Selefîlik veya Selefizm (Salafizm ve Selefiyecilik olarak da bilinir.  Selefiyye), temelleri çoğunlukla  İbn-i Teymiye ve öğrencisi İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye tarafından atılan bir İslâm inanç hareketidir. Günümüz Selefileri çoğunlukla, Vehhabîlik fikir akımının kurucusu Muhammed bin Abdülvehhâb'ın yazılarını ve görüşlerini rehber olarak kabul eder.

Selef, "önde olan" anlamına gelir ve geleneksel olarak İslâm Peygamberi, sahabeler ve onları görerek tâbî olanlardan (tâbiîn ve tebeut tâbiîn) oluşan gruba verilen isimdir. Bunların dinde hata üzerinde ittifak etmeyeceklerine inanılır ve kurtuluşun onların anlayış ve icraatlarını hiçbir yorum, ilave veya eksiltme yapmaksızın uygulamanın kurtuluşa götüreceği inancı hareketin temel ilkelerinden biridir.

İslâm tarihindeki en eski hareketlerden biri olan Selefî gelenek; Ehl-i Sünnet-i hassa, Ehl-i Hadîs, Ashabu'l Hadîs gibi isimlerle de anılmıştır. Selefîler, diğer Sünnî mezhepler tarafından etkilenmelerine rağmen kendilerini bir mezhebe bağlı saymazlar. Bununla birlikte Hanbelî uygulamalarını pratik sebeplerle tercih ederler.

Vahhâbî ve Selefîler, diğer itikad ve mezheplerin Müslümanlarını bid'at, küfr ve şirk ile itham etmektedirler (tekfircilik). Selefî hareket, günümüzde diğer İslâmî gruplar tarafından da terör olarak nitelendirilen yoğun ve silahlı cihat eylemleriyle adını duyurmuştur.

Terim
Selefiler, Muhammed'in "Benim ümmetimin en hayırlı nesli, benim neslim, onları takip edenler ve onları takip edenlerdir" şeklindeki hadisi üzerinde durmaktadırlar. Selefiler, bu hadisi Müslümanlara ilk üç neslin örneğini takip etmeleri çağrısı olarak görürler. Bu üç nesil, genel olarak "as-salaf as-salih" olarak bilinir. Selef, "Sâlih Öncüler" olarak da bilinen bir kavramdır ve Muhammed'in kendisini de içerdiğine inanılır.Bu nesiller, "Sahabeler", "Tabiun" (Takipçiler) ve "Tabiunun Tabiin" (Takipçilerin Takipçileri) olarak bilinir. Tarihsel olarak, "Selefi" terimi, klasik dönemde erken hareketin teolojik okulunu ifade etmek için isim ve sıfat olarak kullanılmıştır.

Tarihçe
Müslümanlar arasında mezheplerin kurulmuş olduğu 8. ve 9. asırların öncesinde yaşayan sahabe, tâbiîn ve tebeut tabiin gibi Müslümanlar "Selef-i Sâlihîn" kabul edilir ve doğru yolda olduklarına inanılırdı.

Selefçiliğin hadisçilerin temsil ettiği bir ekol olması, katı nakilci tavrı, dini anlayış ve problem çözümünde kıyas ve re'y gibi aklî metodlara itibar etmemesi ile farklılaşır. Hanbeliliğin de kurucusu olan İmam Ahmed bin Hanbel ile ilk devresini yaşayan Selefilik, Harranlı İbn-i Teymiyye ile ikinci aşamasını geçirdi.

Günümüzde de devam eden üçüncü kuşağın öncüsü, 18. yüzyılın başında doğmuş olan Muhammed bin Abdülvahhab'dır. Selefîlik, günümüzde çoğu kez Hanbelî ekolünden Muhammed bin Abdülvahhab'ın öğretilerini benimseyen ve İslâm coğrafyasında karşıtları tarafından yaygın şekilde Vahhâbîlik olarak tanımlanan inanç sistemine mensup kişileri tanımlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Bugün Selefîler'in en yoğun olduğu bölge Suudi Arabistan'dır.

İnsan biçimcilik / Selefîliğin inanç ve ilkeleri
İslâm'da Allah kızar-öfkelenir, "öç alma" yoluna gider, yatışır, düşünür, acır, bağışlar; "Efendi (Rabb) ve Melik'tir, evi ve "tahtı" vardır. Kıyamet'te "sekiz taşıyıcı" ile gelir. Cebbar, "sevecen "(Vedûd), öfkeli (Celîl), intikam alan, sabırlı olan gibi isimler taşır.

Geleneksel olarak bu ve benzeri ayetler tefsirciler tarafından müteşâbihat olarak nitelendirilirler. Ortodoks İslâm, Allah'ın "eli" gibi ifadeleri paranteze alarak "kudreti" olarak te'vil ederken Selefîlikte bu ve benzer ifadeler zâhirî boyutta ele alınır ve aklî bir yorum getirilmez. Selefîler, "Allah'ın bir eli olduğu âyette belirtilmiştir, buna göre Allah'ın bir eli vardır; fakat bu elin keyfiyetini bilemeyiz, bunu Allâh'a havâle ederiz" şeklinde ifadelerle konuyu kapatırlar.

Selefîlik, itikadî konularda akla yer vermez, sadece nakil (Kur'an-sünnet) ile hareket eder ve Kur'an'daki müteşâbih âyetleri olduğu gibi kabul ederek bu âyetlerde kastedilen anlamı insanların bilemeyeceğini, konunun anlamını Allah'a havâle ettiklerini belirtir.

Kur'an ve hadislerde gökyüzünde Arş'ta oturan, iki eli (Sâd 75), yüzü (Bakara 115; Rahmân 27), "gözleri" (Hûd 37, Mü'mimûn 27, Tûr 48, Tâhâ 39), karnı, bacağı gibi insanî sıfatlarla tanımlanan yaratıcı inancının teşbih-tenzih tartışmaları üzerinden kelamcılar tarafından sorgulandığı, bu kapsamda farklı görüş ve mezheplerin ortaya çıktığı görülür.

Selefîliğin teorisyeni kabul edilen İbni Teymiyye, "Allah arş kadardır, ne ondan büyük, ne de ondan küçüktür" ifadelerini kullanmıştır.

Selefîlik, bu tartışmalardan kendisini uzak tutmayı, amel ve cihat anlayışını önceleyen katı bir tutumu temsil etmektedir.

Selefîliğin yedi temel ilkesi bulunur. Bunlar takdis, tasdik, acz, sükût, imsak, kef ve mârifet ehline teslim olmaktır.
 Takdis: Allah'ın hiçbir kötü sıfatının olmadığı inancıdır.
 Takdir: Tüm güzel sıfatların Allah'a ait olduğu inancıdır.
 Acz: İnsanın Kur'an'ın kelamındaki sırlarının tümünü anlayamayacağını, buna gücünün yetmeyeceğini anlayıp aczini kabul etmesi gerektiği görüşüdür.
 Sükût: Kur'an'da anlamadığı, kafasına takılan yerleri konuşmaması, başkasına sorarak onun da kafasını karıştırmaması, hatta konusu açıldığında "Bu konuyu bilemeyiz" diyerek kapatması gerektiği görüşü.
 İmsak: Sükût ilkesine çok benzer. Anlaşılmayan bir konuyu insanın içinde tutması gerektiği görüşü.
 Kef: Sükût ve imsâkın çaresiz kalması durumunda devreye giren ilkedir. Kur'an'da anlaşılmayan konularda susmayı ve içinde tutmayı beceremediği durumda "kalben ve zihnen başka şeylerle meşgul" olması gerektiğini savunur ki kişi, başka şeyleri düşünerek "beladan kurtulabilsin".
 Mârifet ehline teslim olma: Selefîlik anlayışının kurucuları ve âlimlerinin söylediklerini yapmayı savunur.

İbnü'l Cevzî'nin kendi devrinde Âsârînin bâzı takipçilerine yönelttiği eleştiriler ışığı altında Selefîyye muattıla ile "temsîl" (mücessime ve müşebbihe itikatları) arasında bir konuma yerleştirilir. Selefîlik, akıl ve nakil konusunda mutlak nakle inanır ve aklı sahih nakle tâbî görür. İman esaslarıyla ilgili konularda Kur'an ve sünnetteki açıklamalarla yetinip bunları olduğu gibi kabul eder. Bu kabule müteşâbihler de dâhildir; tevil etmemenin yanı sıra Mücessimenin yaptığı tecsîm (antropomorfizm) yaklaşımında da bulunmazlar.

İman görüşü / tekfir

 Dinden çıkma: Dinî terminolojide "küfre girer" şeklinde ifade edilen eylemleri yapmaya irtidat, kişiye mürted denir. Fıkıhta farz veya sünnet olarak tanımlanan dinî emirleri reddeden, hafife alan, alay veya saygısızlık eden veya "elfâz-ı küfür" denilen sözleri konuşan kişilere mürted denilir. Cezası ölümdür.

Geleneksel İslâm fıkıhçıları, dinî emirleri terk eden kişilerin mürted kabul edilip edilmeyeceğini de tartışmışlar ve bu konuda belirli eğilimler ortaya koymuşlardır. Yaşanan tartışmalar yoğunlukla şeriata göre namaz, oruç veya zekâtın terki veya reddedilmesi gibi eylemlerin cezalandırılıp cezalandırılmayacağı ile ilgili değil, cezalandırılma veya öldürülmeleri sonrasında bu kişilerin cenazelerine yapılacak işlemlerle ilgilidir. Bu kişiler mürted kabul edildiklerinde cenaze namazları kılınmaz, Müslüman mezarlığına gömülemez, miras bıraktıkları devlet hazinesine kalır.

Büyük Selefî âlim ve muhaddislerin iman konusundaki görüşü genel olarak şöyledir:

İman; kalp ile tasdîk, dil ile ikrâr ve âzâlarla ameldir. Ehl-i sünnetin Âsârî-Hanbelî i'tikadında olan ve temelleri Muhammed bin Abd ul-Vahhab ile onun yirminci yüzyıldaki en önemli takipçisi Muhammad Nâsır ud-Dîn el-Albanî tarafından atılan Vahhâbîlikte namaz vakitlerine karşı aşırı hassasiyet gösterilir, namazlarını vaktin girmesiyle birlikte hiç zaman kaybetmeden kılmaları beklenir.

Selefîliğe göre amel, imanın bir parçası olduğu için ameli (namaz, oruç, zekat v.s.) terkeden mürted olarak değerlendirilir ve kişiler cezaen öldürüldüğünde diğer mezheplerden farklı olarak cenaze namazları kılınmaz, Müslüman mezarlığına gömülemez ve malları müsadere edilir.

Hanefîler, ameli imanın bir parçası olarak kabul etmediklerinden namaz, oruç gibi İslâm'ın uygulanmasına dair ihmal veya redd içeren eylemlerde kişinin kanatılıncaya kadar dövülmesi veya ölünceye kadar hapsedilmesini de içeren tâzir cezaları ile cezalandırılmasını öngörür, öldüklerinde cenazelerine Müslüman cenazesi muamelesi yaparlar.

Şâfiî ve Mâlikî mezheplerine göre namazı terk etmenin ceza miktarı ve şekli Kur'an ve sünnetle belirlenen suçlardandır ve terk eden "had" uygulanarak öldürülür. Ancak cenazelerine Müslüman cenazesi muamelesi yapılır, miras bıraktıysa mirasçılarına paylaştırılır.

Hanbelî mezhebinde ise namazı terk eden ve bunda ısrarcı olan kişiler mürted kabul edilerek mürtedlere kılıçla öldürme şeklinde uygulanan "had cezası" tatbik edilir, cenaze namazı kılınmaz ve ceset Müslüman mezarlığına gömülmez.

Eleştiri

Müslüman eleştirisi
Taqlid'i (taklid'i) reddetme yaklaşımı nedeniyle Salafiyye ekolü, Eşari ve Maturidi ekollerinin bazı ulemaları tarafından sapkın olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu ulema, kendilerini Sünni İslam'ın otoritesi olarak görmekte ve Fıkıh (İslam hukuku) konusunda dört mezhebe taqlid'in (taklid'in) vacip (zorunlu) olduğuna inanmaktadır. Bazı Sünni alimler, Selafi'lere, 'Akide'de görünmeyen bazı taksim ve tesbih formlarına düştükleri suçlamasında bulunur. Bu alimler, bu durumun ortodoks Sünni doktrinlerden sapma olduğunu düşünürken, bu sapmanın onları İslam'ın kapsamından çıkarmadığını açıklarlar.

Kahire'deki El-Ezher Üniversitesi'nin bazı alimleri, Selefi hareketinin çeşitli görüşlerini çürütmek amacıyla dini görüşlerin yer aldığı bir eser olan "El-Radd"ı (Cevap) kaleme aldılar. Al-Radd, birçok selefi sapkınlığını belirleyerek eleştirir:

 Küçük abdest sırasında Allah'ın adını okumanın yasak olduğu iddiası [Fatwa 50];
 Erkek ve kadınların Cuma günü büyük abdest almasının zorunlu olduğu iddiası [Fatwa 63];
 Avlanma dışındaki nedenlerle köpek sahibi olmanın yasak olduğu iddiası [Fatwa 134];
 Parfümlerde alkol kullanmanın yasak olduğu iddiası [Fatwa 85].

Anas Abu Shady, Hukuk Profesörü ve al-Radd'ın yazarlarından biri olarak, "Onlar [selefi gruplar], herkesin her şeyi olmak istiyorlar. Sadece açık olanla (al-zahir) ilgilenmiyorlar, çoğu hukukları Muhalla'ya [Ẓāhirī alimi İbn Hazm'ın eseri] dayanmasına rağmen, aynı zamanda sadece kendilerinin gizli olanı (al-batin) anladığına inanıyorlar!" şeklinde belirtmektedir.

Selefiliğin Sünni eleştirmenleri, Selefileri, Ahmed bin Hanbel'in ve diğer dört Sünni hukuk okulunun kurucusu olan diğer isimlerin gerçek öğretilerini değiştirmekle suçlamaktadır. Suriyeli Eşari alim Muhammed Said Ramazan El-Buti, Selefiliği çürütmek için bir dizi eser kaleme almıştır. Bunlar arasında en önemlileri "El-La Madhhabiyya" (Mezhepleri Terk etmek) isimli eseridir. Bu eser, İslam Şeriatı'na tehdit oluşturan en tehlikeli Bid'ah'ın (yenilik) olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Ayrıca "El-Salafiyya, bir düşünce ekolü değil, mübarek bir dönemdi" (Şam: Dar al-Fikr, 1990) adlı eseri de bulunmaktadır. Bu eser, 20. yüzyılda Salafizm'e yönelik en yaygın çürütme çalışmalarından biridir.

Çağdaşcılar arasında UCLA Hukuk Fakültesi'nden Khaled Abou El Fadl ve Sufi alimlerden Cambridge Üniversitesi'nden Timothy Winter ve G.F. Haddad gibi isimler tarafından İngilizce dilinde Salafizme yönelik birçok akademik eleştiri yapılmıştır. El Fadl'e göre, El-Kaide gibi aşırılıkçı gruplar, "Vahhabi ve Selefi inançların hoşgörüsüz Puritanizminden teolojik temellerini almaktadır". Ayrıca, Vahhabilik ve Selefilik akımlarının marjinal unsurlarında ortaya çıkan aşırı hoşgörüsüzlük ve hatta terörizmi destekleme, Müslüman tarihi geleneğinden sapma olarak değerlendirilmektedir. El-Fadl ayrıca, Selefi metodolojinin 1960'larda "boğucu savunmacılığa" kaydığını, İslam'ı modernlikle uyumlu hale getirme "endişesiyle" işaretlenmiş olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Bu savunmacı çabalar, İslami gelenekleri Batılılaşma saldırısından savunmayı amaçlamaktaydı; aynı zamanda İslam'ın üstünlüğünü ve modernlikle uyumluluğunu korumaya çalışmaktaydı. Ancak El Fadl'e göre, bu tür çabalar giderek politik fırsatçılık ve İslami geleneklerle eleştirel bir etkileşime isteksizlik tarafından lekelenmekteydi.

Suudi hükümeti, The Independent tarafından, Arap Yarımadası'ndaki erken İslam miras alanlarının yok edilmesindeki rolü nedeniyle eleştirilmiştir. Mekke ve Medine'deki son genişleme projeleri, "gökdelenler, alışveriş merkezleri ve lüks oteller" için yer açmak amacıyla tarihi öneme sahip İslam miras alanlarının yok edilmesiyle tartışmalara neden olmuştur. Suudi hükümetinin eylemleri, Müslüman dünyasında tartışmalara yol açmış ve Selefiler, Sufiler, Şiiler gibi tüm mezheplere mensup İslami aktivistler Suudi hükümetinin eylemlerini kınamışlardır.

Amerikalı İslam alimi ve eski Salafi Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi, Salafi hareketin selefi karşıtı Müslümanlara karşı düşmanlık olarak algıladığı ve entelektüel bir yaklaşım eksikliği olduğunu eleştirmiştir. Kendisinin, Salaf nesillerini takip etmenin İslam inancının "temel bir parçası" olduğuna inanmasına rağmen, Salafizm'in metodolojik yaklaşımına katılmadığını belirtmiştir.

Objektif bakış
Selefilik, Batı akademisinde bazı kesimlerde kelamcı, katı ve puritan bir İslam yaklaşımı ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bazı Batılı gözlemciler ve analistler, hareketi Selefi cihatçılıkla eşitleme eğilimindedir. Bu karışık ideoloji, İslam'ın meşru bir ifadesi olarak, Selefilere de dahil ettiği İslam'ın düşmanı olarak gördüğü kişilere karşı şiddetli saldırıları benimser.

Alman hükümet yetkilileri, Selefizmi terörle güçlü bir bağlantısı olduğu gerekçesiyle suçlamış, ancak daha sonra tüm Salafilerin terörist olmadığını açıklamışlardır. Alman hükümet yetkililerinin Salafizmi eleştiren açıklamaları, Deutsche Welle tarafından Nisan 2012'de televizyonda yayınlanmıştır. Alman siyaset bilimci Thorsten Gerald Schneiders'e göre, Salafi hareketin İslami değerleri yeniden tesis etme ve İslam kültürünü savunma iddialarına rağmen, hareketin bazı üyeleri İslami geleneklerle uyuşmayan bir şekilde yorumlamakta ve şiir, edebiyat, şarkı söyleme, felsefe vb. gibi bazı Müslüman kültür unsurlarını şeytanın eseri olarak görmektedir. Fransız siyaset bilimci Olivier Roy'a göre, Batı'daki çoğu üçüncü nesil Müslüman göçmenler Salafizmi benimsemekte ve bazıları aile mirasından koparak diğer dönme Müslümanlarla evlenmekte, ebeveynlerinin seçtiği memleketinden gelmeyen bir gelinle evlenmektedir. Marc Sageman'a göre, Salafi hareketin bazı bölümleri, El-Kaide gibi dünya genelindeki bazı terör örgütleriyle bağlantılıdır.

Ancak, diğer analistlere göre, Salafilerin doğası gereği siyasi olmaları söz konusu değildir. Salafiler, çevrelerine ve ait oldukları genel nüfusa bağlı olarak devletle çeşitli ilişkiler sergileyebilirler. Onlar, monolitik bir grup olarak şiddete eğilimli bir tutum sergilemezler. Siyasi katılım veya silahlı isyanlara dahil olan Salafiler, daha geniş bir siyasi projeler şemsiyesi altında bunu gerçekleştirirler. Roel Meijer'e göre, Batı'nın Salafizmi şiddetle ilişkilendirmesi, 2000'li yılların başında yapılan güvenlik çalışmaları prizmasından yazılardan ve kolonyal dönemde İslami dirilişçileri şiddetle eşitleyen popüler Oryantalist tasvirlerden kaynaklanmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İlm-i Kelâm
 İslâm ilâhiyatı
 İslâm felsefesi
 İslâm tarihi
 İtikadî mezhepler
 Vahhâbîlik

Kaynakça

İslam dini itikad mezhepleri
19. yüzyılda İslam
Radikal İslam
Tasavvuf karşıtlığı

Selefilik


The Virginia class of pre-dreadnought battleships were built for the United States Navy in the early 1900s. The class comprised five ships: , , , , and . The ships carried a mixed-caliber offensive battery of four  and eight  guns; these were mounted in an uncommon arrangement, with four of the 8-inch guns placed atop the 12-inch turrets. The arrangement proved to be a failure, as the 8-inch guns could not be fired independently of the 12-inch guns without interfering with them. Additionally, by the time the Virginias entered service, the first "all-big-gun" battleships—including the British —were nearing completion, which would render mixed battery ships like the Virginia class obsolete.

Nevertheless, the ships had active careers. All five ships took part in the cruise of the Great White Fleet in 1907–1909. From 1909 onward, they served as the workhorses of the US Atlantic Fleet, conducting training exercises and showing the flag in Europe and Central America. As unrest broke out in several Central American countries in the 1910s, the ships became involved in police actions in the region. The most significant was the American intervention in the Mexican Revolution during the occupation of Veracruz in April 1914.

During the American participation in World War I, the Virginia-class ships were used to train sailors for an expanding wartime fleet. In September 1918, they began to escort convoys to Europe, though Germany surrendered two months later, ending the conflict. After the war, they were used to bring American soldiers back from France and later as training ships. The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which mandated major reductions in naval weapons, cut the ships' careers short. Virginia and New Jersey were sunk in bombing tests in 1923, and the other three ships were broken up for scrap later that year.

Design
The United States' victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898 had a dramatic impact on battleship design, as the question of the role of the fleet—namely, whether it should be focused on coastal defense or high seas operations—had been solved. The fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations overseas showed the necessity of a powerful fleet of battleships. As a result, the US Congress was willing to authorize much larger ships; the Virginias, three of which were authorized on 3 March 1899, were the first of these new ships. Two more were authorized on 7 June 1900, with the displacement for all five ships proposed at , a significant increase over previous designs. Initial design work, which began with a memorandum issued on 12 July 1898, called for a battleship based on the , to be armed with four 12-inch guns, sixteen  guns, and ten  guns, protected with a 12 in belt of Krupp armor, and capable of steaming at .

Arguments over the projected displacement and armament prevented further work until October 1899. Captain Charles O'Neill argued for a mixed battery of 12 in and  guns with superposed turrets, while Phillip Hichborn, the chief constructor at the Bureau of Construction and Repair, preferred a  design armed uniformly with  guns instead of the mixed battery. The decision was made to adopt the mixed battery, since the 8 in gun could penetrate the medium armor on foreign battleships that protected their secondary batteries. Captain Royal Bradford, the chief of the Bureau of Equipment, suggested that 18.5 knots would be sufficient, though O'Neill demanded ; a compromise was found by requiring a minimum of . These compromises produced two variants: "A", which arranged the 8 in guns in four twin turrets amidships as with the , and "B", which placed two of the four turrets atop the 12 in turrets, as on the . The "A" design included sixteen 6 in guns in casemates, while "B" had only twelve.

The Board on Construction initially favored "A", though one officer on the board rejected the design so strongly that the Secretary of the Navy ordered a second, larger board to be formed to examine the two designs. Eight line officers were added to the board; this group favored the superposed turrets of "B". One of the members, Rear Admiral Albert Barker, suggested to build the first three ships to "A" and the last two to "B". The board initially approved the idea, but the chief of the Bureau of Ordnance rejected it in favor of uniformity of design. The Secretary of the Navy convened a third board to settle the matter, and ten of the twelve members voted for "B". The finalized design was approved on 5 February 1901.

The superposed turrets ultimately proved to be very problematic; the arrangement had been conceived initially to save weight and allow the much faster firing 8 in guns to shoot during the long reload time necessary for large caliber guns. By the time the Virginias entered service, smokeless propellant and rapid firing, large caliber guns had reduced the time between shots from 180 seconds to 20. The 8 in guns could no longer fire at their maximum rate without interfering with the 12 in guns, since the concussion and hot gasses would disrupt the crew below. In addition, the British —the first "all-big-gun" battleship to enter service—commissioned in late 1906 shortly after the Virginias and rendered them obsolescent at a single stroke.

General characteristics and machinery

The ships of the Virginia class were  long at the waterline and  long overall. They had a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  as designed and up to  at full load. The ships had a high metacentric height, which made them unstable even in moderate seas. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. As built, the ships were fitted with a pair of heavy military masts with fighting tops, but they were replaced by cage masts in 1909. They had a crew of 40 officers and 772 enlisted men.

The ship was powered by two-shaft triple-expansion steam engines rated at . Steam was provided by coal-fired water-tube boilers; in Virginia and Georgia, they were equipped with twenty-four Niclausse boilers, while the other three ships received twelve Babcock & Wilcox boilers. These were trunked into three funnels amidships. The engines generated a top speed of . By 1919, Virginia and Georgia had their Niclausse boilers replaced with twelve Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The ships carried  of coal, which allowed them to steam for a designed cruising radius of  at a speed of . In service, they could actually steam for . The ships were equipped with electricity generators with a combined output of .

Armament

The ships were armed with a main battery of four 12-inch/40 caliber guns in two twin gun turrets on the centerline, one forward and aft. The guns fired a  shell at a muzzle velocity of . The turrets were Mark V mounts, which allowed for reloading at all angles of elevation. These mounts could elevate to 20 degrees and depress to −7 degrees. Each gun was supplied with sixty shells.

The secondary battery consisted of eight 8-inch/45 caliber Mark 6 guns and twelve 6-inch/50 caliber Mark 6 guns. The 8-inch guns were mounted in four twin turrets; two of these were superposed atop the main battery turrets, with the other two turrets abreast the forward funnel. The 8-inch guns were the Mark VI type, and they fired  shells at a muzzle velocity of . They were supplied with 125 shells per gun. The 6-inch guns were placed in casemates in the hull. The 6-inch Mark VI guns fired a  shell at .

For close-range defense against torpedo boats, they carried twelve 3-inch/50 caliber guns mounted in casemates along the side of the hull and twelve 3-pounder guns. As was standard for capital ships of the period, the Virginia class carried four 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, submerged in her hull on the broadside. They were initially equipped with the Mark I Bliss-Leavitt design, but these were quickly replaced with Mark II, designed in 1905. The Mark II carried a  warhead and had a range of  at a speed of .

Armor

Virginias main armored belt was  thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces and  elsewhere. It extended  above the waterline and  below. The main battery gun turrets (and the secondary turrets on top of them) had  thick faces and  thick roofs. For the main battery turrets, their sides were 8 in thick, while the superposed turrets had reduced protection on their sides, at 6 in of armor plating. The supporting barbettes had the  of armor plating. The two waist turrets had  thick faces, 6 in thick sides, and 2 in thick roofs. Six inch thick armor plating protected the casemate guns. The conning tower had  thick sides and a 2 in thick roof. The ships' decks ranged in thickness from  and they were sloped on the sides to connect with the lower edge of the main belt.

Construction

Service history

All five ships of the class served with the Atlantic Fleet for the majority of their careers. In 1907, Virginia, Georgia, and New Jersey took part in the Jamestown Exposition to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown colony. The five ships took part in the cruise of the Great White Fleet in 1907–09, though Nebraska, which had been built on the west coast of the United States, joined the fleet after it had reached California in 1908. The fleet left Hampton Roads on 16 December 1907 and steamed south, around South America and back north to the US west coast. The ships then crossed the Pacific and stopped in Australia, the Philippines, and Japan before continuing on through the Indian Ocean. They transited the Suez Canal and toured the Mediterranean before crossing the Atlantic, arriving bank in Hampton Roads on 22 February 1909 for a naval review with President Theodore Roosevelt.

The ships then began a peacetime training routine off the east coast of the United States and the Caribbean, including gunnery training off the Virginia Capes, training cruises in the Atlantic, and winter exercises in Cuban waters. In late 1909, Virginia, Georgia, and Rhode Island visited French and British ports. Throughout their careers, political unrest in several Central American countries prompted the United States to send the ships to protect American interests in the region. New Jersey was sent to Cuba to assist the Cuban Pacification in support of the government of President Tomás Estrada Palma. All five ships became involved in the Mexican Revolution as the United States intervened to protect its nationals living in the country, culminating in the occupation of Veracruz in April 1914. New Jersey was also sent to protect American interests in Haiti and the Dominican unrest in 1914.

In July 1914, World War I broke out in Europe; the United States remained neutral for the first three years of the war. Tensions with Germany came to a head in early 1917 following the German unrestricted submarine warfare campaign, which sank several American merchant ships in European waters. On 6 April 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. The Virginia-class ships initially were used for training gunners and engine room personnel that would be necessary for the rapidly expanding wartime fleet. Starting in September 1918, the ships began to be used as escorts for convoys bringing soldiers to France, though this duty was cut short by the Armistice with Germany signed in November. With the war over, the Virginias were used to ferry American soldiers back from France through mid-1919.

The ships—thoroughly obsolete by this time—were briefly retained in the post-war period before being decommissioned. Nebraska, Georgia, and Rhode Island were transferred to the Pacific Fleet, with the latter serving as the flagship of the 1st Squadron, though they were all out of service by 1920. Under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, signed in 1922, they were to be discarded as part of the naval armament limitation program. Virginia and New Jersey were sunk as target ships off Cape Hatteras by Army bombers under the supervision of Billy Mitchell in September 1923. The other three ships were sold to ship breakers in November that year.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

Battleship classes

World War I battleships of the United States

Virginia-class battleship


Dietach heißen folgende geographischen Objekte:

 Dietach, Gemeinde im Bezirk Steyr-Land, Oberösterreich
 Dietach (Gemeinden Schleißheim, Weißkirchen), Ortschaft von Schleißheim und Ortslage von Weißkirchen an der Traun, Bezirk Wels-Land, Oberösterreich

Dietach (Begriffsklärung)


Veľké Chyndice este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Nitra din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 314 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Veľké Chyndice este atestată documentar din 1234.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Veľké Chyndice


Aiora, monotipski rod kromista u redu Peridiniales. Jedini predstavnik je fosilna vrsta A. perforare

Izvori

Harosa

Aiora


Henri Queffélec (n. 29 ianuarie 1910, Brest, Franța – d. 12 ianuarie 1992, Paris, Franța) a fost un scriitor și scenarist francez. Queffélec este considerat a fi cel mai mare romancier maritim de limba franceză al secolului al XX-lea, fiind autorul a mai mult de 80 de cărți, cele mai multe inspirate de Bretania natală și de mare.

Biografie
A studiat la școala Louis-le-Grand (Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris), apoi la École normale supérieure (Rue d'Ulm, Paris).

A primit Marele Premiu pentru Romanul acordat de Academia Franceză în 1958 pentru Un royaume sous la mer. A primit Marele Premiu pentru Literatură acordat de Academia Franceză în 1975  pentru întreaga sa carieră.  A fost decorat cu Ordre de l'Hermine în 1988.

Este tatăl scriitorului  Yann Queffélec, al pianistei Anne Queffélec și al profesorului de matematica la Universitatea din Lille Hervé Queffélec.

Lucrări

Traduceri în limba română

 Furtună la Douarnenez (Tempête sur Douarnenez), Editura Univers, 1982
 La Boudeuse sau ocolul lumii făcut de Bougainville (La Boudeuse, ou le tour du monde de Bougainville), Editura Eminescu, Colecția Clepsidra, București 1990. Traducător: Elsa Grozea și Lucian Dumitrescu (versurile)
O lumină se aprinde pe mare (Un feu s'allume sur la mer), Editura Eminescu
Marea plecare, Editura Eminescu, Colecția Clepsidra, București

Scenarii
 1950 : Dieu a besoin des hommes (Un recteur de l'Île de Sein) regizat de Jean Delannoy
 1968 : Provinces (emisiunea Trois jours à terre de Henri Queffélec), regizat de Robert Mazoyer
 1972 : François Malgorn, séminariste ou celui qui n'était pas appelé regizat de Yves-André Hubert

Referințe și note

Legături externe
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0703108/
 Henri Queffélec et les îles bretonnes
 Henri Queffélec

Vezi și
 Listă de scriitori francezi
 Listă de scenariști francezi

Nașteri în 1910
Decese în 1992
Scriitori francezi
Scenariști francezi
Literatură maritimă

Henri Queffélec


Prva hrvatska rukometna liga za žene za sezonu 2017./18. je dvadeset i sedma sezona prvog ranga hrvatskog rukometnog prvenstva za žene od neovisnosti. Prvenstvo je četvrti put zaredom i 24. ukupno osvojila Podravka Vegeta iz Koprivnice.

Sustav natjecanja
U ligi sudjeluje četrnaest klubova koji odigravaju dvokružnu ligu.

Sudionici

 Bjelovar, Bjelovar
 Dugo Selo 55, Dugo Selo
 Ivanić, Ivanić-Grad
 Koka, Varaždin
 Lokomotiva, Zagreb
 Petason Vranjic, Vranjic, Solin
 Pitomača, Pitomača
 Podravka Vegeta, Koprivnica
 Sesvete - Agroproteinka, Sesvete, Zagreb
 Split 2010, Split
 Trešnjevka, Zagreb
 Umag, Umag
 Zamet, Rijeka
 Zrinski, Čakovec

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Poveznice
 Hrvatski rukometni savez
 hrs.hr, 1. HRL za žene
 2. HRL 2017./18.
 3. HRL 2017./18.
 Hrvatski kup 2017./18.

Izvori
 hrs.hr, 1. HRL za žene, pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2018.
 furkisport.hr/hrs, 1. HRL Ž - sezona 2017./18., pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2018.
 hr-rukomet.hr, 1. HRL Ž - sezona 2017./18., pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2018.
 sportilus.com, 1. hrvatska rukometna liga za žene 2017/2018 2017/18 (1. HRL žene), pristupljeno 13. lipnja 2018.

2017-18
ž-1

1. HRL za žene 2017./18.


Standard Chartered plc is a British multinational bank with operations in consumer, corporate and institutional banking, and treasury services. Despite being headquartered in the United Kingdom, it does not conduct retail banking in the UK, and around 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

Standard Chartered has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has secondary listings on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, and OTC Markets Group Pink. Its largest shareholder is the Government of Singapore-owned Temasek Holdings. The Financial Stability Board considers it a systemically important bank.

José Viñals is the group chairman of Standard Chartered. Bill Winters is the current group chief executive.

Name
The name Standard Chartered comes from the names of the two banks that merged in 1969 to create it: The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and Standard Bank of British South Africa.

History

Predecessors

Chartered Bank

The Chartered Bank began when Queen Victoria granted a royal charter to Scotsman James Wilson in 1853. Chartered opened its first branches in Bombay, Calcutta, and Shanghai in 1858; branches in Hong Kong and Singapore followed in 1859. The bank started issuing banknotes denominated in Hong Kong dollars in 1862.

Standard Bank

The Standard Bank was a British bank founded in the Cape Province of South Africa in 1862 by Scot, John Paterson. Having established a considerable number of branches Standard was prominent in financing the development of the diamond fields of Kimberley from 1867 and later extended its network further north to the new town of Johannesburg when gold was discovered there in 1885. Half the output of the second largest gold field in the world passed through the Standard Bank on its way to London. Standard expanded widely in Africa over the years, but from 1883 to 1962 was formally known as the Standard Bank of South Africa. In 1962 the bank changed its name to Standard Bank Limited, and the South African operations became a separate subsidiary that took the parent bank's previous name, Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd.

1969 to 2000

Both banks acquired other smaller banks along the way and spread their networks further. In 1969, the banks decided to merge and to counterbalance their network by expanding in Europe and the United States, while continuing expansion in their traditional markets in Asia and Africa.

In 1986, Lloyds made a hostile takeover bid for the Group. The bid was defeated; however, it spurred Standard Chartered into a period of change, including a series of divestments notably in the US and South Africa. It sold Union Bank to Bank of Tokyo and United Bank of Arizona to Citicorp.

In 1986, a business consortium purchased a 35% stake to fend off Lloyds. A member of this consortium was Singaporean property tycoon Khoo Teck Puat, who purchased 5% of the bank's shares, which he later increased to 13.4%.

In 1987, Standard Chartered sold its remaining interests in the South African bank; since then the Standard Bank Group has been a separate entity.

In 1992, scandal broke when banking regulators charged several employees of Standard Chartered in Mumbai with illegally diverting depositors' funds to speculate in the stock market. Fines by Indian regulators and provisions for losses cost the bank almost £350 million, at that time fully a third of its capital.

In 1994, London's Sunday Times reported that an executive in the bank's metals division had bribed officials in Malaysia and the Philippines to win business. The bank, in a statement on 18 July 1994, acknowledged that there were "discrepancies in expense claims [that] ... included gifts to individuals in certain countries to facilitate business, a practice contrary to bank rules".

In 1994, the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission found Standard Chartered's Asian investment bank to have illegally helped to artificially support the price of new shares they had underwritten for six companies from July 1991 to March 1993. The bank admitted the offence, apologized, and reorganized its brokerage units. The commission banned the bank from underwriting IPOs in Hong Kong for nine months.

In 1997, Standard Chartered sold Mocatta Bullion and Base Metals, its metals division, to Toronto-based Scotiabank for US$26 million.

Standard Chartered's Asian investment banking operations never recovered. In 2000, the bank closed them down.

2000 to 2010

In 2000, Standard Chartered acquired Grindlays Bank from ANZ, increasing its presence in private banking and further expanding its operations in India and Pakistan. Standard Chartered retained Grindlays' private banking operations in London and Luxembourg, as well as the subsidiary in Jersey, all of which were integrated into its own private bank. This now serves high-net-worth customers in Hong Kong, Dubai, and Johannesburg under the name Standard Chartered Grindlays Offshore Financial Services.

Leading to the incorporation of Standard Chartered (Hong Kong) on 1 July 2004, the Legislative Council of Hong Kong amended Legal Tender Notes Issue Ordinance. The amendment replaced Standard Chartered Bank with its newly incorporated subsidiary - Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Ltd - as one of the note-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The same year, Standard Chartered Bank and Astra International (an Indonesian conglomerate, a subsidiary of Jardine Matheson) took over PermataBank and in 2006, both shareholders increased their joint ownership to 89.01%. With 276 branches and 549 ATMs in 55 cities throughout Indonesia, PermataBank has the second largest branch network in Standard Chartered organization.

On 15 April 2005, the bank acquired Korea First Bank, beating HSBC in the bid. The bank has since rebranded the branches as SC First Bank. Standard Chartered completed the integration of its Bangkok branch and Standard Chartered Nakornthon Bank in October, renaming the new entity Standard Chartered Bank (Thailand). Standard Chartered also formed strategic alliances with Fleming Family & Partners to expand private wealth management in Asia and the Middle East, and acquired stakes in ACB in Vietnam, Travelex, American Express Bank (Bangladesh), and Bohai Bank (China). The largest shareholder, billionaire Khoo Teck Puat, died in 2004; and two years later, on 28 March 2006, the Singapore state-owned private investment firm, Temasek, became the bank's largest shareholder when it bought the 11.55% stake held by Khoo Teck Puat's estate.

On 9 August 2006, Standard Chartered announced it had acquired an 81% shareholding in the Union Bank of Pakistan in a deal ultimately worth $511 million. This deal represented the first acquisition by a foreign firm of a Pakistani bank. The merged bank, Standard Chartered Bank (Pakistan), is now Pakistan's sixth largest bank.

On 22 October 2006, Standard Chartered announced that it had received tenders for more than 51% of the issued share capital of Hsinchu International Bank ("Hsinchu"), established in 1948 in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

In 2007, Standard Chartered opened its Private Banking global headquarters in Singapore.

On 23 August 2007, Standard Chartered entered into an agreement to buy a 49% share of an Indian brokerage firm (UTI Securities) for $36 million in cash from Securities Trading Corporation of India Ltd., with the option to raise its stake to 75% in 2008, and, if both partners were in agreement, to 100% by 2010.

On 29 February 2008, Standard Chartered PLC announced it had received all the required approvals leading to the completion of its acquisition of American Express Bank Ltd (AEB) from the American Express Company (AXP). The total cash consideration for the acquisition is US$823 million.

On 13 November 2008, Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited, entered into an agreement with JPMorgan Cazenove to acquire 100% of Cazenove Asia Limited, an Asian equity capital markets, corporate finance, and institutional brokerage business.

On 27 November 2009, Dow Jones Financial News reported that Dubai will restructure its largest corporate entity. Among international banks, Standard Chartered has one of the largest loan portfolios in the Dubai market and the UAE as a whole, estimated to be $7.77 billion in total. This amounts to 4.2% of Standard Chartered's total loans outstanding. Other impacted banks included HSBC, Barclays, and RBS. The bank stated that any impairment arising from this exposure would not be material.

2010 to present

Standard Chartered announced an agreement on 27 April 2010 to buy the African custody business from Barclays PLC. On 13 May 2010, Standard Chartered PLC launched the first-ever Indian Depository Receipt "IDR" offer.

On 17 June 2010, Standard Chartered Bank and the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) entered into a strategic alliance meant to strengthened their strategic partnership and identify joint business opportunities. Joint business and cooperation task forces were set up in October that year to define the direction of the partnership and explore joint ventures. The committee was to be co-chaired by Peter Sands, CEO of Standard Chartered, and Zhang Yun, President of ABC.

In December 2010, Standard Chartered was recognised as the Global Bank of the Year in The Bankers Bank of the Year 2010 awards. Standard Chartered also was named The Banker's inaugural winners of the Global and European Transaction Bank of the Year awards in September 2014, largely "on the basis of its work in emerging markets, particularly Asia".

In January 2015, the company announced that it was exiting the money-losing "equity capital markets business completely", "becoming one of the first global banks" to do so. In November that year, the bank announced that it would cut 15,000 jobs, including one thousand senior jobs, "from managing director up to board executives". The cuts followed a change of CEO after profit warnings and money laundering fines in the first half of the year.

In 2016, Standard Chartered announced that it would stop providing loans to the midstream segment of the diamonds and jewellery industries. The announcement was the result of a review of the bank's involvement in risky business sectors. In 2017, the bank was reported to have lost $400 million on risky diamond debt on a portfolio of loans that was once worth $3 billion. Owing to defaults of jewellery and diamond companies from 2013 onwards, Standard Chartered is currently estimated to have $1.7 billion of diamond debt still to be repaid.

The company received criticism in April 2017 from the Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS). The investor advisory firm told shareholders it was concerned that targets set for the top bosses in the bank's long-term incentive plan (LTIP) were not demanding enough. Bill Winters, the chief executive, stands to net share awards with a face value of as much as £4.4m from the scheme, while Andy Halford, the chief financial officer, could receive £2.7m.

Money-laundering charges
On 6 August 2012, the New York Department of Financial Services (DFS), led by Benjamin Lawsky, accused Standard Chartered of hiding $250 billion in transactions involving Iran, labelling it a "rogue institution". The bank was ordered to appear and defend its actions, or risk losing its license to operate in the state of New York. The DFS said it had documents showing a cover up of transactions allegedly used to fund terrorist groups in the Middle East.

On 14 August 2012, Lawsky announced that the DFS and Standard Chartered reached a settlement that allows the bank to keep its licence to operate in New York. According to the terms of the settlement, the bank agreed to pay a $340 million fine.

The bank agreed to install a monitor to oversee the bank's money laundering controls for at least two years, and appoint "permanent officials who will audit the bank's internal procedures to prevent offshore money laundering". The monitor will report directly to the DFS. Lawsky's statement said "the parties have agreed that the conduct at issue involved transactions of at least $250bn." The bank issued a statement confirming that a settlement with the DFS had been reached and that "a formal agreement containing the detailed terms of the settlement is expected to be concluded shortly".

Other US agencies—including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Treasury Department, and the Justice Department—had also begun investigations into the laundering allegations and were reportedly taken off guard by the speed of the settlement.

The Treasury stated that its own investigation of Standard Chartered will continue. Several financial analysts predicted that, due to its strong financial position, the bank would be able to easily cover the $900 million fine without having to raise extra capital.

On 6 August 2014, Lawsky was reported to be preparing a new action against Standard Chartered over computer system breakdowns and was "discussing a potential settlement".

On 19 August 2014, the bank was fined $300 million by the New York Department of Financial Services for breach of money-laundering compliance related to potentially high-risk transactions involving Standard Chartered clients in Hong Kong and the UAE. The bank issued a statement accepting responsibility and regretting the deficiencies, at the same time noting the ruling would not jeopardize its U.S. licenses.

In April 2019, it was reported that Standard Chartered may have to pay approximately $1 billion to settle its ongoing investigations in the US and UK. Earlier in February the company had set aside $900 million towards resolution of violations of U.S. sanctions and forex trading regulations. The company also faces a penalty of roughly $134 million from the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority related to historical financial crime controls which takes the amount to over $1 billion.

Financial technology

Standard Chartered Breeze
Standard Chartered Breeze is a mobile banking application for the iPhone & iPad that can also be used on the computer. It is largely similar to the online banking services offered by other banks, with the exception of its function to issue electronic bank cheques. Launched in the summer of 2010 and aggressively marketed, the reviews have been generally positive. In addition, it has attracted an uncommon amount of attention due to many innovative marketing strategies it used to promote its product, mostly focusing on social media. Standard Chartered Breeze organised a blogger's meet for bloggers to preview Breeze, and its Twitter campaign to give away a free iPad was extremely successful.

SuperCharger FinTech Accelerator
Standard Chartered's primary engagement with the fintech community is focused in Hong Kong, working closely with and co-ordinated by 'The eXellerator'. The SuperCharger FinTech Accelerator, along with main partners, Standard Chartered Bank (a founding member) and Fidelity International, has twice conducted programmes enabling international growth-stage companies to expand their operations within Asia. Standard Chartered Bank has initiated proof of concept projects with two companies: Bambu and KYC Chain.

Sponsorship
In September 2009, it was announced that Standard Chartered had agreed to become the main sponsor of Liverpool Football Club for the period between July 2010 and the end of the 2013–14 football season, taking shirt sponsorship and various other branding rights. The sponsorship has been extended multiple times. First in 2013 to the end of the 2015–16 season, next in 2015 through the 2018–19 season, then again, in May 2018 that extends through the 2022–23 season and finally, in July 2022 that runs until the end of the 2026–27 season.
The deal is estimated to be worth around £50 million per year by City A.M., making it the joint-third most valuable sponsorship deal in the Premier League alongside Arsenal's deal with Emirates and Chelsea's deal with Yokohama. Standard Chartered is also the lead sponsor of the Singapore Marathon.

Social responsibility
The Priority Academy program was created in 2006 by the bank, with educational programmes including a study tour of Shanghai, a summer internship programme and a study seminar in the United States. The program donated $250,000 to Chan Yik Hei, a science amateur who won the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, for his studies at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

In 2015, Standard Chartered was widely criticised for its $12bn funding of the controversial Carmichael Coal Mine, with a campaign led by Greenpeace calling for them to quit the project. The bank subsequently withdrew from the deal.

Leadership
 Group chairman: José Viñals (since December 2016)
 Group chief executive: Bill Winters (since June 2015)

List of former group chairmen
 Sir Cyril Hawker (1969–1974)
 The Lord Barber (1974–1987)
 Sir Peter Graham (1987–1988)
 Rodney Galpin (1988–1993)
 Sir Patrick Gillam (1993–2003)
 Bryan Sanderson (2003–2006)
The Lord Davies (2006–2009)
Sir John Peace (2009–2016)

List of former group chief executives
Prior to 1973, management integration was still ongoing and the Standard Bank and Chartered Bank each had their own separate executives; Ronald Lane and H. R. Reed from the two banks first joined as co-managing directors in 1973, with Lane becoming sole managing director in 1975.
 Ronald Lane and H. R. Reed (1973–1974)
 Ronald Lane (1975–1977)
 Sir Peter Graham (1977–1983)
 Sir Michael McWilliam (1983–1988)
 Rodney Galpin (1988–1992)
 Sir Malcolm Williamson (1993–1998)
 Rana Talwar (1998–2001)
The Lord Davies (2001–2006)
Peter Sands (2006–2015)

Notable former employees
Joseph Chan, Under Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury
Norman Chan, 2nd Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Mervyn Davies, Baron Davies of Abersoch, member of the House of Lords and former Minister of State for Trade, Investment, and Business
Simon Loong, Founder and CEO of WeLab
Sir John Major, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Palanivel Thiagarajan, Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu
 Peter Wong, chairman and former chief executive of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

Membership
As a member of the Global Banking Alliance for Women, Standard Chartered works with a consortium of banks to deliver financial services to women.

Controversies

Breach of sanctions fines (2012)
In August 2012 Standard Chartered agreed to pay $340 million to the New York State Department of Financial Services over charges that the bank worked with the government of Iran to hide $250 billion in transactions in order to evade sanctions.

In December 2012 Standard Chartered agreed to pay a $327 million fine for having hidden similar transactions with Iran, Myanmar, Libya, and Sudan.

Money laundering, breach of sanctions fine (2019)
On 9 April 2019, Standard Chartered paid $1.1 billion to the United Kingdom Government and the United States of America's Department of the Treasury over deficiencies in the bank's money laundering control regime and for violating financial sanctions against Myanmar, Zimbabwe, Cuba, Sudan, Syria, and Iran.

OFSI fine (2020)
In April 2020 Standard Chartered was fined £20.4 million by the UK's Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation for loans to a Turkish bank DenizBank, which fell under E.U. financial sanctions on Russia due to its majority ownership by Russian bank Sberbank of Russia.

Indian bank takeover fine (2020)
In August 2020 Enforcement Directorate fined Standard Chartered $13.6 million for foreign exchange rule violations in its 2007 takeover of Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited.

Delay of reporting fraud fine (2021)
In January 2021 the Reserve Bank of India issued a fine of ₹2 crore of Standard Chartered Bank-India for delays in its mandatory regulatory fraud reporting.

See also

 List of banks in the United Kingdom
 Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar
 Too big to fail

References

External links

Banks based in the City of London
Systemically important financial institutions
British brands
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Financial services companies based in the City of London
Multinational companies based in the City of London
Banks established in 1969
Financial services companies established in 1969
Online brokerages
Foreign banks in Iran

Standard Chartered


Incitatus a fost calul favorit al împăratului roman Caligula (care a domnit în perioada 37-41 AD). Numele lui este un adjectiv latin care înseamnă "rapid" sau "năvalnic".

Potrivit lui Suetonius, în Viețile celor doisprezece cezari (121 AD), Incitatus avea un grajd de marmură, cu o iesle de fildeș, pături violete și un ham cu pietre prețioase. Dio Cassius a indicat că Incitatus era îngrijit de servitori și hrănit cu ovăz amestecat cu fulgi de aur. Suetonius a menționat, de asemenea, că se spunea că împăratul Caligula ar intenționa să-l facă pe Incitatus consul și că apoi calul îi va "invita" pe demnitari să mănânce cu el într-o casă înzestrată cu servitori pentru a-i distra.

Nebunia lui Caligula

Acuratețea acestei relatări a fost pusă la îndoială de revizioniști istorici precum Anthony A. Barrett. Ei sugerează că istoricii romani de mai târziu ca Suetonius și Dio Cassius au fost influențați de situația politică de la vremea lor, când era mai folositor pentru împărații actuali să-i discrediteze pe predecesorii iulio-claudieni. De asemenea, aspectul de snoavă al poveștii a condimentat narațiunile lor, aducându-le cititori suplimentari.

O sugestie este că intenția lui Caligula cu privire la Incitatus era mai degrabă o glumă elaborată, destinată ridiculizării și provocării senatului, decât un semn de nebunie, sau poate o formă de satiră ce implica faptul că un cal putea îndeplini cu aceeași eficiență îndatoririle unui senator.

Barrett notează că "numărul mare de povești răspândite pe seama lui Incitatus își aveau originea cel mai probabil în ciudățeniile amuzante ale lui Caligula". "Probabil dintr-un simț pervertit al umorului, Caligula a făcut libații în sănătatea lui Incitatus și a susținut că intenționa să-l coopteze ca preot al său."

În literatură și artă
Incitatus apare ca o figură alegorică atunci când se face referire la exemple de prostie politică. Un avocat din Melbourne a remarcat odată că Incitatus ar putea obține voturile necesare pentru a fi ales premier în statul Victoria și în actul III al piesei Livada de vișini (1904) de Cehov, Pișchik spune că familia sa "se trage, chipurile, din calul ăla pe care Caligula l-a făcut senator".

Ayn Rand, în romanul Atlas Shrugged (1957), se referă la Incitatus, atunci când personajul Cherryl Brooks este comparat cu "calul unui anumit împărat roman" de către un alt personaj. Brooks este o angajată a unui magazin de articole ieftine care se plimbă și apoi se căsătorește cu Jim Taggart, bogatul președinte al Taggart Transcontinental, descris ca fiind "unul dintre cei mai puternici oameni din Washington".

Viața lui Incitatus este subiectul poemului "Caligula" (din Pan Cogito, 1974) al lui Zbigniew Herbert. În serialul de benzi desenate Jack of Fables de Bill Willingham și Matthew Sturges, Incitatus vorbește atât de mult încât riscă să renunțe la statutul său de personaj de fabulă și menționează frecvent fostul său statut de senator roman.

În romanul Eu, Claudius împărat (1934), Robert Graves a scris că Incitatus a fost făcut senator și a fost pus pe lista persoanelor propuse pentru funcția de consul. În cele din urmă, împăratul Claudius a anulat pensia guvernamentală pentru Incitatus și statutul lui de senator din cauza lipsei de bani din visteria imperială, iar, mai târziu, Incitatus a fost sacrificat după ce și-a rănit piciorul la o cursă și partenera lui Incitatus, Penelope, a fost folosită de Claudius în timpul războiului său cu britonii.

Comedia Me and Little Boots de Shaun McKenna, difuzată de BBC Radio 4, a relatat povestea lui Caligula (termen latin echivalent cu englezescul "little boots") din punctul de vedere al lui Incitatus, care a fost interpretat de Leslie Phillips.

Trupa de metal progresiv Caligula's Horse din Brisbane a fost numită după Incitatus.

În jocul video Crusader Kings 2, personajele nebune pot numi un cal în funcția de cancelar. Incitatus însuși apare ca un cal nemuritor și atacă personajele care au devenit nemuritoare.

Referințe

Legături externe
 "Caligula Speaks" - Z. Herbert's poem, translated by Oriana Ivy

Cai
Dinastia iulio-claudiană

Incitatus


A Barragem do Apertado é uma represa no curso do rio Paraguaçu, construída a 26 km da sede do município brasileiro de Mucugê, região central da Chapada Diamantina, no estado da Bahia. Sua construção teve início em 1996 e foi concluída em julho de 1998 pela Companhia de Engenharia Hídrica e de Saneamento da Bahia (Cerb), com destinação principal servir à irrigação agrícola, mantendo ainda fluxos definidos para o abastecimento humano e do curso regular ao ecossistema.

Características
É uma barragem do tipo "maciço homogêneo em terra com vertedor lateral". Possui um volume de 108 milhões de metros cúbicos, e o lago por ela formado tem uma extensão de 23 quilômetros. Tem, assim, potencial para irrigar em torno de  hectares ao ano.

No lugar existe uma avançada agricultura irrigada, de forma que sua construção foi um importante fator de desenvolvimento econômico para a região que serve, denominado de "Pólo Agrícola Mucugê-Ibicoara", gerando por outro lado preocupações ambientais, sendo para tal criada a Área de Proteção Permanente da Barragem do Apertado. Existem duas fontes de captação da água para a agricultura, um a montante e outro a jusante do lago, e a forma principal de irrigação é o de pivô central.

Além de Mucugê, sua área de contribuição inclui partes dos municípios de Ibicoara e Barra da Estiva, ocupando 116.800 ha. Sua vazão é de 8,90 m³/s. Suas cotas de coroamento e de vertedor são de 1 023,70 m e 1 017,00 m, respectivamente. Além do fluxo para este fim destinada a barragem possui tubulação na sua parte inferior com o objetivo de manter uma demanda fixa de manutenção do curso d'água e consequentemente assegurar seu ecossistema; essa vazão é disciplinada por uma instrução normativa, e deve manter fluxo de 20% da vazão regular do corpo hídrico.

Em 2019, após relatório da Agência Nacional de Águas que falava de riscos de rompimento da barragem, uma comitiva da Assembleia Legislativa da Bahia visitou o local, determinando a seguir a inspeção a fim de se verificar o real estado da construção.

Geografia de Mucugê
Apertado
Hidrografia da Chapada Diamantina
Bacia do Rio Paraguaçu

Barragem do Apertado


TCG Kemer (M-525), Mercure sınıfı sahil tipi bir mayın tarama gemisi olarak Fransa'nın Cherbourg kentinde kurulu Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie (CMN) tersanesi tarafından 19 Mayıs 1958'de kızağa kondu. 25 Haziran 1960 tarihinde denize indirilen tekne 15 Ekim 1960'ta Passau ismi ve M-1255 borda numarası ile  Bundesmarine'e (Batı Almanya Deniz Kuvvetleri) katıldı. Altı üniteden oluşan Tip 321 Vegesack sınıfı mayın tarama gemilerinin son gemisidir.

Wilhelmshaven'deki 2. Mayın Grubu'na (2. Minensuchgeschwader) tahsis edilen gemi 12 Temmuz 1963 tarihinde yedek kadroya alındı. 1973 Aralık ayında Bundesmarine'de görevine son verilen tekne, 1975 yılı Aralık ayında Kemer adı ve M-525 borda numarası ile Türk Deniz Kuvvetlerine transfer edildi. 1998 yılında mayın tarama ekipmanı çıkarıldı ve yardımcı kurtarma gemisi olarak kullanılmaya başladı. Borda numarası A-582 olarak değiştirildi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Karamürsel sınıfı

Mercure sınıfı mayın tarama gemisi
Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri mayın tarama gemileri

TCG Kemer (M-525)


La unidad de procesamiento de gráficos (GPU) con nombre en código Radeon R600 es la base de la serie Radeon HD 3000 y las tarjetas de video de la serie FireGL 2007 desarrolladas por ATI Technologies.

Arquitectura
Este artículo trata sobre todos los productos de la marca "Radeon HD 3000". Todos los productos de esta serie contienen una GPU que implementa TeraScale 1.

Aceleración de vídeo
El núcleo SIP de Unified Video Decoder (UVD) está presente en las matrices de las GPU utilizadas en HD 2400 y HD 2600, pero no en HD 2900. El HD 2900 introdujo la capacidad de decodificar video dentro del motor 3D. Este enfoque también exonera a la CPU de realizar estos cálculos, pero consume mucha más corriente eléctrica.

Productos de escritorio

Radeon HD 3800
La serie Radeon HD 3800 se basó en la GPU RV670 con nombre en código, empaquetó 666 millones de transistores en un proceso de fabricación de 55 nm y tenía un tamaño de matriz de 192 mm2, con los mismos clústeres de 64 sombreadores que el núcleo R600, pero el ancho del bus de memoria se redujo a 256 bits.

La GPU RV670 también es la base del procesador de flujo FireStream 9170, que utiliza la GPU para realizar cálculos de punto flotante de uso general que se realizaban anteriormente en la CPU.

Radeon HD 3850 y 3870 estuvieron disponibles a mediados de noviembre de 2007.

Radeon HD 3690/3830
La Radeon HD 3690, que estaba limitada solo al mercado chino, donde recibió el nombre de HD 3830, tiene el mismo núcleo que la serie Radeon 3800 pero con solo un controlador de memoria de 128 bits y 256 MiB de memoria GDDR3. Todas las demás especificaciones de hardware se conservan.

Se hizo otro anuncio de que habría una variante Radeon HD 3830 con las mismas características que Radeon HD 3690, pero con una identificación de dispositivo única que no permite a los socios de tarjetas adicionales en China volver a habilitar la parte quemada del núcleo GPU para más ancho de banda de memoria.

La Radeon HD 3690 se lanzó a principios de febrero de 2008 solo para el mercado chino.

Radeon HD 3870 X2

Radeon HD 3870 X2 (nombre en código R680) fue lanzado el 28 de enero de 2008, con 2 núcleos RV670 con un máximo de 1 GiB GDDR3 SDRAM, dirigida al mercado entusiasta y reemplazando a la Radeon HD 2900 XT. El procesador logró un rendimiento máximo de punto flotante de precisión simple de 1.06 TFLOPS, siendo el primer producto gráfico de un solo PCB del mundo que supera la marca de 1 TFLOP.

Técnicamente, esta Radeon HD 3870 X2 realmente se puede entender como un CrossFire de dos HD 3870 en un solo PCB. La tarjeta solo integra un puente PCI Express 1.1 para conectar las dos GPU. Se comunican a través de un bus bidireccional de 16 líneas para un ancho de banda de 2 x 4 Gb/s. Esto no tiene ningún efecto negativo en el rendimiento.

Comenzando con los controladores Catalyst 8.3, Amd/Ati admite oficialmente la tecnología CrossFireX para la serie 3800, lo que significa que se pueden usar hasta cuatro GPU en un par de Radeon HD 3870 X2.

AMD declaró la posibilidad de admitir 4 tarjetas Radeon HD 3870 X2, lo que permite usar 8 GPU en varias placas base, incluidas la MSI K9A2 Platinum y la Intel D5400XS, ya que estas placas base tienen espacios suficientes entre las ranuras PCI-E para tarjetas de video enfriadoras de doble ranura., presumiblemente como una combinación de dos configuraciones separadas de hardware CrossFire con una configuración de software CrossFire que une las dos, pero actualmente sin soporte de controlador.

Radeon HD 3600
La serie Radeon HD 3600 se basó en la GPU con nombre en código RV635, empaquetó 378 millones de transistores en proceso de fabricación de 55 nm y tenía un ancho de bus de memoria de 128 bits. El soporte para puertos HDMI y D-sub también se logra a través de dongles separados. Además de las implementaciones de DisplayPort, también existen otros diseños de salida de pantalla como puerto DVI dual o DVI con diseño de salida de pantalla D-sub.

La única variante, la Radeon HD 3650, se lanzó el 23 de enero de 2008 y también tiene una ranura AGP con ancho de bus de 64 bits o la ranura PCI-E estándar con 128 bits.

Radeon HD 3400

La serie Radeon HD 3400 se basó en la GPU con nombre en código RV620, empaquetó 181 millones de transistores en un 55 proceso de fabricación de nm y tenía un ancho de bus de memoria de 64 bits. Los productos estaban disponibles tanto en tarjetas de altura completa como en tarjetas de bajo perfil.

Una de las características notables es que las tarjetas de video de la serie Radeon HD 3400 (incluida la serie Mobility Radeon HD 3400) son compatibles con ATI Hybrid Graphics.

Radeon HD 3450 y Radeon HD 3470 se lanzaron el 23 de enero de 2008.

Productos móviles
Todas las series Mobility Radeon HD 2000/3000 comparten el mismo conjunto de funciones que sus contrapartes de escritorio, así como la adición de las funciones PowerPlay 7.0 que ahorran batería, que se amplían con respecto a PowerPlay 6.0 de la generación anterior.

La Mobility Radeon HD 2300 es un producto económico que incluye UVD en sílice pero carece de una arquitectura de sombreado unificada y compatibilidad con DirectX 10.0/ SM 4.0, lo que limita la compatibilidad con DirectX 9.0c/SM 3.0 utilizando la arquitectura más tradicional de la generación anterior. A mediados de diciembre de 2007 se lanzó una variante de gama alta, la Mobility Radeon HD 2700, con frecuencias de núcleo y memoria más altas que la Mobility Radeon HD 2600.

La Mobility Radeon HD 2400 se ofrece en dos variantes de modelo; la HD 2400 estándar y la HD 2400 XT.

La Mobility Radeon HD 2600 también está disponible en los mismos dos sabores; la simple HD 2600 y, en la parte superior de la línea de movilidad, la HD 2600 XT.

El tratamiento de actualización de media generación también se había aplicado a los productos móviles. Antes de CES 2008 se anunció la serie Mobility Radeon HD 3000. Lanzada en el primer trimestre de 2008, la serie Mobility Radeon HD 3000 constaba de dos familias, la serie Mobility Radeon HD 3400 y la serie Mobility Radeon HD 3600. La serie Mobility Radeon HD 3600 también presentó la primera implementación de la industria de memoria GDDR4 integrada de 128 bits.

Desde fines de marzo hasta principios de abril de 2008, AMD renovó la lista de ID de dispositivos en su sitio web con la inclusión de Mobility Radeon HD 3850 X2 y Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 y sus respectivas ID de dispositivos. Más tarde, en la IDF de primavera de 2008 celebrada en Shanghái, se demostró una placa de desarrollo de la Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 junto con un sistema de demostración de la plataforma Centrino 2. La Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 se basó en dos GPU M88 con la adición de un chip conmutador PCI Express en una sola PCB. La placa de desarrollo demostrada está en el bus PCI Express 2.0 ×16, mientras que se espera que el producto final esté en los módulos AXIOM/ MXM.

Controladores de dispositivos gráficos

Controlador de dispositivo de gráficos propietario de AMD "Catalyst"
AMD Catalyst está siendo desarrollado para Microsoft Windows y Linux. A partir de julio de 2014, no se admiten oficialmente otros sistemas operativos. Esto puede ser diferente para la marca AMD FirePro, que se basa en hardware idéntico pero cuenta con controladores de dispositivos gráficos con certificación OpenGL.

Por supuesto, AMD Catalyst es compatible con todas las funciones anunciadas para la marca Radeon.

La serie Radeon HD 3000 se ha transferido al soporte heredado, donde los controladores se actualizarán solo para corregir errores en lugar de optimizarse para nuevas aplicaciones.

Controlador de dispositivo de gráficos gratuito y de código abierto "Radeon"
Los controladores gratuitos y de código abierto se desarrollan principalmente en Linux y para Linux, pero también se han adaptado a otros sistemas operativos. Cada controlador se compone de cinco partes:

 DRM del componente del kernel de Linux
 Controlador KMS del componente del kernel de Linux: básicamente el controlador de dispositivo para el controlador de pantalla
 Componente de espacio de usuario libDRM
 Componente de espacio de usuario en Mesa 3D
 Un controlador de dispositivo de gráficos 2D especial y distinto para X.Org Server, que finalmente está a punto de ser reemplazado por Glamour

El controlador de gráficos "Radeon" gratuito y de código abierto es compatible con la mayoría de las funciones implementadas en la línea de GPU Radeon. No tienen ingeniería inversa, sino que se basan en la documentación publicada por AMD.

Véase también
 AMD Fire Pro
 FireStream 9170, la versión GPGPU de la tarjeta gráfica Radeon HD 3870
 Unidades de procesamiento de gráficos de AMD

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Serie ATI Radeon HD 2000
 Serie ATI Radeon HD 3000
 ATI Movilidad Radeon HD 2000 Serie
 ATI Movilidad Radeon HD 3000 Series
 techPowerUp! Base de datos de GPU

Advanced Micro Devices
Tarjetas gráficas
ATI Technologies
Wikipedia:Páginas con traducciones sin revisar

Serie Radeon HD 3000


Die Route nationale 161Bis, kurz N 161Bis oder RN 161Bis, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die 1862 aus einer Route stratégique und einer Départementstraße hervorging. Mit der Nationalstraße 161 kreuzte sie sich einmal. Der Abschnitt zwischen Saint-Augustin-des-Bois und Segré stammt von der Route stratégique 15 und der restliche Abschnitt von der Départementstraße 15. Ihre Länge betrug 56 Kilometer. 1973 wurde sie abgestuft.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 161Bis auf WikiSara (französisch)

161B
Straße in Pays de la Loire

Route nationale 161bis


Bătălia de la Garigliano se poate referi la:

 Bătălia de la Garigliano (iunie 915) dintre o Ligă Creștină, condusă de Statul Papal, și o armata sarazină.
 Bătălia de la Garigliano (29 decembrie 1503) în Războiul italian din 1499-1503 dintre Franța și Spania

Bătălia de la Garigliano (dezambiguizare)


Michal Kohút, né le  à Javorník en Tchéquie, est un footballeur tchèque qui évolue au poste de milieu offensif au FC Slovácko.

Biographie

En club
Né à Javorník en Tchéquie, Michal Kohút commence le football dans le club de la ville voisine, le TJ Kordárna Velká nad Veličkou. Il est alors rapidement repéré par le FC Slovácko, qu'il rejoint en 2013 et où il poursuit sa formation. En 2016, il fait notamment un essai de quelques jours à l'OGC Nice, avant de revenir au FC Slovácko.

Michal Kohút joue son premier match en professionnel le , lors d'une rencontre de coupe de Tchéquie face au FK Olympia Radotín. Il entre en jeu à la place de  et se fait remarquer en inscrivant également son premier but en professionnel, participant ainsi à la large victoire de son équipe par cinq buts à zéro.

En sélection
Avec les moins de 17 ans, il inscrit un but lors d'un match amical contre la Suède en , mais ne peut toutefois empêcher la défaite de son équipe, 3-1.

Michal Kohút joue son premier match avec l'équipe de Tchéquie espoirs le  face à Saint-Marin. Lors de cette rencontre, il entre en jeu à la place de Patrik Žitný, et son équipe s'impose largement par six buts à zéro. Il participe ensuite au championnat d'Europe espoirs en 2021. Lors de cette compétition organisée en Hongrie et en Slovénie, il ne joue qu'une seule rencontre, face à la Slovénie. Avec un bilan de deux nuls et une défaite, la Tchéquie est éliminée dès le premier tour.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur tchèque
Joueur du 1. FC Slovácko
Joueur du FK Pardubice
Naissance en juin 2000
Naissance dans la région de Moravie-du-Sud

Michal Kohút