HMS Rodney was one of two s built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1920s. The ship entered service in 1928, and spent her peacetime career with the Atlantic and Home Fleets, sometimes serving as a flagship when her sister ship, , was being refitted. During the early stages of the Second World War, she searched for German commerce raiders, participated in the Norwegian Campaign, and escorted convoys in the Atlantic Ocean. Rodney played a major role in the sinking of the German battleship Bismarck in mid-1941.

After a brief refit in the United States, she escorted convoys to Malta and supported the Allied invasion of French Algeria during Operation Torch in late 1942. The ship covered the invasions of Sicily (Operation Husky) and Italy (Operation Baytown) in mid-1943. During the Normandy landings in June 1944, Rodney provided naval gunfire support and continued to do so for several following offensives near the French city of Caen. The ship escorted one convoy through the Arctic to the Soviet Union in late 1944. In poor condition from extremely heavy use and a lack of refits, she was reduced to reserve in late 1945 and was scrapped in 1948.

Background and description

The Nelson-class battleship was essentially a smaller,  battleship version of the G3 battlecruiser which had been cancelled for exceeding the constraints of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. The design, which had been approved six months after the treaty was signed, had a main armament of  guns to match the firepower of the American  and Japanese es in the battleline in a ship displacing no more than .

Rodney had a length between perpendiculars of  and an overall length of , a beam of , and a draught of  at standard load. She displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. Her crew numbered 1,361 officers and ratings when serving as a flagship and 1,314 as a private ship. The ship was powered by two sets of Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam from eight Admiralty 3-drum boilers. The turbines were rated at  and intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 23 knots. During her sea trials on 7 September 1927, Rodney reached a top speed of  from . The ship carried enough fuel oil to give her a range of  at a cruising speed of .

Armament and fire control

The main battery of the Nelson-class ships consisted of nine breech-loading (BL)  guns in three triple-gun turrets forward of the superstructure. Designated 'A', 'B' and 'X' from front to rear, 'B' turret superfired over the others. Their secondary armament consisted of a dozen BL  Mk XXII guns in twin-gun turrets aft of the superstructure, three turrets on each broadside. Their anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of six quick-firing (QF)  Mk VIII guns in unshielded single mounts and eight QF 2-pounder () guns in single mounts. The ships were fitted with two submerged 24.5-inch (622 mm) torpedo tubes, one on each broadside, angled 10° off the centreline.

The Nelsons were built with two fire-control directors fitted with  rangefinders. One was mounted above the bridge and the other was at the aft end of the superstructure. Each turret was also fitted with a  rangefinder. The secondary armament was controlled by four directors equipped with  rangefinders. One pair were mounted on each side of the main director on the bridge roof and the others were abreast the aft main director. The anti-aircraft directors were situated on a tower abaft the main-armament director with a 12-foot high-angle rangefinder in the middle of the tower. A pair of torpedo-control directors with 15-foot rangefinders were positioned abreast the funnel.

Protection
The ships' waterline belt consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was  thick between the main gun barbettes and thinned to  over the engine and boiler rooms as well as the six-inch magazines, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. To improve its ability to deflect plunging fire, its upper edge was inclined 18° outward. The ends of the armoured citadel were closed off by transverse bulkheads of non-cemented armour  thick at the forward end and  thick at the aft end. The faces of the main-gun turrets were protected by 16-inch of KC armour while the turret sides were  thick and the roof armour plates measured  in thickness. The KC armour of the barbettes ranged in thickness from .

The top of the armoured citadel of the Nelson-class ships was protected by an armoured deck that rested on the top of the belt armour. Its non-cemented armour plates ranged in thickness from  over the main-gun magazines to  over the propulsion machinery spaces and the secondary magazines. Aft of the citadel was an armoured deck  thick at the level of the lower edge of the belt armour that extended almost to the end of the stern to cover the steering gear. The conning tower's KC armour was  thick with a  roof. The secondary-gun turrets were protected by  of non-cemented armour.

Underwater protection for the Nelsons was provided by a double bottom  deep and a torpedo protection system. It consisted of an empty outer watertight compartment and an inner water-filled compartment. They had a total depth of  and were backed by a torpedo bulkhead 1.5 inches thick.

Design deficiencies
The Nelson class was an innovative design, but limited by the constraints of the Washington Naval Treaty.  The decision to use 16-inch guns combined with the 35,000-ton displacement limit made saving weight the primary concern of designers.  The Director of Naval Construction, Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt, informed the ship's designer, Edward Attwood, "In order to keep the displacement to 35,000 tons, everything is to be cut down to a minimum." The emphasis on saving weight resulted in deficiencies which affected the performance of Rodney during the Second World War.  The design compromises had less negative consequences for Nelson because that ship underwent a number of refits immediately before and during the war.  Naval architect and historian David K. Brown stated, "It seems likely that in the quest for weight saving, the structure was not quite strong enough."  Unlike Nelson, which exceeded the design specification for machinery weight, the lighter machinery of Rodney resulted in chronic problems. The ship's endurance declined substantially in the decade after her launch; in her 1941 action against Bismarck, Rodney was nearly forced to abandon the pursuit because of a lack of fuel.  British designers cited the poor endurance of the ship when establishing the endurance requirements for the battleship . Throughout the war Rodney was plagued with leaks as a result of panting, and the ship required repairs because of serious leaks in 1940, 1941 and 1944. During one storm, the leaking was severe enough to overwhelm a 50-ton pump. Leaks, defective riveting, and other problems continued to affect Rodney even after a 1941 refit in Boston, Massachusetts. By 1943 officials concluded that she required a complete modernization to extend her service life. The ship never received the necessary upgrades and as a result was unfit for service by the end of 1944.

Modifications

The high-angle directors and rangefinder and their platform were replaced by a new circular platform for the High Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director by March 1930. By July 1932, the single two-pounder guns and the starboard torpedo director were removed and replaced by a single octuple two-pounder "pom-pom" mount on the starboard side of the funnel and a  rangefinder was added at the rear of the bridge roof. The port side mount was installed several years later in the position occupied by the port torpedo director and anti-aircraft directors for both mounts were added to the bridge structure. In 1934–1935, Rodney was fitted with a pair of quadruple mounts for Vickers  AA machineguns that were positioned on the forward superstructure. The ship was fitted with an aircraft catapult on the roof of 'X' turret and a collapsible crane abreast the bridge was also added in 1937 to hoist the aircraft in and out of the water. A floatplane version of the Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber was first used aboard, but it was soon replaced by a Supermarine Walrus amphibian. In October 1938 another octuple "pom-pom" mount was added on the quarterdeck and a prototype Type 79Y early-warning radar system was installed on Rodneys masthead. She was the first battleship to be so equipped.

During a brief refit in HM Dockyard, Rosyth, Scotland, from 24 August to 10 September 1940, the Type 79Y radar was upgraded to a Type 279 system and two  Oerlikon light AA guns were installed on the roof of 'B' turret. While Rodney was refitting in the Boston Navy Yard in the United States in June–August 1941, the Oerlikons were replaced by a quadruple two-pounder mount and a pair of octuple two-pounder mounts were fitted in lieu of the aft six-inch gunnery directors. In addition a full suite of radars were added. A Type 281 radar replaced the Type 279, a Type 271 surface-search radar was installed as was a Type 284 gunnery radar on the roof of the forward main-gun director. The ship's light AA armament was heavily reinforced during a refit in February–May 1942 with seventeen 20 mm Oerlikons in single mounts added to turret roofs, the superstructure and the decks. The quadruple 0.5-inch mounts were replaced with Mk III "pom-pom" directors and three additional Mk IIIs were installed to control the aft octuple two-pounder mounts, all of which were fitted with Type 282 fire-control radars. The HACS Mk I was replaced by a Mk III director and four barrage (anti-aircraft) directors with Type 283 radars were added for the main guns. In addition her radar suite was upgraded: the Type 271 radar was replaced by a Type 273 system, a Type 291 early-warning radar was added and a Type 285 fire-control radar was installed on the roof of the HACS director.

While under repair at Rosyth in August–September, four additional Oerlikons were added on the quarterdeck. In May 1943 gun shields were added to the 4.7-inch guns and the catapult on the roof of 'X' turret was removed. Many more Oerlikons were installed during this brief refit, specifically 36 more single mounts and 5 twin mounts, which gave Rodney a total of 67 weapons in 57 single and 5 twin mounts. In preparation for her role providing naval gunfire support during the Normandy landings, two more Oerlikons were added as was a Type 650 radio jammer in January–March 1944. These additions increased the ship's deep displacement to  and her crew to 1,631–1,650 men.

Construction and career

Rodney, named for Admiral Lord George Rodney, was the sixth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. Given the yard number 904, she was laid down on 28 December 1922 as part of the 1922 Naval Programme at Cammell Laird's shipyard in Birkenhead and was launched on 17 December 1925 by Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles, after three attempts at cracking the bottle of Imperial Burgundy. She was completed and her trials began in August 1927 and she was commissioned on 7 December under the command of Captain Henry Kitson. The ship cost £7,617,799. The Nelson-class ships received several nicknames: Rodnol and Nelsol after the Royal Fleet Auxiliary oil tankers with a prominent amidships superstructure and names ending in "ol", The Queen's Mansions after a resemblance between her superstructure and the Queen Anne's Mansions block of flats, the pair of boot, the ugly sisters and the Cherry Tree class as they were cut-down by the Washington Naval Treaty. Rodneys trials resumed after she was formally commissioned and continued until she entered service on 28 March 1928. The ship was assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet (renamed as Home Fleet in March 1932) and remained so, aside from refits or repairs, until 1941. On 21 April, Kitson was relieved by Captain Francis Tottenham. The following month she headed north to Invergordon, Scotland, to join the rest of the Atlantic Fleet in the annual exercises. Rodney returned to the south in August, where she was the Royal Guardship during Cowes Week where the ship hosted King George V and Queen Mary of Teck on 11 August. The battleship then sailed to HM Dockyard, Devonport, to participate in a charity fund-raising Navy Week which saw 67,000 visitors come to the dockyard. Rodney had some work done on her hull in Glasgow's Gladstone Dock in early October.

At the beginning of 1929, the Atlantic and Mediterranean Fleets combined for their annual fleet manoeuvres in the Mediterranean Sea. While visiting Torquay, Devon, for a fleet rendezvous in July, Rodney was ordered to go to the assistance of two submarines that had collided off Milford Haven, Wales, on 9 July. Ordered to steam at full speed, the ship arrived at Pembroke Dock the following morning to load rescue and salvage equipment. Delayed for a day by weather too bad for diving, she arrived at the site the following evening but it was too late for any survivors of  and Rodney set sail for HM Dockyard, Portsmouth. The ship's propulsion machinery was proving troublesome by this time and she was docked there in late September for a refit that took the rest of the year. Captain Andrew Cunningham, later First Sea Lord, relieved Tottenham on 15 December.

Aside from the usual schedule of exercises, 1930 saw Rodney visit Portrush, Northern Ireland in June, which named a street after the battleship and a voyage to Iceland to commemorate the thousandth year of the Icelandic Parliament. Cunningham was relieved by Captain Roger Bellairs on 16 December. In mid-September 1931, the crew of Rodney took part in the Invergordon Mutiny when they refused orders to go to sea for an exercise, although they relented after several days when the Admiralty reduced the severity of the pay cuts that prompted the mutiny. Unhappy with how Bellairs had handled the crew during the mutiny, the Admiralty ordered that he was to be relieved by Captain John Tovey on 12 April 1932.

After Nelson ran aground while leaving Portsmouth in January 1934, Rodney became the temporary fleet flagship when Admiral Lord William Boyle, commander of the Home Fleet, hoisted his flag aboard her for the winter cruise to the British West Indies. The fleet visited two Norwegian ports before returning home. Captain Wilfred Custance relieved Tovey on 31 August. The 1935 winter cruise saw the ship return to the West Indies, before visiting the Azores and then Gibraltar between 15 January and 17 March. The ship participated in King George V's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review at Spithead on 16 July and then again served as the Royal Guardship during Cowes Week. Captain William Whitworth replaced Custance on 21 February 1936 and he was relieved in his turn by Captain Ronald Halifax on 25 July.

Some of Rodneys crew travelled to London to participate in King George VI's Coronation on 12 May 1937 and the ship took part in the Fleet Review at Spithead on 20 May. She again became the temporary fleet flagship when Nelson began a lengthy refit the following month and Admiral Sir Roger Backhouse hoisted his flag aboard her. Rodney visited Oslo, Norway, in July. Nelsons refit ended in February 1938 and the sisters made a port visit to Lisbon, Portugal that same month. Captain Edward Syfret relieved Whitworth on 16 August, shortly before Rodney began her annual short refit in September. After the completion of her post-refit trials in January 1939, Rear-Admiral Lancelot Holland hoisted his flag aboard the ship as the commander of the 2nd Battle Squadron. She fired a 21-gun salute in honour of the French President Albert Lebrun's arrival in Dover in March for talks with the British government. As the Home Fleet was assembling in Scapa Flow when tensions with Germany rose in August, Rodney developed steering problems and had to proceed to Rosyth for repairs and a bottom cleaning.

Second World War

1939
When Great Britain declared war on Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939, Rodney and the bulk of the Home Fleet were patrolling the waters between Iceland, Norway and Scotland for German blockade runners and then did much the same off the Norwegian coast from 6 to 10 September. The Home Fleet was already at sea when the submarine , on patrol in the Heligoland Bight, was badly damaged by German depth charges on 24 September. Unable to submerge, she requested assistance and the fleet responded with two destroyers escorting her home and the balance of the fleet providing cover. The Germans spotted the bulk of the Home Fleet and it was attacked by five bombers from the first group of Bomber Wing 30 (I./KG 30). Rodneys radar provided timely warning and the aircraft inflicted no damage on the British ships. The following month the ship was part of the covering force for an iron ore convoy from Narvik, Norway.

Syfret was relieved by Captain Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton on 21 November. Following the sinking of the armed merchant cruiser  two days later by the German battleships  and  off Iceland, Rodney and the rest of the Home Fleet were sent to look for them but heavy weather allowed the German battleships to evade their pursuers and return to Germany. The battleship developed serious problems with her rudder on 29 November and was forced to return to Liverpool, steering only with her engines, for repairs that lasted until 31 December.

1940

With Nelson damaged by a mine on 4 December, Rodney served as the temporary fleet flagship until her sister's return in August. She mostly spent January and February 1940 at anchor with occasional missions to provide cover from commerce raiders for convoys. During one such sortie on 21 February in heavy weather, her steering problems resurfaced and forced her return to Greenock, Scotland. Six days later, the ship was visited by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during their morale-boosting tour of Scottish shipyards. The Prime Minister Winston Churchill boarded Rodney for a voyage to Scapa Flow on 7 to 8 March. Despite the danger of aerial attack by the Luftwaffe, most of the Home Fleet was now based there; Rodney was near-missed during an attack on 16 March.

Receiving word that the Royal Air Force (RAF) had attacked north-bound German warships in the North Sea on 7 April, Admiral Sir Charles Forbes, Commander-in-chief Home Fleet, ordered most of his ships to put to sea that evening. Rodney was hit by a  bomb on 9 April off the south-western coast of Norway. The bomb broke up after hitting the corner of a armoured 4.7-inch ready ammunition box on the upper deck aft of the funnel; its fragments penetrated through several decks before bouncing off the four-inch armoured deck and started a small fire in the galley. Three men were wounded by the bomb and another fifteen suffered electrical burns when water being used to fight the fire poured onto a junction box. The crew made temporary repairs and the ship remained at sea until she dropped anchor at Scapa Flow on 17 April. Upon receiving notice that German ships had been spotted in the Norwegian Sea on 9 June, Forbes ordered the Home Fleet, including Rodney, to sea to protect troop convoys evacuating Allied forces from Norway.

Nelson returned from the dockyard on 24 July and reassumed her role as the Home Fleet flagship. Rodney was transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth on 23 August with orders to attack the German invasion fleet in the English Channel when Operation Sealion began. She returned to Scapa on 4 November to begin convoy escort duty. After the armed merchant cruiser  was sunk the following day by the heavy cruiser , the sisters were deployed to the Iceland–Faeroes gap to block any attempts by the German cruiser to return home. The following month Rodney was detailed to rendezvous with Convoy HX 93 from Halifax, Nova Scotia, and escort it home. The ship encountered a strong storm with gale-force winds from 6 to 8 December that caused leaks in her hull plating with a moderate amount of flooding. Repairs at Rosyth began on 18 December that included structural reinforcement of the hull plating and general reinforcement of the forward hull structure.

1941
After finishing her refit on 13 January 1941, Rodney joined the hunt for Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, without success and then escorted Convoy HX 108 from 12 to 23 February. On 16 March, the ship spotted the latter battleship while escorting Convoy HX 114 in the North Atlantic; Gneisenau was rescuing survivors from the independently steaming  reefer ship, , when Rodney steamed over the horizon, silhouetted against the setting sun. Partially hidden behind the burning merchant ship, the gunnery officer estimated that the intermittently visible German ship was  away, close to maximum range for Rodneys guns. Dalyrmple-Hamilton declined to pursue Gneisenau when she turned away at her top speed of  and was able to rescue 27 survivors and 2 dead seamen from one lifeboat before returning to her convoy. Troop Convoy TC 10 departed Halifax on 10 April with a strong escort that included Rodney. While steaming  south out of  the River Clyde in the early hours of 19 April, the battleship accidentally rammed and sank the armed trawler Topaze; only four survivors could be rescued by nearby destroyers  (other sources state two survivors or no survivors).

Bismarck

On 22 May 1941, Rodney and four destroyers were part of the escort for the ocean liner  as she set sail for Halifax. The battleship was scheduled to continue onwards to Boston for repairs and a refit. To this end, the ship carried some of the materials, such as boiler tubes and three octuple "pom-pom" mounts intended for use in her refit; other cargo included three or four crates of the Elgin Marbles. She also carried 521 military passengers bound for Halifax, as well as an American assistant naval attaché conveying important documents back to the United States. Britannic was taking civilians to Canada and would be bringing Canadian troops and airmen back to Britain.

After Bismarck sank the battlecruiser  during the Battle of Denmark Strait on the morning of 24 May, Rodney was ordered by the Admiralty to join in the pursuit of the German ship, leaving the destroyer  to escort Britannic and taking ,  and  with her in the search. After the heavy cruiser  radioed that she had lost radar contact with the Bismarck at 04:01 on the morning of 25 May, Dalrymple-Hamilton, after consulting his senior officers and the American attaché, decided that the German ship was probably heading for Brest and so set course to the east to head her off, at some stages reaching twenty-two knots, which exceeded her then theoretical maximum speed by , although this caused several mechanical failures. Later that morning, Admiral Sir John Tovey in the battleship  ordered all ships to head north west due to a misinterpreted signal from the Admiralty but Dalrymple-Hamilton knew that his ship was too slow to catch up to Bismarck if she was headed in that direction and disregarded Tovey's order. The Admiralty informed Dalrymple-Hamilton that they believed that Bismarck was probably headed to Brest or Saint Nazaire at 11:40. The captain subsequently altered course further south east to cover the approaches to Spanish ports where the German ship might intern herself but this was countermanded by an Admiralty order to turn north east at 14:30. Dalrymple-Hamilton continued south east for several more hours before he decided to obey the order at 16:20; during this time Bismarck passed his position just under the horizon, about  away. Not having spotted the German ship by 21:00, Dalrymple-Hamilton decided to turn south-east again, heading directly for Brest.

Bismarck was spotted by a RAF Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat at 10:35 on 26 May and the two battleships were able to join up as Tovey had realised his mistake and doubled back. Despite the heavy weather, the aircraft carrier  launched her first attack, by 14 Swordfish torpedo bombers, against the German ship that afternoon. The pilots mistook the light cruiser  for the Bismarck and attacked, although the cruiser was able to evade the six of eleven torpedoes dropped that did not detonate when they hit the sea due to faulty magnetic detonators. Around dusk, Ark Royal launched an attack by 15 Swordfish, whose torpedoes had been fitted with contact detonators. Despite the heavy anti-aircraft fire, the Swordfish hit Bismarck with three torpedoes. Two of them struck forward of the aft gun turrets and caused no significant damage; the last struck the stern, disabled the battleship's steering and caused her to significantly reduce speed. That evening Tovey detached Mashona and Somali to refuel and had Rodney fall in behind King George V for the battle against Bismarck. Although his ships could catch the German ship that night now that her steering had been disabled and her engines damaged, Tovey decided to reduce speed to save fuel and wait until dawn to allow his ships the maximum amount of time in which to sink the German ship.

Rodney spotted Bismarck at 08:44 on 27 May, one minute after King George V and was the first to open fire at a range of  three minutes later with Bismarck replying at 08:49. The initial salvos from both ships were off but Rodney straddled her opponent with her third salvo and hit her twice with her fourth at 09:02, knocking out the forward superfiring turret, disabling the lower turret and severely damaging her bridge. In her turn, Bismarck scored no hits, although she managed to damage Rodney with shell splinters before her forward guns were knocked out. As the British ship manoeuvred to bring 'X' turret to bear while closing the distance, she exposed herself to fire from Bismarcks aft turrets, which only managed to straddle Rodney. As the range diminished, she began to fire torpedoes, although shock waves from near misses caused the door for her starboard tube to jam at 09:23. At 09:31, the ship blew off the left barrel of the Bismarcks lower aft gun turret and started a fire inside the turret that forced its evacuation. Around this time the combined fire from Rodney, King George V and the heavy cruisers  and  knocked out all of Bismarcks main guns. Rodney closed to point-blank range and continued to engage, starting to fire full broadsides into Bismarck on a virtually flat trajectory, and added three more torpedoes at a range of  beginning at 09:51; one of these malfunctioned but another may have struck Bismarck. According to the naval historian Ludovic Kennedy, who was present at the battle in Tartar, "if true, [this is] the only instance in history of one battleship torpedoing another."

Rodney fired 378 sixteen-inch shells and 706 six-inch shells during the battle before Dalrymple-Hamilton ordered cease fire around 10:16, while Dorsetshire was then ordered to finish Bismarck off with torpedoes. Ironically, Rodneys own main guns firing at low elevation had damaged her more extensively than had Bismarck. Deck plates around the main-gun turrets had been depressed by the effects of the guns' muzzle blast, and some of the structural members supporting them had cracked or buckled. Piping, urinals and water mains had broken, while the shock of firing had loosened rivets and bolts in the hull plating, flooding various compartments. One gun in 'A' turret permanently broke down during the battle and two others in 'B' turret were temporarily disabled.

Rodney and King George V, running short on fuel, were ordered home and were ineffectually attacked by a pair of Luftwaffe bombers the next day. The former ship arrived at Greenock to replenish her ammunition, fuel and supplies on 29 May and departed for Halifax on 4 June together with the ocean liner , escorted by four destroyers. Rodney continued to the Boston Navy Yard for the delayed repairs to her propulsion machinery and her self-inflicted damage from the battle where she arrived on 12 June. Since the repairs took several months to complete, Rodneys crew was furloughed to local Civilian Conservation Corps camps for a fortnight. During the refit, Dalrymple-Hamilton was relieved by Captain James Rivett-Carnac and Rodney departed Boston for Bermuda on 20 August to work up. The ship arrived in Gibraltar on 24 September to join Force H.

Force H and subsequent operations
Rodney departed Gibraltar later that day to join her sister in escorting a convoy to Malta in Operation Halberd. During the operation the ship accidentally shot down a Fleet Air Arm Fairey Fulmar fighter and Nelson was torpedoed. She was initially able to keep up with the convoy, but had to turn back on 28 September 1941, followed shortly afterwards by Rodney and Prince of Wales. With Nelson forced to return home for repairs, Vice-Admiral James Somerville transferred his flag to Rodney on 30 September. The ship's tenure with Force H was brief, with her only mission escorting two carriers flying off fighters for Malta from 16 to 19 October. On 30 October, she was ordered to return home to replace the departing Prince of Wales in the Home Fleet in case the battleship  attempted to break out into the North Atlantic.

Departing on 2 November, she arrived at Loch Ewe, Scotland, six days later, but only remained there for a few hours to off-load her passengers and re-provision before departing for Hvalfjord, Iceland, where she arrived on 12 November. The highlight of Rodneys initial stay in Iceland was a visit by the movie star, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., who was also stationed there aboard an American battleship. The ship was transferred to Scapa Flow in late December, but was ordered back to Hvalfjord in mid-January 1942 where she was briefly used as a target ship for United States Army Air Force aviators.

1942
Rodney was ordered to proceed to Birkenhead for a refit on 10 February and then sailed to Liverpool, where she remained until 5 May, when the ship was ordered to return to Scapa to begin working up with Nelson. The sisters began escorting Convoy WS 19, loaded with troops bound for Egypt or Burma, on 4 June. They continued as far south as the coast of Portuguese Angola before turning back on 26 June. The following day, Rodneys steering began malfunctioning despite repair attempts. The sisters reached Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 1 July where the ship docked for repairs. Departing on 17 July, the sisters headed home, although Rodneys steering problems soon resurfaced. The ship arrived at Scapa on 26 July where she began cleaning her boilers and requested assistance from Rosyth Dockyard to fix her steering gear.

She departed Scapa on 2 August with orders for convoy escort duties, but was soon diverted to become part of the close escort for Convoy WS 21S, bound for Malta as part of Operation Pedestal. Vice-Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser, second-in-command of the Home Fleet, was aboard the ship to gain experience in integrating carrier and convoy operations and was not flying his flag. Rodney rendezvoused with the convoy two days later and was assigned to Force Z which would turn back before the convoy passed through the Sicilian Narrows. Italian spies in Algeciras, Francoist Spain, spotted the convoy as it passed through the Strait of Gibraltar on 10 August and Italian reconnaissance aircraft located it the following morning. The  opened what would be many Axis attacks on the convoy and its escorts, by sinking the carrier  that afternoon. Later that evening, the battleship was attacked by two bombers that near missed with two bombs and a torpedo. The ship was able to comb the tracks between two torpedoes dropped by Italian aircraft at 07:45 on 12 August. Her gunners claimed an Italian bomber at 12:17.

Twenty minutes later, Rodney opened fire with her main guns on a wave of approaching Italian torpedo bombers, hoping to knock some of them down with shell splashes, which "frightened us, our escort and [the] Italians". The ship was near missed many times that afternoon and her steering gear began acting up around 14:00, but the engineers were able to keep it semi-operational. At 18:42, Rodney was attacked by Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" dive bombers flown by the Regia Aeronautica's 102nd Dive Domber Group. Although the ship shot down one of her attackers, one armour-piecing bomb bounced off the roof of 'X' turret, wounding four Royal Marines manning the Oerlikons there, and two others detonated near by as the ship was trying to evade the bombs. The evasive manoeuvres worsened Rodneys steering problems and issues with her boilers began after Force Z turned back that evening which limited the ship to . They arrived at Gibraltar on 14 August and temporary repairs were made. Rodney departed Gibraltar to rejoin the Home Fleet at Scapa two days later, but her problems worsened during the voyage as heavy weather further stressed the steering motors and exacerbated her many leaks. The ship was sent to Rosyth for repairs on 22 August.

With her repairs completed on 16 September, Rodney arrived back at Scapa on 23 September but almost immediately set sail for Loch Cairnbawn where the British had created a replica of the defences around Tirpitz. The battleship was to serve as a target for frogmen training to use Chariot manned torpedoes to deliver and attach limpet mines to her hull in preparation for Operation Title. Rodney returned to Scapa on 29 September where she spent most of October training in preparation for the invasion of Northwest Africa scheduled for the following month. Churchill visited the ship on 10 October and thanked the crew for their efforts during Pedestal. Rodney set sail for Gibraltar on 23 October and rejoined Force H upon her arrival.

Force H was to provide distant cover for the landings at Algiers and Oran, French Algeria, in case either the Vichy French Navy or the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) attempted to intervene. If that did not happen, Rodney was to support the Centre Naval Task Force at Oran on 8 November. Other ships had dealt with the warships in Oran's port of Mers-el-Kebir but the four  coast-defence guns of Fort du Santon overlooking the harbour were still shooting at the British ships. Rodney fired 16 shells from her main guns before she was forced to disengage in response to a reported submarine but the French chose not to return fire. The ship resumed firing later that afternoon, again without reply. The following morning the French guns opened fire as the battleship closed the range, nearly hitting her. Rodney moved further out to sea and resumed her bombardment with the aid of a land-based spotter. Her shelling thus far had not had much effect on the fort as its guns began bombarding approaching American troops. At their request, the battleship resumed firing at the fort despite the presence of nearby troops and the French capitulated shortly afterwards.

1943

Rodney remained in the Mediterranean until she departed for Devonport on 7 May 1943 to begin a brief refit that lasted until 28 May. The ship arrived at Scapa on 3 June to begin training for the invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) and then rejoined Force H. She saw no combat during the landings, although there were many air raids while she was berthed in Grand Harbour, Malta. On 31 August Rodney joined her sister in bombarding coast-defence guns near Reggio di Calabria in preparation for the Allied crossing of the Strait of Messina from Sicily (Operation Baytown) on 3 September, blowing up an ammunition dump during her shoot. Force H provided support for the landings at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September with the battleship only using her anti-aircraft guns. Captain Robert FitzRoy relieved Rivett-Carnac on 25 September. The ship arrived back in the UK on 5 November where she rejoined the Home Fleet. While at sea with the  to conduct a night gunnery exercise on 29 December, Rodney suffered weather damage during a severe storm that caused extensive flooding forward.

1944 and the Normandy Landings

The ship departed Scapa on 16 January 1944 to begin repairs in Rosyth. Little effort was made to repair the persistent steering and boiler problems as efforts focused on making her seaworthy again. They were completed on 28 March, and Rodney steamed back to Scapa, where she arrived on 1 April.  The ship spent most of the next few months conducting gunnery training, mostly shore bombardment but also anti-aircraft shoots and practice defending herself against attacks by E-boats. Although she was initially in reserve for the Normandy landings (Operation Overlord), Rodney did engage coast-defence guns near Le Havre with two armour-piercing 16-inch shells on 6 June. The ship was ordered forward to support operations off Sword Beach that night and accidentally rammed and sank LCT 427, killing all 13 crewmen, in the darkness and congested waters off the Isle of Wight.

Soon afterwards, another LCT rammed Rodneys bow, tearing a  hole in her hull plates and crumpling the bow of the landing craft. After reaching her assigned position, the ship engaged targets north of Caen, possibly belonging to the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend which was attacking British and Canadian troops near there. During her day's shooting Rodney expended 99 sixteen- and 132 six-inch shells. That night the ship moved to the waters off Juno Beach to avoid attacks by German light forces. Returning to Sword Beach on 8 June, she bombarded German troops and vehicles near Caen. The following morning Rodney began engaging targets in Caen proper, beginning the gradual devastation of the city, including the destruction of the spire of the Church of Saint-Pierre. That day the ship also fired at coast-defence guns at Houlgate and Benerville-sur-Mer. After an ineffectual air raid on the ships off Sword Beach that afternoon, Rodney withdrew to replenish her ammunition at Milford Haven.

The ship was kept in reserve until 18 June when her sister struck a mine and had to withdraw. A severe storm began the following day and caused all operations to cease. A LCT took shelter in the lee of the battleship for the duration of the storm and a trawler collided with Rodney on 21 June but was not seriously damaged. On the night of 23/24 June, the ship was ineffectually attacked twice by Junkers Ju 88 bombers; her gunners claiming one aircraft. Firing for the first time since her return, Rodneys guns began bombarding targets during Operation Epsom, which began on the 26th. These included a sporadic, 30-hour operation firing an occasional shell  inland, to prevent a Panzer division from crossing a bridge. The ship also provided fire support during Operation Windsor, a partially successful Canadian assault on Carpiquet and its airfield west of Caen on 4 to 5 July, and Operation Charnwood, a frontal assault on Caen proper on 8 to 9 July. Some of the targets engaged were normally beyond the maximum range of Rodneys guns, but oil was pumped to one side to give the ship a temporary list which acted to increase the guns' elevation and range. After the end of Charnwood, the ship was withdrawn as Allied forces drove deeper into France. She had expended at total of 519 sixteen- and 454 six-inch shells during her sojourn off the Norman coast.

Long-range artillery on the German-occupied island of Alderney was disrupting Allied operations off the north west corner of the Cotentin Peninsula after the landings in Normandy. Rodney was tasked to eliminate the problem and bombarded Batterie Blücher on 12 August, taking up a position on the other side of the Cap de la Hague to avoid return fire. She fired 75 sixteen-inch shells at the artillery position, believing that three of the four guns had been damaged. Postwar analysis showed that although 40 shells had fallen within  of the center of the battery, only one gun had actually been damaged and it was back in service by November. The other three guns resumed shooting at Allied ships by 30 August.

Post Invasion
After a fortnight in Portland, the ship arrived in Devonport on 27 August for repairs that were originally scheduled to last for a month or more. Her dockyard time was curtailed and Rodney was ordered north. She arrived in Scapa on 15 September and sailed the following day to escort Convoy JW 60 bound for Murmansk. The escorts dropped anchor at Vaenga on 23 September after an uneventful passage. Admiral Arseny Golovko visited the ship three days later to coordinate arrangements for defending the convoys. Rodney rendezvoused with the returning convoy RA 60 on 28 September. German submarines were able to sink two ships of the convoy against the loss of one of their own and the ship arrived at Scapa on 5 October. She became the Home Fleet flagship four days later when Admiral Sir Henry Moore hoisted his flag aboard her. Rodney generally remained at Scapa for the next year, the tedium relieved by a visit by King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and their daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, in late September 1945. The ship steamed south in mid-November, bound for Portsmouth where Moore would transfer his flag to her sister. She arrived at Rosyth on 2 December where she was docked in No. 3 dry dock from 8 December until 1 March 1948; during this time, Rodneys condition was surveyed and her leaks were patched. She was transferred to BISCO early that year for disposal and the ship was allocated to Thos. W. Ward on 26 March to be scrapped at Inverkeithing.

Notes

Citations

References

External links

 Maritimequest HMS Rodney Photo Gallery

Nelson-class battleships
Ships built on the River Mersey
1925 ships
World War II battleships of the United Kingdom

HMS Rodney (29)


ASF Petrolul Moinești ist ein rumänischer Fußballverein aus Moinești, Kreis Bacău. Er wurde im Jahr 1948 gegründet und spielte insgesamt neun Jahre in der zweithöchsten rumänischen Fußballliga, der Divizia B. In der Saison 2003/04 erreichte er das Achtelfinale um den rumänischen Pokal.

Geschichte
Petrolul Moinești wurde im Jahr 1948 gegründet und hat seinen Namen aufgrund der Erdölförderung in der Region Moinești. Im Jahr 1950 wurde der Name in Flacăra Moinești () geändert. In der Saison 1956 spielte der Klub erstmals in der Divizia C. Über den Namen Energia Moinești (1957) nahm er im Jahr 1958 wieder den Namen Petrolul Moinești an. Nachdem der Spielbetrieb der Divizia C im Jahr 1959 eingestellt worden war, spielte Petrolul wieder in den regionalen Ligen, ehe der Klub 1963 in die Divizia C zurückkehrte. Dort platzierte sich die Mannschaft – abgesehen von der Saison 1965/66 – im Mittelfeld der Tabelle. In der Saison 1971/72 gewann der Verein seine Staffel, scheiterte in den Aufstiegsspielen aber an Delta Tulcea. Als ein Jahr später die Divizia B von zwei auf drei Staffeln aufgestockt wurde, gelang Petrolul als Zweitplatzierter hinter Viitorul Vaslui erstmals der Sprung in die zweite rumänische Liga. Der Klub musste jedoch postwendend am Ende der Saison 1973/74 wieder absteigen.

In den Spielzeiten 1974/75 und 1975/76 verpasste Petrolul hinter Viitorul Vaslui bzw. Relonul Sävinesti den Wiederaufstieg. Die Mannschaft fiel in den folgenden Jahren ins Mittelfeld der Divizia C zurück und erzielte in der Saison 1980/81 mit dem 13. Platz ihr schlechtestes Ergebnis. Auch in den anschließenden Jahren hatte Petrolul weder mit dem Auf- noch mit dem Abstieg zu tun. Die Saison 1991/92 schloss der Verein auf dem 9. Platz ab, musste aufgrund einer Ligenreform dennoch in die Divizia D absteigen.

Ein Jahr später kehrte der Klub in die Divizia C zurück und beendete die Saison 1993/94 auf dem zweiten Platz hinter Cetatea Târgu Neamț. Nach einem sechsten Platz 1994/95 belegte Petrolul am Ende der Saison 1995/96 den ersten Platz und stieg in die Divizia B auf. Dort gelang durch einen fünften Platz in der Saison 1996/97 erstmals der Klassenerhalt. Auch die darauf folgende Spielzeit schloss der Klub im vorderen Mittelfeld ab. Danach rutschte er wieder in die Abstiegszone und musste am Ende der Saison 1999/2000 wieder den Gang in die Divizia C antreten. Petrolul gelang der sofortige Wiederaufstieg, der vom erneuten Abstieg 2002 gefolgt wurde. Erneut kehrte der Klub postwendend in die Divizia B zurück. Die Spielzeit 2003/04 wurde die erfolgreichste der Vereinsgeschichte. Neben einem vierten Platz in der Staffel 1 hinter Politehnica Iași, FC Vaslui und Dacia Unirea Brăila erreichte der Verein nach einem Sieg gegen Erstligist FC Brașov das Achtelfinale um den rumänischen Pokal, schied dort aber gegen den FC Argeș Pitești mit 0:1 aus.

Auch die Saison 2004/05 konnte Petrolul im vorderen Mittelfeld beenden, musste jedoch ein Jahr später in die Liga III absteigen. Dort wurde der Klub in der Saison 2006/07 in die Liga IV durchgereicht.

Erfolge
 Aufstieg in die Divizia B: 1973, 1996, 2001, 2003
 Achtelfinale um den rumänischen Pokal: 2004

Weblinks
 Geschichte von Petrolul Moinești auf romaniansoccer.ro (rumänisch)

Moinești
Rumänischer Fußballverein
Sport (Kreis Bacău)

Petrolul Moinești


Als Hyperdulie (, deutsch auch "übersteigende Hochschätzung" oder "Hochdienst") wird von der klassischen katholischen Dogmatik die besondere Verehrung der Gottesmutter Maria durch die Kirche bezeichnet. Danach ist der Verehrungsgrad Mariens zwar wesentlich geringer als die allein Gott zustehende Anbetung (), übersteigt aber aufgrund ihrer Würde, Heiligkeit und Verehrungswürdigkeit als Gottesmutter die den Engeln und übrigen Heiligen gebührende Verehrung (Dulie, , griechisch δουλεία).

Der griechisch-lateinische Neologismus hyperdulia tritt erst im Hochmittelalter auf. Die biblischen Grundlagen der Hyperdulie finden sich im Lukasevangelium: Lk  und Lk . Bei den Kirchenvätern ist die Hyperdulie der Sache nach seit dem 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. nachweisbar.

Entwicklung und Verwendung des Begriffs

Mittelalter
Wilhelm von Auxerre († 1231/37) will die besondere Verehrung (dulia dignior oder dulia maior) der Menschheit Christi mit dem Begriff hyperdulia klarer herausstellen.

Anknüpfend an Petrus Lombardus (In Psalmos 98,5 Migne PL 191, 895), der für Maria eine "würdigere Verehrung" (dulia dignior) als für andere Heilige erklärte, wird hyperdulia gegen Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts mit Vorliebe für die Sonderehrung Mariens benutzt, so bei Bonaventura (Sentenzenkommentar, Buch III, dist. 9, art. 1, qu. 3) und Thomas von Aquin (Summa theologiae III, qu. 25, art. 5). Schon vorher hatte Thomas in einem Sentenzenkommentar (Buch III, dist. 9, qu. 1, arg. 2, sol. 3) erklärt: "insoweit [Maria] zu Christus gehört, verehrt man sie durch Hyperdulie" (inquantum pertinet ad Christum, honoratur hyperdulia). Bonaventura und Thomas von Aquin schaffen die Grundlage für die spätere Verwendung des Begriffs in der der klassischen katholischen Dogmatik, die mit Hyperdulie die besondere Verehrung der Gottesmutter Maria bezeichnet.

Reformation
Der Terminus ist durch die Thomas-Kommentierung und durch die konfessionellen Kontroversen um die Marienverehrung seit Reformation und katholischer Reform in theologischen Debatten oft präsent.

Von den Kirchen der Reformation distanziert sich der Calvinismus am weitesten und am heftigsten vom Konzept und der Praxis der katholischen Hyperdulie. Zwar fordert Calvin gemäß altkirchlichem Glauben selber dazu auf, Mariens Gottesmutterschaft anzuerkennen und beständig zu preisen. Insbesondere die Anrufung Mariens um Fürbitte bei Gott zur Erlangung göttlicher Gnade hält man im Gefolge Calvins jedoch für eine "verabscheuenswürdige Gotteslästerung" (exsacrabilis blasphemia).

Offizieller Sprachgebrauch in der katholischen Kirche
Erst sehr spät und nur sehr vereinzelt wird der Begriff der Hyperdulie in offiziellen Verlautbarungen der katholischen Kirche aufgegriffen: gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts (Ritenkongregation, Dekret vom 1. Juni 1884) und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts (Codex Iuris Canonici 1917, can. 1255, § 1).

Das Zweite Vatikanische Konzil spricht dagegen von einem "Kult eigener Art" (speciali cultu) (Lumen gentium 66). Papst Paul VI. betont in der Einleitung seines Schreibens Marialis cultus (1974), dass "Maria ein besonderer Kult erwiesen wird" (peculiaris cultus). Dieser Begrifflichkeit folgen sowohl der neue Codex Iuris Canonici von 1983 (can. 276, § 2, nr. 5; can. 1186) als auch die 1997 erschienene authentische lateinische Ausgabe des Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae (nr. 971).

Literatur

 Joseph Pohle, Josef Gummersbach: Lehrbuch der Dogmatik. Paderborn: Schöningh 10. Aufl. 1952–56, Bd. 2 (1956), S. 455–461.
 Joseph Pohle: Hyperdulie. In: Michael Buchberger (Hrsg.): Kirchliches Handlexikon. Ein Nachschlagebuch über das Gesamtgebiet der Theologie und ihrer Hilfswissenschaften. Band 1: A–H. Allgemeine Verlags-Gesellschaft, München 1907, Sp. 2066.
 Anton Bodem: Hyperdulie. In: Remigius Bäumer / Leo Scheffczyk (Hg.): Marienlexikon. St. Ottilien: EOS 1988–1994, Bd. 3 (1991), Sp. 277.
 Franz Courth: Hyperdulie. In: LThK³ 5 (1996), Sp. 370.

Einzelnachweise

Dogmatik
Marienverehrung

Hyperdulie


Kuća Čorak u Splitu, Hrvatska, na adresi Obala kneza Branimira 1, zaštićeno je kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Stambeno-poslovna uglovnica na zapadnom dijelu splitske obale izgrađena je 1924. prema projektu Josipa Kodla. Pored arhitektonskih, ističe se i urbanističkim vrijednostima, posebice načinom na koji je konkavnim i terasastim uvlačenjem dijela pročelja iznad zaobljenog prizemlja, riješen ugao građevine. Zauzima istaknuto mjesto u ranom Kodlovom opusu odajući, u dekorativnosti i slikovitosti pročelja i razvedenosti krovišta, još uvijek utjecaje secesije kojih će se narednih godina postupno oslobađati, afirmirajući prvi u Splitu arhitekturu moderne.

Projektirao ju je poznati češko-hrvatski arhitekt iz Splita Josip Kodl. Dio njegova arhitektonskog opusa u Splitu iz 1920-ih godina. Njegove su građevine odisale dahom modernizma, avangarde, funkcionalizma i kubizma, a arhitektonske postavke od kojih nije odstupao jesu armiranobetonska konstrukcija, žbuka, ravni krov, kubističko oblikovanje, kolorizam.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5816 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao profana graditeljska baština odnosno stambeno-poslovne građevine.

Izvori

Zgrade u Splitu
Zaštićene stambeno-poslovne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Kuća Čorak u Splitu


Julija Uranija (grčki Ιουλìα Ουρανìа, latinski Ivlia Urania) bila je kraljica Mauretanije. Njezin je muž bio berberski vladar Ptolemej, kralj Mauretanije (Πτολεμαῖος), čiji su roditelji bili kralj Juba II. († 23.) i kraljica Kleopatra Selena II. Godine 38., Julija je suprugu rodila jedino dijete, kćer koju su zvali Druzila (Δρουσίλλη), preko koje bijaše baka Gaja Julija Aleksija, kralj-svećenika Emese.

Uranijina je robinja bila Julija Bodina, koja je, nakon što je dobila slobodu, dala spomenuti Uraniju na svom nadgrobnom spomeniku.

Ime

Uranija ("nebeska") ime je jedne božice, koja je bila kći Zeusa. Ime božice povezano je s imenom njezina djeda Urana (Οὐρανός).

Izvori i bilješke

Povijest Mauritanije
Vladari
Životopisi, Mauritanija

Julija Uranija


Throwing Copper is the third studio album by American alternative rock band Live, released on April 26, 1994, on former MCA Records subsidiary Radioactive Records. It was produced by Jerry Harrison of Talking Heads and was recorded at Pachyderm Recording Studio. Throwing Copper has generally been regarded as Live's best album, having sold over 8 million copies and certified 8× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Cover art
The cover art is a painting by Scottish artist Peter Howson titled Sisters of Mercy. On September 23, 2005, it was sold for $186,000 by Christie's in New York. The painting is oil on canvas and measures .

25th anniversary reissue
In May 2019, the band announced a 25th-anniversary reissue of Throwing Copper, which was released on July 19. The reissue contains three bonus tracks: "Hold Me Up", which was recorded during the original Throwing Copper sessions and later heard in the 2008 comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno but was not officially released; "We Deal in Dreams", which had been released as a single off the band's 2004 compilation album Awake: The Best of Live; and "Susquehanna", another previously unreleased track originally recorded in 1993, though it had been written during recording sessions for the band's first studio album, Mental Jewelry.

Critical reception
Throwing Copper has typically been regarded as Live's strongest album. A Rolling Stone review stated that the band "strive for an epic sound" and successfully execute on that goal; retrospective reviews have been similarly positive, with the Jakarta Post describing the album as "a solid beast from front to back" and uDiscoverMusic characterizing it as "challenging, yet commendably powerful". The instrumentation on the album has been generally praised: Rolling Stone considered the musicians to be "expert players [who] drop musical smart bombs with unerring precision", and the Jakarta Post referred to the music as "absolutely dynamic and catchy". Singer Ed Kowalczyk was applauded for his vocal performance as well, with a retrospective Stereogum review noting his ability to "raise his voice from a plaintive hush to a clenched roar".

The lyrics of the album received more mixed reviews. The Jakarta Post felt that Throwing Copper "managed to push earnestness and wild esotericism as far as it could go without feeling resoundingly cheesy", but Gina Boldman of AllMusic was more negative, stating that the album's "melodrama [is] a bit much". Stereogum described Kowalczyk's lyrics as "mystic gibberish" that nevertheless featured "memorably inscrutable turns of phrase".

Track listing

The tracks "Pillar of Davidson" and "Horse" were not included on the original 1994 vinyl version. They were, however, included on the 2012 vinyl reissue on Music on Vinyl, which also added "Horse" to the track listing. The 2019 vinyl re-release was a double album, featuring the bonus tracks and "Horse" on the D-side.

Personnel
Adapted credits from the liner notes of Throwing Copper.

Live
Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals
Patrick Dahlheimer – bass
Chad Gracey – drums, backing vocals

Technical personnel
Jerry Harrison – production
Lou Giordano – engineering, recording
Ted Jensen – mastering
Gary Kurfirst – executive production
Tom Lord-Alge – mixing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Singles

Certifications

References

1994 albums
Live (band) albums
Albums produced by Jerry Harrison
MCA Records albums

Throwing Copper


Der evangelisch-lutherische Dom zu Fredrikstad (norwegisch: Fredrikstad Domkirke (bokmål) oder Fredrikstad Domkyrkje(Nynorsk)) befindet sich in der südnorwegischen Stadt Fredrikstad und ist die Kathedralkirche des Bistums Borg.

Bauwerk
Die Kirche wurde von Ferdinand Waldemar Lühr als Pfarrkirche entworfen und 1879/80 in neogotischen Formen errichtet. Die Backsteinkirche wurde im Oktober 1880 als Fredrikstad Vestre kirke (Westkirche) geweiht und bietet Platz für rund 1.100 Gläubige. Die Kirche hat einen 72 m hohen, in die Fassade integrierten Glockenturm.

Den Raumeindruck verdankt die Westkirche der Restaurierung von 1954. Erst mit der Gründung des Bistums Borg 1969 wurde sie in den Rang einer Bischofskirche erhoben.

Ausstattung
Die Glasmalereien wurden 1917 von Emanuel Vigeland, das Bild am Hauptaltar von Axel Revold geschaffen. Die Kanzel wurde von Anthon Røvik geschnitzt.

Orgel
Die Orgel wurde 1964 von dem dänischen Orgelbauer Marcussen & Søn erbaut. Das Schleifladen-Instrument hat 54 Register (ca. 4.000 Pfeifen) auf vier Manualen und Pedal. Die Spiel- und Registertrakturen sind mechanisch.

 Koppeln: I/II, III/II, IV/II, I/P, II/P, III/P, IV/P

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website (norwegisch)

Fredrikstad
Kathedrale in Norwegen
Kirchengebäude in Viken
Kirchengebäude der Norwegischen Kirche
Neugotisches Kirchengebäude
Backsteinbauwerk des Historismus
Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren
Neugotisches Bauwerk in Norwegen
Backsteinkirche
Kulturdenkmal (Viken)
Fredrikstad

Fredrikstad Domkirke


" දෙවන තලයේ පවතින දේවල සීමා මායිම පළවැනි තලයේ සීමාමායිම තරම් පැහැදිලි නොවනු ඇති. එබැවින් සිත්තරා පළවැන්න හා දෙවැන්න අතර සීමා මායිම් නිර්මාණය නොකරයි. ඊට හේතුව එක් වස්තුවක සීමා මායිම ගණිතමය රේඛාවක් මිස සැබෑ රේඛාවක් නොවන හෙයිනි. එක් වර්ණයක සීමාව වෙනත් වර්ණයකින් ආරම්භ වන අතර සැබෑ සීමා මායිම සමඟ සමපාත නොවේ. එනම් එක් වර්ණයකට එදිරිව තබනු ලැබූ අනෙක් වර්ණය අතර සීමාවට කිසිවක් මැදිහත් නොවන බැවිනි. එබැවින් සිත්තරා දුර ප‍්‍රමාණය ප‍්‍රකාශකරමින් සීමා මායිම් දක්විම සිදුනොකරයි."
සිතුවමට සුවිශේෂීත්වය ලබාදෙන්නේ තීව‍්‍රතාවය පිලිබඳ සංජානනය සහ නිරූපනයයි. විශ්වයේ සෑම ලක්‍ෂයකටම තීව‍්‍රතාවයක් පවතී. එය කලූ සුදු සහ ඒ අතර වන අළු පැහැති වර්ණ පරාසය මගින් නිරූපනය කළ හැක. ප‍්‍රායෝගිකත්වය තුල සිත්තරා හුදෙක් වර්ණ (එකම තීව‍්‍රතාවයක් සහිත) පමණක් භාවිතා කරමින් විවිධ තීව‍්‍රතාවයන් සහිත මතුපිටවල් සන්නිධානගත කිරීම මඟින් හැඩතල සුසම්බන්ධ කරමින් සංකේතීය හැඩතල ඉදිරිපත් කරයි. මේ අනුව සිතුවම් කිරීමේ මූලික ක‍්‍රමවේදය ජ්‍යාමිතික රූප, විවිධාකාර දෘෂ්ඨිකෝණ සහ සංවිධානයන් (පර්යාවලෝකය) සහ සංකේත වැනි ද්‍රෘෂ්ඨිවාදී ක‍්‍රමවේදයෙන් වෙනස්වූවකි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස අසල ඇති වස්තූන්ගේ සෙවණැලි හා පරාවර්තනයන් හේතුකොටගෙන සුදු පාට බිත්තියක එක් එක් ස්ථානයේ විවිධ තීව‍්‍රතාවයන් සහිත යැයි සිත්තරෙකුට හැඟී යා හැක. නමුත් පරම වශයෙන් සුදු බිත්තිය සුදු බිත්තියක්මය. තාක්‍ෂණික ඇඳීමේදී රේඛාවක ඝනකම පරමයකි. වස්තුවක පරම පිට දාරය  සීමාකිරීමේදී සිත්තරුන් යොදා ගන්නා සංජානන රාමුවෙන් මෙය වෙනස් වෙයි.
සංගීතයේදී ස්වරමානය සහ රිද්මය මෙන් සිතුවම් කිරීමේදී වර්ණය සහ වර්ණ ස්වභාවය එහි හරය වෙයි. වර්ණය බෙහෙවින්ම විෂයබද්ධ වන නමුත් නිරීක්‍ෂණය කළහැකි මානසික බලපෑම් සහිත වෙයි. කෙසේවෙතත් මෙය එක් සංස්කෘතියකින් තවත් සංස්කෘතියකට වෙනස් වියහැක. බටහිර ශෝකවීම සමග කලූ වර්ණය බැඳී තිබුණද පෙරදිගදී එම වර්ණය වන්නේ සුදුය. ගොයතේ, කැන්ඩින්ස්කි, නිව්ටන් වැනි සමහර සිත්තරුන්, න්‍යායවේදීන්, ලේඛකයින් සහ විද්‍යාඥයින්ට තමන්ටම වූ වර්ණ පිලිබඳ න්‍යායයක් විය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස 'රතු' යන වචනය ගතහොත් වර්ණාවලියේ රතු පැහැය ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැකි විශාල වර්ණ පරාසයක් ඉන් ආවරනය වෙයි. සංගීතයේ විවිධ ස්වර පිලිබඳ පවතින එකඟතාවය මෙන් වර්ණ පිලිබඳ සම්මතයක් නොමැත. සිත්තරකුට වර්ණ මූලික හා ද්විතීයික ලෙස සරළව බෙදුනු ඒවා නොවේ. සිත්තරුන් ප‍්‍රායෝගිකව ගණුදෙනු කරන්නේ වර්ණක සමඟ වන අතර ඔහුගේ 'නිල්'යන්නට  ඕනෑම නිල් පැහැයක් (සයන්, පැරිස් නිල්, ඉන්ඩිගෝ, කොබෝල්ට්, අල්ට‍්‍රාමෙරීන් ආදී වශයෙන්) අන්තර්ගත වියහැක.

සංගීතයේදී මෙන්ම සිතුවම් කිරීමේදීද රිද්මය වැදගත් වේ. රිද්මය යනු අනුක‍්‍රමනයක් තුල පවත්නා විරාමයයි. මෙම විරාමය ආකෘතිය, තාලය, වර්ණය වැනි නිර්මාණාත්මක බලයට ඇතුලූවීමට ඉඩ සලසයි. මෙසේ කිසියම් කලාකෘතියක සිදුවන වැදගත් වෙනස්කම් එහි සෞන්දර්යාත්මක වටිනාකම කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ඇති කරයි. නිදහස්ව ශක්තිය ගලායාම සෞන්දර්යාත්මක වටිනාකමට ඍජුව බලපාන්නකි.
නූතන සිත්තරුන් සිතුවම් කිරීම වඩාත් ව්‍යාප්තකොට ඇති අතර කොලාජ් මෙයට එක් උදාහරණයකි. සමහර නූතන සිත්තරු වැලි, සිමෙන්ති, පිදුරු, ලී වැනි දේ විවිධ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා කිරීමට පෙළඹී ඇත. (ඩිජිටල් කැන්වසයන් මත ෆොටෝෂොප්, පේන්ටර් වැනි විවිධ මෘදුකාංග යොදාගනිමින් වර්ණ ගැන්වීම සඳහා පරිගණක භාවිතා කරන සිත්රුන් සංඛ්‍යාත්මකව වර්ධනය වෙමින් ඇත. අවශ්‍ය විටෙක මෙම රූප සාම්ප‍්‍රදායික කැන්වසයක් මත මුද්‍රණය කිරීමේ හැකියාවද පවතී.)
1829 දී ඡායරූප නිර්මාණය ආරම්භ විය. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ සිට ඡායාරූප සැකසීම වර්ධනය වූ අතර නිරීක්‍ෂණයට ලක්කළහැකි ලෝකය පිලිබඳ වාර්තා තබාගැනීමේ මාධ්‍යයක් ලෙස සිතුවමට හිමිව තිබූ තතවය ක‍්‍රමයෙන් අඩු වන්නට විය. අනතුරුව 20 වන සියවසේදී  ලෝකය පිලිබඳව වූ පුනරුද දැක්ම උපස්තිථිවාදය, පශ්චාත් උපස්තිථිවාදය, ප‍්‍රකාශනවාදය, ඩාඩාවාදය සහ ඝනිකවාදය ආදී නව  ප‍්‍රවේශයන් සමඟ බැහැරව යන ලදී. දිඝ ශෛලිගත ස්වරූපයේ ඉතිහාසයකට හිමිකම් කී පෙරදිග හා අපි‍්‍රකානු සිතුවම් කලාව මෙවැනි වූ විපරිණාමයකට ලක් නොවීය.
නූතන හා සමකාලීන කලාව, කෞෂල්‍ය සහ වාර්තාගත කිරීමේ ඵෙතිහාසික වටිනාකමින් ඈතට ගමන් කරමින් සංකල්පය දෙසට යොමුව ඇත. මේ හේතුවෙන් සිතුවම් කිරීම බැ?රුම් කලා ප‍්‍රවර්ගයක් ලෙසින් වූ පිලිගැනීම අවසානකට ලක්කොට ඇති බව සමහරු කියාසිටිති. කෙසේ නමුත් බහුතරයක් කලාකරුවන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම හෝ සිය කෘතියේ අංගයක් ලෙස සිතුවම් කිරීම යොදාගැනීමෙන් වැලැක්වීමට එය සමත්ව නොමැත.

සිතුවම් දළ විශ්ලේෂණය


Michael Jerome Irvin (born March 5, 1966) is an American sports commentator and former professional football player. He played his entire 12-year career as a wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). In 2007, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Irvin played college football at the University of Miami and was selected in the first round of the 1988 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He spent his entire 12-year NFL career from 1988 to 1999 with the Cowboys before it ended abruptly from a cervical spine injury sustained in a game against the Philadelphia Eagles at Veterans Stadium on October 10, 1999 in which Irvin was carted off the field and transported to a Philadelphia hospital.

Irvin was nicknamed "Playmaker" due to his penchant for making big plays in big games during his college and pro careers, and he relished the nickname, even acquiring "PLY MKR" as his Texas vanity license plate. Along with Troy Aikman and Emmitt Smith, Irvin was one of three key Cowboys offensive players, known as "The Triplets", who led the Cowboys to three Super Bowl wins in 1992, 1993, and 1995.

Irvin is widely considered to be one of the greatest wide receivers of all time.

Irvin is a former broadcaster for ESPN's Sunday NFL Countdown and currently an analyst for NFL Network. In 2009, he competed in Season 9 of Dancing with the Stars in which he was the season's ninth contestant to be eliminated.

He is one of the co-hosts of the FS1 weekday morning debate show Undisputed with Richard Sherman, Keyshawn Johnson, and Skip Bayless.

Early life and education
Irvin was born March 5, 1966 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He is the 15th of 17 children in his family. Irvin first attended Piper High School in Sunrise, Florida and then went on to become a football star at St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Fort Lauderdale.

While at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, Irvin was heavily recruited by the University of Miami to play for the Miami Hurricanes, one of the top collegiate football programs in the nation.

College career
At the University of Miami under coach Jimmy Johnson, Irvin set school records for the Miami Hurricanes for career receptions (143), receiving yards (2,423 and later broken by Santana Moss), and touchdown receptions (26). He was a member of the University of Miami's 1987 national championship team and made one of the most legendary plays in school history that year, scoring on a 73-yard fourth-quarter touchdown pass from Steve Walsh that provided the margin of victory in Miami's victory over archrival Florida State, which propelled them into the national championship game, the 1988 Orange Bowl, against the top-ranked Oklahoma Sooners.

In 1988, following his junior year at the University of Miami, Irvin announced he was skipping his final year of college eligibility and declaring his eligibility for the 1988 NFL Draft.

College statistics
1985: 46 catches for 840 yards and 9 TD.
1986: 53 catches for 868 yards and 11 TD.
1987: 44 catches for 715 yards and 6 TD. 2 carries for 4 yards.

Professional career

1988 draft selection
Irvin was selected by the Dallas Cowboys as the 11th pick in the first round of the 1988 NFL Draft. He was the last first-round draft pick made by the Cowboys under the leadership of long-time general manager Tex Schramm, player personnel director Gil Brandt, and head coach Tom Landry. Schramm predicted that Irvin would accelerate the Cowboys' "return to the living".

As a rookie in the 1988 season, Irvin became the first rookie receiver in Cowboys' history to start a season opener in 20 years. In the opening game of his rookie season against the Pittsburgh Steelers at Three Rivers Stadium on September 3, 1988, Irvin caught his first NFL career touchdown. He also caught three touchdown passes in the Cowboys' win over the Washington Redskins on December 11, 1988 at RFK Stadium, which represented one of only three wins in the Cowboys' 3-13 1988 season, which was the final season of Landry's career. For the season, Irvin led the NFC in average yards per catch with a 20.4 yard average per catch.

1989 and 1990 seasons
In 1989, the Cowboys hired Jimmy Johnson, Irvin's coach at the University of Miami, to replace Landry. The Cowboys' misfortunes continued in 1989, and they finished the season with a 1–15 record, the worst season record in Cowboys franchise history. Injuries limited Irvin to only six games during the season. He had been on pace to gain over 1,000 receiving yards until tearing his anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee in a game against the San Francisco 49ers on October 15, 1989, after which he was placed on the injured reserve list for the rest of the 1989 season and the first three games of the 1990 season.

In 1990, Irvin did not register his first reception until the seventh game and finished the season with just 20 receptions for 413 yards, but he also averaged 20.7 yards per catch.

Before the injury, Irvin was nearly traded to the Los Angeles Raiders to help bring talent to the Cowboys and potentially pair Irvin up with Tim Brown, but Raiders owner Al Davis essentially talked Johnson out of the trade by saying, "You sure you want to do that? Who is going to catch passes for you?" Johnson instead traded Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings in what would came to be known as the Herschel Walker trade.

1991 season
In 1991, Irvin was a major factor in the Cowboys reaching the playoffs. He finished the season with 93 receptions (second in the NFL for the season), 1,523 receiving yards (first in the NFL for the season), eight receiving touchdowns, and set a Cowboys franchise record with seven 100-yard games. Irvin was named to the 1991 Pro Bowl, the first of five consecutive seasons in which he was selected to Pro Bowls.

1992 and 1993 seasons
In 1992 and 1993, Irvin was a key player on the Cowboys' Super Bowl teams. In 1994, he enjoyed another stellar campaign with his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl season, but that year the Cowboys lost to the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game. For his part, however, Irvin had one of the most productive games in NFL playoff history, with 12 catches for an NFC championship record 192 yards and two touchdowns.

One of his greatest performances was in Super Bowl XXVII (1993), where he caught seven passes for 114 yards and two touchdowns. His two touchdowns catches were both in the second quarter and occurred in a span of just 18 seconds, the fastest pair of touchdowns ever scored by one player in Super Bowl history. He also became only the second player ever to score 2 touchdowns in one quarter of a Super Bowl, after Washington Redskins wide receiver Ricky Sanders in Super Bowl XXII.

1994 to 1996
Irvin was a key contributor in the Cowboys' victories in Super Bowl XXVIII in 1993 over the Buffalo Bills and Super Bowl XXX in 1995 over the Pittsburgh Steelers. In the 1993 Super Bowl against the Bills, Irvin recorded five receptions for 66 yards. In the 1995 Super Bowl against the Steelers, he had five receptions for 76 yards.

Irvin's best season with the Cowboys was 1995 during which he set franchise records for receptions (111) and receiving yards (1,603) while scoring 10 touchdowns and setting an NFL record with 11 games with over 100 receiving yards. Irvin had seven receptions for 100 yards and two touchdowns against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game, which led the Cowboys to Super Bowl XXX, the team's third Super Bowl win in a span of four seasons.

Irvin is the only player to play for each of the first four Cowboys coaches since the team has been owned by Jerry Jones (Landry, Johnson, Barry Switzer, and Chan Gailey). Irvin officially announced his retirement after Dave Campo became the fifth Cowboys coach, but never played on the field for Campo.

1997 and 1998 seasons
After recovering from his collar bone injury, Irvin returned to have solid years in 1997 and 1998.

Career-ending injury
During the fifth game of the 1999 season, Irvin was tackled by Philadelphia Eagles defensive back Tim Hauck and was driven head-first into the turf at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia. He sustained a non-life-threatening cervical spine injury, but was carted off the field and transported to the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. Irvin did not play again that season. He was subsequently diagnosed with cervical spinal stenosis. After being advised that he was at higher risk for injury if he suffered another blow to the neck or head, Irvin announced his retirement in May 2000.

Irvin was the last Tom Landry-coached player to retire from the NFL. Landry died on February 12, 2000, several months after Irvin's injury in Philadelphia but before Irvin had announced that he was retiring due to the severity of that injury.

Records and honors

University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame
In 2000, Irvin was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame.

NFL records
Irvin finished his career with 750 receptions (tied with Charlie Joiner for 30th all-time in the NFL) for 11,904 yards (21st all-time in the NFL) and 65 touchdowns. His 47 100-yard receiving games is eighth-most in NFL history, tied with Torry Holt. Irvin was selected to five Pro Bowls (two more than any other wide receiver in franchise history) and was named the MVP of the 1992 Pro Bowl (following the 1991 season) after catching eight passes for 125 yards and a touchdown in the NFC's 21–15 triumph. Irvin was a key playmaker for the Dallas Cowboys that won 6 division titles and three Super Bowls.

As part of Dallas' starting lineup on offense, Irvin was a consistent force to be reckoned with in the regular season but also excelled in the playoffs, where his six career 100-yard receiving games are just two shy of the NFL record held by Jerry Rice, who had eight such games. Irvin's 87 postseason receptions place him second in NFL playoff history behind Rice, who had 151, and Irvin's 1,315 post-season receiving yards ranks second to Rice, who recorded 2,245 post-season yards.

From 1991 through 1998, Irvin recorded 1,000-yard seasons in all but one year, racking up an impressive 10,265 yards over an eight-year span. Along the way, the Cowboys made four straight appearances in the NFC Championship Game (1992–1995) and captured three Super Bowl championships with back-to-back wins over the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVII and Super Bowl XXVIII, and the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX.

Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor
Along with his former Cowboy teammates Troy Aikman and Emmitt Smith, Irvin was inducted into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor on September 19, 2005.

Texas Sports Hall of Fame
Irvin was one of three former NFL players with Cowboys ties selected for induction into the 2007 class of the Texas Sports Hall of Fame, all of whom were inducted at a February 2008 ceremony in Waco, Texas. The other two were Jim Ray Smith of the Cleveland Browns, who finished his career with the Cowboys (1963–64), and Ray Childress, a five-time Pro Bowl defensive end for the Houston Oilers who wrapped up his NFL career with the Cowboys in 1996.

Florida All-Century Team
In 2007, Irvin was named to the Florida High School Athletic Association's All-Century Team that listed the Top 33 football players in the state of Florida's 100-year history of high school football.

Pro Football Hall of Fame
Irvin became eligible for induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2005. He was selected in his third year of eligibility, on February 3, 2007, alongside Gene Hickerson, Bruce Matthews, Thurman Thomas, Charlie Sanders, and Roger Wehrli. He was formally inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame during the Hall of Fame's August 4, 2007 induction ceremony in Canton, Ohio.

On August 4, 2007, Irvin was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, delivering a tearful acceptance speech in which he referenced both his life as a football player and the many mistakes he has made in his life. His speech has been praised by many NFL commentators as heartfelt, including those who had been inclined to dislike him.

On October 14, 2007, Irvin accepted his Hall of Fame ring at Texas Stadium during halftime of the Cowboys–New England Patriots game. In his speech, he proposed to Commissioner Roger Goodell that all drafted rookies will have a tour of the Pro Football Hall of Fame to better understand their football history.

Legacy
At 6'2" and 207 pounds, Irvin was a big, physical receiver who manhandled cornerbacks and often was able to make tough catches in defensive traffic. In part because of Irvin's ability to push off the defender with such ease, the NFL eventually changed its rules to adjust to wide receivers who emulated Irvin's physical style.

Irvin was a vocal, emotional leader who set every significant career receiving mark in Cowboys history, including catches and receiving yards. At the time of his retirement, he owned or was tied for 20 team receiving records. In November 2008, his Cowboys teammate Daryl Johnston said, "Michael was the hardest working guy on our team. He was a guy who made some wrong decisions, but he never took anything public, and he never spoke out against anyone on our team. He wasn't a problem. He was more of an inspiration."

Irvin has high regard for players from "The U," as he likes to call the University of Miami, including Frank Gore, Edgerrin James, and others.

NFL career statistics

Regular season

Personal life

Family
Irvin has been married to Sandy Harrell since 1990. They have one daughter and two sons together. Irvin also has another daughter from a previous relationship.

Religion
Irvin is a Christian. He has said, "I turned my life over to Christ in early 2001 with help from Pastor T.D. Jakes and my friend and fellow believer, Deion Sanders. It took me forty years to really realize the hand that God had on me. I did almost every bad thing you could do, but it's through the power of God I can live this life. Sometimes we will have problems and they can get overwhelming. But when God saves us, we think about all He has brought us through and it's just amazing. You might say I should hide my problems, avoid talking about my past, but I just want to spread the word about how good Jesus is to me. It's His hand that brought me through all this. As Christians, I think we have a heavy responsibility to be witness to God's power. I know what God can do because of what He did for me. I don't want people to forget my story and rob God of all His glory."

Allegations

Fabricated sexual assault allegation against Irvin
In 1996, as the Cowboys prepared to play the Carolina Panthers in the NFC Divisional Playoff game, media reports stated that Irvin and teammate Erik Williams, while under the influence of cocaine, had sexually assaulted a Dallas Cheerleader, Nina Shahravan, and, with a gun to her head, videotaped the interaction.

Despite Williams' and Irvin's denials of the allegations, the story largely overshadowed the game, which the Cowboys lost. The accuser was later proven to have fabricated the entire incident. She recanted her story, pled guilty to perjury and filing a false police report, and was sentenced to 90 days in jail and a fine. In the game against Carolina, Irvin was injured in the opening minutes and did not return.

1998 scissorgate
On July 29, 1998, Irvin allegedly assaulted fellow Cowboys offensive lineman Everett McIver. The initial dispute stemmed from Irvin demanding that McIver vacate a barber's chair so that Irvin would not have to wait for a haircut. McIver and Irvin soon began a brawl in the shop with fellow Cowboy Leon Lett attempting to break it up.

During the course of the dispute, Irvin grabbed a pair of scissors and stabbed McIver in the neck, barely missing his carotid artery. Cowboys owner Jerry Jones reportedly brokered a six-figure settlement between Irvin and McIver in exchange for McIver's silence and to prevent McIver from pursuing criminal charges against Irvin.

Arrests
In June 2001, a year following his NFL retirement, Irvin was arrested for felony cocaine possession. Irvin was in a Dallas apartment with an unrelated woman, and neither answered the door when police drug task force agents arrived with a search warrant. Police then entered the apartment forcibly, finding drugs. Irvin and the woman were placed under arrest, though charges against Irvin were later dropped.

On November 25, 2005, Irvin was pulled over in Plano, Texas for speeding. Irvin was arrested on an outstanding warrant for an unpaid speeding ticket in Irving, Texas, and was also cited for misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia after police searched his car and found a pipe and plastic bags with marijuana residue. Irvin was arrested for a Class C misdemeanor, and was later released on bond.

On December 1, 2005, in response to his arrest, ESPN suspended Irvin for the Sunday and Monday night Countdown shows on December 4 and 5, 2005. He returned to both shows with no mention or consequence of the past incident.

2007 sexual assault allegation
On July 4, 2007, Irvin was accused of sexual assault while he was at the Seminole Hard Rock Casino in Hollywood, Florida. Charges were never filed, but a civil suit was filed against him in 2010. Irvin filed a $100million defamation countersuit, which was dropped when the case was settled out of court in January 2011.

Victim of alleged 2009 carjacking attempt
On January 12, 2009, Irvin claimed he was a victim of a possible carjacking attempt while stopped at a light in Dallas. He filed a police report claiming that two men flashed a gun at him but eventually drove away after commenting that they were Cowboys fans. Dallas police suspended their investigation two weeks later, stating that Irvin did not cooperate in the investigation and that they could not proceed without his cooperation.

2017 sexual assault investigation

On March 22, 2017, Fort Lauderdale police investigated Irvin for allegedly sexually assaulting a woman in Florida. Irvin denied the allegations. On July 24, the Broward County State Attorney's Office announced they had closed the investigation and would not charge Irvin in the case.

Super Bowl LVII alleged misconduct
NFL Network removed Irvin from its coverage of Super Bowl LVII in February 2023 after allegations of sexual misconduct toward a woman at his hotel in the Phoenix area. Though surveillance video showed him interacting with the woman, Irvin told a Dallas-Fort Worth radio station that he had no recollection of any incident because he had been inebriated. He also denied there was any wrongdoing.

Statements
In a November 2006 radio interview on Dan Patrick's radio show, Irvin joked that Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo's athletic ability may have been due to African-American heritage and jokingly remarked that Romo's maternal relatives might have been involved with "slave brothers". Irvin later apologized and said, "this is how I joke around with Romo when we're playing basketball. There's a difference from me the player and me the broadcaster".

On February 17, 2007, during the late edition of SportsCenter, ESPN announced that Irvin was no longer with the network. ESPN Communications Vice President Josh Krulewitz said, "We thank Michael for his contributions to ESPN and wish him well." However, eleven months later, in January 2008, Irvin rejoined ESPN as a host on ESPN Radio owned and operation station KESN (103.3 FM) in Dallas, hosting The Michael Irvin Show. This locally-aired program ended on February 5, 2010, and Irvin was let go after his contract expired. An ESPN spokesman cited declining ratings and that news of a lawsuit filed against Irvin for a 2007 incident "simply expedited the situation".

On a February 2017 episode of The Rich Eisen Show, Irvin admitted to having snuck out of the locker room during the halftime of Super Bowl XXVII to watch Michael Jackson perform.

Entertainment career

Irvin was a co-star in the 2005 remake of The Longest Yard, starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock. Irvin also guest starred in Sandler's film Jack & Jill, which was released on November 11, 2011. He was one of the "Pros" on an episode of Pros vs. Joes, which pitted former professional athletes against average people. He was the host of 4th and Long, a football-themed reality series which aired on Spike TV. The winner, Jesse Holley, earned a spot at the Dallas Cowboys' training camp. Irvin had a supporting role in the 2017 basketball drama Slamma Jamma as a sleazy sports agent.

In 2011, Irvin spoke to Out magazine about his homosexual older brother, who died of stomach cancer in 2006. He claimed his initial feelings of homophobia in relation to his brother led to womanizing during his playing days but eventual acceptance and feelings of love toward his older brother initiated his understanding for people with difficulty sharing their circumstances.

In August 2011, officials from the Elite Football League of India announced that Irvin would be among the primary investors and advisers for the league. Other prominent backers included former Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka, former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Ron Jaworski, and NFL linebacker Brandon Chillar.

In July 2023, management from Asset Entities announced that Irvin would be among the primary investors and advisers for the company. Other prominent backers included TRITON FUNDS.

References

External links

 Michael Irvin at Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Michael Irvin at University of Miami Hall of Fame

1966 births
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American male actors
African-American players of American football
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
American color commentators
American football wide receivers
American male film actors
American radio personalities
American television sports announcers
Arena football announcers
Dallas Cowboys players
ESPN people
Fox Sports 1 people
Miami Hurricanes football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
NFL Network people
Participants in American reality television series
People from Sunrise, Florida
Piper High School (Florida) alumni
Players of American football from Dallas
Players of American football from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
St. Thomas Aquinas High School (Florida) alumni

Michael Irvin


Trevor Kirczenow (né en ) est un homme politique canadien membre du Parti libéral du Canada ainsi qu'un chercheur en santé et défenseur des soins concernant le diabète. Homme transgenre, il est auteur et activiste LGBTQ dans le domaine de la lactation et l'alimentation des nourrissons.

Biographie
Kirczenow obtient une licence en sciences politiques avec distinction de l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique. Il joue au sein de l'orchestre symphonique de Winnipeg en tant que violoniste pendant quatre ans avant la naissance de son premier enfant.

Politique fédérale
Kirczenow est le candidat du Parti libéral canadien pour la circonscription de Provencher lors des élections fédérales canadiennes de 2019. Il est le premier candidat ouvertement transgenre nommé par un grand parti politique canadien à l'occasion d'une élection fédérale. Il est de nouveau le candidat du Parti libéral à Provencher lors des élections fédérales canadiennes de 2021.

Grossesse et accouchement
Ayant été assigné femme à la naissance, Kirczenow effectue une transition, notamment par prise de testostérone et reconstruction chirurgicale de la poitrine. Quand lui et son partenaire décide de fonder une famille, Kirczenow cesse l'hormonothérapie sur conseil médical et parvient à tomber enceint. Bien que Kirczenow n'ait pas prévu d'allaiter et suppose que ce n'est pas possible, il décide d'essayer après avoir appris que  et que . Finalement, Kirczenow a allaité son enfant.

Candidature à la direction de la Ligue La Leche
Avant la naissance de son enfant, Kirczenow (sous son nom d'époux, MacDonald) demande un soutien de ses pairs via sa section locale de La Leche League (LLL), l'organisation internationale d'allaitement. Grâce au soutien de la LLL il peut allaiter son enfant via don de lait en plus de son propre lait. Par la suite, il candidate pour un poste de direction de l'association. Cependant, La Leche League Canada (LLLC) rejette sa candidature, affirmant que « le sujet n'a jamais été soulevé au cours des 56 ans d'histoire de notre organisation » et « puisqu'une dirigeante de la LLLC est une mère qui a allaité un bébé, un homme ne peut pas devenir un dirigeant de la LLLC » .

Le conseil d'administration de La Leche League International (LLLI) ré-examine sa politique, citant sa mission d'être une « organisation de service non-discriminatoire ». Un an plus tard, ils révisent leur politique pour permettre aux dirigeants d'exercer, quel que soit leur genre. La porte-parole de LLLI, Diana West, commente : « On pensait que seules les femmes pouvaient allaiter. Une fois qu'il est devenu clair que ce n'était pas aussi simple que cela, la politique a dû changer. Nous essayons juste d'être du bon côté de l'histoire. Oui, nous avons pris un an pour le faire, mais nous l'avons fait d'une manière juste et sans équivoque ».

En 2016, Kirczenow devient le premier homme transgenre à être accrédité en tant que dirigeant de la La Leche League. La LLLI déclare dans une déclaration à l'attention d'autres dirigeants : « Nous reconnaissons que tout parent qui allaite, qu'il s'identifie comme mère ou père, devrait être - et est maintenant - le bienvenu pour viser la direction de la LLLI. Il y a d'autres prérequis qu'un potentiel dirigeant doit remplir, mais être une femme n'en fait pas partie ».

Recherche
En 2014, Kirczenow forme une équipe de recherche au sein de l'Université d'Ottawa et obtient un financement du  ( en français, Les institutions Canadiennes pour la recherche en Santé) afin de mener une recherche qualitative sur l'expérience de grossesse, d'accouchement et d'alimentation des nouveau-nés chez les personnes transmasculines.

L'article de recherche produit par l'équipe de Kirczenow s'intitule   : il contient la première utilisation connue du mot «  » (traduit littéralement « torse-nutrition » par opposition à «  » qui signifie « sein-nutrition » ) dans le titre d'un document académique. Ce terme est favorisé par certains individus transmasculins pour décrire leur lactation et allaitement. L'article fait partie des 5% des articles de recherche universitaire les plus consultés de tous les temps .

Kirczenow dit . Il note qu'aucun des chirurgiens des participants de l'étude n'avait discuté la possibilité d'allaiter avant d'effectuer une chirurgie mammaire, et que .

Activisme
En 2012, Kirczenow fonde le groupe international d'activisme et de soutien  . Le groupe compte actuellement plus de .

Après que son fils soit diagnostiqué avec un diabète de type 1, Kirczenow cofonde le groupe militant  en 2020, plaidant pour une meilleure couverture médicale de la maladie au Manitoba et un régime national de prise en charge pour les personnes qui n'ont pas les moyens d'accéder à des médicaments vitaux. Le groupe réussi à obtenir le remboursement des glucomètres en continu et des pompes à insuline dans la province pour les moins de 25 ans. De plus, leur organisation matériel a été adopté par des groupes plaidant pour des améliorations similaires dans d'autres provinces.

Soins de maïeutique pour les patients trans
En 2015 plusieurs commentateurs affirment que Kirczenow, qui a été aidé par des sages-femmes pendant ses grossesses, a forcé la  à cesser l'utilisation d'un langage genré tel que « mères » et « femmes enceintes ». Cependant, Snopes signale que bien que la MANA ait modifié une partie du langage de ses documents pour clarifier le fait qu'ils accueillaient les patients transgenres et cisgenres dans leur champ de pratique, ces décisions sont basées sur leurs propres standards de soins et d'inclusivité, et leur position sur l'identité de genre, et non à cause de pressions exercées par Kirczenow ou toute autre personne trans.

À la suite de l'annonce de la MANA, un groupe de sages-femmes écrit une lettre ouverte à l'alliance pour protester contre ce qu'ils considèrent comme « l'effacement des femmes du langage de l'accouchement ». Kirczenow écrit une réponse dans le Huffington Post  disant que « les personnes trans, genderqueer et intersexes accouchent depuis aussi longtemps que les personnes s'identifiant comme femmes » et « qu'il est possible d'être inclusif ». Plusieurs autres associations de sages-femmes ont par la suite publié des déclarations en faveur de la MANA et des patientes au genre non conforme.

Œuvres et publications
Kirczenow, sous son nom d'époux MacDonald, a écrit pour The Guardian, The Advocate, le Huffington Post, Out Magazine et . Il s'exprime publiquement sur les personnes transgenres et la santé reproductive, y compris l'allaitement.

Il est le premier auteur du premier article de recherche médicale évalué par des pairs sur le sujet de l'allaitement transmasculin du nourrisson.

Kirczenow est l'auteur d'une fiche de conseils pour les dirigeants associatifs qui apportent un soutien aux personnes transgenres, transsexuelles et de genre fluide qui souhaitent allaiter leur bébé . Son portrait est publié dans le magazine de La Leche League International qui s'intitule .

L'autobiographie de Kirczenow  a été ajouté à la liste des lectures requises de la , qui a décrit le livre comme . Il est évalué par le Publishers Weekly comme « franc, intelligent et facile à comprendre … un récit rafraîchissant et perspicace ». L'ouvrage a également été couvert par le New York Times, The Guardian, The Toronto Star, Buzzfeed, , Metro UK, The Advocate, Rewire et par le journal télévisé national du Réseau de télévision canadien.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1985
Homme trans
Violoniste classique canadien
Personnalité du Parti libéral du Canada

Trevor Kirczenow


Em análise matemática, nullcline (em tradução livre, nulclina), ou isóclinas com crescimento nulo, são encontradas a partir de sistemas de equações diferenciais ordinárias

 ,

em que  representa a primeira derivada de  em relação a outro parâmetro, normalmente, tempo . A -ésima nullcline é a forma geométrica para a qual . Os pontos de equilíbrio do sistema estão localizados nos pontos em que todas as nullclines se interceptam. Em um sistema linear bidimensional, as curvas são representadas por duas linhas em um gráfico bidimensional, contudo essas podem assumir formas arbitrárias conforme o sistema em questão.

História
O conceito, embora primeiramente descrito com o nome 'curva de diretividade', foi usado em 1967 por Endre Simonyi durante seu estudo sobre processos de polimerização. Em seu artigo também foi definido o 'vetor de diretividade' como , em que P e Q são as equações diferenciais  e , e  e  são os vetores unitários de direção  e .

Simonyi desenvolveu um novo método de teste de estabilidade a partir dessas novas definições. Este método, além dos habituais exames de estabilidade do sistema, também forneceu resultados semiquantitativos.

Notas
 E. Simonyi – M. Kaszás: Method for the Dynamic Analysis of Nonlinear Systems, Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering – Chemisches Ingenieurwesen, Universidade Politécnica de Budapeste, 1969

Ligações externas

 SOS Mathematics: Qualitative Analysis

Ver também
 Modelo FitzHugh–Nagumo

Referências

Equações diferenciais
Geometria diferencial

Nullcline


Francisco Resiglione (18. siječnja 1917. – nepoznat nadnevak smrti) je pokojni argentinski boksač u poluteškoj kategoriji. Natjecao se u amaterskom boksu da bi 1940. godine prešao u profesionalce. Kao amaterski boksač osvojio je olimpijsku broncu u Berlinu 1936. Godinu potom postao je prvak na panameričkom boksačkom prvenstvu.

Risiglione je u profesionalnom boksu debitirao 28. veljače 1940. te je pobijedio Carlosa Grassina. U ukupno devet mečeva ostvario je tri pobjede, tri poraza i tri neriješena dvoboja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Profil Francesca Risiglionea na Sports-reference.com
Risiglioneovi profesionalni boksački mečevi

Boksači
Argentinski športaši

Francisco Risiglione


شأنه في ذلك شأن معظم مشاريع لافا (LAVA architects), شوماخر برج يمثل شكلا من أشكال البنية المعقدة التي تدمج تكنولوجيا التشييد وطرق التصميم الرقمية ، ولكن من وجهة نظر معمارية أنة لا يبعد عن المقاس الإنساني.

مثال عن العمارة الضخمة في الشرق الأوسط، هو برج شوماخر في أبوظبي الذي صممة المكتب المعماري لافا. الذي يضم المعماريين توبياس واليسر وكريس بوس ، الذين شاركوا في تصميم متحف مرسيدس بنز مع ستوديو يوان وفي تصميم مكعب المياه في بكين.
لقد أسسوا مكتبهم قبل سنة واحدة فقط مع الكسندر ريك. متخصصين الابتكار في معهد فراونهوفر ، وشتوتغارت. واحد من أول مشاريعهم هو صالة العمارة للimm كولونيا في كانون الثاني / يناير 2008.

مصادر

ناطحات سحاب

برج شورمان


O Programa Polaris é um programa de voo espacial tripulado organizado pelo empresário e turista espacial Jared Isaacman. Isaacman, que comandou a Inspiration4, comprou três voos da SpaceX com o objetivo de formar o programa Polaris. Os dois primeiros usarão a Crew Dragon, com o terceiro sendo o primeiro voo tripulado da Starship.

Voos

Hubble
Em setembro de 2022 a NASA iniciou um estudo ao lado do Programa Polaris/SpaceX sobre a possibilidade do uso de uma nave comercial para o aumento da órbita do telescópio espacial Hubble, com entrega em seis meses.

Ligação externa
Site oficial

Década de 2020 na exploração espacial
Década de 2020 nos Estados Unidos
Programas de voos espaciais tripulados
Voo espacial privado

Programa Polaris


Ivan VII. Frankapan (lat. Ioannes de Frangapanis), poznat i kao Ivan mlađi (?, nakon 25. srpnja 1424. - Zákány, 14. ožujka 1486.), hrvatski velikaš, knez Krka, Senja i Modruša iz hrvatske velikaške obitelji Frankapana Krčkih. Sukobio se s braćom i preuzeo potpunu vlast nad otokom Krkom, matičnom baštinom obitelji, ali je 1480. godine za vrijeme sukoba s hrvatsko-ugarskim kraljem Matijom Korvinom (1458.-1490.) predao otok Mletačkoj Republici te je ostao zapamćen kao posljednji krčki knez.

Životopis

Bio je sin krčkog kneza Nikole IV. Franakapana († 1432.) i Doroteje Gorjanske. Poslije očeve smrti nasljeđuje obiteljske naslove i imanja, zajedno sa svojom mnogobrojnom braćom. Samostalnije nastupa tek nakon smrti brata Ivana VI. 1436. i Žigmundove smrti 1437. godine kada sa starijom braćom podupire kraljevu kćerku Elizabetu i 1440. godine pristupa s Fridrikom III. Habsburgovcem i grofovima Celjskim.

Tijekom 1440-ih izbile su obiteljske razmirice unutar obitelji Frankapana te Ivan VII. zajednom s dijelom braće traži pomoć Mlečana protiv braće Stjepana III. Modruškog i Martina IV. Diobom obiteljskih posjeda 1449. godine dobio je županiju Bužane i grad Hreljin u Vinodolu, a zadržao je i upravu nad Drivenikom. Sukobi s braćom su potrajali do 1451. godine kada je zamijenio svoje kopnene posjede za matični posjed, otok Krk, nakon čega je stavio sebe i otok pod mletačku zaštitu. Godine 1453. ostavio je otok Krk oporučno Mlečanima, ukoliko ne bi imao potomaka.

Godine 1454. oženio se Elizabetom, kćerkom Paola Morosinija, čime je učvrstio političke veze s Venecijom. Istovremeno se u potpunosti udaljio od braće i držao se posjeda na Krku, a privremeno je ostvario savez s hrvatsko-ugarskim kraljem Matijom Korvinom i napuljskim kraljem Ferdinandom I. zbog sve većeg mletačkog pritiska na Krk. Godine 1469. pridružuje se braći i rođacima nakon što je kraljev kapetan  Blaža Podmanickog zauzeo frankapanski grad Senj, a istovremeno gradi utvrđenja u Omišlju i utvrđuje se na otoku. Godine 1479. napao je posjede brata Martina IV. i zauzeo njegove gradove Novi i Bribir, našto je Martin IV. predao svoju baštinu kralju Matiji Korvini koji je zaposjeo Martinove posjede te napao otok Krk. Zbog toga je Ivan VII. 1480. godine predao otok Mlečanima koji su potjerali Blaža Podmanickog i uspostavili nadzor nad otokom.

Iste godine Ivan VII. je interniran u Veneciju, odakle je 1481. godine pobjegao kod cara Fridrika III. na čiji zahtjevu su Mlečani isplatili Ivana za gubitak Krka i vratili mu pokretnu imovinu i stoku. Sljedeće godine pridružio se savezu Milana, Ferrare i Napulja protiv Mletačke Republike, ali nije uspio vratiti svoje posjede. Nakon toga, priključio se Matiji Korvinu protiv Fridrika III. i s njime ušao u Beč, ali se 1485. godine okrenuo protiv kralja zbog čega je bio prognan iz kraljevine.

Uz njegovo djelovanje povezana je prva hrvatska tiskana knjiga, glagoljski Misal iz 1483. godine.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Ivan VII. Frankapan Krčki ml. - Hrvatski biografski leksikon

Frankapani

Ivan VII. Frankapan