Magnus Sten Gustaf Florin (* 3. August 1955 in Uppsala) ist ein schwedischer Schriftsteller, Regisseur und Dramaturg.

Leben

Florin debütierte als Schriftsteller im Jahre 1978 mit "Blå blusen - Arbetertheater in den 30er Jahren" (zusammen mit Henrik Bramsjö). Von 1980 bis 1990 war er Dramaturg am Königlichen Dramatischen Theater in Stockholm, zwischen 2000 und 2006 war er Leiter des Radiotheaters bei Sveriges Radio und danach dessen Dramaturg. 2009 kehrte er ans Königliche Dramatische Theater Stockholm zurück und wurde dort Chefdramaturg.

Sein belletristisches Debüt erschien 1989 mit der Kurzprosasammlung "Berättelsens gång", gefolgt von "Tror du på denna historia?" (1992). Der drei Jahre später folgende erste Roman Florins "Trädgården" (Der Garten) wurde im Erscheinungsjahr für den August-Preis, Schwedens höchsten Literaturpreis, nominiert und am Drottningholmstheater mit der Musik von Jonas Forssell und dem Libretto von Leif Janzon als Oper inszeniert. Eine weitere Nominierung für den August-Preis sowie den Romanpreis des Schwedischen Radios brachte der zweite Roman "Syskonen" (1998, Die Geschwister), und auch "Ränderna" (Die Ränder), Florins fünfter Roman aus dem Jahre 2010, wurde sowohl für den August-Preis wie auch für den Romanpreis von Sveriges Radio nominiert. 2006 erhielt er für sein Gesamtwerk den Aniara-Preis der Schwedischen Bibliothekarenvereinigung. Von Literaturkritikern wurde er für die Mitgliedschaft in der Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vorgeschlagen.

2009 schrieb er das Libretto zu Daniel Börtz' Oper "Goya", 2011 feierte Florins eigene Oper "Hemligheter" (über Emanuel Swedenborg) mit dem Originallibretto von Florin und der Musik von Jonas Forssell an der Oper von Göteborg Premiere.

2013 erschien die deutsche Übersetzung des ersten Romanes Trädgården unter dem Titel Der Garten, 2014 die deutsche Übersetzung von Cirkulation unter dem Titel Zirkulation.

Schriften
 Blå blusen - arbetarteater och offentlighet, 1978 (Abhandlung, Universität Uppsala)
 Blå blusen - arbetarteater på 30-talet, 1978
 Berättelsens gång, Kurzprosa, 1989
 Tror du på denna historia? Kurzprosa, 1992
 Trädgården (Der Garten), 1995, (Ein Roman mit Carl von Linné in der Hauptrolle, übersetzt ins Russische unter dem Titel Сад sowie ins Polnische unter dem Titel Ogród)
 Der Garten. Deutsch von Benedikt Grabinski. Edition Rugerup, Hörby 2013, ISBN 978-3-942955-35-5.
 Den inre teatern: filosofiska dialoger 1986-1996, Magnus Florin & Bo Göranzon (red.), 1996.
 Syskonen (Die Geschwister), Roman, 1998.
 Köra och vända: Strindbergs efterlämnade papper, hrsg. von Magnus Florin och Ulf Olsson, 1999.
 Cirkulation (Zirkulation), Roman, 2001.
 Zirkulation. Deutsch von Benedikt Grabinski. Edition Rugerup, Hörby 2014, ISBN 978-3-942955-45-4.
 Leendet (Das Lächeln), Roman, 2005.
 Ränderna (Die Ränder), Roman, 2010.

Auszeichnungen
 Romanpreis des Schwedischen Radios 1999 für "Syskonen"
 Doblougpreis 2001
 Aniara-Preis 2006
 De Nios Winterpreis 2011

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Schwedisch)
Dramaturg
Schwede
Geboren 1955
Mann

Magnus Florin


إستييا (Ιστιαία) هي مدينة في إففويا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3937   نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في وابية
مدن اليونان

إستيايا


فالييفو (Ваљево) هي مدينة في كولوبارا في مقاطعة وسط صربيا في صربيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 62546 نسمة.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لفاليفو:

توأمة
لفاليفو اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 بريفيدزا
 بفافنهوفن أن در إلم
 سيتارد

أعلام

 سلوبودان يانكوفيتش
 ميلان يوفيتش
 فلاديمير كرستيتش
 زوران دورديفيك
 بيلا كش
 ستيبان فيليبوفيتش
 دراغو ماميتش

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 مذبحة النيازيون

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة كولوبارا
سجون سابقة في صربيا

فاليفو


مونسة هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الدريب الأوسط.تابعة لجبل اكروم  على الحدود اللبنانية السورية

وهو نفس اسم قرية بمركز أشمون محافظة المنوفية بجمهورية مصر العربية يمر بها نهر النيل فرع رشيد.. يحدها من الشمال قرية شما، ومن الجنوب فرع رشيد وأتريس على البر الغربي منه، ومن الشرق قرية منشأة جريس، ومن الغرب قرية كفر الطراينة. يتميز أهل هذه القرية بطيب المعشر والأخلاق الريفية الحسنة.

المراجع

الدريب
قرى لبنان

مونسة


Acornsoft was the software arm of Acorn Computers, and a major publisher of software for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. As well as games, it also produced a large number of educational titles, extra computer languages and business and utility packages – these included word processor VIEW and the spreadsheet ViewSheet supplied on ROM and cartridge for the BBC Micro/Acorn Electron and included as standard in the BBC Master and Acorn Business Computer.

History
Acornsoft was formed in late 1980 by Acorn Computers directors Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry, and David Johnson-Davies, author of the first game for a UK personal computer and of the official Acorn Atom manual "Atomic Theory and Practice". David Johnson-Davies was managing director and in early 1981 was joined by Tim Dobson, Programmer and Chris Jordan, Publications Editor.

While some of their games were clones or remakes of popular arcade games (e.g. Hopper is a clone of Sega's Frogger, Snapper is Namco's Pac-Man, Arcadians is Namco's Galaxian), they also published a number of original titles such as Aviator, Elite, and Revs. Acornsoft also published text adventures by authors such as Peter Killworth, including Philosopher's Quest (previously titled Brand X) and Countdown to Doom.

As a result of the publication of a method to circumvent copy protection measures employed by Acornsoft titles, a High Court injunction against Computing Publications - publisher of Personal Computer World - was granted to Acorn Computers "requiring all copies of the January 1984 issue of PCW to be withdrawn from sale", with the article concerned being regarded as inciting readers to "duplicate computer programs". This injunction was subsequently lifted as a consequence of an out-of-court settlement between the parties involving a damages payment of £65,000 plus costs to Acorn "to meet Acorn's expenses in developing a new locking device". The article's author, Guy Kewney, and the magazine's editor, Jane Bird, argued that printing a software routine showing how to save Acornsoft cassette software to disk was a service to the magazine's readers. The cost of printing the magazine issue concerned was estimated at £100,000.

Acornsoft became a subsidiary within Acorn Computer Group, distinct from Acorn Computers who were responsible for the development of Acorn's microcomputer systems, but Acornsoft ceased to operate as a separate company upon the departure of David Johnson-Davies in January 1986. Past this date, Acorn Computers used the Acornsoft name on office software it released in the VIEW family for the BBC Master series. In 1986 Superior Software was granted a licence to publish some Acornsoft games and re-released many, individually and as compilations such as the Play It Again Sam and Acornsoft Hits series. By agreement, the Acornsoft name was also used on the packaging of some of the subsequent Superior games. Superior chose not to take on Acornsoft's text adventure games, most of which were released in updated versions by Topologika along with some sequels from the same authors.

In 1997, Acorn sought to revive the Acornsoft brand for new software releases, such as upgrades to RISC OS, programming tools, a new Web browser, multitasking movie playback (using Acorn Replay), and Java for RISC OS. A stated objective was to demonstrate that a "wide range of innovative software at competitive prices" was available for RISC OS, with support also being potentially offered to third-party software producers. Acornsoft products themselves would be supported by marketing, including advertising, and the provision of press review samples.

Branding

Acornsoft titles extended their consistent branding to the software's loading screens.

Select titles
 Acheton – A text adventure
 Arcadians – A Galaxian clone
 Aviator – A Spitfire flight simulator. With aliens...
 Black Box & Gambit - 2 board game type games which were the winning entries of a 'design a game' competition on ITV's The Saturday Show. Black Box was a licensed version of the Waddingtons game of the same name developed by Ben Finn who would go on to co-write Sibelius. Gambit was created by the Oliver Twins and their first commercially released game
 Bouncer – A Q*Bert clone
 Business Games – An educational package
 Carousel – A Carnival clone
 Castle of Riddles – A text adventure
 Countdown to Doom – A text adventure; first in a trilogy (although sequels Return to Doom and Last Days of Doom were not published by Acornsoft)
 Crazy Tracer – An Amidar clone
 Creative Graphics – A series of graphical demonstrations of the BBC Micro's visual capabilities, with user editable code
 Drogna – Strategy game based on a section of the BBC TV game show The Adventure Game
 Elite – A 3D space battle and trading game
 Firebug – A platform and ladders game
 Free Fall – Survival game set in an out of control space station
 Gateway to Karos – A text adventure
 Graphs and Charts – Graphical mathematical modelling
 Hopper – A Frogger clone
 JCB Digger – A scrolling 2D dig-em-up
 Kingdom of Hamil – A text adventure
 Labyrinth – A 2D maze based shoot-em-up
 Magic Mushrooms – A platform and ladders game with built-in level editor
 Meteor Mission – A Lunar Rescue clone
 Meteors – An Asteroids clone
 Missile Base – A Missile Command clone
 Monsters – A Space Panic clone
 Philosopher's Quest – A text adventure
 Planetoid – A Defender clone originally released as Defender
 Revs – A Formula Three racing car simulation
 Rocket Raid – A Scramble clone
 Snapper – A Pac-Man clone
 Sphinx Adventure – A text adventure
 Starship Command – A 2D space battle game
 Super Invaders – A Space Invaders clone
 Volcano – A game in which you rescue people from the other side of an active volcano with a helicopter

Acornsoft Games range
Including all arcade, text adventure and board games. All games were compatible with the BBC Micro Model B. Games followed by Model A & B were compatible with both machines. Games followed by Electron were also released separately for the Acorn Electron. Games are listed by their catalogue numbers which are roughly the order of release of the BBC versions.

G01 Philosopher's Quest (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G02 Defender (BBC 1982) deleted for legal reasons and later re-released as Planetoid
G02 Aviator (BBC 1983) released with G26-G28 but re-used the deleted Defender'''s number
G03 Monsters (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G04 Snapper (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G05 Rocket Raid (BBC 1982)
G06 Arcade Action (BBC Model A & B 1982) 4 games: Invaders, Breakout, Dodgems and SnakeG07 Sphinx Adventure (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G08 Cube Master (BBC 1982)
G09 JCB Digger (BBC 1983)
G10 Chess (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G11 Maze (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G12 Sliding-Block Puzzles (BBC 1982)
G13 Meteors (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
G14 Arcadians (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G15 Planetoid (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G16 Super Invaders (BBC 1982)
G17 Castle of Riddles (BBC 1982, Electron 1984)
G18 Missile Base (BBC 1982)
G19 Countdown to Doom (BBC 1982, Electron ROM Cartridge 1984)
G20 Draughts & Reversi (BBC Model A & B 1983, Electron 1983)
G21 Snooker (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G22 Starship Command (BBC 1983, Electron 1983)
G23 Hopper (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G24 Carousel (BBC 1983)
G25 Kingdom of Hamil (BBC 1983)
G26 Crazy Tracer (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G27 Drogna (BBC 1983)
G28 Free Fall (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
G29 Meteor Mission (BBC 1984)
G30 Gateway to Karos (BBC 1983)
G31 Boxer (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G32 Tetrapod (BBC 1984)
G33 Volcano (BBC 1984)
G34 Black Box & Gambit (BBC 1984)
G35 Bouncer (BBC 1984)
G36 The Seventh Star (BBC 1984)
G37 Acheton (BBC 1984)
G38 Elite (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G39 Firebug (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G40 Quondam (BBC 1984)
G41 Labyrinth (BBC 1984)
G42 Go (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
G43 Revs (BBC 1985)
G44 Revs 4 Tracks (BBC 1985) extra tracks for the main game
G45 Elite original BBC Micro 6502 Second Processor version
G46 Magic Mushrooms (BBC 1985, Electron 1985)
G47 Elite enhanced (BBC 1986) incl. 6502 Second Processor and Master 128 versions

There are also a number of completed but unreleased games that have found their way into the public domain such as Crazy Balloon, Hellforce and Bandit that date from around 1983.

Acornsoft Education range
Acornsoft produced a wide range of educational titles aimed at many different age groups.

E01 Algebraic Manipulation (BBC Model A & B 198?)
E02 Peeko-Computer (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984)
E03 Business Games (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984) 2 games: Stokmark and TelemarkE04 Tree of Knowledge (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
E05 Word Hunt (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
E06 Word Sequencing (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984)
E07 Sentence Sequencing (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
E08 Number Balance (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
E09 Missing Signs (BBC Model A & B 198?, Electron 1984)
E?? Speed and Light (BBC 198?)
E?? Density and Circuit (BBC 198?)
E12 Chemical Analysis (BBC 198?)
E13 Chemical Simulations (BBC 198?)
E14 Chemical Structures (BBC 198?)
E15 Jars (BBC 198?)
E16 Temperature Control Simulation (BBC 1983)
E17 The Examiner (BBC 198?)
E18 Spooky Manor (BBC 198?)
E19
E20
E21
E22 Talkback (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
E23 Workshop (BBC 1984, Electron 1984)
E24 ABC (BBC 1984)

Acornsoft also published and distributed a range of educational software developed by ASK (Applied Systems Knowledge) that were widely used in schools running BBC Micros. These included Podd (find out which actions a red blobby character can perform (e.g. jump, smile, dance), Squeeze (a two player strategy game of squeezing shapes onto a board) and Cranky (solve maths problems to repair a living calculator). These titles were part of the Acornsoft catalogue but used a different code (XBE?? – all other Acornsoft titles began with S so the Education range on BBC Micro cassettes would be SBE??). They ran on both the BBC Micro Model B and Acorn Electron.

The Ivan Berg Software range was also mainly educational but had its own distinct code (XBX??). This included the 6 Grandmaster Quizzes (Theatre, Crime & Detection, Music, History, Science Fiction and Royal), relationship aids "..I Do" Your Guide to a Happy Marriage and The Dating Game and GCE/CSE revision guides (Mathematics, Biology and English).

Acornsoft also distributed other ranges of educational programs developed by companies such as ICL, Good Housekeeping and Bourne but they are not considered part of the official catalogue.

Acornsoft Business range
Acornsoft produced a range of office software for home and business use.

B01 Desk Diary (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
B02 Forecast (BBC 198?)
B03 VIEW (BBC 198?, Electron ROM cartridge 1984)
B04 VIEW Printer Drivers (BBC 198?)
B05 Personal Money Management (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
B06 Database (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
B07 ViewSheet (BBC 1984, Electron ROM cartridge 1984)
B08 Invoicing (BBC 1984)
B09 Mailing (BBC 1984)
B10 Accounts Receivable (BBC 1984)
B11 Stock Control (BBC 1984)
B12 Order Processing (BBC 1984)
B13 Accounts Payable (BBC 1984)
B14 Purchasing (BBC 1984)
B15 Hi-View (BBC 19??)
B26 P-System (BBC with 6502 Second Processor)

The series continues but mainly with add-on products for the VIEW word processor such as ViewIndex (an automatic index generator) and ViewSpell (spell-checker) as well as newer versions.

View Professional (1987) was a combined wordprocessor, spreadsheet and database similar to PipeDream on the Z88.

Although primarily a programming language suite, Acornsoft released its P-System product featuring UCSD Pascal and Fortran 77 compilers as part of its business range. Developed by TDI for Acornsoft, the product required a 6502 second processor and disc system, preferably with two drives. Despite the £299 price, various tools including an assembler and linker were omitted from the product, these being made available in a separate Advanced Development Toolkit from TDI.

Acornsoft Languages range
Acorn systems came with a version of the BBC BASIC programming language as standard but Acornsoft also produced a wide range of other languages that could be loaded in by cassette or disc or in some cases, supplied in ROM form.

L01 FORTH (BBC 1982, Electron 1983)
L02 LISP (BBC 1982, Electron 1983, Electron ROM cartridge 1984)
L03 BCPL (BBC 1983)
L04 Microtext (BBC 1983)
L05 6502 Development System (BBC 1985)
L06 Logo (BBC 1983, Electron ROM cartridge 1985)
L07 Turtle Graphics (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
L08 S-Pascal (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
L09 LISP Demonstrations (BBC 1984)
L10 BCPL Calculations Package (BBC 198?)
L11
L12 BCPL Stand Alone Generator (BBC 1983)
L13 FORTH – ROM version (BBC 1984)
L14 LISP – ROM version (BBC 1982)
L15
L16
L17 PROLOG Micro (BBC 1985)
L18 ISO-Pascal (BBC 1984, Electron ROM cartridge 1985)
L19 COMAL (BBC 1984).
L20
L21
L22 BASIC Editor (BBC 1985)
L23 Termulator (BBC 1987)
L24 ISO-Pascal Stand Alone Generator (BBC 198?)

The relative performance of some of Acornsoft's languages was evaluated using a benchmark based on the Takeuchi function, Tak by former Acornsoft managing director, David Johnson-Davies, noting that "it is difficult to imagine a language that performs badly on Tak being much use for anything", illustrating a diversity amongst these language implementations in terms of readability, speed and generated code size. A follow-up article expanded the comparison to other language implementations such as Oxford Pascal, Z80 versions of BBC BASIC, Turbo Pascal and Small-C.

Acornsoft Graphics range and more
The graphics range was used to demonstrate the graphical power of the Acorn computers but only three titles were made available. The X?? code was then used for other types of software.

X01 Creative Graphics (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
X02 Graphs & Charts (BBC 198?, Electron 1983)
X03 Picture Maker (BBC 1983, Electron 1984)
X04 Shirley Conran's Magic Garden (BBC 1983)
X05 Collector's Catalogue (BBC 198?)
X06 Membership Manager (BBC 198?)
X07 One To Nine (BBC 198?)
X08 Hooked on Numbers (BBC 1983)
X09
X10 Complete Cocktail Maker (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
X11 Paul Daniels' Magic Show (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
X12 100 Programs for the BBC Micro (BBC 198?)
X13 Linkword French (BBC 1984)
X14 Linkword Italian (BBC 1984)
X15 Linkword Spanish (BBC 1984)
X16 Linkword German (BBC 1984)
X17 Watch Your Weight (BBC 198?, Electron 1984)
X18 Me & My Micro (Electron 1984)

The range took on various themes including Creative Sound'' (X26).

References

External links
 Acornsoft information and list of games – At The BBC Games Archive

Acorn Computers
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Video game companies established in 1980
Video game companies disestablished in 1986
Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom
1980 establishments in England
1986 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1986
British companies established in 1980

Acornsoft


Utøya 22. juli (U - July 22) er en norsk dramafilm fra 2018, instrueret af Erik Poppe. Filmen er baseret på historiske begivenheder, men personerne er fiktive.  Utøya 22. juli er lavet i tæt samarbejde med flere overlevende efter massakren på Utøya 22. juli i 2011, for at gøre denne thriller så tæt på virkeligheden som muligt. Terroristen forbliver i periferien for i stedet at stille skarpt på de mennesker, der betaler prisen for hans galskab. Filmen er optaget i et enkelt skud.

Handling

Ungdom fra hele Norge samledes i en socialdemokratisk sommerlejr på en ø. Deltagerne får nyheder om, at en bombe er blevet blæst i regeringskvarteret i Oslo, men tror de er sikre, så længe de er på en ø, væk fra byen. Pludselig afbrydes livet i lejren ved lyden af skyding. Er det et fyrværkeri eller måske en øvelse? Når deltagerne opfatter, at skydningen er ægte, begynder en desperat flugt fra den højreekstreme gerningsmanden.  Filmen følger hovedpersonen Kaja tæt i realtid under flugten. Kaja er en lederfigur, der er vant til at tage ansvar. Hun tager sig af de andre og leder forgæves efter hendes søster,  mens et stort antal pistol skud rammer. Den hensynsløse morder bevæger sig rundt om øen på jagt efter endnu flere ofre.

Centrale roller
Kaja: Andrea Berntzen
Magnus: Aleksander Holmen
Petter: Brede Fristad
Emilie: Elli Rhiannon Müller Osbourne
Issa: Sorosh Sadat
Caroline: Ada Eide
Tobias: Magnus Moen
Såret pige: Solveig Koløen Birkeland

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Utøya 22. juli www.kino.dk
 Film om Utøya-tragedie skaber debat i Norge Danmarks Radio 20. feb. 2018
 Danske anmeldere: Utøya-film er et ubærligt mesterværk TV 2 3. maj 2018
 Officiel trailer i Storbritannien

 Utøya 22. juli  hos Megascope
 Utøya 22. juli  hos Paradox

Norske film fra 2018
Film instrueret af Erik Poppe
Norges historie
Dramafilm fra Norge
Thrillerfilm fra Norge
Terrorangrebet i Norge 2011

Utøya 22. juli


The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides reproductive and sexual healthcare, and sexual education in the United States and globally. It is a member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF).

PPFA has its roots in Brooklyn, New York, where Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, in 1916. Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, and 14 years after her exit as its president, ABCL's successor organization became Planned Parenthood in 1942.

Planned Parenthood consists of 159 medical and non-medical affiliates, which operate over 600 health clinics in the United States. It partners with organizations in 12 countries globally. The organization directly provides a variety of reproductive health services and sexual education, contributes to research in reproductive technology and advocates for the protection and expansion of reproductive rights. Research shows that closures of Planned Parenthood clinics lead to increases in maternal mortality rates.

PPFA is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of abortion in the United States. In their 2014 Annual Report, PPFA reported seeing over 2.5million patients in over 4million clinical visits and performing a total of nearly 9.5million discrete services including 324,000 abortions. Its combined annual revenue is billion, including approximately million in government funding such as Medicaid reimbursements. Throughout its history, PPFA, and its member clinics have experienced support, controversy, protests, and violent attacks.

History

Origins

The origins of Planned Parenthood date to October 16, 1916, when Margaret Sanger, her sister Ethel Byrne, and Fania Mindell opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S. in the Brownsville section of the New York borough of Brooklyn. They distributed birth control, birth control advice, and birth control information. All three women were arrested and jailed for violating provisions of the Comstock Act, accused of distributing obscene materials at the clinic. The so-called Brownsville trials brought national attention and support to their cause. Sanger and her co-defendants were convicted on misdemeanor charges, which they appealed through two subsequent appeals courts. While the convictions were not overturned, the judge who issued the final ruling also modified the law to permit physician-prescribed birth control. The women's campaign led to major changes in the laws governing birth control and sex education in the United States.

In 1921, the clinic was organized into the American Birth Control League, the core of the only national birth-control organization in the U.S. until the 1960s. By 1941, it was operating 222 centers and had served 49,000 clients.  In 1923, Sanger opened the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB) for dispensing contraceptives under the supervision of licensed physicians and studying their effectiveness.

Some found the ABCL's title offensive and "against families", so the League began discussions for a new name. In 1938, a group of private citizens organized the Citizens Committee for Planned Parenthood to aid the American Birth Control League in spreading scientific knowledge about birth control to the general public. The BCCRB merged with the ABCL in 1939 to form the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA). In 1942 the name of the BCFA was changed to the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

1940s–1960s

Under the leadership of the National Director D. Kenneth Rose, the PPFA expanded its programs and services through the 1940s, adding affiliate organizations throughout the country. By the end of World War II, the Federation was no longer solely a center for birth control services or a clearing house for contraceptive information but had emerged as a major national health organization. PPFA's programs included a full range of family planning services including marriage education and counseling, and infertility services. The leadership of the PPFA, largely consisting of businessmen and male physicians, endeavored to incorporate its contraceptive services unofficially into regional and national public health programs by emphasizing less politicized aspects such as child spacing.

During the 1950s, the Federation further adjusted its programs and message to appeal to a family-centered, more conservative post-war populace, while continuing to function, through its affiliated clinics, as the more reliable source of contraceptives in the country.

From 1942 to 1962, PPFA concentrated its efforts on strengthening its ties to affiliates, expanding public education programs, and improving its medical and research work. By 1960, visitors to PPFA centers across the nation numbered over 300,000 per year.

Largely relying on a volunteer workforce, by 1960 the Federation had provided family planning counseling in hundreds of communities across the country. Planned Parenthood was one of the founding members of the International Planned Parenthood Federation when it was launched at a conference in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, in 1952.

In 1961, the population crisis debate, along with funding shortages, convinced PPFA to merge with the World Population Emergency Campaign, a citizens' fund-raising organization to become PPFA-World Population.

Both Planned Parenthood and Margaret Sanger are strongly associated with the abortion issue today. For much of the organization's history, however, and throughout Sanger's life, abortion was illegal in the U.S., and discussions of the issue were often censored. During this period, Sanger – like other American advocates of birth control – publicly condemned abortion, arguing that it would not be needed if every woman had access to birth control.

1960s–present

Following Margaret Sanger, Alan Frank Guttmacher became president of Planned Parenthood, serving from 1962 until 1974. During his tenure, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of the original birth control pill, giving rise to new attitudes towards women's reproductive freedom. Also during his presidency, Planned Parenthood lobbied the federal government to support reproductive health, culminating with President Richard Nixon's signing of Title X to provide government subsidies for low-income women to access family planning services. The Center for Family Planning Program Development was also founded as a semi-autonomous division during this time. The center became an independent organization and was renamed the Guttmacher Institute in 1977.

Planned Parenthood began to advocate abortion law reform beginning in 1955, when the organization's medical director, Mary Calderone, convened a national conference of medical professionals on the issue. The conference was the first instance of physicians and other professionals advocating reform of the laws which criminalized abortion, and it played a key role in creating a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S. Focusing, at first, on legalizing therapeutic abortion, Planned Parenthood became an increasingly vocal proponent of liberalized abortion laws during the 1960s, culminating in its call for the repeal of all anti-abortion laws in 1969. In the years that followed, the organization played a key role in landmark abortion rights cases such as Roe v Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992).  Once abortion was legalized during the early 1970s, Planned Parenthood also began acting as an abortion provider.

Faye Wattleton became the first African American president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1978. Wattleton, who was also the youngest president in Planned Parenthood's history, served in this role until 1992. During her term, Planned Parenthood grew to become the seventh largest charity in the country, providing services to four million clients each year through its 170 affiliates, whose activities were spread across 50 states.

From 1996 to 2006, Planned Parenthood was led by Gloria Feldt. Feldt activated the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF), the organization's political action committee, launching what was the most far-reaching electoral advocacy effort in its history. The PPAF serves as the nonpartisan political advocacy arm of PPFA. It engages in educational and electoral activity, including legislative advocacy, voter education, and grassroots organizing to promote the PPFA mission. Feldt also launched the Responsible Choices Action Agenda, a nationwide campaign to increase services to prevent unwanted pregnancies, improve the quality of reproductive care, and ensure access to safe and legal abortions. Another initiative was the commencement of a "Global Partnership Program", to build a vibrant activist constituency in support of family planning.

On February 15, 2006, Cecile Richards, the daughter of former Texas governor Ann Richards, and formerly the deputy chief of staff to the U.S. Rep. Nancy Pelosi (the Democratic Leader in the United States House of Representatives), became president of the organization. In 2012, Richards was voted one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World.

Richards' tenure as president of the organization ended on April 30, 2018. Current Planned Parenthood board member Joe Solmonese was appointed as transition chair to temporarily oversee the day-to-day operations of Planned Parenthood after Richards' departure.

On September 12, 2018, the organization announced that Leana Wen would take over as president, effective November 2018. Wen was removed as president of Planned Parenthood by the organization's board of directors on July 16, 2019. Alexis McGill Johnson, a board member and former chairwoman, became the organization's acting president.

Data breaches

In October 2021, a hacker gained access to the data network of the Los Angeles branch of Planned Parenthood and obtained the personal information of approximately 400,000 patients. On December 1, 2021, The Washington Post reported that the breach was a ransomware attack. The organization did not say if they paid the ransom or if the perpetrators made any demands. There was no indication as to who was responsible for the hack. The Metropolitan Washington branch of Planned Parenthood was also hacked in 2020 with donor and patient information compromised, including dates of birth, social security numbers, financial information, and medical data.

Margaret Sanger Awards

In 1966, PPFA began awarding the Margaret Sanger Award annually to honor, in their words, "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights." In the first year, it was awarded to four men: Carl G. Hartman, William Henry Draper Jr., Lyndon B. Johnson, and Martin Luther King Jr. Later recipients have included John D. Rockefeller III, Katharine Hepburn, Jane Fonda, Hillary Clinton, and Ted Turner.

Services

The services provided by PPFA affiliates vary by location, with just over half of all Planned Parenthood affiliates in the U.S. performing abortions. Services provided by PPFA include birth control and long-acting reversible contraception; emergency contraception; clinical breast examinations; cervical cancer screening; pregnancy testing and pregnancy options counseling; prenatal care; testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections; sex education; vasectomies; LGBT services; and abortion. Contrary to the assumption of some, Planned Parenthood conducts cancer screenings but does not provide mammograms, although Planned Parenthood physicians do refer their patients to other outside clinics where they can get mammograms.

In 2013, PPFA reported seeing 2.7million patients in 4.6million clinical visits. Roughly 16 percent of its clients are teenagers. According to PPFA, in 2014 the organization provided 3.6million contraceptive services, 4.5million sexually transmitted infection services, about onemillion cancer related services, over onemillion pregnancy tests and prenatal services, over 324,000 abortion services, and over 100,000 other services, for a total of 9.5million discrete services. PPFA is well known for providing services to minorities and to poor people; according to PPFA, approximately four out of five of their clients have incomes at or below 150percent of the federal poverty level. Services for men's health include STD testing and treatment, vasectomy procedures, and erectile dysfunction services. Education is available regarding male birth control and lowering the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

Planned Parenthood won the 2020 Webby Award for Machine Learning and Bots for their Sex Education chatbot.

Facilities

PPFA has two national offices in the United States: one in Washington, D.C., and one in New York City. It has three international offices, including a hub office in London, England. It has 68 medical and related affiliates and 101 other affiliates including 34 political action committees. These affiliates together operate more than 700 health centers in all 50 states in the U.S. plus the District of Columbia. PPFA owns about million in property, including real estate. In addition, PPFA spends a little over million per year for rented space. The largest facility, a million,  structure, was completed in Houston, Texas, in May 2010.

Worldwide availability

PPFA's international outreach and other activities are performed by Planned Parenthood Global, a division of PPFA, and by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) which now consists of more than 149 Member Associations working in more than 189 countries. The IPPF is further associated with International Planned Parenthood Federation affiliates in the Caribbean and the Americas, and IPPF European Network, as well as other organizations like Family Planning Queensland, Pro Familia (Germany) (de) and mouvement français pour le planning familial (French Movement for Family Planning) (fr). Offices are located in New York, NY; Washington, D.C.; Miami, FL; Guatemala City, Guatemala; Abuja, Nigeria; and Nairobi, Kenya. The organization's focus countries are Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya. The Bloomberg Philanthropies donated million for Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive health and family planning efforts in Tanzania, Nicaragua, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Uganda. Among specific countries and territories serviced by Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive planning outreach are Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, Barbados, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Guyana, Cape Verde and Samoa.

Funding

Planned Parenthood has received federal funding since 1970, when President Richard Nixon signed into law the Family Planning Services and Population Research Act, amending the Public Health Service Act. Title X of that law provides funding for family planning services, including contraception and family planning information. The law had support from both Republicans and Democrats. Nixon described Title X funding as based on the premise that "no American woman should be denied access to family planning assistance because of her economic condition."

Donors to Planned Parenthood have included the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Buffett Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Turner Foundation, the Cullmans, and others. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions. Some donors, such as the Buffett Foundation, have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services. Anti-abortion groups have advocated the boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood. Corporate donors include CREDO Mobile.

In the fiscal year ending June 30, 2014, total revenue was billion: non-government health services revenue was million, government revenue (such as Medicaid reimbursements) was million, private contributions totaled million, and million came from other operating revenue. According to Planned Parenthood, 59 percent of the group's revenue is put towards the provision of health services, while non-medical services such as sex education and public policy work make up another 15 percent; management expenses, fundraising, and international family planning programs account for about 16 percent, and 10 percent of the revenue in 2013–2014 was not spent.

Planned Parenthood receives over a third of its money in government grants and contracts (about million in 2014). By law (Hyde Amendment), federal funding cannot be allocated for abortions (except in rare cases), but some opponents of abortion have argued that allocating money to Planned Parenthood for the provision of other medical services allows other funds to be reallocated for abortions.

A coalition of national and local anti-abortion groups have lobbied federal and state governments to stop funding Planned Parenthood. As a result, federal and state legislators have proposed legislation to reduce funding levels. Eight statesAlabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana,  New Hampshire, Ohio, and Utahhave enacted such proposals. In some cases, the courts have overturned such actions, citing conflict with federal or state laws; in others the federal executive branch has provided funding in lieu of the states. In some states, Planned Parenthood was completely or partially defunded.

In August 2015, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal attempted to end Louisiana's contract with Planned Parenthood to treat Medicaid patients at a time when there was an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases in Louisiana. Planned Parenthood and three patients sued the state of Louisiana, with the United States Department of Justice siding with Planned Parenthood.

On February 2, 2016, the U.S. House failed to override President Obama's veto of  (Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015) which would have prohibited Planned Parenthood from receiving any federal Medicaid funds for one year.

Late in 2016, the Obama administration issued a rule effective in January 2017 banning U.S. states from withholding federal family-planning funds from health clinics that give abortions, including Planned Parenthood affiliates; this rule mandates that local and state governments give federal funds for services related to sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy care, fertility, contraception, and breast and cervical cancer screening to qualified health providers whether or not they give abortions. However, this rule was blocked by a federal judge the day before it would have taken effect. In 2017, it was overturned by new legislation.

The proposed American Health Care Act (), announced by Congressional Republicans in March 2017, would have made Planned Parenthood "ineligible for Medicaid reimbursements or federal family planning grants."

On August 19, 2019, Planned Parenthood voluntarily withdrew from Title X funding due to a regulatory gag order stating that medical institutions that receive Title X funding cannot refer patients for abortions.

Political advocacy

Planned Parenthood is an advocate for the legal and political protection of reproductive rights. This advocacy includes helping to sponsor abortion rights and women's rights events. The Federation opposes restrictions on women's reproductive health services, including parental consent laws for minors. To justify this position, Planned Parenthood has cited the case of Becky Bell, who died following an illegal abortion rather than seek parental consent for a legal one. Planned Parenthood also takes the position that laws requiring parental notification before an abortion can be performed on a minor are unconstitutional on privacy grounds.

The organization opposes laws requiring ultrasounds before abortions, stating that their only purpose is to make abortions more difficult to obtain. Planned Parenthood has also opposed initiatives that require waiting periods before abortions, and bans on late-term abortions including intact dilation and extraction, which has been illegal in the U.S. since 2003. Planned Parenthood supports the wide availability of emergency contraception such as the PlanB pill. It opposes conscience clauses, which allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense drugs against their beliefs. Planned Parenthood has been critical of hospitals that do not provide access to emergency contraception for rape victims. Citing the need for medically accurate information in sex education, Planned Parenthood opposes abstinence-only education in public schools. Instead, Planned Parenthood is a provider of, and endorses, comprehensive sex education, which includes a discussion of both abstinence and birth control.

Planned Parenthood's advocacy activities are executed by the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, which is registered as a 501(c)(4) charity, and files financial information jointly with PPFA. The committee was founded in 1996, by then-president Gloria Feldt, to maintain supportive health rights and supporting political candidates of the same mindset. In the 2012 election cycle, the committee gained prominence based on its effectiveness in spending on candidates. Although the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) shares some leadership with the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, the president of PPAF, Cecile Richards, testified before Congress in September 2015 that she did not manage the organization. The Planned Parenthood Action Fund has 58 active, separately incorporated chapters in 41 states and maintains national headquarters in New York and Washington, D.C. Planned Parenthood has received grants from the Obama administration to help promote the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or ObamaCare.

Political spending

Planned Parenthood spends money on politics and elections through the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (its federal political action committee), through its Super PAC, and through a variety of related 501(c)(4) entities. Planned Parenthood endorsed Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. In the 2014 election cycle, Planned Parenthood spent  on contributions to candidates and political parties (overwhelmingly to Democrats) and on independent expenditures.

Before the U.S. Supreme Court

Planned Parenthood regional chapters have been active in the American courts. Several cases in which Planned Parenthood has been a party have reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Notable among these cases is the 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the case that sets forth the current constitutional abortion standard. In this case, "Planned Parenthood" was the Southeast Pennsylvania Chapter, and "Casey" was Robert Casey, the governor of Pennsylvania. The ultimate ruling was split, and Roe v. Wade was narrowed but upheld in an opinion written by Sandra Day O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, and David Souter. Harry Blackmun and John Paul Stevens concurred with the main decision in separately written opinions. The Supreme Court struck down spousal consent requirements for married women to obtain abortions, but found no "undue burden"—an alternative to strict scrutiny, which tests the allowable limitations on rights protected under the Constitution—from the other statutory requirements. Dissenting were William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Byron White. Blackmun, Rehnquist, and White were the only justices who voted on the original Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 who were still on the Supreme Court to rule on this case, and their votes on this case were consistent with their votes on the original decision that legalized abortion. Only Blackmun voted to maintain Roe v. Wade in its entirety.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey, along with Roe v. Wade, was eventually overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022.

Other related cases include:

 Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth (1976). Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent, spousal consent, clinic bookkeeping, and allowed abortion methods. Portions of the challenged law were held to be constitutional, others not. The decision was superseded by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022).
 Planned Parenthood Association of Kansas City v. Ashcroft (1983). Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent, clinic record keeping, and hospitalization requirements. Most of the challenged law was held to be constitutional. The decision was superseded by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022).
 Planned Parenthood of Columbia/Willamette v. American Coalition of Life Activists (2002). The American Coalition of Life Activists (ACLA) released a flier and "Wanted" posters with complete personal information about doctors who performed abortions. A civil jury and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals both found that the materials were "true threats" and not protected speech. ACLA appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was rejected.
 Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood (2003). Planned Parenthood sued U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales for an injunction against the enforcement of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. Planned Parenthood argued the act was unconstitutional because it violated the Fifth Amendment, namely in that it was overly vague, violated women's constitutional right to have access to abortion, and did not include language for exceptions for the health of the mother. Both the district court and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed, but that decision was overturned in a 54 ruling by the Supreme Court.
 Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England (2006). Planned Parenthood et al. challenged the constitutionality of a New Hampshire parental notification law related to access to abortion. In Sandra Day O'Connor's final decision before retirement, the Supreme Court sent the case back to lower courts with instructions to seek a remedy short of wholesale invalidation of the statute. New Hampshire ended up repealing the statute via the legislative process. The decision was superseded by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022).

Other court cases

Some state attorneys general have subpoenaed medical records of patients treated by Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood has gone to court to keep from turning over these records, citing medical privacy and concerns about the motivation for seeking the records.

In 2006, Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline, a Republican, released some sealed patient records obtained from Planned Parenthood to the public. His actions were described as "troubling" by the state Supreme Court, but Planned Parenthood was compelled to turn over the medical records, albeit with more stringent court-mandated privacy safeguards for the patients involved. In 2007 Kline's successor, Paul J. Morrison, a Democrat, notified the clinic that no criminal charges would be filed after a three-year investigation, as "an objective, unbiased and thorough examination" showed no wrongdoing. Morrison stated that he believed Kline had politicized the Attorney General's office. In 2012, a Kansas district attorney found that the practices of the Kansas City-area Planned Parenthood clinic was "within accepted practices in the medical community" and dropped all of the remaining criminal charges. In all, the Planned Parenthood clinic had faced 107 criminal charges from Kline and other Kansas prosecutors, all of which were ultimately dismissed.

In 2006, the Indiana Court of Appeals ruled that Planned Parenthood was not required to turn over its medical records in an investigation of possible child abuse. In 2005, Planned Parenthood Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota was fined  for violating a Minnesota state parental consent law.

In 2012, a Texas state court judge, Gary Harger, denied Planned Parenthood's request for a temporary restraining order against the State of Texas, concluding that the State may exclude otherwise qualified doctors and clinics from receiving state funding if the doctors or clinics advocate for abortion rights.

In 2022, Nicole Moore, a Black woman who was the director of Planned Parenthood's multicultural brand engagement from January 2020 to November 2021, filed a lawsuit alleging that she faced months of racial discrimination while working at Planned Parenthood.

Impact

A 2020 study found that closure of Planned Parenthood clinics resulted in increases in the maternal mortality rate: "Planned Parenthood clinic closures negatively impacted all women, increasing mortality by 6–15% across racial/ethnic groups."

A 2016 study found that the exclusion of Planned Parenthood-affiliated clinics from Texas's Medicaid fee-for-service family-planning program was linked to reductions in the provision of contraception and an increase in child-bearing for women who used injectable contraceptives and who were covered by Medicaid.

Debate and opposition

Margaret Sanger and eugenics

In the 1920s, various theories of eugenics were popular among intellectuals in the U.S. In her campaign to promote birth control, Sanger teamed with eugenics organizations such as the American Eugenics Society, although she argued against many of their positions. Scholars describe Sanger as believing that birth control and sterilization should be voluntary, and not based on race. Sanger advocated for "voluntary motherhood"—the right to choose when to be pregnant—for all women, as an important element of women's rights. As part of her efforts to promote birth control, however, Sanger found common cause with proponents of eugenics, believing that she and they both sought to "assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit".

Critics of Planned Parenthood often refer to Sanger's connection with supporters of eugenics to discredit the organization by associating it, and birth control, with the more negative modern view of eugenics. Planned Parenthood has responded to this criticism directly in a leaflet acknowledging that Sanger agreed with some of her contemporaries who advocated the voluntary hospitalization or sterilization of people with untreatable, disabling, or hereditary conditions, and limits on the immigration of the diseased. The leaflet also states that Planned Parenthood "finds these views objectionable and outmoded" but says that it was compelled to discuss the topic because "anti-family planning activists continue to attack Sanger[...] because she is an easier target" than Planned Parenthood.

Abortion

Planned Parenthood has occupied a central position in the abortion debate in the U.S. and has been among the most prominent targets of the U.S. anti-abortion movement for decades. Some members of Congress, overwhelmingly Republican, have attempted since the 1980s to end federal funding of the organization, nearly leading to a government shutdown over the issue in 2011. Planned Parenthood has consistently maintained that federal money received by Planned Parenthood is not used to fund abortion services, but anti-abortion activists have argued that the federal funding frees up other resources that are, in turn, used to provide abortions.

Planned Parenthood is the largest single provider of abortions in the U.S., but pro-choice advocates have argued that the organization's family planning services reduce the need for abortions; in the words of Megan Crepeau of the Chicago Tribune, Planned Parenthood could be "characterized as America's largest abortion preventer". Anti-abortion activists dispute the evidence that greater access to contraceptives reduces abortion frequency.

Undercover videos by anti-abortion activists

Periodically, anti-abortion advocates have tried to demonstrate that Planned Parenthood does not follow applicable state or federal laws. The groups called or visited Planned Parenthood health centers posing as victims of statutory rape, minors who by law need parental notification before an abortion, racist donors seeking to earmark donations to reduce the African-American population, or pimps seeking abortions for underage prostitutes. As a result of some of these videos, several Planned Parenthood workers have been disciplined or fired. However, a 2005 review by the Bush administration's Department of Health and Human Services "yielded no evidence of clinics around the nation failing to comply with laws on reporting child abuse, child molestation, sexual abuse, rape or incest".

Live Action videos

Beginning in 2010, Live Action released several series of undercover videos filmed in Planned Parenthood centers. Live Action said one series showed Planned Parenthood employees at many affiliates actively assisting or being complicit in aiding a prostitution ring, advising patients on how to procure sex-selective abortions, while one who said they would immerse a child born alive after a botched abortion in a chemical solution to make it stop moving and breathing. No criminal convictions resulted, but some Planned Parenthood employees and volunteers were fired for not following procedure, and the organization committed to retraining its staff. Additionally, one center was placed on probation.

Center for Medical Progress videos

Violence by anti-abortion activists

In the U.S., abortion providers have been threatened with death, and facilities that provide abortions have been attacked or vandalized. Planned Parenthood clinics have been the target of many instances of violence by anti-abortion activists, including but not limited to bombing, arson and attacks with chemical weaponry. In 1994, John Salvi entered a Brookline, Massachusetts Planned Parenthood clinic and opened fire, murdering receptionist Shannon Elizabeth Lowney and wounding three others. He fled to another Planned Parenthood clinic where he murdered Leane Nichols and wounded two others. In 2012, a Grand Chute, Wisconsin, Planned Parenthood clinic was subject to a bombing perpetrated by an unknown individual. In 2015, a Planned Parenthood clinic in Pullman, Washington was heavily damaged by arson.

2015 shooting

On November 27, 2015, a gunman shot and killed two civilians and a police officer during a five-hour gun battle at the Colorado Springs, Colorado clinic. The 57-year-old gunman, Robert Dear, surrendered to police and was taken into custody. During his arrest, he gave a "rambling" interview in which, at one point, he said "no more baby parts", echoing language used in the news media about the clinic following the Center for Medical Progress videos. Dear was declared incompetent to stand trial for the shooting, citing experts' finding that he has "delusional disorder, persecutory type" and is now confined indefinitely to a state mental hospital.

See also

 Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
 United States abortion-rights movement

Notes

References

Further reading
 Manon Perry, Broadcasting Birth Control: Mass Media and Family Planning. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.

External links

 Official website
 Planned Parenthood Action Fund

 Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records, 19181974 at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
 Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records, 19282009 at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
 Planned Parenthood at OpenSecrets.org
 United Nations: Every Woman Every Child

501(c)(3) organizations
American abortion providers
Health and disability rights organizations in the United States
Health charities in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Organizations established in 1916
Abortion-rights organizations in the United States
Women's health
International Planned Parenthood Federation affiliates

Planned Parenthood


The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust (UKMT) is a charity founded in 1996 to help with the education of children in mathematics within the UK.

History
The national mathematics competitions existed prior to the formation of the UKMT, but the foundation of the UKMT in the summer of 1996 enabled them to be run collectively. The Senior Mathematical Challenge was formerly the National Mathematics Contest. Founded in 1961, it was run by the Mathematical Association from 1975 until its adoption by the UKMT in 1996. The Junior and Intermediate Mathematical Challenges were the initiative of Dr Tony Gardiner in 1987 and were run by him under the name of the United Kingdom Mathematics Foundation until 1996. The popularity of the UK national mathematics competitions is largely due to the publicising efforts of Dr Gardiner in the years 1987-1995. Hence, in 1995, he advertised for the formation of a committee and for a host institution that would lead to the establishment of the UKMT, enabling the challenges to be run effectively together under one organisation.

Mathematical Challenges
The UKMT runs a series of mathematics challenges to encourage childs interest in mathematics and develop their skills in secondary schools. The three main challenges are:
 Junior Mathematical Challenge (UK year 8/S2 and below)
 Intermediate Mathematical Challenge (UK year 11/S4 and below)
 Senior Mathematical Challenge (UK year 13/S6 and below)

Certificates
In the Junior and Intermediate Challenges the top scoring 50% of the entrants receive bronze, silver or gold certificates based on their mark in the paper. In the Senior Mathematical Challenge these certificates are awarded to top scoring 66% of the entries. In each case bronze, silver and gold certificates are awarded in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1.
So in the Junior and Intermediate Challenges
 The Gold award is achieved by the top 8-9% of the entrants.
 The Silver award is achieved by 16-17% of the entrants.
 The Bronze award is achieved by 25% of the entrants.

In the past, only the top 40% of participants received a certificate in the Junior and Intermediate Challenges, and only the top 60% of participants received a certificate in the Senior Challenge. The ratio of bronze, silver, and gold have not changed, still being 3 : 2 : 1.

Junior Mathematical Challenge
The Junior Mathematical Challenge (JMC) is an introductory challenge for pupils in Years 8 or below (aged 13) or below, taking place in spring each year. This takes the form of twenty-five multiple choice questions to be sat in exam conditions, to be completed within one hour. The first fifteen questions are designed to be easier, and a pupil will gain 5 marks for getting a question in this section correct. Questions 16-20 are more difficult and are worth 6 marks, with a penalty of 1 point for a wrong answer which tries to stop pupils guessing. The last five questions are intended to be the most challenging and so are also 6 marks, but with a 2 point penalty for an incorrectly answered question. Questions to which no answer is entered will gain (and lose) 0 marks. However, in recent years there has been no negative marking so wrong questions will be given 0 marks. Previously, the top 40% of students (50% since the 2022 JMC) get a certificate of varying levels (Gold, Silver or Bronze) based on their score.

Junior Kangaroo
Over 10,000 participants from the JMC are invited to participate in the Junior Kangaroo. Most of the Junior Kangaroo participants are those who performed well in the JMC, however the Junior Kangaroo is open to discretionary entries for a fee. Similar to the JMC, the Junior Kangaroo is a 60 minute challenge consisting of 25 multiple-choice problems. Correct answers for Questions 1-15 earn 5 marks, and for Questions 16-25 earn 6 marks. Blank or incorrect answers are marked 0; there is no penalty for wrong answers.

The top 25% of participants in the Junior Kangaroo receive a Certificate of Merit.

Junior Mathematical Olympiad
The highest 1200 scorers are also invited to take part in the Junior Mathematical Olympiad (JMO). Like the JMC, the JMO is sat in schools. This is also divided into two sections. Part A is composed of 10 questions in which the candidate gives just the answer (not multiple choice), worth 10 marks (1 mark each). Part B consists of 6 questions and encourages students to write out full solutions. Each question in section B is worth 10 marks and students are encouraged to write complete answers to 2-4 questions rather than hurry through incomplete answers to all 6. If the solution is judged to be incomplete, it is marked on a 0+ basis, maximum 3 marks. If it has an evident logical strategy, it is marked on a 10- basis. The total mark for the whole paper is 70. Everyone who participates in this challenge will gain a certificate (Participation 75%, Distinction 25%); the top 200 or so gaining medals (Gold, Silver, Bronze); with the top fifty winning a book prize.

Intermediate Mathematical Challenge
The Intermediate Mathematical Challenge (IMC) is aimed at school years equivalent to English Years 9-11, taking place in winter each year. Following the same structure as the JMC, this paper presents the student with twenty-five multiple choice questions to be done under exam conditions in one hour.  The first fifteen questions are designed to be easier, and a pupil will gain 5 marks for getting a question in this section correct. Questions 16-20 are more difficult and are worth 6 marks, with a penalty of 1 point for a wrong answer which tries to stop pupils guessing. The last five questions are intended to be the most challenging and so are also 6 marks, but with a 2 point penalty for an incorrectly answered question. Questions to which no answer is entered will gain (and lose) 0 marks.

Again, the top 40% of students taking this challenge get a certificate. There are two follow-on rounds to this competition: The European Kangaroo and the Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad. Additionally, top performers can be selected for the National Mathematics Summer Schools.

Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad
To prevent this getting confused with the International Mathematical Olympiad, this is often abbreviated to the IMOK Olympiad (IMOK = Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo).

The IMOK is sat by the top 500 scorers from each school year in the Intermediate Maths Challenge and consists of three papers, 'Cayley', 'Hamilton' and 'Maclaurin' named after famous mathematicians. The paper the student will undertake depends on the year group that student is in (Cayley for those in year 9 and below, Hamilton for year 10 and Maclaurin for year 11).

Each paper contains six questions. Each solution is marked out of 10 on a 0+ and 10- scale; that is to say, if an answer is judged incomplete or unfinished, it is awarded a few marks for progress and relevant observations, whereas if it is presented as complete and correct, marks are deducted for faults, poor reasoning, or unproven assumptions. As a result, it is quite uncommon for an answer to score a middling mark (e.g. 4–6). This makes the maximum mark out of 60. For a student to get two questions fully correct is considered "very good". All people taking part in this challenge will get a certificate (participation for the bottom 50%, merit for the next 25% and distinction for the top 25%). The mark boundaries for these certificates change every year, but normally around 30 marks will gain a Distinction. Those scoring highly (the top 50) will gain a book prize; again, this changes every year, with 44 marks required in the Maclaurin paper in 2006. Also, the top 100 candidates will receive a medal; bronze for Cayley, silver for Hamilton and gold for Maclaurin.

European Kangaroo

The European Kangaroo is a competition which follows the same structure as the AMC (Australian Mathematics Competition). There are twenty-five multiple-choice questions and no penalty marking. This paper is taken throughout Europe by over 3 million pupils from more than 37 countries. Two different Kangaroo papers follow on from the Intermediate Maths Challenge and the next 5500 highest scorers below the Olympiad threshold are invited to take part (both papers are by invitation only). The Grey Kangaroo is sat by students in year 9 and below and the Pink Kangaroo is sat by those in years 10 and 11. The top 25% of scorers in each paper receive a certificate of merit and the rest receive a certificate of participation. All those who sit either Kangaroo also receive a keyfob containing a different mathematical puzzle each year. (The puzzles along with solutions)

National Mathematics Summer Schools

Selected by lottery, 48 of the top 1.5% of scorers in the IMC are invited to participate in one of three week-long National Mathematics Summer Schools in July. Each from a different school across the UK, the 24 boys and 24 girls are facilitated with a range of activities, including daily lectures, designed to go beyond the GCSE syllabus and explore wider and more challenging areas of mathematics. The UKMT aims to "promote mathematical thinking" and "provide an opportunity for participants to meet other students and adults who enjoy mathematics". They were delivered virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic but had reverted to in-person events by 2022.

Senior Mathematical Challenge

The Senior Mathematical Challenge (SMC) takes place in late-autumn each year, and is open to students who are aged 19 or below and are not registered to attend a university. SMC consists of twenty-five multiple choice questions to be answered in 90 minutes. All candidates start with 25 marks, each correct answer is awarded 4 marks and 1 mark is deducted for each incorrect answer. This gives a score between 0 and 125 marks.

Unlike the JMC and IMC, the top 66% get one of the three certificates. Further, the top 1000 highest scorers who are eligible to represent the UK at the International Mathematical Olympiad, together with any discretionary and international candidates, are invited to compete in the British Mathematical Olympiad and the next around 6000 highest scorers are invited to sit the Senior Kangaroo. Discretionary candidates are those students who are entered by their mathematics teachers, on payment of a fee, who did not score quite well enough in the SMC, but who might cope well in the next round.

British Mathematical Olympiad

Round 1 of the Olympiad is a three-and-a-half hour examination including six more difficult, long answer questions, which serve to test entrants' problem-solving skills. As of 2005, a more accessible first question was added to the paper; before this, it only consisted of 5 questions. Around 100 highest scoring candidates from BMO1 are invited to sit the BMO2, which is the follow-up round that has the same time limit as BMO1, but in which 4 harder questions are posed. The top 24 scoring students from the second round are subsequently invited to a training camp at Trinity College, Cambridge for the first stage of the International Mathematical Olympiad UK team selection.

Senior Kangaroo
The Senior Kangaroo is a one-hour examination to which the next around 6000 highest scorers below the Olympiad threshold are invited. The paper consists of twenty questions, each of which require three digit answers (leading zeros are used if the answer is less than 100, since the paper is marked by machine). The top 25% of candidates receive a certificate of merit and the rest receive a certificate of participation.

Team Challenge
The UKMT Team Maths Challenge is an annual event. One team from each participating school, comprising four pupils selected from year 8 and 9 (ages 12–14), competes in a regional round. No more than 2 pupils on a team may be from Year 9. There are over 60 regional competitions in the UK, held between February and May. The winning team in each regional round, as well as a few high-scoring runners-up from throughout the country, are then invited to the National Final in London, usually in late June.

There are 4 rounds:
 Group Questions
 Cross-Numbers
 Shuttle (NB: The previous Head-to-Head Round has been replaced with another, similar to the Mini-Relay used in the 2007 and 2008 National Finals.)
 Relay

In the National Final however an additional 'Poster Round' is added at the beginning. The poster round is a separate competition, however, since 2018 it is worth up to six marks towards the main event.  Four schools have won the Junior Maths Team competition at least twice: Queen Mary's Grammar School in Walsall, City of London School, St Olave's Grammar School, and Westminster Under School.

Senior Team Challenge

A pilot event for a competition similar to the Team Challenge, aimed at 16- to 18-year-olds, was launched in the Autumn of 2007 and has been running ever since. The format is much the same, with a limit of two year 13 (Upper Sixth-Form) pupils per team. Regional finals take place between October and December, with the National Final in early February the following year.

Previous winners are below:

British Mathematical Olympiad Subtrust
For more information see British Mathematical Olympiad Subtrust.

The British Mathematical Olympiad Subtrust is run by UKMT, which runs the British Mathematical Olympiad as well as the UK Mathematical Olympiad for Girls, several training camps throughout the year such as a winter camp in Hungary, an Easter camp at Trinity College, Cambridge, and other training and selection of the IMO team.

See also
 European Kangaroo
 British Mathematical Olympiad
 International Mathematical Olympiad
 International Mathematics Competition for University Students

References

External links
 United Kingdom Mathematics Trust website
 British Mathematical Olympiad Committee site
 International Mathematics Competition for University Students (IMC) site
 Junior Mathematical Challenge Sample Paper
 Intermediate Mathematical Challenge Sample Paper
 Senior Mathematical Challenge Sample Paper

1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Competitions in the United Kingdom
Mathematics competitions
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom

United Kingdom Mathematics Trust


Desmoncus, rod palmi smješten u podtribus Bactridinae, dio tribusa Cocoseae, potporodica Arecoideae. Postoji 24 priznatih vrsta iz tropske Južne Amerike, na sjever sve do južnog Meksika

Vrste

 Desmoncus chinantlensis Liebm. ex Mart.
 Desmoncus cirrhifer A.H.Gentry & Zardini
 Desmoncus costaricensis (Kuntze) Burret
 Desmoncus giganteus A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus horridus Splitg. ex Mart.
 Desmoncus interjectus A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus kunarius de Nevers ex A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus latisectus Burret
 Desmoncus leptoclonos Drude
 Desmoncus loretanus A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus madrensis A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus mitis Mart.
 Desmoncus moorei A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus myriacanthos Dugand
 Desmoncus obovoideus A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart.
 Desmoncus osensis A.J.Hend.
 Desmoncus parvulus L.H.Bailey
 Desmoncus polyacanthos Mart.
 Desmoncus prunifer Poepp. ex Mart.
 Desmoncus pumilus Trail
 Desmoncus setosus Mart.
 Desmoncus stans Grayum & de Nevers
 Desmoncus vacivus L.H.Bailey

Sinonimi
 Atitara Barrère ex Kuntze
 Desmonchus Desf.

Izvori

Bactridinae

Desmoncus


Machynlleth () is a market town, community and electoral ward in Powys, Wales and within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire. It is in the Dyfi Valley at the intersection of the A487 and the A489 roads.  At the 2001 Census it had a population of 2,147, rising to 2,235 in 2011. It is sometimes referred to colloquially as Mach.

Machynlleth was the seat of Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh Parliament in 1404, and as such claims to be the "ancient capital of Wales". However, it has never held any official recognition as a capital. It applied for city status in 2000 and 2002, but was unsuccessful. It is twinned with Belleville, Michigan.

Machynlleth hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1937 and 1981.

Etymology
The etymology of the name Machynlleth derives from "ma-" [field, plain] and "Cynllaith".

History
There is a long history of human activity in the Machynlleth area. In the late-1990s, radiocarbon dating showed that copper mining was taking place in the Early Bronze Age ( 2,750 years ago), within  of the town centre.

The Romans settled in the area; they built a fort at Pennal ()  west of Machynlleth, and are reputed to have had two look-out posts above the town at  and , and another fort, called Maglona, at Machynlleth. One of the earliest written references to Machynlleth is the Royal charter granted in 1291 by Edward I to Owen de la Pole, Lord of Powys. This gave him the right to hold "a market at Machynlleth every Wednesday for ever and two fairs every year". The Wednesday market is still a busy and popular day in Machynlleth 700 years later.

The Royal House, which stands on the corner of the , is another of the mediaeval houses that can still be seen today. According to local tradition, Dafydd Gam, a Welsh ally of the English kings, was imprisoned here from 1404 to 1412 for attempting to assassinate Owain Glyndŵr. After his release by Glyndŵr, ransomed Gam fought alongside Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt and is named amongst the dead in Shakespeare's Henry V. The name Royal House undoubtedly refers to the tradition that Charles I stayed at the house in 1643.

The weekly market and biannual fair thrived, and in 1613 drew complaints from other towns whose trading in cloth was being severely affected. A document dated 1632 shows that animals for sale came from all over Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Denbighshire, and prospective buyers came from Flintshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Herefordshire and Shropshire, in addition to the above.

The Dyfi Bridge () was first mentioned in 1533, by Geoffrey Hughes, "Citizen and Merchant taylour of London" who left  "towards making of a bridge at the toune of Mathanlleth". By 1601 "Dovey bridge in the Hundred of Mochunleth" was reported to be insufficient, and the current one was built in 1805 for £250. Fenton describes it in 1809 as "A noble erection of five large arches. The piers are narrow and over each cut-water is a pilaster, a common feature of the 18th century".

Rowland Pugh was the Lord of Meirionedd, and lived at Mathafarn about two miles east of Machynlleth. Pugh supported the Royalist side in the English Civil War. On 2 November 1644, Sir Thomas Myddleton of Chirk Castle was marching on Machynlleth with a force of the Parliamentarian army, when he was ambushed by a force organised by Pugh. In retaliation for the attack, Myddleton burned down Mathafarn on 29 November 1644, along with a number of houses in Machynlleth.

Laura Ashley's first shop was opened in Machynlleth (at 35 Maengwyn Street) in 1961.

The disappearance of April Jones in October 2012 received a large amount of coverage in the UK media.

, the Londonderry family and the Clock Tower

In 1846 Mary Cornelia, the daughter of a local landowner Sir John Edwards married Viscount Seaham, the second son of the third Marquess of Londonderry and they set up home at Plas Machynlleth. Seaham became Earl Vane on the death of his father and the fifth Marquess on the death of his half-brother.

To celebrate the 21st birthday of the Seahams' eldest son, Viscount Castlereagh, the townspeople paid for the clock tower which stands at the town's main road intersection. Erected on the site of the old town hall, it has become the symbol of the town. The foundation stone was laid on 15 July 1874 amid great festivities. The clock tower, designed by Henry Kennedy of Bangor and now a Grade II listed monument, cost £800; the townspeople raised £1,000, of which the remainder was spent planting trees along nearby streets.

Another son, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, was the last member of the family to live at the Plas and was killed in the Abermule train collision on the Cambrian Railways, of which he was a director.

The house was given to the townspeople in December 1948 under the stewardship of the then Machynlleth Urban District Council.

Celtica
Various local government re-organisations saw responsibility for the Plas pass first to Montgomeryshire District Council, who in 1995 converted it into the Celtica visitor centre. Celtica interpreted the history and culture of the Celts with a walk-through audio-visual exhibition housed in a purpose-built addition to the house. The £3 million attraction was part-funded by the European Union. The centre had a high-profile in the Welsh media, with opera singer Bryn Terfel officially opening the attraction in October 1995.

Powys County Council took over Celtica and the house when it was formed as a unitary authority in 1997. The centre was successful in attracting tourist, school groups and conferences for a number of years, however initial visitor number predictions proved to be too ambitious and the council was unwilling to prolong its subsidy and with little scope for alternative investment Celtica closed in March 2006, and the house stood empty while Powys County Council sought to relinquish responsibility for it in line with their policy of selling many of their publicly owned buildings.

At this point, Machynlleth Town Council, realising that the town was in danger of losing the Plas house and grounds, which they saw as belonging to the community in the spirit of the 1948 bequest, began discussions with Powys Council with a view to the Town Council taking ownership of the Plas. On 1 April 2008, in a move thought to be unprecedented for a community council of its size, Machynlleth Town Council took ownership of the Plas and its parkland and facilities. It has reopened the restaurant by leasing it to a local licensee and the 1st and 2nd floors of the main building are rented out as office space. Medium-sized meeting rooms and conference space are also offered for hire.

Transport
Machynlleth railway station was built by the Newtown and Machynlleth Railway; it provides services to Aberystwyth and the Cambrian coast to the west, and Newtown and Shrewsbury to the east. Services are operated by Transport for Wales.

The town is home to the signalling centre that controls the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) on the Cambrian Line. The system went into full operational use in March 2011.

From 1859 to 1948, the town was served by the narrow gauge Corris Railway, which brought slate from the quarries around Corris and Aberllefenni for onward despatch to the markets. The railway's Machynlleth station building, built in 1905, can still be seen alongside the road approaching the town from the north.

Machynlleth is served by two TrawsCymru long-distance bus routes. The T2 connects the town with Bangor to the north and continues to Aberystwyth, where connections can be made to South Wales. There is also the T12 which runs to Wrexham, via Newtown; this is branded as TrawsCymru Connect.

Welsh language
Machynlleth retains its linguistic tradition, with Welsh spoken alongside English. The 2011 Census indicated that 67% of the population have some knowledge of Welsh, with 39% able to read, write and speak the language.

Owain Glyndŵr

Machynlleth has a special role in Welsh history because of its connection with Owain Glyndŵr, a Prince of Wales who rebelled against the English during the reign of King Henry IV. Owain was crowned Prince of Wales in 1404 near the Parliament House, which is one of three mediaeval houses in town, in the presence of leaders from Scotland, France and Spain, and he held his own Parliament in the town. He held his last parliament in the nearby village of Pennal, by the Church of St Peter ad Vincula. It is thought that after the rebellion floundered, Owain went into hiding in the area around Machynlleth.

Tourism
Tourism is the primary employment sector with a range of activity based attractions (for example several mountain biking trails) as well as the visitor centre at the Centre for Alternative Technology. Agriculture continues to play a significant part in the make-up of the town and surrounding area. Another important local industry and employer is the renewable energy sector. The area has a renewable energy industry with several small to medium-sized companies operating in or around the town.

The town has a market on Wednesdays which includes traditional Welsh, Spanish and French food stalls.

The town has hosted the Machynlleth Comedy Festival annually since May 2010, featuring comedians such as Jon Richardson, Pappy's, Josie Long, Stewart Lee and Richard Herring. The festival dominates the town for a weekend, with events running over three days in nine venues.

Machynlleth lies on Glyndŵr's Way and the Dyfi Valley Way, two long-distance footpaths.

MoMA Wales
Machynlleth is the home of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), Wales. It originated in 1986 as Y Tabernacl, a centre of performing arts in an old chapel, a private initiative by former journalist Andrew Lambert. In 1994 this was expanded with a new complex of art galleries, a recording studio and a language laboratory. Lambert had previously tried to convert the town's old railway station into a hotel and museum, employing international architect Richard Rogers.

MoMA Wales hosts the annual Machynlleth Festival, as well as its own annual open exhibition of art.

Environment
Machynlleth is the home of Ecodyfi, a locally controlled organisation that was set up to foster and support a greener community and economy in the Dyfi Valley.

The Centre for Alternative Technology is based in a disused quarry three miles from Machynlleth.

In December 2019 Machynlleth council was the first in Wales to declare a climate emergency.

Governance
Machynlleth has a town council, elected from the ward, with fourteen councillors.

The ward elects a county councillor to Powys County Council, though the current county councillor, Michael Williams, was unopposed again at the May 2017 election. He had been elected unopposed since first winning the seat in 1980. He had also sat on the Machynlleth Town Council since 1974.

In 2019, the town council became the first in Wales to formally support Welsh independence.

In the Senedd and the UK House of Commons, Machynlleth sits within the Montgomeryshire constituency, whose MS and MP are Conservatives Russell George and Craig Williams respectively.

Sport
Machynlleth Town Football Club, founded in 1885, plays in the Spar Mid-Wales district league and the reserve team is in the Cambrian Tyres Division 2 Amateur football league. The Machynlleth Rugby Club plays in the North Wales Division 2.

Notable people
 Owain Glyndŵr, ( 1349 or 1359 –  1416), Welsh ruler and Prince of Wales, crowned locally in 1404.
 Hywel Swrdwal, ( 1430–1475), Welsh language poet
 David Griffiths, (1792–1863), missionary and Bible translator in Madagascar, lived locally from 1858
 Henry Rogers, (1806–1877), nonconformist minister and man of letters, died locally.
 Thomas Wickham (1810-1890), English cricketer, died locally
 John Evans (1816–1879), miner and political figure in British Columbia, born and educated locally
 The 5th Marquess of Londonderry (1821–1884), aristocrat, businessman, diplomat and politician, lived at Plas Machynlleth
 The 6th Marquess of Londonderry (1852–1915), politician, landowner and benefactor, lived at Plas Machynlleth
 Lord Herbert Lionel Henry Vane-Tempest (1862–1921), director of Cambrian Railways, lived at Plas Machynlleth, died at the Abermule train collision.
 The Baron Atkin (1867–1944), lawyer and judge, local JP
 Edward M. Lewis, (1872–1936), professor of English literature in the US & baseball player
 Berta Ruck  (1878–1978), Welsh writer who grew up nearby.
 Sir Thomas Williams Phillips (1883–1966), senior Civil Servant, educated at Machynlleth County School
 William David Davies, (1897–1969), Presbyterian minister and writer on theology, lived locally
 Sir John Philip Baxter (1905–1989), chemical engineer.
 Syd Thomas (1919–2012) a Welsh professional footballer winger.
 Laura Ashley (1925–1985), opened her first shop locally at 35 Maengwyn Street in 1961
 Emrys James, (1928–1989), Welsh Shakespearean actor
 Geraint Lloyd Owen (born 1941), Welsh-language poet and teacher, taught locally
 Meri Wells (born 1946), ceramic sculptor, lives and works nearby
 Gareth Glyn, (born 1951), Welsh composer and radio broadcaster
 David Russell Hulme, (born 1951), Welsh conductor and musicologist
 Annie Morgan Suganami (born 1952), Welsh artist and musician, lives and works locally
 Gwynn ap Gwilym, (1955–2016), Welsh language poet, novelist, editor and translator, raised locally
 George Monbiot (born 1963), English writer, lived locally for a number of years and still has a house and family there
 Led Zeppelin (formed in London in 1968), rock band members Jimmy Page and Robert Plant commenced writing the album Led Zeppelin III at nearby Bron-Yr-Aur cottage
 Nicky Arscott (born 1983), local artist and arts educator
 April Jones (2007–2012), child murder victim

References

External links

 2001 Census Neighbourhood Statistics: Machynlleth
 Photos of Machynlleth and surrounding area on Geograph
 The Eco Dyfi website

Towns in Powys
Communities in Powys
Wards of Powys

Machynlleth


Jajce u obrani 1992., dokumentarni je film autora Pavla Vranjicana iz 2014. godine.

Nastavak je dokumentarni film Jajce u progonstvu 1992. – 1995.

Film govori o samoorganiziranju jajačkih Hrvata u obrani Jajca i u obrani BiH od velikosrpske agresije i junačkoj borbi branitelja u neravnopravnim uvjetima ratovanja, te o problemima koje su slabo naoružani branitelji imali, kao i civilno stanovništvo jajačkog kraja, koje se u teškoj i pogibeljnoj situaciji našlo zbog neprijateljskog okruženja i svakodnevnog granatiranja.

U filmu se pojavljuju Miroslav Tuđman, pukovnik HVO, ratni zapovjednik Prve jajačke bojne Tomislavgrad i predsjednik Udruge 13. rujan Ivo Šimunović, pukovnik Franjo Crnoja, Ante Šimunović, poznati jajačko-mostarski kirurg afričkog podrijetla Benjamin Alfred Markin, zatim Dario Kordić, generali Željko Glasnović, Željko Šiljeg, pukovnik Mijo Crnoja, bivši ratni izvjestitelj Smiljko Šagolj i dr.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi o Ratu u BiH
Jajce

Jajce u obrani 1992.


A Igreja Ortodoxa Celta ou Igreja Ortodoxa Céltica ( - COC; ), também chamada de Santa Igreja Celta,  é uma igreja cristã autocéfala fundada no século XX na França.

Desde 25 de dezembro de 2007, a Igreja Ortodoxa Celta está em comunhão com a Igreja Ortodoxa Francesa e a Igreja Ortodoxa dos Gauleses, formando a Comunhão das Igrejas Ortodoxas Ocidentais.

A Igreja Ortodoxa Celta afirma ser parte da linha de sucessão episcopal de Jules Ferrette.

História

Fundação
A Igreja Ortodoxa Celta foi fundada no século XX por Jean-Pierre Danyel. Ele foi ordenado sacerdote pelo Bispo Mariavita da França em 1951, após não obter a ordenação de nenhum Bispo ortodoxo russo, romeno ou grego. No entanto, ele duvidava que a Igreja Ortodoxa e Católica conheceriam a validade de sua ordenação. Assim, ele "recebeu todas as Santas Ordens novamente em 1 ° de março de 1953" do Metropolita Lutgen de Antuérpia da Église Catholique du Rite Dominicain. Lutgen recebeu sua consagração episcopal de Hugh George de Willmott Newman. Depois disso, Danyel decidiu trabalhar para restaurar a antiga Igreja Céltica da Bretanha e adotou o nome de um dos santos fundadores da Bretanha, Tugdual.

Danyel fundou a Abbaye de la Saint Présence em Bois-Juhel, Saint-Dolay, "onde viveu como um eremita em imitação dos antigos monges celtas." Ele "logo atraiu discípulos" e foi eleito o primeiro Bispo da Igreja Céltica restaurada. Ele foi consagrado Bispo em 1957 pelo Arcebispo Irineu de Arles (Conde Charles-Borromée d'Eschevannes), Primaz da autocéfala Sainte Église catholique Gallicane. Danyel recebeu o título de "Bispo de Redon ". Em 19 de dezembro de 1959, Danyel se autoproclamou Metropolita, sob o título de Tugdual I, Arcebispo de Dôl. Danyel "reviveu os ritos druídicos" e acrescentou ao seu título "Sa Blancheur l'Humble" ("Sua Brancura, o Humilde"), que ele afirmava ser de origem Druídica. Seu título completo era, portanto: "Sua Brancura o Humilde Tugdual I, Arcebispo de Dôl, Abade de Saint-Dolay, Kayermo e Keroussek, Primaz da Santa Igreja Céltica, Presidente de todas as Igrejas Cristãs e Apostólicas não Romanas".

Em 1963 ou 1964, a Igreja consistia de 10 bispos e dois a três leigos. A Igreja era chamada na época de Sainte Église Celtique en Bretagne (Santa Igreja Céltica na Bretanha).

Da morte do fundador aos dias de hoje
Em 11 de agosto de 1968, Danyel morreu. Após sua morte, seu eremitério foi abandonado.

Em 1977, três monges de uma abadia de Montpellier fundada por um padre ortodoxo celta, Paul-Edouard de Fournier de Brescia, em 1973, foram ao eremitério e construíram uma igreja no local.

Em 1979, a Igreja Ortodoxa Celta fazia parte da Igreja Ortodoxa das Ilhas Britânicas de William Henry Hugo Newman-Norton.

Paul-Edouard Fournier de Brescia foi consagrado Bispo sob o nome de Mael em 1980 pelo Primaz da Igreja Ortodoxa Celta, o Bispo Serafim (Norton-Newman).

A Igreja Ortodoxa das Ilhas Britânicas e a Igreja Ortodoxa Celta se separaram em 1994, quando sob Mar Serafim (William Henry Hugo Newman-Norton) a Igreja Ortodoxa das Ilhas Britânicas se juntou à Igreja Ortodoxa Copta e mudou seu nome para Igreja Ortodoxa Britânica. A Igreja Ortodoxa Celta e alguma outra jurisdição anteriormente sob a Igreja Ortodoxa das Ilhas Britânicas permaneceram independentes.

Com a saída de Mar Serafim, a Igreja Ortodoxa Celta não teve nenhum Primaz. Mael foi eleito Primaz da Igreja Ortodoxa Celta por seu Santo Sínodo em 1994 e permaneceu como tal até sua morte em 2014. O atual Primaz é desde 2014 o Metropolita Marc (Jean Claude Scheerens).

Em 1996, a Igreja Ortodoxa Celta canonizou Danyel, seu fundador.

Dioceses
A Igreja Ortodoxa Celta tem duas Eparquias, França e EUA.

A Igreja Celta Ortodoxa, que atualmente tem dois Bispos e nove paróquias, está presente na França, Suíça, Reino Unido, EUA e Austrália.

Ligações Externas

 Site oficial (em francês)

Referências
Cristianismo na França
Ortodoxia Ocidental

Igrejas Ortodoxas Ocidentais

Igreja Ortodoxa Celta


The Robins were a successful and influential American R&B group of the late 1940s and 1950s, one of the earliest such vocal groups who established the basic pattern for the doo-wop sound. They were founded by Ty Terrell, and twin brothers Billy Richards and Roy Richards. Bobby Nunn soon joined the lineup. They began their career as the Bluebirds but switched to recording as the Robins in May 1949. In 1955, the group disagreed over whether to remain on the West Coast or sign with Atlantic Records and move to the East Coast. This led to a split within the group. Music producers and songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller took former Robins members Nunn and Carl Gardner, recruited singers Leon Hughes and Billy Guy, and formed the Coasters. The founding Richards brothers and Tyrell continued to record as the Robins until 1961.

Original members
Bobby Nunn(Lead/Bass)
Terrell "Ty" Leonard(Tenor)
William Gene "Billy" Richard(Tenor)
Roy Richard(Baritone/Bass)

Deaths
Roy Richard died on May 1, 1983

Bobby Nunn died of Heart Attack on November 5, 1986

Billy Richard died from a fall while exercising on December 10, 2007

Singles

References

External links
The Robins Story & Discography

 as The Ding Dongs

Doo-wop groups
African-American musical groups

The Robins


An Carex medwedewii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leskov. An Carex medwedewii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex medwedewii


Seese, , war ein Ort im Süden Brandenburgs. Der aus dem Sorbischen stammende Ortsname bedeutet so viel wie Holunder oder Holunderort. Der Ort wurde 1969 vollständig abgebrochen. 385 Personen wurden umgesiedelt.

Lage
Seese lag in der Niederlausitz zwischen Lübbenau im Norden und Calau im Süden im Zentrum des späteren Braunkohlentagebaus Tagebau Seese-West.

Geschichte
Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung datiert aus dem Jahr 1363 mit dem Namen Sezs. Bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts hatte es die Form eines Runddorfes mit einer Kirche und einem Rittergut. Nach der Separation entwickelte sich der Ort und die Form eines Runddorfes war kaum noch erkennbar.

Von 1408 bis 1537 war Seese im Besitz der Familie von Köckritz, die eine ausgedehnte Herrschaft in der Region hatte. Der letzte Besitzer aus dieser Familie, Caspar von Köckritz, wird den Vorkämpfern der Reformation in der Lausitz zugerechnet. Martin Luther soll ihn 1527 besucht und in der Kirche gepredigt haben. 1768 kauften die Grafen zu Lynar das Rittergut.
In der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es neben der bäuerlichen Bevölkerung und dem Gut eine Schäferei, einen Erbkrug, eine Windmühle, einen Fischteich, einen Weinberg und eine Kiefernheide. Der Ort gehörte um diese Zeit zu jenen, die in der Niederlausitz die feinste Wolle erzeugten. Sie kam der Qualität der Wolle aus England und Spanien nahe.

Der Gutsbesitz umfasst in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts rd. 2.360 Morgen, einschließlich Wald. Bei Auflösung der Gutsbezirke im Jahr 1928 ging der zu dieser Zeit rd. 1.160 ha große Gutsbezirk Seese an die Gemeinde, ebenso die Flächen der Gutsbezirke Schönfeld und Vorberg sowie die Orte Mlode und Rochusthal. Die Gemeindefläche vergrößerte sich somit auf 1.955 ha.

Im Jahr 1945 begann in der Provinz Brandenburg die Aufteilung der Feudalsitze im Zuge der Bodenreform mit dem Rittergut Seese. Es entstanden 18 Neubauernhöfe und 5 Kleinsiedlerstellen. Darüber hinaus erhielten 17 bereits Kleinbauern zusätzliches Land. 1949 wurde eine Maschinen-Ausleih-Station (MAS) eingerichtet. 1954 wurde die LPG Aufbau gegründet. 1960 entstand die LPG Eichengrund.

Gebäude
Im Dorf stand ein Schloss, dessen älterer südwestlicher Teil (spätgotischer Giebel) im 15. Jahrhundert erbaut wurde. Der jüngere nordöstliche Teil war im Renaissancestil wahrscheinlich im 17. Jahrhundert errichtet. Alte Fotos zeigen ein drei- und vierstöckiges beeindruckendes Gebäude mit Türmen, Zinnen und Dachreitern. Die verschiedenen Ansichten waren deutlich erkennbar unterschiedlichen Baustilen zuzuordnen. 1945 beherbergte das Schloss zahlreiche Umsiedlerfamilien. Von 1952 bis 1957 befand sich in dem Gebäude eine Fachschule für Landwirtschaft.

Ein Nachfahre des ansässigen Adelsgeschlechts,  Wilhelm Graf zu Lynar, hatte Personen, die an der Verschwörung gegen Hitler am 20. Juli 1944 beteiligt waren, geheime Treffen im Schloss Seese ermöglicht. Der Graf wurde im Juli 1944 verhaftet und im September 1944 hingerichtet.
Die Kirche war ursprünglich ein rechteckiger Bau ohne Turm aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. Im 16. Jahrhundert erhielt er einen kleinen Anbau mit Eingang und 1713 wurde ein hölzerner Turm angebaut. Graf zu Lynar regte einen Umbau an. In dessen Ergebnis erhielt die Kirche einen steinernen Turm im neugotischen Stil. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden ein vollständig neues Gestühl und erstmals eine Orgelempore eingebaut. Im August 1866 war die Wiedereinweihung. Etwa 100 Jahre später wurde sie wegen des Braunkohlentagebaus Seese-West gemeinsam mit dem Ort Seese abgerissen.

Bis zum Abriss hatten sich für die Region typische Fachwerkhäuser erhalten. Dazu zählten z. B. das Gemeindeamt (strebenlos, zweirieglig, Krüppelwalmdach) und das Doppelstubenhaus (Ortsteil Alte Stuben).

Siehe auch
 Liste der abgebrochenen Orte im Lausitzer Kohlerevier
 Archiv verschwundener Orte

Literatur
 Dokumentation bergbaubedingter Umsiedlungen, Archiv verschwundener Orte, Forst 2010
 Verlorene Heimat – Der Bergbau und seine Auswirkungen auf Kirchen und Kirchengemeinden der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Cottbus 2007 (ISBN 3-935826-88-5)

 Verlorene Heimat, Der Bergbau und seine Auswirkungen auf Kirchen und Kirchengemeinden der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Hrsg. Evangelische Kirchengemeinde Horno, 2007, ISBN 3-935826-88-5
 Vinzenz Czech und Christiane Salge. Seese. In: Peter Michael Hahn und Hellmut Lorenz: Herrenhäuser in Brandenburg und der Niederlausitz. S. 538–542; gesamt 2 Bände: Einführung und Katalog. Kommentierte Neuausgabe des Ansichtenwerks von Alexander Duncker (1857–1883); Berlin: Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung Beuermann 2000; 2 Bde., 856 S., 275 farbige, 825 SW-Abb.; ISBN 978-3-875-84024-7

Weblinks

 Material zu Schloss Seese in der Sammlung Duncker der Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin (PDF; 250 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz)
Wüstung im Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz
Geographie (Lübbenau/Spreewald)
Gemeindeauflösung 1969
Abgebaggerter Ort
Ersterwähnung 1363

Seese (Lübbenau/Spreewald)