opponent
Instigating a fight
Interfering or distracting opponent taking a penalty shot
Knocking or shooting puck out of reach of an official
Leaving bench to speak to official
Mouthpiece violation
Refusing to change non-regulation piece of protective equipment (second violation)
Use of profane or abusive language
Verbal abuse of an official

List of infractions that result in game misconduct penalties
Continues or attempts to continue a fight
Fighting off the playing surface or with an opponent who is off the playing surface
First or second player to leave the players' bench during or to start an altercation
First to intervene in an altercation (third man in)
Interfering with a game official in the performance of their duties
Interfering with or striking a spectator
Leaving the penalty bench during an altercation
Obscene gestures
Persists to challenge or dispute an official's ruling
Physically abuses an official
Player who has been ordered to the dressing room but returns to the bench or the ice
Player who deliberately attempts to injure a Manager, Coach or other non-playing Club personnel in any manner
Racial taunts or slurs
Some major penalties (generally stick infractions)

List of fouls/infractions that result in match penalties
Attempt to injure (in any manner)
Biting
Boarding
Butt-ending*
Charging
Checking from behind
Clipping
Cross-checking
Deliberate injury (in any manner)
Elbowing
Goalkeeper who uses his blocking glove to the head or face of an opponent*
Grabbing of the face mask
Hair pulling
Head-butting*
High-sticking
Illegal Check to the Head
Kicking a player
Kneeing
Punching and injuring an unsuspecting opponent*
Slashing
Slew-footing
Spearing*
Throwing stick or any object
Wearing tape on hands in altercation*

Other leagues typically assess penalties for additional infractions. For example, most adult social leagues and women's hockey leagues ban all body checking (a penalty for roughing or illegal check is called), and in most amateur leagues, any head contact whatsoever results in a penalty. If a player commits a hair pulling violation on an opponent, they will be charged with a game misconduct penalty. The foul of moving the goalposts is handled differently from league to league; it has historically been a penalty shot, but after David Leggio began deliberately committing the foul to disrupt scoring opportunities, the American Hockey League declared such an act to be a game misconduct and the Deutsche Eishockey Liga automatically awarded the goal.

Penalty records

NHL

The NHL keeps individual statistics on the penalties each player accrues through the penalties in minutes statistic (abbreviated "PIM"). Players renowned for their fighting or for being dirty players will usually lead their team in PIM and have such statistics highlighted by the media.

The record for the most penalty minutes in one season is held by Dave Schultz of the Philadelphia Flyers, with 472 in the 1974–75 NHL season. The record for most penalty minutes in a career is held by Tiger Williams, who had 3,966 over 14 years. With Zdeno Chara's retirement in 2022, no active player has more than 2,000 penalty minutes.

The most penalties in a single game occurred in a fight-filled match between the Ottawa Senators and Philadelphia Flyers on March 5, 2004, when 419 penalty minutes were handed out.  Statistically, a game misconduct counts as 10 penalty minutes, in addition to other penalties handed out. In rare cases (as a result of multiple infractions, for instance the player participating in multiple fights), multiple game misconducts may be handed to a player — that is merely statistical, not (automatically) a multi-game suspension, although the league will often suspend the player in a subsequent decision.

Kontinental Hockey League
On 9 January 2010, a massive brawl broke out in an Avangard Omsk game against Vityaz Chekhov. The conflict started during pre-game warm-ups when Darcy Verot intentionally shot a puck at Lasse Kukkonen forcing Alexander Svitov to stand up for his teammate. Soon after the game started, Brandon Sugden challenged Svitov to another fight, which then involved all other eight skaters on the ice. A number of other fights ensued resulting in a bench- and penalty-box clearing. The officials had to suspend the game just after 3:39 in the first period, as there were only four players left to play the game. A world record total of 707 penalty minutes were incurred during the game. Some players were arrested by police. The Kontinental Hockey League imposed heavy fines on both teams, some players and the head coaches as well as disqualifying six of Vityaz's players and Avangard's Dmitry Vlasenkov, who was first to leave the bench during a fight. The game was counted as a 5–0 defeat for both teams with no points being awarded.

References
Footnotes

General

External links
 USA Hockey 2017-21 Rules
 Hockey Canada, On-Line Rulebook
 National Hockey League Rulebook
 Ottawa District Hockey Association Referees
 Sault Hockey Officials Association
 Gross Misconduct hockey blog

Ice hockey rules and regulations
Ice hockey statistics
Ice hockey terminology
Ice hockey strategy

Penalty (ice hockey)


The Abominable Dr. Phibes is a 1971 British dark comedy horror film, produced by Ronald S. Dunas and Louis M. Heyward, directed by Robert Fuest, written by William Goldstein and James Whiton, and starring Vincent Price and Joseph Cotten. Its art deco sets, dark humour, and performance by Price have made the film and its sequel Dr. Phibes Rises Again cult classics. The film also features Terry-Thomas and Hugh Griffith, with an uncredited Caroline Munro appearing as Phibes' wife.

The film follows the title character, Dr Anton Phibes, who blames the medical team that attended to his wife's surgery four years prior for her death and sets out to exact vengeance on each one. Phibes is inspired in his murderous spree by the Ten Plagues of Egypt from the Old Testament. However, the Ten Plagues in the film considerably differ from those in the literary Old Testament; some plagues were dropped, new plagues were added, and even those plagues which remain the same are ordered differently, such as the death of the first-born no longer being the final plague.

Plot
Dr. Anton Phibes, a famous concert organist with doctorates in both music and theology, is believed to have been killed in a car crash in Switzerland in 1921, while racing home upon hearing of the death of his beloved wife, Victoria, during surgery. Phibes survived the crash, but was horribly scarred and left unable to speak. He remade his face with prosthetics and used his knowledge of acoustics to regain his voice. Resurfacing secretly in London in 1925, Phibes believes his wife was a victim of her doctors' incompetence, and begins elaborate plans to kill those he believes are guilty for her death.

Aided in his quest for vengeance by his beautiful and silent assistant Vulnavia, Phibes uses the Ten Plagues of Egypt as his inspiration, wearing an amulet with Hebrew letters corresponding with each plague as he conducts the murders. After three doctors have been killed, Inspector Trout, a detective from Scotland Yard, learns that they all had worked under the direction of Dr Vesalius, who tells him the deceased had been on his team when treating Victoria, as were four other doctors and one nurse. Trout discovers one of Phibes' amulets (torn off during a struggle) at the murder scene of the fourth doctor, which takes place while he is interviewing Vesalius. He first takes it to the jeweller who made it, then to a rabbi to learn its meaning. Now believing Phibes may still be alive, Trout and Vesalius go to the Phibes mausoleum at Highgate Cemetery. Inside they find a box of ashes in Phibes' coffin, but Trout deduces they are probably the remains of Phibes' chauffeur. Victoria's coffin is empty.

The police are unable to prevent Phibes from killing the remaining members of Vesalius' team, so they focus their efforts entirely on protecting Vesalius himself. Phibes kidnaps Vesalius' son Lem, then calls Vesalius and tells him to come alone to his mansion on Maldene Square if he wants to save his son's life. Trout refuses to let him go so Vesalius knocks the inspector unconscious, then races to Phibes' mansion, where he confronts him. Phibes tells him his son is under anaesthesia and prepared for surgery. Phibes has implanted a key near the boy's heart that will unlock his restraints. Vesalius has to surgically remove the key within six minutes (the same time Victoria was on the operating table) to release his son before acid from a container above Lem's head is released and kills him. Vesalius succeeds and moves the table out of the way. Vulnavia, who was ordered to destroy Phibes' mechanical creations, is surprised by Trout and his assistant; backing away, she is drenched with the acid and killed.

Convinced that he has accomplished his vendetta, Phibes retreats to the basement to inter himself in a stone sarcophagus containing the embalmed body of his wife. He proceeds to drain his blood while simultaneously replacing it with embalming fluid and lies down in the sarcophagus next to Victoria. The coffin's inlaid stone lid lowers into place, concealing it. Trout and the police arrive but cannot find Phibes. They recall that the "final curse" was darkness just before the basement goes dark.

Cast

Production
The film began as a script by writers James Whiton and William Goldstein. Studio American International Pictures purchased the script, seeing it as a good vehicle for their biggest star, Vincent Price. Director Robert Fuest rewrote most of the script, altering Dr Phibes (who in the original script abused his assistant Vulnavia) to be more sympathetic. He also opted to add in some deliberate humour, since critics often razed Price for over-the-top performances, and changed the death of Dr Kitaj by rats to take place on a plane instead of on a boat. Fuest found the boat death implausible, questioning why Kitaj could not save himself by simply jumping into the water. Peter Cushing was originally cast as Dr Vesalius, but bowed out due to the illness of his wife and was replaced by Joseph Cotten. The film was shot on the "20s era" sets at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire. The cemetery scenes were shot in Highgate Cemetery, London. The exterior of Dr Phibes' mansion was Caldecote Towers at Immanuel College on Elstree Road.

Critical reception
Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote, "The plot, buried under all the iron tinsel, isn't bad. But the tone of steamroller camp flattens the fun." Variety was generally positive, praising the "well-structured" screenplay, "outstanding" makeup for Vincent Price, and "excellent work" on the set designs. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three-and-a-half stars, calling it a "stylish, clever, shrieking winner", though he disliked "the lack of zip in the ending". David Pirie of The Monthly Film Bulletin was negative, faulting director Robert Fuest's "flat, unimaginative visual style" and a script "contriving to be coy and tongue-in-cheek without ever being witty".

In 2002 Critic Christopher Null called the film "Vincent Price at his campy best ... A crazy script and an awesome score make this a true classic."

In the early 2010s, Time Out conducted a poll with several authors, directors, actors, and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films. The Abominable Dr. Phibes placed at number 83 on their top 100 list.

At the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 40 reviews and an average rating of 6.97/10. The site's consensus reads: "The Abominable Dr. Phibes juggles horror and humor, but under the picture's campy façade, there's genuine pathos brought poignantly to life through Price's performance." The film was not highly regarded by American International Pictures' home office until it became a box office hit.

Home video
MGM Home Entertainment released The Abominable Dr. Phibes on Region 1 DVD in 2001, followed by a tandem release with Dr. Phibes Rises Again in 2005. The film made its Blu-ray debut as part of Scream Factory's Vincent Price box set in fall 2013.

A limited edition two-disc set, The Complete Dr. Phibes, was released in Region B Blu-ray in 2014 by Arrow Films. Both films were later reissued separately by Arrow and as part of the nine-film/seven-disc Region B Blu-ray set The Vincent Price Collection on the Australian Shock label.

The TV broadcast version of the film excises some of the more grisly scenes, such as a close-up of the nurse's locust-eaten corpse.

Music
The music that Phibes plays on the organ at the beginning of the film is "War March of the Priests" from Felix Mendelssohn's incidental music to Racine's play Athalie.

The film's incidental score was composed by Basil Kirchin and includes 1920s-era source music, most notably "Charmaine" and "Darktown Strutters' Ball".

One of several music-related errors or anachronisms within the film's storyline is the song overlaid as a recorded performance by one of the ostensibly mechanized musicians of "Dr. Phibes' Clockwork Wizards."  The pianist in this simulated animatronic band "sings" "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)".  Although the film's plot is set in England in the 1920s, this particular song did not exist until 1943, when Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer wrote it as part of their film score for The Sky's the Limit. Fred Astaire sang the jazz standard for the first time in that musical comedy. Likewise, the melody of the song "You Stepped Out of a Dream", written by Nacio Herb Brown (music) and Gus Kahn (lyrics) and first published in 1940, accompanies a scene depicting Dr. Phibes and Vulnavia dancing together in the ballroom of his mansion. Other musical anachronisms are Vulnavia's playing "Close Your Eyes" (1933) on the violin, or her placing in a car a music box that plays "Elmer's Tune" (1941).

A soundtrack LP was released concurrently with the film's appearance, which contained few selections from the score, but rather was composed mostly of character vocalizations by Paul Frees. A proper soundtrack was released on CD in 2004 by Perseverance Records, but it is now out of print.

Sequel
A sequel, Dr. Phibes Rises Again, was released in 1972. It was also directed by Robert Fuest and also stars Price as Phibes. Several other sequels were proposed, including "The Bride of Dr. Phibes", but none were ever produced.

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Humphreys, Justin, with contributions by Mark Ferelli, Sam Irvin, and David Taylor (2018). The Dr. Phibes Companion. Albany, Georgia: BearManor Media. .
 Klemensen, Richard; publisher. "The Definitive Dr. Phibes". Little Shoppe of Horrors. Des Moines, Iowa, October 2012: Number 29.

External links

1971 films
1971 horror films
1971 comedy horror films
1971 black comedy films
1970s serial killer films
American International Pictures films
British black comedy films
British comedy horror films
British serial killer films
British films about revenge
Films about the ten plagues of Egypt
Films based on the Book of Exodus
Films directed by Robert Fuest
Films scored by Basil Kirchin
Films set in 1921
Films set in 1925
Films set in London
Films set in Switzerland
Films shot at EMI-Elstree Studios
Films shot in Hertfordshire
Mad scientist films
Prosthetics in fiction
1971 comedy films
British exploitation films
1970s English-language films
1970s British films

The Abominable Dr. Phibes


Ergene, Türkiye'nin Balkan kesiminde bir nehir. Meriç nehrinin kollarından biri.

Özellikler
Türkiye'de Marmara Bölgesi'nin Karadeniz kıyılarındaki Yıldız Dağları'ndan doğar. Çok çatallı bir hâlde bulunur. Birçok kolu vardır. En sonunda Meriç Nehri ile birleşerek Ege Denizi'ne dökülür. Ayrıca Marmara Bölgesi'nde Ergene Bölümü'ne ismini vermiştir.

Ergene nehrinin batıdan-doğuya dizilişleri ile kuzey kolları şunlardır: Ovadere, Kuleli Dere, Anaçay Dere, Üsküp Dere, Kaynarca Dere, Sulucak Çayı, Yuvalı Dere, Çorlu Çayı. Batıdan doğuya sıralanışı ile güney kolları ise; Fakara Dere, Beyköy Dere, Hayrabolu Deresi, Ovaçay Deresi, Hamam Dere'dir.

Coğrafi durum
Kaynağından Saray ilçesine kadar 1. derece yüksek kaliteli su olarak gelmekte ve içinde çeşitli balıklar, canlılar (Sazan, kefal, yılan balığı, alabalık vs) yaşamaktadır. Saray ilçesinde arıtılmış evsel atıkların karıştığı nehirde su kalitesi 2. Derece olup canlı yaşamı Ulaş bölgesine kadar mevcuttur. Çerkezköy, Kapaklı, Ulaş, Velimeşe, Çorlu, Pehlivanköy, Karıştıran ve Lüleburgaz'daki sanayi tesisleri tarafından kirletilmektedir. Özellikle taştığı zaman bütün Ergene Ovası kirlenmektedir. Bu kirlilikten Uzunköprü, Pehlivanköy, Alpullu, İnanlı, Çorlu, Çerkezköy, Muratlı, Enez gibi nehir üzerinde bulunan yerleşim birimleri etkilenmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ergene Havzası

Kaynakça

Ergene


يقع جبل فم الحليق أو جبل دريد في السلسلة الجبلية للأطلس التلي بمدينة عين البرج التابعة لولاية أم البواقي ويبلغ ارتفاعه حوالي 1200 متر علي سطح البحر، ويوجد علي سفحه سهل البحايرة الطويلة وهو سهل جد خصب.

يعبر هذا الجبل طريق تعد الممر الوحيد بين هذه الجبال، وهذا الممر الضيق يطلق عليه سكان المنطقة اسم فم الحليق لان هذه الجبال تشبه السلسلة ويعتبر هذا الممر الحلقة المفقودة في هذه السلسلة

تضاريس
جبال الجزائر
سلاسل جبلية

جبل فم الحليق


Le Quatuor avec piano , op. 124, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1927.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose son Quatuor avec piano  en ré majeur pour piano, violon, alto et violoncelle en 1927. L'œuvre, dédiée à Gabriel Pierné, est publiée la même année aux éditions Hamelle, à compte d'auteur. Elle est rééditée en 2005 par les éditions Furore.

Structure
L'œuvre se compose de quatre mouvements :

 Moderato
 Allegretto
 Lento
 Allegro

Analyse
Le Quatuor  a été composé dans la même période que Mélisande, et on retrouve dans les deux œuvres un même passage solennel, présent dans les dernières mesures du premier mouvement du quatuor.

Dans le quatrième mouvement, on retrouve des éléments proche du Quatuor pour piano et cordes  de Gabriel Fauré. Dans le quatuor de Mel Bonis, le climax ne se trouve pas vers la fin du thème principal, mais au tout début. On trouve aussi une figure de chevauchée aux parties de violon et d'alto, formant un écart avec la ligne de basse du piano, qui se base, elle, sur un mouvement conjoint de blanches. Après le climax, la direction du motif de chevauchée est inversé, comme au début du thème de Gabriel Fauré.

Réception
Le Quatuor  est joué le 26 février 1927 lors d'un concert organisé par Mel Bonis à la Salle du Conservatoire. L'œuvre est alors interprétée par le Quatuor Zighera et Marguerite Moreau-Leroy.

La pièce est aussi jouée en 1930 par , , Denayer et Dessagne. Lucienne Jean-Darrouy en fait un bref commentaire dans L'Écho d'Alger : .

Discographie

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Œuvre pour piano
Œuvre pour violon
Œuvre pour violon alto
Œuvre pour violoncelle
Bonis
Œuvre réalisée en 1927

Quatuor avec piano no 2 de Bonis


The 1868 United Kingdom general election was the first after passage of the Reform Act 1867, which enfranchised many male householders, thus greatly increasing the number of men who could vote in elections in the United Kingdom. It was the first election held in the United Kingdom in which more than a million votes were cast; nearly triple the number of votes were cast compared to the previous election in 1865.

The Liberals, led by William Gladstone, increased their majority over Benjamin Disraeli's Conservatives again to more than 100 seats.

This was the last general election at which all seats were taken by only the two leading parties, although the parties at the time were loose coalitions and party affiliation was not listed on registration papers.

Results

|}

Voting summary

Seats summary

Regional results

Great Britain

England

Scotland

Wales

Ireland

Universities

See also
 List of MPs elected in the 1868 United Kingdom general election

References and further reading

  (covers 1860 to 1890).

External links
 Spartacus: Political Parties and Election Results: 1868 General Election

1868 elections in the United Kingdom
General election
1868
November 1868 events
December 1868 events
Benjamin Disraeli
William Ewart Gladstone

1868 United Kingdom general election


Vejlevej kan henvise til:

 Vejlevej (Fredericia) – gade i Fredericia
 Vejlevej (Kolding) – central færdselsvej fra midten af Kolding by
 Vejlevej (Nørre Snede) – omfartsvej øst om Nørre Snede

Vejlevej


El Instituto Superior Nacional del Profesorado Técnico es un centro de enseñanza superior no universitaria de la República Argentina dependiente de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional.
El centro tiene sus instalaciones ubicadas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, en el barrio de Villa Ortúzar

Historia
En 1956 el gobierno argentino proyectó la creación de un "Consejo Nacional de Enseñanza Técnica", iniciativa que recién se concretaría el 15 de noviembre de 1959 con la creación del Consejo Nacional de Educación Técnica (CONET), «organismo autárquico dependiente del ministro de Educación a cuyo cargo se puso la dirección, supervisión y organización de la educación técnica y de la formación profesional».

Pocos días después, el 26 de noviembre de 1959 fue creado el Instituto Nacional Superior del Profesorado Técnico (Decreto N° 15.958) para la formación docente de los profesionales que requerían las escuelas del CONET.
El Instituto comenzó a operar recién en 1964 bajo la dirección del rector Leonardo Cozza, quien permaneció en el cargo hasta 1972.
El Instituto tuvo un rápido desarrollo y en 1975 tenía ya 1570 estudiantes

Desde su creación hasta 1990, el Instituto «se dedicó exclusivamente a preparar el personal docente con la especificidad que las escuelas técnicas necesitaban mediante carreras de formación, cursos de capacitación y perfeccionamiento y asistencia técnica», asistencia brindada fundamentalmente en el país aunque ocasionalmente desempeñara la dirección y supervisión del Proyecto Multinacional de Educación Técnica y Formación Profesional de la Organización de Estados Americanos (1972).

Década del 90'
A comienzos de 1991 se evaluó la posibilidad de que el Instituto ampliara su oferta educativa ante «las necesidades de capacitación que presenta el país, ante los desafios de nuevas tecnologías y de la flexibilidad que tiene que enfrentar la empresa moderna» lo que se concretó en 1994 con la creación de la carrera de Técnico Superior, de tres años de duración, y del Profesorado en disciplinas industriales, que integra la tecnicatura (ciclo técnico-científico) y el ciclo de formación docente.

El 27 de septiembre de 1995 el Instituto fue transferido al Rectorado de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional mediante un convenio suscripto por el ministro ingeniero Jorge Alberto Rodríguez en representación del poder ejecutivo nacional y el rector Héctor Carlos Brotto en representación de la Universidad, fundamentando la decisión «en la necesidad de vincular académicamente y administrativamente dos instituciones tradicionalmente desvinculadas y... con diferentes historias, ambas vinculadas a la técnica» manteniendo los planes y objetivos de la institución con el objetivo adicional de «que pueda funcionar como un centro de capacitación permanente para los docentes de la UTN».

Oferta educativa
El Instituto, con sede en avenida Triunvirato 3174, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, mantiene que sus objetivos con «formar técnicos superiores, docentes e instructores en las diversas especialidades tecnológicas que exige hoy el país», «asegurar la formación general, científica y técnico-docente en el más alto grado, de acuerdo con los objetivos de nivel de cada carrera» y «organizar la orientación, especialización, perfeccionamiento y actualización de sus egresados».

Algunas de las carreras dictadas son:
 Técnico Superior en Automatización y Robótica
 Técnico Superior en Control Eléctrico y Accionamientos
 Técnico Superior en Diseño Tecnológico
 Técnico Superior en Electrónica
 Técnico Superior en Física y Física Aplicada
 Técnico Superior en Informática Aplicada
 Técnico Superior en Mecánica, Automotores y Máquinas Térmicas
 Técnico Superior en Química y Química Aplicada
 Profesor en Disciplinas Industriales
 Profesor en inglés e inglés Técnico
 Profesor en Matemática y Matemática Aplicada
 Licenciatura en Enseñanza Matemática

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía
 Ministerio de Educación y Justicia, Desarrollo de la educación en la Argentina (1984-1986): informe a la 40a. reunión de la conferencia internacional de educación, Ministerio de Educación y Justicia, 1986.
 Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícola (IICA-OEA), Los Procesos de Cambio y Capacitación en el Desarrollo, IICA, Guatemala, 1973
 Unesco, Educational documentation and information: Bulletin of the International Bureau of Education, Números 218-221, International Bureau of Education, UNESCO, 1981

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial del Instituto
 Etapas históricas de la educación argentina
 José María Virgili, Reconversión institucional, Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 2005

Universidad Tecnológica Nacional
Facultades y escuelas de ingeniería de Argentina


This is a list of the leaders of the opposition party of Quebec, Canada since Confederation (1867).

Note that the leader of the Opposition is not always the leader of the political party with the second-largest number of seats, in cases where the leader of that party does not have a seat.

There was no Leader of the Official Opposition until March 1869, when the government's second budget was introduced.

Footnotes

See also
 List of Quebec general elections
 Timeline of Quebec history
 National Assembly of Quebec
 List of Quebec premiers
 List of third party leaders (Quebec)
 History of Quebec

External links
 Les chefs de l'opposition officielle depuis 1869

Official Opposition leaders
Opp
Quebec

List of leaders of the Official Opposition of Quebec


El arroyo Aurora es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Rivera perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica del Río Uruguay.

Nace en la cuchilla Negra, cerca del límite con Salto y Artigas, desemboca en el arroyo Lunarejo tras recorrer alrededor de 22 km.

Aurora
Cuenca del río Tacuarembó
Aurora

Arroyo Aurora


Helmsdale (, ) is a village on the east coast of Sutherland, in the Highland council area of Scotland. The modern village was planned in 1814 to resettle communities that had been removed from the surrounding straths as part of the Highland Clearances.

Toponymy
The River Helmsdale (Gaelic Ilidh) was noted by Ptolemy as Ila, which remains an obscure name.  The Gaelic name for the village, Bun Ilidh, means Ilie-foot. Norse settlers called the strath Hjalmundal, meaning Dale of the Helmet, from which the modern village name Helmsdale is derived.

History
The remains of Helmsdale Castle were demolished in the 1970s in order to build the new A9 road bridge.

The castle was the location of the murder of John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland and his Countess, Marion Seton, in 1567. They were poisoned by Isobel Sinclair, the wife of Gordon of Gartly. Isobel Sinclair's own son also died, but the fifteen year old heir of Sutherland, Alexander Gordon was unharmed. He was made to marry the Earl of Caithness' daughter Barbara Sinclair. In 1569 he escaped from the Sinclairs to Huntly Castle.

The previous bridge, which still stands, was designed by Thomas Telford and completed in 1811.

The last force-fire in Helmsdale was in about 1818.

Gold rush
Two tributaries of the river were the scene of a gold rush in 1869. The history of Kildonan's gold started in 1818, when a single nugget of gold was found near the Suisgill and Kildonan burns.
Late in 1868, a brief announcement in a local newspaper stated that gold had been discovered at Kildonan in the county of Sutherland. The credit for the discovery goes to Robert Nelson Gilchrist, a native of Kildonan, who had spent 17 years in the goldfields of Australia. On his return home, the Duke of Sutherland gave him permission to pan the gravels of the Helmsdale River, and he prospected all the burns and tributaries.

World War II and after
During World War II, the Royal Air Force built Loth Chain Home radar station at Crakaig, a few miles south-west of Helmsdale.  There was also an RAF Chain Home Low radar station at Navidale, about  northeast of Helmsdale. During the Cold War there was a Composite Signals Organisation (CSO) radio monitoring station in Helmsdale itself. The CSO is associated with GCHQ.

Recent developments
On 3 August 2008, Highland Council announced plans to modernise and catalyse industry in Helmsdale and its surrounding areas. This included a £3.5 million revamp of the harbour and the development of two battery processing factories. Work on the harbour was set to begin in spring 2009, while the battery plants were expected to open before May 2009. It was hoped up to 50 new jobs would be created.

Location and transport
West Helmsdale lies across the river from the main village above the railway station; Old Helmsdale is immediately to the north while East Helmsdale is a settlement less than  east.

The village is on the A9 road, at a junction with the A897 to Melvich, and has a railway station on the Far North Line. Buses operate about every two hours from Monday to Saturday and infrequently on Sundays from Helmsdale to Brora, Golspie, Dornoch, Tain and Inverness in the south and Berriedale, Dunbeath, Halkirk, Thurso and Scrabster in the north. These are on routes X98 and X99 and are operated by Stagecoach Highlands, but tickets can be bought on the Citylink website.

Tourism, culture and sport
Facilities in Helmsdale include an independent youth hostel, a heritage centre, an art gallery, and an inn.

Helmsdale hosts a Highland Games which are held on the third Saturday in August each year. For the evening Marquee Dance the village population of 700 doubles thanks to visitors attending the dance.

Helmsdale is home to Bunillidh Thistle F.C. and Helmsdale United.

Economy
Helmsdale is a fishing port at the estuary of the River Helmsdale. It was once the home of one of the largest herring fleets in Europe.

People from Helmsdale
Professor Andrew Rutherford CBE (1929–1998), Vice-Chancellor of the University of London from 1994 to 1997.
David Mackay (pilot), Chief Pilot of Virgin Galactic, and a former test pilot. Became the 569th person to enter space and the first Scots-born astronaut.
Edwyn Collins, singer from band Orange Juice, who also had notable solo success with the song "A Girl Like You", resides in the village.

See also
 Badbea clearance village

References

External links

Helmsdale Community Website

Helmsdale
Populated places in Sutherland
Gold rushes
Mining communities in Scotland

Helmsdale


15904 Halstead este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
15904 Halstead este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul Zeno din Edmond (Oklahoma) de Tom Stafford (astronom). Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,16 ua, o excentricitate de 0,03 și o înclinație de 3,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 15001-16000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

15904 Halstead


El Estadio José Antonio Romero Feris es un estadio de fútbol ubicado en Corrientes, Argentina. Fue inaugurado el 26 de julio de 1986, y tiene una capacidad de 15 700 personas. Allí hacen las veces de local el Club Atlético Huracán Corrientes (propietario) y ocasionalmente, el Deportivo Mandiyú. Curiosamente, a pesar de ser propiedad de Huracán Corrientes, fue inaugurado durante un cotejo por la Primera B Nacional, disputado entre Mandiyú y Deportivo Armenio.

Además de los torneos de liga y las competencias nacionales en las que se involucren Huracán Corrientes o alguno de los otros equipos de la ciudad que precisen de su uso en estas competencias, también se disputan otros torneos nacionales como la Copa Argentina.

Lleva el nombre del exgobernador de la provincia de Corrientes, José Antonio Romero Feris, que fue también presidente de Huracán Corrientes y principal impulsor de su construcción. Cabe destacar que Romero Feris ejercía la gobernación correntina al momento de esta construcción.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 JOSÉ ANTONIO ROMERO FERIS Datos del estadio en Estadios.org

Romero Feris
Corrientes (Capital)
Estadios de fútbol inaugurados en 1986
Estadios de fútbol de Argentina del siglo XX
Fútbol en Argentina en 1986
Arquitectura de Argentina de 1986

Estadio José Antonio Romero Feris


Kurt Meßmer (* 14. April 1922 in Ludwigsburg; † 29. August 2012) war ein deutscher Jurist und Vorsitzender Richter am Bundesfinanzhof.

Leben

Meßmer war nach der juristischen Ausbildung zunächst in der Finanzverwaltung Baden-Württembergs tätig und dann Richter am Finanzgericht Stuttgart. Als er 1970 zum Bundesrichter ernannt wurde, war er Vorsitzender Richter am Finanzgericht. Am Bundesfinanzhof gehörte er dem I. Senat an. Ab 1978 bis zu seinem Ruhestand 1989 leitete er diesen Senat.

Weblinks
 Pressemitteilung des Bundesfinanzhofs Nr. 26 vom 13. April 2012: Vorsitzender Richter am Bundesfinanzhof a.D. Dr. Kurt Meßmer 90 Jahre
 Pressemitteilung des Bundesfinanzhofs Nr. 63 vom 5. September 2012: Vorsitzender Richter am Bundesfinanzhof a.D. Dr. Kurt Meßmer verstorben

Richter (Bundesfinanzhof)
Jurist in der Finanzverwaltung
Deutscher
Geboren 1922
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Kurt Meßmer


Poprsje ili bista (fr.: buste iz talijanskog: busto od latinskog bustum –
grob), skulpturni je trodimenzionalni prikaz
gornjega dijela ljudskoga tijela – torza, najčešće glave, vrata, s ramenima i prsima. Jednostavnije rečeno, to je plastični portret gornjega dijela ljudskoga tijela.

Izrađuju se od različitih materijala; mramor, metal, drvo, glina i sl.). Donji dio poprsja najčešće je ravno odsječen i postavljen na pravokutno ili okruglo postolje.

Povijest
Prve biste izrađivali su Stari Grci u razdoblju helenizma. Za srednjega vijeka koriste se kao arhitektonska dekoracija (portali) i zlatarstvu, na taj način izrađeni su brojni relikvijari svetaca.

Od renesanse poprsja postaju redoviti predmet kiparskoga rada.

Galerija

Vidi još

 Herma
 Portret

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Poprsje, enciklopedija.hr

Kiparstvo

Poprsje


Upsete Station (Upsete stasjon eller Upsete holdeplass) er en jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der ligger i Aurland kommune i Norge. Stationen består af et spor og en perron med en mindre stationsbygning i rødmalet træ. Stationen betjenes af lokaltog mellem Bergen og Myrdal samt om sommeren af turisttog mellem Voss og Ål. Desuden går en meget benyttet cykelrute fra Upsete til Voss som en del af Rallarvegen.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 10. juni 1908. Oprindeligt hed den Opset, men den skiftede navn til Upsete i april 1921. Den blev opgraderet til station i 1917 men nedgraderet til trinbræt 15. november 1932.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Etableret i 1908
Jernbanestationer i Vestland

Upsete Station


نهج إسبانيا هو أحد أنهج مدينة تونس ويقع بجزئها الحديث وهو مواز لنهج يوغسلافيا من جهة ونهج أنقلترا من جهة أخرى. وينطلق من ساحة برشلونة وصولا إلى نهج الجزائر. تفتح على هذا النهج السوق المركزية للخضر والغلال واللحوم والأسماك، كما كان يوجد به مقر الاتحاد العام لطلبة تونس ومركز الدراسات والبحوث الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بتونس المسمى اختصارا بالسيريس.

شوارع في مدينة تونس

نهج إسبانيا (مدينة تونس)


The 1990 Plainfield tornado was a devastating tornado that occurred on the afternoon of Tuesday, August 28, 1990. The violent tornado killed 29 people and injured 353. It is the only F5/EF5 rated tornado ever recorded in August in the United States, and the only F5 tornado to strike the Chicago area. There are no known videos or photographs of the tornado itself; however, in 2011, a video surfaced online showing the supercell that spawned the tornado. The Plainfield tornado was part of a small outbreak that produced several tornadoes in the Northern United States and Ontario and Kansas.

The tornado was relatively abnormal, moving southeast instead of the conventional northeast motion of violent tornadoes. The event, as well as its poor warning time, drove advancements in radar technology and forecasting systems to adequately warn residents.

Atmospheric conditions

For late August standards, August 28 was a particularly warm and humid day.  Temperatures reached into the low 90s °F (32–34 °C; about 11 °F or 6 °C warmer than the normal of 79 °F – 26 °C), but dew points soared into the upper 70s °F (25–27 °C).  The presence of such a high dew point did not necessarily predict a severe thunderstorm outbreak; the prior day, similar conditions existed in northern Illinois with the exception of a warmer mid level troposphere.  A warmer atmosphere inhibits the rising of surface air through the atmosphere; a requirement for convective precipitation (precipitation resulting from humid surface air ascending to condense in a cooler atmosphere above) to occur.  This warmer air aloft can describe either (or both) weak lapse rates, thus weak instability or a capping inversion.

The atmosphere on August 28 was significantly more unstable as the approach of a low-pressure system from the northwest cooled the mid levels (and also caused dynamic lifting) as instability continued to build in the capped, muggy environment, although the wind fields (strong, but out of the west-northwest and unidirectional) were not suitable for significant tornadic development.  As a result of the very high low-level temperature and dew point, convective available potential energy (CAPE) values were in excess of 8,000 J/kg; generally, values of 1,500 J/kg are considered to be moderately unstable, whereas values of more than 4,000 J/kg are considered "extreme".  The lifted index (LI), the dominant estimate of instability used at the time, was also extreme.  Generally, an LI value of −6 °C or below readily supports severe thunderstorm development, but during the day the LI value ranged from −12 °C to −14 °C.  Such extreme instability can lead to explosive thunderstorm development, very strong updrafts, and modulates the updraft to better enable tornadogenesis.

Conditions were ripe for severe thunderstorm development, and with both low level and high level steering winds from the west-northwest, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a Severe Thunderstorm Watch for northern Illinois valid 1:30 p.m. through 8:00 p.m. CDT that night.  The NSSFC predicted a derecho-type event for later that night as rapidly developing thunderstorms along a cold front in Wisconsin would be carried by the steering flow into the Chicago area.  One of these storms developed supercellular characteristics south of Rockford, steering 30 to 40 degrees to the right of prevailing steering winds.  By now, mid-level steering winds had begun to veer, causing a wind profile slightly more favorable for tornadic development.  This helped develop a high precipitation supercell.

The "HP" supercell produced multiple funnel sightings, hail damage, and damaging winds south of Rockford before heading southeast toward Will County and dropped a rain wrapped tornado.  This is why many in the path did not see the actual tornado but more of a wall of water and dark clouds coming toward them. As the storm continued south it produced a  swath of damage ranging from F1 to F5.  The National Weather Service in Rosemont, Illinois, serving all of Central and Northern Illinois at the time, did not issue a Tornado Warning until 10 minutes after the tornado had hit Plainfield. Despite radar technology being less developed than now, the storm had a well defined hook echo on radar imagery, a signature often correlated with tornadic supercells.

Event summary

The tornado formed from a supercell thunderstorm, which initially formed in the vicinity of Janesville in south central Wisconsin, shortly after 12 p.m. CDT. It produced a tornado near Pecatonica, Illinois in Winnebago County, about  west of Rockford, that touched down at about 1:42 p.m. CDT. That tornado did not last long; however, the storm continued to move southeast towards the Aurora area, and spawned four short-lived, predecessor tornadoes in southwestern Kane County, between 2:45 p.m. and 3:15 p.m. Within that time period, the storm also struck the Aurora Municipal Airport in Sugar Grove at about 3:05 p.m., lasting until 3:10 p.m., where propeller planes were flipped, and the control tower was evacuated, but no injuries were reported.

Continuing to move to the southeast, starting at about 3:15 p.m., the supercell spawned the principal tornado, touching down near Oswego in Kendall County, and rapidly strengthening into a F2 and F3 tornado as it approached Will County.  The tornado traveled southeast into Wheatland Township, Will County, near the Wheatland Plains subdivision, northwest of Plainfield.  At 3:25 p.m. CDT in Wheatland Township, the tornado damaged nearly all of the homes in the Wheatland Plains subdivision where there were several injuries, including one child who had to be airlifted to Loyola University Hospital in Maywood and later died of injuries. Twelve homes were destroyed in Wheatland Plains.

Past Wheatland Plains, the tornado continued to strengthen as it tore across open farmland, and reached F5 intensity in this area. A narrow swath of very intense ground scouring was observed, as mature corn crop was completely stripped from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. Several inches of topsoil were removed as well. As the tornado crossed US-30, a 20-ton tractor-trailer was thrown more than half a mile from the road, killing the driver. Three other motorists were killed in this area as their vehicles were thrown from the road. Some cars were picked up and carried considerable distances through the air. It was determined that the tornado reached its peak strength in this area, and the F5 rating was based on the extreme ground scouring that occurred. Beyond this point, the ground scouring became less pronounced as the tornado weakened slightly as it approached Plainfield at high-end F4 intensity.

The tornado struck Plainfield, Illinois, around 3:28 p.m. Around 3:30 p.m. the tornado directly struck the Plainfield High School, killing a science teacher and two maintenance workers. Students who had been out practicing for the fall football programs ran into the high school to take shelter a few minutes before the storm hit. After an alarm was pulled by a dean in the main office, the volleyball players preparing for a game in the gymnasium rushed to the nearest door and took shelter in the hallway. It has been reported that as soon as the last player was through the door, a coach quickly closed it, only for it to be immediately ripped back off by the storm. The gymnasium proceeded to fall apart and crash down, which filled the gap in the doorway. They took shelter in the same hallway as the football team, and once the tornado had passed, that was the only hallway left standing in the building.

The tornado then demolished the Plainfield School District Administration building, where the wife of a custodian was killed. The tornado crossed Route 59 (Division Street) and ripped into St. Mary Immaculate Church and school, claiming an additional 3 lives; the principal of the school, a music teacher, and the son of the cook at the rectory.  Fifty-five homes were destroyed in Plainfield itself, a few of which were swept away. A grocery store east of the high school was badly damaged. Gravestones in the nearby cemetery were toppled, and a metal dumpster was found wrapped around the top of a partially debarked tree. Damage in Plainfield was rated as high-end F4.

The storm then worked its way southeast towards the large city of Joliet, damaging homes in the Crystal Lawns, Lily Cache and Warwick subdivisions and killing five more people: one in the Lily Cache subdivision of Plainfield, and two each in the Crystal Lawns and Warwick subdivisions; an additional three people would later succumb from injuries sustained during the storm. The tornado ripped through the Grand Prairie Elementary School (Plainfield School District), causing significant damage. Observers watched from the doors at the Louis Joliet Mall, as the tornado passed just southwest of them. Sixty-nine homes were destroyed in Crystal Lawns, 75 homes were destroyed in Peerless Estates, 55 homes were destroyed in Lily Cache, and 50 homes were destroyed in Warwick. Most of the homes in Peerless Estates and Warwick were newly built.

The tornado then moved towards Crest Hill.  At 3:38 p.m. the storm ripped through the Crest Hill Lakes Apartment complex, where it caused F3 damage and claimed another eight lives, destroying one apartment building and half of another apartment building. Neither have been rebuilt. The tornado also ripped through the Colony West subdivision, destroying 12 townhomes, none of which have been rebuilt either. A married couple died while in their car on Cedarwood Drive outside the apartment complex. The tornado then destroyed three apartment buildings on Elizabeth Court. Three more homes were destroyed in Bridalwreath, southeast of Elizabeth Court. Homes were damaged on Arden Place, and two high tension wire structures were destroyed at Douglas Street and Palladium Drive West.

Further southeast, the tornado continued to lose strength and lifted near Woodlawn Avenue and Campbell Street in Joliet. The parent thunderstorm continued until it crossed over the Indiana border, where it dissipated around 4:30 p.m.

The Plainfield Tornado caused over $165 million worth of damage. As the storm tore through Plainfield, nine people were killed (one additional victim would die afterward, from carbon monoxide poisoning, while guarding his home after the storm). The remaining victims were from Joliet and Crest Hill. In all, a total of 29 people would die because of the tornado. A total of 353 people were also injured in storm. This was the deadliest tornado event in the region since the 1967 Oak Lawn tornado.

Aftermath

Tornado preparedness
The Plainfield Tornado challenged both meteorologists and citizens in terms of tornado preparedness. Substantial safety measures have been enacted in the years following the tornado; among the improvements are frequent and regular tornado drills performed in schools.

After the tornado, meteorologists studying tornadic patterns in the area found that a major tornado (F3 or higher) strikes Will County about every 12 to 15 years. There have been no major tornadoes in the county since 1990. However, a F1 tornado swept through the historic Cathedral Area in the near west side of Joliet on April 20, 2004 (Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004). There was another tornado (EF0) in Plainfield in April 2007, that caused damage to a nursing home and a few homes. The twister lasted for three miles and ended up in Bolingbrook.

Deployment of NEXRAD
The development of NEXRAD (Next Generation Radar) has contributed greatly to the ability of meteorologists to recognize tornadic activity. Whereas previous generations of radar could show only reflectivity data and no direct information on air flows, although tornadic supercells and tornadic signatures such as the hook echo and bounded weak echo region (BWER) were identifiable, NEXRAD contained the ability to detect the wind speed and direction inside the storm. The ability to see rotation inside a storm on both the microscale (tornadic) and mesoscale (supercellular) measurements has allowed forecasters to issue severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings in more timely fashion and with a higher probability of detection.

Forecast criticism
In the months following the tornado, the National Weather Service was heavily criticized for providing no warning of the approaching tornado. The NOAA Disaster Survey Report was highly critical of the forecast process within the Chicago office as well as coordination with local spotter networks and the preparedness of these groups. Prior to 1990, the National Weather Service in Chicago was responsible for providing forecasts for the entire state of Illinois.

As the Chicago office was overwhelmed with its workload, no warnings were issued by the office until 2:32 p.m. – nearly an hour after the first tornado was sighted southeast of Rockford. A second severe thunderstorm warning was issued almost an hour later at 3:23 p.m., but this provided no indication that a tornado was on the ground and did not mention the area where the tornado had tracked. No tornado warning was issued until after the tornado lifted. Even though the Chicago office had an "add-on" Doppler improvement that was developed in 1974, that device had been disabled by a lightning strike before the August 28 storm.

As a result of the lack of a warning, many meteorologists today refer to the "Plainfield Syndrome" as the idea that it's better to issue too many warnings and be wrong, than to miss one critical warning, as was the case for the Plainfield Tornado.

After the 1990 tornado, the National Weather Service reduced the Chicago office's workload by creating an office in Romeoville, Illinois in 1993, as well as in Lincoln, Illinois in 1995, and allowing offices in the Quad Cities, St. Louis, Missouri, Indianapolis, Indiana and Paducah, Kentucky to issue forecasts for their respective areas.

Memorial Site
In the years following the disaster, a permanent Tornado Plainfield Victim Memorial located in Plainfield, Illinois was erected thanking those who aided in its recovery. Each year, a dedication ceremony is held at this location where hundreds gather every year, including both survivors and victims family members. The 30th anniversary memorial was held at this location on August 28, 2020, as chuch bells rang at exactly 3:28 PM.

See also
 Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
 List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
 List of tornado-related deaths at schools

Notes

References

External links

Plainfield Tornado
Plainfield Tornado
Plainfield Tornado
F5 tornadoes
Kendall County, Illinois
Plainfield, Illinois
Tornadoes in Illinois
Plainfield Tornado
Will County, Illinois

1990 Plainfield tornado


Jonas Vileišis (3 Ocak 1872 - 1 Haziran 1942), Litvan avukat, siyasetçi ve diplomattır.

Vileišis, Pasvalys'in yakınında yer alan Mediniai'de 3 Ocak 1872'de doğdu. 1892 yılında lise dengi Šiauliai Spor Okulu'ndan mezun oldu. 1892-1894 yılları arasında ise Sankt-Peterburg Devlet Üniversitesi'nde fizik ve matematik alanında eğitim gördü. Daha sonra hukuk eğitimine karar verdi ve 1898 yılında mezun oldu. Öğrenciyken Varpas (Zil) ve Ūkininkas (Çiftçi) adlarında iki gazetenin çıkmasına katkıda bulunmuştur.

1872 doğumlular
Litvanya Bağımsızlık Yasası imzacıları
Litvan avukatlar
1942 yılında ölenler

Jonas Vileišis