Thomas Playford, né le  à Londres et mort le  à , est un homme politique australien.

Biographie
Ses parents s'établissent avec lui comme agriculteurs en Australie-Méridionale lorsqu'il est enfant. Son père s'étant opposé à ce qu'il étudie le droit, Thomas Playford établit avec succès un verger commercial à Norton Summit. Élu membre de l'Assemblée d'Australie-Méridionale de 1868 à 1871, de 1875 à 1887, de 1887 à 1894 et de 1899 à 1901, il est ministre des Terres publiques et de l'Immigration en 1876, de 1877 à 1881 et en 1885, ministre des Travaux publics de 1884 à 1885, puis Premier ministre d'Australie-Méridionale et conjointement ministre des Finances de 1887 à 1889. À cette fonction il met en place une politique protectionniste pour l'Australie-Méridionale, encouragé par son procureur général et ami Charles Kingston. À nouveau Premier ministre et ministre des Finances de 1890 à 1892, il parvient à réduire le déficit public et produit des budgets excédentaires, et participe à la Convention australasienne nationale de 1891 qui prépare l'unification de l'Australie en une fédération. Nommé ministre des Finances en juin 1893 dans le gouvernement de Charles Kingston, il démissionne en avril 1894 pour être nommé agent-général (représentant) de l'Australie-Méridionale à Londres. Plutôt bon diplomate, il entretient de bonnes relations avec le secrétaire d'État aux Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, mais souffre de rhumatisme durant les hivers londoniens et retourne en Australie en 1898.

Il redevient député à l'Assemblée d'Australie-Méridionale en 1899, s'oppose à la volonté du gouvernement Kingston de diminuer les pouvoirs du Conseil législatif (la chambre haute) et contribue à ce que son ami perde de ce fait la confiance du parlement et doive démissionner. Il renonce à exercer une troisième fois la direction du gouvernement, et se tourne vers la politique fédérale : aux premières élections fédérales en 1901, il est élu au Sénat australien. Haut de 1m88 et pesant 117 kg, il est perçu comme un géant et remarqué pour son honnêteté, ses prises de parole empreintes d'un bon sens parfois dénué de tact, ainsi que pour ses choix vestimentaires qualifiés de bohèmes, témoignant d'une « exquise indifférence pour les conventions parlementaires ».

De septembre 1903 à avril 1904, il est vice-président du Conseil exécutif dans le gouvernement protectionniste fédéral d'Alfred Deakin, et est chargé des affaires du gouvernement au Sénat. De juillet 1905 à janvier 1907 il est le ministre de la Défense et travaille aux préparatifs de la création de la Royal Australian Navy ; il est également à nouveau responsable de l'adoption des projets de loi du gouvernement au Sénat. Battu dans sa circonscription aux élections de décembre 1906, il échoue à retrouver un siège à celles de 1910 et prend sa retraite de la vie politique.

Père de dix enfants, il est le grand-père de Sir Thomas Playford, qui comme lui devient Premier ministre d'Australie-Méridionale.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1837
Décès en avril 1915
Ministre australien
Ministre australien de la Défense
Premier ministre d'Australie-Méridionale
Personnalité australienne du XIXe siècle
Personnalité australienne du XXe siècle
Décès à 77 ans

Thomas Playford (né en 1837)


Branko Bašić, hrvatski automobilist. Član AK Buzet. Godine 1983. proglašen je športašem godine Grada Buzeta. Natjecao se u automobilu fići. Dvaput je bio prvak Jugoslavije i dvaput doprvak. Izvrsno je nastupao na stazi u Buzetu. Prvi je pobijedio podno Ćićarije 1982. u klasi fića, a pobjedu je proslavilo 1000 simpatizera. Uspjeh je ponovio 1984. i 1985. godine. Ukupno je u prvih pet godina osam puta bio pobjednik Prvenstva Hrvatske. Bio je prvak Jugoslavije 1982., 1984., 1985., te 1986. godine. Bio je prvak SR Hrvatske 1989. i 1990. i samostalne Hrvatske 1992. godine. Perjanica zlatne generacije AK Buzeta.

Izvori

Hrvatski automobilisti
Životopisi, Buzet

Branko Bašić


Les six enseignants hérétiques, les six hérétiques, les six Śramaṇa ou les six tirthakas (faux enseignants) sont six contemporains et rivaux du Bouddha, dont chacun avait une opinion contraire à ses enseignements . À l'exception de Nigantha Nataputta ou Mahavira, le vingt-quatrième Tirthankara du jaïnisme, les enseignants hérétiques sont considérés comme les détenteurs d'une conception Akiriyavada .

Les six hérétiques et leurs opinions sur la philosophie indienne sont décrits dans le Samaññaphala Sutta du Digha Nikaya, dans le Pali Tipitaka .

Contexte

Selon le sutra, le roi Ajatashatru rendit visite à Gautama Bouddha, qui vivait alors dans le bosquet de manguiers de Jivaka à Rajagaha parmi 1250 bhikkhus. Le roi demanda au Bouddha s'il était possible que la vie d'un ramaṇa puisse porter ses fruits de la même manière que la vie des artisans porte ses fruits, déclarant qu'il avait préalablement posé à six maîtres ( Pūraṇa Kassapa, Makkhali Gosāla, Ajita Kesakambala, Pakudha Kaccāyana, Nigaṇṭha Nāṭaputta et Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta) la même question, mais n'avait pas trouvé de réponse satisfaisante. À la demande du Bouddha, le roi Ajatashatru décrit les réponses qu'il a entendues .

Les noms ci-dessous sont donnés en sanskrit, les noms Pali équivalents étant indiqués entre parenthèses.

Pūrṇa Kāśyapa (Pūraṇa Kassapa)
Le premier maître spirituel qu'Ajatashatru interrogea est Pūraṇa Kassapa. Ce dernier propose la théorie de l'akiriyāvāda (non-agir) : les actes considérés comme bons ou mauvais n'ayant aucune moralité inhérente, il n'existe aucune conséquence future des actions « bonnes » ou « mauvaises » .

Maskarī Gośālīputra (Makkhali Gosāla)
Makkhali Gosala, le deuxième enseignant qu'Ajatashatru consulta, souscrivit à la doctrine de la non-causalité ; l'atteinte de n'importe quelle condition dépend des circonstances, du destin ou de la nature plutôt que de la volonté humaine et les événements n'ont pas de cause profonde . Comme Kassapa, Gosāla nia l'existence du karma et du vipaka. Cette doctrine fut assimilée au fatalisme et au déterminisme. Sa théorie se nomme aussi théorie de l'absence de cause ( ahetukavAda ), ou théorie de la pureté naturelle ( saMsArasuddhivAda ).

Ajita Kesakambala (Ajita Kesakambala)
Ajita Kesakambala fut le troisième. Il est considéré comme matérialiste (BhautikavAdi), nihiliste (ücchedavAdi) et exposant de la non-efficacité du kamma (åkiriyavAdi). Kesakambala soutient que tout ce qui existe n'est que le processus de phénomènes naturels et nie avec véhémence l'existence de toute vie après la mort ; "Un homme est constitué des quatre éléments", quand il meurt, la terre retourne à l'agrégat de terre, l'eau à l'eau, le feu au feu, l'air à l'air, et les sens s'évanouissent dans l'espace.

Kakuda Kātyāyana (Pakudha Kaccāyana)
Pakudha Kaccāyana, le quatrième enseignant mentionné par Ajatashatru, est un atomiste qui postule que toutes choses sont composées de terre, de feu, d'air, d'eau, de plaisir, de douleur et d'âme, qui sont immuables et éternelles. Ainsi, objets comme êtres vivants, composés des éléments, sont sujets au changement, alors que les éléments eux-mêmes sont fixés dans leurs existences. Ainsi, par cette conception empreinte de dualisme, les actes sont uniquement définis par l'interaction physique entre ces substances, plutôt que par la valeur morale qui leur est attribuée .

Nirgrantha Jñatiputra (Nigaṇṭha Nāṭaputta)
Nigaṇṭha Nāṭaputta, moine jaïn Mahavira, fut le cinquième. Il répond à Ajatashatru par une description des enseignements jaïns, qui, contrairement aux enseignants précédents, reconnaissaient la moralité et les conséquences dans l'au-delà. La philosophie de Nāṭaputta, cependant, diffère de celle de Bouddha dans sa croyance que toute action a un poids karmique, qu'elle soit volontaire ou non ; le bouddhisme soutient que seules les actions intentionnelles peuvent produire du karma.

Saṃjaya Vairāṣṭrikaputra (Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta)
Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta fut le sixième et dernier enseignant consulté par Ajatashatru. Il répond ainsi au roi :

Si tu me demandes s'il existe un autre monde, et si je le pensais, je te le dirais. Mais je ne le dis pas. Je ne dis pas que c'est ainsi ou ainsi ; Je ne dis pas qu'il en soit autrement ; Je ne dis pas que je le nie ; Je ne dis pas que je ne le nie pas ; Je ne dis pas qu'il y a, il n'y a pas, est et n'est pas, ni n'est ni n'est pas, un autre monde. Si tu me demandez s'il existe des êtres de naissance spontanée... s'il y a un fruit, un résultat, de bonnes ou de mauvaises actions... si un homme qui a conquis la vérité continue de l'être après la mort . . .

Belaṭṭhaputta ne fournit pas à Ajatashatru de réponse claire à sa question, ce qui conduisit certains érudits à lui attribuer une position Ajñana, école agnostique de philosophie indienne qui considérait que la connaissance métaphysique était impossible à obtenir.

Références

Philosophie indienne
Bouddhisme ancien

Six enseignants hérétiques


The Tibetan Buddhist canon is a loosely defined list of sacred texts recognized by various sects of Tibetan Buddhism. In addition to sutrayana texts from Early Buddhist schools (mostly Sarvastivada) and Mahayana sources, the Tibetan canon includes tantric texts. The Tibetan Canon underwent a final compilation in the 14th century  by Buton Rinchen Drub (1290–1364).

The Tibetans did not have a formally arranged Mahayana canon and so devised their own scheme which divided texts into two broad categories:
 Kangyur () or "Translated  Words or Vacana", consists of works supposed to have been said by the Buddha himself. All texts presumably have a Sanskrit original, although in many cases the Tibetan text was translated from Chinese or other languages.
 Tengyur () or "Translated Treatises or Shastras", is the section to which were assigned commentaries, treatises and abhidharma works (both Mahayana and non-Mahayana). The Tengyur contains 3626 texts in 224 Volumes.

Kangyur

The Kangyur is divided into sections on Vinaya, Perfection of Wisdom Sutras, Avatamsaka, Ratnakuta and other sutras (75% Mahayana, 25% Nikaya/Agama or Hinayana), and tantras. When exactly the term Kangyur was first used is not known. Collections of canonical Buddhist texts already existed in the time of Trisong Detsen, the sixth king of Tibet.

The exact number of texts in the Kangyur is not fixed. Each editor takes responsibility for removing texts he considers spurious or adding new translations. Currently there are about 12 available Kangyurs. These include the Derge, Lhasa, Narthang, Cone, Peking, Urga, Phudrak and Stog Palace versions, each named after the physical location of its printing (or copying in the case of manuscripts editions). In addition, some canonical texts have been found in Tabo and Dunhuang which provide earlier exemplars to texts found in the Kangyur. The majority of extant Kangyur editions appear to stem from the so-called Old Narthang Kangyur, though the Phukdrak and Tawang editions are thought to lie outside of that textual lineage. The stemma of the Kangyur have been well researched in particular by Helmut Eimer and Paul Harrison.

History

Origin
From the seventh century onward, existing literature were compiled and catalogued from time to time which later extended, upgraded, classified, reorganized and put in different sets of different collections. A separate set of translation works was re-grouped into two major collections popularly known as bka'-'gyur and bstan-'gyur, translation of Buddha's discourses and translation of commentarial works respectively. The very first Tibetan catalogue was introduced during the period of the 39th Tibetan King khri-lde srong-btsen, also known as sad-na legs-mjing-gyon (776-815), who issued decrees "requiring all translation works that were extant in Tibetan from their Indian original to be catalogued and subjected to be recurrently reviewed and to set guidelines of terminology in order to standardize all translation works". A team of Indian and Tibetan scholars was assigned for the purpose.

As a major step in this remarkable attempt at literary standardization, the bi-lingual glossary known as the Mahavyutpatti (sgra-sbyor bam-po gnyis-pa) was successfully accomplished in the Tibetan horse year (814 CE). Another great achievement was the cataloguing of the collections then available in royal libraries of the three famous Tibetan palaces under the supervision of the famous translator Bande sKa-ba dpal-brtsegs with help from his colleagues, Bande chos-kyi snying-po, Lo-tsa-wa Bande debendhara, Bande lhun-po and Bande klu'-dbang-po etc. The earliest catalogue compilation was recorded from the manuscript of the royal collection housed in the palace- pho-brang 'phang-thang ka-med kyi gtsug-lag-kang in the Tibetan dog year. (818 CE) This cataloguing work became famous by the name of the palace and known as dkar-chag phang-thang-ma. Soon afterwards two further catalogues of collections available in two other royal libraries- pho-brang bsam-yas mchims-phu-ma and pho-brang stong-thang ldan-dkar were compiled and came to be known as dkar-chag mchims-phu-ma and dkar-chag ldan-dkar-ma respectively. dkar-chag ldan-dkar-ma was compiled in the dragon year (824 CE).

Among these three catalogues, ldan-dkar-ma, included in the volume Jo of sna-tsogs in sde-ge bka'-bstan, is generally believed to be the only surviving so far. But recently a manuscript of dkar-chag phang-thang-ma is discovered and published from Tibet. It contains 961 titles listed under 34 subject headings with additional information of numbers of verses (soloka and bampo ) that contains in each text. The ldan-dkar-ma catalogue comprises 735 titles and listed under a category of 27 subject headings. An interesting unique feature of Tibetan catalogue is that, alongside information about the source material of translation and the bibliographical details, it gives in physical descriptions, such as the nos. of words, verses, canto (bampo) and folios-pages in each of textual contents. Thus today we have a record of 73 million words contained in the bka'-'gyur & bstan-'gyur collection. According to the latest edition of Dharma Publication, the bKa'-'gyur contains 1,115 texts, spread over 65,420 Tibetan folios amounting to 450,000 lines or 25 million words. Likewise, the bsTan-'gyur contains 3,387 texts using 127,000 folios amounting to 850,000 lines and 48 million words. The sum total of both these collections is 4,502 texts in 73 million words. By fixing bampo to verses and to words of each of the textual contents, the individual works are interpolation and alteration. This further strengthened the authenticity of Tibetan Buddhist literature.
These are the first Tibetan catalogues in three versions that were compiled and published in the beginning of the ninth century by the great sgra-sgyur gyi lo-tsa-wa Bande sKa-ba dpal-brtsegs and his team. Tibet, thus, becomes the earliest to accomplish catalogue as inventory in the history of evolution of catalogue. Bande sKa-ba dpal-brtsegs is thus, honored as the pioneer of the Tibetan system. All the later compilers of the Tibetan Canon based their works extensively on sKa-ba dpal-brtsegs creation.

After the period of suppression during the reign of King glang-dar-ma's (803-842) which brought the first chapter of the history of Tibetan literature to an abrupt end, the second phase in its development is reactivated. Since the beginning of 11th century onward Tibetan translators together with Indian panditas once again resumed their literary activity to bring about a new chapter to be known as "the era of new translation" and also "revival or later promulgation of Buddhism in Tibet". In addition to the previous works Tibet has produced a huge literary wealth both in terms of volume and range of coverage by the 13th century and this growth imposed to carry a fresh comprehensive bibliographical record and control existing literature.

Later period

In the mid-13th century a student of bcom-ldan rigs-ral (1200?), 'Jam-gag pak-shi, also known as mchims 'jam-dpal dbyangs (?-1267), who was the state priest of the Mongol emperor Ching Tsung, had managed to collect some amount of writing material and sent to his master with request for organizing and preparing catalogue of literature that were scattered all over Tibet. bcom-ldan rigs-ral with the help of his pupils dbu-pa blo-gsal byang-chub ye-shes, lo tsa-wa bsod-nams 'od-zer and rgyang-ro byang-chub 'bum, surveyed various parts mostly covering central and western Tibet. Authenticating and rectifying, they carefully scrutinize all the manuscripts of old and new translations and arranged them in order, compiling a comprehensive catalogue of a proto-bka'-'gyur & bstan-'gyur. The catalogue was prepared into two sets of collections, entitled the dkar-chag bstan-pa rgyas-pa and dka-'gyur gyi dkar-chag nyi-ma'i 'od-zer respectively. Classification of Tibetan Buddhist canon or translation works into two main classes as bka'-'gyur & bstan-'gyur is basically derived from this catalogue.

'Jam-gag pak-shi was once again able to gather some good amount of writing materials and sent to Tibet with the requesting to re-inscribe all manuscripts and set in separate volumes. dbu-pa blo-gsal byang-chub ye-shes, who was the disciple of both bcom-ldan rigs-ral and 'jam-gag pak-shi, was entrusted for this new task. He with colleagues, dutifully accomplished the work and published for the first time a complete and new set of volumes of - bka'-'gyur & bstan-'gyur and placed at atemple, 'jam-lha-khang of the snar thang monastery which later became famous as snar thang edition. Unfortunately, both the catalogues and volumes of this hand-written oldest edition of the bka'-'gyur & bstan-'gyur are no longer available.

Catalogues of Buddhist collections in Royal Palaces
 lhan dkar ma/ldan dkar ma (found in later Kanjurs)
 'phang thang ma (recently rediscovered)
 mchims bu ma (lost)

Later catalogues
 Grags pa rgyal mtshan (1147–1216)
 Bcom ldan rig dral (13th century)
 'Phags pa blo gros rgyal mtshan (1235–1280)

The Tibetan part of the Chinese tripitaka Zhonghua da zang jing (中華大藏經) was published in 2008.

Kangyur versions
 Old Narthang Kangyur (thought to have been a ms collection with multiple copies of texts) Not surviving. The versions Yongle (永乐版), Wangli (万历版), Lithang (理塘版/丽江版),  Kangxi (康熙版/北京版), Zhuoli (卓尼版), Derge (德格版), Narthang (那塘版), Urga (拉加版), Kulun (库仑版), Lhasa (拉萨版), Wala (瓦拉版) and Chamdo (昌都版) are in printed forms.

Tshal-pa Lineage
These are all woodcut editions:
 Yongle Kanjur (1410) (largely lost)
 Wanli Kanjur (1606) (largely lost, but available via 1680 Berlin ms copy)
 Lithang Kanjur (1608–21)
 Kangxi Kanjur (1684–92) (with several corrected reprints)
 Cone Kanjur (1721–31)
 Narthang (1730–32) (with contamination from Them-spangs-ma line)
 Derge Kanjur (1733) (with contamination from Them-spangs-ma line)
 Qianlong Kanjur (1737)
 Urga Kanjur (with multiple contaminations)
 Lhasa Kanjur (with multiple contaminations)

Them-spangs-ma Lineage
These are all manuscript editions:
 Shel-dkar (available via London ms copy 1712)
 Tokyo Ms Kanjur (1858–78)
sTog Palace Kanjur manuscript (c1700-50)
Ulan Batur Ms Kanjur

Local Kangyurs
 Bathang Kangyur ms
 Mustang Kangyur ms
 Phug-drak Kangyur ms (1696–1706)
 Tabo Ms Fragments (individual texts, not apparently a complete Kanjur)
 Tawang Kangyurs (two copies extant)

Mongolian version

 Collection of Buddhist Texts in Mongolia - MPIWG Berlin
 Mongolia  Preservation Challenges Confront Trove of Buddhist Texts -  Eurasianet
 Organisation Selection Natalia Yampolskaya, Canonicity in translation: the Mongolian versions of the "Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 lines"sutra".]
 Natalia Yampolskaya, Buddhist Scriptures in 17th Century  Mongolia: Eight Translations of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā, ASIA 2015; 69(3): 747–772
 Christopher P. Atwood, Buddhism and Popular Ritual in Mongolian Religion: A Reexamination of the Fire Cult, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, 12: History of Religions, 1969, 112-139.

Manchu version

Sigla
The following sigla are regularly used in scholarly editions of Kanjur texts.

Tshal pa group
 B Berlin Kanjur
 C Cone Kanjur
 D Derge Kanjur
 J Lithang Kanjur
 Q Peking Kanjur
 R Ragya Kanjur
 U Urga Kanjur
Them spangs ma group
 L London Kanjur
 S Stog Kanjur
 T Tokyo Kanjur
 V Ulaanbaatar Kanjur
 Z Shey Kanjur

Tengyur

 Derge
 Cone
 Narthang
 Peking
 Golden

Publication and issues of the Tibetan Buddhist canon
A number of catalogues have been published.
 Tohoku University (Ed.)(1934). A Complete Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons, Sde-dge Edition, Tohoku University

Non-collected works
 Dunhuang Tibetan manuscripts
 Dongcang canon (东仓五百部)千年玉树东仓《大藏经》震后搬入珍藏馆
 Nyingma Gyubum
 the Treasury of Precious Termas (rin chen gter mdzod) or Rinchen Terdzö (舊譯十萬續部集) is a collection of secret Nyingma buddhism texts gathered under Rime movement published in 63 volumes by Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, New Delhi, India, with the addition of several more volumes of termas and commentaries.
 Dudjom Tersar (not included into Rinchen Terdzö)
 Bon Kangyur

Generic classification of canonical texts

Exoteric or Sutra tradition
In the Tibetan tradition, some collections of teachings and practices are held in greater secrecy than others. The sutra tradition comprises works said to be derived from the public teachings of the Buddha, and is taught widely and publicly. The esoteric tradition of tantra (below) is generally only shared in more intimate settings with those students who the teacher feels have the capacity to utilize it well.

Esoteric or Tantra tradition

Tantra categorization by the Ancient Translation School
The collection of the tantras of the Nyingma is known as the Nyingma Gyubum. The division used by the Nyingma or Ancient school:
 Three Outer Tantras:
 Kriyayoga
 Charyayoga
 Yogatantra
 Three Inner Tantras, which correspond to the Anuttarayogatantra:
 Mahayoga
 Anuyoga
 Atiyoga (Tib. Dzogchen), further divided into three classes:
 Mental Semde
 Spatial Longdé
 Esoteric Instructional Mengagde

Tantra categorization by the New Translation School
The Sarma or New Translation schools of Tibetan Buddhism (Gelug, Sakya, and Kagyu) divide the Tantras into four hierarchical categories, namely,

 Kriyayoga
 Charyayoga
 Yogatantra
 Anuttarayogatantra
 further divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras.

Mother Tantra
"The Yoginī Tantras correspond to what later Tibetan commentators termed the "Mother Tantras" (ma rgyud)" (CST, p. 5).

Father Tantra
In the earlier scheme of classification, the "class ... "Yoga Tantras," ... includes tantras such as the Guhyasamāja", later "classified as "Father Tantras" (pha rgyud) ... placed in the ultimate class ... "Unexcelled Yoga tanras" (rnal 'byor bla med kyi rgyud)" (CST, p. 5).

Nondual Tantra or Advaya Class
 Manjushri-nama-samgiti
 Kalachakra Laghutantra

Authors of the Canon
In addition to texts attributed to Shakyamuni Buddha and other Buddhas, the Tibetan Buddhist canon (specifically the Tenjur) contains a number of commentaries composed by Indian authors. Below are the authors the tradition holds to be of paramount importance.

Important Indian scholars

Two Supremes
 Asanga, founder of the Yogacara philosophical school
 Nagarjuna, founder of the Madhyamaka philosophical school

Six Scholarly Ornaments
 Aryadeva, foremost disciple of Nagarjuna who continued his Madhyamaka philosophical school
 Dharmakirti, famed logician, author of the Seven Treatises; student of Dignāga's student Iśvarasena; said to have debated famed Hindu scholar Adi Shankara
 Dignāga, famed logician
 Vasubandhu, Asanga's brother
 Gunaprabha, foremost student of Vasubandhu, known for his work the Vinayasutra Sakyaprabha, prominent exponent of the Vinaya

Seventeen Great Panditas
References are sometimes made to the Seventeen Great Panditas.  This formulation groups the eight listed above with the following nine scholars.

Atiśa, holder of the lojong teachings
 Bhāviveka, early expositor of the Svātantrika interpretation of Madhyamaka
 Buddhapālita, early expositor of the Prasaṅgika interpretation of Madhyamaka
 Candrakīrti, considered the greatest exponent of the Prasaṅgika interpretation
 Haribhadra, commentator on Asanga's Ornament of Clear Realization Kamalaśīla, 8th-century author of important texts on meditation
 Śāntarakṣita, abbot of Nalanda, founder of the Yogācāra-Svatantrika-Mādhyamaka interpretation who reputedly helped Padmasambhava establish Buddhism in Tibet
 Shantideva, 8th-century Indian author of the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra Vimuktisena, commentator on Asanga's Ornament of Clear RealizationFive traditional topics of study
Study of the Tibetan Buddhist canon is a focal point of the monastic curriculum. All four schools of Tibetan Buddhism generally follow a similar curriculum, using the same Indian root texts and commentaries. The further Tibetan commentaries they use differ by school, although since the 19th-century appearance of the Rimé movement scholars Jamgon Kongtrul, Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso and Khenpo Shenga, Kagyupas and Nyingmapas use many of the same Tibetan commentaries as well. Different schools, however, place emphasis and concentrate attention on different areas.

The exoteric study of Buddhism is generally organized into "Five Topics," listed as follows with the primary Indian source texts for each:
 Abhidharma
 Asanga's Abhidharma-samuccaya Vasubandhu's Abhidharma-kośa Prajnaparamita
 Abhisamayalankara Shantideva's Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra Madhyamaka
 Nagarjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Four Hundred Verses on the Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas (Catuhsataka) by Aryadeva
 Candrakīrti's Madhyamakāvatāra Śāntarakṣita's Madhyamākalaṃkāra Shantideva's Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra Pramana
 Dharmakirti's Pramāṇavarttika Dignāga's Pramāṇa-samuccaya Vinaya
Gunaprabha's Vinayamula Sutra Five treatises attributed to Maitreya
Also of great importance are the "Five Treatises of Maitreya."  These texts are said to have been taught to Asanga by Maitreya (according to the Buddhist tradition, he is the future Buddha who currently resides in Tushita-Heaven; some scholars, for example, Frauwallner and Tucci believe Maitreya was a historical person who had to be Asangas teacher), and comprise the heart of the Shentong-Madhyamaka, as well as Yogacara school of philosophical thought in which all Tibetan Buddhist scholars are well-versed. They are as follows:
 Abhisamayalankara Mahayanasutralankara Ratnagotravibhāga Dharmadharmatavibhanga MadhyantavibhangaA commentary on the Ornament for Clear Realization called Clarifying the Meaning'' by the Indian scholar Haribhadra is often used, as is one by Vimuktisena.

See also

 Chinese Buddhist canon
 Sanskrit Buddhist literature
 Karchag Phangthangma, imperial catalogue
 Sutra
 Pali Canon
 Tripitaka Koreana
 Tripitaka

Notes

Further reading

External links
 84.000 | Translating the Words of the Buddha - This is a global non-profit initiative led by scholars and acknowledged translators to make the Kangyur and Tengyur available to everyone, in modern languages. Contains translations and information on the Buddhist Canon.
 Resources for Kanjur & Tanjur Studies ~ Universität Wien
 An Account of the Various Editions of Kangyur and the Results of Their Collation
 Tibetan Canon
 The Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center Digital Library(Tibetan buddhist texts)
 Lotsawa House Translations of Tibetan Buddhist texts
 Overview of typical Kagyu shedra curriculum
 The Translation of Buddhism in Tibet
 Review of The Sound of Two Hands Clapping: The Education of a Tibetan Buddhist Monk This title provides a first hand account of the monastic college experience, with much information about the practice of scholarship. Focused on the Gelug tradition.

Tibetan Buddhist literature

Tibetan Buddhist canon


Sir Robert Andrew Raymond Syms (born 15 August 1956) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.  He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Poole in Dorset since 1997. He was granted a knighthood in 2017.

Early life
Syms was born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, in 1956 and educated at Colston's School, Bristol. He was leader of North Wiltshire District Council from 1984 to 1987 and a Wiltshire County Councillor from 1985 to 1997. He was managing director of his family's plant hire firm on Bristol Road in Chippenham, and is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Building.

Business interests
He retains a directorship and shareholding in Marden Holdings Ltd, headquartered in Bristol Road, Chippenham.

Parliamentary career
He contested Walsall North in 1992, but was first elected to the House of Commons as MP for Poole in the 1997 general election.

Syms served on the opposition front bench from 1998 to 2007. He was shadow spokesman for environment, transport and the regions between 1999 and 2001, an opposition whip for a few months in 2003, and shadow minister in the office of the deputy Prime Minister and for communities and local government between 2003 and 2007. He was also vice-chairman of the Conservative Party between 2001 and 2002.

In May 2009, The Daily Telegraph reported that Syms had claimed more than £2,000 of furniture for his designated second home in London which was delivered to his parents' address in Wiltshire. Syms denied any wrongdoing, telling the Bournemouth Echo: "It was purely a matter of convenience from my point of view." Syms said the furniture was only delivered and assembled at his parents' home, then later transported to his London address.

Syms was an assistant whip for the Coalition government between 2012 and 2013. He has served on a variety of select committees, acting as chair of the Regulatory Reform Committee from July 2010 to September 2012 and the High Speed Rail select committee from April 2014 to February 2016.

Syms organised a letter signed by more than 80 fellow Eurosceptic Conservative MPs urging David Cameron to continue as Prime Minister regardless of the result of the EU referendum in 2016. He backed Theresa May's leadership bid following Cameron's resignation, and was appointed as a Government Whip and Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury upon May's succession.

In 2017, Syms was criticised for name calling on Twitter. He replied to a tweet calling the Conservative-DUP deal after the 2017 general election a "coalition", by calling the twitter user a "dick". Four years earlier, his wife announced on Twitter that he had been dismissed from his job as a whip over the phone.

In 2020, Syms became a "lockdown rebel" and a steering committee member of the lockdown-sceptic COVID Recovery Group alongside a group of Conservative MPs who opposed the UK government's December 2020 lockdown. They have been seen as an "echo" of the Brexiteer European Research Group (ERG) of MPs, and a response by backbench Conservatives to Nigel Farage's anti-lockdown Reform UK party.

Honours
Syms was appointed Knight Bachelor in October 2017.

Personal life
He is divorced and has two teenage children.

See also
1989 Wiltshire County Council election
1993 Wiltshire County Council election

References

External links

 Poole Conservatives

1956 births
Living people
Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of Wiltshire County Council
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Politics of Dorset
Councillors in South West England
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
People from Chippenham
People educated at Colston's School
Leaders of local authorities of England

Robert Syms


Juniorski prvaci Hrvatske u nogometu za sezonu 2006./07. su bili nogometaši Zagreba.

Prva liga

Drugi rang prvenstva

Amatersko prvenstvo Hrvatske
Igrano od 14. do 17. lipnja 2007. u Tuheljskim Toplicama.

Poveznice

Izvori
 Kruno Sabolić: Hrvatski športski almanah 2007-2008., Zagreb, 2008., ISSN 1330-2523

2006-07
j-p

Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu za juniore 2006./07.


El idioma aché o guayakí es una lengua tupí-guaraní hablada por la etnia aché en Paraguay. Los seis dialectos del aché son lo suficientemente diferentes para producir algunos problemas en la comunicación, ya que no son del todo inteligibles mutuamente.

Los achés, que significa "hombre" según su autodenominación, son también conocidos en la literatura etnográfica como guaiakí, guaiaqui, guayakí, ' y 'guoyagui' (que significa "ratas rabiosas" o "ratas feroces").

Su vocabulario revela un guaraní arcaico, mientras que la morfosintaxis ha conservado la estructura de un substrato no guaraní, difícil de identificar con precisión. Su "guaranización" se procesó posiblemente a través de elementos de tipo mbyá, como lo indican algunas referencias culturales y semejanzas lingüísticas. En los asentamientos actuales los aché van usando el guaraní paraguayo coloquial y el idioma español, sin embargo aún conservan su lengua.

Según la página Ethnologue, es hablada por 1360 personas (2007) y presenta seis variantes dialectales.

Referencias

 Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Aché". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Enlaces externos
 OLAC resources in and about the Aché language. (en inglés)

Lenguas tupí-guaraní
Lenguas de Paraguay

Idioma aché


Vampir Günceleri, Anne Rice tarafından yazılmış bir fantastik romanlar serisidir. Gotik olarak tanımlanabilecek bir atmosfere sahip, vampir kavramına daha modern bir bakış açısıyla bakılan romanlar popüler bir okuyucu kitlesine sahiptir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kurgusal Vampirler Listesi

Vampir Günceleri


Vladimir Nikolajevič Toporov (ruski: Влади́мир Никола́евич Топоро́в) (Moskva, 5. srpnja 1928. – Moskva, 5. prosinca 2005.) bio je ruski filolog i semiotičar. Diplomirao je na Moskovskom sveučilištu 1951., od 1954. djeluje u Institutu za slavistiku i balkanistiku Ruske akademije znanosti, a od 1991. u Institutu viših humanističkih istraživanja Ruskoga državnoga humanističkog sveučilišta. Bio je redoviti član Ruske akademije znanosti. Bio je na čelu Tartuske škole nakon smrti J. M. Lotmana. Objavljivao je radove s područja poredbenopovijesnoga jezikoslovlja, folkloristike, poetike, povijesti književnosti, kulturologije i semiotike, ponajprije na materijalu indoeuropskih etnolingvističkih tradicija. Bavio se i rekonstrukcijom arhaičnih jezičnih, znakovnih, mitoloških i vjerskih sustava te mitopoetskim i folklornim tradicijama i drugim.

Najvažniji radovi:
 Slavenski jezični sustavi semiotičkoga modeliranja (Slavjanskie jazykovye modelirujuščie semiotičeskie sistemy, koautor V. V. Ivanov, 1965.)
 Eneja – čovjek sudbine (Enej – čelovek sud'by, 1993.)
 Mit, ritual, simbol, slika (Mif, ritual, simvol, obraz, 1995.)

Izvori

Ruski filolozi

Vladimir Nikolajevič Toporov


The Opéra de Monte-Carlo is an opera house which is part of the Monte Carlo Casino located in the Principality of Monaco.

With the lack of cultural diversions available in Monaco in the 1870s, Prince Charles III, along with the Société des bains de mer, decided to include a concert hall as part of the casino. The main public entrance to the hall was from the casino, while Charles III's private entrance was on the western side. It opened in 1879 and became known as the Salle Garnier, after the architect Charles Garnier, who designed it.

During the renovation of the Salle Garnier in 2004–05, the company presented operas at the Salle des Princes in the local Grimaldi Forum, a modern conference and performance facility where Les Ballets de Monte Carlo and the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra regularly perform.

Salle Garnier

The architect Charles Garnier also designed the Paris opera house now known as the Palais Garnier. The Salle Garnier is much smaller, seating 524, compared to about 2,000 for the Palais Garnier, and unlike the Paris theatre, which was started in 1861 and only completed in 1875, the Salle Garnier was constructed in only eight and a half months. Nevertheless, its ornate style was heavily influenced by that of the Palais Garnier, and many of the same artists worked on both theatres, including Gustave Boulanger. Although the Monte Carlo theatre was not originally intended for opera, it was soon used frequently for that purpose and was remodeled in 1898–99 by Henri Schmit, primarily in the stage area, to make it more suitable for opera.

The hall was inaugurated on 25 January 1879 with a performance by Sarah Bernhardt dressed as a nymph. The first opera performed there was Robert Planquette's Le Chevalier Gaston on 8 February 1879, followed by three additional operas in the first season.

With the influence of the first director, Jules Cohen (who was instrumental in bringing Adelina Patti) and the fortunate combination of Raoul Gunsbourg, the new director from 1892, and Princess Alice, the opera-loving American wife of Charles III's successor, Albert I, the company was thrust onto the world's opera community stage. Gunsbourg remained for sixty years, overseeing such premiere productions as Hector Berlioz's La damnation de Faust in 1893, and the first appearances in January 1894 of the heroic Italian tenor Francesco Tamagno in Verdi's Otello, whose title role he had created for the opera's premiere in Italy. Conductor Arturo Vigna served as music director of the Monte Carlo Opera from 1895–1903.

By the early years of the twentieth century, the Salle Garnier was to see such great performers as Nellie Melba and Enrico Caruso in La bohème and Rigoletto (in 1902), and Feodor Chaliapin in the premiere of Jules Massenet's Don Quichotte (1910). This production formed part of a long association between the company and Massenet and his operas, two of which were presented there posthumously.

Other famous twentieth-century singers to appear at Monte Carlo included Titta Ruffo, Geraldine Farrar, Mary Garden, Tito Schipa, Beniamino Gigli, Claudia Muzio, Georges Thill, Lily Pons, and Mary McCormic.

Apart from Massenet, composers whose works had their first performances at Monte Carlo included Saint-Saëns (Hélène, 1904), Mascagni (Amica, 1905), and Puccini (, 1917). Indeed, since its inauguration, the theatre has hosted 45 world premiere productions of operas. René Blum was retained to found the Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo. The "Golden Age" of the Salle Garnier has passed, since small companies with small houses are not able to mount highly expensive productions. Nonetheless, the present day company still presents a season containing five or six operas.

Gala Events in Salle Garnier
Twice in its 130-year history the Opéra was transformed into a spectacular venue to host gala-dinners. The first occasion was in 1966 for the celebration of centenary of Monte-Carlo hosted by Grace Kelly and Rainier III; the second was for the royal wedding of Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene. The Opéra was transformed for the third time on 27 July 2013 to host the Love Ball, a fundraising gala event organised by the Naked Heart Foundation.

See also
:Category:Opera world premieres at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo
Mondial du Théâtre

References
Notes

Sources
Bonillo, Jean-Lucien, et al. (2004). Charles Garnier and Gustave Eiffel on the French and Italian Rivieras: The Dream of Reason (in English and French). Marseilles: Editions Imbernon. .
Bouvet, Charles (1925). "Gustave Boulanger, Collaborateur de Charles Garnier à l'Opéra", Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Nov. 1925, pp. 301-311.
Bouvier, Béatrice (2004). "Inventaires" in Bonillo et al. pp. 186–205.
Folli, Andrea; Merello, Gisella (2004). "The Splendour of the Garnier Rooms at the Monte Carlo Casino" in Bonillo et al. 2004.
Zietz, Karyl Lynn (1991). Opera: The Guide to Western Europe's Great Houses. Santa Fe, New Mexico: John Muir Publications. .

External links
Opéra de Monte-Carlo
Panoramic views and giant photos of the decorations of the Salle Garnier by Dr. Giuseppe Mazza.

Opera houses in Monaco
Music venues completed in 1879
1879 establishments in Monaco
Second Empire architecture
Theatres completed in 1879
Concert halls in Monaco
Charles Garnier buildings

Opéra de Monte-Carlo


An Centotheca philippinensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Elmer Drew Merrill, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni C.Monod. An Centotheca philippinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Centotheca, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Centotheca

Centotheca philippinensis


Les Prymnesiaceae sont une famille d'algues planctoniques, de la classe des Coccolithophyceae  dans le phylum des Haptophyta.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Prymnesium, dérivé du grec , «  amarres d'un navire », en référence au fait que .

Liste des genres
Selon  :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

Prymnesiales
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)
Phytoplancton

Prymnesiaceae


Ehretia microphylla, conocida comúnmente como carmona, té de Filipinas, té de Fukien o arbusto escorpión (en chino también es conocida como ji ji shu), es un arbusto perennifolio de la familia Boraginaceae.

Es originaria del Sudeste Asiático y Australia. Es una especie muy apreciada como bonsái debido a su resistencia, sus hojas de pequeño tamaño y sus numerosas flores blancas. Igualmente, es muy apreciada en la medicina tradicional filipina. Se han realizado importantes descubrimientos médicos en relación con los compuestos químicos presentes en ella.

Descripción

Es un arbusto o árbol pequeño de 1 a 3m de altura, con ramillas delgadas y algo hirsutas cuando son jóvenes y la corteza es de color castaño. Sus hojas son perennes coriáceas, dispuestas en fascículos de 2 a 3, con la lámina de obovada a oblanceolada o espatulada y 1,5-4x1-2,5cm, con el ápice agudo, obtuso o redondeado, la base decurrente en un pecíolo corto de 1 a 5mm de longitud y el margen provisto de 3 a 5 dientes anchos en la parte apical, pelosas cuando jóvenes, pero escábridas por el haz en la madurez.

Las flores son sésiles o muy brevemente pediceladas, están dispuestas en cimas escorpioides de 3 a 12 unidades, ramificadas o no. El cáliz se encuentra dividido casi hasta la base en 4 o 5 lóbulos de lineares a lanceolados, de 3 a 6mm de longitud. La corola es rotácea o campanulada, de 8 a 10mm de diámetro, de color blanco, a veces teñida de rojo, con 4 o 5 lóbulos de 3 a 5mm de largo. El fruto es globoso, de 4 a 6mm de diámetro, de color anaranjado o parduzco cuando maduro, con el pericarpo delgado y una semilla en su interior. La propagación se realiza por medio de semillas o por esquejes de madera semiverde en primavera o verano.

Distribución y hábitat

Es una especie originaria del sur y este de Asia y Australia. Se encuentra distribuida por India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, sur de China, Taiwán y Japón, el área biogeográfica de Malesia, incluido el territorio australiano de Isla de Navidad, llegando a Nueva Guinea, Australia continental en la península del Cabo York y las Islas Salomón.

Se ha convertido en una mala hierba invasora en Hawái, donde es una planta ornamental muy popular; se cree que las semillas son propagadas por aves frugívoras. En la península del Cabo York forma matorrales semiperennes. En la Isla de Navidad crece en las zonas secas de las terrazas marinas, y también se encuentra en la selva.

Plagas y enfermedades
Es una especie sensible a la araña roja, el pulgón, la clorosis, las cochinillas y las babosas. Es sensible a los insecticidas, siendo preferible la utilización de tratamientos naturales. La caída de las hojas refleja falta de agua, mientras que el color amarillo en las mismas es indicativo de un exceso de riego. Esta especie es susceptible a la pudrición de las raíces, especialmente cuando el sustrato no es adecuado, y puede verse afectada por la enfermedad de mildiu.

Usos
Se utiliza para formar setos si se poda de forma adecuada. También se utilizada como bonsái y penjing, siendo muy popular en China y Japón. En Filipinas sus hojas se toman en infusión con fines medicinales para tratar tos, cólicos, diarreas y disentería, siendo fácil encontrarla en establecimientos alimenticios en forma de tabletas y en bolsitas de té.

Bonsái

Es una especie muy común para bonsái debido a la facilidad de su cultivo. El sustrato debe estar formado por un 65% de akadama, 25% de tierra y 10% de arena, quedando excluida la arena de mar. La temperatura debe oscilar entre los 15 °C y 20 °C, por lo que es una buena planta de interior. No debe recibir la luz solar directa. El riego debe ser frecuente, pero no excesivo, pues esta especie no soporta el encharcamiento, ya que se pudren las raíces. Esto es visible por el amarilleamiento de las puntas de las hojas. Por otro lado, la falta de riego es la principal causa de muerte de la planta. Se debe trasplantar cada 2 o 3 años, eliminando en el proceso la mayor parte de la arcilla.

La poda se realiza al inicio de la primavera, acortando las ramas a 2-3 hojas y eliminando los brotes que aparecen en el tronco y ramas. No soporta el alambrado, puesto que sus ramas son muy frágiles y puede resultar antiestético debido a la aparición de arrugas. Es preferible el uso de tirantes. La planta es resistente a los patógenos, aunque puede ser atacada por pulgones y cochinillas.

Medicina
En las hojas de esta especie se aisló un compuesto antimutágeno, cuya estructura fue explicada por medio de un análisis espectral; es 4-hidroxi-7,8,11,12,15,7′,8′,ll′,12′,15′-decahidro-β, ψ-caroteno. Los ensayos de micronúcleos realizados in vivo demostraron que el compuesto aislado redujo aproximadamente en un 68,4% el número de eritrocitos policromáticos con micronúcleos inducidos por tetraciclina, un mutágeno.

El componente principal de las hojas es una mezcla inextricable de triterpenos formada por α-amirina (43,7%), β-amirina (24,9%) y baurenol (31,4%). Esta mezcla, inoculada en ratones en una dosis de 100 mg/kg, mostró actividad analgésica en el 51% y actividad antiinflamatoria en el 20%. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis mostró que esta mezcla es tan activa como el ácido mefenámico. La mezcla también resultó ser efectiva contra la diarrea. Demostrando, en la prueba de micronúcleos, que no presenta actividad mutagénica ni anti-mutagénica. La mezcla de triterpenos resultó inactiva ante Escherichia coli y presentó una actividad moderada contra Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans y Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Taxonomía
Ehretia microphylla fue descrita por Jean-Baptiste Lamarck y publicado en Tableau Encyclopédique et Methodique 1: 425. 1792.

Etimología
Ehretia: nombre genérico que hace el honor al botánico Georg Dionysius Ehret, un célebre botánico e ilustrador del .

microphylla: epíteto latino que significa "con hojas pequeñas".

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Ehretioideae
Flora del Sureste Asiático
Flora de Australia
Flora de Filipinas
Flora de Islas Salomón
Flora de Nueva Guinea
Bonsái
Plantas descritas por Lamarck
Plantas descritas en 1792

Ehretia microphylla


Synechococcus ist eine Gattung innerhalb der Cyanobakterien und ist fakultativ anaerob. Der Name ist vom altgriechischen  'zusammenhängend', und ' 'Kern', abgeleitet. Die Arten der Gattung leben planktisch im marinen Pelagial. Dort trägt die photoautotrophe Gattung durch Photosynthese einen wesentlichen Anteil zur Primärproduktion bei. Einige Arten finden sich auch im Süßwasser. Als Modellorganismus in der Biologie ist das Genom einer Art, S. elongatus, sequenziert worden.

Merkmale

Synechococcus-Arten finden sich unizellulär (einzeln), selten als Paar oder in kleinen Gruppen. Die Zellen besitzen keine oder nur sehr dünne Gallerthüllen, keine Gasvesikel und sind blaugrün oder rot gefärbt. Marine Vertreter der Gattung zeigen Motilität. Da die Zellen neben Chlorophyll auch das Pigment Phycoerythrin enthalten, zeigen sie bei entsprechender Anregung rote Autofluoreszenz. Sie sind ovoid oder zylindrisch geformt und zwischen 0,6 µm und 1,5 µm groß.

In den Zellen lassen sich ähnlich wie bei Gloeomargarita lithophora C7 sowohl Karbonat- als auch Polyphosphat-Einschlüsse nachweisen. Das deutet darauf hin, dass diese Cyanobakterien in der Lage sind, Stromatolithen zu bilden.

Spezies (Auswahl)
 Synechococcus aeruginosa
 Synechococcus bacillaris
 Synechococcus calcipolaris mit Stamm G9
 Synechococcus capitatus
 Synechococcus elongatus, Nägeli (1849): Typspezies mit Stamm PCC 7942, sequenziert.
 "Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002"
  "Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335"

 "Synechococcus sp. "
 "Synechococcus sp. "

Phylogenie
Neuere Phylogenien (Stand 2020) sehen die Gattung Synechococcus polyphyletisch. Sie fassen die marinen Synechococcus und die Gattung Prochlorococcus in einer Klade "mariner Picocyanobacteria" (auch "marine SynPro-Gruppe" genannt) zusammen, deren letzter gemeinsamer Ahn (LGA oder MRCA) vor etwa 414 (340 bis 419) Millionen Jahren gelebt hat. Die Auseinanderentwicklung (Divergenz) dieser Gruppe und der Gattungen Cyanobium, Aphanothece, sowie anderer verwandter Synechococcus-Vertreter wird im späten Ediacarium (vor 571 Millionen Jahren) angenommen. S. sp.  steht dabei nahe Prochlorococcus (marine SynPro),
S. elongatus zweigt dagegen vom Rest schon sehr viel früher ab; und Synechococcus sp.  steht im Stammbaum der Cyanobakterien fast ganz basal (nach den Gloeobacteria)

Reorganisation der Gattung
Im Jahr 2020 schlugen Jiří Komárek et al. eine Reorganisation der Gattung vor, auch weil die ihr damals zugerechneten Spezies und Stämme untereinander starke Abweichungen in der 16S rRNAzeigten, und eine Ähnlichkeit nur in ihrer äußeren Gestalt bestand.

In die vergleichende taxonomische Einordnung phylogenetischer Cluster, die verschiedenen Morph- und Genotypen entsprechen, wurden neben der Gattung Synechococcus auch die (teilweise neuen) Gattungen Cyanobium, Parasynechococcus, Picosynechococcus, Prochlorococcus, Thermosynechococcus und Thermostichus einbezogen.
Die Typusspezies der Gattung Synechococcus bleibt nach wie vor Synechococcus elongatus, mit Referenzstamm PCC 6301.
Abgetrennt wurden beispielsweise wurden die thermophilen Varianten – Spezies und auch einige einzelne Stämme; sie wurden in die neuen Gattungen Thermosynechococcus und Thermostichus verschoben, inklusive einer neuen Familien- und Ordnungszuweisung.

Einzelheiten dieser Reorganisation sind allerdings bis heute (Stand März 2023) noch in der Diskussion:
Dabei wird die Gattung Thermosynechococcus zwar gewöhnlich der neuen  Familie Thermosynechococcaceae und Ordnung Thermosynechococcales als Typusgattung zugerechnet. (mit Ausnahme in der ).

Während die Taxonomie des  genauso wie die LPSN die Gattung Thermostichus in einer weiteren eigenen Familie Thermostichaceae und Ordnung Thermostichales sieht, ordnet die  (GTDB) die diese Gattung derselben Familie und Ordnung zu wie Thermosynechococcus.

Insbesondere gilt dies für die früher als Synechococcus lividus bezeichnete thermophile Spezies.
Ihr Referenzstamm PCC 6175T wurde auf der Promontory-Halbinsel im Süden des Yellowstone Lake gefunden, der ihr ebenfalls zugehörige Stamm C1 aber in der Octopus Spring, ebenfalls im Yellowstone-Nationalpark.
Diese Spezies wird mit den beiden genannten Stämmen in der NCBI-Taxonomie heute als Thermostichus lividus in die Gattung Thermostichus der Familie Thermostichaceae, Ordnung Thermostichales, gestellt.

In der GTDB wird die Gattung mit der lividus-Spezies mit dem provisorischen Namen "Synechococcus_A" bezeichnet und die Spezies als "Synechococcus_A lividus"; Referenzstamm ist und bleibt PCC 6715.
Enthaltende Familie ist jedoch nach der GTDB ebenfalls Thermosynechococcaceae.

Auch innerhalb der Gattung Thermosynechococcus gibt es noch Unterschiede:
Die NCBI-Taxonomie sieht eine Synonymie ihrer (thermophilen) Typusspezies Thermosynechococcus elongatus mit  Thermosynechococcus vestitus (früher Synechococcus elongatus var. vestitus) mit Referenzstamm Thermosynechococcus vestitus BP-1 und (u. a.) dem Stamm Thermosynechococcus elongatus PKUAC-SCTE542.
Die GTDB stellt diese beiden Stämme jedoch in verschiedene Spezies: Thermosynechococcus elongatus_A mit BP-1 (als vestitus-Art) und Thermosynechococcus elongatus_B mit PKUAC-SCTE542 (als "echte" thermophile elongatus-Art).
Beide sind zu unterscheiden von der nicht-thermophilen Spezies Synechococcus elongatus (Typus, s. o.).

Eine weitere Spezies der Gattung Thermostichus ist lt. NCBI-Taxonomie und LPSN Thermostichus vulcanus mit Referenzstamm CBFS:A-092-1 und (u. a.) Stamm NIES-2134 – diese Spezies war gemäß diesen Quellen zeitweilig der Gattung Thermosynechococcus als Thermosynechococcus vulcanus zugeordnet). Die GTDB fürt kennt von diesen beiden Stämmen nur den letzteren – als Referenzstamm der Spezies Thermosynechococcus elongatus_A, hat sich also dieser letzten Änderung nicht angeschlossen.

Klasse und Phylum dieser Familien sind in allen drei Taxonomien unverändert, d. h. dieselben wie bei Synechococcus (evtl. mit unterschiedlichen Bezeichnungen und Umfang: Cyanophyceae syn. Cyanobacteriia respektive Cyanobacteria syn. Cyanobacteriota – siehe Artikel Cyanobakterien).

Für eine Übersicht über die jeweilige Taxonomie sei auf die Tree-View der GTDB und des NCBI Taxonomy Bowsers zu den einzelnen Spezies verwiesen.

Anwendungen
Forscher der Huazhong-Universität in Wuhan (China) prüfen, ob sich Cyanobakterien der Spezies S. elongatus zur Sauerstoffversorgung im Gehirn etwa bei Schlaganfallpatienten nutzen lassen. Wegen der Lichtundurchlässigkeit des menschlichen Schädels könnten ggf. sog.  genutzt werden. Bei Bestrahlung mit Infrarotlicht (IR) wandeln diese Partikel diese Strahlung in sichtbares Licht um, das dann von den Cyanobakterien zur Sauerstoffproduktion genutzt wird.
Ähnliche Studien mit Cyanobakterien und Mikroalgen und durchsichtigen Kaulquappen (Krallenfroschlarven, Xenopus laevis) wurden im selben Jahr auch an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München durchgeführt. Hier war die Zielrichtung u. a. die Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns während einer Operation. Für das Konzept müssen allerdings eine Reihe von Schwierigkeiten gelöst werden: Geraten die Mikroorganismen außer Kontrolle, können sie Schaden anrichten, etwa indem sie zu viel Sauerstoff produzieren (Hyperoxie). Ob das Konzept jemals beim Menschen anwendbar sein wird, lässt sich derzeit (2021) noch nicht abschätzen.

Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 kann Salzwasser-Simulans effektiv entsalzen, die Entsalzung kann danach mit einer Filtration durch basaltartiges Vulkangestein weiter verbessert werden.

Siehe auch
 Synechocystis
 Prochlorococcus
 Pseudonabaena
 Gloeomargarita lithophora, siehe Rhodoplast, Chloroplast, Plastid

Anmerkungen

Weblinks

 Connor R. Love, Eleanor C. Arrington, Kelsey M. Gosselin, Christopher M. Reddy, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy, Robert K. Nelson, David L. Valentine: Microbial production and consumption of hydrocarbons in the global ocean. In: Nature Microbiology, Band 6, 1. Februar 2021, S. 489–498; doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00859-8. Dazu:
 Tessa Koumoundouros: Scientists Discover An Immense, Unknown Hydrocarbon Cycle Hiding in The Oceans. Auf: sciencealert vom 12. August 2022.
 Anna Manz: Cyanobakterien als Seefahrer – Phytoplankton-Vorfahren besiedelten das offene Meer mittels Chitin-Flößen. Auf: scinexx.de vom 17. Mai 2023. Quelle: doi:10.1073/pnas.2213271120.
 Nadja Podbregar: Cyanobakterien als Seltenerd-Sammler. Auf: scinexx.de vom 13. März 2023. Quelle: TU München, doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1130939.
 Debika Datta, Elliot L. , Daniel Wangpraseurt, Erica Hild, Shaochen Chen, James W. Golden, Susan S. Golden, Jonathan K. Pokorski: Phenotypically complex living materials containing engineered cyanobacteria. In: Nature Communications, Band 14, Nr. 4742, 7. August 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40265-2 (). Anwendung von S. elongatus PCC 7942 und Theophyllin. Dazu:
 'Engineered Living Material' Offers New Way to Clean Contaminated Water. Auf: Sci.News vom 5. September 2023.

Einzelnachweise

Cyanobakterien
Cyanobacteria
Modellorganismus

Synechococcus


الأحد الدامي 1972 هو يوم الأحد الثلاثين من يناير عام 1972 والذي وقعت فيه مذبحة دامية في ديري في شمال ، حيث قتل فيه 14 شخص من المدنيين العزل ضمن حشد من المتظاهرين كانوا يتظاهرون ضد قانون الاعتقال الاحترازي الذي قررت السلطات البريطانية تطبيقه على الناشطين الآيرلنديين، دون تمييز بين متهم أو بريء. والذي حدث هو أن قوات المشاة من الجيش البريطاني فتحت النار على المتظاهرين وأردت 14 مواطنا أعزل ومن بينهم فتيان صغار. وأشعلت تلك الحادثة الوضع المتوتر في أيرلندا الشمالية. ووقعت أعمال انتقامية حتى مطلع الثمانينات.

وقد أخرج المخرج بول غرينغراس فيلماً يحمل اسم الأحد الدامي يصور ما جرى. نال في عام 2002 جائزة الدب الذهبي لأفضل فيلم في مهرجان برلين السينمائي.

مراجع

أيرلندا الشمالية في 1972
احتجاجات في أيرلندا الشمالية
الاضطرابات في أيرلندا الشمالية
الأحد
التاريخ العسكري مقاطعة لندنديري
مدينة ديري في القرن 20
انتهاك حقوق الإنسان في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يناير 1972
أحداث يناير 1972 في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يناير 1972 في أوروبا
جرائم في 1972
جرائم قتل في المملكة المتحدة 1972
جرائم يناير 1972
ديري
مقاطعة لندنديري في عقد 1970
فضائح عسكرية
قتل جماعي في 1972
مجازر
مذابح في 1972
مذابح في أيرلندا الشمالية
مذابح في عقد 1970
نزاع شمال إيرلندي في مدينة ديري
نزاعات في 1972
وفيات بإطلاق النار في أيرلندا الشمالية
وفيات متعلقة باحتجاجات
مذابح في كاثوليك

الأحد الدامي (1972)


An afterimage is an image that continues to appear in the eyes after a period of exposure to the original image. An afterimage may be a normal phenomenon (physiological afterimage) or may be pathological (palinopsia). Illusory palinopsia may be a pathological exaggeration of physiological afterimages. Afterimages occur because photochemical activity in the retina continues even when the eyes are no longer experiencing the original stimulus.

The remainder of this article refers to physiological afterimages. A common physiological afterimage is the dim area that seems to float before one's eyes after briefly looking into a light source, such as a camera flash. Palinopsia is a common symptom of visual snow.

Negative afterimages
Negative afterimages are primarily caused by neural adaptation of the cells that carry signals from the retina of the eye to the rest of the brain, the retinal ganglion cells. There is also a small contribution when the eye's photoreceptors, the rods and cones, adapt to overstimulation and lose sensitivity. There is brain contribution as well.

Normally, any image is moved over the retina by small eye movements known as microsaccades before much adaptation can occur. However, if the image is very intense and brief, or if the image is large, or if the eye remains very steady, these small movements cannot keep the image on unadapted parts of the retina.

Afterimages can be seen when moving from a bright environment to a dim one, like walking indoors on a bright snowy day. They are accompanied by neural adaptation in the occipital lobe of the brain that function similar to color balance adjustments in photography. These adaptations attempt to keep vision consistent in dynamic lighting. Viewing a uniform background while adaptation is still occurring will allow an individual to see the afterimage because localized areas of vision are still being processed by the brain using adaptations that are no longer needed.

The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision postulated that there were three types of photoreceptors in the eye, each sensitive to a particular range of visible light: short-wavelength cones, medium-wavelength cones, and long-wavelength cones. Trichromatic theory, however, cannot explain all afterimage phenomena. Specifically, afterimages are the complementary hue of the adapting stimulus, and trichromatic theory fails to account for this fact.

The failure of trichromatic theory to account for afterimages indicates the need for an opponent-process theory such as that articulated by Ewald Hering (1878) and further developed by Hurvich and Jameson (1957). The opponent process theory states that the human visual system interprets color information by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The opponent color theory is that there are four opponent channels: red versus cyan, green vs magenta, blue versus yellow, and black versus white. Responses to one color of an opponent channel are antagonistic to those of the other color. Therefore, a green image will produce a magenta afterimage. The green color adapts the green channel, so they produce a weaker signal. Anything resulting in less green is interpreted as its paired primary color, which is magenta (an equal mixture of red and blue).

Example video which produces a distorted illusion after one watches it and looks away. See motion aftereffect.

Positive afterimages
Positive afterimages, by contrast, appear the same color as the original image. They are often very brief, lasting less than half a second. The cause of positive afterimages is not well known, but possibly reflects persisting activity in the brain when the retinal photoreceptor cells continue to send neural impulses to the occipital lobe.

A stimulus which elicits a positive image will usually trigger a negative afterimage quickly via the adaptation process. To experience this phenomenon, one can look at a bright source of light and then look away to a dark area, such as by closing the eyes. At first one should see a fading positive afterimage, likely followed by a negative afterimage that may last for much longer. It is also possible to see afterimages of random objects that are not bright, only these last for a split second and go unnoticed by most people.

On empty shape

An afterimage in general is an optical illusion that refers to an image continuing to appear after exposure to the original image has ceased. Prolonged viewing of the colored patch induces an afterimage of the complementary color (for example, yellow color induces a bluish afterimage). The "afterimage on empty shape" effect is related to a class of effects referred to as contrast effects.

In this effect, an empty (white) shape is presented on a colored background for several seconds. When the background color disappears (becomes white), an illusionary color similar to the original background is perceived within the shape. The mechanism of the effect is still unclear, and may be produced by one or two of the following mechanisms:

During the presentation of the empty shape on a colored background, the colored background induces an illusory complementary color ("induced color") inside the empty shape. After the disappearance of the colored background an afterimage of the "induced color" might appear inside the "empty shape". Thus, the expected color of the shape will be complementary to the "induced color", and therefore similar to the color of the original background.
After the disappearance of the colored background, an afterimage of the background is induced. This induced color has a complementary color to that of the original background. It is possible that this background afterimage induces simultaneous contrast on the "empty shape". Simultaneous contrast is a psychophysical phenomenon of the change in the appearance of a color (or an achromatic stimulus) caused by the presence of a surrounding average color (or luminance).

Gallery

See also
Book of Optics
Emmert's law
Lilac chaser
McCollough effect
Motion aftereffect
Neural adaptation
Palinopsia
Persistence of vision
Screen burn-in
Spectropia
Visual perception

Notes

External links

The Palinopsia Foundation is dedicated to increasing awareness of palinopsia, to funding research into the causes, prevention and treatments for palinopsia, and to advocating for the needs of individuals with palinopsia and their families.
Eye On Vision Foundation raises money and awareness for persistent visual conditions
Afterimages, a small demonstration.
afterimage examples
The Color Dove Illusion

Optical illusions
Vision
Articles containing video clips

Afterimage


Hisataka Okamoto (født 14. december 1933) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hisataka Okamoto


Eduardo dos Santos Gudin, dit Eduardo Gudin, né à São Paulo le , est un compositeur, guitariste, arrangeur, producteur de musique et professeur brésilien. Il a composé plus de trois cents chansons, enregistrées par plusieurs interprètes. Il était marié à la chanteuse Vânia Bastos.

Biographie
Sa carrière commence à l'âge de 16 ans, en 1966, lorsqu'il est invité par Elis Regina à jouer dans "O Fino da Bossa", une émission musicale sur TV Record.

En 1968, il compose la chanson "Choro do Amor Vivido" avec Walter de Carvalho, interprétée par Os Três Morais et arrangée par Hermeto Pascoal pour le "Festival de Música Popular Brasileira", dans lequel se produisent aussi Chico Buarque, Edu Lobo et Caetano Veloso.

En 1969, il atteint la  place du même festival, avec "Gostei de Ver", composée avec Marco Antônio Ramos, interprétée par Márcia et les Originals do Samba (connus au Brésil sous le nom d'Os Originais do Samba). Cette même année, "Lá Se Vai Meus Anéis", composée avec Paulo Cesar Pinheiro et toujours interprétée par Originals do Samba (connus au Brésil sous le nom d'Os Originais do Samba), remporte le  Festival Universitaire de TV Tupi.

Engagé par le label Odéon, il sort quatre albums : « Eduardo Gudin » (1973), avec ses arrangements et ceux de José Briamonte et Hermeto Pascoal ;  "O importante e que a Nossa Emoção Sobreviva" volumes I (1974) et II (1976), avec les chansons du spectacle O Melhor É que Nossa Emoção Sobreviva, interprétées par lui, Márcia et Paulo César au Teatro Oficina, à São Paulo ;  et l'album "Mãos Vazias" (1975).

En 1978, sur le label Continental, il sort "Coração Marginal" et, en 1981, indépendamment, l'album "Fogo Calmo das Velas".  "Ensaio do Dia" (1983) et "Balãozinho" (1986), sont ses deux derniers albums avec le label Continental.

Gudin a créé et dirigé le premier Festival universitaire de TV Cultura, en 1979, qui a lancé des artistes d'avant-garde comme Arrigo Barnabé.

En 1985, il crée le Festival dos Festivais sur TV Globo dans lequel la chanson "Verde", composée avec Costa Netto, arrive troisième et lance la chanteuse Leila Pinheiro. A cette époque, il compose avec Arrigo Barnabé et Roberto Roberti le thème d'ouverture de "Cidade Oculta", un film de Chico Botelho.

Il a été le créateur, avec Arrigo Barnabé, de l'Orquestra Jazz Sinfônica, dont il a été le directeur artistique de 1989 à 1991. Il a également été l'un des fondateurs de l'ULM – Universidade Livre de Música, où il a donné des cours de composition.

En 1994, il produit l'album "Beth Carvalho Canta o Samba de São Paulo", qui reçoit le Sharp Award du meilleur disque de samba.

Tout au long de sa carrière, il a conçu et réalisé plusieurs projets et spectacles importants et noué de nombreux partenariats, notamment avec Paulo César Pinheiro, Hermínio Belo de Carvalho, Paulo Vanzolini, Aldir Blanc, Paulinho da Viola, Elton Medeiros, Francis Hime, Sérgio Natureza, Roberto Roberti, Cacaso, Carlos Lyra, Ivan Lins et Guinga, entre autres, en plus de ceux déjà mentionnés.

Discographie
Eduardo Gudin (1973)
O importante é que a nossa emoção sobreviva (1975)
Mãos vazias (1975)
O importante é que a nossa emoção sobreviva II (1976)
Coração Marginal (1978)
Fogo calmo das velas (1981)
Ensaio do dia (1984)
Balãozinho (1986)
Eduardo Gudin e Vânia Bastos (1989)
Eduardo Gudin e Notícias dum Brasil (1995)
Tudo o que mais nos uniu - Eduardo Gudin, Paulo César Pinheiro e Marcia (1996)
Luzes da mesma luz. Eduardo Gudin e Fátima Guedes (2001)
Eduardo Gudin & Notícias dum Brasil-Pra tirar o chapéu (1998)
Eduardo Gudin & Notícias dum Brasil-Um jeito de fazer samba (2006)
Leila Pinheiro & Eduardo Gudin - Pra iluminar (2009)
Eduardo Gudin & Notícias dum Brasil - 3 Tempos (DVD - 2012)
Eduardo Gudin & Notícias dum Brasil - 4 (2015)
Eduardo Gudin e Léla Simões (2019)

Compositeur brésilien

Eduardo Gudin


Ebola virüsü, insanlarda ve insandışı primatlarda viral hemorajik ateş şeklinde ciddi hastalık formlarına yol açan virüstür. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından 4. Risk Grubu Patojen olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Çok tehlikeli bir virüstür. İshal, kanama, deri döküntüleri ve yüksek ateşe neden olur. Adını, Afrika'daki bir nehirden alır. Bulaşıcıdır. Kontrol altına alınmazsa salgınlar görülür. Ebola virüsü, ipliksi yapıda, yaklaşık 80 nm boyundadır. Genetik materyali RNA'dan oluşur.

Bulaşma
Virüs insanlara hayvanların kan ve vücut sıvıları ile temas sonucu bulaşır. Direkt hayvanlardan(başlıca bazı maymun türleri ve meyve yarasaları) insanlara bulaşabildiği gibi insandan insana da kan ve vücut sıvıları ile temas sonucu bulaşabilmektedir. İdrar, dışkı, kusmuk, gözyaşı ve anne sütü gibi bütün vücut sıvılarına temas ile bulaşabilir. Hava yoluyla bulaşma tespit edilmemiştir.

Tipler
Tanımlanabilen beş Ebola virüsü vardır.

Ebola Sudan
Ebola Zaire
Ebola Reston
 Ebola Bundibugyo
Ebola Taï Forest

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kırım-Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi
 Genetik tanı merkezi
 Afrika vahşi hayvan yemeği

Dış bağlantılar

 ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses —Virological repository from the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
 CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever—Cente, Special Pathogens Branch
 WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever —World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response
 Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae

Filoviridae
Tropikal hastalıklar
Kanamalı ateşleri
Zoonoz hastalıklar
Biyolojik silahlar
Genomu dizilenmiş virüsler

Ebola


San Rogelio de Cannas (1060 - 30 de diciembre de 1129) fue un obispo italiano. La Iglesia católica lo honra como a un santo.

Rogelio (en italiano: Ruggero di Canne) fue elegido obispo de la ciudad de Cannas, donde una pequeña diócesis ya se había levantado en el siglo X. En 1083 se produjo la destrucción por Roberto Guiscardo, el rey de los Normandos. Rogelio contribuyó a la reconstrucción moral y material de la antigua ciudad de Apulia, el apoyo a sus conciudadanos de los consuelos de la fe y la ayuda material.

El Anónimo de Cannes, un antiguo fuentes locales biográficos del siglo XIV, revela algunos aspectos de la personalidad de Rogelio: "Él fue muy amable et celo por la salvación de las almas [...] su obispo-casa era una hospitia pura que era siempre abierta para dar cabida a los peregrinos y los pobres".

Algunos documentos de ese período muestran que el santo obispo fue consultado a menudo por los Papas Gelasio II y Pascual II de resolver algunas cuestiones de la ley y acabar con la rivalidad entre las iglesias y la comunidad.

Murió 30 de diciembre 1129.

Sus reliquias fueron trasladadas en la ciudad cerca de Barletta, en 1276.

Su memoria se celebra el 30 de diciembre, según lo informado por el Martirologio Romano.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Santos católicos de Italia del siglo XII
Obispos de Italia del siglo XII
Obispos de Italia del siglo XI
Obispos santos de Italia
Nacidos en Barletta
Fallecidos en Barletta

Rogelio de Cannas


Leth om Laudrup er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Erik Lennart Petersen efter manuskript af Erik Lennart Petersen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Jørgen Leth
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Leth om Laudrup


An Phreatia pacifica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Noriaki Fukuyama. An Phreatia pacifica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phreatia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Phreatia

Phreatia pacifica


Ekran kartı, bilgisayarın görüntü vermesini sağlayan birimidir. Ekran kartları harici ISA, VLB, PCI, AGP veya PCI-Express veriyollarını kullanan PC kartları olarak anakart, üzerinde chipset veya CPU içerisinde yerleşik olarak bulunmaktadır.

Günümüzde ekran kartı üreten 3 firma vardır. AMD, NVIDIA ve Intel'dir. Yaygın olarak bilinen ve kullanılan GPU serileri ise şunlardır; AMD Radeon RX, NVIDIA GeForce GTX ve NVIDIA GeForce RTX serisi GPU'lardır.

Paylaşımlı ekran kartları
Paylaşımlı ekran kartları verilen değer kadar RAM üzerinden kendi kullanımı için alan ayırmaktadır. Bu durumda RAM performansı düşecektir. Anakart üzerinde dahili olan ekran kartları genellikle kendi bellekleri olmadığı için paylaşımlıdır.

Bileşenler
 Görüntü işlemcisi (GPU Graphics Processing Unit)
 Görüntü belleği veya Video-RAM
 RAMDAC (Random Access Memory Digital/Analog Converter)
 Harici görüntü kartları için bağlantı türü (HDMI, DVI gibi)
 Video BIOS (kısaca VBIOS)

Ekran kartının gelişimi

Görüntü kartı ilk olarak seri üretilen Apple II Mikrobilgisayar'da kullanılmıştır. IBM firması 1981 yılında tek renge sahip görüntü kartına sahip PC'leri piyasaya sürmüştür (MDA Monochrome Display Adapter). Daha sonra Hercules firması 1982 yılında daha yetenekli görüntü kartı olan
Hercules Graphics Card adında ürününü piyasaya sürdü. İlk renkli görüntü standartları sırası ile
 1981 yılında CGA (Color Graphics Adapter),
 1984 yılında EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter)
 PS/2 modeller için MCGA ve VGA (Video Graphics Array)

1989 sonrası IBM firması görüntü kartı standardı geliştirmedeki gücünü yitirmiştir. Günümüzde bütün PC'lere ait ekran kartları VGA modunu (yani 16 renkli 640 x 480 piksel) desteklemektedir.

VGA standardını 1.280 x 1.024 piksel çözünürlüğe ve 16 Bit renk derinliğine sahip günümüz bilgisayarlarında kullanılan VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) takip etmiştir.

SVGA, XGA gibi tanımlamalar daha sonra geliştirilen görüntü kartı standartlarını değil, monitor yani görüntü biriminin desteklediği çözünürlüğü tanımlamak için kullanılmakradır. (Örneğin XGA:1024 x 768 Piksel)

İlk başlarda yazı tabanlı (Text mode) geliştirilen görüntü modları daha sonra piksel tabanlı olarak geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır.

1990 yılında itibaren Görüntü işlemcisine (GPU Graphics Processing Unit) sahip görüntü kartları geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır.

1996 yılında Kaliforniya'lı 3dfx Interactive tarafından 3D hızlandırıcılı 3dfx Voodoo Graphics görüntü chipsetleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu chipsetler sayesinde bilgisayarlar ile 3. boyut aleminde geometrik şekillerin ve doku eşlemi (Texture mapping) işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Artan 3D performans ihtiyacından dolayı Multi-GPU tekniği yani SLI ve Crossfire teknikleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu teknikler sayesinde birden fazla görüntü işlemcisi paralel olarak tek kart üzerinde bulunabilmektedir.

Güç gereksinimi
Ekran kartlarının görüntü işleme gücündeki artış, aynı oranda güç gereksinimlerine de yansımıştır. Mevcut yüksek performans sınıfı ekran kartları büyük miktarda güç tüketmektedir. Merkezi işlemci birimi ve güç kaynağı üreticileri son zamanlarda verimliliğe daha fazla önem verirken; grafik işlemci birimlerinin güç ihtiyacı artmaya devam etmiştir, başka bir deyişle ekran kartı artık bir bilgisayardaki en fazla güç tüketen donanım olabilmektedir. Esasen güç kaynakları giderek güçlenmesine rağmen, PCI-Express (Pci-e) bağlantısının yarattığı kısıtlama nedeniyle güç destekleri 75 Watt ile sınırlıdır. Günümüzde, 75 Watt üzeri güç tüketen ekran kartları genellikle güç kaynağına direkt olarak bağlanma özelliği bulunan 6 pin (75 Watt) ya da 8 pin (150 Watt) kombinasyonlu soketler içerirler.

Donanım arabirimleri
 IBM uyumlu
 ISA
 VESA Local Bus
 PCI
 AGP
 PCI-Express
 Diğer bilgisayar platformları
 nuBus Apple Macintosh
 Zorro-Bus Amiga

Harici görüntü kartları için kullanılan bağlantı türleri
 VGA-Out
 DVI-Out
 HDMI-Out
 Mini HDMI-Out
 Dısplay Port
 TV-Out
 Component-Out
 TV-In
 S-Video
TYPE-C Video Out
THUNDERBOLT 3

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri icatları
Bilgisayar birimleri
Ekran kartları
Grafik donanımı
Kâğıt

Ekran kartı


Ashk Peter Dahlén (né le , Tafrech, Iran), est un linguiste suédois, un traducteur de la langue persane classique, et est professeur (docent) de langues iraniennes à l'Université d'Uppsala. Son domaine de recherche couvre principalement la littérature persane et l'histoire des religions d'Iran et la philosophie iranienne. Il est quadrilingue en suédois, persan, anglais et français.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Il grandit dans un orphelinat à Narmak jusqu'à sept mois avant d'être adopté par un couple de suédois. Sa vie inspire la série dramatique télévisée IRIB3 The Green Journey (سفر سبز, 2002) réalisée par Mohammed Hossein Latifi, dans laquelle le personnage principal, joué par Parsa Pirouzfar, se rend en Iran à la recherche de ses parents biologiques.

Carrière
Sa thèse Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity est publiée par Routledge/Taylor & Francis et reçoit en 2003, le prix Beskow de l'Académie royale suédoise des lettres, de l'histoire et des antiquités de la meilleure thèse en sciences humaines. Il est l'auteur de plusieurs études universitaires sur la littérature persane, l'histoire culturelle iranienne, le zoroastrisme et le soufisme. Il a publié des traductions d'auteurs persans classiques, tels que Rumi, Hafez, Nizami Aruzi et Araqi, en suédois. Il est membre du Research Collegium de l'Institut de recherche suédois d'Istanbul, de l'Académie iranienne de philosophie et de la Nathan Söderblom Society, et est président fondateur de la Société scandinave d'études iraniennes.

Publications
 Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity: Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran, New York, 2003.
 Transcendent Hermeneutics of Supreme Love : Rumi's Concept of Mystical "Appropriation", Orientalia Suecana, Uppsala, 2003.
 The Holy Fool in Medieval Islam: The Qalandariyat of Fakhr al-din Arāqi, Orientalia Suecana, Uppsala, 2004.
 Sirat al-mustaqim: One or Many? Religious Pluralism Among Muslim Intellectuals in Iran, The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, éd. I. Abu-Rabi, Oxford, 2006.
 The Hermeneutics of Post-modern Islam: The Case of 'Abdol-Karim Sorush, Religious Texts in Iranian Languages, rééd. F. Vahman och C. V. Pedersen, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhague, 2007.
 Female Sufi Saints and Disciples: Women in the life of Jalāl al-din Rumi, Orientalia Suecana, vol. 57, Uppsala, 2008.
 Sufi Islam, The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations, éd. P. B. Clarke & Peter Beyer, New York, 2009.
 Kingship and Religion in a Mediaeval Fürstenspiegel: The Case of the Chahār Maqāla of Nizāmi Aruzi, Orientalia Suecana, vol. 58, Uppsala, 2009.
 He addressed the Kayānian king: "I am a prophet!": The Image of Zoroaster in the Dāstān-e Goshtāsp (Tale of Goshtāsp), Orientalia Suecana, Uppsala, 2012.
 Thematic Features in Iranian National History Writings: The Case of the Dāstān-e Goshtāsp (Tale of Goshtāsp), International Shāhnāme Conference. The Second Milliennium: Conference Volume, éd. F. Hashabeiky, Uppsala, 2014.
 Literary Interest in Zoroastrianism in Tenth-Century Iran: The Case of Daqiqi's Account of Goshtāsp and Zarathustra in the Shāhnāmeh, The Zoroastrian Flame: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition, éd. A. Williams, S. Stewart & A. Hintze, London, 2016.
 Living the Iranian dolce vita: Herodotus on wine drinking and luxury among the Persians, Achaemenid Anatolia: Persian Presence and Impact in the Western Satrapies 546–330 BC, éd. Ashk P. Dahlén, Uppsala, 2020.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Ashk Dahlén - Official Website (en anglais)
 Ashk Dahlén - Uppsala University (en anglais)
 Interview with Ashk Dahlén - IntellectInterviews (en anglais)
 Dāstān-e zendegi-ye yek su'edi , Radio Farda
 À propos de Nizami Aruzi avec Ashk Dahlén , Axess TV  (en suédois)

Naissance en juin 1972
Iranologue
Linguiste suédois
Traducteur suédois du XXIe siècle
Traducteur iranien du XXIe siècle
Auteur de manuel scolaire

Ashk Dahlén


Natura 2000-område nr. 85 Hedeområder ved Store Råbjerg  har samlet et areal på 626 hektar og består af et EU-habitatområde (H74) og et fuglebeskyttelsesområde (F48), hvoraf 410 hektar ejes af Staten.

Beskrivelse
Området omkring Store Råbjerg er beliggende på nordkanten af Hejnsvig Bakkeø. Den nordlige tredjedel ligger på hedesletten,
mens den sydlige del ligger på bakkeøterræn. Fra St. Råbjerg der er 69 moh. er der en storslået udsigt over landskabet, og den tydelige overgang fra bakkeøen til hedesletten mod nord.
De centrale natur- og landskabselementer er udover de store hede- og moseområder ved St.
Råbjerg, det store plantageområde Gyttegårds Plantage, Grene Sande og Præsteflod. Igennem området løber Grene Å, der er en del af Grindsted Å/Varde Å-systemet. Hederne domineres af dværgbuske, og der findes en mosaik af forskellige hedetyper med hedelyng, revling og visse og mere fugtige hedeområder med klokkelyng samt naturtypen tørvelavning.

Fredninger
St. Råbjerg (65 ha) og Grene Sande (160 ha) blev fredet tilbage i 1967 på grund af områdets meget markante og smukke indlandsklitter.
.

Videre forløb
Natura 2000-planen blev vedtaget i 2011, hvorefter kommunalbestyrelserne
og Naturstyrelsen udarbejdede bindende handleplaner for
gennemførelsen af planen. Planen videreføres og videreudvikles i anden planperiode 2016-21. Natura 2000-området ligger i Varde Kommune, og naturplanen koordineres med vandplanen for 1.10 Hovedvandopland Vadehavet og Vesterhavet

Se også
 Internationale naturbeskyttelsesområder i Danmark
 Naturtyper i Danmark

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Om naturplanen på Naturstyrelsens websider
 Naturplanen
 Naturplanen 2016-2021
 Basisanalysen 2006
 Basisanalysen 2016-21
 Vandretursfolder Gyttegård Plantage - Grene Sande fra naturstyrelsen.dk
 Kort over området på miljoegis.mim.dk

Natura 2000-planer
Lokaliteter i Billund Kommune
Fredede arealer i Danmark
Danske heder
EU-habitatområder i Danmark
Fuglebeskyttelsesområder i Danmark


Der Arroyo Pantanoso ist ein Fluss in Uruguay.

Er entspringt im östlichen Teil des Departamentos Flores. Von dort verläuft in nordöstliche Richtung und mündet einige Kilometer westnordwestlich von Sarandí Grande als linksseitiger Nebenfluss in den Arroyo Maciel.

Einzelnachweise

Fluss im Departamento Flores

Arroyo Pantanoso (Arroyo Maciel)


العشقة المتسلقة أو اللبلاب أو حبل المساكين أو حبل المساجين أو عشقة مبذولة أو قسوس متسلق أو يذرة أو اللبلاب السام نوعٌ من النباتات المتسلقة الضارة يعرف علمياً بـ  ويتبع جنس العشقة من الفصيلة الفشغية أو الآرالية .

الوصف النباتي
النبات عبارة عن عريشة معمرة ذات سوق ثخينة متفرعة. الفروع الفتية تحمل جذورًا هوائية وتكون مكسوة بالشعر. الأوراق ذات معلاق طويل، دائرية القاعدة أو قلبية لونها أخضر غامق لامع على الوجه العلوي. صفيحة الأوراق السفلية شبه مثلثية ملساء الحافة أما صفيحة الأوراق العلوية فبيضوية أو معينية ملساء الحافة وقمتها مستدقة أو مدورة. الشمراخ النوري والزهري مكسو بالشعر. الأزهار مرتبة في خيمات شبه كروية وهذه مرتبة في عناقيد شبه انتهائية. فصوص الكأس مثلثية. البتلات خضراء مصفرة شبه مثلثية مقعرة القمة..

أوراق النبات حمراء اللون في أوائل الربيع وفي أواخر هذا الفصل تصبح خضراء زاهية، ويتحول لون الأوراق في الخريف إلى أحمر مائل للبرتقالي. تتكون كل ورقة من ثلاث وريقات محزوزة إلى حد ما عند الأطراف وعلى جانبي الورقة تقف وريقتان متقابلتان بينما تكون الوريقة الثالثة منفردة عند طرف الساق. يحمل النبات بعض الأزهار الصغيرة المائلة إلى الخضرة في باقات متصلة بالساق الرئيسية، وفي آخر الفصل تتكون ثمار عنبية كروية الشكل سامة ذات لون أبيض شمعي.

سمية النبات
تحتوي أوراق العشقة المتسلقة على صابونين أهم مركباتها Hederasaponinsa A وكذلك Hederasaponinsa B وهذه المركبات تلتحم منتجة الفاوبيناهيدرين وهي التي تسبب التسمم. أما البراعم فتحتوي على روتين وايزوكويريسترين Rutin. Isoquercitin وهذه المركبات موجودة في العصارة الموجودة في كل جزء من أجزاء النبات وتعرف هذه العصارة بالعامية باليوروشيول  ويعد اليوروشيول من أكثر السموم فعالية على وجه الأرض، حيث إن أقل من أونسه واحدة كافية تماماً للتأثير على كل الأحياء. وأعراض التسمم باللبلاب تكون بثرات وتورم وحكة وهذه الحكة تكون نتيجة لاستجابة الجهاز المناعي لهذه العصارة السامة. وهذا النبات سام جداً حتى بعد جفافه ويسبب التهيج خاصة في فصل الربيع وأوائل فصل الصيف حيث يتملئ النبات بهذه العصارة.

مراجع

نباتات أوروبا
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة
الحياة النباتية في أوروبا
عشقة
فشغية
نباتات آسيا
نباتات الحدائق
نباتات سامة
نباتات طبية في آسيا
نباتات طبية في أوروبا
نباتات مالطا
نباتات مجتاحة
نباتات مجتاحة في الولايات المتحدة
نباتات مجتاحة في نيوزيلندا
نباتات معترشة
نباتات وصفت في 1753

عشقة متسلقة


Dvornik (dreslin, norava, lat. Polygonum nom. cons.),  najvažniji rod u porodici dvornikovki. Pripada mu preko 150 vrsta (151) jednogodišnjeg raslinja, listopadnih i vazdazelenih trajnica i grmova. Oko 20 vrsta i podvrsta dvornika navedeno je da raste i po Hrvatskoj to su kritično ugroženi pješčani dvornik (P. arenarium), tipična vrsta ptičji dvornik (P. aviculare) i drugi (vidi popis), ali nisu svi dvornici predstavnici ovog roda.

Vodeni dvornik (Persicaria amphibia), planinski dvornik (Koenigia alpina) i mali dvornik (Persicaria minor), japanski dvornik (Reynoutria japonica), livadni dvornik (Bistorta officinalis), vodeni papar (Persicaria hydropiper),  kiseličasti dvornik (Persicaria lapathifolia), mekani dvornik (Persicaria mitis),  istočnjački dvornik (Persicaria orientalis), pjegasti dvornik (Persicaria maculosa subsp. maculosa), vrboliki dvornik (Persicaria salicifolia subsp. salicifolia)  i gomoljičasti dvornik (Bistorta vivipara) nisu predstavnici ovog roda.

Vrste

 Polygonum acerosum Ledeb. ex Meisn.
 Polygonum acetosum M. Bieb.
 Polygonum achoreum Blake
 Polygonum afghanicum Meisn.
 Polygonum afromontanum Greenway
 Polygonum afyonicum Leblebici & Gemici
 Polygonum albanicum Jáv.
 Polygonum aleppicum Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.
 Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.
 Polygonum arenastrum Boreau; spljošteni dvornik (Hrvatska)
 Polygonum argyrocoleum Steud. ex Kunze
 Polygonum arussense Chiov.
 Polygonum aschersonianum H. Gross
 Polygonum austiniae Greene
 Polygonum aviculare L., ptičji dvornik (Hrvatska)
 Polygonum balansae Boiss.
 Polygonum baltistanicum Chaudhri
 Polygonum bellardii All.; Belardijev dvornik (Hrvatska)
 Polygonum biaristatum Aitch. & Hemsl.
 Polygonum bidwelliae S. Watson
 Polygonum bolanderi W. H. Brewer ex A. Gray
 Polygonum borgoicum Tupitz.
 Polygonum bornmuelleri Litv.
 Polygonum brasiliense K. Koch
 Polygonum breviarticulatum Rech. fil.
 Polygonum californicum Meisn.
 Polygonum cappadocicum Boiss. & Balansa
 Polygonum cascadense W. H. Baker
 Polygonum cashmirense H. Gross
 Polygonum cedrorum Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss.
 Polygonum chayuum A. J. Li & B. J. Bao
 Polygonum cognatum Meisn.
 Polygonum corrigioloides Jaub. & Spach
 Polygonum cretaceum Kom.
 Polygonum crispatum C. B. Clarke
 Polygonum czukavinae Soják
 Polygonum douglasii Greene
 Polygonum ebracteatum Munshi & Javeid
 Polygonum ekimianum Leblebici, H. Duman & Aytaç
 Polygonum engelmannii Greene
 Polygonum equisetiforme Sm.
 Polygonum erectum L.
 Polygonum evenkiense Tupitz. & Juzeph.
 Polygonum fibrilliferum Kom.
 Polygonum floribundum Schltdl. ex Spreng.
 Polygonum fowleri Rob.
 Polygonum gabrielae Costea & Tardif
 Polygonum ganderbalense Munshi & Javeid
 Polygonum glandulosopilosum De Wild.
 Polygonum glaucescens N. A. Ivanova ex Tupitz.
 Polygonum glaucum Nutt.
 Polygonum graminifolium Heuff.
 Polygonum hassanabdalicum Chaudhri
 Polygonum heterosepalum M. Peck & Ownbey
 Polygonum hickmanii H. R. Hinds & Rand. Morgan
 Polygonum hohuanshanense S. S. Ying
 Polygonum huichunense F.Z.Li, Y.T.Hou & C.Y.Qu
 Polygonum humifusum Mert. ex K. Koch
 Polygonum hyrcanicum Rech. fil.
 Polygonum icaricum Rech. fil.
 Polygonum idaeum Hayek
 Polygonum ilanense Y.C.Liu & C.H.Ou
 Polygonum inflexum Kom.
 Polygonum iranicum Mozaff.
 Polygonum istanbulicum M. Keskin
 Polygonum karacae Ziel. & Borat.
 Polygonum kelloggii Greene
 Polygonum kolumense A. P. Khokhr.
 Polygonum korthalsii Gand.
 Polygonum lacerum Kunth
 Polygonum leptocarpum B. L. Rob.
 Polygonum liaotungense Kitag.
 Polygonum libani Boiss.
 Polygonum longiocreatum Bartlett
 Polygonum longipes Halácsy & Charrel; dugostapčavi dvornik (Hrvatska)
 Polygonum majus (Meisn.) Piper
 Polygonum marinense T. R. Mert. & Raven
 Polygonum maritimum L.;  primorski dvornik (Hrvatska)
 Polygonum melihae Gemici & Kit Tan
 Polygonum mesembricum Chrtek
 Polygonum mezianum H. Gross
 Polygonum minimum S. Watson
 Polygonum minutissimum Z. Wei & Y. B. Chang
 Polygonum mirajabii Chaudhri
 Polygonum molliiforme Boiss.
 Polygonum norvegicum (Sam.) Sam. ex Lid
 Polygonum nuttallii Small
 Polygonum obtusifolium Täckh. & Boulos
 Polygonum olivascens Rech. fil. & Schiman-Czeika
 Polygonum oxyspermum C.A.Mey. & Bunge
 Polygonum palaestinum Zohary
 Polygonum papillosum Hartvig
 Polygonum paronychia Cham. & Schltdl.
 Polygonum paronychioides C. A. Mey.
 Polygonum parryi Greene
 Polygonum patuliforme Vorosch.
 Polygonum patulum M. Bieb.; otvoreni dvornik (Hrvatska)
 Polygonum plebeium R. Br.
 Polygonum podlechii Rech. fil. & Schiman-Czeika
 Polygonum polycnemoides Jaub. & Spach
 Polygonum polygaloides Meisn.
 Polygonum praelongum Coode & Cullen
 Polygonum pringlei Small
 Polygonum propinquum Ledeb.
 Polygonum psammophilum (Bordz. ex Tzvelev) Tzvelev
 Polygonum pteranthum Kitag.
 Polygonum raii Bab.
 Polygonum ramosissimum Michx.
 Polygonum ramuliflorum Kitag.
 Polygonum recumbens Royle ex Bab.
 Polygonum rigidum Skvortsov
 Polygonum robertii Loisel.
 Polygonum robynsii De Wild.
 Polygonum romanum Jacq.
 Polygonum rottboellioides Jaub. & Spach
 Polygonum roylei Bab.
 Polygonum ryukyuense Kitag.
 Polygonum salebrosum Coode & Cullen
 Polygonum salsugineum M. Bieb.
 Polygonum samsunicum Yild. & Leblebici
 Polygonum sanguinaria Remy
 Polygonum sarobiense Rech. fil.
 Polygonum sawatchense Small
 Polygonum schimperi Vatke ex Engl.
 Polygonum schistosum Czukav.
 Polygonum scoparium Req. ex Loisel.
 Polygonum setosum Jacq.
 Polygonum shastense W. H. Brewer ex A. Gray
 Polygonum shiheziense F.Z.Li, Y.T.Hou & F.J.Lu
 Polygonum shuchengense Z.Z.Zhou
 Polygonum shuense A.J.Li & B.J.Bao
 Polygonum sivasicum Kit Tan & Yildiz
 Polygonum snijmaniae S. Ortiz
 Polygonum spergulariiforme Meisn. ex Small
 Polygonum striatulum Rob.
 Polygonum stypticum Cham. & Schltdl.
 Polygonum subaphyllum Sumnev.
 Polygonum sumatranum Bruyn
 Polygonum sylvaticum Skvortz
 Polygonum tachengense F.Z.Li, Y.T.Hou & F.J.Lu
 Polygonum tatewakianum Ito
 Polygonum tenoreanum E. Nardi & Raffaelli
 Polygonum tenue Michx.
 Polygonum tenuissimum A.I.Baranov & Skvortsov ex Vorosch.
 Polygonum thymifolium Jaub. & Spach
 Polygonum turkestanicum Sumnev.
 Polygonum uniflorum Y.X.Ma & Y.T.Zhao
 Polygonum urnigerum M. Keskin
 Polygonum urumqiense F.Z.Li, Y.T.Hou & F.J.Lu
 Polygonum volchovense Tzvelev
 Polygonum vvedenskyi Sumnev.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Polygoneae

Dvornik


Marie Chaix, née le  à Bourg-de-Péage (Drôme) et morte le  à Saint-Denis (alors dans le département de la Seine), est une militante communiste française.

Elle est élue au conseil municipal de Saint-Denis en 1925, deux décennies avant l'adoption officielle du droit de vote et d'éligibilité des femmes.

Biographie

Née le , Marie Chaix est née Marie Rocher, fille de Julienne Jassoud, légitimée par le mariage de sa mère avec Jean, Marie, Augustin Rocher. Ses parents sont fermiers à Génissieux de son père biologique Alexandre Noel Bourguignon (inventeur et fabricant de moissonneuses) elle y passe sa jeunesse
En 1902, elle épouse François, Marie Gaud, son aîné de , dont elle divorce en 1923. Elle se remarie avec Ernest Chaix, facteur, le  à Saint-Denis, où elle résidait 4 rue Petit, actuelle rue Auguste-Poullain. En 1923, elle diffusait l'hebdomadaire féminin du PCF, L'Ouvrière.

Ouvrière brodeuse, elle est âgée de  quand elle est candidate, sur la liste du Bloc ouvrier et paysan, soutenue par le PCF où elle milite depuis plusieurs années. En effet, le Parti communiste a décidé d'inclure des femmes dans ses listes aux élections municipales de mai 1925, pour protester contre leur incapacité à voter.

Si les femmes sont privées du droit de vote, la réglementation électorale n'interdit pas explicitement leur candidature, si bien qu'un après la victoire du cartel des gauches aux élections législatives de 1924, le PCF présente une dizaine de candidates en région parisienne, mais aussi en province comme à Avignon (Vaucluse) avec les deux candidatures d'Antoinette Bellot et d'Angèle Rame ou à Saint-Pierre-des-Corps (Indre-et-Loire) avec Émilie Joly et Adèle Métivier.

Bien qu'adopté par l'Assemblée nationale le , le droit d'éligibilité et de vote des femmes en France est rejeté par le Sénat en 1922. Il ne sera adopté définitivement que le  et exercé pour la première fois le . La question du vote féminin est donc un sujet de débat contemporain des élections municipales suivantes, puisqu'il est l'objet de trois propositions de loi, par le communiste Marcel Cachin (), le conservateur Louis Marin () et le socialiste Henry Fontanier (). Le , ce dernier texte prévoyant la seul droit de vote et d'éligibilité pour les élections municipales est adopté par les députés avec  contre 143. L'administration ne fait pas entrave pour enregistrer des candidatures féminines, en vertu d'une consigne du ministère de l'Intérieur autorisant le décompte des voix obtenues par des femmes. Ces candidatures résultent des directives du Secrétariat international féminin de Moscou relayées par Marthe Bigot. Conformément aux orientations fixées par le congrès de Lyon de 1924, la commission centrale municipale pilotée par Victor Cat, le Comité central et le Bureau politique entérinent en mars 1925 la nécessité des candidatures féminines aux élections municipales de 1925.

Dans le cadre de cette stratégie, Joséphine Pencalet est élue à Douarnenez (Finistère), au premier tour dès le . Un tract concernant le second tour de l'élection municipale de Saint-Denis fait allusion à cet exemple à suivre : . En même temps que Marie Chaix, trois autres femmes sont élues en banlieue parisienne : Augustine Variot à Malakoff, Marthe Tesson à Bobigny et Marguerite Chapon à Villejuif, avec à chaque fois un faible différentiel de voix avec les candidatures masculines, montrant une évolution des mentalités dans ces villes ancrées à gauche.

Marie Chaix est élue conseillère municipale de Saint-Denis le  avec  sur  et , soit avec  de moins que le maire communiste Louis Laporte. Le , elle devient adjointe au maire chargée des affaires sociales lors de l'installation du nouveau conseil municipal. Le 8 juin, le maire souligne lors de la première séance publique du nouveau conseil municipal : .

Dans son édition du  Le Journal de Saint-Denis, hebdomadaire local républicain marqué à droite, un certain H. Monin publie une tribune contre ,  dont par dédain il n'écrit pas le nom, mettant en garde contre cette  par une femme est  ».

Si le Préfet de la Seine annule son élection par arrêté le , Marie Chaix conteste cet acte le  et reste en fonction jusqu'à la confirmation de cet arrêté par le Conseil d'État le , en même temps que Marthe Tesson, élue à Bobigny dans les mêmes circonstances.

Elle meurt sans descendance le . Elle est la tante et marraine de Roger Raoul Rocher, lui inspirant son engagement.

Hommage
En décembre 2021, la Ville de Saint-Denis décide de donner son nom à la salle du Conseil municipal, ce qui est fait lors d'une cérémonie le .

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Maire (France)#Féminisation
 Joséphine Pencalet
 Marthe Tesson

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1886
Naissance à Bourg-de-Péage
Décès en août 1955
Décès à Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)
Décès à 69 ans
Personnalité du Parti communiste français
Personnalité liée à Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)
Femme politique française
Pionnière en politique

Marie Chaix (communiste)


Morgan Gurley Sanders (* 14. Juli 1878 bei Ben Wheeler, Van Zandt County, Texas; † 7. Januar 1956 in Corsicana, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1921 und 1939 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Morgan Sanders besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und danach das Alamo Institute. Danach arbeitete er drei Jahre lang als Lehrer. Gleichzeitig war er Eigentümer und Herausgeber einer Wochenzeitung. Nach einem Jurastudium an der University of Texas in Austin und seiner im Jahr 1901 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Canton in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Zwischen 1902 und 1906 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Texas. Von 1910 bis 1914 fungierte er als Staatsanwalt im Van Zandt County. Danach war er in den Jahren 1915 und 1916 Staatsanwalt im siebten Gerichtsbezirk von Texas. Anschließend praktizierte er wieder als privater Rechtsanwalt. Sanders war auch Delegierter auf zahlreichen regionalen Parteitagen der Demokraten in Texas.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1920 wurde er im dritten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1921 die Nachfolge von James Young antrat. Nach acht Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. Januar 1939 neun Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Seit 1933 wurden dort die meisten der New-Deal-Gesetze der Bundesregierung unter Präsident Franklin D. Roosevelt verabschiedet. Im Jahr 1938 wurde Sanders von seiner Partei nicht mehr zur Wiederwahl nominiert.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus betätigte er sich wieder als Anwalt. Er starb am 7. Januar 1956 in Corsicana und wurde in Canton beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1878
Gestorben 1956
Mann

Morgan G. Sanders


Pjotr Ivanovič Čardinin (rus. Пётр Иванович Чардынин; Rusko Carstvo, 8. veljače 1873. – Odesa, Sovjetski Savez, 14. kolovoza 1934.) bio je ruski filmski glumac i redatelj.

Filmovi
 Bojar Orša (1909.)
 Vlast tame (1909. nije sačuvan)
 Mrtve duše (1909.)
 Vadim (1910.)
 Idiot (1910.)
 Pikovaja dama (1910.)
 Kuća u Kolomni (1913.)
 Ujakov stan (1913.)
 Krizanteme (1914.)
 Mirage (1915.)
 Šuti, tugo, šuti'' (1918.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Pjotr Čardinin na kino-teatr.ru

Ruski filmski redatelji

Pjotr Čardinin


A nu fi confundat cu Friedrich von Hohenzollern (1449-1505).

Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (n. 26 septembrie 1582 – d. 19 septembrie 1625) a fost un membru al Casei Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, episcop romano-catolic și cardinal-preot al orașului Osnabrück. A fost fiul lui Charles II, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, deci membru al vechii familii nobiliare Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, dar unul dintre cei care a decis să-și dedice viața bisericii.

Titluri

La data de 15 decembrie 1620, Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen a fost uns cardinal in pectore la biserica Saint Lorenzo Panisperma de către papa Papa Grigore al XV-lea. La data de 11 ianuarie 1621 a fost ridicat la rangul de cardinal-preot. Peste doi ani, la data de 28 aprilie 1623, a fost numit prinț episcop de Osnabrück. La 29 octombrie 1623 a decis să fie preot și a fost hirotonit.

Titlul de Eminență a fost folosit doar după decesul său din 1625, începând cu 1630.

Nașteri în 1582
Nașteri pe 26 septembrie
Decese în 1625
Decese pe 19 septembrie
Eitel Frederick
Cardinali germani
Eitel Frederick
Eitel Frederick
Oameni din Osnabrück
Romano-catolici germani

Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen