Bora Bora (French: Bora-Bora; Tahitian: Pora Pora) is an island group in the Leeward Islands. The Leeward Islands comprise the western part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, which is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic in the Pacific Ocean. Bora Bora has a total land area of . The main island, located about  northwest of Papeete, is surrounded by a lagoon and a barrier reef. In the center of the island are the remnants of an extinct volcano, rising to two peaks, Mount Pahia and Mount Otemanu; the highest point is at . Bora Bora is part of the Commune of Bora-Bora, which also includes the atoll of Tūpai. The languages spoken in Bora Bora are Tahitian and French. However, due to the high tourism population, many natives of Bora Bora have learned to speak English.

Bora Bora is a major international tourist destination, famous for its seaside (and even offshore) luxury resorts. The major settlement, Vaitape, is on the western side of the main island, opposite the main channel leading into the lagoon. Produce of the island is mostly limited to what can be obtained from the sea and from the plentiful coconut trees, which were historically of economic importance for the production of copra.

Name
In ancient times the island was called , meaning "created by the gods" in the local Tahitian language. This was often abbreviated  meaning simply "first born". The Tahitian, along with the English, French and Dutch languages each use a unique set of phonemes, so the spelling and pronunciation of the name changes as it passes from one language to another. Since Tahitian does not distinguish between the sounds [] and [], the sound represented by  lies between the two, and  represents a sound not present in English similar in sound to [] and []. So  could also be heard by English, French or Dutch speakers as  or . When explorer Jacob Roggeveen first landed on the island, he and his crew adopted the name , which has stood ever since.

History

The island was inhabited by Polynesian settlers around the 3rd century. The first European sighting was made by Jakob Roggeveen in 1722.

James Cook sighted the island on 29 July 1769, with the help of a Tahitian navigator, Tupaia. The London Missionary Society arrived in 1820 and founded a Protestant church in 1890. Bora Bora was an independent kingdom until 1888, when the French annexed the island as a colony and forced its last queen, Teriimaevarua III, to abdicate.

World War II
During World War II, the United States chose Bora Bora as a South Pacific military supply base, and constructed an oil depot, an airstrip, a seaplane base, and defensive fortifications. The base, known as "Operation Bobcat", comprised nine ships,  of equipment, and nearly 7,000 soldiers.

At least eight 7-inch guns were operated by some members of the 13th Coast Artillery Regiment (later renamed the 276th Coast Artillery Battalion). The guns were set up at strategic points around the island to protect it against potential military attack. All eight of these guns remain in the area to this day.

However, the island saw no combat. The American presence on Bora Bora went uncontested for the entire course of the war. The base was officially closed on 2 June 1946. The World War II airstrip was never enlarged to accommodate large aircraft, but it was nonetheless French Polynesia's only international airport until 1960, when Faa'a International Airport opened next to Papeete, Tahiti.

Geography

It is located in the so-called Society Islands, which are part of French Polynesia, and is located northwest of Tahiti, about  northwest of Papeete, Tahiti. It also has around it several motus, which are small elongated islets that usually have some width and vegetation. One of the most beautiful and photographed motus in Polynesia is the Tapu motu, especially before a hurricane carried away part of the tongues of sand at its ends.

Dimensions
Bora Bora is among the smaller of the islands of the Society archipelago: the main island measures only  from north to south and  east to west; the total area of Bora Bora, including islets, is less than . Bora Bora has an area of  on the mountainous central island, which is an extinct volcano, itself surrounded by a lagoon separated from the sea by a reef. The highest point is Mount Otemanu, .

Description
Bora-Bora is formed by an extinct volcano, surrounded by a lagoon and a fringing reef. Its summit is Mount Otemanu located in the center of the atoll; another summit, Mount Pahia, on the main island, is  high.

The main island has three open bays overlooking the lagoon: Faanui Bay, Tuuraapuo Bay or Povai Bay to the west, and Hitiaa Bay to the northwest. Tuuraapuo Bay separates the main island from two islets of volcanic nature: Toopua and Toopua-iti.

Necklace-shaped coral reefs surround the central island and protect it from the open sea as if it were a dike. It is a barrier reef with only one opening to the ocean: the Teavanui Passage, located west of the main island, which allows most large cargo ships and cruise ships to enter the lagoon.

They must, however, stay in a channel because outside the channel, much of the lagoon water is shallow. The barrier reef is very wide in some sections, where it exceeds two kilometers in width to the southwest of the island. To the east and north of the island, the reef supports a series of islets made up of coral ruins and sand (the motu). Precisely, on one of them that is located to the north, the Motu Mute, is where the U.S. Army built an important air base during the Second World War, which has now become the airport of Bora-Bora.

The lagoon, very abundant in fish, is remarkable for its breadth and beauty. Its color varies with depth: dark indigo when it is deep (Teavanui Passage, Poofai and Faanui bays), all pastel shades of blue and green elsewhere. Corals, when they are very close to the surface, along with the fauna that colonizes them, come to wear a wide variety of colors: egg yolk, red, blue or purple.

Geology
Bora-Bora is part of a group of volcanic islands linked to the activity of a hazardous area. It is an extinct volcano, which was active in the Upper Pliocene (between 3.45 and 3.10 million years ago), and then underwent at least partial depression and strong erosion under a hot and humid tropical climate.

The bay of Tuuraapuo was the main crater of the volcano, whose collapsed southwestern edge, only subsists still in the islets or "motu" Toopua and Toopua-iti, which culminate respectively at  and , altitude. The volcanic rocks are of basaltic type (essentially from alkaline basalts and some hawaiites, as well as some gabbro intrusions, especially on the islet Toopua). They come mostly from voids, explosive episodes being very rare.

Climate
Bora Bora has a tropical monsoon climate. Temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year, with hot days and warm nights. The dry season lasts from June to October, but there is some precipitation even during those months.

 The rainy season is between November and April, with a heavy atmosphere and sometimes violent storms resulting in heavy rains. These rains can last for several days, but this does not preclude many sunny days during the wet season. The humidity level usually ranges from 75% to 90%, sometimes reaching 100%. The dry season is between April and October, with warm and fairly dry weather, but the trade winds sometimes blow strongly. The days are still sunny, but although the dry season is present, this does not prevent the occurrence of some showers or even thunderstorms in the afternoon.

During the dry season, the average humidity level remains between 45 and 60%, but sometimes this level rises spontaneously to 80%, especially at night, when the ground heat remains high and exceeds a certain threshold. These "dry season" storms will occur in the afternoon.

Tourism

The island's economy is driven almost entirely by tourism. Several resorts have been built on the  surrounding the lagoon. ( is a Tahitian word meaning "small islands.") Hotel Bora Bora opened in 1961, and nine years later the first over-water bungalows on stilts over the lagoon were built. Today, over-water bungalows are a standard feature of most Bora Bora resorts. The bungalows range from relatively inexpensive basic accommodations to very luxurious expensive ones.

Most of the tourist destinations are sea-oriented; however, there are also tourist attractions on land, such as World War II cannons. Air Tahiti operates five or six flights daily between Tahiti and the Bora Bora Airport on Motu Mute (as well as occasional flights to and from other islands). There is no public transport on the island, so rental cars and bicycles are the recommended means of transport. In addition, there are small, two-seater buggies for hire in Vaitape, and motorboats can be rented to explore the lagoon. Vaitape is a village on the west side of the island and is home to a large part of the island's population. The village has also become a popular spot for tourism.

Snorkeling and scuba diving in and around Bora Bora's lagoon are popular activities. Many species of sharks and rays inhabit the surrounding waters. A few dive operators on the island offer manta-ray dives and shark-feeding dives. (The species of shark living in the island's lagoon are not considered dangerous to people.)

In addition to the existing islands of Bora Bora, the artificial island of Motu Marfo has been added in the northeastern corner of the lagoon at one of the many resorts.

Places of interest

The main attraction of Bora Bora is the lagoon with its still intact underwater world. By glass bottom boat, diving and snorkeling, tourists can explore the reef with thousands of colorful coral fish. In the deep lagoon there are barracudas and sharks that tourists can feed during guided diving excursions. An attraction for divers is the "Stingray Strait", an area of the lagoon where several species of stingrays are found in large schools, including numerous manta rays and leopard rays.

Parts of the interior of the island can be explored on jeep safaris. However, the natural beauty of the island is best explored on foot. Several hikes can be done from Vaitape, but it is advisable to rely on a guide to keep one's bearings. The hike to the top of Mount Pahia, from where, according to legend, the war god Oro descended on a rainbow, leads through orchards, forests, orchid fields and fern-covered crevices. One can also climb Mount Otemanu, which offers a beautiful panoramic view of the atoll. Below the summit is a large grotto where numerous frigate birds nest.

Another attraction are the remains of what were more than 40 marae (ceremonial platforms). The best preserved are Marae Fare Opu, in Faanui Bay, and Marae Aehau-tai or Temaruteaoa, at the eastern end of Vairau Bay. Another large Aboriginal ceremonial site is Marae Marotitini, in the north of the main island, right on the beach. The stone platform of the complex was originally  long and was restored in 1968 by Japanese archaeologist Yosihiko Sinoto. Two stone box tombs of the royal family were found in the area of the complex.

Most beaches (and also the numerous hotels) are located in the two large bays between Pointe Paopao and Pointe Matira, in the southwest of the island, as well as in the Motus opposite. About five kilometers south of Vaitape, directly on the main road, is Bloody Mary's, a bar and restaurant with its own yacht jetty, frequented by many guests. The two wooden plaques at the entrance list 230 names, including Marlon Brando, Jane Fonda and Diana Ross.

Flora and fauna

In the relatively densely populated and intensively used lowland regions for a Polynesian atoll, hardly any remnants of the original vegetation remain. In contrast, the flora of the high, steep mountains, which are difficult to access, remains largely unspoiled.

The back beach areas are fringed with low-lying, heavily vegetated Cordia subcordata and Hibiscus tiliaceus. A cultivated form, Hibiscus tiliaceus var. sterilis, with a straight trunk and a nice rounded crown, is often planted as roadside vegetation.

Up to the foot of the steep mountainous region there is mainly cultivated land with plantations of coconut palms, breadfruit trees, Tahitian chestnuts (Inocarpus), cassava (Manihot), tropical fruits, as well as orchid plantations for the decoration of tourist hotels. Abandoned areas have been conquered by overgrown guavas and the fern Dicranopteris linearis.

The crevices and ridges of the island's mountains are covered with still little disturbed remnants of the island's original vegetation. These include groves of metrosider trees, stands of Wikstroemia coriacea, a species of the daphne family endemic to Polynesia, and a few species of Glochidion. The humid and shady crevices are densely populated with ferns.

Historically, Bora Bora's virgin forest habitats, on the slopes of Mount Otemanu, had a very diverse assortment of snail and slug species (gastropods) compared to other islands. Several species of endemic or native species existed in great numbers until relatively recently. However, after Lissachatina, Euglandina and various flatworms were introduced to the island, they had wiped out the populations of the endemic partulid species Partula lutea the late 1990s), Samoana attenuata (a species once native to Bora Bora but later not found in surveys of the island), and Mautodontha boraborensis (a critically endangered species as of 1996 but most likely extinct, as it was last seen in the 1880s). The above listed native and endemic species were mostly restricted to virgin forest, and the only species that remain common (perhaps even extant) are several subulinids and tornatellinids among others, including Orobophana pacifica (a helicinid).

Many species of sharks and rays inhabit the strip of water surrounding the island. There are dive operators that offer dives to observe the fish and watch the sharks feed. In addition to the existing islets in Bora Bora, there is a new artificial area in the northeast corner of the lagoon on the St. Regis Resort property.

Demographics
In 2012 the population was 9858 which increased to 10,605 according to 2017 estimates.

Religion
Christianity is the dominant religion since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century when it replaced the old traditional beliefs that Europeans considered idolatry. Vaitape was founded by British missionary John Muggridge Orsmond (1788–1856) of the London Missionary Society, He came to Bora Bora from Tahiti in 1824 and built first a church and then a wharf, roads and houses, as well as a missionary school made of coral rock. This settlement, called "Beulah", became what is now Vaitape.

With the establishment of the French protectorate, the presence of the Catholic Church was reinforced and today it administers a church in the capital of the island (Vaitape) called Saint-Pierre-Célestin Church (Église de Saint-Pierre-Célestin). It depends on the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Papeete with its seat in Tahiti.

Numerous pre-Christian relics of the native Polynesians of Bora Bora are still preserved today: remains of 13 ceremonial platforms (marae) - there used to be more than forty - and many petroglyphs, which, however, are mostly hidden in inaccessible bushes. The best preserved ceremonial site is the Marae Fare Opu in Faʻanui Bay, located directly on the beach. Today, the road runs through the area, so the overview of the site, which is quite large, has been lost. The site consisted of a rectangular, level area bounded by boulders and a stone platform. The rectangular platform is bounded by limestone slabs over 1 m high and filled with earth. Two of the slabs on the north side have stone carvings with turtle motifs.

Notable person
 Paul-Émile Victor (1907–1995), ethnologist, died in Bora Bora

Languages
French as in the rest of France is the only official language and this along with Tahitian are the main languages spoken by its inhabitants in a common way. In addition the people in contact with tourists generally have some basic knowledge of English. Most visitors to Bora Bora are Americans, Australians, Japanese or Europeans.

Politics and government
The atoll has been part of France since the 19th century. Its island capital is Vaitape. Tupai Atoll, nearby and uninhabited, is an administrative dependency of Bora Bora. Bora Bora is also a municipality, consisting of the island of Bora Bora and the atoll of Tupai. The mayor of Bora Bora has been Gaston Tong Sang since 9 July 1989.

Bora Bora is politically part of French Polynesia. The island is a French overseas territory and is not part of the European Union. It is administered by a subdivision (Subdivision administrative des Îles sous le Vent) of the High Commissariat of the Republic in French Polynesia (Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie française) based in Papeete. Bora Bora is one of the seven municipalities of the Leeward Islands Administrative Subdivision, and in turn is subdivided into the three submunicipalities (Communes associées) of Nunue, Faʻanui (plus Tupai Atoll, further north) and Anau. The currency is the CFP franc, which is pegged to the euro.

Transportation
Rental cars and bicycles are the recommended system of transportation. There are also helicopter tours, and off-road vehicle or catamaran rentals in Vaitape. On the main island, a public bus (Le Truck) travels around the island in about an hour along the ring road. Stops are not necessary; the bus stops wherever passengers want. However, the preferred means of transport for tourists are bicycle and moped or motorcycle and the shuttle service offered by some hotels. Small electric cars can be rented in Vaitape. There is a private helicopter stationed on the island, which is used for tourist flights.

Sports
In terms of sports, Bora Bora is, along with neighboring Huahine, Raiatea and Tahaa, one of the four islands among which the Hawaiki Nui Va'a, an international competition of Polynesian canoes (va'a), is held.

See also

 List of volcanoes in French Polynesia
 List of reduplicated place names
 Administrative divisions of French Polynesia

References

External links

 Bora Bora from space (2598 × 3071, 9.5 MB)
 https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Bora-Bora,French-Polynesia

Islands of the Society Islands
Volcanoes of French Polynesia

Bora Bora


São Miguel de Oriz, Portekiz'de Vila Verde belediyesine bağlı olan, 2,44 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 267 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Verde'nin bucakları

São Miguel de Oriz


Colegiul Tehnic este un liceu din municipiul Rădăuți, județul Suceava.

Istoric
Colegiul Tehnic își deschide prima filă de istorie ca fiind primul liceu particular de fete din Rădăuți la 28 noiembrie 1905. El a funcționat inițial într-o clădire situată pe Calea Prieteniei. După șapte ani, liceul a funcționat în clădirea Școlii Numărul 4 din Rădăuți, iar din anul 1962 activitatea didactică a liceului care purta titulatura de Liceul Numărul 2 Rădăuți s-a desfășurat în actuala clădire a Colegiului Tehnic Rădăuți.

În anii 1970 și-a schimbat titulatura în Liceul Industrial Numărul 1, apoi din anul 1992 s-a transformat în Grupul Școlar Rădăuți, iar din 2005 poartă numele de Colegiul Tehnic Rădăuți.

Personalități
Dintre personalitățile care au învățat și s-au format aici, pot fi amintiți Matei Vișniec, dramaturg de recunoaștere mondială, jurnalist la secția română de la Radio France Internationale, Mihai Tatulici, scriitor, realizator și director de programe de televiziune, Lucia Olaru Nanati, scriitor, cercetător literar, Liviu Papuc, doctor în filologie, membru în Uniunea Scriitorilor, Valeriu Drăgușanu, regizor, profesor de teatru și film la Universitatea Națională de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "Ion Luca Caragiale" din București, Doina Cmeciu, profesor universitar doctor la Facultatea de Litere, decan la Universitatea din Bacău, cărora li se alătură încă o serie importantă de "nume mari" din țară și din străinătate.

Note

Licee din Rădăuți

Colegiul Tehnic Rădăuți


La fosfoinosítido fosfolipasa C delta 3 (PLCD3) () es una isozima humana de la enzima fosfoinosítido fosfolipasa C. Cataliza la reacción:

 1-fosfatidil-1D-mio-inositol 4,5-bisfosfato + H2O  1D-mio-inositol-1,4,5-trisfosfato + diacilglicerol

Tiene como función la producción de las moléculas mensajeras diacilglicerol (DAG) e inositol 1,4,5-trifosfato (IP3). El DAG media en la activación de la proteína kinasa C mientras que el IP3 libera Ca2+ de los depósitos intracelulares. Es esencial para el desarrollo de la placenta y de los trofoblastos. Puede que participe en la citocinesis hidrolizando fosfatidilinositol 4,5-bisfosfato (PIP2). Se une a 3 iones calcio por subunidad. Dos de los iones calcio se unen al dominio C2. La enzima es fuertemente activada por el ácido fosfatídico, inhibida por la fosfatidiletanolamina, fosfatidilcolina, esfingomielina y fosfatidilserina.

Tiene como localización celular el citoplasma. Está presente en células epiteliales. Es regulada negativamente por Ca2+ y cAMP. Contiene 1 dominio C2, 3 dominios manos EF, 1 dominio PH, 1 dominio PI-PLC X-box y 1 dominio PI-PLC Y-box. El dominio C2 es un módulo membranoso objetivo dependiente de Ca2+. El dominio PH media la interacción con la superficie de la membrana uniéndose al PIP2.

Referencias

Fosfolipasas
EC 3.1.4

PLCD3


Rezervorul de apă de pe râul Ciuluc este un monument al naturii de tip hidrologic în raionul Sîngerei, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat la 1,5 km est de satul Mihailovca. Se întinde pe o suprafață de 8,6 ha, sau 56,3 ha conform unor aprecieri recente. Obiectul este administrat de Primăria comunei Prepelița.

Descriere

Amplasare
Obiectul protejat este amplasat la altitudinea aprox. 58 m în lunca cursului de mijloc al râului Ciulucul Mare, afluent al Răutului. Suprafața este periodic inundabilă.

Proprietățile apei
Apa este ușor alcalină, cu pH 8,7. Concentrația de nitrați este 25 mg/l, ceea de constituie 50% din concentrația maxim admisă. După compoziția chimică, apa este hidrocarbonat-sulfat-clorurată–sodiu-magneziu-calcică (HCO3 – SO4 – Cl; Na – Mg – Ca). Nu este potrivită pentru irigare.

Ecosistem
Aria protejată găzduiește un ecosistem palustru și acvatic cu biodiversitate mare. Locul este populat de animale cu habitat specific locurilor umede. Lunca inundabilă abundă în vegetație hidrofită, precum genurile Phragmites și Typha, și higrofită, precum Carex. Vegetația are funcția de filtrare a apei Ciulucului Mare.

Statut de protecție
Din 1998, conform Legii nr. 1538 privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat, sectorul de luncă are statut de monument al naturii. În anexele legii, se atestă că acesta aparținea Întreprinderii Agricole "Mihailovca". Între timp, el a trecut la balanța Primăriei comunei Prepelița, din care satul Mihailovca face parte.

Impactul antropic se manifestă prin prelucrarea agricolă a pământului (plantații de porumb și floarea-soarelui) în preajma luncii și pășunatul frecvent al animalelor domestice. La nord-est de sectorul protejat se află o gunoiște neautorizată, iar ceva mai departe în aceeași direcție, la cca 700 m, este amplasată o veche fermă de animale. Ca măsuri de ameliorare a situației ecologice, sunt recomandate lichidarea gunoiștilor și reducerea la minim a suprafețelor agricole, cât și instalarea unui panou informativ.

Note

Bibliografie

Lectură suplimentară

Legături externe

Ciuluc, Rezervorul de apă de pe râul
Raionul Sîngerei

Rezervorul de apă de pe râul Ciuluc


Jamila Abbas, née en 1984, est une informaticienne et femme d'affaires kényane. Elle est cofondatrice et directrice générale de M-Farm Kenya Limited, une organisation basée sur Internet qui aide les agriculteurs à trouver les meilleurs outils agricoles, les meilleures semences, l'accès aux bulletins météorologiques et aux informations sur le marché. Elle a cofondé M-Farm en 2010.

Formation
Jamila Abbas est née au Kenya et effectue ses études préuniversitaires dans des écoles locales. Elle intègre ensuite l'Université de Strathmore, où elle obtient un baccalauréat ès sciences en génie logiciel.

Carrière
Après avoir obtenu son diplôme de l'Université de Strathmore, Jamila Abbas est recrutée par le Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI). Elle devient également membre d'iHub, une communauté technologique, où les techniciens se réunissent pour échanger des idées. Là, elle retrouve Susan Oguya, une amie de l'université. En septembre 2010, les deux femmes décident de travailler activement en faveur des petits agriculteurs kényans, grâce à la technologie.

Elles rejoignent AkiraChix, un autre forum pour les femmes s'intéressant aux technologies de l'information. Elles y rencontrent trois autres étudiantes de l'Université Strathmore, Linda Omwenga, Lillian Nduati et Catherine Kiguru. Les cinq décident de participer à IPO48, un concours de développement de logiciels. L'événement implique , organisés en dix-sept équipes. L'objectif est de développer une application informatique, transformable en business commercialisable, le tout en 48 heures.

Le concours est organisé par HumanIPO, d'Estonie. En novembre 2011, les cinq femmes remportent le concours, avec leur application M-Farm, qui met en relation les agriculteurs avec des agro-fournisseurs, des coopératives et leur permet d'accéder aux prix actuels du marché pour leurs produits en temps opportun. Les cinq femmes remportent également le premier prix de un million de shillings kényans (environ ).

Le groupe utilise son prix pour fonder M-Farm Kenya Limited, avec à sa tête Jamila Abbas en tant que PDG et Susan Oguya en tant que COO. Linda Omwenga et Catherine Kiguru sont chargées du marketing et Lillian Nduati s'occupe des relations publiques.

Distinctions
Jamila reçoit plusieurs distinctions, telles que « New African Woman of the Year » en 2015, « 10 Female Tech Founders to Watch » de Forbes et « 20 Young Power Women in Africa », 30 African Innovators de Quartz et toujours en 2015 est listée comme l'une des 100 personnes les plus influentes d'Afrique.

En 2017, elle est nommée « Jeune leader mondial » par le Forum économique mondial.

Références

Personnalité kényane du monde des affaires
Naissance en 1984
Entrepreneur kényan
Naissance au Kenya
Personnalité féminine kényane
Informaticienne kényane

Jamila Abbas


Giuseppe Ceracchi (* 4. Juli 1751 in Rom; † 30. Januar 1801 in Paris) war ein italienischer Bildhauer.

Leben
Ceracchi war Sohn eines Goldschmieds und Schüler der Accademia di San Luca in Rom. Ab 1775 hielt er sich in London auf, wo er allegorische Statuen, Dekorationsbildwerke, mythologische Kompositionen und eine Reihe von Denkmälern schuf. Ab 1790 ist er in Wien nachgewiesen, wo er im Auftrag Maria Theresias eine Marmorbüste von Staatskanzler Wenzel Anton Kaunitz zur Dekoration des Schlosses Belvedere anfertigte. Weitere Aufträge erhielt Ceracchi von Kaiser Joseph II., wie etwa die für den Hofkriegsrat bestimmten Porträtbüsten der kaiserlichen Feldherren Gideon Ernst von Laudon und Franz Moritz von Lacy, welche sich heute in der Dauerausstellung des Wiener Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums befinden. Beide wurden laut Signatur nach dem Leben in Wien modelliert und 1781 in Rom in Marmor ausgeführt.

In weiterer Folge heiratete Ceracchi die Wienerin Therese Schliesahan. Weitere Aufträge seitens des Kaiserhauses folgten, so z. B. zwei Porträtbüsten Kaiser Josephs II. sowie 1784 eine marmorne Büste Kaiser Franz II./I. 1785 begab sich Ceracchi wieder zurück in seine Heimatstadt Rom, wo er zahlreiche Büsten, vorwiegend von Vertretern des Klerus, schuf. Bis 1789 arbeitete Ceracchi weiter im Auftrag des Hochadels, danach war er jedoch von den Berichten der Französischen Revolution und den Ereignissen in den Vereinigten Staaten so angetan, dass er zu einem begeisterten Anhänger republikanischer Freiheitsideale mutierte und 1790 nach Nordamerika aufbrach. Dort bot er ein Jahr später dem Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten den Entwurf zu einem kolossalen Freiheitsmonument an, welches jedoch wegen mangelnder Geldmittel nicht zur Ausführung gelangte. Mit kleineren Aufträgen, wie etwa einer Porträtbüste von George Washington und anderer bekannter Amerikaner hielt sich Ceracchi nicht lange über Wasser, so dass er 1792 bereits nach Europa zurückkehrte, wo er in Genua, Mailand und Paris tätig war. 1796 zog Napoleon Bonaparte triumphal in Mailand ein, was Ceracchi zur Anfertigung mehrerer Porträtbüsten animierte. Weitere Büsten modellierte der Künstler im Auftrag Napoleons um 1800 in Paris, u. a. der Generäle Jean-Victor Moreau, André Masséna und Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte.

Im Auftrag Napoleons betätigte sich Ceracchi schließlich auch offen politisch, so agitierte er für die römische Republik. Wenig später zog er sich jedoch die Ungnade Napoleons zu, indem ihn Ceracchi öffentlich der Begünstigung des Papstes (Pius VII.) bezichtigte. Daraufhin wurde der Künstler 1801 in der Pariser Oper verhaftet und eines Dolchattentates auf Napoleon beschuldigt. Am 30. Jänner 1801 wurde Ceracchi zusammen mit drei Mitverschwörern in Paris unter der Guillotine hingerichtet.

Werke (Auszug)
 Porträtbüste Franz Moritz Graf Lacy, 1783, Marmor, 59×24×77 cm, Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Wien
 Porträtbüste Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, 1783, Marmor, 59×24×77 cm, Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Wien
 Porträtstatue Anne Seymour Damer, um 1777, Marmor, British Museum
 Porträtbüste Kurfürst Karl II. von Bayern, 1789, Marmor, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, München
 Porträtbüste Amerigo Vespucci, Weißes Haus, Washington, D.C.
 Porträtbüste George Washington, 1795, Marmor, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Literatur

 Ilse Krumpöck: Die Bildwerke im Heeresgeschichtlichen Museum. Wien 2004, S. 28 f.

Weblinks

 Giuseppe Ceracchi bei Google Arts & Culture

Einzelnachweise

Bildhauer (Italien)
Porträtkünstler
Geboren 1751
Gestorben 1801
Mann

Giuseppe Ceracchi


Soyuz 5, Sovyetler Birliği tarafından 15 Ocak 1969'da fırlatılan uzay aracı. Uzayda Soyuz 4 ile kenetlendi, mürettebattan iki kişi uzay yürüyüşü ile o araca geçerek dünyaya döndü.

Mürettebat
 Boris Volinov (1)
 Aleksey Yeliseyev (1) (sadece fırlatmada)
 Yevgeni Krunov (1) (sadece fırlatmada)
(parantez içindeki sayılar bu görev dahil uçuş sayısını belirtir)

Görev
Kenetlenme 16 Ocak'ta gerçekleşti. Soyuz 5'teki kozmonotlar Yevgeni Krunov ve Aleksey Yeliseyev 37 dakika süren bir uzay yürüyüşü yaparak Soyuz 4'e geçtiler ve bu araçla dünyaya döndüler. Bu, iki uzay aracı arasında ilk mürettebat geçişiydi. Ne yazık ki Yeliseyev kamerasını çalıştırmayı unuttuğu için bu tarihi olay görüntüye alınamadı.

Bu görev, Sovyetler Birliği'nin Ay'a insan indirme projesinin başarılı bir provasıydı. O projede de uzayadamlarının uzayda yürüyerek iki araç arasında geçmesi planlanıyordu.

Dünyaya dönüşte Soyuz 5 kapsülü hizmet modülünden ayrılmayı başaramadı. Atmosfere bu şekilde giren araç, aerodinamik olarak en kararlı konumu seçti ve baş üstü düşmeye başladı. Daha önce Vostok, Voskhod ve Mercury uçuşlarında da oluşan bu arıza, Soyuz için çok daha ciddi bir tehditti çünkü aracın ağırlığı ve hizmet modülü çok daha büyüktü. Bu durumda aracın ısı kalkanı arkada kalıyor, yüksek ısıya maruz kalan kısım ise kapının bulunduğu ön taraf oluyordu. Volinov, iniş sırasında gerçekleşen yüksek ivmede basınç emici koltuğuna gömüleceği yerde, emniyet kemerinden aşağı doğru çekiliyordu. Bir süre sonra kapıyı çevreleyen kauçuk kısım yanmaya ve içeri duman dolmaya başladı. Servis modülünü tutan bağlar da yüksek ısıyla yandı ve kurtulan iniş kapsülü derhal ısı kalkanını öne alacak şekilde doğrultusunu düzeltti.

İnişte Volinov'u başka aksilikler de bekliyordu: Yere bir metre kala çalışarak inişi yumuşatması gereken roketler çalışmadı ve sert iniş nedeniyle kozmonotun dişi kırıldı. İniş yeri Ural Dağlarında Orenburg bölgesindeydi ve dışarıda sıcaklık -38 °C idi. Araçta kalırsa kendisine saatler sonra ulaşılacağını anlayan Volinov, kapsülü terk etti ve ısınmak için bir çiftlik evi buluncaya kadar kilometrelerce yürüdü.

Çeşitli
Görevin telsiz çağrı kodu, Baykal ve Soyuz 4'in çağrı kodu Amur, o sırada devam etmekte olan ve Trans Sibirya demiryolunun bir parçasını oluşturan Amur-Baykal hattına ithafen verilmişti. Bu olayın demiryolu işçilerine cesaret vereceği düşünülmüştü.

Dış bağlantılar
 Soyuz 4 ve Soyuz 5 uçuşları hakkında web sayfası (İngilizce)
 Soyuz 5'in inişi hakkında makale  (İngilizce)

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Vikipedi, Soyuz 5 maddesi, 15:13, 15 Ocak 2007
 Encyclopedia Astronautica, Soyuz 5 maddesi

05
1969'da Sovyetler Birliği
1969'da uzay çalışmaları

Soyuz 5


Der Esselbach ist der rechte Quellbach des Wachenbachs im Landkreis Main-Spessart im bayerischen Spessart.

Name
Der Name Esselbach geht aus dem mittelhochdeutschen Bestimmungswort Espin, was Espe bedeutet und dem Grundwort Bach hervor. Als Erklärung ergibt sich daraus ein von Espen bestandener Wasserlauf. Der Wechsel von n oder l vor b ist nicht selten. Die heutige Form mit ss ist durch Assimilation entstanden. Der Bach gab der gleichnamigen Gemeinde ihren Namen.

Geographie

Verlauf

Der Esselbach entspringt im Kändelsbrunnen in Bischbrunn. Dort befand sich bis ins 20. Jahrhundert ein kleiner See. Die Quelle fällt im Sommer meist trocken. Der Bach fließt verrohrt durch den Ort in südöstliche Richtung und wird von weiteren Quellen verstärkt. Durch Oberndorf und Esselbach erreicht er Kredenbach. Dort knickt der Esselbach nach Nordosten ab und vereinigt sich an der Salzbachbrücke mit dem wasserreicheren Steinmarker Bach zum Wachenbach, der im weiteren Verlauf auch Salzbach genannt wird und in die Fließrichtung des Esselbachs weiterzieht.

Flusssystem Hafenlohr
 Fließgewässer im Flusssystem Hafenlohr

Siehe auch
 Liste der Flüsse im Spessart

Weblinks

 Der Esselbach und sein Einzugsgebiet auf dem BayernAtlas

Einzelnachweise

Fluss im Spessart
Gewässer im Landkreis Main-Spessart
Geographie (Bischbrunn)
Geographie (Esselbach)

Esselbach (Wachenbach)


Havelock is a small town in the Marlborough Region of New Zealand, at the head of Pelorus Sound, one of the Marlborough Sounds, and at the mouth of the Pelorus and Kaituna Rivers

State Highway 6 from Nelson to Blenheim passes through the town. Queen Charlotte Drive, which provides a shorter but very winding road to Picton proceeds east along the edge of the Sounds. Canvastown lies  to the west. Renwick is  to the south. Picton lies 35 km to the east.

Havelock serves as the centre for much of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel industry, and promotes itself as the greenshell mussel capital of the world. It also functions as the base for a mail boat servicing the remote communities in the Marlborough Sounds, as well as for many fishing and recreational boats.

The name "Havelock" commemorates Sir Henry Havelock (1795-1857), known from the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The streets were laid out in 1858, with Lucknow Street as the main thoroughfare.
The gold rush to the Wakamarina Valley in 1864 boosted the growth of the township, with sawmilling becoming the main activity until the 1910s, later joined by dairying. The valleys around Havelock contain many pine plantations.

Across the Kaituna River estuary, the Cullen Point Scenic Reserve
and the Mahakipawa Hill Scenic Reserve
offer a coastal walking-track to a lookout at Cullen Point.

Demographics
Havelock is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the larger Marlborough Sounds West statistical area.

Havelock had a population of 588 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 81 people (16.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 78 people (15.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 234 households, comprising 306 males and 279 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.1 males per female, with 84 people (14.3%) aged under 15 years, 75 (12.8%) aged 15 to 29, 273 (46.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 150 (25.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 83.7% European/Pākehā, 15.8% Māori, 2.0% Pasifika, 5.6% Asian, and 4.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.7% had no religion, 26.5% were Christian, 2.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.0% were Buddhist and 0.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 60 (11.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 117 (23.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 57 people (11.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 249 (49.4%) people were employed full-time, 72 (14.3%) were part-time, and 9 (1.8%) were unemployed.

Marlborough Sounds West
Marlborough Sounds West, which also includes Rai Valley and Ōkiwi Bay, covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Marlborough Sounds West had a population of 1,986 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 180 people (10.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 96 people (5.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 816 households, comprising 1,017 males and 966 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.05 males per female. The median age was 48.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 345 people (17.4%) aged under 15 years, 252 (12.7%) aged 15 to 29, 933 (47.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 459 (23.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.9% European/Pākehā, 13.1% Māori, 1.8% Pasifika, 2.4% Asian, and 2.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 15.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.8% had no religion, 29.0% were Christian, 0.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 180 (11.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 405 (24.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 189 people (11.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 762 (46.4%) people were employed full-time, 279 (17.0%) were part-time, and 30 (1.8%) were unemployed.

Education
Havelock School is a coeducational full primary school (years 1-8), with a roll of . The school was founded in 1861.

Notable people
William Pickering, space scientist and former director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Ernest Rutherford, Nobel Prize-winning physicist

See also
Moenui

References

External links

 Havelock School website
 Havelock Community and Information Website
 Havelock Info Centre

Populated places in the Marlborough Region
Populated places in the Marlborough Sounds

Havelock, New Zealand


Dødens Instrumenter er en bogserie, der er skrevet af den amerikanske forfatter Cassandra Clare. Serien indeholder seks bøger, der alle er i fantasy-genren. Bøgerne handler om den unge Clary Fray, der finder ud af, at hun er en shadowhunter, et menneske født med engleblod, og shadowhuntere beskytter mennesker, der kaldes mundanes, fra de onde dæmoner.

Bogserien blev populær blandt unge, men Cassandra Clare skrev ikke oprindeligt serien til teenagere, da hun påbegyndte den første bog, City of Bones. Hun skrev den først og fremmest som en fantasy-roman, hvor hovedpersonerne var teenagere, men det var ikke noget hun havde planlagt.

Udgivelser
 City of Bones (udgivet d. 27. marts 2007)
 City of Ashes (udgivet d. 25. marts 2008)
 City of Glass (udgivet d. 23. marts 2009)
 City of Fallen Angels (udgivet d. 5 april 2011)
 City of Lost Souls (udgivet d. 8. maj 2012)
 City of Heavenly Fire (udgivet d. 27. maj 2014)

Hovedpersoner

Clary Fray
Clary Fray (Clarissa Adele Fairchild) er datter af Valentine Morgenstern og Joeclyn Fairchild, og hun har en bror, der hedder Jonathan Morgenstern. Clary har langt, krøllet, rødt hår og er desuden beskrevet som lille og tynd med lyse grønne øjne. Clary er omkring 15-16 år gammel i den første bog City of Bones, og hun bliver glad for Jace, men bliver senere fortalt, at han er hendes bror, hvilket senere viser sig ikke at være rigtigt. Hendes mor har prøvet at skjule for hende, at hun i virkeligheden er en shadowhunter.

Jace Herondale
Jace Herondale (Jonathan Christopher Herondale) er beskrevet som en høj og muskuløs shadowhunter med lys hud, der er dækket af tatoveringer, der bliver kaldt runer. Han har let bølget blond hår og gyldne øjne. Jace er vokset op i Lightwood-familien sammen med Alec Lightwood, Izzy Lightwood og Max Lightwood. I den første bog City of Bones, bliver Jace beskrevet som en Wayland, men i slutningen af bogen finder man ud af, at han i virkeligheden er en Herondale. Hans parabatai er Alec.

Simon Lewis
Simon Lewis er Clarys bedste ven, og de har kendt hinanden siden de var helt små. Han bliver beskrevet som høj, med mørkt hår og briller. Han bærer ofte t-shirts med spille slogans, og bor sammen med hans mor og søster. Simon er den eneste karakter, der i starten er et normalt menneske, der kaldes en mundane. Dog bliver han senere forvandlet til en vampyr.

Izzy Lightwood
Izzy Lightwood (Isabelle Sophia Lightwood) er en 16-årig shadowhunter, der bliver beskrevet som høj, tynd og smuk. Hun har langt sort hår og mørke brune øjne. Hun er søster til Alec Lightwood og Max Lightwood, og i bogen City of Heavenly Fire bliver hun kærester med vampyren Simon Lewis.

Alec Lightwood
Alec Lightwood (Alexander Gideon Lightwood) er den ældste af Lightwood-børnene, han har let bølget sort hår og blå øjne. Han er beskrevet som lidt stille, men han er eget beskyttende over for hans søskende og hans parabatai Jace. I den første bog City of Bones tror Alec, at han er forelsket i Jace, men senere møder han troldmanden Magnus Bane, som han senere danner par med.

Magnus Bane
Magnus Bane er en biseksuel troldmand fra Brooklyn. Magnus er en omtrent 400 år gammel troldmand, men han optræder som en kun 19-årig. Han er høj og tynd med lidt asiatisk udseende - sort hår og gyldne katteøjne. Magnus er glad for glimmer og glitter, og han er altid klar til en fest.

Luke Garroway
Luke Garroway (Lidian Graymark) er en tidligere shadowhunter og medlem af Cirklen. Da han var yngre var han bedste ven og parabatai med Valentine Morgenstern, men han blev forrådt af Valentine, der lod ham blive bidt af en varulv, der senere forvandlede ham til én.

Joeclyn Fray
Joeclyn Fray (Jocelyn Fairchild) er en shadowhunter og tidligere medlem af Cirklen. Hun er mor til Clary og Jonathan, og hun var engang gift med Valentine Morgenstern. Dog fandt hun ud af, at Valentine puttede dæmonblod i hendes mad, hvilket gjorde hendes første barn, Jonathan, til et monster. Da hun igen var gravid puttede han engleblod i hendes mad, da hun var gravid med Clary.

Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern
Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern (Sebastian Morgenstern) er Clarys bror. Han er født som en shadowhunter med dæmonblod i hans årer. Dette er Valentines skyld, da han eksperimenterede med dæmonblodet dengang Joeclyn var gravid.

Fantasy
Engelsksprogede bøger
Romanserier

Dødens Instrumenter


Freakadadisk (), cu numele real Petre Urda, este un DJ rapper român, membru al formației Paraziții din 1999 și fost membru al trupei Morometzii între anii 1997-1999.

Activitate muzicală
Fost membru al trupei Morometzii din anul 1997, FreakaDaDisk a decis să părăsească trupa în 1999. După ce a părăsit grupul muzical, apare pe albumul "Nici o problemă" semnat de formația Paraziții. Muzicianul apare pe trei melodii de pe acel album: Nu mă schimbi, Omu' din liftu' tău și La intervenție. După colaborarea cu cei de la Paraziții, Cheloo a decis să-l faca al 3-lea membru în trupă, pe atunci Parazitii insemnand doar Cheloo si Ombladon. FreakaDaDisk a avut multe colaborări cu artiști precum: MarkOne1, Cheloo, Ombladon, Deliric1, Nimeni Altu', Anonim, Zale, C.I.A., Ad Litteram, Bitza, Unu' Doi, Guess Who, Grupa Mare, Drepturi Egale, Sarkastik, ALAN & KEPA, Morometzii, Maximilian, Mr. Levy, B.U.G. Mafia, IL-Egal, Gojira & Planet H, Bitza și Codrin Bradea.

Colaborări
În anul 2012 el a produs hit-ul Maidanez alături de Puya, pe care a remixat-o în 2013 cu titlul de "Maidanez (Underground Remix- Don't let the music die)". Alături de Bitză și Ombladon a fost nominalizat la Romanian Music Awards 2012, la categoria "Best Hip-Hop".
În 2016 acesta a colaborat cu trupa BAZOOKA în piesa Textură pe Text. În 2019 acesta a colaborat și cu membrul trupei BAZOOKA, Codrin Bradea, în piesa Nu mă vrea planeta.

Note

Legături externe
 Freakadadisk la Discogs

Nașteri în 1975
Nașteri pe 22 februarie
Bucureșteni
Cântăreți români în viață
Muzicieni care folosesc pseudonime
Paraziții
Rapperi români
Români cunoscuți sub pseudonimele folosite

Freakadadisk


Yale Üniversitesi (), Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Connecticut eyaletinin New Haven kentinde bulunan özel bir üniversitedir.

ABD'nin üçüncü en eski üniversitesi ve en prestijli okullarından biridir. Ülkenin en tanınmış sekiz özel üniversitesini bir araya getiren Sarmaşık Ligi (Ivy League) üyesidir. Son 33 yılda ABD başkanı olan altı kişiden dördü Yale mezunudur. Yale Üniversitesi'nin mottosu olan Lux et veritas ın anlamı ışık ve gerçektir.

1701 yılında Collegiate School adı altında kurulan üniversitenin kökleri 1640'lara uzanır. O zamanlar bir koloni olan Connecticut için üst düzeyde eğitimli görevli ve papaz yetiştirmek isteyen ruhbanlar, burada bir okul kurmak için izin alırlar. Daha sonra, 1718 yılında Galli Elihu Yale'in yaptığı bağışlara karşılık okulun adı Yale olarak değiştirilir. 1861'de ülkedeki ilk doktora derecesi de yine bu okul tarafından verilmiştir. QS Dünya Üniversite Sıralamaları'na göre 2022 yılında dünyadaki en iyi 14. üniversite seçilmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kathleen Neal Cleaver

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

New Haven, Connecticut'taki yapılar
Connecticut'taki üniversiteler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki vakıf üniversiteleri
Ivy League
1700'lerde Connecticut'ta kurulan oluşumlar
1701'de On Üç Koloni'de kurulan oluşumlar
1701'de kurulan üniversiteler

Yale Üniversitesi


Luiz Eduardo dos Santos Gonzaga (født 21. april 1990) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Ventforet Kofu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Luiz Eduardo dos Santos Gonzaga


عبد الكريم اليافي (1919- 11 أكتوبر 2008)، أديب وناقد سوري ولد في مدينة حمص، كان عضواً فعالاً ومؤسساً في مجمع اللغة العربية وكان من أشد المدافعين عنها وهو أول رئيس تحرير لمجلة التراث العربي الصادرة عن اتحاد الكتاب العرب.

حياته
ولد عبد الكريم في مدينة حمص عام 1919، تلقى تعليمه فيها على يد أئمة القرآن والحديث واللغة، حصل على شهادة الثانوية العامة «فرع الرياضيات» ثم التحق بكلية الطب في جامعة دمشق، لكنه ترك الدراسة فيها ليلتحق ببعثة لدراسة العلوم الطبيعية في فرنسا، فنال الإجازة في العلوم الرياضية والطبيعية عام 1940، وإجازة الآداب عام 1941، وشهادة الدكتوراه في الفلسفة عام 1945. كما حصل أيضا على عدة شهادات في الدراسات الفلسفية في تخصص علم النفس العام، فلسفة الجمال وعلم الفن، المنطق والفلسفة العامة، تاريخ العلوم وفلسفتها، علم الاجتماع والأخلاق. ولما عاد إلى سورية عُين مدرّسًا في ثانويات حمص، ثم انتقل سنة 1947م إلى دمشق وانضم إلى هيئة التدريس في (كلية الآداب - قسم الفلسفة) بجامعة دمشق، فدرَّس في هذه الكلية وفي غيرها من كليات الجامعة - علمَ الاجتماع، وعلم الجمال، وفلسفة العلوم، والمنطق، وتاريخ العلوم، وأصول تدريس الفيزياء والكيمياء، وعلم النفس، والإحصاء الحيوي.

وفي سنة 1974م أصبح خبير أول في علم السكان في مركز الديمغرافيا في معهد العلوم الاجتماعية بالجامعة اللبنانية في بيروت، وشغل المنصب لمدة سنتين ثم عاد إلى جامعة دمشق. وعُين رئيسًا لهيئة (معجم العماد الموسوعي في اللغة والعلوم والفنون والأعلام)، أصبح عضواً في مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق، وعضواً في هيئات عربية ودولية، والمجلس الأعلى للآثار في وزارة الثقافة. شغل منصب خبير أول لدى الأمم المتحدة.

مؤلفاته

 تمهيد في علم الاجتماع- دراسة- دمشق 1964.
 في علم السكان- دراسة- دمشق 1959.
 الفيزياء الحديثة والفلسفة- دراسة- دمشق 1951.
 دراسات اجتماعية ونفسية- دراسة- دمشق 1964و.
 دراسات فنية في الأدب العربي- دراسة- دمشق 1963.
 الشموع والقناديل في الشعر العربي- دراسة- دمشق 1964.
 تقدم العلم- دراسة- دمشق 1965.
 فصول في المجتمع والنفس- دراسة- دمشق 1974.
 المجتمع العربي ومقاييس السكان- القاهرة 1963.
 العلم والنزعة الإنسانية- دراسة- ترجمة- دمشق 1964.
 المعجم الديمغرافي متعدد اللغات- القاهرة 1962.
 جدلية أبي تمام- دراسة- بغداد 1983.
 معالم فكرية في تاريخ الحضارة العربية الإسلامية- دراسة- دمشق1982.
 النص العربي للمعجم الديمغرافي المتعدد اللغات- بغداد- د. ت.
 معجم مصطلحات التنمية الاجتماعية في العلوم المتصلة بها- معجم- جامعة الدول العربية.
 حوار البيروني وابن سينا
 الباحث عن مجد الإنسان (دراسات ومقالات)

جوائز
وسام الاستحقاق من الدرجة الممتازة من الرئيس السوري بشار الأسد.

وفاته
توفي في 11 أكتوبر 2008 عن عمر يناهز 89 عامًا، نعاه غياث بركات وزير التعليم العالي ورياض نعسان آغا وزير الثقافة واتحاد الكتاب العرب.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع آل اليافي

أطباء سوريون
كتاب وكاتبات سوريون
مواليد 1919
وفيات 1429 هـ
وفيات 2008

عبد الكريم اليافي


As gerações futuras são cortes de pessoas hipotéticas que ainda não nasceram. As gerações futuras são contrastadas com as gerações actuais e passadas e evocadas para estimular o pensamento sobre a equidade intergeracional. A paciência moral das gerações futuras tem sido amplamente discutida entre os filósofos, e é considerada uma causa importante e negligenciada pela comunidade do altruísmo eficaz. O termo é frequentemente usado para descrever a conservação ou preservação do património cultural ou natural.

Os movimentos de sustentabilidade e acção climática adoptaram o conceito como uma ferramenta para consagrar princípios de pensamento de longo prazo na lei. O conceito é muitas vezes ligado ao pensamento indígena como princípio de acção ecológica, como o conceito de sete gerações atribuído à tradição iroquesa.

Origens
O termo refere-se ao impacto que a geração actualmente viva tem no mundo em que as gerações futuras viverão, o mundo que herdarão dos humanos que vivem hoje. Esse conceito é referido na definição de sustentabilidade mais citada como parte do conceito desenvolvimento sustentável, como a da Comissão Brundtland das Nações Unidas em 20 de março de 1987: "desenvolvimento sustentável é o desenvolvimento que atende às necessidades do presente sem comprometer a capacidade das gerações futuras de atenderem às suas próprias necessidades".

O uso das gerações futuras no direito internacional é, em parte, reconhecido pela Carta das Nações Unidas, que se concentra na prevenção do "flagelo da guerra" nas gerações futuras. Com a publicação do histórico relatório Nossa Agenda Comum do secretário-geral da ONU em setembro de 2021, houve um interesse renovado em entender, agir e representar as gerações futuras no sistema multilateral.

Economia
A maioria das abordagens capitalistas assume que as gerações futuras terão maior prosperidade. No entanto, essas suposições não se confirmam – a maioria das decisões económicas são tomadas com os benefícios de curto prazo em mente.

Direitos legais das gerações futuras
A maioria das implementações das gerações futuras concentra-se em consagrar os direitos e necessidades das gerações futuras na lei, a fim de representar aqueles incapazes de expressar as suas necessidades.

Vários países tentaram consagrar obrigações para as gerações futuras na lei. No País de Gales essa obrigação moral está codificada como um dever legal na Lei de Bem-Estar das Gerações Futuras de 2015 e no papel do Comissário das Gerações Futuras. A primeira comissária Sophie Howe modelou o cargo, propondo uma série de novas políticas projectadas para uma política de pensamento futuro no País de Gales, incluindo um Manifesto para o Futuro de 2020.

Processos legais
Os direitos das gerações futuras estão cada vez mais a ser protegidos em precedentes legais como parte das tendências globais em litígios climáticos. As gerações futuras foram o réu nos réus críticos em um caso de 2018 " Future Generations v. Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Outros " na Colômbia que protegeu a bacia da floresta amazónica para as gerações futuras.

Na cultura popular
Os direitos das gerações futuras foram a inspiração para o enredo do romance The Ministry for the Future, de Kim Stanley Robinson.

Futurologia
Gerações
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Gerações futuras


Em demografia e geografia médica, a transição epidemiológica é uma teoria que "descreve a mudança nos padrões populacionais em termos de fertilidade, expectativa de vida, mortalidade e principais causas de morte". Por exemplo, uma fase de desenvolvimento marcada por um aumento repentino nas taxas de crescimento populacional trazida por uma melhor segurança alimentar e inovações na saúde pública e na medicina pode ser seguida por um re-nivelamento do crescimento populacional devido a declínios subsequentes nas taxas de fertilidade. Essa transição pode ser responsável pela substituição de doenças infecciosas por doenças crônicas ao longo do tempo, devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida como resultado de melhores cuidados de saúde e prevenção de doenças. Esta teoria foi originalmente postulada por Abdel Omran em 1971.

Teoria
Omran dividiu a transição epidemiológica da mortalidade em três fases, na última das quais as doenças crônicas substituem as doenças infecciosas como a causa primária de morte. Essas fases são:

 A Idade da Peste e da Fome: A mortalidade é alta e flutuante, impedindo o crescimento sustentado da população, com uma expectativa de vida baixa e variável oscilando entre 20 e 40 anos. É caracterizada por um aumento de doenças infecciosas, desnutrição e fome, comuns durante o período Neolítico. Antes da primeira transição, os ancestrais hominídeos eram caçadores-coletores, um estilo de vida parcialmente proporcionado por uma população pequena e dispersa. No entanto, fontes de alimentos sazonais e não confiáveis colocam as comunidades em risco por períodos de desnutrição.
 A Era do Declínio das Pandemias: A mortalidade diminui progressivamente, com a taxa de declínio acelerando à medida que os picos epidêmicos diminuem em frequência. A esperança média de vida aumenta continuamente de cerca de 30 para 50 anos. O crescimento populacional é sustentado e começa a ser exponencial.
 A idade das doenças degenerativas e provocadas pelo homem: a mortalidade continua a diminuir e, eventualmente, se aproxima da estabilidade em um nível relativamente baixo. A mortalidade está cada vez mais relacionada a doenças degenerativas, doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), câncer, violência, acidentes e abuso de substâncias, alguns deles devidos principalmente aos padrões de comportamento humano. A expectativa média de vida ao nascer aumenta gradualmente até ultrapassar os 50 anos. É durante esse estágio que a fertilidade se torna o fator crucial no crescimento populacional.

Em 1998, Barrett et al. propuseram duas fases adicionais nas quais as doenças cardiovasculares diminuem como causa de mortalidade devido a mudanças na cultura, estilo de vida e dieta, e as doenças associadas ao envelhecimento aumentam na prevalência. Na fase final, a doença é amplamente controlada para aqueles com acesso à educação e saúde, mas desigualdades persistem.

 A Idade de Declínio da Mortalidade por DCV, Envelhecimento e Doenças Emergentes: Os avanços tecnológicos na medicina estabilizam a mortalidade e os níveis de natalidade. Doenças emergentes se tornam cada vez mais letais devido à resistência aos antibióticos, novos patógenos como Ebola ou Zika e mutações que permitem que patógenos antigos superem a imunidade humana.
 A Idade da Qualidade de Vida Aspirada com Desigualdades Persistentes: A taxa de natalidade diminui com o aumento da expectativa de vida, levando a uma população equilibrada por idade. As desigualdades socioeconômicas, étnicas e de gênero continuam a manifestar diferenças na mortalidade e fecundidade.

A transição epidemiológica ocorre quando um país sofre o processo de transição de nação em desenvolvimento para nação desenvolvida. Os desenvolvimentos da saúde e da medicina modernas, como os antibióticos, reduzem drasticamente as taxas de mortalidade infantil e aumentam a expectativa média de vida, o que, juntamente com o declínio subsequente nas taxas de fertilidade, reflete uma transição para doenças crônicas e degenerativas como causas mais importantes de morte.

A teoria da transição epidemiológica usa padrões de saúde e doença, bem como suas formas de determinantes e resultados demográficos, econômicos e sociológicos.

História

Na história humana geral, a primeira fase de Omran ocorre quando a população humana mantém padrões cíclicos, de baixo crescimento e lineares associados a guerras, fome, surtos epidêmicos, bem como pequenas idades de ouro e períodos localizados de prosperidade. No início da história pré-agrícola, as taxas de mortalidade infantil eram altas e a expectativa de vida média baixa. Hoje, a expectativa de vida nos países em desenvolvimento permanece relativamente baixa, como em muitos países da África Subsaariana, onde a expectativa de vida normalmente não ultrapassa os 60 anos de idade.

A segunda fase envolve a melhoria da nutrição como resultado da produção estável de alimentos, juntamente com os avanços da medicina e o desenvolvimento dos sistemas de saúde. A mortalidade na Europa Ocidental e na América do Norte caiu pela metade durante o século XIX devido ao fechamento de sistemas de esgoto e água potável fornecida por serviços públicos, com um benefício particular para crianças de ambos os sexos e para mulheres nos períodos de adolescência e idade reprodutiva, provavelmente devido à suscetibilidade desses grupos para doenças infecciosas e de deficiência. Uma redução geral da desnutrição permitiu que as populações resistissem melhor às doenças infecciosas. Avanços importantes no tratamento incluíram o início da vacinação durante o início do século XIX e a descoberta da penicilina em meados do século XX, o que levou, respectivamente, a um declínio generalizado e dramático nas taxas de mortalidade por doenças anteriormente graves, como varíola e sepse. As taxas de crescimento populacional aumentaram nas décadas de 1950, 1960 e 1970 para 1,8% ao ano e mais, com o mundo ganhando 2 bilhões de pessoas entre 1950 e 1980. Um declínio na mortalidade sem um declínio correspondente na fertilidade leva a uma pirâmide populacional assumindo a forma de uma bala ou de um barril, já que os grupos de jovens e de meia-idade compreendem porcentagens equivalentes da população.

A terceira fase de Omran ocorre quando as taxas de natalidade humana diminuem drasticamente de taxas de reposição altamente positivas para números de reposição estáveis. Em várias nações europeias, as taxas de substituição tornaram-se mesmo negativas. Essa transição geralmente representa o efeito líquido das escolhas individuais sobre o tamanho da família e a capacidade de implementar essas escolhas. Omran fornece três fatores possíveis que tendem a encorajar taxas de fertilidade reduzidas:

 Fatores biofisiológicos, associados à redução da mortalidade infantil e à expectativa de vida mais longa dos pais;
 Fatores socioeconômicos, associados à sobrevivência infantil e aos desafios econômicos do grande tamanho da família; e
 Fatores psicológicos ou emocionais, nos quais a sociedade como um todo muda sua lógica e opinião sobre o tamanho da família e as energias dos pais são redirecionados para os aspectos qualitativos da criação dos filhos.

Impacto na fertilidade
As melhorias na sobrevivência feminina e infantil que ocorrem com a mudança nos padrões de saúde e doença discutidos acima têm efeitos distintos e aparentemente contraditórios sobre a fertilidade. Embora melhor saúde e maior longevidade desfrutada por mulheres em idade reprodutiva tendam a aumentar a fertilidade, os riscos reduzidos para bebês e crianças pequenas que ocorrem nos estágios posteriores da transição tende a ter o efeito oposto: amamentação prolongada associada à redução da mortalidade entre bebês e crianças pequenas, juntamente com o reconhecimento dos pais de uma melhor sobrevida na infância, tendem a aumentar os intervalos entre nascimentos e diminuir as taxas reprodutivas gerais.

Impacto econômico
A transição também pode estar associada a movimentos demográficos para áreas urbanas e a uma mudança da produção agrícola e da produção baseada no trabalho para economias baseadas no setor de tecnologia e serviços. Essa mudança nos perfis demográficos e de doenças está atualmente em andamento na maioria das nações em desenvolvimento; no entanto, cada país é único e a velocidade de transição é baseada em vários fatores geográficos e sociopolíticos. Quer a transição seja devido a melhorias socioeconômicas (como nos países desenvolvidos) ou por programas modernos de saúde pública (como tem sido o caso em muitos países em desenvolvimento), a redução da mortalidade e das doenças infecciosas tende a aumentar a produtividade econômica por meio do melhor funcionamento dos adultos membros da força de trabalho e por meio de um aumento na proporção de crianças que sobrevivem e amadurecem para se tornarem membros produtivos da sociedade.

Modelos de transição

Omran desenvolveu três modelos para explicar a transição epidemiológica.

 Modelo clássico/ocidental: (Inglaterra, País de Gales e Suécia) Os países da Europa Ocidental normalmente experimentaram uma transição que começou no final do século XVIII e durou mais de 150 anos até a era pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. A longa transição permitiu que a fertilidade diminuísse virtualmente na mesma taxa em que a mortalidade também diminuiu. A Alemanha pode ser considerada outro exemplo desse modelo.
 Modelo acelerado: (Japão) O Japão experimentou uma transição rápida como resultado de algumas décadas de industrialização intensiva impulsionada pela guerra seguida pela ocupação do pós-guerra. A transição acelerada segue um padrão semelhante ao modelo clássico/ocidental, exceto que ocorre em um intervalo de tempo muito mais curto. A China pode ser considerada outro exemplo desse modelo.
 Modelo contemporâneo/atrasado: (Chile, Sri Lanka) Devido ao lento desenvolvimento econômico, o Chile e o Ceilão (Sri Lanka) experimentaram transições atrasadas que duraram até o século XXI. Melhorias médicas e de saúde pública reduziram a mortalidade, enquanto a taxa de natalidade permanece alta. As tradições culturais combinadas com a instabilidade política e econômica e a insegurança alimentar significam que a mortalidade para mulheres e crianças flutua mais do que para homens. Maurícia pode ser considerado outro exemplo desse modelo.

Determinantes da doença

 Ecobiológicos: mudanças nos padrões de imunidade, vetores (como o rato preto parcialmente responsável pela disseminação da peste bubônica na Europa) e o movimento de organismos patogênicos. Isso altera a frequência de doenças infecciosas epidêmicas, bem como de infecções crônicas e outras doenças que afetam a fertilidade e a mortalidade infantil.
 Socioeconômicos: determinantes políticos e culturais, incluindo padrões de vida, hábitos de saúde, higiene e nutrição. A higiene e a nutrição estão incluídas aqui, em vez de nos determinantes médicos, porque sua melhoria nos países ocidentais foi em grande parte um subproduto da mudança social, e não um resultado do planejamento médico.
 Médicos/Saúde pública: medidas preventivas e curativas específicas usadas para combater doenças, incluindo melhoria do saneamento público, imunização e desenvolvimento de terapias decisivas. Fatores médicos e de saúde pública entraram em ação no final da transição para o oeste, mas têm influência no início de certas transições aceleradas e contemporâneas.

Outras perspectivas
McMichael, Preston e Murray oferecem uma visão mais refinada da transição epidemiológica, destacando macrotendências e enfatizando que há uma mudança de doenças infecciosas para não transmissíveis, mas argumentando que isso acontece de forma diferente em contextos diferentes.

Ver também

 Transição demográfica
 Transição nutricional
 Antropologia médica
 Sociologia médica

Referências

Demografia
Epidemiologia

Transição epidemiológica


The Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union () was the supreme decision-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Its meetings served as convention of all party delegates and their predecessors.

Between the congresses the party was ruled by the Central Committee. Over the course of the party's history, the name was changed in accordance with the current name of the party at the time. The frequency of party congresses varied with the meetings being annual events in the 1920s while no congress was held at all between 1939 and 1952.  After the death of Joseph Stalin, the congresses were held every five years.

Keys

Convocations

See also

 Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

References

General
Information on congresses, number of delegates, number of people elected to CCs, party membership, the individual who presented the Political Report and information on when the congress was convened can be found in these sources:

Bibliography
Articles and journals:

Specific

Soviet Union, Communist Party


Jérôme Gannat (né le  à Besançon) est un coureur cycliste français, devenu ensuite directeur sportif. Il exerce actuellement cette fonction au sein de l'équipe continentale Groupama-FDJ.

Biographie
Originaire de Besançon, Jérôme Gannat commence le cyclisme en 1984 à l'AC Bisontine. Il rejoint ensuite le CC Étupes en 1991, où il court pendant douze ans. Figure emblématique du cyclisme amateur français, il remporte notamment Paris-Troyes en 1996, le Tour du Doubs en 1999, les Boucles catalanes en 2001 ou encore le Tour du Jura en 2002. Il se retire des compétitions à l'issue de la saison 2003.

Une fois sa carrière terminée, il devient directeur sportif au CC Étupes à partir de 2005. Il dirige de nombreux coureurs qui sont passés dans les rangs professionnels comme Thibaut Pinot, Warren Barguil, Guillaume Martin ou encore Adam Yates. En 2019, il intègre l'encadrement de l'équipe continentale Groupama-FDJ.

Palmarès
 1994
  du Tour de la Haute-Marne
  du Tour du Doubs
  du Tour de la Haute-Marne
  du Circuit des Deux Ponts
 1995
 La Pyrénéenne
  du Critérium du Printemps
  des Boucles catalanes
  de la Route poitevine
  du Circuit des Deux Ponts
  du Grand Prix des Foires d'Orval
 1996
 Championnat de Franche-Comté
 Paris-Troyes
  du Tour du Doubs
  du Circuit méditerranéen
  du Critérium du Printemps
  du Souvenir Thierry-Arnould
  du Grand Prix des Foires d'Orval
 1998
 Grand Prix des Carreleurs
 Univest Grand Prix
  de Dijon-Auxonne-Dijon
  du Grand Prix de la Tomate
 1999
 Circuit des Deux Provinces
 Tour du Doubs
  de la Route du Pays basque
  du Grand Prix Mathias Nomblot
  de Paris-Auxerre
  du Prix du Saugeais
 2000
  des Boucles de l'Océan
  de la Route d'Atlantique
  du Grand Prix Mathias Nomblot
 2001
 Boucles catalanes
  de La Tramontane
 2002
 Tour du Jura
 Prix de la ville de Soissons

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste français
Naissance en juin 1970
Naissance à Besançon

Jérôme Gannat


An Disa oreophila in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harry Bolus. An Disa oreophila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Disa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. o. erecta
 D. o. oreophila

Mga kasarigan

Disa

Disa oreophila


Keita Yamashita (født 13. marts 1996) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Renofa Yamaguchi FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Keita Yamashita


USS Trigger (SS-564), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the triggerfish.

Her keel was laid down on 24 February 1949 at Groton, Connecticut, by the Electric Boat Company. She was launched on 14 June 1951 sponsored by Mrs. Roy S. Benson, and commissioned on 31 March 1952.

History
Following shakedown training off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the attack submarine returned to her home port, New London, Connecticut, and participated in local operations for the remainder of the year. She was back in the Caribbean Sea in February, returned to New London on 28 March, and continued East Coast operations until 16 August 1957. She then joined submarine  and proceeded to the Arctic Ocean. The submarine spent ten days at the ice pack in the north Greenland Sea and made several short trips under the ice pack. From 16 September to 1 October, she participated in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Operation "Strikeback". She then called at Portland, England and Le Havre, France, en route back to New London to resume normal operations.

On 14 January 1958, Trigger entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine for major alterations. Her four troublesome high-speed diesel engines were replaced by three reliable medium-speed engines. The submarine was cut in two and lengthened by nine feet to accommodate the large, easier-to-maintain engines. On 15 August, she got underway for New London and refresher training. She stood out of New London on 2 February 1959 for extended operations in the North Atlantic. She called at Faslane, Scotland, and returned to her home port in late April.

On 1 August, Trigger joined SubRon4 at Charleston, S.C. her new home port and, in late September and early October, participated in NATO Exercise "Fishplay". The submarine conducted operations out of Charleston for the next decade. In 1964 she was overhauled in the Charleston shipyard with an emergency blow of straight 3000 psi air bypassing reducing valves. During the shakedown cruise to test the emergency blow from 150 feet her sail forced the boat to list almost 90 degrees to port and swung back to almost 90 degrees to a starboard list. No damage to the safety of the crew was encountered.

She was deployed to the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean during the periods: 10 April to 6 August 1962; 7 July to 29 October 1966; and 7 October 1969 to 2 February 1970. From 6 January to 6 August 1964, she underwent modifications in connection with the SUBSAFE program; and, from 3 January 1968 to 6 June 1969, her hull was again lengthened to accommodate the PUFFS sonar equipment.

On 10 August 1970, Trigger departed Charleston for the west coast and assignment to the Pacific Fleet. She called at Montego Bay, Rodman, and Acapulco en route, and arrived at San Diego, California, her new home port, on 6 September to join SubRon 3. On 18 November, the submarine got underway for Bangor, Washington, to spend a month testing the Mark 48 torpedo.  From 3 March to 7 June 1971, Trigger returned to Bangor to participate in Mk 48 Torpedo Selection Test Plan operations.  Following yard work at the Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard from July 1971 to April 1972, she made a voyage to the Nanoose Bay Acoustic Test Range and returned to San Diego on 25 May.

On 17 October, Trigger stood out to sea on her first WestPac deployment. She called at Christmas Island on 31 October and arrived at Auckland, New Zealand, on 10 November.  The operational control of Trigger was shifted to the Commander, Seventh Fleet; and she participated in Exercise "Longex 7," a combined fleet problem utilizing ships from the navies of the United States, New Zealand, Canada, and Australia. The submarine departed Auckland on 1 December and arrived at Subic Bay on 18 December. From 29 December 1972 until 25 January 1973, Trigger was underway conducting special submarine operations. She left the Philippines on 3 February and, after calling at Hong Kong, participated in a joint United States-Canadian exercise off Taiwan. The ship sailed for Yokosuka on 20 February and remained in Japan undergoing repairs until getting underway for the United States on 16 March.

The submarine arrived at San Diego, California, on 5 April. On 25 June, she started training a crew of the Marina Militare to operate the ship. Trigger was decommissioned and transferred to Italy on 10 July 1973. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 July 1973.

Livio Piomarta (S 515)
Ex-Trigger served as  until she was decommissioned on 28 February 1986.

References
This article includes information collected from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

External links

history.navy.mil: USS Trigger
navsource.org: USS Trigger
ss564.org: USS Trigger Organization

United States Tang-class submarines
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
1951 ships
Cold War submarines of the United States
United States Tang-class submarines of the Italian Navy

USS Trigger (SS-564)


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter in Dschibuti enthält die Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Dschibuti.

Dschibuti und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland haben am 23. Januar 1978 diplomatische Beziehungen aufgenommen.

Die deutsche Botschaft in Dschibuti wurde 2010 eröffnet. Der Diplomat Jörg Kinnen, der  von Februar 2010 bis Juni 2010  erster Deutscher Geschäftsträger ad interim mit Sitz in Dschibuti  war, bereitete die Eröffnung der deutschen Botschaft vor. Der Diplomat Dietmar Anton Bock wurde erster deutscher Botschafter mit Dienstsitz in Dschibuti.

Zuvor waren in der Regel die deutschen Botschafter in Jemen für Dschibuti doppelakkreditiert. Für die konsularischen Beziehungen ist weiterhin die deutsche Botschaft im äthiopischen Addis Abeba zuständig.

Dschibuti plant, in Kürze eine Botschaft in Berlin zu eröffnen. Bislang werden die Beziehungen zu Deutschland über die Botschaft Dschibutis in Paris wahrgenommen werden.

Siehe auch
 Botschafter der DDR in Dschibuti

Weblinks
 Website der Deutschen Botschaft Dschibouti

Einzelnachweise

Dschibuti
Deutschland
!


A gravidade do arco-íris (ou "arco-íris da gravidade") é uma teoria de que diferentes comprimentos de onda da luz experimentam diferentes níveis de gravidade e são separados da mesma forma que um prisma divide a luz branca em um arco-íris. Esse fenômeno seria imperceptível em áreas de gravidade relativamente baixa, como a Terra, mas seria significativo em áreas de gravidade extremamente alta, como um buraco negro. Como tal, a teoria afirma refutar que o universo tem um começo ou Big Bang, já que a teoria do big bang exige que todos os comprimentos de onda da luz sejam impactados pela gravidade na mesma extensão. A teoria foi proposta pela primeira vez em 2003, pelos físicos Lee Smolin e João Magueijo, e afirma preencher a lacuna entre a relatividade geral e a mecânica quântica. Os cientistas estão atualmente tentando detectar a gravidade do arco-íris usando o Grande colisor de hádrons (L.H.C.).

Conhecimento

A origem da teoria da gravidade do arco-íris é em grande parte o produto da disparidade entre a relatividade geral e a mecânica quântica. Mais especificamente, "localidade", ou o conceito de causa e efeito que orienta os princípios da relatividade geral, é matematicamente inconciliável com a mecânica quântica. Esse problema ocorre devido a funções incompatíveis entre os dois campos; em particular, os campos aplicam abordagens matemáticas radicalmente diferentes na descrição do conceito de curvatura no espaço-tempo quadridimensional. Historicamente, essa divisão matemática começa com a disparidade entre as teorias da relatividade de Einstein, que viam a física através das lentes da causalidade, e a física clássica, que interpretava a estrutura do espaço-tempo como aleatória e inerente.

A noção predominante sobre a mudança cósmica é que o universo está se expandindo a uma taxa de aceleração constante. Além disso, entende-se que, ao traçar a história do universo para trás, descobre-se que ele era, em certo ponto, muito mais denso. Se for verdade, a teoria da gravidade do arco-íris proíbe uma singularidade como a postulada no Big Bang. Isso indica que, quando visto ao contrário, o universo se aproxima lentamente de um ponto de densidade terminal sem nunca alcançá-lo, o que implica que o universo não possui um ponto de origem.

Crítica

Existem restrições rigorosas em cenários de velocidade da luz dependentes de energia. Com base nisso, Sabine Hossenfelder criticou fortemente o conceito de gravidade do arco-íris, afirmando que "Não é uma teoria nem um modelo, é apenas uma ideia que, apesar de mais de uma década de trabalho, nunca se desenvolveu em um modelo adequado. Gravidade do arco-íris não se mostrou compatível com o modelo padrão. Não há quantização conhecida dessa abordagem e não é possível descrever as interações nessa estrutura. Além disso, sabe-se que leva a não-localidades que já foram descartadas. Pelo que estou preocupada, nenhum artigo deve ser publicado sobre o assunto até que essas questões sejam resolvidas."

Ver também

 Modelo cíclico
 Modelo do estado estacionário

Referências

Cosmologia física
Teorias da gravitação

Teoria da gravidade do arco-íris


Als Tunesische Piratenpartei werden zwei Parteien in Tunesien bezeichnet. Beide verstehen sich als Teil der internationalen Bewegung der Piratenparteien.

Die erste Tunesische Piratenpartei (, ) wurde am 27. September 2010 gegründet. Die formale Zulassung wurde der Partei zunächst verweigert, wodurch eine Teilnahme an der Wahl zur Verfassunggebenden Versammlung Tunesiens 2011 nicht möglich war. Am 12. März 2012 wurde sie als politische Partei zugelassen, womit sie die erste offizielle Piratenpartei auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent war. Sie ist Teil der informellen African Pirate Party.

Die Piratenpartei wurde während der Revolution in Tunesien 2010/2011 bekannt, als eine Zahl von Mitgliedern und Sympathisanten der Partei, darunter Azyz Amami und Slim Amamou, für ihre Teilnahme an den Protesten festgenommen wurden; Amami wurde bei der Inhaftierung selbst durch Sicherheitskräfte verletzt. Slim Amamou wurde wenige Tage nach der Flucht des Präsidenten Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali im Januar 2011 zum tunesischen Staatssekretär für Jugend und Sport berufen. Amamou war jedoch nicht Mitglied der Tunesischen Piratenpartei, beteiligte sich aber an der Gründung der zweiten Piratenpartei.

Die Piratenpartei Tunesien () wurde am 7. April 2012 gegründet. Der ehemalige Staatssekretär Slim Amamou ist das bekannteste Mitglied der Partei. Die Partei wurde im April 2013 Mitglied der Pirate Parties International.

Weblinks

 Website der Piratenpartei Tunesien

Einzelnachweise

Piratenpartei
Piratenpartei
Gegründet 2010

Tunesische Piratenpartei


හින්දු ආගමෙහි, අවතාරයක් { සංස්කෘත   "පහලවීම" යන්නෙන්) යනු, දේවතාවෙකු හෝ, අතිඋතුම් භාවයක් (නිද.,  විෂ්ණු භක්තිකයන් සඳහා විෂ්ණු දෙවි ) හෝ, මෙලොවට පහලවීම වන අතර, සමහරුන් එය "පුනර්භවයක්" ලෙසින් සැලකුවද, වඩාත් නිවරද ලෙසින් "දෘශ්‍යමාන වීම" හෝ "විද්‍යමාන වීම" යන යෙදුම් එය සඳහා භාවිතා කල හැක. සිංහල භාෂාවෙන් පොදු භාවිතයේ එන "භූත රූපය" හෝ "මායාව" යන අදහස මෙහිදී නොපැමිණිය යුතුය.

අවතාරය (හින්දු ආගම)


Die evangelische Kirche ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude in Bad Berleburg im Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte und Architektur
Die Vorgängerkirche stand am Goetheplatz, sie wurde von 1837 bis 1839 abgetragen. Die heutige Kirche steht an der Schlossstraße 18 von der Straße abgerückt und erhöht.

Die vierjochige Emporenbasilika im Rundbogenstil und mit Chor im 5/8-Schluss wurde von 1857 bis 1859 nach Plänen von Friedrich Wilhelm Buchholz, die auf Betreiben von König Friedrich Wilhelm IV. durch Friedrich August Stüler überarbeitet wurden, errichtet. Der Bruchsteinbau wurde aus hammerrechter Grauwacke gemauert und mit Werkstein gegliedert.

Die Eingangsvorbauten bestehen aus rotem Sandstein und Terrakotta. An der Chorpartie mit dem Turm befindet sich ein zweigeschossiger Anbau. Die Längsseiten sich durch am Obergaden gedoppelte Rundbogenfenster gegliedert. Die großen Seitenschifffenster wurden in einfachem Maßwerk gefertigt. In das flachgedeckte Langhaus wurde umlaufend eine Empore eingebaut. Die weiten Arkadenpfeiler und die architektonischen Gliederungen wurde aus rotem Sandstein hergestellt.

Im Anbau über der Sakristei befindet sich die Patronatsloge mit einer dreibogigen Öffnung zum gewölbten Chor. Darüber wurde ein Wappen der Familie Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg angebracht. Die Kanzel, das Gestühl und die Emporenbrüstungen stammen aus der Erbauungszeit der Kirche. Der Turm steht südseitig.

Orgel
Die Orgel wurde 1975 von dem Orgelbauer Dieter Noeske (Rotenburg an der Fulda) erbaut. Das Schleifladen-Instrument hat 28 Register auf zwei Manualen und Pedal. Drei Register stammen aus der Vorgängerorgel. Die Spieltrakturen sind mechanisch, die Registertrakturen sind elektrisch.

 Koppeln: II/I, I/P, II/P

Literatur
 Ursula Quednau (Bearb.): Dehio-Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Band II: Westfalen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / München 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2, S. 45.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bad Berleburg
Bad Berleburg
Erbaut in den 1850er Jahren
Baudenkmal in Bad Berleburg
Bad Berleburg, Ev. Stadtkirche
Bad Berleburg

Evangelische Kirche (Bad Berleburg)


Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosu veya yaygın ismiyle Birleşik Devletler Senatosu (), Temsilciler Meclisi ile birlikte Birleşik Devletler Kongresini oluşturan iki yasama organından biridir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 50 eyaletinin her birinden seçilen 2 (eşit sayıda) senatörden oluşan 100 üyesi bulunur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosunun üçte biri her 2 yılda bir yapılan seçimlerle yenilenir. Her senatörün bir sonraki seçime kadar olan görev süresi 6 yıldır.

Senatonun yapısı ve yetkileri, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Anayasasının bir maddesi ile belirlenmiştir. 1789'dan 1913'e kadar senatörler temsil ettikleri eyaletlerin yasama organları tarafından atandı; 1913'teki onyedinci değişikliğin onaylanmasının ardından, şimdi halk tarafından seçilmektedirler. Senato binası, Washington, D.C.'de, Kongre Binası'nın kuzey kanadında bulunur.

Senato üst meclis olarak, kendisine özgü birkaç tavsiye ve onay yetkisine sahiptir; bunlar arasında anlaşmaların onaylanması ve bakanların, eğer seçilmiş Başkan yardımcısı herhangi bir nedenle görevden ayrılırsa yerine atanan Başkan yardımcısının, Amerika Merkez Bankası Başkanının ve üyelerinin, yüksek mahkeme üyelerinin, federal hakimlerin, diğer federal yürütme görevlilerinin, tümamirallerin, düzenleyici görevlilerin, elçilerin ve diğer federal üniformalı görevlilerin atamasının onaylanması yer alıyor. Senato, daha uzun vadeli, daha küçük boyutta ve tarihsel olarak daha kolektif ve daha az partizan bir atmosfere yol açan eyalet çapındaki seçmenleri nedeniyle Temsilciler Meclisinden hem daha müzakere edici hem de daha prestijli bir kurum olarak kabul edilir.

Kaynakça

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosu


An Anthurium magnificum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Jules Linden. An Anthurium magnificum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Anthurium

Anthurium magnificum


James Jones may refer to:

Sports

Association football
James Jones (footballer, born 1873) (1873–1955), British Olympic footballer
James Jones (footballer, born 1996), Scottish footballer for Wrexham
James Jones (footballer, born 1997), Welsh footballer for Barrow

American football
James Jones (defensive lineman) (born 1969), defensive lineman for Cleveland Browns, Denver Broncos, Baltimore Ravens, Detroit Lions
James Jones (running back, born 1958), running back for the Dallas Cowboys
James Jones (running back, born 1961), running back for Detroit Lions and Seattle Seahawks
James Jones (wide receiver) (born 1984)
James "T" Jones (1931–2020), college football player, coach and athletic director

Basketball
James Jones (basketball, born 1964), American basketball coach
James Jones (basketball, born 1980), American basketball executive and former player in the NBA
Jimmy Jones (basketball) (born 1945), American former basketball player in the ABA and NBA

Cricket
James Jones (cricketer, born 1885) (1885–1953), cricketer for Somerset and Glamorgan in the 1920s
James Jones (cricketer, born 1870) (1870–1960), English cricketer

Other sports
James Phillips Jones (1883–1964), Welsh international rugby union utility player
James Jones (baseball) (born 1988), American baseball player
James Jones (sport shooter) (1871–1955), Canadian Olympic shooter
James Jones (rugby league) (fl. 1930), New Zealand rugby league player

Political figures

United States
James Jones (Georgia politician) (died 1801), congressman, namesake of Jones County, Georgia
James Jones (South Dakota politician) (1927–2014), South Dakota politician
James Jones (Virginia politician) (1772–1848), U.S. representative from Virginia
James A. Jones (1820–1894), Virginia State Senate, Constitutional Convention of 1850
James B. Jones (1886–1947), lieutenant governor of New Mexico
James C. Jones (1809–1859), governor of Tennessee
James F. Jones Jr. (born 1934), Pennsylvania politician
James G. Jones (general) (1934–2020), United States Air Force general
James G. Jones (politician) (1814–1872), American politician, lawyer, soldier, and judge in Indiana
James H. Jones (Texas politician) (1830–1904), U.S. Representative from Texas
James H. Jones (North Carolina politician) (died 1921), coachman and confidential courier for Jefferson Davis and later a local public official in North Carolina
James Herbert Jones (1920–2008), Arkansas State Auditor, Adjutant General of the Arkansas National Guard
James I. Jones (1786–1858), major general from New York
James K. Jones (1839–1908), chairman of the Democratic National Committee
James L. Jones (born 1943), former National Security Advisor and 32nd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
James L. Jones Sr. (1912–1986), officer in the United States Marine Corps
James McHall Jones (1823–1851), U.S. federal judge
James M. Jones (1862–1928), mayor of Kansas City, Missouri
James M. Jones, Jr., mayor of Birmingham, Alabama
James Parker Jones (born 1940), U.S. federal judge
James R. Jones (born 1939), congressman from Oklahoma and U.S. Ambassador to Mexico
James R. Jones (Virginia politician) American politician in the Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia Senate
James S. Jones, American politician in the Virginia House of Delegates
James T. Jones (1832–1895), U.S. representative from Alabama
James Wormley Jones (1884–1958), African-American policeman, World War I veteran, and FBI agent

Other countries
Idwal Jones (politician) (James Idwal Jones, 1900–1982), Welsh politician
Jim Jones (Canadian politician) (born 1943), Canadian politician
James William Jones (1869–1954), merchant, realtor and political figure in British Columbia, Canada

Religious figures
James F. Jones (minister) (1907–1971), African American religious leader and founder of the Church of Universal Triumph, Dominion of God, Inc.
Jim Jones (James Warren Jones, 1931–1978), cult leader of the Peoples Temple responsible for the collective suicide at Jonestown, Guyana
James Jones (bishop) (born 1948), former Anglican bishop of Liverpool
James Jones (priest, born 1881) (1881–1980), Church of England priest
James Jones (priest, born 1730) (1730–1823), archdeacon of Hereford
Kilsby Jones (James Rhys Jones, 1813–1889), Welsh minister, writer and lecturer

Arts and entertainment
James Jones (author) (1921–1977), American novelist
James Earl Jones (born 1931), American actor
James Cellan Jones (1931–2019), British television and film director
James Jones (documentary maker) (born 1982), British documentary film-maker
James T. Jones IV (died 1996), American music journalist
Middle Walter (1935–1986), American blues harmonica player, born James Jones
Jimmy Jones (singer) (1937–2012), American singer, born James Jones
T. James Jones (born 1934), Welsh poet and dramatist
James Ira Thomas Jones (1896–1960), British flying ace during the First World War

Other people
James Addison Jones (1869–1950), founder of J.A. Jones Construction
James Jones (civil servant) (1914–1995), Scottish civil servant
James F. Jones (educator) (born 1947), president of Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut
James Matthew Jones (born 1961), American global public health expert and consultant
James W. Jones (1809–1892), civil engineer in Adelaide, South Australia
James Jones (psychologist), American social psychologist
James McHenry Jones (1859–1909), American educator, school administrator, businessperson, and minister

Characters
Jimbo Jones, one of the main bullies in The Simpsons

See also
Jim Jones (disambiguation)
Jimmy Jones (disambiguation)
Jamie Jones (disambiguation)

James Jones


Preromantismul este un curent literar și artistic din secolul al XVIII-lea, anterior romantismului, care se caracterizează prin respingerea canoanelor clasicismului, prin adoptarea cultului sensibilității și al naturii, prin gustul pentru pitoresc și exotic etc.

Preromantismul este un curent de tranziție între iluminism și romantism. Se introduc în literatură motivul nopții, al ruinelor și cimitirelor, poezia ruralului și a naturii, comuniunea dintre stările sufletești și schimbările naturii.

Reprezentanți
 Edward Young
 Thomas Gray
 James Thomson
 Thomas Percy

Legături externe

 Preromantismul, creeaza.com

Curente literare
Literatura secolului al XVIII-lea
Romantism

Preromantism