Marbella ( ,  , ) is a city and municipality in southern Spain, belonging to the province of Málaga in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is part of the Costa del Sol and is the headquarters of the Association of Municipalities of the region; it is also the head of the judicial district that bears its name.

Marbella is situated on the Mediterranean Sea, between Málaga and the Strait of Gibraltar, in the foothills of the Sierra Blanca. The municipality covers an area of  crossed by highways on the coast, which are its main entrances.

In 2018, the population of the city was 141,463 inhabitants, making it the second most populous municipality in the province of Málaga and the seventh in Andalusia. It is one of the most important tourist cities of the Costa del Sol and throughout most of the year is an international tourist attraction, due mainly to its climate and tourist infrastructure.

The city also has a significant archaeological heritage, several museums and performance spaces,  and a cultural calendar with events ranging from reggae concerts to opera performances.

Geography
The Marbella municipality occupies a strip of land that extends along  of coastline of the Penibético region, sheltered by the slopes of the coastal mountain range, which includes  the Bermeja, Palmitera, Royal, White and Alpujata sub-ranges. Due to the proximity of the mountains to the coast, the city has a large gap between its north and south sides, thus providing views of the sea and mountain vistas from almost every part of the city. The coastline is heavily urbanised; most of the land not built up with golf courses has been developed with small residential areas. Marbella is bordered on the north by the municipalities of Istán and Ojén, on the northwest by Benahavís, on the west by Estepona and on the northeast by Mijas. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the south.

Topography

There are five geomorphological units: the Sierra Blanca, the Sierra Blanca piedmont (foothills), the lower hill country, the plains and the coastal dunes. The Sierra Blanca is most centrally located in the province, looming over the old village. This mountain range has three peaks: La Concha, located further west at  above sea level, Juanar Cross, located eastward (within the municipality of Ojen) at  above sea level, and the highest, Mount Lastonar, located between the two at . Marbella's topography is characterised by extensive coastal plains formed from eroded mountains. North of the plain, is an area of elevations from , occupied by low hills, with foothills and steeper slopes of the mountains behind. The coast is generally low and has sandy beaches that are more extensive further east, between the fishing port and Cabopino. Despite the intense urbanisation of the coast, it still retains a natural area of dunes, the Artola Dunes (Dunas de Artola), at the eastern end of town.

Hydrography

The entire region lies within the Andalusian Mediterranean Basin. The rivers are short and have very steep banks, so that flash floods are common. These include the Guadalmina, the Guadaiza, the Verde and the Rio Real, which provide most of the water supply. The irregularity of rainfall has resulted in intermittent rivers that often run dry in summer; most of the many streams that cross the city have been bridged. The La Concepción reservoir supplies the population with drinking water; apart from this there are other reservoirs like El Viejo and El Nuevo (the Old and the New) that irrigated the old agricultural colony of El Ángel, and Las Medranas and Llano de la Leche that watered the plantations of the colony of San Pedro de Alcántara.

Climate
Marbella has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with humid, very mild winters (for European standards) and warm to hot, dry summers. Marbella is protected on its northern side by the coastal mountains of the Cordillera Penibética and so enjoys a climate with an average annual temperature between . During winters, the highest peaks of the nearby mountain range are occasionally covered with snow, which can be seen from the coastline of Marbella when it snows on the Sierra Blanca mountain peak at . Average rainfall is , while hours of sunshine average above 2,900 annually.

Flora and fauna

Because most of the mountain areas around Marbella cannot be managed by the City Council and they are under the management of the central government, remnants of the land in its natural state are still preserved in the mountains, where there are chestnut and cherry trees; reforested firs; Aleppo, Monterrey and maritime pines, pinyons; and ferns. The fauna is represented by golden eagles, Bonelli's eagles, short-toed eagles, hawks, falcons, vultures, genets or musk cats, badgers, wild goats, deer, martens, foxes and rabbits.

The coast has the Natural Monument site of the Dunas de Artola, one of the few protected natural beaches of the Costa del Sol, which contains marram grass, sea holly, sea daffodils and shrubs such as large-fruited juniper. The Posidonia oceanica, endemic to the Mediterranean, is found in the Cabopino area; it is an important part of the ecosystem in the sea around Marbella.

Demographics

According to the census of the INE for 2018, Marbella had a population of 141,463 inhabitants, which ranked it as the second-most populous city in the province of Málaga and eighth in Andalusia after surpassing Cádiz in 2008. Unlike other towns in the Costa del Sol, Marbella had a significant population before the population explosion caused by the tourist boom of the 1960s. The census counted about 10,000 people in 1950; population growth since has been as great as that of neighboring towns. Between 1950 and 2001 the population grew by 897%, with the decade of the 1960s having the highest relative increase, at 141%. In 2001, only 26.2% of Marbella's population had been born there, 15.9% were foreign-born, and those born in other towns in Spain made up the difference. During the summer months the population of Marbella  increases by 30% with the arrival of tourists and foreigners who have their second homes in the area.

The population is concentrated in two main centres: Marbella and San Pedro Alcántara; the rest is scattered in many developments in the districts of Nueva Andalucia and Las Chapas, located along the coast and on the mountain slopes. According to a study by the Association of Municipalities of the Costa del Sol, based on the production of solid waste in 2003, Marbella had a population of about 246,000 inhabitants, almost twice that of the population census of 2008. From the estimated volume of municipal waste in 2010, the City calculates the population during the summer months at around 400,000 people, while official police sources estimated it at about 500,000, with a peak of up to 700,000 people.

Demonyms
Traditionally the people of Marbella have been called "marbelleros" in the local vernacular and "marbellenses" in more formal registers; these names have appeared in dictionaries and encyclopedias. Since the mid-1950s, however, Marbellan residents have been called "marbellís" or "marbellíes", the only gentilic, or demonym, that appears in the Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Dictionary of the Spanish Language) published by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The use of "marbellí" as a gentilic was popularised by the writer and journalist Víctor de la Serna (1896–1958), who wrote a series of documentary articles on "The Navy of Andalucía"; in his research he had come upon the Historia de Málaga y Su Provincia (History of Málaga and the Province) by Francisco Guillén Robles, who used the plural word "marbellíes" to designate the Muslim inhabitants of Marbella.

History

Prehistory and antiquity

Archaeological excavations have been made in the mountains around Marbella which point to human habitation in Paleolithic and Neolithic times. Some historians believe that the first settlement on the present site of Marbella was founded by the Phoenicians in the 7th century BC, as they are known to have established several colonies on the coast of Málaga province. However, no remains have been found of any significant settlement, although some artefacts of Phoenician and later Carthaginian settlements have been unearthed in different parts of the municipality, as in the fields of Rio Real and Cerro Torrón.

The existence of a Roman population centre in what is now the El Casco Antiguo (Old Town) is suggested by three Ionic capitals embedded in one section of the Murallas del Castillo (Moorish castle walls), the reused materials of a building from earlier times. Recent discoveries in La Calle Escuelas (School Street) and other remains scattered throughout the old town testify to a Roman occupation as well. West of the city, on the grounds of the Hotel Puente Romano, is a small 1st century Roman Bridge over a stream. There are ruins of other Roman settlements along the rivers Verde and Guadalmina: Villa Romana on the Rio Verde (Green River), the Roman baths at Guadalmina, and the ruins of a Roman villa and an early Byzantine basilica at Vega del Mar, built in the 3rd century and surrounded by a paleo-Christian necropolis, later used as a burial ground by the Visigoths. All of these further demonstrate a continued human presence in the area. In Roman times, the city was called Salduba (Salt City).

Middle Ages

During the period of Islamic rule, after the Normans lay waste to the coast of Málaga in the 10th century, the Caliphate of Córdoba fortified the coastline and built a string of several lighthouse towers along it. In the Umayyad fashion they constructed a citadel, the Alcazaba, and a wall to protect the town, which was made up of narrow streets and small buildings with large patios, the most notable buildings being the citadel and the mosque. The village was surrounded by orchards; its most notable crops were figs and mulberry trees for silkworm cultivation. The current name most likely developed from the name the Arabs gave it: Marbal·la (مربلة), which may in turn derive, according to some linguistic investigations, from a previous Iberian place name. The traveller Ibn Battuta characterised it as "a pretty little town in a fertile district." During the time of the first kingdoms of Taifa, Marbil-la was disputed by the Taifas of Algeciras and of Málaga, eventually falling into the orbit of Málaga, which in turn later became part of the Nasrid Kingdom. In 1283 the  Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq launched a campaign against the Kingdom of Granada. Peace between the Marinid dynasty and the Nasrid dynasty was achieved with the signing of the Treaty of Marbella on 6 May 1286, by which all the Marinid possessions in Al-Andalus were restored to the Nasrid sultan.

Early modern age

On 11 June 1485, the town passed into the hands of the Crown of Castile without bloodshed. The Catholic Monarchs gave Marbella the title of city and capital of the region and made it a realengo (royal protectorate). The Plaza de los Naranjos was built along the lines of Castilian urban design about this time, as well as some of the historical buildings that surround it. The Fuerte de San Luis de Marbella (Fort of San Luis) was built in 1554 by Charles V. The main door faced north and was protected by a moat with a drawbridge. Today, the ruins of the fort house a museum, and on the grounds are the Iglesia del Santo Cristo de la Vera Cruz (Church of the Holy Christ of the True Cross) and Ermita del Calvario (Calvary Chapel). Sugar cane was introduced to Marbella in 1644, the cultivation of which spread on the Málaga province coast, resulting in the construction of numerous sugar mills, such as Trapiche del Prado de Marbella.

19th century

In 1828 Málaga businessman Manuel Agustín Heredia founded a company called La Concepción to mine the magnetite iron ores of the Sierra Blanca at nearby Ojén, due to the availability of charcoal made from the trees of the mountain slopes and water from the river Verde, as a ready supply of both was needed for the manufacture of iron. In 1832 the company built the first charcoal-fired blast furnace for non-military use in Spain; these iron-smelting operations ultimately produced up to 75% of the country's cast iron. By 1860 competition from the coke-fired blast furnaces in northern Spain had made the plant uneconomical. In 1860 the 1st Marquess of Duero founded an agricultural colony for the unemployed iron workers, now the heart of San Pedro de Alcántara.

The simultaneous dismantling of the iron industry, based in the forges of El  Angel and La Concepción, disrupted the local economy.  Much of the population had to return to farming or fishing for a livelihood.  The situation was compounded by the widespread crisis of traditional agriculture and by the epidemic of phylloxera blight in the vineyards,  causing Marbella to suffer high unemployment, an increase in poverty, and the starvation of many day labourers.

The associated infrastructure built for the installation of the foundry of El Angel in 1871 by the British-owned Marbella Iron Ore Company temporarily relieved the situation, and even made the city a destination for immigrants, increasing its population.  However, the company did not survive the worldwide economic crisis of 1893, and closed its doors in that year due to the difficulty of finding a market for the magnetite iron ore it mined.

In the late 19th century, Marbella was a village composed of three parts: the main districts, the Barrio Alto or San Francisco, and the Barrio Nuevo. There were three smaller nuclei arranged around the old ironworks and the farm-model of the colony of San Pedro Alcántara, as well as isolated dwellings in orchards and farms. The general population was divided between a small group of oligarchs and the working people, the middle class being practically non-existent.

20th century
In the early decades of the century the first hotels were built: El Comercial, which opened in 1918, and the Miramar, in 1926. During the Second Republic, Marbella experienced major social changes and contentious political parties mobilized.

As the Spanish Civil War began in the late 1930s, Marbella and Casare suffered more anticlerical violence than the rest of western Málaga province.  The day after the failed uprising which led to the civil war, several religious buildings in Marbella were set on fire.  Only the walls of the Church of St. Mary of the Incarnation and the Church of San Pedro Alcantara were left standing.  With the aid of Fascist Italian troops, Nationalist forces seized Marbella during the first months of the war. It became a haven for prominent Nazis, including Léon Degrelle and Wolfgang Jugler, and Falangist personalities like José Antonio Girón de Velasco and José Banús.

After the Second World War, Marbella was a small jasmine-lined village with only 900 inhabitants. Ricardo Soriano, Marquis of Ivanrey, moved to Marbella and popularised it among his rich and famous friends.  In 1943, he acquired a country estate located between Marbella and San Pedro called El Rodeo, and later built a resort there called Venta y Albergues El Rodeo, beginning the development of tourism in Marbella.

Soriano's nephew, Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, descendant of a high-ranking aristocratic family (his mother, María de la Piedad de Yturbe y Scholtz-Hersmendorff, was the Marquesa de Belvís de las Navas) acquired another estate, Finca Santa Margarita.  In 1954, he opened the Marbella Club, an international resort aimed at movie stars, business executives and the nobility.

Both resorts came to be frequented by members of European aristocratic families with famous names: Bismarck, Rothschild, Thurn und Taxis, Metternich, de Mora y Aragon, de Salamanca or Thyssen-Bornemisza.  This transformed Marbella into a destination for the international jet set.  Trading on Prince Alfonso's kinship to the royal courts of Europe, his hotel quickly proved popular with vacationing members of Europe's social elites for its casual but discreet luxury. Jaime de Mora y Aragón, a Spanish bon vivant and brother to Fabiola, Queen of the Belgians, as well as Adnan Khashoggi, were frequent visitors.  Prince Alfonso's first marriage was to Princess Ira von Fürstenberg, an Agnelli heiress.  Princess Marie-Louise of Prussia (great-granddaughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II) and her husband Count Rudolf "Rudi" von Schönburg–Glauchau eventually worked closely with the new proprietors, the Shamoon family, who took over the Marbella Club Hotel from Prince Alfonso.

In 1966, Prince Alfonso hired a Beverly Hills architect and, with the assistance of the Banus family, who were personal friends of dictator Francisco Franco and had already developed the later-controversial Valle de los Caídos, developed the high-end tourist resort Puerto Banus.  The resort opened to much fanfare in 1970.  Celebrities in attendance included Franco's designated successor, Juan Carlos (then Prince of Asturias), Prince Rainier of Monaco and his wife Grace Kelly, and Aga Khan IV; entertainers included Julio Iglesias.  In 1973, exiled dictator Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar, who had left Cuba with a fortune estimated at between $100 and $300 million and lived extravagantly in various Iberian resorts, died of a heart attack there.  Fugitive financier Marc Rich bought a house in Marbella, renounced his American citizenship and claimed Spanish citizenship during his decades of evading American income taxes, although he spent more time in Switzerland, where he died.

In 1974, Prince Fahd arrived in Marbella from Monte Carlo.  Until his death in 2005, Prince Fahd was a frequent and profligate guest.  Marbella welcomed his retinue of over a thousand people spending petro-dollars.  The then-anonymous Osama bin Laden visited on a number of occasions with his family between 1977 and 1988.

In the 1980s, Marbella continued as a popular jet set destination.  However, the 1987 kidnapping of Melodie Nakachian, the daughter of local billionaire philanthropist Raymond Nakachian and the Korean singer Kimera, focused less-favourable international media scrutiny on Marbella, even though a police raid ultimately freed her.

From the first democratic elections after the adoption of the 1978 Spanish Constitution, until 1991, all the mayors of Marbella were members of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party ('El Partido Socialista Obrero Español' or PSOE in Spanish).

In 1991, the builder and president of Atlético Madrid, Jesús Gil was elected mayor of Marbella by a wide majority. He and his party, the right-wing populist Independent Liberal Group ('Grupo Independiente Liberal' or GIL in Spanish), promised to fight petty crime as well as the region's declining prestige. Actor Sean Connery became Marbella's international spokesman, although Connery later ended this business relationship after Gil used his image in an election campaign. Gil's administration facilitated a building boom. However, critics complained about disregard for the existing urban plan, market speculation and environmental predation by developers; the regional Andalusian government suspended some development. Gil despised town-hall formalities, instead ruling from his office at the Club Financiero, and cultivated a maverick image. The PSOE and the People's Party criticized Gil even at the national level, but voters re-elected him and some Spanish celebrities continued to spend summers there. Gil's political party, GIL, also proved popular in other tourist-dependent Costa del Sol towns like Estepona, and even across the Strait of Gibraltar to the Spanish North African cities of Ceuta and Melilla.

In 1999, Gil was convicted of embezzling public funds and falsifying public documents. Gil died in 2004, and his party remained in power until 2006, but related scandals continue to this day, as discussed below.

Landmarks and places of interest

Old Town (Casco Antiguo)
The old town of Marbella includes the ancient city walls and the two historical suburbs of the city, the Barrio Alto, which extends north, and the Barrio Nuevo, located to the east. The ancient walled city retains nearly the same layout as in the 16th century. Here is the Plaza de los Naranjos, an example of Castilian Renaissance design, its plan laid out in the heart of Old Town after the Christian reconquest. Around the square are arranged three remarkable buildings: the town hall, built in 1568 by the Catholic Monarchs in Renaissance style, the Mayor's house, which combines Gothic and Renaissance elements in its façade, with a roof of Mudejar style and fresco murals inside, and the Chapel of Santiago, the oldest religious building in the city, built earlier than the square and not aligned with it, believed to date from the 15th century. Other buildings of interest in the centre are the Church of Santa María de la Encarnación, built in the Baroque style starting in 1618, the Casa del Roque, and the remains of the Arabic castle and defensive walls; also in the  Renaissance style are the Capilla de San Juan de Dios (Chapel of St. John of God), the Hospital Real de la Misericordia (Royal Hospital of Mercy) and the Hospital Bazán which now houses the Museum of Contemporary Spanish Engravings.

One of the highlights of the Barrio Alto is the Ermita del Santo Cristo de la Vera Cruz (Hermitage of the Holy Christ of the True Cross), built in the 15th century and enlarged in the 18th century, which consists of a square tower with a roof covered by glazed ceramic tiles. The Barrio Alto is also known as the San Francisco neighborhood, after a Franciscan convent formerly located there. The so-called Nuevo Barrio (New Town), separated from the walled city by the Arroyo de la Represa, has no monumental buildings but retains its original layout and much of its character in the simple whitewashed houses with their tiled roofs and exposed wooden beams, orchards and small corrals.

Historic extension (Ensanche histórico)

Between the old town and the sea in the area known as the "historic extension" (ensanche histórico), there is a small botanical garden on Paseo de la Alameda, and a garden with fountains and a collection of ten sculptures by Salvador Dalí on the Avenida del Mar, which connects the old town with the beach. To the west of this road, passing the Faro de Marbella, is Constitution Park (Parque de la Constitución), which houses the auditorium of the same name and the Skol Apartments, designed in the Modernist style by the Spanish architect Manuel Jaén Albaitero.

Marbella's Golden Mile
What is known as Marbella's Golden Mile is actually a stretch of  which begins at the western edge of Marbella city and stretches to Puerto Banús. The area is home to some of Marbella's most luxurious villas and estates with views of mountain and sea, such as the Palace of King Fahd, as well as some landmark hotels, among them the Melia Don Pepe, the Hotel Marbella Club and the Hotel Puente Romano.  The area developed during the tourism boom of the 1960s, where may be found the ruins of the Roman villa by the Rio Verde, and El Ángel, where the land of the old forge works was converted to an agricultural colony, and the Botanical Gardens of El Ángel with gardens of three different styles, dating from the 8th century.

The Golden Mile is divided into two parts by a motorway that runs through it. Along the motorway are strings of business centres, five-star hotels, golf course and other services. The beachside of the motorway is fully developed, while the mountain side is still undergoing development. Urbanisations in the area's sea side are Alhambra del Mar, La Alcazaba, Las Torres, Los Verdiales, Marbellamar, Marina Marbella, Oasis, Rio Verde and Santa Margarita. On the mountainside of the motorway, the following residential areas are currently being developed: Sierra Blanca, Nagüeles, Cascada de Camoján, Jardines Colgantes, Marbella Hill Club, El Venero, El Batatal, La Capellania, La Virginia, Carolina, El Vicario, Altos de Salamanca, Casas del Señorio de Marbella, Coto Real, and Ancon Sierra.

The Golden Mile should not be confused with the New Golden Mile which is a marketing name given to the area between San Pedro de Alcantara and Estepona.

Nueva Andalucía
Nueva Andalucía is an area just west of Marbella and inland from the marina of Puerto Banús. Home to many golf courses, it is also known as Golf Valley. The bullring by Centro Plaza marks the entrance to Nueva Andalucia where the villas and apartments are based on traditional Andalusian architecture and design. Nueva Andalucia is a very popular residential area both due to tis three golf courses, but also due to an increasing number of restaurants and entertainment venues. The three golf courses in Nueva Andalucia are Los Naranjos Golf Club, Las Brisas Golf Club and Aloha Golf.

San Pedro Alcántara
At the heart of San Pedro Alcántara are two industrial buildings of the 19th century: the Trapiche de Guadaiza and the sugar mill, which now houses the Ingenio Cultural Centre. The 19th century heritage of San Pedro is also represented by two buildings of colonial style, the parish Church and the Villa of San Luis, residence of the Marqués del Duero. Next to San Pedro, near the mouth of the river Guadalmina, are some of the most important archaeological sites in Marbella: the early Christian Basílica de Vega del Mar, the vaulted Roman baths of Las Bóvedas (the Domes) and the eponymous watch tower of Torre de Las Bóvedas. The important archaeological site of Cerro Colorado is located near Benahavis; it features a chronologically complex stratigraphy that begins in the 4th century BC within a Mastieno (ancient Iberian ethnicity of the Tartessian confederation) area, then a town identified as Punic, and finally a Roman settlement. A series of domestic structures built behind the city walls, and corresponding to these different stages of occupation recorded in the archaeological sequence of the site, characterise the settlement as being fortified. A hoard of three pots filled with silver coins of mostly Hispano-Carthaginian origin, and numerous pieces of precious metalwork, along with clippings and silver ingots, all dating from the 3rd century BC, were found here.

District of Las Chapas
In the eastern part of the municipality in the district of Las Chapas is the site of Rio Real, situated on a promontory near the mouth of the river of the same name. Here traces of Phoenician habitation dating to the early 7th century BC were discovered in excavations made during an archaeological expedition led by Pedro Sánchez in 1998. Bronze Age utensils including plates, carinated bowls, lamps and other ceramics of Phoenician and indigenous Iberian types have been found, as well as a few Greek examples. There are two ancient watchtowers, the Torre Río Real (Royal River Tower) and the Torre Ladrones (Tower of Thieves). Among the notable tourist attractions is the residential complex Ciudad Residencial Tiempo Libre (Residential Leisure City), an architectural ensemble of the Modernist movement, which has been a registered property of Bien de Interés Cultural (Heritage of Cultural Interest) since 2006.

Beaches

The  of coastline within the limits of Marbella is divided into twenty-four beaches with different features; however, due to expansion of the municipality, they are all now semi-urban. They generally have moderate surf, golden or dark sand ranging through fine, medium or coarse in texture, and some gravel. The occupancy rate is usually high to midrange, especially during the summer months, when tourist arrivals are highest. Amongst the various notable beaches are Artola beach, situated in the protected area of the Dunas de Artola, and Cabopino, one of the few nudist beaches in Marbella, near the port of Cabopino. The beaches of Venus and La Fontanilla are centrally located and very popular, and those of Puerto Banús and San Pedro Alcántara have been awarded the blue flag of the Foundation for Environmental Education for compliance with its standards of water quality, safety, general services and environmental management.

Politics and administration
Political administration of the municipal government is run by the Ayuntamiento (City Hall), whose members are elected every four years. Maria Angeles Muñoz, leader of the People's Party (PP) in Marbella, became mayor in 2007, and her party has governed the town ever since. The electoral roll is composed of all residents registered in Marbella who are over age 18 and a citizen of Spain or one of the other member states of the European Union. The Spanish Law on the General Election sets the number of councilors elected according to the municipality's population; the Municipal Corporation of Marbella consists of 27 councilors.

Gil Cases
Corruption accusations and mayor Gil's further conviction in 2002 for diverting public funds to Atlético led to reappraisal of the city's finances. When Jesús Gil y Gil finally resigned that year, he was succeeded by Julián Muñoz, his right-hand man, a former waiter famous for his romantic involvement with singer Isabel Pantoja, a matador's widow. After a power struggle in which Muñoz fired Juan Antonio Roca Nicolas, a planning consultant, for involvement in the Gil-era scandal and in the later scandal discussed below, the city council censured the new mayor and expelled him from office. More than 79 companies and 85 individuals were implicated in the initial corruption scandal (for which Roca had been released from prison upon paying a 450,000 euro fine), and an additional fifty persons and more companies were convicted in June 2013. In a televised debate, Muñoz and Gil each accused the other of having robbed public funds.

After his own party repudiated Muñoz, Marisol Yagüe, a former secretary, became Marbella's new mayor, but was herself arrested and jailed in March 2006. Deputy Mayor Isabel Garcia Marcos was arrested at Malaga's airport en route to a honeymoon in Russia at this time, and police found over €360,000 in cash in a safe in her home. Garcia, a Socialist until her expulsion from that party in 2003, had been known for criticizing Marbella's endemic corruption. Gil died in 2004, a year after Spain's Supreme Court barred him from holding further public office for 28 years for breach of trust and influence-peddling in the earlier cases, as well as shortly after a lower court ordered him to surrender his Atlético shares and fined him $16 million in connection with the 2002 conviction (but allowed him to remain free on bail during his appeal).

Operation Malaya

In March 2006, Marbella seemed nearly bankrupt. City councilor Tomás Reñones, a former Atlético Madrid football player, ran Marbella after Mayor Yague and Deputy Mayor Garcia were jailed, but soon ended up in jail as well. On 8 April 2006, the Spanish Senate unanimously approved the report of the General Commission of Autonomous Communities and suspended the city council, the first time such a course of action had occurred in Spain since democracy's restoration. Spain's Prime Minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, head of the national PSOE, appointed a committee of auditors to run Marbella temporarily, as well as unravel the financial machinations.

After a short period of interim government, municipal elections were held in May 2007. For the first time, the People's Party (PP) gained a majority, with 16 out of the 27 council seats. The PSOE won 10 council seats, United Left (IU) had 1. In the municipal elections of May 2011, the PP won 15 seats, the PSOE 7, the IU 2, and independents 3.

The investigation, known as the Operation Malaya case, has resulted in numerous convictions and the seizure of goods worth €2.4 million. Today "Marbellan urbanism" is synonymous in Spain with governmental corruption, with as many as 30,000 illegal homes built in the town, without significant educational and health infrastructure.

During the complex, three-year trial (which included over 300 hours of hearings and 400 witnesses), evidence showed that under a scheme masterminded by Roca (a formerly unemployed builder who ran the city's planning department in the 1990s), building permits were issued in exchange for envelopes of cash, and the money then illegally laundered. Although prosecutors had sought even stiffer terms after convicting 50 municipal officials and business executives, in October 2013, Roca was sentenced to 11 years in jail and fined €240m, former mayor Muñoz sentenced to six years, and former mayor Yagüe sentenced to serve two years in prison. Forty of the 95 accused were found not guilty by the Malaga court.

The corruption investigation that led to this round of convictions began in 2005, as an investigation into drug moneylaundering. Roca reportedly claimed to control the town after Gil's death. At the height of his wealth he was one of the richest men in Andalucia, having accumulated several hotels, ranches with more than 103 thoroughbred horses and fighting bulls, a private jet, a helicopter, 14 vintage cars, 5 kilos of jewellery and a 275 piece art collection including Miro paintings. However, although Marbella's population had boomed to approximately 160,000 residents during the previous fifteen years, neither additional schools nor health centres were built; the city's infrastructure remained virtually unchanged since 1991. Although the city expanded its workforce from 400 employees in 1991 to 3,200 in 2006, under the GIL administrations Marbella paid neither social security contributions nor taxes for its employees. The town's debt now exceeds over €200 million and precludes necessary infrastructure improvements. Hundreds of the poorly built apartments and homes, many sold to expatriate British and Irish retirees, face demolition as hazardous. Investigating magistrate Miguel Angel Torres Segura, who led the investigations through 2007, was promoted to the criminal court in Granada.

Symbols
The design of the coat of arms and the flag used by Marbella City Hall has been the subject of controversy.

Economy

According to 2003 data, Marbella is amongst the municipalities ranking highest in household disposable income per capita in Andalusia, second to Mojácar and matched by four other municipalities, including its neighbour, Benahavís.

Its business sector consisted of 17,647 establishments in 2005, representing a total of 14.7% of the businesses in Malaga province, and showed greater dynamism than the provincial capital itself for growth over the period 1998–2004, when it grew 9% compared to the 2.4% growth rate of Málaga. Compared to the rest of Andalusia, the volume of production in Marbella is higher than that of most other municipalities with similar population, ranking even above the capitals of Almería, Huelva and Jaén.

As in most cities of the Andalusian coast, Marbella's economy revolves around tertiary activities. The service sector accounts for 60% of employment, while trade accounts for almost 20%.  The main branches of the service sector are hospitality, real estate, and business services, which underscores the importance of tourism in Marbella's economy.  Employment in construction, industry, and agriculture is 14.2%, 3.8%, and 2.4% respectively.

The number of business establishments in the service sector accounts for 87.5% of the total.  Businesses in construction account for 9.6% and, in industry, 2.9%.  Of these companies, 89.5% have fewer than 5 employees and only 2.3% have a staff of at least 20 employees.

In 2008, a study by the Institute of Statistics of Andalusia (IEA) based on 14 variables (income, equipment, training, etc.), found Marbella was the Andalusian city with the most developed general welfare and the highest quality of life.  According to the study's results, Marbella ranks highest in the number of private clinics, sports facilities, and private schools.

In December 2016, an investment fund based in Hong Kong announced that it had acquired  of land near Elviria and planned to invest €300 million to develop a five-star luxury hotel and 120 villas.  According to its developer, the future resort "is to be the most luxurious in the country" and will be run by an international hotel chain.

Transport

Cities on the coast are accessible by bus from Marbella, including Málaga, Estepona, Torremolinos, Fuengirola and Gibraltar. The area is also served by the A7 motorway; the closest airport is Málaga-Costa Del Sol.

Marine shipping
The four ports of Marbella are primarily recreational; although both Puerto Banús and the Puerto de la Bajadilla are permitted to dock cruise ships, neither operates regular service to other ports.  The port of Bajadilla is home to the Marbella fishermen's guild and is used to transport goods.

Rail
Marbella is the most populous municipality in the Iberian Peninsula without a railway station in its territory, and is the only Spanish city of over 100,000 inhabitants not served by rail.

A project is underway to construct a railway (Costa del Sol railway) to connect Nerja, Málaga, and Algeciras.  It may be a high speed railway with several stops in Marbella.  Until then, the nearest station is near Fuengirola,  distant.  Further away is Málaga Maria Zambrano, in Málaga city,  away, and Ronda railway station, also .

Urban bus
Marbella offers residents of the municipality free mobility on its urban bus lines (Urbanos de Marbella) operated by Avanza, thanks to the Tarjeta Municipal de Movilidad. There are currently 14 urban bus lines, spanning from San Pedro de Alcántara to Cabopino, including the seasonal Starlite line available during summers and the L11 available only on October 31 and November 1. The lines are the following:

 L1: C.C. La Cañada - Marbella Centro - Puerto Banús.
 L2: C.C. La Cañada - Miraflores - El Mirador.
 L3. C.C. La Cañada - Nagüeles - Puerto Banús - El Ángel.
 L4: Puerto Banús - (El Ángel) - Nueva Andalucía - San Pedro.
 L5: Puerto Banús - El Ángel - Nueva Andalucía - San Pedro - El Salto.
 L6: Cabopino - Las Chapas - Marbella Centro - Estación de Autobuses - C.C. La Cañada.
 L6B: Bello Horizonte - Miraflores - C.C. La Cañada.
 L7 (circular): San Pedro - Centro de Salud.
 L8 (night bus): C.C. La Cañada - Marbella Centro - Puerto Banús - San Pedro.
 L9 (night bus): Cabopino - Las Chapas - Marbella Centro.
 L10 (seasonal, only during summers): Marbella Centro - Starlite.
 L11 (seasonal, only on October 31 and November 1): Marbella Centro - Divina Pastora - Cementerio Nuevo.
 L12: Hospital Costa del Sol - Marbella Centro - Nueva Andalucía.
 L13: Hospital Costa del Sol - Marbella Centro - San Pedro.

Intercity bus
Most intercity bus services are operated by CTSA-Portillo.  They connect Marbella to other urban centres, such as Málaga and its airport, nearby towns in the interior (Benahavis, Ojen, Ronda), the Campo, including Gibraltar (La Linea and Algeciras), some major cities in Andalusia (Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Jerez, Granada, Jaen, Seville, and Úbeda),  and Mérida in Extremadura.  The central bus station has connections to other domestic destinations, such as Madrid and Barcelona.

Taxis
There are plenty of taxis to Marbella from the airports at Malaga and Gibraltar and from the taxi ranks along the Costa del Sol.  Most are clean and non-smoking, as well as being the most comfortable way to travel to local vacation destinations.

Marbella is not formally integrated into the Metropolitan Transportation Consortium Málaga area.

Media
Due to the city's ethnic diversity, Marbella's newspapers and magazines are published in several European languages, among which are La Tribuna de Marbella (in Spanish) and Costa del Sol Nachrichten (in German).  In addition, Diario Sur (Spanish) or Southern Journal (English) and La Opinión de Málaga (Spanish) have editorial offices in the city.  Among the English language magazines with the largest circulation are those dedicated to fashion and lifestyle, such as  Essential Magazine and Society Marbella Magazine.

Marbella has several local television stations, such as M95 Television, Summer TV, and South Coast Television.  It also has several digital news dailies, including the Voice of Marbella and Journal of Marbella.

Culture

Besides the typical Andalusian cultural events, a variety of annual festivals are held in Marbella, mainly between June and October; other events are held sporadically. Festivals dedicated to music include the Marbella International Opera Festival held in August since 2001, the Marbella Reggae Festival in July, and the Marbella International Film Festival in June at different locations around the city—amongst them the beach, aboard a boat or in Old Town. It also hosts the Marbella International Film Festival, the Spanish Film Festival and the Festival of Independent Theatre.

To provide venues for these and other events, the city has cultural facilities both publicly and privately managed, such as the Auditorium of Constitution Park, the Ingenio Cultural Centre, the Teatro Ciudad de Marbella or Black Box Theatre, among others. In addition, there is a music conservatory, a cinema club and several cinemas showing foreign films dubbed into Castilian.

The International Contemporary Art Fair I, also known as MARB ART, was held in Marbella in 2005, exhibiting works of photography, painting, sculpture and graphic design by over 500 artists; it has been held annually since at the Palace of Congresses. The following year the 2006 extension of the Ateneo de Málaga Marbella (Atheneum of Málaga Marbella) opened, dedicated to the development of artistic and cultural activities.

Amongst local cultural associations is the Cilniana Association, an organisation dedicated to protecting and promoting the heritage of Marbella and neighbouring towns, which publishes its own magazine. Since 2009 the city has been home to Marbella University, the first private university in the province of Málaga. In 2013, the city welcomed the opening of Marbella International University Centre (MIUC), an international higher-education institution focused on Business, Politics and Media, and the only university in Andalusia where courses are taught in both English and Spanish.

Museums
 Contemporary Spanish Engraving Museum: created in 1992, contains a collection of prints by 20th century artists such as Picasso, Miró, Dalí, Tàpies, Chillida and the El Paso Group (Rafael Canogar, Manolo Millares, Antonio Saura, Pablo Serrano, et al.) amongst others, as well as an exhibition hall dedicated to teaching engraving techniques.
 Museum Cortijo de Miraflores: in addition to the museum, the farm houses an exhibition hall and other cultural classrooms, amongst them the olive oil mill.
 Bonsai Museum: opened in 1992, it has a collection of specimens on permanent display and others for sale, with an emphasis on its extensive collection of olive trees and examples of species such as Ginkgo, Oxicedro, Pentafila Pino, and zelcoba, also pines, oaks, and other species.
 Ralli Museum, dedicated primarily to art in Latin America, it has sculptures by Dalí and Aristide Maillol and paintings by Dalí, Miró,  Chagall, Henry Moore, amongst others.
 Municipal Archaeological Collection: its collection consists of archaeological artefacts found in the municipality.
 Mechanical Art Museum: a cultural centre located in the 19th-century Barriada del Ingenio, it contains sculptures made from second-hand car parts by Antonio Alonso.

Cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Marbella is that of the Malagueño coast and is based on seafood. The most typical dish is fried fish, using anchovies, mackerel, mullet or squid, amongst others. Gazpacho and garlic soup are very typical. Bakeries sell oil cakes, wine donuts, borrachuelos (aniseed rolls fried with a little wine and dipped into syrup), torrijas (similar to French toast) and churros (fritters). In addition to the traditional native cuisine, there are many restaurants in Marbella that serve food of the international, nouvelle, or fusion cuisines.

Festivals
In June, the Fair and Fiesta of San Bernabe honour the patron saint of Marbella.  They last a week, with activities and performances divided in two parts: Fair Day, which began in Old Town and is now held in the Avenida del Doctor Maíz Viñals, and Fair Night, in Arroyo Primero.

October sees the fair and festivals honouring the patron saint of San Pedro Alcantara.  These too last a week.  The smaller Fair and Festivals of Nueva Andalucía, celebrated in early October in Las Chapas and El Ángel, are also popular.

Throughout the summer season (July to October) most barrios of Marbella have events organised by neighbourhood associations to encourage cultural activities including: bullfights, musical performances, photo competitions, and sporting events.  Among the best known associations are those of Santa Marta, Salto del Agua, Leganitos, Divina Pastora, Trapiche, Plaza de Toros and Miraflores.

Other festivals and local celebrations include the Pilgrimages of Cruz de Juanar (May), La Virgen del Carmen (July) and La Virgen Madre (August), as well as the Día del Tostón (November), a traditional celebration which consists of going to the fields to roast chestnuts.

Education
 The British School of Marbella (British school)
 Deutsche Schule Málaga (German school)
 Marbella International University Center (MIUC)
 Svenska skolan Marbella (Swedish school)
 Aloha College  (International school)
 Swans International School (International school)

Tourism
The city is especially popular with tourists from Northern Europe (including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden and Germany) and also Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Marbella is particularly noted for the presence of aristocrats, celebrities and wealthy people; it is a popular destination for luxury yachts, and increasingly so for cruise ships, which dock in its harbour.

The area is popular with golfers and boaters, and there are many private estates and luxury hotels in the vicinity, including the Marbella Club Hotel. Marbella hosts a WTA tennis tournament on red clay, the Andalucia Tennis Experience.

Sights in or near Marbella include:
 Arabian wall
 Bonsai museum
 Museo del Grabado Español Contemporáneo
 Old city centre
 Playa de la Bajadilla (beach)
 Playa de Fontanilla (beach)
 Puerto Banús, a marina built by José Banús
 The Golden Mile featuring the Marbella Club Hotel and its beach club, as well as the late King Fahd's palace.
 Encarnation's Church (Iglesia de la Encarnación). Oldest church in the city situated in the old-town.
 Basilica Vega del Mar
 Las Bóvedas

Notable residents
 Arthur Rubinstein, concert pianist, purchased a house in Marbella in the 1950's. In the 1957 academy award winning documentary film, "Arthur Rubinstein, The Love of Life," the footage of Rubinstein at home was filmed at his Marbella, Spain house,
 Sean Connery had a residence in Marbella from 1970 to 1998, where he was regularly seen playing golf when not filming.
 Jean Negulesco, Romanian-American film director and screenwriter, lived in Marbella from the late 1960s until his death on 18 July 1993 at age 93.
 George Clooney, actor
 Novak Djokovic
 Jon Olsson
 Rick Parfitt OBE, British rock musician from Status Quo, lived in the mountains just outside Marbella.
 Antonio Banderas, born in the nearby city of Málaga, has been a regular visitor to Marbella where he has a house in Los Monteros. Stella, his daughter with wife actress Melanie Griffith, was born in Marbella in 1999.
 Arms dealer Monzer al-Kassar was a longtime resident until his imprisonment, and has been nicknamed "The Prince of Marbella".
 Mike Reid, English actor and comedian, was living in Marbella at the time of his death on 29 July 2007. He was born in Hackney, London, and retired to Marbella a few years before he died.
 Millie Bobby Brown, English actress and Eleven in Stranger Things was born in Marbella on 19 February 2004.
 Ráhel Orbán, eldest daughter of Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán, moved with her family to Marbella in September 2021.
 Erling Braut Haaland has a villa in Marbella (bought in April 2022), close to the Golden Mile

Twin towns – sister cities

Marbella is twinned with:

  Baler, Aurora, Philippines
  Batumi, Autonomous Republic of Adjara,  Georgia
  Doha, Qatar
  Itanhaém, São Paulo,  Brazil
  Jeddah, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
  Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
  Miami Beach, Florida,  United States
  Nabeul, Cape Bon, Tunisia
  Punta del Este, Maldonado Department,  Uruguay
  Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, Mexico

See also
 Puerto Banús
 Marbella blast furnaces
 Marbella International Film Festival
 Marbella Suns

References

External links

 Ayuntamiento de Marbella—official Marbella city hall site, partly in English, mostly in Spanish
 Marbella Luxury Rehab Center

Municipalities in the Province of Málaga
Seaside resorts in Spain
Tourism in Spain
Populated coastal places in Spain

Marbella


වෘත්තාකාර චලිතය ආකාරයන් දෙකකින් සිදු විය හැකිය.  දක්ෂිණාවර්ත    (සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන්   හෝ   ලෙසින් කෙටි කෙරෙන) චලිතය යනු   ඔරලෝසුවක කටු කැරකෙන දිශාවටම සිදුවන්නාවූ චලිතයකි:ඉහළ සිට දකුණට, ඉන්පසු පහළට හා ඉන්පසු වමට, සහ නැවත ඉහළට යන අයුරිනි. ගණිතමය අර්ථාන්විතය ප්‍රකාර, වෘත්තයක් ධන කාටීසියානු තලයක පරාමිතිකාතාරව අර්ථදැක්වෙන්නේ  t හි අගය වැඩිවන විට x = sin t සහ  y = cos t  දක්ෂිණාවර්තව ඇඳෙන ලෙසිනි. භ්‍රමණයෙහි හෝ පරිභ්‍රමණයෙහි විරුද්ධ ආකාරය සිංහලයෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ වාමාවර්ත ලෙසින් වන අතර ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්  (ඇමරිකානු ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්) කවුන්ටර්ක්ලොක්වයිස් (CCW), හෝ  (ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ඉංග්‍රීසි, ඉන්දියානු ඉංග්‍රීසි, අයර්ලන්ත ඉංග්‍රීසි, නවසීලන්ත ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ  බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්) ඇන්ටික්ලොක්වයිස් (ACW) ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙයි.

මූලික භෞතික විද්‍යාත්මක සංකල්පයන්
දිශානුයෝජනය

දක්ෂිණාවර්ත


James Alfred "Buddy" Horne (* 4. Oktober 1933 in Toronto, Ontario; † 25. Februar 1977 in Parry Sound, Ontario) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Buddy Horne begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der Saison 1950/51 bei der Juniorenmannschaft Weston Dukes. Die folgende Spielzeit verbrachte er bei den Galt Black Hawks aus der Junior Ontario Hockey Association. Anschließend spielte der Angreifer bis 1958 im Seniorenbereich für die Amateurmannschaft Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, mit der er 1955 den Allan Cup, den kanadischen Amateurmeistertitel, gewann. Mit den Dutchmen repräsentierte er Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956. Zur Saison 1958/59 schloss er sich den Whitby Dunlops an, bestritt jedoch nur sechs Spiele für diese. Anschließend pausierte er zwei Jahre mit dem Eishockey, ehe er in der Saison 1961/62 für die Waterloo Tigers aus der Senior Ontario Hockey Association und die in keiner Liga spielenden Toronto All-Stars antrat. Nach einer weiteren dreijährigen Unterbrechung spielte er von 1965 bis 1967 für die Orillia Pepsis sowie in der Saison 1967/68 für die Collingwood Kings, ehe er seine Karriere im Alter von 35 Jahren beendete.

International
Für Kanada nahm Horne an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1955 Allan-Cup-Gewinn mit den Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen
 1956 Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Eishockeyspieler (Galt Black Hawks)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1956
Kanadier
Geboren 1933
Gestorben 1977
Mann

Buddy Horne


تشوت:
 تشوت (مدينة)هي مدينة في ديفون ب إنجلترا.
 تشوت تشيلد هي منافسة ريجبي تقام ب أستراليا.
 ديني تشوت هو لاعب غولف أمريكي.
 نيرينا تشوت هي صحفية وكاتبة بريطانية.
 نفايل تشوت هو مهندس وكاتب بريطاني
 جيمس ل تشوت هو كاتب سيناريو ومنتج أمريكي.

تشوت (توضيح)


The following is a list of public holidays in Armenia.

Legal holidays and remembrance days

Non-working legal holidays and remembrance days
Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include:

Other legal holidays
The following days are mentioned in relevant laws, but are not specified as non-working days:

Other traditional, international and professional holidays, as well as religious holidays, can also be celebrated in Armenia.  National minorities can also celebrate their national holidays.

Reshuffling by government
The Government of Armenia is allowed to swap working and non-working days. It usually makes use of this e.g. declaring Easter Monday non-working, while the next Saturday becomes a working day instead.

Other memorable days
On the fourth Sunday before 15 August (Dormition/Assumption), a special celebration called Vardavar (Վարդավար) takes place, where people soak each other with water from spray guns, hoses or even buckets.

See also
Public holidays in the Republic of Artsakh

Notes

Armenia
Culture of Armenia
Society of Armenia
Observances in Armenia
Holidays

Public holidays in Armenia


Woodford is a London Underground station in the town of Woodford in the London Borough of Redbridge, East London. The station is on the Central line, between South Woodford and Buckhurst Hill stations and is in Travelcard Zone 4. The station also acts as a terminus for services via the Hainault loop.

History
The station was originally opened on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch from Leyton to Loughton. Further alterations were carried out by the successor company, the Great Eastern Railway, including services to Ilford via the Fairlop Loop opened between Woodford and Newbury Park in 1903. After 1923 the station came under the control of the London & North Eastern Railway until transfer to the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) on 14 December 1947 as part of the extension of the Central line services of the London Underground. The station acted as a terminus of the Central line, with passengers transferring to a steam shuttle onwards towards Epping, where the LNER still had local freight services running between Epping and Loughton, and continued to Stratford (Liverpool Street on Sundays) until 5 October 1970. The extension was delayed by World War II and electric services commenced as far as Loughton (and around the 'loop' to Hainault) on 21 November 1948.

As part of the electrification carried out for the transfer to the LPTB the original level crossing at the station, where Snakes Lane crossed the line, was closed and a bridge, to the south, was constructed. The original goods yard, which was closed in the late 1960s, now forms the car park.

During the planning of the Victoria line, route options included a continuation of the line from Walthamstow Central to Woodford or South Woodford stations. However, in 1961, the decision was taken to build only as far as Walthamstow Central.

The station today

The main western entrance is located off The Broadway with access to the station car park. The eastern entrance is located on Snakes Lane East. This entrance is closed after 21:00 and intercom is used to ask staff to unlock the gates at other times if necessary. The ticket office on that entrance is also no longer in use. There are three platform tracks, serving a side platform to the west of the line and an island platform to the east, with the track on the eastern side of the island platform being a south facing terminal track. Beyond this terminal track are five stabling sidings, also accessed from the south.

The station had gone through refurbishment works. The stanchions have been repainted in two-tone green with tactile strips work completed. Extensive PA and Help Points have been added with new public address system. An 'owl' has also appeared suspended from the girder.

Services and connections
Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 6–11 minutes between 05:22 and 00:49 eastbound to Epping, every 11–25 minutes between 06:48 and 23:37 to Hainault (and beyond) and every 5–10 minutes between 05:24 and 23:36 westbound.

London Bus routes 275, 549 and W14 serve the station.

References

Books

Central line (London Underground) stations
London Underground Night Tube stations
Proposed Chelsea-Hackney Line stations
Tube stations in the London Borough of Redbridge
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1856

Woodford tube station


Le Kirghizistan  participe aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 9 au . Il s'agit de sa huitième participation à des Jeux d'hiver.

La délégation officielle compte trois hommes : le skieur alpin Gordeev, son entraîneur et président de la Fédération de ski de la république kirghize, Igor Borisov et le chef de mission Cholpan Zhumagazieva ; le président du CNO Sadyr Mamytov et le secrétaire général Kylychbek Sarbaghyshev seront également présents en tant qu'invités du Comité International Olympique.

Résultats en ski alpin

Maxim Gordeev, skieur kirghize de 26 ans, parvient à décrocher un quota sur le slalom.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Kirghizistan aux Jeux de Pékin 2022 sur le site du CIO

Kirghizistan
2022
2022 au Kirghizistan

Kirghizistan aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022


Spaghetti alla puttanesca er en traditionel italiensk pastaret med en sovs bestående af hakkede tomater, olivenolie, hvidløg, oliven, kapers og ansjoser. Retten stammer fra begyndelsen af 1960'erne, og første gang den nævnes er i Raffaele La Capria roman Ferito a Morte fra 1961, og retten blev herefter mere populær ifølge Unione Industriali Pastai Italiani, de italienske pastaproducenters forening.

Navnet
Det findes mange historier om baggrunden for navnet. Journalisten Annarita Cuomo skrev i 2005 i lokalavisen Il Golfo for øerne Ischia og Procida: at retten blev opfundet i 1950-tallet af arkitekt og restauratør Sandro Petti på Ischia for nogen sultne venner en sen sommeraften.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Puttanesca-oppskrift på Matklubben.se Hentes 2011-04-10
 Puttanesca-oppskrift på Tasteline  Hentet 2011-04-10

Mad fra Italien
Pastaretter

Spaghetti alla puttanesca


An Oberonia subligaculifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Oberonia subligaculifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oberonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oberonia

Oberonia subligaculifera


Mellemtiden er en film instrueret af Eva Mulvad.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2001

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Mellemtiden


Üveyik (Streptopelia turtur), güvercingiller (Columbidae) familyasından eti için avlanan bir av kuşu türü. Bıldırcın gibi göçmen bir kuştur. Trakya'ya Nisandan itibaren gelirler, Eylülden itibaren de güneye göç ederler. Ayçiçeği tanesi ile beslenirler.

Columbinae
Göçmen kuşlar
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Üveyik


Manerplaw (; ) was a village in Kayin State, Myanmar (Burma), on the Moei River. It was the proposed capital of an independent state governed by the Karen people, known locally as Kawthoolei. Manerplaw was established in 1975 and had a population of around 3,000 in 1992 until its evacuation following military offensives by the government.

The headquarters of several opposition groups were located in Manerplaw, including those of the Karen National Union (KNU), the All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF), the Democratic Party for a New Society (DPNS), and the National Democratic Front (NDF). The National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) was established in Manerplaw in December 1990.

Manerplaw was captured and occupied by Tatmadaw and Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) troops on 27 January 1995 and later abandoned.

References

Populated places in Kayin State

Manerplaw


Kızılsu Barajı, Burdur da, Kızılsu Çayı üzerinde, taşkın kontrolü amacı ile 1963-1965 yıllarında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır. Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 124.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 8,20 m'dir. Normal su kotunda göl hacmi 2,00 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 0,17 km²'dir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Devlet Su İşleri

Burdur ilindeki barajlar

Kızılsu Barajı


Olaylar
 10 - 12 Ağustos - Yassıçemen Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 Kastilya Krallığı yıkıldı (kuruluşu 1065).

Doğumlar
 III. Yaroslav, ilk Tver Prensi ve Vladimir'in onuncu Büyük Prensi (ö. 1271)
 Niccolò Polo, Venedikli tüccar ve kaşif, kendisi gibi kâşif olan ünlü gezgin Marco Polo'nun babası (ö. 1294)
 Matteo Polo, Venedikli tüccar ve kâşif (ö. 1309)
 Guido Guinizelli, Dolce Stil Novo akımının başlatıcısı kabul edilen İtalyan şair (ö. 1276)
 Rükneddin Hür Şah, Elemûtlar-Nizârî Devleti hükümdârı (ö. 1257)

Ölümler
 Ahmed Fakih, tasavvuf şairi
 Bahaeddin Veled, Mevlânâ'nın babası ve İslam dünyasının o dönemdeki en büyük bilgini
 Marguerite, Blois kontu V. Thibaut'ün kızı, Blois kontesi (d. y. 1170)
 Walther von der Vogelweide, Alman Halk Edebiyatı içinde ünlü bir Orta Çağ lirik şairi ve bestekârı (d. y. 1170)

1230


Olaylar
 Chola hanedanlığı, Tamil imparatorluğu'nu yönetmeye başladı (1279 yılına kadar).

Doğumlar

Ölümler

848


دافوس (بالرومانش tavau, بالإيطالية tavate) هي مدينة صغيرة تقع على نهر لاندويسر في مقاطعة بريتيگاو بالالمانية (Prättigau) في كانتون غروباندن بسويسرا.
تشتهر دافوس بوصفها البلدة المستضيفة للاجتماعات السنوية للمنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي، الذي يجتمع فيه نخبة من رجال السياسة والأعمال من مختلف دول العالم للتباحث حول قضايا سياسية واقتصادية معينة، كما أنها تعدّ مركزا للرياضات الشتوية، ويقام فيها بطولة سنوية لهوكي الجليد يستضيفها أحد الأندية المحلية لهذه اللعبة.

تاريخ
بدأت دافوس كمنطقة مأهولة منذ العصور الوسطى بهجرة الرومان إليها، وفي حوالي عام 1280م سمح بارونات منطقة فاز في كانتون غروباندن للولسريين الناطقين بالألمانية بالإقامة في دافوس ومنحوهم حقوق الإدارة الذاتية الكاملة، وبذلك أصبحت دافوس المستوطنة الأكبر للولسريين في شرق سويسرا، ولا يزال سكانها يتكلمون لهجة قد تبدو شاذة بالنسبة لسكان كانتون غروباندن، حيث تبدو فيها أوجه الشبه مع تعابير اللغة الألمانية في الأجزاء الغربية من سويسرا.
ابتداء من منتصف القرن الثامن عشر أصبحت دافوس وجهة شعبية للأثرياء والمرضى الباحثين عن العلاج الطبيعي، وذلك لأن المناخ الفريد للوادي المرتفع يوصى به من قبل الأطباء للمصابين بأمراض الرئة، وكان من المشاهير الذين قضوا شتاءهم في دافوس الأديب الإنجليزي روبرت لويس ستيفنسون وقد كان يعاني من مرض السل، وكذلك الروائي الشهير آرثر كونان دويل مبتكر شخصية شارلوك هولمز حيث كتب مقالاً عن التزحلق في دافوس عام 1889م، وإضافة إلى هؤلاء الأديب الألماني توماس مان.

منتدى دافوس
منتدى دافوس منظمة غير حكومية لا تهدف للربح مقرها جنيف بسويسرا أسسها أستاذ في علم الاقتصاد كلاوس شواب في 1971. يعدّ هذا المنتدى بمثابة المساحة تلاقى النخب من 1000 من ممثلى الشركات المتعددة الجنسيات الكبرى من أمثال نستلة ونيكى وميكروسفت وبكتل، والقادة السياسيين بهدف النقاش في المشكلات الاقتصادية والسياسية التي تواجه العالم وكيفية حلولها. يعقد المنتدى اجتماعاته السنوية في دافوس «عاصمة مايكروسوفت» حيث يتم وضع مسودات لخطط ومشاريع اقتصادية مشتركة، هذا إلى جانب دوره التعبوى لسياسات النيوليبرالية للبنك الدولي ومنظمة التجارة العالمية والتي تستهدف بالأساس لخصخصة الخدمات الأساسية وتحريرالسوق وخلق مناخ يسمح بالاستثمار بما يتطلبه ذلك من إصلاحات سياسية.
وعلى الرغم من أنه رسميًا «منظمة غير حكومية ولا تستهدف للربح ومفتوحة لمن يرغب» إلا أن شروط عضويته تحتم على ان يكون دخل الشركة لا يقل عن مليار دولار في السنة، إلى جانب اشتراك عضوية سنوى 12.500الف  دولار، اما الاشتراك في المؤتمر السنوى فيتكلف 6.250 الف دولار، واذا ارادت الشركة الاشتراك في وضع اجندة هذا المؤتمر قبل انعقاده فتتكلف 250.000 الف دولار، واذا ارادت ان تكون شريك دائم فتدفع 78.000 الف دولار.
يحضر ذلك المؤتمر السنوى لفيف من النخب الاقتصادية إلى جانب رؤساء الحكومات والوزراء، وبعض منظمات المجتمع المدني المختارة إلى جانب بعض المحامين والصحفيين والأكاديميين المختارين بعناية والذين لا ضرر من قيامهم بمشاريعهم الخاصة.
وقد رأى قادة العالم ان الاجتماعات السنوية ليست بكافية لدرء مخاطر العالم، فوجبت الحاجة لعقد اجتماعات إقليمية من 5 إلى 10 اجتماعات إقليمية على مدار العام في أميركا اللاتينية وإفريقيا والشرق الأوسط من اجل التسريع لعملية «الانفتاح والاندماج الاقتصادي» والتعبئة لسياساته.
وكان نصيب منطقة الشرق الأوسط ثلاث اجتماعات إقليمية بدأت في 2002 حتى 2005 في الأردن على التوالي، تستهدف بالأساس لدمج المنطقة في الاقتصاد العالمي ومناقشة مستقبل «الشرق الأوسط الكبير» السياسي والاقتصادي وما يتطلبه ذلك من استقرار لتنشيط وجذب الاستثمارات. تناولت تلك الاجتماعات أسباب الإرهاب في المنطقة ومستقبل العراق وتأثيره، إلى جانب نقاش اتفاقيات تحرير التجارة وفتح الأسواق وارتفاع أسعار البترول.
وبما أننا كما قال الملك عبد الله "نعيش فرصة ذهبية للسلام والاستقرار والإصلاح الشامل بحلول 2010" فلا مفر من " حدوث تغييرات أليمة" كما وصفت لبنى القاسيمى وزيرة اقتصاد الإمارات" بدون ذكر ما نوع تلك "التغييرات الأليمة"، ولكي يحدث اى تطوير في المنطقة يجب أن "يتم من فوق" عن طريق قيادة حكيمة ومثابرة وصبورة كما عبر عنها عبد الحفيظ الشيخ- باكستان.
وعلى هامش تلك الاجتماعات الإقليمية، يتم عقد اجتماعات ثنائية لوضع خطط مشاريع اقتصادية مثل مشروع مد قناة بين البحر الأحمر والميت وهو مشروع مشترك بين الأردن وفلسطين وإسرائيل، وبحث منطقة تجارة حرة بين أمريكا والعرب، وبين العرب وإسرائيل إلى جانب مناقشات قضية السلام الكبرى المتمثلة في اجتماعات اللجنة الرباعية لخارطة الطريق مع شيمون بيريز وعباس وكولن باول.
وتمثل الأردن في ذلك السياق «روح دافوس في الشرق الأوسط» ونموذج للديمقراطية والإصلاح على الطريقة الأمريكية، فهى الدولة التي «في سلام مع جيرانها»، والتي عقدت اتفاقية تجارة حرة مع أمريكا ويمكن ان تلعب دور مستقبلي في مشروع الشرق الأوسط الكبير وعملية السلام بين العرب وإسرائيل.
وتكملة لسلسلة الاجتماعات الإقليمية لمنتدى دايفوس سوف يتم عقد الاجتماع الاقليمى القادم في مصر في شرم الشيخ من 20-22 مايو القادم تحت عنوان «السلام وفرص الرفاهية في الشرق الأوسط» ويهدف هذا الاجتماع لوضع برنامج اقليمى اقتصادي يفتح السوق ويجذب الاستثمار في مناخ من السلام والأمن وتوفير فرص عمل.
سوف يتناول الاجتماع التحديات التي تواجه جيل المستقبل «قيادي الشرق الأوسط» والذي «وجب له تطوير اجندة اقليمية لتعطي امل وتخلق فرص عمل للشباب وتحفذ السوق لوضع برناج شامل» والذي يمثل صميم مستقبل المنطقة، وسيتناول الاجتماع مواضيع أخرى تتعلق بدور القانون، والسلام والأمن، وكيفية تطوير القطاع الخاص في فلسطين، إلى جانب العلاقات بين أمريكا والعرب، وامن الخليج والناتو والسياسة الإسرائيلية امتدادا لوضع النساء والقانون إلى حرية التعبير والديمقراطية في المنطقة.
دافوس ودعم التعليم في مصر
«ان عقد الاجتماع في مصر يعطى إشارة واضحة للعالم كله ان مصر مفتوحة للاستثمار وجادة في عملية الإصلاح».
رشيد محمد رشيد، وزير التجارة والصناعة
«رياح التغيير تهب على مصر من الاتجاه الصحيح، الديمقراطية وفتح الأسواق يسيران يدا في يد».
احمد نظيف
«المنتدى يرحب بالتركيز على أجندة الببزنس وهو ملتزم بالعمل مع المجتمع الاقتصادي المصري والشرق اوسطي لدعم جهود المنطقة في موضعة نفسها بشكل تنافسى في السوق العالمي».
شريف الديواني مدير قطاع الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا في المنتدى
في اطار الجوائز أو الاتفاقيات الجانبية التي مضى عليها وزير التعاون الدولى فايز أبو النجا، سوف تقدم وكالة المعونة الأمريكية كجزء من المساعدة لمصر ثلاث منح تساوى 67.9 مليون دولار. تلك الاتفاقيات تشمل التعديل الثالث للهدف الاستراتيجي لاتفاقية المنحة للتعليم الاساسي والتي تساوى 62.3 مليون دولار. التعديلات تهدف لدعم خطط الحكومة المصرية لتحديث التعليم، وبناء على رغبة وزارة التعليم لتطوير التعليم الثانوى في نفس الوقت الاستمرار في الانشطة الموجودة والتي خصص لها 105.9 مليون دولار كجزء من الاتفاقية. تلك الانشطة تشمل تدريب المدرسين، وإدارة المدرسة والاشتباك مع المجتمع المدني والقطاع الخاص في مجال التعليم.
الاتفاقية الثانية تشمل مساعدة القطاع المالى المصرى بحوالى 10 ملايين دولار تصل ل 57.7 مليون دولار. تستهدف تلك المنحة لتقديم الدعم التقني والتدريب لمساعدة الحكومة في تنفيذ خططها لتحديث أسواق المال، والخدمات التجارية والاستثمارية وتنفيذ الاصلاحات المطلوبة لدعم مشاركة القطاع الخاص.
اما الاتفاقية الثالثة فتهدف لزيادة كمية المنحة الموضوعة من soga  لمبادرات الادرة الحكومية وبرنامج الشراكة بحوالى 4.6 مليون دولار بالتوالى والمجموع يصل إلى 12.3 مليون دولار. هدفها هو تقديم خدمات قانونية في المحاكم العائلية والاجرامية وتدريب القضاة. والتدريب يهدف إلى فض المنازعات خاصة في القضايا التجارية المرتبطة بقضايا الاستثمار.
مجلس الاستثمار العربى (نواة دافوس للشرق الأوسط، اسس في 2003 في الاجتماع الاقليمى-الأردن)
يعمل بمبادئ:
القيادة الرشيدة- المسؤولية الاجتماعية للقطاع الخاص- القضاء على الفساد والرشوة- المحاسبية اما على المستوى العالمي فهو يحمل صوت القطاع الخاص في المنطقة العربية للعالم من خلال اتصالاته مع القادة السياسين ورجال الأعمال في الولايات المتحدة- الاتحاد الاوروبى ومجموعة الثمانية.
وكل ذلك بحسب المصدر نصا ودون تعليق.
المصدر:http://www.ageg.net

مراجع

بلديات غراوبوندن
مدن سويسرا
مناطق التزلج والمنتجعات في سويسرا

دافوس


Yenidanişment, Orhaneli - Bursa ili Orhaneli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Yenidanişment, Osmancık - Çorum ili Osmancık ilçesine bağlı köy

Yenidanişment


Operation Antler was a 1999 police investigation into experiments conducted on humans at the British government's Porton Down research establishment between 1939 and 1989. Several cases were sent to the Crown Prosecution Service but none proceeded to criminal prosecutions.

In July 1999, the Wiltshire Constabulary opened an investigation into allegations by a former serviceman of malfeasance at Porton Down Chemical and Biological Research Establishment. As a consequence of these preliminary investigations, the scope of the inquiry was broadened into a major inquiry named Operation Antler.

The inquiries established that a number of the participants in the Service Volunteer Programme claimed to have been tricked into taking part in experiments. Some also claimed to have suffered long-term illness or injury as a result of the experiments.

The investigation covered the period from 1939 to 1989 and lasted for five years. Its thirteen members interviewed over 700 ex-servicemen or their relatives. The British Government provided the constabulary with an additional £870,000 towards the costs.

At least 20,000 servicemen participated as volunteers in testing at Porton Down, and records survive from 1942 onwards. The Second World War was the peak period for testing, and much of this concerned mustard gas, with as many as 8,000 volunteers being exposed. After 1945, testing shifted to nerve agents, and used around 3,400 volunteers (although they may not all have been exposed). In the 1960s, smaller scale experiments took place with non-lethal agents such as LSD and glycollates, and later testing focused on countermeasures such as pyridostigmine bromide which is a pre-treatment for nerve agents.

The constabulary developed 25 cases for possible prosecution, of which eight were forwarded to the Crown Prosecution Service.  Subsequently, the CPS decided that there would be no prosecutions of scientists involved in the tests. The CPS decision was reviewed following the verdict of unlawful killing at the inquest in November 2004 into the death on 6 May 1953 of volunteer Ronald Maddison. In June 2006, the CPS confirmed that there would be no prosecutions.

References

External links
 BBC News report, November 2002: Nerve gas inquest to be re-opened
 Porton Down Veteran's Support Group

Antler (Porton Down investigation)
Toxicology in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom chemical weapons program

Operation Antler (Porton Down investigation)


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මනස සංවර්ධන සේවා සංවිධානය මගින් සිංහල බසින් පළකරණ සඟරාවකි. ඉතාමත්ම සාර්ථක ව්‍යාපාරිකයෙකු මෙන්ම ධනාත්මක චින්තකයෙකු වන සාන්ත ජයසුන්දර මහත්මා මෙම සඟරාව 2001 වර්ෂයේ සිට ලියා ජාතියට පිළිගන්වයි.

මනස (සඟරාව)


Aurélien Arnaud de Comarmond, né le , est un coureur cycliste mauricien.

Biographie

Aux Championnats d'Afrique de cyclisme sur route 2022 à Charm el-Cheikh, Aurélien de Comarmond est médaillé d'or en contre-la-montre par équipes mixtes.

Palmarès
 2019
  du championnat de Maurice du contre-la-montre juniors
 2020
  du championnat de Maurice sur route juniors
  du championnat de Maurice du contre-la-montre juniors
 2021
  du championnat de Maurice du contre-la-montre espoirs
 2022
  Médaillé d'or du championnat d'Afrique sur route par équipes mixte
  Champion de Maurice du contre-la-montre espoirs
 Prologue (contre-la-montre par équipes) et  du Tour Cycliste Antenne Réunion
  du Tour de Maurice
 2023
  Médaillé d'or du contre-la-montre par équipes aux Jeux des îles de l'océan Indien

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste mauricien
Naissance en octobre 2002
Champion d'Afrique de cyclisme sur route

Aurélien de Comarmond


في الهندسة الرياضية، المضلع الأحادي هو مضلع له ضلع واحد ورأس واحد.
وبما أن المضلع الأحادي له ضلع واحد وزاوية واحد فيعتبر مضلع منتظم.

في الهندسة الإقليدية من المستحيل إنشاء المضلع الأحادي لأن ضلعه الوحيد سوف يمتد إلى اللانهاية. بينما يكون من الممكن إنشاؤه في الهندسة الكروية وذلك بوضع رأس المضلع الأحادي على دائرة عظمى في كرة.

من الممكن استخدام مضلعين أحاديين لإنشاء مضلع ثنائي.

انظر أيضاً
 مضلع منتظم
 ثنائي (مضلع)

مراجع

 Herbert Busemann, The geometry of geodesics. New York, Academic Press, 1955

مضلعات
1 (عدد)

مضلع أحادي


El número 72 de "Eerie" se publicó en febrero de 1976, con el siguiente contenido:

Portada de Manuel Sanjulian
The Demons of Jedediah Pan: Daddy Was A Demon Man, 15 p. de Bill DuBay/José Ortiz
Hunter II: The Valley Of Armageddon, 10 p. de Budd Lewis/Paul Neary
Reuben Youngblood: Private Eye!: Beware The Scarlet Combine, 10 p. de [Budd Lewis/Howard Chaykin & Berni Wrightson
The Freaks: A Thin Dime Of Pain, 8 p. en color de Doug Moench/Leopold Sanchez
The Pie And I, 9 p. de Budd Lewis/Luis Bermejo
"La fábrica de monstruos" ("The Incredible People-Making Machines"), primera entrega de la serie Tales Of Peter Hypnos, 8 p. de Josep María Beà.

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 The Warren Magazines Index por Richard J. Arndt. (en inglés)

72

Eerie número 72


جون أدريان لويس هوب  'أول ماركيز ل لينليثغو' ( 25 سبتمبر 1860 م باسكتلندا ، 29 فيفري 1908 م بفرنسا)

وافقت المستعمرات الأسترالية على التوحد، لتشكيل كومنولث أستراليا من 1 يناير 1901.

شعبيت جون هوب في ولاية فيكتوريا وصداقته مع كبار السياسيين الأستراليين جعلته خيارا منطقيا ليكون أول حاكم عام لأستراليا.

اٍبتدئت فترة حكمه من 1 جانفي 1901 م اٍلى غاية 9 جانفي 1903 م ليخلفه فيما بعد هالام تينيسون

مراجع

أشخاص متعلمون في كلية إيتون
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
أشخاص تلقوا تعليمهم في كلية إيتون
حكام عامون لأستراليا
حكام عموم أستراليا
حكام فيكتوريا (أستراليا)
مواليد 1860
وفيات 1908
وفيات في بو (فرنسا)

جون أدريان لويس هوب


Valli del Pasubio ist eine nordostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Vicenza in Venetien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 28 Kilometer nordnordwestlich von Vicenza. Bis 1926 hieß die Gemeinde Valli del Signori. Valli del Pasubio grenzt unmittelbar an die Autonome Provinz Trient.

Verwaltungsgliederung
Zur Gemeinde Valli del Pasubio gehören 3 Fraktionen: Staro, S. Antonio del Pasubio und Valli del Pasubio (Gemeindesitz) sowie 127 Weiler bzw. verstreut liegende Häuser auch als Contrade bezeichnet, in denen etwa die Hälfte der Bevölkerung lebt.

Verkehr
Valli del Pasubio liegt an der früheren Strada Statale 46 del Pasubio (heute eine Provinzstraße) von Vicenza nach Rovereto.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Im Gemeindegebiet von Valli del Pasubio liegen:

 die Strada delle 52 Gallerie ein während des Ersten Weltkrieges von der italienischen Armee in nur 9 Monaten errichteter Saumweg zur Versorgung der italienischen Frontlinie auf dem Monte Pasubio, der mit Hilfe von 52 Tunneln eine Strecke von über 6 km und einen Höhenunterschied von fast 800 m überwindet;
 das Rifugio Achille Papa auf dem Monte Pasubio am Ende der Strada delle Gallerie;
 das Beinhaus am Pasubio in dem über 5000 Gefallene des Ersten Weltkrieges bestattet sind;
 das Forte Monte Maso, eine Befestigungsanlage aus dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts
 die Tagliata Bariola, eine Straßensperre aus der gleichen Bauepoche wie das Forte Monte Maso, an der zum Pass Pian delle Fugazze führenden SP 46

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Venetien

Valli del Pasubio


Shichirigahama (en japonés: 七里ヶ浜) es una playa cerca de Kamakura, prefectura de Kanagawa, Japón, que va desde el Cabo de Koyurigimisaki, cerca de Fujisawa, al Cabo de Inamuragasaki, al oeste de Kamakura. Puesto que desde ella se puede disfrutar de una visión clara tanto del Monte Fuji como del Enoshima, al mismo tiempo, durante el periodo Edo que fue muy popular.

El nombre de la playa significa "Playa de los Siete Ri", donde un «ri» es una antigua unidad de medida equivalente en Japón a 3,9 km, y por lo tanto Shichirigahama debería tener unos 27 km de largo.

Véase también
Geografía de Asia
Geografía de Japón

Referencias

Playas de Japón

Shichirigahama


Angst kan henvise til:

 Angst – symptomtilstande
 Angst (Branner) – novelle fra 1947 af H.C. Branner
 Angst (digt) – digt med temaet angst og utryghed, skrevet i 1939 af Tove Ditlevsen
 Angst (dokumentarfilm fra 1973) – dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1973 instrueret af Voja Miladinovic
 Angst (dokumentarfilm fra 2003) – dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Dorte Høeg Brask
 Angst (film) – dansk kortfilm fra 2010 instrueret af Mette Kejlstrup Nielsen

Angst (flertydig)


Enrique Kardinal Almaraz y Santos (* 22. September 1847 in La Vellés; † 22. Januar 1922 in Madrid) war Erzbischof von Sevilla, später Erzbischof von Toledo und Primas von Spanien und Ehrenbürger Sevillas, Palencias und Puerto de Santa Marías.

Leben

Er studierte am Zentralseminar Salamanca, das ihm 1876 einen Doktortitel in Theologie verlieh und er ein Lizenziat im Kanonischem Recht erhielt. 1874 empfing er für das Bistum Salamanca die Priesterweihe und tat dort pastorale Arbeit. Er war Mitglied der Fakultät des Priesterseminars Salamanca und war im Jahre 1874 Domscholaster. Während dieser Zeit wurde er zum Päpstlichen Kammerherrn bestellt. Er siedelte nach Madrid über, wo er Prediger der königlichen Kammer am Hofe des Königs wurde. Er diente als Sekretär des Bischofs von Madrid und war Mitglied der Fakultät des Priesterseminars von Madrid. Im April 1886 wurde er zum Generalvikar und 1891 zum Erzpriester und Dekan des Domkapitels von Madrid gewählt.

Papst Leo XIII. ernannte ihn am 18. Januar 1893 zum Bischof von Palencia. Der Erzbischof von Valencia, Ciriaco María Kardinal Sancha y Hervás, spendete ihm am 16. April desselben Jahres in der Kirche Colegiata de San Isidro die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren José María Cos y Macho, Erzbischof ad personam von Madrid, und Jaime Cardona y Tur, Militärgeneralvikar von Spanien. Als Bischof von Palencia betrieb er maßgeblich den Erhalt und die – heute nicht ganz unumstrittene – Restaurierung der Kirche San Martín in Frómista, die zu seiner Diözese gehörte. Sie ist eine der bedeutendsten romanischen Kirchen in Spanien und heute als Teil des Jakobswegs Bestandteil des Weltkulturerbes der UNESCO.

Er war Senator des Spanischen Königreichs von 1899 bis 1902. Am 18. April 1907 wurde er zum Metropoliten von Sevilla erhoben. Er wurde im November 1907 als Senator des spanischen Königreichs wiedergewählt und blieb bis zu seinem Tod im Amt.

Papst Pius X. nahm ihn am 27. November 1911 als Kardinalpriester in das Kardinalskollegium auf und er erhielt am 2. Dezember des gleichen Jahres die Titelkirche San Pietro in Montorio. Er beteiligte sich am Konklave 1914, das Benedikt XV. wählte. Am 16. Dezember 1920 wurde er zum Erzbischof von Toledo ernannt. Er starb am selben Tag wie Benedikt und wurde in der Kathedrale von Toledo beigesetzt.

Weblinks
  (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Erzbischof von Toledo
Erzbischof von Sevilla
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Kardinal (20. Jahrhundert)
Senator (Spanien)
Ehrenbürger in Spanien
Mitglied der Real Academia de la Historia
Spanier
Geboren 1847
Gestorben 1922
Mann

Enrique Almaraz y Santos


O martim-caçador-de-colar (Todiramphus chloris) é uma espécie de martim-caçador de tamanho médio pertencente à subfamília Halcyoninae. Tem uma vasta distribuição e estende-se desde o Mar Vermelho através do sul da Ásia até a Polinésia. Uma série de subespécies e grupos de subespécies foram separados desta espécie, incluindo o martim-caçador-do-pacífico (T. sacer), o martim-caçador-das-luisíadas (T. colonus), o martim-caçador-da-torrésia (T. sordidus), o martim-caçador-das-marianas (T. albicilla) e o martim-caçador-melanésio (T. tristrami).

Taxonomia
O martim-caçador-de-colar foi descrito pelo polímata francês Georges-Louis Leclerc, conde de Buffon em sua Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux em 1780. A ave também foi ilustrada em uma placa colorida à mão gravada por François-Nicolas Martinet em Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Este foi produzido sob a supervisão de Edme-Louis Daubenton para acompanhar o texto de Buffon. Nem a legenda da placa nem a descrição de Buffon incluíam um nome científico, mas em 1783 o naturalista holandês Pieter Boddaert cunhou o nome binomial Alcedo chloris em seu catálogo dos Planches Enluminées. A localidade-tipo é a ilha de Buru, na Indonésia. O gênero atual Todiramphus foi introduzido pelo cirurgião e naturalista francês René Lesson em 1827. O epíteto específico chloris vem do latim para 'verde' ou 'esverdeado'.

Lista de subespécies
Existem inúmeras subespécies na faixa costeira e insular da espécie, do Mar Vermelho à Polinésia:

Mar Vermelho e costas da Arábia
 T. c. abyssinicus (Pelzeln, 1856) - costas do sul do Mar Vermelho da Somália e Arábia
 T. c. kalbaensis (Cowles, 1980) - costas do nordeste dos Emirados Árabes Unidos (Khawr Kalba ) e norte de Omã

Índia e Oceano Índico
 T. c. vidali (Sharpe, 1892) – oeste da Índia de Ratnagiri a Kerala.
 T. c. davisoni (Sharpe, 1892) – Ilhas Andaman e Ilhas Coco (na Baía de Bengala, ao sul de Mianmar )
 T. c. occipitalis (Blyth, 1846) – Ilhas Nicobar

Sudeste da Ásia
 T. c. humii (Sharpe, 1892) – costas de Bengala Ocidental a leste da Birmânia (incluindo o arquipélago de Mergui ), a Península Malaia, Tioman e o nordeste de Sumatra .
 T. c. armstrongi (Sharpe, 1892) – interior da Birmânia e Tailândia, Indochina e leste da China
 T. c. laubmannianus (Grote, 1933) – Sumatra (excluindo nordeste) e Bornéu, incluindo ilhas intermediárias.
 T. c. chloropterus (Oberholser, 1919) - ilhas ao largo de Sumatra ocidental
 T. c. azelus (Oberholser, 1919) – Enggano (no sudoeste de Sumatra)
 T. c. palmeri (Oberholser, 1919) – Java, Bali, Ilhas Bawean e Kangean
 T. c. Collaris (Scopoli, 1786) – Filipinas, incluindo Palawan e ilhas próximas.

Wallacea, Nova Guiné
 T. c. chloris (Boddaert, 1783) – Ilhas Talaud e Sangihe através de Sulawesi até as Pequenas Sundas (leste de Lombok ), Ilhas Papua Ocidental e noroeste da Nova Guiné (penínsulas Vogelkop e Onin).

Micronésia
 T. c. teraokai (Nagamichi Kuroda, 1915) – Palau

Descrição

O martim-caçador-de-colar mede aproximadamente 23–25 cm de comprimento, com o macho pesando cerca de 51–90 g, enquanto a fêmea pesa cerca de 54–100 g. Varia de azul a verde acima, enquanto as partes inferiores podem ser brancas ou amarelas. Há uma coleira branca em volta do pescoço, dando o nome ao mesmo. Algumas subespécies possuem uma faixa branca ou amarela sobre o olho, enquanto outras têm uma mancha branca entre o olho e o bico. Pode haver uma faixa preta através do olho. O bico grande é preto com uma base amarela pálida na mandíbula inferior. As fêmeas tendem a ser mais verdes que os machos. Indivíduos imaturos são mais opacos que os adultos, com marcas escuras e escamosas no pescoço e no peito.

Tem uma variedade de chamados que variam geograficamente. O chamado mais típico é um "kee-kee-kee" alto, áspero e metálico repetido várias vezes.

É mais comumente encontrado em áreas costeiras, particularmente em manguezaisTambém habita terras agrícolas, florestas abertas, pastagens e jardins. Em algumas partes de sua área de distribuição, especialmente em ilhas, pode ser visto mais para o interior, abrangendo florestas ou áreas montanhosas. Costumam pousar de forma conspícua em fios, rochas ou galhos.

Leitura adicional

Aves descritas em 1783
Aves da Índia
Aves da Ásia
Todiramphus
Espécies pouco preocupantes

Martim-caçador-de-colar