Thuja occidentalis, also known as northern white-cedar, eastern white-cedar, or arborvitae, is an evergreen coniferous tree, in the cypress family Cupressaceae, which is native to eastern Canada and much of the north-central and northeastern United States. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is not to be confused with Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar).

Common names
Its additional common names include swamp cedar, American arborvitae, and eastern arborvitae. The name arborvitae is particularly used in the horticultural trade in the United States; it is Latin for 'tree of life' – due to the supposed medicinal properties of the sap, bark, and twigs. It is sometimes called white-cedar (hyphenated) or whitecedar (one word) to distinguish it from Cedrus, the true cedars.

Description
Unlike the closely related western red cedar (Thuja plicata), northern white cedar is only a small or medium-sized tree, growing to a height of  tall with a  trunk diameter, exceptionally to  tall and  diameter. The tree is often stunted or prostrate in less favorable locations. The bark is red-brown, furrowed and peels in narrow, longitudinal strips.
Northern white cedar has fan-like branches and scaly leaves. The foliage forms in flat sprays with scale-like leaves  long.

The seed cones are slender, yellow-green, ripening to brown,  long and  broad, with six to eight overlapping scales. They contain about eight seeds each. The branches may take root if the tree falls.

Taxonomy
The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Over 30 synonyms are listed in Kew's Plants of the World Online database.

Distribution
Northern white cedar is native to an area in the southern part of eastern Canada and the adjacent part of the northern United States. It extends from southeastern Manitoba east throughout the Great Lakes region and into Ontario, Québec, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Isolated populations occur in west-central Manitoba, and to the south in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, and Illinois and in the Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. In Canada, its range reaches the Arctic treeline and the southern tip of Hudson Bay. It grows mainly in places with cooler summers, with a typical temperature of  in July, and a shorter growing season, from 90 to 180 days.

Ecology

Northern white cedar grows naturally in wet forests, being particularly abundant in coniferous swamps, where other larger and faster-growing trees cannot compete successfully. It also occurs on other sites with reduced tree competition, such as cliffs. Although not currently listed as endangered, wild white cedar populations are threatened in many areas by high deer numbers; deer find the soft evergreen foliage a very attractive winter food and strip it rapidly. The largest known specimen is  tall and  diameter, on South Manitou Island within Leelanau County, Michigan.
Northern white cedars can be  very long-lived trees in certain conditions, with notably old specimens growing on cliffs where they are inaccessible to deer and wildfire. As of 2008, the oldest known living specimen was 1,141 years old, but a dead specimen with 1,653 growth rings has been found. Despite their age, these very old trees are small and stunted due to the difficult growing conditions. These individuals' long lifespans have been attributed to their slow growth and their ability to survive when different sections of the tree are damaged or killed. The Witch Tree, a T. occidentalis growing out of a cliff face on Lake Superior in Minnesota, was described by the French explorer Sieur de la Verendrye as being a mature tree in 1731; it is still alive today.

Specimens found growing on cliff faces in southern Ontario are the oldest trees in Eastern North America and all of Canada, having achieved ages in excess of 1,653 years.

Uses
Thuja occidentalis is commercially used for rustic fencing and posts, lumber, poles, shingles, and in the construction of log cabins. It is the preferred wood for the structural elements, such as ribs and planking, of birchbark canoes and the planking of wooden canoes.

The essential oil within the plant has been used for cleansers, disinfectants, hair preparations, insecticides, liniment, room sprays, and soft soaps. The Ojibwa reportedly made a soup from the inner bark of the soft twigs. Others have used the twigs to make teas to relieve constipation and headache.

Eastern white cedar - as arborvitae - is a popular ornamental plant used in both residential and commercial landscapes.

Thuja occidentalis has important uses in traditional Ojibwe culture. Honoured with the name Nookomis Giizhik (Grandmother Cedar), the tree is the subject of sacred legends and is considered a gift to humanity for its myriad of uses, among them crafts, construction, and medicine. It is one of the four plants of the Ojibwe medicine wheel, associated with the north. The foliage is rich in vitamin C and is believed to be the annedda, which cured the scurvy of Jacques Cartier and his party in the winter of 1535–1536. Due to the presence of the neurotoxic compound thujone, internal use can be harmful if used for prolonged periods or while pregnant.

Cultivation

T. occidentalis is widely used as an ornamental tree, particularly for screens and hedges, in gardens, parks, and cemeteries. Over 300 cultivars exist, showing great variation in colour, shape, and size, with some of the more common ones being 'Degroot's Spire', 'Ellwangeriana', 'Hetz Wintergreen', 'Lutea', 'Rheingold', 'Smaragd' (or 'Emerald Green'), 'Techny', and 'Wareana'. It was introduced into Europe as early as 1540.
These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

'Danica',
'Golden Tuffet'
'Holmstrup',
'Rheingold',
'Smaragd'.

See also
 Chamaecyparis thyoides
 Eastern red cedar

References

External links

 University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Thuja occidentalis
 Borealforest.org: Thuja occidentalis

occidentalis
Trees of Eastern Canada
Trees of the Eastern United States
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Garden plants of North America
Ornamental trees
Medicinal plants of North America
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

Thuja occidentalis


නායර් යනු ඉන්දියාව් කේරළ ප්‍රාන්තය‍ෙ වාසය කරන ග‍ෝත්‍රික කණ්ඩායමකි.ඉන්දීය කුල දූරාවලියට කුලයක් ලෙසත් සළකයි.මොවුන් පිළිබදව අධ්‍යනයන් කැතලින් ගොෆ් නම් මානව විද්‍යාඥවරිය විසින් සිදු කළාය.නායර් යන වචනය නායක නම් වචනයෙන් බිදී ආවක් බව පැවසේ.තවත් අදහසක් නම් නාග යන වචනයනේ බිදී ආවක් බවයි.මොවුන් නාගයින් වන්දනා කරන ජන කොටසකි.මොවුනගේ අරම්භය පිළිබද ඉතිහාසය ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්ව යුගය දක්වා දිවයයි.13 වන සියසයේ දී මොවුන් කුඩා රාජධානියක් ලෙස මලබාර් වෙරළ තීරයට ආසන්නව වාසය කර ඇත.නායර් පුරුෂයන් අතීතෙය් සිට ආරක්ෂක හමුදාවන්හි සෙබළුන් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළහ.නායර්වරු පෘතුගීසි ලංදේසි ඉංග්‍රීසි යුගවල දක්ෂ යුධ සෙබළන් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළහ.අතීතයේ සිට ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන රාජතාරිය වූයේ ආරාක්ෂක සේවයයි.නායර් ගෝත්‍රිකයන් අතර විවිධ උපගෝත්‍ර කිහිපයක්ද දක්නට ලැබේ.කැතලින් ගොෆ්ට අනුව මෙම උප ගෝත්‍ර ඔවුන්ට අයත් වෘත්තිය අනුව බෙදී ඇත.ඒ අනුව බෙරකරුවන් වෙළෙක්දන් ලෝකූරු කරුවන් දෝළා ගෙනයන්නන් මෙහෙකරුවන් කුඹලුන් කරණවෑමියන් ආදී වශයෙනි.

නායර් ද්වාර කර්ම චාරිත්‍ර
දරු උපතකදී ඔවුන් අනුගමනය කරන චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර මෙසේය.ජොතිෂයවේදියාගේ උපදෙස්මත චාරිත්‍රානූකූල වස්ත්‍රයක් හැඳ  ගැබිනි මවගේ සිරුරේ පොල්තෙල් ගල්වා කහ දියර මිශ්‍ර ජලෙයන් නහවයි.මේ අවස්ථාවේ කඩුවකින් පොල් ගෙඩිය බිදී.ධනය තේරිමක්ද චාරිත්‍රානුකූලව සිදුකරයි. දරුවාගේ නම් තැබීමේ උළෙලද උස්සවශ්‍රීයෙන් වාරිත්‍රානුකූලව සිදුකරයි.
නායර්වරුන් සඳහා විවාහ 2 ක් විය.

එකක් තමයි තලිකෙට්ටු කල්‍යාණම් කියන චාරිත්‍රානුකූල විවාහය. මෙම චාරිත්‍රය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් වයස අවුරුදු දහයේ සිට දොළහ දක්වා කාලය තුළ, තාරාවඩ් තුළ සිටින සියලුම ගැහැණු ළමයින් සඳහා පවත්වනු ලැබේ.

කරණවන් විසින් විස්තීරණ චාරිත්‍රය සංවිධානය කළේ ප්‍රමුඛ ගම්වැසියන්ගෙන් සහ කනියන් නමින් හැඳින්වෙන සාම්ප්‍රදායික ජ්‍යෝතිඃ ශාස්ත්‍රඥයෙකුගෙන් උපදෙස් ලබා ගැනීමෙන් පසුවය. උත්සවය සඳහා තොරණක් ඉදිකරන ලද අතර ගැහැණු ළමයින් එම අවස්ථාවන්හිදී පමණක් භාවිතා කරන ආභරණ පැළඳ සිටි අතර චාරිත්‍රානුකූලව තෙල් ස්නානය කළහ. ආභරණ බොහෝ විට ණයට ගනු ලැබුවේ ගම්වැසියන් කිහිප දෙනෙකුට පමණක් ඒවා හිමිවන බැවිනි. තාලි බැඳපු කෙනාව ඇතෙකු පිට ප්‍රවාහනය කරනවා. එම පුද්ගලයාගේ තරාතිරම වැඩි වන තරමට තාරාවඩ් කෙරෙහි ඇති කීර්තිය වැඩි වේ. තොරතුරු සම්පූර්‍ණ නැතත්, මධ්‍යම කේරලයේ කොචින්හි වංශාධිපති නායර් පවුල්වල ගැහැණු ළමයින් සඳහා තාලි බැඳ ඇත්තේ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කුල තත්ත්වයෙන් උසස් වූ ද්විජ ක්ෂත්‍රියයන් බව පෙනේ. මධ්‍යම කේරලයේ නම්බුදිරි බ්‍රාහ්මණයන් කොචින් (ද්විජ ක්ෂත්‍රියයන් වූ) රාජකීය නිවස සඳහා එම භූමිකාවේ ක්‍රියා කළ නමුත් ඔවුන් වෙනත් ක්‍ෂත්‍රියයන් සඳහා එසේ කළාද යන්න නිශ්චිත නැත.

තලි බැදීමෙන් පසු දින හතරක් සංග්‍රහය පැවැත්විණි.

ආයෙත් තාලි බැන්ද මිනිහව, සම්බන්ධම් කාලෙදි වෙන මිනිහෙක්ව බැන්ද, ඒක තමයි නියම කසාදෙ කියල කෙල්ල නිතර දැක්කෙ නෑ.

කේරළ පුනරුදයේ සිට ජනප්‍රිය මිථ්‍යාවන් පැතිර ගියද, සම්බන්ධම් ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම නායර්වරුන් අතර සැබෑ විවාහය විය. සාමාන්‍ය විවාහ වල මෙන් විචිත්‍රවත් උත්සව කිහිපයක් එයට ඇතුළත් විය. සම්බන්ධම් කේරළයේ විවිධ නම් වලින් හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන්ගෙන් එක් කෙනෙක් තමයි පුත්මුරි/පුඩමුරි.

සෑම පුටමුරියකම මූලික උත්සවය ජ්‍යෝතිඃ ශාස්ත්‍රඥයකු ලවා මනාලියගේ හා මනාලයාගේ කේන්දර පරීක්‍ෂා කිරීමයි. මෙය මනාලියගේ නිවසේ, මනාලිය හා මනාලයාගේ සබඳතා ඉදිරිපිටදී සිදු වේ. ජ්‍යෝතිඃ ශාස්ත්‍රඥයා පරීක්‍ෂාවෙන් පසු තම ගණන් බැලීම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලය තල් කොළ කැබැල්ලක ලියා තරගයේ යෝග්‍යතාව හෝ වෙනත් අයුරකින් තම මතය ලියා මනමාලයාගේ ඥාතීන්ට භාර දෙයි, කේන්දර එකිනෙක ගැලපේ නම්, ඒ. විවාහය සැමරීම සඳහා දින නියම කර ඇත. මෙම දිනය කැඩ්ජන් කැබලි දෙකක ද ලියා ඇති අතර, ඉන් එකක් මනාලියගේ කරණවන් වෙත ද, අනෙක මනාලයාගේ ඥාතීන්ට ද භාර දෙනු ලැබේ. ජ්‍යෝතිඃ ශාස්ත්‍රඥයා සහ මනමාල පාර්ශ්වය මනාලියගේ නිවසේ මංගල්‍ය පවත්වනු ලබන අතර, හිටපු තැනැත්තාට පුදව නම් මුදල් හෝ රෙදි හැඩයෙන් තෑගි ද ලැබේ; සහ නොවරදවාම සිදු කරනු ලබන මෙම මූලික උත්සවය

උතුරු මලබාර්හි සියලුම පුටමුරිවරුන් 'පුටමුරි කුරික්කල්' හෝ පුදව කොඩුක්කල් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

නායර්වරු අවමංගල අවස්ථාව බලවත් කිලි අවස්ථාවක් ලෙස සලකති.ඔවුන්ගේ සම්ප්‍රධාය අනුව පවුලේ වැඩිමහලු පුද්ගලයා මියගියවිට ඔහු හෝ ඇය චිතකයක බහා ආදාහනය කරති.එහෙත් පවුලේ වෙනත් සාමාජිකයෙකු මියගිය විට ඔවුන්ව භුමදානය කරනු ලබයි.හින්දු ආගමානුකූල අවමංගල උස්සවයක් ඔවුහු පවත්වති.මියගිය දින සිට දින 14 රක කාලයක් කිලි කාලය ලෙස හදුන්වයි.මෙම කාලය තුල ඔවුන් විසින් විවිධ චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර අනුගමනය කරනු ලබයි.ආගමික වතාවත් වලට සහභාගී නොවීම ඇතැම් ආහාර නොගැනීම ආදිය මියගිය සාමාජිකයාගේ පවුලේ අය සිදුකරයි.

ආගම හා අභිචාර
නායර් ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායන් වෛදික හින්දු ආගමේ සහ නාග සංස්කෘතියේ මිශ්‍ර විශ්වාස පද්ධතියකි. ඔවුන් අතර, බොහෝ විට ඔවුන් යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත් වූ ආදිවාසීන්ගේ සජීවී දෙවිවරුන් වූ දේශීය ආත්මයන්ට නමස්කාර කිරීම ද ඇත. යන්ත්‍ර මන්ත්‍ර, නාග පූජා, කොඩි ආදී චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර ඇත. නායර් නිවාස සංකීර්ණයේ මෙම නිරිතදිග ප්‍රදේශයේ පූජනීය වනයක් ඇත. නායර් ගෙවල් අසල නාග වන්දනාව සඳහා සකස් කළ විහාරයක් ද දක්නට ලැබේ.

වස්ත්‍ර

අතීතයේ නායර් පුරුෂයන් මුණ්ඩු නම්වූ සාම්ප්‍රධායික වස්ත්‍රයක් භාවිත කළහ.මෙය ඉඟටියේ සිට බිම ගෑවෙන සේ හැදි වස්ත්‍රයක් විය.ඔවුන් මුස්ළිම් ජාතිකයන් පළදින හිස් වැසුමට සමාන හිස් වැස්මක් පැළදීය.නිතර කුඩයක් රැගෙනයාම ඔවුන්ගේ සිරිතක් විය.පාවහන් යුගලක්ද ඔවුන්ගේ සම්ප්‍රධායික වස්ත්‍ර අතරවිය.

නායර් ස්ත්‍රීන් සාම්ප්‍රධායිකව ඉඟටියේ සිට දණහිස දක්වාවූ වස්ත්‍රයක් හැද උඩුකයට හැට්ටයකට සමාන අත්නැති වස්ත්‍රයක් අදිති.20 වන සියවසට පෙර නායර් කාන්තාවන් උඩුකය නග්නව තබාගත් බව දැක්වේ.නිවසෙන් පිට විශේෂ ගමණක් යනවිට සාටකයක් වැනි දුහුල් වස්ත්‍රයකින් උඩුකය වසාගෙන ගමන් කර ඇත.ඔවුන් යට ඇදුමක් ලෙස අමුඩයකට සමාන වස්ත්‍රයක් ශාවිත කරඇත.ඔවුන් ඉකිළි කිහිළි අැහිබම ආදී පෙදෙස්වල හා වෙනත් රෝම වැවෙන පෙදෙස්හි රෝම ඉවත් කිරීම සාම්ප්‍රධායක් වූබව සදහන්වේ.(Nâyars of Malabar 2004 Fawcett)

නායර් කාන්තාවන් නාගපට්ටම් නම්වූ පළදනාවක් භාවිත කළහ.ඔවුන්ගේ හිසේ කිසිදු පළදනාවක් නොවීය.ටක්කා නමින් හැදින්වූ කරාබුවක් මුක්කුටි නමින් හැදින්වූ නාසයට පළදින කරාබුවක් අඩියාල් නමින් හැදින්වූ ගෙලපළදනාවක් ඔවුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රධායික පළදනාවිය.

ආහාර
නායර්වරු හරක්මස් ආහාරයට නොගනී.එහෙත් ඌරු මස් ආහාරලෙස ගන්නාබව දැක්වේ.අතීතයේ ඔවුන් මත්පැන් මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය නොගත්තද වර්තමානයේ ඔවුන් බොහෝවිට මත්පැන් පානය සිදුකරයති.

මූලාශ්‍ර
 Fawcett, F. (2004) [1901]. Nâyars of Malabar. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0171-0.
 Fuller, Christopher John (Winter 1975). "The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste". Journal of Anthropological Research. 31 (4): 283–312. JSTOR 3629883.(subscription required)
 Fuller, Christopher John (1976). The Nayars Today. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29091-3.
 Gough E Cathleen (1961), "Nayars: Central Kerala", in Schneider, David Murray; Gough, E. Kathleen, Matrilineal Kinship,University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-02529-5, retrieved 9 June 2011
 Narayanan, M. T. (2003), Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar, Northern Book Centre, ISBN 978-8-17211-135-9

මානව විද්‍යාව

නායර්


Oceanborn is the second studio album by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish. It was released in Finland by Spinefarm Records on 7 December 1998 and in the spring of 1999 worldwide. It was released by Drakkar Entertainment in the rest of Europe, and by Toy's Factory in Japan. It is their first album with bassist Sami Vänskä.

Oceanborn has sold more than 68,000 copies in Finland. The single "Sleeping Sun" was released in August 1999, and the song has been included in every reissue of the album since then. The album was released in the US by Century Media in March 2001.

In 2017, Loudwire ranked it as the 10th best power metal album of all time.

Background
Speaking to Kerrang! in 2008, band founder Tuomas Holopainen reminisced that the band got really ambitious after the debut album "that was never meant to be released as a proper record. It happened almost by accident, so we decided to put everything into making Oceanborn great." He added:

According to Kerrang!, "for all its Royal Albert Hall grandiosity, Oceanborn was actually recorded in a Finnish school."

Style
This album marked a definitive change in musical scope for Nightwish from their folk-laden roots in Angels Fall First, showcasing a more bombastic, power metal-oriented sound with faster tempos, harmonic guitar/keyboard leads, and plenty of double-bass-heavy drumwork. During that time, Stratovarius was Holopainen's biggest inspiration, hence the power metal sound of the album. Oceanborns sound hearkens a more dramatic approach in the overall musical scope, mostly relegated to the symphonic keyboard work and lead singer Tarja Turunen's vocals. According to Mape Ollila, who penned the band's biography:

Along with Therion's Theli, the album came to be known as one of the cornerstones of the emerging genre of symphonic metal.

Most of the lyrics are fantasy-themed, with tracks like "Swanheart" and "Walking in the Air", a cover from the animated TV special The Snowman, as typical examples; however, the song "Gethsemane", has a more religious feel to it. In addition, there are also some theatrical tracks like "Devil & the Deep Dark Ocean". Oceanborn is among their darkest albums, making use of the harsh vocals of Tapio Wilska in the songs "The Pharaoh Sails to Orion" and "Devil & the Deep Dark Ocean".

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for Oceanborn adapted from liner notes.NightwishTarja Turunen – lead vocals
Tuomas Holopainen – keyboards, backing vocals, songwriting, lyrics
Emppu Vuorinen – guitars, songwriting
Sami Vänskä – bass
Jukka Nevalainen – drums, percussion, backing vocalsProductionTero Kinnunen – engineering, producer
Mikko Karmila – engineering, mixing
Mika Jussila – mastering
Toni Härkönen – photography
Maria Sandell – artwork
Markus Mayer – re-release cover artAdditional musicians'
Tapio Wilska – additional vocals on "Devil & The Deep Dark Ocean" and "The Pharaoh Sails To Orion", backing vocals on "Moondance"
Esa Lehtinen – flute
Plamen Dimov – violin
Kaisli Kaivola – violin
Markku Palola – viola
Erkki Hirvikangas – cello

Charts

Album

Singles

Certifications

References

Bibliography

External links
Nightwish's Official Website

1998 albums
Nightwish albums
Spinefarm Records albums
Century Media Records albums
Albums recorded at Finnvox Studios

Oceanborn


O Prêmio ACIE de Melhor Ator é um dos prêmios oferecidos pelo Prêmio ACIE de Cinema, concedido pela Associação de Correspondentes de Imprensa Estrangeira no Brasil (ACIE) e entregue em honra aos atores que se destacam no papel principal de obras cinematográficas de determinado ano. Esta categoria está presente na premiação desde a primeira cerimônia, ocasião em que Marco Nanini venceu por sua interpretação em Apolônio Brasil, o Campeão da Alegria. A comissão de indicação é composta por profissionais estrangeiros associados à ACIE, semelhante ao prêmio Golden Globes, dos Estados Unidos.

Indicados e vencedores
O ano indicado refere-se ao ano em que ocorreu a cerimônia de premiação, na maioria das vezes relativo ao catálogo de filmes produzidos no ano anterior. Os vencedores aparecem no topo da lista e destacados em negrito, de acordo com o site oficial:

Múltiplas vitórias e indicações

Os seguintes atores receberam duas ou mais indicações ao ACIE de melhor ator:

Ver também

 Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro de Melhor Ator
 Prêmio Guarani de Melhor Ator

Ligações externas

 Site Oficial do Prêmio ACIE

Prêmio ACIE de Cinema
Prêmios de cinema do Brasil

Prêmio ACIE de Melhor Ator


الحسو مركز تابع لمحافظة الحناكية التابعة لمنطقة المدينة المنورة، ويقع جنوب شرق المدينة المنورة يتميز بمميزات رائعة، بعده عن المدن الكبيرة والصناعية جعله منطقة ممتازة لرعاة الإبل والماشية، ويتميز بجغرافيته ففيه هضاب واودية وسهول وهو يقع على وادي ينشأ من أعالي نجد ويصب في وادي الرمة المعروف الذي ينحدر إلى جهة القصيم وفيه من الآبار التي كانت تشتهر بميائها العذبة والقريبة من سطح الأرض، فتسمية الحسو جاءت من الآبار التي تحفر ولا تكون عميقة بل تكون قريبة من سطح الأرض بحيث يكون كل أحد يستطيع أخراج الماء بدون مشقة، والحسو منطقة مرتفعة عن سطح البحر، فبعض أوديتها الغربية تسيل إلى جهة الغرب وتصب في أودية المدينة المنورة، وبعض أوديتها الشرقية تسيل إلى جهة الشرق وتبلغ القصيم

الموقع
يقع المركز في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من محافظة الحناكية و الجزء الجنوبي منها تقع في محافظة مهد الذهب

تبعد المنطقة عن المدينة المنورة 240 كيلو متر شرقا، وعن مدينة ينبع البحر حوالي 350 كيلو متر شرقا، وعن مدينة مهد الذهب 180 كيلو متر شمالا شرقا، وعن مدينة عفيف 200 كيلو متر شمالا غربا وعن مدينة عقلة الصقور 180 كيلو متر جنوبا، ويقع المركز في أقصى الحد الشرقي من حدود منطقة المدينة المنورة والقرى المحيطة بها من جهة الشرق والجنوب الشرقي تتبع لمنطقة الرياض، ومن جهة الشرق والشمال الشرقي تتبع لمنطقة القصيم

المساحة
تبلغ مساحته (6,588كم2)، وتمثل 26,50% من مساحة المحافظة، ويأتي في المرتبة الأولى من حيث المساحة

السكان
يبلغ عدد سكانه (8,211) نسمة.
وهم ميمون من قبيلة بني عبدالله  من مطير

تاريخ الحسو

ويذكر أن سبب إطلاق اسم حسو عليا يعود إلى :

حسو تعني كثرة المياه وخاصه المياه الجوفية، حيث تشتهر المنطقة بـ وفرة الابار وكثرة المياه، وكثرة الأمطار والعليا المقصود بها المكان المرتفع

تتناقل بعض الروايات الأدبية القديمة بعض الأسباب والمعطيات غير المؤكدّة في نسبة اسم عليا بأسباب أخرى، مثل مقتل عليا الهلالية في تلك المنطقة ودفنها هناك، وبعد مقتلها توافقت هجرة الهلاليون الشهيرة إلى شمال أفريقيا مع هجرة سكان تلك القرية الصغيرة أو تلك البادية عنها، إلا أن جميع ما ذُكر يبقى في محيط التأويل غير المنطقي والذي لا يستند على أدلّة وتبقى ضمن الروايات غير الحقيقية.

وتُعتبر الحُسو العليا بمثابة مدرسة للفرسان والقناصيين على مدار التاريخ، وذلك يعود لأسباب البيئة المحيطة التي أرغمت سُكان تلك المنطقة على إتخاذ ذلك الأسلوب في العيش، فـ تتمتع تلك المنطقة بـ كثرة المناطق التي تُعد من أجمل مناطق الصيد، ومن أكثر الحيوانات البرية الغزلان والمها والحباري والارانب والضباع والذئاب والماشية بمختلف أنواعها، وعُرفت تلك المنطقة على مدار التاريخ حدوث المعارك والغزوات ما بين المناطق المتواجدة المتجاورة في ذلك الوقت، ومعارك اهالي المنطقة مع الشريف.

أسس الحسو

تأسست الحسو بعدما انتقل بعض أبناء البادية من الصحراء القريبة من الحسو إلى الحسو وبنو فيها البيوت
الطينيه والتي إلى الآن موجوده.

وصلات خارجية

اضغط هنا لترى الموقع من الأقمار الصناعية

مراجع

مدن منطقة المدينة المنورة
مراكز محافظة الحناكية

الحسو


KLAR es una estación de radio localizada en Laredo, Texas. Es más conocida como Radio Poder. Emite música religiosa y charla religiosa en español para los radio escuchas de Laredo y Nuevo Laredo.

Referencias

AKLAR
AKLAR

KLAR-AM


Köpekler (Orijinal ismi Straw Dogs) yönetmeni Sam Peckinpah olan 1971 tarihli bir filmdir. Başrollerini Dustin Hoffman ve Susan George paylaşmaktadır. Film, Gordon Williams'ın The Siege of Trencher's Farm isimli romanından uyarlanmıştır.

Konusu

Film, Amerikalı matematikçi David Sumner (Dustin Hoffman) ve İngiliz karısı Amy'nin (Susan George), Birleşik Devletlerdeki suç ve şiddetten kaçmak için Amy'nin memleketi olan Cornwall, Birleşik Krallık'a taşınmalarını sonrasında olanları anlatır. Aslında kaçtıkları şiddet onları bu küçük İngiliz kasabasında bulur.

Yeni taşındıkları evlerine bir garaj yaptırmak için Amy'nin eski erkek arkadaşı olan dört kişiyle anlaşırlar. Ancak, zaman içinde bu grup çiftin başına bela olurlar.

Köpekler filminin içerdiği şiddet sahneleri nedeniyle oldukça yankı uyandırmıştır. 1984 yılından beri Birleşik Krallık'ta yayınlanması yasak olan filmin DVD olarak yayınlanmasına 2002 yılında izin verilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

Straw Dogs: Home Like No Place  an essay by Joshua Clover at the Criterion Collection
Essay by Michael Sragow  at Salon.com

Britanyalı romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
Sam Peckinpah'ın yönettiği filmler
1970'lerde aksiyon filmleri
Jerry Fielding'in müziğini yaptığı filmler
John Coquillon'un görüntülediği filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dramatik gerilim filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri psikolojik gerilim filmleri
Birleşik Krallık dramatik gerilim filmleri
Psikopatlar ile ilgili filmler
1970'lerde bağımsız filmler
1970'lerde İngilizce filmler
1971 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Köpekler (film)


كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتصرف بصفاقس هي إحدى الكليات التابعة لجامعة صفاقس، وقد أنشئت بمقتضى المرسوم الصادر في 14 نوفمبر 1975.

أرقام
 خلال العام الدراسي 2007 - 2008 يدرس بالكلية 6006 طالبا من بينهم 3200 طالبة، ويؤمّن التدريس فيها 320 مدرسا بين قارين ومتعاقدين وعرضيين وملحقين.

أقسامها
تحتوي كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتصرف بصفاقس على الأقسام الخمسة التالية:
 الاقتصاد.
 الإدارة.
 تكنولوجيا المعلومات.
 الأساليب الكمية.
 المحاسبة.

وصلة خارجية
 موقع كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتصرف بصفاقس.

مراجع

التعليم في تونس
تعليم عال
جامعة صفاقس
معاهد علمية

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتصرف بصفاقس


Biserica reformată din Goreni este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Goreni, comuna Batoș. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 115557.06.

Localitatea
Goreni (în ) este un sat în comuna Batoș din județul Mureș, Transilvania, România. Menționat pentru prima dată în anul 1228 sub numele de Sceplak.

Biserica
În timpul Reformei populația satului, până atunci catolică, a îmbrățișat religia reformată. Biserica veche medievală, care a fost reconstruită în mare măsură în anul 1890, se află pe vârful unui deal de la capătul nordic al satului.

Note

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Biserici reformate din România
Biserici din județul Mureș
Biserici din secolul al XVII-lea din România

Biserica reformată din Goreni


Rambergsvallen İsveç'in Göteborg şehrinde 1935 yılında çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum.

Stadyumda çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. İsveç'in BK Häcken takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 8.480 seyirci kapasitelidir.

İsveç'teki stadyumlar

Rambergsvallen


دكان شحاتة هو فيلم مصري، تم إنتاجه سنة 2009 بطولة محمود حميدة وعمرو سعد وهيفاء وهبي وغادة عبد الرازق، وعمرو عبد الجليل وطارق عبد العزيز وعبد العزيز مخيون وإخراج خالد يوسف

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم في بداية الثمانينات حول شحاتة وعائلته الفقيرة من الصعيد حيث تبدأ القصة برجل يدعى حجاج (محمود حميدة) والذي يأخذ زوجته إلى الصعيد لتلد له الطفل شحاتة (عمرو سعد) وتفارق الحياة بعد الولادة. يعود الوالد وابنه معه إلى القاهرة حيث وجود أخوته من نفس الأب لكنهم من أم أخرى قد تزوجها حجاج في وقت سابق تركته وهربت منه بعد أن أنجبت له ثلاثة أطفال اثنين منهم أولاد «طِلب» و «سالم» والثالثة بنت اسمها «نجاح» تقوم بدورها الممثلة (غادة عبد الرازق). يعمل حجاج عند طبيب يدعي مؤنس (عبد العزيز مخيون) ليتبين في القصة بأن الدكتور كان من المثقفين المعتقلين المعارضين للسادات في سبتمبر 1981. يقوم الدكتور بمنح جزءً من أرض فيلته في المعادى ليقيم عليها حجاج دكانًا يبيع فيه الفاكهة ويسميه دكان شحاتة. يعانى شحاتة من سطوة اخوته ومعاملتهم السيئة له لغيرتهم الشديدة منه وتنشأ بين أبناء العائلة الثلاثة غير الأشقاء حالة من التوتر بعد وفاة والدهم تنتهي بسجن الأصغر بتهمة التزوير، وزواج أخيه من خطيبته عنوة ليخرج من السجن باحثا عن إخوته الذين يهربون منه بعدما سرقوا ميراثه وخطيبته قبل أن يقتله أحدهما بالرصاص في نهاية الأحداث.

الممثلون
 محمود حميدة: (حجاج)
 عمرو سعد: (شحاتة)
 هيفاء وهبي: (بيسة)
 غادة عبد الرازق: (نجاح)
 عمرو عبد الجليل: (كرم)
 محمد كريم: (سالم)
 صبري فواز: (طلب)
 طارق عبد العزيز: (علي)
 عبد العزيز مخيون: (د. مؤنس)
 رامي غيط: (البرص)
 أحمد وفيق
 حجاج كامل: (الصول محمد)
 ماهر سليم
 نادية العراقية

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أفلام تقع أحداثها في مصر
أفلام دراما إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2009
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام محمود حميدة
أفلام غادة عبد الرازق
أفلام عمرو عبد الجليل
أفلام صبري فواز
أفلام طارق عبد العزيز
أفلام عبد العزيز مخيون

دكان شحاتة (فيلم)


فارنا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة أوبلاست تشيليابنسك في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 9700 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة تشيليابنسك

فارنا (روسيا)


An Grammatophyllum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Grammatophyllum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Grammatophyllum

Grammatophyllum


Surakarta, llamada también Solo o Sala, es una ciudad de Java Central, Indonesia, de más de 520.061 personas (2009) con una densidad de población de 11,81 habitantes/km². La ciudad linda con Karanganyar y Boyolali hacia el norte, Karanganyar y Sukoharjo al este y al oeste, y Sukoharjo en el sur. En el parte oriental de Solo se encuentra Bengawan Solo. La ciudad es la sede de la kraton Surakarta Sunanate. Junto con Yogyakarta, Surakarta es la heredero de la Sultanato de Mataram que se dividió en dos reinos en 1755.

Referencias

Localidades de Indonesia

Surakarta (Indonesia)


Boynuyoğunlu, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Andırın ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Boynuyoğunlu asi ve başkaldıran anlamına gelmektedir. Mahallenin eski ismi Teciker olup, Ermenice bir kelime olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Coğrafya

Kahramanmaraş il merkezine 90 km. ve Andırın ilçesine 17 km. uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Andırın'ın mahalleleri

Boynuyoğunlu, Andırın


'Madame Eugénie Frémy' est un cultivar de rosier obtenu en 1884 et introduit au commerce en 1885 par le rosiériste français Eugène Verdier. Elle était fameuse au début du XXe siècle comme rose d'exposition. Cette variété classée dans la catégorie des hybrides remontants et peu répandue aujourd'hui est cependant toujours commercialisée.

Description
'Madame Eugénie Frémy' présente un buisson érigé, entre 60 et 120 cm de hauteur, très vigoureux aux rameaux longs, d'un feuillage vert tendre. Ses fleurs sont grosses (26-40 pétales), ressemblant à celles de 'Paul Neyron', d'un rose vif aux revers des pétales montrant des reflets argentés. La floraison est remontante.

Sa zone de rusticité étant de 6b à 9b, elle résiste aux hivers froids.

Eugénie Frémy, née Boutron (1822-1893), était l'épouse d'Edmond Frémy (1814-1894), chimiste et directeur du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, président de l'Académie des sciences, et la fille du chimiste Antoine François Boutron Charlard.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
Journal des roses, lire en ligne, novembre 1890, p. 169
 August Jäger, Rosenlexikon, 1936, réimpr. 1983, p. 280
 Dictionnaire des roses, tome II, p. 39

Cultivar de rosier
Hybride remontant

Madame Eugénie Frémy


Marek Heinz (d. 4 Ağustos 1977 Olomouc) Çekyalı eski millî futbolcudur.

Kariyeri
Kariyerindeki en başarılı performansını Euro 2004'te takımını yarı finale kadar taşıyan oyunculardan birisi olarak gösterdi. Marek Heinz, Sigma Olomouc, Hamburg, DSC Arminia Bielefeld, Baník Ostrava ve Borussia Mönchengladbach formaları giydi. Takımında sol kanatta hücuma dönük oynayan futbolcu, 2005-2006 sezonu başında Galatasaray'a transfer oldu. Galatasaray'da bekleneni veremeyen futbolcu, 2006-2007 sezonunda Fransız Saint-Étienne takımıyla üç yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır.

1.87 m. boyunda ve 81 kg olan Çek futbolcunun son 6 sezondaki performansı şöyle:

1977 doğumlular
Çek futbolcular
Çekya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
SK Sigma Olomouc futbolcuları
Hamburger SV futbolcuları
DSC Arminia Bielefeld futbolcuları
FK Dukla Praha futbolcuları
FC Baník Ostrava futbolcuları
Borussia Mönchengladbach futbolcuları
Galatasaray SK yabancı futbolcuları
AS Saint-Étienne futbolcuları
FC Nantes futbolcuları
FC Zbrojovka Brno futbolcuları
Kapfenberger SV futbolcuları
Ferencvárosi TC futbolcuları
Çek gurbetçi futbolcular
Almanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Fransa'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Avusturya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Macaristan'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Almanya'daki Çek gurbetçiler
Türkiye'deki Çek gurbetçiler
Fransa'daki Çek gurbetçiler
Avusturya'daki Çek gurbetçiler
Macaristan'daki Çek gurbetçiler
1. liga futbolcuları
Bundesliga futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Bundesliga (Avusturya) futbolcuları
2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Forvet futbolcular
Kanat futbolcuları

Marek Heinz


ටුර්ලා යනු ට්‍රෝජන් ගණයේ පරිගණක වයිරසයකි. එය රුසියානු රාජ්‍ය නියෝජිතායතනයේ නිෂ්පාදනයක් ලෙස ආරක්ෂක පර්යේෂකයන් හා බටහිර බුද්ධි නිලධාරීන් විසින් සැකකරන ලදි.  අවම වශයෙන් 2008 සිට වත් ටුර්ලා රජයන් හා හමුදාවන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත.

2014 දෙසැම්බරයේදී එය ලිනක්ස් මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති වලට බලපෑම් කරන බව හෙළිවිය.

මූලශ්‍ර

මේවාත් බලන්න
ෆ්ලේම් (අනිෂ්ට මෘදුකාංගය)
පරිගණක වෛරස

පරිගණක වෛරස

ටුර්ලා (අනිෂ්ට මෘදුකාංගය)


Femmøller er en bebyggelse beliggende cirka otte kilometer nordvest for Ebeltoft i Agri Sogn, Syddjurs Kommune. Femmøller er en del af Nationalpark Mols Bjerge. Indtil 1790 hed området Essendrup.

Historie
Området er opkaldt efter de fem møller, Overmølle, Kjerris Mølle, Glads Mølle, Skovmøllen og Ravns Mølle som alle var placeret ved Mølleåen. Ravns Mølle nedbrændte i 1688, mens de fire andre stadigvæk består. 1909 blev det Danmarks første centrum for turister, da et af landets første badehoteller (nu Femmøller Efterskole) blev opført her.

Fra Femmøller kan man følge Den Italienske Sti ind i Mols Bjerge. Slugten i Femmøller bliver til en bred dal der går ned til vandet ved Ebeltoft Vig og Femmøller Strand.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Femmøller  på Den Store Danske
 Femmøller på visitdjursland.com

Lokaliteter i Syddjurs Kommune

Femmøller


Doğruluk, hakikat olarak da kullanılan felsefe terimi ya da kategorisi. Felsefenin bütün gelişim aşamalarında, felsefe içi tartışmalarda ve tanımlamalarda belirleyici bir konu başlığı olarak yer almıştır. Dolayısıyla genel bir tanımı olmaktan çok, her felsefe eğiliminde ya da okulunda farklı şekillerde tanımlanışları söz konusudur. Yine de genel bir tanımlama yapılacak olursa, Doğruluk ya da Hakikat, gerçek'ten ya da gerçeklik'ten ayrı olarak belli bir gerçekliğin düşünsel ya da zihinsel olarak temsil edilmesi ve temsilin gerçeklige uygun olması halidir diyebiliriz. Bu son derece sorunlu bir tanımlamadır söz konusu felsefe-içi tartışma bağlamında; özellikle de günümüz felsefe tartışmalarının ya da bu tartışmaların sonuclarının boyutları dolayısıyla.

Her felsefe eğilimi ya da akımı belli bir epistemolojik model kullanmakta ve dolayısıyla Doğruluk kategorisi buna göre farklı niteliklerde ele alınıp değerlendirilmektedir.

Çok genel olarak, doğruluğun, felsefe bağlamında epistemolojik ve ontolojik olmak üzere iki ayrı bağlamda ele alındığını belirtmek mümkündür.

Epistemelojik olarak doğruluk, bilgi etkinliğinin temel bir kavramıdır ve bilgiyi bilgi olmayan biçimlerden ayırmak üzere kullanılır. Doğrulanabilir ya da yanlışlanabilir olan bilgi düzleminde ele alınır. Doğruluk, doğrulanabilir bilginin kuramsal ifadesidir. Buna göre doğruluk var olana dair bildirimde bulunan özneyle birlikte mümkündür. Özne-nesne ilişkisi bağlamında yer alan ve öznenin nesneyi bilişinin niteligini belirten bir kategoridir. Ontolojik doğruluk kavramı ise, doğruluğu varlığın özüyle özdeş olma hali olarak ele almak anlamına gelir. Burada bilginin doğruluğunun bir özne-nesne ilişkisi sorunu değil varlığın özüyle ilgili oldugu varsayılır.

Doğruluğun bir uygunluk hali mi, bir tutarlılık konusu mu, yoksa bir uzlaşım sorunu mu olduğu üzerine önemli kuramsal tartışmalar Platon'dan beri süregelmektedir, ve postmodern durum içinde bu tartışmalar yön değiştirmiş ve yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. Genelgeçer bir tanımın ötesinde, Felsefe tarihi içinde epistemelojik alandaki gelişmenin ayrıntılı bir dokümantasyonu ortaya konulmaksızın yeterli bir doğruluk ya da hâkikat tanımına ulaşmak olanaklı değildir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Suskunluk sarmalı
 Hakikat
 Hakikat Kapısı

Felsefi kavramlar
İslam ve Hristiyanlık

Doğruluk (felsefe)


صوف الكشمير  ويطلق عليه ببساطة الكشمير، ويعرف ببعض الأحيان باسم بشمين، وهي ألياف من ماعز الكشمير. وكلمة كشمير مستمدة من إقليم كشمير.
صوف الكشمير ذو بنية دقيقة وقوية، وخفيفة وناعمة؛ وتصنع منها ملابس دافئة للغاية، وأكثر دفئاً مما يعادل وزنها من صوف الخراف.

الخواص
قانون الولايات المتحدة لوسم المنتجات الصوفية لعام 1939، بصيغته المعدلة، (U.S.C. 15 Section 68b(a)(6)) يعرّف ألياف الكشمير بأنها ألياف دقيقة تنتجها ماعز الكشمير كابرا هيركوس لانيجر (Capra hircus laniger) مع قطر متوسط للألياف لا يتجاوز 19 ميكرون، ولا يحتوي على أكثر من 3% (من الوزن) من ألياف الكشمير ذات قطر متوسط لا يتجاوز 30 ميكرون. وأضاف معهد مصنعي شعر الجمل والكشمير شرط أن يكون معامل التغير حول المتوسط الحسابي لا يتجاوز 24 ٪.

تتميز ألياف الكشمير بأنها ألياف لينة. وتجدر الإشارة إلى أنها توفّر عزل طبيعي خفيف الوزن بدون تضخيم حجمي. وهي ألياف عالية التكيف مع الأهداف المرجوة منها وسهلة التشكيل لتكون خيوطًا ثخينة أو رفيعة، وأقمشة خفيفة أو ثقيلة الوزن.

ألوان الكشمير الطبيعية
الألوان الطبيعية الأصلية لصوف الكشمير غير المصبوغة تتراوح بين الرمادي، والبني والأبيض.

مصدر الألياف

يتم الحصول على ألياف صوف الكشمير من أجل الملابس والمنسوجات وغيرها من ماعز الكشمير المستأنسة. ماعز كابرا هيركوس لانيجر (Capra hircus laniger) هي من الثدييات التي تنتمي إلى فصيلة (Caprinae) من عائلة البقريات. تنتج الماعز جزة مزدوجة تتألف من فروة دقيقة، وناعمة من شعر مخلوط مع غلاف شعري أكثر استقامة وخشونة يدعى الشعر الحامي (guard hair). ولكي يمكن بيع وتشغيل الشعر الناعم الدقيق يجب أولا فصله عن الشعر الخشن. عملية الفصل هذه (De-hairing) هي عملية ميكانيكية تفصل الشعر الخشن من الشعر الناعم، وبعد هذه العملية يكون الكشمير جاهز للصباغة وتحويله إلى خيوط ومنسوجات وألبسة.

الجمع

يجمع الكشمير خلال موسم استبدال الشعر في الربيع حيث يتساقط شعر الماعز طبيعيًا والذي كان يشكل حاميًا للماعز خلال فصل الشتاء. في النصف الشمالي من الكرة الأرضية يتساقط شعر الماعز على مدى فترة تبدأ في وقت مبكر من آذار / مارس، وآخر شهر أيار / مايو.

في بعض المناطق، تزال كمية من الشعر المختلط من الفروة والشعر الخشن يدويًا باستخدام مشط خشن يسحب خصل الألياف من الحيوان عند تمشيط جزته الصوفية. ويكون للألياف المجموعة مردود أعلى من الكشمير الخالص بعد غسل الألياف وفصلها (Dehairing). يجز بعدها الشعر الحامي الخشن من الحيوان ويستخدم غالبًا في تصنيع الفراشي، والحواشي وغيرها من الاستخدامات في غير الملابس. عادة ما يجز صوف الحيوانات في إيران، وأفغانستان، ونيوزيلندا، وأستراليا، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة محتوى الشعر الخشن وانخفاض مردود الكشمير الخالص. في أمريكا، أكثر الوسائل شعبية هي التمشيط. تستغرق هذه العملية أسبوعين ولكن، مع العين المدربة يمكن إدراك اللحظة المناسبة وتمشيط الصوف خلال أسبوع.

انظر أيضاً
 بشمين

المراجع

ألياف نسيج طبيعية
اقتصاد جامو وكشمير
جنوب آسيا
كشمير
منتجات حيوانية
صوف الكشمير

كشمير (نسيج)


Myriapods () are the members of subphylum Myriapoda, containing arthropods such as millipedes and centipedes. The group contains about 13,000 species, all of them terrestrial.

The fossil record of myriapods reaches back into the late Wenlock epoch of the late Silurian, although molecular evidence suggests a diversification in the Cambrian Period, and Cambrian fossils exist which resemble myriapods.  The oldest unequivocal myriapod fossil species is Pneumodesmus from the late Silurian around , which is important as the earliest known evidence of an air-breathing animal. Other early myriapod fossil species are Kampecaris obanensis and Archidesmus sp. from the late Silurian around . The phylogenetic classification of myriapods is still debated.

The scientific study of myriapods is myriapodology, and those who study myriapods are myriapodologists.

Anatomy

Myriapods have a single pair of antennae and, in most cases, simple eyes. Exceptions are the two classes symphylans and pauropods, and the millipede order Polydesmida and the centipede order Geophilomorpha, which are all eyeless. The house centipedes (Scutigera) on the other hand, have large and well-developed compound eyes. The mouthparts lie on the underside of the head, with an "epistome" and labrum forming the upper lip, and a pair of maxillae forming the lower lip. A pair of mandibles lie inside the mouth. Myriapods breathe through spiracles that connect to a tracheal system similar to that of insects. There is a long tubular heart that extends through much of the body, but usually few, if any, blood vessels.

Malpighian tubules excrete nitrogenous waste into the digestive system, which typically consists of a simple tube. Although the ventral nerve cord has a ganglion in each segment, the brain is relatively poorly developed.

During mating, male myriapods produce a packet of sperm, or spermatophore, which they must transfer to the female externally; this process is often complex and highly developed. The female lays eggs which hatch as much-shortened versions of the adults, with only a few segments and as few as three pairs of legs. With the exception of the two centipede orders Scolopendromorpha and Geophilomorpha, which have epimorphic development (all body segments are formed segments embryonically), the young add additional segments and limbs as they repeatedly moult to reach the adult form.

The process of adding new segments during postembryonic growth is known as anamorphosis, of which there are three types: euanamorphosis, emianamorphosis, and teloanamorphosis. In euanamorphosis, every moult is followed by addition of new segments, even after reaching sexual maturity; in emianamorphosis, new segments are added until a certain stage, and further moults happen without addition of segments; and in teloanamorphosis, where the addition of new segments stops after the adult form is reached, after no further moults occur.

Ecology

Myriapods are most abundant in moist forests, where they fulfill an important role in breaking down decaying plant material, although a few live in grasslands, semi-arid habitats or even deserts. A very small percentage of species are littoral (found along the sea shore).  The majority are detritivorous, with the exception of centipedes, which are chiefly nocturnal predators.

A few species of centipedes and millipedes are able to produce light and are therefore bioluminescent.  Pauropodans and symphylans are small, sometimes microscopic animals that resemble centipedes superficially and live in soils. Millipedes differ from the other groups in having their body segments fused into pairs, giving the appearance that each segment bears two pairs of legs, while the other three groups have a single pair of legs on each body segment.

Although not generally considered dangerous to humans, many millipedes produce noxious secretions (often containing benzoquinones) which in rare cases can cause temporary blistering and discolouration of the skin. Large centipedes, however, can bite humans, and although the bite may cause intense pain and discomfort, fatalities are extremely rare.

Classification
There has been much debate as to which arthropod group is most closely related to the Myriapoda. Under the Mandibulata hypothesis, Myriapoda is the sister taxon to Pancrustacea, a group comprising the Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and their close relatives). Under the Atelocerata hypothesis, Hexapoda is the closest, whereas under the Paradoxopoda hypothesis, Chelicerata is the closest. This last hypothesis, although supported by few, if any, morphological characters, is supported by a number of molecular studies.
A 2020 study found numerous characters of the eye and preoral region suggesting that the closest relatives to crown myriapods are the extinct Euthycarcinoids. There are four classes of extant myriapods, Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda, Pauropoda and Symphyla, containing a total of around 12,000 species. While each of these groups of myriapods is believed to be monophyletic, relationships among them are less certain.

Centipedes

Centipedes make up the class Chilopoda. They are fast, predatory and venomous, hunting mostly at night. There are around 3,300 species, ranging from the diminutive Nannarrup hoffmani (less than 12 mm or  in in length) to the giant Scolopendra gigantea, which may exceed .

Millipedes

Millipedes form the class Diplopoda. Most millipedes are slower than centipedes, and feed on leaf litter and detritus. Except for the first segment called collum, which don't have any appendages, and the next three segments with a single pair of legs each, they are distinguished by the fusion of each pair of body segments into a single unit, giving the appearance of having two pairs of legs per segment. It is also common for the sternites, pleurites and tergites to fuse into rigid armour rings. The males produce aflagellate sperm cells, unlike the rest of the myriapods which produce flagellated sperm. Around 12,000 species have been described, which may represent less than a tenth of the true global millipede diversity. Although the name "millipede" is a compound word formed from the Latin roots millia ("thousand") and pes (gen. pedis) ("foot"), millipedes typically have between 36 and 400 legs. In 2021, however, was described Eumillipes persephone, the first species known to have 1,000 or more legs, possessing 1,306 of them. Pill millipedes are much shorter, and are capable of rolling up into a ball, like pillbugs.

Symphyla
Symphylans, or garden centipedes, are closely related to centipedes and millipedes. They are 3 to 6 cm long, and have 6 to 12 pairs of legs, depending on their life stage. Their eggs, which are white and spherical and covered with small hexagonal ridges, are laid in batches of 4 to 25 at a time, and usually take up to 40 days to hatch. There are about 200 species worldwide.

Pauropoda

Pauropoda is another small group of small myriapods. They are typically 0.5–2.0 mm long and live in the soil on all continents except Antarctica. Over 700 species have been described. They are believed to be the sister group to millipedes, and have the dorsal tergites fused across pairs of segments, similar to the more complete fusion of segments seen in millipedes.

Arthropleuridea

Arthropleurideans were ancient myriapods that are now extinct, known from the late Silurian to the Permian. The most famous members are from the genus Arthropleura, which was a giant, probably herbivorous, animal that could be up to  long, but the group also includes species less than . Arthropleuridea was historically considered a distinct class of myriapods, but since 2000 scientific consensus has viewed the group as a subset of millipedes, although the relationship of arthropleurideans to other millipedes and to each other is debated.

Myriapod relationships

A variety of groupings (clades) of the myriapod classes have been proposed, some of which are mutually exclusive, and all of which represent hypotheses of evolutionary relationships. Traditional relationships supported by morphological similarities (anatomical or developmental similarities) are challenged by newer relationships supported by molecular evidence (including DNA sequence and amino acid similarities).

 Dignatha (also called Collifera) is a clade consisting of millipedes and pauropods, and is supported by morphological similarities including the presence of a gnathochilarium (a modified jaw and plate apparatus) and a collum, a legless segment behind the head.
 Trignatha (also called Atelopoda) is a grouping of centipedes and symphylans, united by similarities of mouthparts.
 Edafopoda is a grouping of symphylans and pauropodans that is supported by shared genetic sequences, yet conflicts with Dignatha and Trignatha.
 Progoneata is a group encompassing millipedes, pauropods and symphylans while excluding centipedes. Shared features include reproductive openings (gonopores) behind the second body segment, and sensory hairs (trichobothria) with a bulb-like swelling. It is compatible with either Dignatha or Edafopoda.

See also

 Euthycarcinoidea, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods
 Colonization of land, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms
 Metamerism, the condition of multiple linearly repeated body segments

References

External links

 Myriapod Fossil Record - University of Bristol
 International Journal of Myriapodology
 International Society of Myriapodology
 British Myriapod and Isopod Group
 Myriapods, the World's Leggiest Animals - North America

Animal subphyla
Extant Silurian first appearances
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille

Myriapoda


Grave Digger njemački je heavy metal-sastav osnovan 1980. Smatra ga se članom "velike četvorke" njemačkog heavy metala uz sastave Helloween, Running Wild i Rage. Do 2020. sastav je objavio 20 studijskih albuma.

Povijest

Sastav su 1980. osnovali Chris Boltendahl i Peter Masson. Godine 1983. dvije pjesme sastava pojavile su se na albumu Rock from Hell i 1984. je objavljen prvi studijski album sastava Heavy Metal Breakdown.

Godine 1985. basist Willi Lackmann napustio je sastav. Iste godine objavljen je drugi album Witch Hunter. Nakon objavljena albuma, sastavu se pridružio C.F. Brank. Sastav je sa sastavom Helloween bio na turneji i 1986. objavljuje svoj treći album War Games. Nakon objavljena albuma, sastav je bio na turneji sa sastavima Helloween i Celtic Frost. Nakon turneje Petera Massona zamijenio je Uwe Lulis. Iste godine sastav mijenja ime u Digger. Iste godine objavljen je album Stronger Than Ever. Album nije bio uspješan jer ga nisu prihvatili ni obožavatelji ni šira publika. Krajem 1987. Boltendahl je najavio raspad skupine.

Godine 1991. Lulis i Boltendahl ponovo su okupili sastav s Tomijom Göttlichom i Jörgom Michaelom koji je svirao sa sastavima Rage i Running Wild. Godine 1993. objavljen je album The Reaper. Ovaj album bio je povratak pravim korijenima Grave Diggera. Iste godine objavljena je kompilacija The Best of the Eighties na kojoj su rane pjesme sastava.

Godine 1994. objavljen je EP Symphony of Death. Nakon objavljena albuma, Michaela je zamijenio Frank Ulrich s kojim je sastav svirao na turneji s Manowarom. Godine 1995. objavljen je album Heart of Darkness. Vrlo mračan album s mnogo utjecaja iz ranih radova Annihilatora.

Godine 1996. sastavu se pridružio novi bubnjar Stefan Arnold. Iste godine objavljen je konceptualni album Tunes of War koji se bavio poviješću Škotske. Ovo je prvi dio trilogiji Middle Ages Trilogy. Drugi album Knights of the Cross, s Jensom Beckerom kao basistom, objavljen je 1998. i bio je o usponu i padu templara. Posljednji dio trilogiji bio je album Excalibur. Ovaj je album istraživao legendu o kralju Arthuru i vitezovima Okruglog stola.

Godine 2000. Grave Digger je proslavio 20 godina postojanja. Kako bi obilježili tu obljetnicu nastupili su na rasprodanom koncertu u Zecheu u Bochumu. Mnoge od najpopularnijih pjesama sastava svirale su se uz druge manje poznate. Također se pojavio i niz različitih sporednih izvođača s Grave Diggerom. Ovaj koncert označio je ključno poglavlje u povijesti sastava, iako je gitarist Uwe Lulis napustio sastav prije koncerta zbog osobnih i poslovnih razloga. Lulis je osnovao sastav Rebellion.

Lulisa je zamijenio bivši gitarist Ragea, Manni Schmidt. Godine 2001. objavljen je album The Grave Digger. Djela Edgara Allana Poea poslužila su kao inspiracija za tekstove novog albuma. Godine 2002. objavljen je prvi koncertni album sastava Tunes of Wacken, također objavljen na DVD-u. Sljedeći album Rheingold objavljen je 2003. godine njegova je središnja tema bila opera Der Ring des Nibelungen Richarda Wagnera. Početkom 2004. krenuli su na turneju promocije albuma.

Nakon turneje za album Rheingold, sastav snima album The Last Supper objavljen 17. siječnja 2005. Grafički dizajn objavljen je u studenomu 2004. dobio je pozitivne kritike. Brojni obožavatelji bili su razočarani umjetničkim radom zbog motiva. Sastav je izdao priopćenje u kojem kaže da naslovnica nije poruka vraga i nije protiv kršćana, nego prikaz depresivnog Isusa Krista u njegovim posljednjim danima prije smrti. Za razliku od prethodnih albuma The Last Supper nije bio konceptualni album.

U listopadu 2005. objavljen je koncertni album 25 to Live. Godine 2007. objavljen je album Liberty or Death. Nakon objavljena albuma sastav odlazi na turneju s Therionom.

Krajem veljače 2008. Grave Digger je počeo pisati novi materijal. Sredinom kolovoza ušli su u Principal studio s dodatnim gitaristom Thilo Hermannom kako bi snimili svoj 13. studijski album pod nazivom Ballads of a Hangman, koji je objavljen 9. siječnja 2009. pod njihovom novom izdavačkom kućom Napalm Records. Bio je to njihov prvi album s dvostrukim gitarama.

U veljači 2009. Hermann je napustio sastav. U listopadu iste godine drugi gitarist Manni Schmidt zbog razlaza s Chrisom Boltendahlom napušta sastav.

Dana 12. siječnja 2010. Schmidta je zamijenio Axel Ritt. Dana 1. listopada 2010. objavljen je album The Clans Will Rise Again. Ovaj album je nastavak albuma Tunes of War. Dana 11. rujna 2011. objavljen je glazbeni spot za pjesme "Highland Farewell".

Dana 27. srpnja 2012. objavljen je EP Home at Last, a 31. kolovoza iste godine objavljen je album Clash of the Gods. Godine 2014. objavljen je album Return of the Reaper. U studenomu 2014. klavijaturist Hans Peter Katzenburg napušta sastav. Zamijenio ga je Marcus Kniep.

U listopadu 2015. objavljen je kompilacijski album Exhumation – The Early Years na kojem su ponovo pojavljuju ranije snimljene pjesme sastava. U lipnju 2016. počeo je snimanje albuma koji je objavljen 13. siječnja 2017. pod imenom Healed by Metal. Nakon objavljena albuma sastav je pošao na turneju s Blind Guardianom u Sjevernu Ameriku.

U ožujku 2018. sastav je počeo snimanje sljedećog albuma koji je objavljen u rujnu 2018. pod imenom The Living Dead. Ovo je posljednji album s bubnjarom Stefanom Arnoldom koji je sastav napustio u lipnju 2018., zamijenio ga je Marcus Kniep.

Godine 2020. objavljen je album Fields of Blood. U kolovozu 2022. objavljen je album Symbol of Eternity.

Osoblje
Sadašnja postava

 Chris Boltendahl – vokali (1980. – 1987., 1991. – danas), bas-gitara (1980. – 1982., 1985.)
 Jens Becker – bas-gitara (1998. – danas)
 Axel Ritt – gitara (2009. – danas)
 Marcus Kniep – klavijature (2014. – danas), bubnjevi (2018. – danas)

Bivši članovi
 Lutz Schmelzer – bubnjevi (1980.)
 Peter Masson – gitara (1980. _ 1986.), bas-gitara (1985.)
 Philip Seibel – bubnjevi (1981. – 1983.)
 Wili Lackmann – bas-gitara (1983. – 1984.)
 Albert Eckardt – bubnjevi (1983. – 1986.)
 C.F. Brank – bas-gitara (1985. – 1986.)
 Martin Gerlitzki – bas-gitara (1985.)
 Tomi Göttlich – bas-gitara (1991. – 1997.)
 Peter Breitenbach – bubnjevi (1991. – 1992.)
 Uwe Lulis – gitara (1991. – 2000.)
 Jörg Michael – bubnjevi (1993. – 1994.)
 Frank Ullrich – bubnjevi (1995.)
 Stefan Arnold – bubnjevi (1996. – 2018.)
 H.P. Katzenburg – klavijature (1997. – 2014.)
 Manni Schmidt – gitara (2000. – 2009.)
 Thilo Hermann – gitara (2008. – 2009.)

Diskografija
Studijski albumi
 Heavy Metal Breakdown (1984.)
 Witch Hunter (1985.)
 War Games (1986.)
 Stronger Than Ever (1986.) (kao Digger)
 The Reaper (1993.)
 Heart of Darkness (1995.)
 Tunes of War (1996.)
 Knights of the Cross (1998.)
 Excalibur (1999.)
 The Grave Digger (2001.)
 Rheingold (2003.)
 The Last Supper (2005.)
 Liberty or Death (2007.)
 Ballads of a Hangman (2009.)
 The Clans Will Rise Again (2010.)
 Clash of the Gods (2012.)
 Return of the Reaper (2014.)
 Healed by Metal (2017.)
 The Living Dead (2018.)
 Fields of Blood (2020.)
 Symbol of Eternity (2022.)

EP-ovi i singlovi
 1982 Grave Digger Demo (1982.)
 Born Again Demo (1983.)
 Shoot Her Down (1984.)
 1991 Grave Digger Demo (1991.)
 For Promotion Only (1992.)
 Symphony of Death (1994.)
 Rebellion (1996.)
 The Dark of the Sun (1997.)
 The Battle of Bannockburn (1998.)
 The Round Table (Forever) (1999.)
 Rheingold (2003.)
 Yesterday (2006.)
 Silent Revolution (2006.)
 Pray (2008.)
 Ballads of a Hangman (2009.)
 The Ballad of Mary (2011.)
 Home at Last (2012.)

Koncertni albumi
 Tunes of Wacken (2002.)
 25 to Live (2005.)
 The Clans Are Still Marching (2011.)

Kompilacije
 The Best of Eighties (1993.)
 Die definitive Biografie (2002.)
 The History – Part One (2002.)
 Masterpieces – Best of Album (2002.)
 Lost Tunes from the Vault (2003.)
 Exhumation – The Early Years (2015.)
 Let Your Heads Roll – The Very Best of the Noise Years 1984-1986 (2016.)

Izvori

Njemački sastavi heavy metala

Grave Digger


Dinheiro falso é uma moeda produzida sem a sanção legal de um estado ou governo, geralmente em uma tentativa deliberada de imitá-la e enganar seu destinatário. Produzir ou usar dinheiro falsificado é uma forma de fraude ou falsificação e é ilegal. O negócio de falsificação de dinheiro é quase tão antigo quanto o próprio dinheiro: cópias folheadas (conhecidas como fourrées) foram encontradas de moedas da Lídia, que se acredita estarem entre as primeiras moedas ocidentais. Antes da introdução do papel-moeda, o método mais comum de falsificação envolvia a mistura de metais básicos com ouro puro ou prata. Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, os nazistas falsificaram libras esterlinas e dólares americanos. Hoje, algumas das melhores notas falsas são chamadas de superdólares por causa de sua alta qualidade e imitação do dólar americano real. Houve falsificação significativa de notas e moedas de euro desde o lançamento da moeda em 2002, mas consideravelmente menos do que a do dólar americano.

Alguns dos efeitos negativos que o dinheiro falsificado tem na sociedade incluem uma redução no valor do dinheiro real; e um aumento nos preços (inflação) devido a mais dinheiro circulando na economia – um aumento artificial não autorizado na oferta de dinheiro; uma diminuição na aceitabilidade do papel-moeda; e perdas, quando os comerciantes não são reembolsados por dinheiro falso detectado pelos bancos, mesmo que seja confiscado. Tradicionalmente, as medidas antifalsificação envolviam a inclusão de detalhes finos com impressão em relevo nas notas, o que permite que não especialistas detectem facilmente as falsificações. Em moedas, milled ou reeded (marcadas com ranhuras paralelas) são usadas para mostrar que nenhum metal valioso foi raspado.

História
A falsificação é tão prevalente ao longo da história que foi chamada de "a segunda profissão mais antiga do mundo". A cunhagem de dinheiro começou na região da Lídia por volta de 600 a.C. Antes da introdução do papel-moeda, o método mais comum de falsificação envolvia a mistura de metais básicos com ouro puro ou prata. Uma prática comum era "raspar" as bordas de uma moeda. Isso é conhecido como "clipagem". Metais preciosos coletados dessa maneira podem ser usados para produzir moedas falsas. A fourrée é um tipo antigo de moeda falsa, na qual um núcleo de metal básico foi revestido com um metal precioso para se assemelhar ao seu equivalente de metal sólido.

Quando o papel-moeda foi introduzido na China no século XIII, a madeira das amoreiras era usada para ganhar dinheiro. Para controlar o acesso ao papel, guardas foram colocados em torno das florestas de amoreiras, enquanto os falsificadores eram punidos com a morte.

No século XIII, Mastro Adamo foi mencionado por Dante Alighieri como um falsificador do florim florentino, punido com a morte por enforcamento. O casal inglês Thomas e Anne Rogers foi condenado em 15 de outubro de 1690 por "clipagem de quarenta peças de prata". Thomas Rogers foi enforcado, arrastado e esquartejado enquanto Anne Rogers foi queimada viva. As provas fornecidas por um informante levaram à prisão do último dos cunhadores ingleses "King" David Hartley, que foi executado por enforcamento em 1770. As formas extremas de punição foram aplicadas por atos de traição contra o Estado ou Coroa em vez de um simples crime.

No final do século XVIII e início do século XIX, os imigrantes irlandeses em Londres estavam particularmente associados ao gasto (pronunciação) de dinheiro falso, enquanto os moradores locais eram mais propensos a participar das formas mais seguras e lucrativas de crimes monetários, que poderiam ocorrer atrás de portas trancadas. Isso inclui produzir o dinheiro falso e vendê-lo no atacado.

Da mesma forma, na América, o papel-moeda colonial impresso por Benjamin Franklin e outros muitas vezes trazia a frase "falsificar é a morte". A teoria por trás de punições tão severas era que aquele que tinha habilidade para falsificar moeda era considerado uma ameaça à segurança do Estado e deveria ser eliminado. Outra explicação é o fato de que emitir dinheiro em que as pessoas pudessem confiar era tanto um imperativo econômico quanto uma prerrogativa real (quando aplicável); portanto, a falsificação era um crime contra o próprio Estado ou governante, e não contra a pessoa que recebia o dinheiro falso. Muito mais afortunado foi um praticante anterior da mesma arte, ativo na época do imperador Justiniano. Em vez de executar Alexandre, o Barbeiro, o imperador optou por empregar seus talentos a serviço do próprio governo.

As nações têm usado a falsificação como meio de guerra. A ideia é transbordar a economia do inimigo com notas falsas para que o valor real do dinheiro despenque. A Grã-Bretanha fez isso durante a Guerra Revolucionária Americana para reduzir o valor do dólar continental. Os falsificadores para os britânicos eram conhecidos como "shovers", cujos dois mais conhecidos deles durante a Guerra Revolucionária foram David Farnsworth e John Blair. Eles foram pegos com dez mil dólares em falsificações quando presos. George Washington se interessou pessoalmente pelo caso e até pediu que fossem torturados para descobrir mais informações. Eles acabaram enforcados por seus crimes.

Durante a Guerra Civil Americana, o dólar dos Estados Confederados foi fortemente falsificado por interesses privados do lado da União, muitas vezes sem a sanção do governo da União em Washington. O acesso da Confederação à moderna tecnologia de impressão era limitado, enquanto muitas imitações feitas no norte eram impressas em papel de notas de alta qualidade adquiridos por meios extralegais. Como resultado, as notas falsificadas do sul eram muitas vezes iguais ou até superiores em qualidade em comparação com o dinheiro genuíno dos confederados.

Em 1834, moedas de cobre falsificadas fabricadas nos Estados Unidos foram apreendidas em vários navios com bandeiras americanas no Brasil. A prática parecia terminar depois disso.

Dinheiro de treinamento
Em maio de 2017, notas de treinamento de moeda australiana (usadas internamente por bancos chineses no treinamento de caixas) circularam brevemente em Darwin, Território do Norte, com sete casos relatados pela Polícia do Território do Norte de notas sendo oferecidas e tomadas como dinheiro real. As notas de cem dólares australianos tinham caracteres do idioma chinês impressos nelas, mas, por outro lado, tinham a cor e a sensação de notas reais, e os caracteres chineses podem ser disfarçados quando a nota é dobrada. Eles foram vendidos através do eBay, com a isenção de responsabilidade de não serem para circulação. A China também tem um "dinheiro de treinamento" equivalente a cinquenta dólares americanos, que já havia aparecido nos EUA.

Numismática

Dinheiro falso


AA004 අංකය දරණ කොළඹ - රත්නපුර - වැල්ලවාය - මඩකලපුව මාර්ගය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඇති, AA ශ්‍රේණියට අයත් මහා මාර්ගයකි. කොළඹ සහ මඩකළපුව යන නගර සම්බන්ධ කරමින්, මෙම මාර්ගය ඉදි කොට ඇත.

මාර්ගය තුංමුල්ල හන්දිය, කිරුළපන, නුගේගොඩ, දෙල්කඳ, විජේරාම, නාවින්න,මහරගම, කොට්ටාව, හෝමාගම, හංවැල්ල, අවිස්සාවේල්ල,මාදොළ, දිවුරුම්පිටිය, ගැටහැත්ත, මීන්නාන, මොර්ගල, තොරණකඩ, ඇහැළියගොඩ, බදුවත්ත, තලාවිටිය, බෝධිමළුව, පරකඩුව, පුස්සැ්ල්ල, මිල්ලවිටිය, හිග්ගස්හේන, කුරුවිට, රත්නපුරය, ලෙල්ලොපිටිය, පැල්මඩුල්ල, බලංගොඩ, බෙරගල, කොස්ලන්ද, වැල්ලවාය, බුත්තල, මොණරාගල, ලියන්ගොල්ල, සියඹලාණ්ඩුව, ලාහුගල, පොතුවිල්, තිරුක්කෝවිල්, අක්කරෙයිපත්තුව, ඔලුවිල්, කරෙයිතිව්, කල්මුනේ, අරයම්පදි සහ කාත්තන්කුඩි යන නගර හරහා ගමන් කරයි.

කිරුළපන සිට හංවැල්ල අතර කොටස, හයිලෙවල් මාර්ගය ලෙස පොදුවේ හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිගම AA ශ්‍රේණියේ මහා මාර්ගය වන්නේද මෙයයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

AA ශ්‍රේණියේ මාර්ග - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

AA004 මාර්ගය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)


Live television is a television production broadcast in real-time, as events happen, in the present. In a secondary meaning, it may refer to streaming television over the Internet when content or programming is played continuously (not on demand).  For example, the Pluto TV app has two categories for viewing: "Live TV" & "On Demand."   On its website, Xfinity states "Watch TV series and top rated movies live and on demand with Xfinity Stream."

In most cases live programming is not being recorded as it is shown on TV, but rather was not rehearsed or edited and is being shown only as it was recorded prior to being aired. Shows broadcast live include newscasts, morning shows, awards shows, sports programs, reality programs and, occasionally, episodes of scripted television series.

Live television was more common until the late 1950s, when videotape technology was invented. Because of the prohibitive cost, adoption was slow, and some television shows remained live until the 1970s, such as soap operas. To prevent unforeseen issues, live television programs may be delayed, which allows censors to edit the program. Some programs may be broadcast live in certain time zones and delayed in others.

Types of programs
From the early days of television until about 1958, live television was used heavily, except for filmed programs such as I Love Lucy and Gunsmoke. Although videotape was invented in 1956, it cost $300 per one hour reel ()
slowing its adoption. Some genres, such as soap operas, did not completely abandon live broadcasts until the mid-1970s.

In general, a live television program was more common for broadcasting content produced specifically for commercial television in the early years of the medium, before technologies such as video tape appeared. As video tape recorders (VTR) became more prevalent, many entertainment programs were recorded and edited before broadcasting rather than being shown live.

Morning shows
As of September 2021, Television networks provide most live television for morning shows with television programs such as: Good Morning Britain, BBC Breakfast, This Morning, Breakfast with Eamonn and Isabel, etc. broadcast live in the UK; Sunrise live in Australia; Your Morning live in Canada; and Today, Good Morning America, and CBS Mornings in the U.S., which air live only in the Eastern Time Zone. The only exceptions are CBS Saturday Morning and Sunday Today with Willie Geist, which air live in the Eastern and Central time zones. Spanish-language morning shows (such as Despierta America and Un Nuevo Día), unlike their English speaking counterparts, air live in across the mainland U.S. except for viewers in the Pacific time zone, which, along with viewers in Hawaii and Alaska, have tape-delayed shows.

A few daytime talk shows in the U.S. broadcast live before a studio audience in select time zones. Shows such as Live with Kelly and Ryan and the Wendy Williams Show air live in the Eastern time zone only, while shows such as ABC's The View air live in the Eastern and Central time zones. The Talk on CBS airs live in the Eastern and Central time zones Monday through Thursday. A separate program is taped on Thursday afternoon for airing on Friday.  Affiliates in the remaining time zones air these programs on a tape delay. Most other daytime talk shows and late night programs are taped before a live studio audience earlier in the day and edited for later broadcast.

Entertainment shows
Major entertainment events, such as award shows and beauty pageants, are often broadcast live in primetime hours based on U.S. East Coast's schedule. In the 21st century, reality competition franchises began to emerge (such as, in the United States, American Idol and Dancing With The Stars), where viewers could vote for their favorite acts featured in live performances, but American Idol, as of , is the only reality competition series to have broadcast live in all U.S. territories at the same time.

Scheduling of live entertainment programming may be complicated in countries that span multiple time zones, such as Mexico, Canada and the United States, where programming is aired live in the easternmost time zones, but may be delayed in order to air in local primetime hours in western markets (although since the last decade, Canada and Mexico have regularly televised all major live events simultaneously across all of their territories).

Historically, live global sports and breaking international news programming are usually broadcast live in all time zones worldwide. Several award shows began to air live in all time zones worldwide in order to avert the need to avoid "spoilers" via the internet and social media outlets in the onset of the latter's rise in the late 2000s. For decades, the Academy Awards have continuously broadcast live in Alaska and both U.S. coasts (and now including Hawaii and American Samoa by the late 2010s), and are later joined by the Golden Globe Awards since the early 2010s. In recent years, the Primetime Emmy Awards, Grammy Awards and Tony Awards have joined airing live in all U.S. territories.

Some award shows like the Billboard Music Awards and the MTV Video Music Awards have switched annually between delayed and live nationwide telecasts since the mid-2010s as a result of the declining viewership across live event television in the same period.

News shows
Most local television station newscasts are broadcast live in the U.S. as they are an essential medium for providing up-to-the-minute weather forecasts and breaking news stories. Broadcast television networks in the United States typically air their evening newscasts live in the Eastern and Central time zones. A separate "Western Edition" is broadcast to viewers in the Pacific Time Zone to account for latest news updates, and may sometimes be a second live broadcast with the same running time as the original East Coast airing. When a major breaking news event occurs, whether nationally or globally, broadcast television networks will break into regularly scheduled programming and will televise a live "special report" in all time zones. Local television stations break into regularly scheduled programming in the event of severe weather warnings or major local breaking news stories that occur within their viewing area.

Cable news outlets (such as CNN and Fox News Channel) air continuous live programming during the day, and air rebroadcasts of earlier live shows during the late night hours, except in cases where breaking news occurs.  The PBS NewsHour airs live on PBS stations in the Eastern Time Zone. Sunday morning news programs in the USA such as Meet The Press on NBC, This Week on ABC, and Fox News Sunday air live in the Eastern Time Zone (including a limited number of small markets in the Central Time Zone), while CBS Sunday Morning and Face The Nation on CBS air live in the Eastern and Central time zones.

Cable outlets (such as CNN and Fox News Channel) incorporate the word LIVE in their network logo (also known as a digital on-screen graphic) when those networks broadcast live content.  Some (but not all) sports cable networks will opt to insert the word LIVE somewhere on the corner of the screen. With the exception of special breaking news reports and overseas sporting events, broadcast television networks rarely display such a graphic during its live programming. (although NBC did display the word LIVE next to their logo during its Olympic coverage when live content was being broadcast, a practice that was continued by its sister station, NBCSN, until its closure in 2021.)

Local television station newscasts display time and temperature during their broadcasts, and only display the word LIVE when they air a news report or a live shot on location. Some networks have begun to insert (in addition to the word LIVE) the local time of where that news report is originating from, particularly when that report is airing live via satellite from overseas.

Sports and other events
As of the current decade, major sporting events like the World Series, Super Bowl, World Cup, NBA Finals, and Olympic Games have been broadcast entirely live in all U.S. territories, encompassing both prime time hours of both U.S. coasts, simultaneous with the live global telecasts of these events in accordance with the official international broadcasters of such games.

Other events that air live all across U.S. territories include multi-network coverage of U.S. presidential and congressional elections, U.S. presidential inaugurations, the State of the Union Address, presidential news conferences, Presidential Addresses to the Nation, the Tournament of Roses Parade, and funerals of major national or international public and religious figures. Local television stations air live local election coverage and special events, such as large scale parades, big city marathons, funerals of major local public and religious figures, inauguration ceremonies of big city mayors and governors, installation masses of cardinals or bishops in a major Catholic archdiocese, and pep rallies for a major sports team. In the UK, events such as the State Opening of Parliament are broadcast live.

Uses of live television
Live television is often used as a device, even in scripted programming to take advantage of these often to great success in terms of attracting viewers. The NBC live comedy/variety program Saturday Night Live, for example, has been on that network continuously since 1975 and airs live in the Eastern and Central zones (including the Pacific and Mountain zones beginning 2017 in its transition to its first live season all across the continental U.S. beginning 2018) during the show's season which runs from October though May.

On September 25, 1997, NBC aired two separate live broadcasts (for viewers in both U.S. coasts) of an episode of ER, which at the time was the most watched U.S. television program overall. Many television news programs, particularly local news ones in North America, have also used live television as a device to gain audience viewers by making their programs appear more exciting. With technologies such as production trucks, satellite truck uplinks, a news reporter can report live "on location" from anywhere where a story is happening in the city. This technique has attracted criticism for its overuse (like minor car accidents which often have no injuries) and resulting tendency to make stories appear more urgent than they actually are.

The unedited nature of live television can pose problems for broadcasters because of the potential for mishaps, such as anchors being interrupted or harassed by bystanders shouting profane phrases.  In 2015, a female CityNews journalist confronted a group of young men who had used such a phrase; one of them later lost his job after he was identified. Channels often broadcast live programs on a slight delay (usually on single-digit seconds only) to give them the ability to censor words and images while keeping the broadcast as "live" as possible.

Notable events on live television
Many events have happened on live television broadcasts that are well-remembered, sometimes because they were part of a major breaking news story already, and always because they happened unexpectedly and before audiences of thousands or millions of viewers.

News
September 30, 1929 – The BBC made the world's first television broadcast to British audiences: it is a live transmission.
September 4, 1951 – The first national live television broadcast in the U.S. took place when President Harry Truman's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco, California, was transmitted over AT&T's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets.
 January 14, 1952 – The Today Show, the first broadcast morning news program in the U.S., premieres. Initially airing live in the Eastern and Central time zones up until 1958, nowadays this program airs live only in the Eastern Time Zone.
March 30, 1953 – Crown Prince Akihito of Japan's departure from the Port of Yokohama via the SS President Wilson to attend the coronation of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom was the first live television news broadcast in Japan.
June 2, 1953 – the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II was the first to be televised live on British television.
July 23, 1962 – the first live transatlantic television broadcast via the Telstar I satellite.
November 25, 1963 – President John F. Kennedy's funeral was broadcast on live TV. It was seen by perhaps what was the largest viewing audience up to then. It was the first live TV coverage of a Presidential funeral. Kennedy had been assassinated in Dallas, Texas, three days before, on November 22, 1963. The assassination itself initiated four days of non-stop live television news coverage seen by millions.
 November 13, 1965 – Critic and author Kenneth Tynan became the first person to say the word "fuck" on British television on the live satirical programme BBC-3 while commenting on censorship during a TV debate.
 December 24, 1968 – Apollo 8 Genesis reading during the ninth orbit of the Moon
 July 20–21, 1969 – Apollo 11, the first astronauts walking on the Moon after the first human landing. This event, broadcast live by nearly every television station in operation at the time, was viewed by 125 million viewers in the U.S. (93% of its television audience), and was the first live satellite broadcast in the State of Alaska. It was estimated to have been seen by 600 million viewers worldwide.
 November 7, 1970 – Felix Dennis, in a group interview on The Frost Programme, became the first person to say "cunt" on live TV.
 July 15, 1974 – Christine Chubbuck, a television news reporter for station WXLT-TV in Sarasota, Florida, committed suicide on live television by firing a revolver shot into her head.
 June 1, 1980 – CNN is launched as the world's first 24-hour news channel.
January 28, 1986 – The Challenger explosion was seen on live TV by millions in the U.S.
February 9, 1988 – Bank robber Phillip Hutchinson led police on a terrifying chase in Denver, Colorado. It was filmed by a news helicopter cameraman in one of the first ever recorded police chases to be featured in the news. The pilot of the news helicopter assisted police by landing directly in front of Hutchinson during his escape and stopped him from fleeing with a hostage in a stolen pickup truck. Hutchinson was then shot dead by police after refusing to surrender and threatening his hostage with a gun. The hostage escaped unharmed, but Hutchinson's death was filmed live by the news cameraman.
 February 5, 1989 – Sky News is launched as Europe's first 24-hour news channel.
 November 9, 1989 – Live coverage of the abolition of travel restrictions and the opening of the border to West Berlin after mass panic and jubilation from East Germans.
 June 17, 1994 – The O. J. Simpson murder case slow-speed car chase of a Ford Bronco vehicle containing American football star and murder suspect O. J. Simpson was broadcast live throughout the U.S., with NBC interrupting its coverage of the 1994 NBA Finals to do so.
 April 30, 1998 – Daniel V. Jones, a cancer and HIV-positive patient apparently frustrated with his HMO coverage, ended a live televised stand-off with police on a Los Angeles freeway by committing suicide, shooting himself in the chin with a shotgun. The event, which took place on a Thursday afternoon, was witnessed by many children whose after-school cartoons had been interrupted in order to broadcast the incident, which originally began as a high-speed pursuit, and led many to criticize Los Angeles television stations' practice of airing police pursuits live.
 September 11, 2001 – At 9:03am Eastern Daylight Time, United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center, in front of millions of viewers who were already watching live coverage of the unfolding terrorist attacks of that day. Major networks had broken into regular programming just minutes earlier with live shots of the twin towers after American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north tower at 8:46am. Millions of viewers around the world watching live coverage of the attacks saw both buildings collapse.
March 23, 2003 – Sky News broadcast live coverage of US forces attacking an Iraqi position. Sky reporter David Bowden, embedded with the US Marines, gave a live running commentary on the battle, something viewers had not seen before.
July 7, 2005 – A live television report on the unfolding situation on the 7 July 2005 London bombings captured the sound of the Tavistock Square bus explosion at 9:46am British Summer Time.
July 27, 2007 – Two news helicopters collided in midair over Phoenix, Arizona, while covering a police pursuit.  One of the helicopters was broadcasting live; viewers heard the collision and a scream before the station cut to the studio.
September 28, 2012 – 33-year-old Jodon F. Romero committed suicide in a field after he carjacked a vehicle in Phoenix and went on an 80-mile car chase.  This was accidentally broadcast on Studio B with Shepard Smith.
August 26, 2015 - News reporter Alison Parker and camera man Adam Ward are murdered on live television by a former coworker during a news report. Shooter Vester Flanagan committed suicide some time later.

Entertainment & sport
 August 1–16, 1936 – The 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin, Germany, were the first Olympic Games (and sporting event) to have live television coverage. [1]
 May 17, 1939 – the first live televised sporting event in the U.S. takes place: a college baseball game between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers, was broadcast by NBC from Columbia's Baker Field in New York City. Princeton won that game 8–6.
 March 19, 1953 – first live broadcast of The Academy Awards.
 March 7, 1955  – first nationwide live broadcast of The Emmy Awards.
 November 30, 1958 – Midway through transmission of the Armchair Theatre play Underground on the British ITV network, actor Gareth Jones died off-camera, forcing the cast to improvise the remainder of the broadcast.
 December 7, 1963 – Instant replay is used for the first time during the live transmission of the Army–Navy Game by its inventor, director Tony Verna.
 February 9, 1964 – The Beatles make their 1st appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. This live broadcast on CBS drew an estimated 73 million viewers (40% of the American population), the largest audience in the history of American television up to that time.
 April 18, 1966 – The Academy Awards broadcast in color for the first time.
 June 25, 1967 – Our World, the first live international satellite television production aired, seen by 400 million people in 25 countries worldwide. It closed with The Beatles performing a new song: "All You Need Is Love", composed by John Lennon for the occasion.
 September 17, 1967 – While The Doors performed "Light My Fire" on The Ed Sullivan Show, frontman Jim Morrison used the word "higher" instead of the previously agreed-upon change "better". This resulted in the band being banned from the program.
 November 17, 1968 – A football game (known as the Heidi Game) between the New York Jets and the Oakland Raiders ran over its allotted time.  At the time, NBC was contractually bound to air the children's movie: "Heidi" at 7pm Eastern Time. NBC broke away from the game on the East Coast, after which Oakland scored 2 touchdowns in the final minute to win the game 43–32. This prompted outrage from sports fans, resulting in a change of policy where all televised sports events are now broadcast to its conclusion.
 March 16, 1971 – the first live broadcast of The Grammy Awards.
 March 5, 1975 – Graham Kennedy mimicked a crow call ("faaaaaaark") reminiscent of the word fuck during a hairspray ad on The Graham Kennedy Show on the Nine Network in Australia. He was banned from live TV indefinitely for the stunt. He later parted ways with the network on April 17 after the network took advantage of the pre-taping to delete a speech critical of Senator Doug McClelland (the then Minister for the Media), though Kennedy returned years later.
October 11, 1975 – First episode of Saturday Night Live broadcast.
 December 1, 1976 – Appearing in a live interview on the Thames Television pre-watershed programme Today as last-minute replacements for fellow EMI artists Queen, the Sex Pistols were interviewed by Bill Grundy to promote their recently released "Anarchy in the U.K." single. During the interview, Steve Jones said the band had "fucking spent" its label advance money and Johnny Rotten used the word "shit." Pistols guitarist Steve Jones called Grundy a "dirty sod" and a "dirty old man", leading Grundy to goad the band into swearing on live TV, and Jones ended the interview with "you dirty bastard," "you dirty fucker," and "what a fucking rotter". The incident quickly became the subject of media attention, and Grundy was fired by ITV and Today was cancelled.
 February 20, 1981 – Appearing on the live ABC comedy show Fridays as guest host, comedian Andy Kaufman refused to read his lines during the last sketch, to the annoyance of the cast and crew. The situation escalated into a minor brawl, and the network cut off the broadcast. Kaufman later admitted that the fight was planned by him and some of the cast and crew.
 April 15, 1984 – Comedian Tommy Cooper collapsed and subsequently died of a heart attack in front of millions of viewers on Live From Her Majesty's. The audience carried on laughing thinking it was part of his act, before the programme took a commercial break.
 July 13, 1985 – Live Aid, the first live global concert aired to 1.9 billion viewers in 150 countries worldwide.
 January 4, 1987 – A massive bench-clearing brawl (the so-called Punch-up in Piestany) occurred during the final game of the World Junior Hockey Championships between Canada and the Soviet Union in Piešťany, Czechoslovakia (now located in Slovakia). After Pavel Kostichkin took a two handed slash at Canada's Theoren Fleury, the Soviet Union's Evgeny Davydov came off the bench, eventually leading to both benches clearing. The officials walked off the ice and tried shutting off the arena lights, but the brawl lasted for 20 minutes until the International Ice Hockey Federation declared the game null and void. Both teams were ejected from the tournament, and the Soviet team were barred from attending the end-of-tournament dinner.
 October 17, 1989 – Right before Game 3 of The 1989 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics, the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred.
 February 18, 2001 - during the final lap of the 2001 Daytona 500, seven-time champion and fan favorite Dale Earnhardt was involved in a crash that resulted in his death.
 February 1, 2004 – During a performance by singers Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson at the Super Bowl XXXVIII half time show, Timberlake pulled off a part of Jackson's leather corset, revealing her right breast covered by a piece of jewelry attached to her nipple. He later described the incident as a "wardrobe malfunction". The incident caused outrage among religious groups and demands for the FCC to crack down on indecency on television and radio. It resulted in broadcast television networks imposing a seven-second delay on all future live programming.
 April 21, 2004 – After commenting on a UEFA Champions League match on ITV1, Ron Atkinson thought that the broadcast had finished. However, although transmission in the UK had finished, he was still on air to various countries in the Middle East and proceeded to say that "... he is what is known in some schools as a fucking lazy thick nigger" towards Marcel Desailly. He resigned with immediate effect.
 August 20, 2006 – During a live dance performance of "Crazy Love Song" by the female pop trio SeeYa on the Korean television program SBS Inkigayo, a backup dancer who suffered from epilepsy had a seizure in the middle of the song. The performers ignored the interruption and completed the performance normally before and after the dancer was carried off the stage.
 April 14, 2007 – At the conclusion of an AFL match between Fremantle and West Coast on Network 10, Eagles player Michael Braun concluded his Ross Glenndenning Medal acceptance speech with "Let's have a fucking good year" in front of a TV audience of 550,000 and a crowd of 42,051. Braun was fined $5,500 () by the AFL for the incident.
 February 1, 2015 – NBC airs a rare Sunday Super Bowl edition of The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon LIVE from the Orpheum Theater in Phoenix. AZ. This marks the first time since 1971 that the Tonight Show has aired a live episode.
December 20, 2015 – Miss Universe host Steve Harvey crowned Colombia's representative as the wrong winner by mistake then crowned the Philippines' representative as the actual winner on live television.
 January 8, 2016 – The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs a live episode for the first time in the 23-year history of CBS's late-night franchise.
 July 21, 2016 – Late Night with Seth Meyers airs a live episode for the first time in the 30-year history of NBC's late-night franchise.
 February 5, 2017 – Fox's live broadcast of Super Bowl LI became the first Super Bowl ever to be decided in overtime and drew the largest total audience for any television program in U.S. history, garnering 172 million viewers (more than 50% of the U.S. population). Its half-time show featuring Lady Gaga drew 117.5 million viewers.
 February 26, 2017 – Towards the end of the 89th Academy Awards, the wrong winner for Best Picture was announced on live television before millions of people watching worldwide. A representative for Price Waterhouse Cooper (PwC), while tweeting a picture of Emma Stone, handed the presenter the wrong envelope. This caused a major embarrassment for AMPAS, and two accountants from PwC were banned from participating in future Academy Awards shows over the incident.
 April 15, 2017 – Saturday Night Live airs the first coast to coast live episode in the U.S. for the first time in the show's 42-year history.
 April 29, 2018 – American Idol becomes the first reality competition series in the history of American television to air live coast to coast, allowing for real time voting across all U.S. territories.
 March 27, 2022 – During the 94th Academy Awards, Will Smith stormed on stage and slapped Chris Rock during his presentation of an award. Smith returned to his seat and shouted profanities at Rock, who had made a questionable joke about Smith's wife, Jada Pinkett Smith. While the incident was censored by ABC in the United States, it aired elsewhere.
 June 12, 2022  - The Tony Awards airs its first live coast to coast edition in the U.S. in the awards show's history.
 February 8, 2023 – During an NBA match between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Oklahoma City Thunder on TNT, Lakers player LeBron James concluded his all-time NBA leading points scorer record-breaking speech with "Fuck, man".
 February 12, 2023 – Fox's live broadcast of Super Bowl LVII became the most watched television program in U.S. history, garnering an average of 115.1 million viewers. Its half-time show featuring Rihanna drew more than 121 million viewers.

Live television episodes
Although all programs were once live, the use of video tape means that very few television programs in the modern era have ever attempted such a feat. In the U.S., soap operas including As the World Turns and The Edge of Night were broadcast live until 1975.

On rare occasions, a scripted series will do an episode live to attract ratings. In the U.S. and Canada, the episode is occasionally performed twice: once for the east coast which is composed of the Eastern Time Zone and Central Time Zone and again three hours later for the west coast which is composed of the Mountain Time Zone and the Pacific Time Zone unless they have Dish Network or Direct TV who provides the live feed in all states. The most recent scripted series to air all live episodes was Undateable on NBC during its third season, which aired from October 2015 until January 2016.

Notable examples of shows that have had a live episode include:

Gimme a Break! (1985)
Roc (The entire second season, 1993)
ER (1997)
Coronation Street (for its 40th anniversary in 2000, its 50th anniversary in 2010 and ITV's 60th anniversary in 2015)
The Drew Carey Show (1999, 2000, and 2001)
One Life to Live (Went live for an entire week of episodes in May 2002)
The Bill (2003 and 2005)
The Daily Show (2004, 2008, 2009)
Blue Heelers (2004)
Will & Grace (2005 and 2006)
Air Farce Live (All episodes from October 2007 – December 2008)
The West Wing (2005) - An episode ("The Debate") was presented as a live debate between presidential candidates
Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps (2008)
EastEnders (Went live for a single episode celebrating its 25th anniversary in February 2010, and an entire week of episodes for its 30th anniversary in February 2015)
30 Rock: season five, "Live Show" (2010) and season six, "Live from Studio 6H" (2012)
Watch What Happens: Live (July 2009 to present)
WWE Monday Night RAW  (January 1993 to present)
WWE SmackDown  (since 1999, occasional live specials; began airing all live effective July 19, 2016)
Talking Dead  (October 2011 to present)
Emmerdale  (For its 40th Anniversary)
Undateable  (went live for an hour long episode, May 5, 2015, and went live again for the entire third season, October 2015-January 2016)
The Simpsons  (For its twenty-seventh season episode "Simprovised" in May 2016)
 The Late Show with Stephen Colbert  (aired 2 weeks of live shows during the Republican and Democratic Conventions on July 18–21 and 25–28, 2016)
inside no. 9 (Halloween special, October 2018)

Since 2000, there have been a number of special films broadcast live. These include the remakes of Fail Safe (2000) and The Quatermass Experiment (2005). Some recent examples of live episodic TV series include shows such as Melissa and Joey (2010), Whitney (2011) and Undateable (2014).

A live television advertisement was shown for the first time in 40 years to celebrate the arrival of the new Honda Accord in the United Kingdom. It was broadcast on Channel Four on 29 May 2008 at 20:10 during a special episode of Come Dine With Me. The ad featured skydivers forming the letters of the word Honda over Spain.

Live television specials
Many live television specials were telecast during the pre-videotape era. Among the most successful were the 1955 and 1956 telecasts of Peter Pan, a 1954 musical adaptation of J. M. Barrie's 1904 play, starring Mary Martin, and Cyril Ritchard. This was such a hit that the show was restaged and rebroadcast (this time on videotape) with the same two stars and most of the rest of the cast in 1960, and rerun several times after that. The Peter Pan telecasts marked the first-ever telecasts of a complete Broadway musical with most of its original cast.

On December 5, 2013, NBC broadcast a live television special called The Sound of Music Live! starring Carrie Underwood. This program aired live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and was the first television musical special to air live on NBC in almost fifty years. On January 31, 2016, Fox became the first non-Big Three American network to produce a musical special when it aired the television adaptation of Grease live in the Eastern and Central time zones.

Further reading
No Retakes, by Sandra Grabman and Wright King. BearManor Media, 2008.
Caesar's Hours: My Life in Comedy, with Love and Laughter, by Sid Caesar with Eddy Friedfeld. Public Affairs, 2003.
The Box: An Oral History of Television 1920-1961, by Jeff Kisseloff. Penguin Books, 1995.
The Live Television Generation of Hollywood Film Directors, by Gorham Kindem. McFarland, 1994.
Live Television: The Golden Age of 1946-1958 in New York, by Frank Sturcken. McFarland, 1990.
Golden Age of Television: Notes from the Survivors, by Max Wilk. Moyer Bell Limited, 1989.
Where Have I Been? An Autobiography, by Sid Caesar with Bill Davidson, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1982.

See also
Event television
Video chat
Breakfast television
Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting

References

History of television
Television terminology
Television news
Television
History of telecommunications

wa:Live

Live television