The Chinatown centered on Grant Avenue and Stockton Street in San Francisco, California, () is the oldest Chinatown in North America and one of the largest Chinese enclaves outside Asia. It is also the oldest and largest of the four notable Chinese enclaves within San Francisco. Since its establishment in the early 1850s, it has been important and influential in the history and culture of ethnic Chinese immigrants in North America. Chinatown is an enclave that has retained its own customs, languages, places of worship, social clubs, and identity. There are two hospitals, several parks and squares, numerous churches, a post office, and other infrastructure. Recent immigrants, many of whom are elderly, opt to live in Chinatown because of the availability of affordable housing and their familiarity with the culture. Due to a combination of factors, some more broad-based related to difficult circumstances for San Francisco itself, while other factors are more specific to this neighborhood, San Francisco's Chinatown faces a struggle for survival.

Geography and location

Officially, Chinatown is located in downtown San Francisco, covers 24 square blocks, and overlaps five postal ZIP codes (94108, 94133, 94111, 94102, and 94109). It is within an area of roughly  long (north to south) by  wide (east to west) with the current boundaries being, approximately, Kearny Street in the east, Broadway in the north, Powell in the west, and Bush Street in the south. Owing to a combination of multifactorial issues, some more generally tied to socioeconomic difficulties afflicting downtown San Francisco itself, while other factors are more specific to this neighborhood, San Francisco's Chinatown faces a struggle for survival and is shrinking.

Within Chinatown there are two major north–south thoroughfares. One is Grant Avenue (都板街), with the Dragon Gate ("Chinatown Gate" on some maps) at the intersection of Bush Street and Grant Avenue, designed by landscape architects Melvin Lee and Joseph Yee and architect Clayton Lee; Saint Mary's Square with a statue of Sun Yat-sen by Benjamin Bufano; a war memorial to Chinese war veterans; and stores, restaurants and mini-malls that cater mainly to tourists. The other, Stockton Street (市德頓街), is frequented less often by tourists, and it presents an authentic Chinese look and feel reminiscent of Hong Kong, with its produce and fish markets, stores, and restaurants. It is dominated by mixed-use buildings that are three to four stories high, with shops on the ground floor and residential apartments upstairs.

A major focal point in Chinatown is Portsmouth Square. Since it is one of the few open spaces in Chinatown and sits above a large underground parking lot, Portsmouth Square is used by people such as tai chi practitioners and old men playing Chinese chess. A replica of the Goddess of Democracy used in the Tiananmen Square protest was built in 1999 by Thomas Marsh and stands in the square. It is made of bronze and weighs approximately .

Demographics
According to the San Francisco Planning Department, Chinatown is "the most densely populated urban area west of Manhattan", with 15,000 residents living in 20 square blocks. In the 1970s, the population density in Chinatown was seven times the San Francisco average.

During the time from 2009 to 2013, the median household income was $20,000 – compared to $76,000 citywide – with 29% of residents below the national poverty threshold. The median age was 50 years, the oldest of any neighborhood. As of 2015, two thirds of the residents lived in one of Chinatown's 105 single room occupancy hotels (SRO), 96 of which had private owners and nine were owned by nonprofits. There are two public housing projects in Chinatown, Ping Yuen and North Ping Yuen.

Most residents are monolingual speakers of mutually unintelligible dialects of the Chinese language: historically Hoisanese, now Cantonese and some Mandarin. In 2015, only 14% of households in the SROs were headed by a person that spoke English fluently. The areas of Stockton and Washington Streets and Jackson and Kearny Streets in Chinatown are almost entirely Chinese or Asian, with blocks ranging from 93% to 100% Asian. According to a study by the San Francisco Planning Department in 2018, 81% of the residents in the neighborhood were Asian.

Many of the Chinese immigrants who managed to accumulate wealth while living in Chinatown move to the Richmond District, the Sunset District, or the suburbs.

Demographic history

In the 1850s, Chinese pioneers, mainly from villages in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong, began immigrating in large numbers to San Francisco, initially drawn by the California Gold Rush and the building of the first transcontinental railroad, and settling in Chinatown for refuge from the hostilities in the West. The main dialect spoken in Chinatown then was Hoisan-wa (aka Hoisanese; Toisanese in Cantonese and Taishanese in Mandarin), native to the emigrants from Hoisan (aka Toisan in Cantonese and Taishan in Mandarin), Sze Yup, in the Pearl River Delta. Surviving the ravages of the 1880s, Chinatown became a haven for later waves of emigrants from China in the 20th century.

Working-class Hongkonger emigrants began arriving in large numbers in the late 1960s. Despite their status and professional qualifications in Hong Kong, many took low-paying employment in restaurants and garment factories in Chinatown because of limited English.  An increase in Cantonese-speaking emigrants from Hong Kong and Mainland China has gradually led to the replacement in Chinatown of the Hoisanese dialect by the standard Cantonese dialect.

Due to such overcrowding and poverty, other Chinese areas have been established within the city of San Francisco proper, including one in its Richmond and three more in its Sunset districts, as well as a recently established one in the Visitacion Valley neighborhood. These outer neighborhoods have been settled largely by Chinese from Southeast Asia. There are also many suburban Chinese communities in the San Francisco Bay Area, especially in Silicon Valley, such as Cupertino, Fremont, and Milpitas, where many Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese Americans settled. Despite these developments, many continue to commute in from these outer neighborhoods and cities to shop in Chinatown, causing gridlock on roads and delays in public transit, especially on weekends. To address this problem, the local public transit agency, Muni extended the city's subway network to the neighborhood via the new Central Subway.

Unlike in most Chinatowns in the United States, ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam have not established businesses in San Francisco's Chinatown district, due to high property values and rents. Instead, many Chinese-Vietnamese – as opposed to ethnic Vietnamese who tended to congregate in larger numbers in San Jose – have established a separate Vietnamese enclave on Larkin Street in the heavily working-class Tenderloin district of San Francisco, where it is now known as the city's "Little Saigon".

History

Origins: 1850s

Guangdong pioneers
San Francisco's Chinatown was the port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the west side of the Pearl River Delta, speaking mainly Hoisanese and Zhongshanese, in the Guangdong province of southern China from the 1850s to the 1900s. On August 28, 1850, at Portsmouth Square, San Francisco's first mayor, John Geary, officially welcomed 300 "China Boys" to San Francisco.  By 1854, the Alta California, a local newspaper which had previously taken a supportive stance on Chinese immigrants in San Francisco, began attacking them, writing after a recent influx that "if the city continues to fill up with these people, it will be ere long become necessary to make them subject of special legislation".

These early immigrants settled near Portsmouth Square and around Dupont Street (now called Grant Ave).  As the settlement grew in the early 1850s, Chinese shops opened on Sacramento St, which the Guangdong pioneers called "Tang people street" (唐人街); and the settlement became known as "Tang people town" (唐人埠), which in Cantonese is Tong Yun Fow.  By the 1870s, the economic center of Chinatown moved from Sacramento St to Dupont St; e.g., in 1878, out of 423 Chinese firms in Chinatown, 121 were located on Dupont St, 60 on Sacramento St, 60 on Jackson St, and the remainder elsewhere.

The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. The majority of these Chinese shopkeepers, restaurant owners, and hired workers in San Francisco Chinatown were predominantly Hoisanese and male.  For example, in 1851, the reported Chinese population in California was about 12,000 men and less than ten women.  Some of the early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 Gold Rush.  Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the Central Pacific on the Transcontinental Railroad, from 1865 to 1869.

Associations and institutions
The west side of the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong, where most of the Chinese emigrated from, was subdivided into many distinct districts and some with distinct dialects. Several district associations, open to anyone emigrating from that district(s), were formed in the 1850s to act as a culture-shock absorber for newly arrived immigrants and to settle disputes among their members. Although there are some disagreements about which association formed first, by 1854, six such district associations were formed, of various size and influence, and disputes between members of different associations became more frequent. Thus, in 1862, the six district associations (commonly called the Chinese Six Companies, even though the number of member associations varied through the years) banded together to resolve inter-district disputes. This was made formal in 1882 and incorporated in 1901 as the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (on Stockton Street) to look after the general interest of the Chinese people living in a hostile western world.

Founded purportedly in roughly 1852 or 1853, the Tin How Temple (Queen of Heaven and Goddess of the Seven Seas) on Waverly Place is the oldest Chinese temple in the United States. It is dedicated to the goddess Tin How or Mazu, the Divine Protector of seafarers, much honored by Chinese immigrants, especially arriving by ship, to San Francisco. The original building was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake, and it opened on the top floor of a four-story building at 125 Waverly Place in 1910.

After closing in 1955, the temple reopened in 1975, due to a resurgence of interest from a new immigrant population following the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Another Mazu temple, known as Ma-Tsu Temple was established in 1986 by Taiwanese American community and affiliated to Chaotian Temple in Taiwan.

The Chinese Presbyterian Church on Stockton Street can trace its roots to October 1852, when Cantonese-speaking Rev. William Speer, a missionary in Canton, came to work with the Chinese immigrants in San Francisco. In November 1853 he organized the first Chinese mission in the United States, which provided much needed medical aid and conducted day and night schools that taught English to Chinese immigrants. He also published a Chinese/English newspaper, the Oriental, which staunchly defended the Chinese as anti-Chinese sentiment began to grow in the 1850s. The original building was destroyed by the earthquake, and the present church building on 925 Stockton Street was built in 1907.

Other Christian denominations followed, including the Methodist Church on Washington Street (founded 1870, rebuilt 1911) and the First Baptist Church (founded 1880, rebuilt 1908 on Waverly Place) as well as Catholic, Congregational, and Episcopal. The pattern these early missions followed was to first conduct English language classes and Sunday schools. In these decades, the only English classes available to Chinese immigrants were those offered by these Christian missions. Some added rescue homes (e.g., from prostitution), and social services for the sick and protection from racial discrimination. With such tactics, the early Christian missions and churches in Chinatown gained widespread respect and new converts.

Prostitution and ill repute

In the 1850s, San Francisco "was all but submerged in Caucasian forms of gambling and prostitution and lewdness".  During the late period of the California Gold Rush, a few Chinese female prostitutes began their sexual businesses in Chinatown. In addition, the major prostitution enterprises had been raised by criminal gang group "Tong", importing unmarried Chinese women to San Francisco. During the 1870s to 1880s, the population of Chinese sex workers in Chinatown grew rapidly to more than 1,800, accounting for 70% of the total Chinese female population.

In the mid-19th century, police harassment reshaped the urban geography and the social life of Chinese prostitutes. Consequently, hundreds of Chinese prostitutes were expelled to side streets and alleys hidden from public traffic. From 1870 to 1874, the California legislature formally criminalized the immigrant Asian women who were transported into California. In 1875, the U.S. Congress followed California's action and passed the Page Law, which was the first major legal restriction to prohibit the immigration of Chinese, Japanese, and Mongolian women into America. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act declared that no more skilled or unskilled immigrants would be allowed to enter the country, which meant that many Chinese and Chinese Americans could not have families in America, because their wives and children were prohibited to immigrate. Simultaneously, the public discourse began to accuse Chinese prostitutes of transmitting venereal diseases. Dr. Hugh Huger Toland, a member of the San Francisco Board of Health, reported that white boys and men contracted diseases when they visited "Chinese houses of prostitution" in Chinatown, in order to warn white citizens to stay away; Toland asserted that nine-tenths of his patients had patronized Chinese prostitutes. "When these persons come to me I ask them where they got the disease, and they generally tell me that they have been with Chinawomen."

Emergence of tourism
By the end of the 19th century, Chinatown's assumed reputation as a place of vice caused it to become a tourist destination, attracting numerous working-class white people, who sought the oriental mystery of Chinese culture and sought to fulfill their expectations and fantasies about the filth and depravity. The white customers' patronization of Chinatown prostitutes was more extensive than gambling. After catering for three decades to white people as well as Chinese bachelors, Chinatown's prostitution sector developed into a powerful vested interest, favoring the vice industry. As the tourist industry grew up, the visitors came to include members of the white middle class, which pushed the vice businesses to transform into an entertainment industry as a more respectable form in which to serve white customers.

After the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, San Francisco saw the birth of its tourism industry. By the 1870s and further established in the 1880s and 1890s, Chinatown's exotic, infamous reputation began to attract tourists. Tour providers emphasized the vice-ridden elements of the area, strongly encouraging any curious visitors to take a professional guide or police escort with them to venture into Chinatown. These early tours often included staged reenactments of the "depravity of the locals" who were paid by tour operators to participate in the reenactments. Such reenactments exacerbated the perceptions of Chinatown as a problematic, vice-ridden location among San Francisco visitors and San Franciscans. The emphasis on the danger and depravity of the community ignored deeper issues of poverty, racial discrimination, and problems of overcrowding with overtaxed infrastructure.

Ah Toy

Ah Toy (18 May 1829 – 1 February 1928) was a Cantonese prostitute and madam in San Francisco during the California Gold Rush, and purportedly the first Chinese prostitute in San Francisco. Arriving from Hong Kong in 1848, she became the best-known Asian woman in the American frontier. When Ah Toy left China for the United States, she originally traveled with her husband, who died during the voyage. Toy became the mistress of the ship's captain, who showered gold upon her, so much so that by the time she arrived in San Francisco in the 1840s, Toy had a fair bit of money. Noticing the looks she drew from the men in her new town, she figured they would pay for a closer look. Her peep shows became quite successful, and she eventually became a high-priced prostitute. In 1850, Toy opened a chain of brothels at 34 and 36 Waverly Place (then called Pike Street), importing girls from China in their teens, 20s and 30s, as well as some as young as eleven years old, to work in them. Her neighbors on Pike Street—conveniently linked to San Francisco's business district by Commercial Street—included the elegant new "parlour house" of madame Belle Cora, and the cottage of Fanny Perrier, mistress of Judge Edward (Ned) McGowan. In 1857, Ah Toy returned to China a wealthy woman to live the rest of her days in comfort, but came back to California in 1859. From 1868 until her death in 1928, she lived a largely quiet life in Santa Clara County, returning to public attention only upon dying at age 98 in San Jose, three months short of her ninety ninth birthday.

1870s to the 1906 earthquake

Relations between the United States and Qing China were normalized through the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Among other terms, the treaty promised the right of free immigration and travel within the United States for Chinese. Business leaders saw China as a plentiful source of cheap labor, and celebrated the treaty's ratification. But this did not last for long.

The mostly male Chinese immigrants came to the United States with the intent of sending money home to support their families; coupled with the high cost of repaying their loans for travel, they often had to take any work that was available. Fears began to arise among non-Chinese workers that they could be replaced, and resentment towards Chinese immigrants rose. With extensive nationwide unemployment in the wake of the Panic of 1873, racial tensions in the city boiled over into full blown race riots. The two-day San Francisco riot of 1877 raged through Chinatown in July; four were killed and  in property damage was done to Chinese-owned businesses. In response to the violence, the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, also known as the Chinese Six Companies, which evolved out of the labor recruiting organizations for different areas of Guangdong, was created to provide the community with a unified voice. The heads of these companies advocated for the Chinese community to the wider business community as a whole and to the city government.

The state legislature of California passed several measures to restrict the rights of Chinese immigrants, but these were largely superseded by the terms of the Burlingame Treaty of 1868.

Chinese Exclusion Act
In 1880, the Burlingame Treaty was renegotiated and the United States ratified the Angell Treaty, which allowed federal restrictions on Chinese immigration and temporarily suspended the immigration of unskilled laborers. Anti-immigrant sentiment became federal law once the United States Government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: the first immigration restriction law aimed at a single ethnic group. This law, along with other immigration restriction laws such as the Geary Act, greatly reduced the numbers of Chinese allowed into the country and the city, and in theory limited Chinese immigration to single males only. Exceptions were in fact granted to the wives and minor children of wealthy merchants; immigrants would purchase or partner in businesses to declare themselves merchants in order to bring their families to America. Alternatively, prospective immigrants could become "paper sons" by purchasing the identity of Americans whose citizenship had been established by birthright. However, the Exclusion Act was credited with reducing the population of the neighborhood to an all-time low in the 1920s.

Many early Chinese immigrants to San Francisco and beyond were processed at Angel Island, in the San Francisco Bay, which is now a state park. Unlike Ellis Island on the east coast where prospective European immigrants might be held for up to a week, Angel Island typically detained Chinese immigrants for months while they were interrogated closely to validate their papers. The detention facility was renovated in 2005 and 2006 under a federal grant.

Tong wars
As in much of San Francisco, a period of criminality existed during the late 19th century; many tongs arose, trafficking in smuggling, gambling, and prostitution. From the mid-1870s, turf battles sprang up over competing criminal enterprises. By the early 1880s, the term tong war was being popularly used to describe these periods of violence in Chinatown. At their height in the 1880s and 1890s, twenty to thirty tongs ran highly profitable gambling houses, brothels, opium dens, and slave trade enterprises in Chinatown. Overcrowding, segregation, graft, and the lack of governmental control contributed to conditions that sustained the criminal tongs until the early 1920s.

Chinatown's isolation and compact geography intensified the criminal behavior that terrorized the community for decades despite efforts by the Six Companies and police/city officials to stem the tide. The San Francisco Police Department established its so-called Chinatown Squad in the 1880s, consisting of six patrolmen led by a sergeant. However, the Squad was ineffective largely by design. An investigation published in 1901 by the California state legislature found that Mayor James D. Phelan and Police Chief William P. Sullivan Jr. had knowingly tolerated gambling and prostitution in Chinatown in the interest of bolstering municipal revenue, calling the police department "so apathetic in putting down the horrible system of slavery existing in Chinatown as to justify your committee in believing it criminally negligent." Phelan and Sullivan testified it would take between 180 and 400 policemen to enforce the laws against gambling and prostitution, which was contradicted by the ex-Chief of Police William J. Biggy, who said 30 "earnestly directed" policemen would suffice.

Bubonic plague

In March 1900, a Chinese-born man who was a long-time resident of Chinatown was found dead of bubonic plague. The next morning, all of Chinatown was quarantined, with policemen preventing "Asiatics" (people of Asian heritage) from either entering or leaving. The San Francisco Board of Health began looking for more cases of plague and began burning personal property and sanitizing buildings, streets and sewers within Chinatown. Chinese Americans protested and the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association threatened lawsuits.

The quarantine was lifted but the burning and fumigating continued. A federal court ruled that public health officials could not close off Chinatown without any proof that Chinese Americans were anymore susceptible to plague than Anglo Americans.

1906 to the 1960s

The Chinatown neighborhood was completely destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and fire that leveled most of the city.  "The fire had full sway, and Chinatown, for the removal of which many a scheme has been devised, is but a memory." Oakland Tribune, April 1906.

Relocation attempt
Plans to relocate Chinatown predated the earthquake several years. At the 1901 Chinese Exclusion Convention held in San Francisco, A. Sbarboro called Chinatown "synonymous with disease, dirt and unlawful deeds" that "give[s] us nothing but evil habits and noxious stenches".

With Chinatown completely demolished by the Great Fire, which ended on April 21, 1906, the City seized the chance to remove the Chinese from the old downtown business district. Certain city officials and real-estate developers made more formal plans to move Chinatown to the Hunters Point neighborhood at the southern edge of the city, or even further south to Daly City. Abe Ruef, the political boss widely considered to be the power behind Mayor Eugene Schmitz, invited himself to become part of the Committee of Fifty and, within a week of the end of the Great Fire, on Saturday, April 27, 1906, formed an additional Subcommittee on Relocating the Chinese, because he felt the land was too valuable for Chinese.

Opposition arose, however, from politicians who feared that the removal of the Chinese would affect San Francisco's lucrative trade with Asian countries. Moreover, the government of China was also opposed, and soon after the earthquake, Tsi Chi Chow, the first secretary of the Chinese legation in Washington, DC, arrived in San Francisco, conveying to California governor George Pardee the opposition of China's Empress Dowager Cixi to the plan. The representatives, "acting unofficially", stated "the only way to remove the Chinese from the old Chinatown would be to give them a place elsewhere that would be acceptable for their purpose, when they might be willing to move." The San Francisco Call reported it as "a vigorous protest" and noted that as the site of the Chinese consulate was the property of Imperial China, it could not be reassigned by the city.

On May 10, 1906, the subcommittee met with representatives from the Chinese community, the Chinese Six Companies, who said that they would either rebuild in their old Chinatown quarters or move across the bay to Oakland, where most of the Chinatown refugees had fled.  Other community leaders pointed out that displaced residents may not stop to resettle in Hunters Point, moving further to other West Coast cities like Seattle or Los Angeles, taking the pool of cheap labor with them. On July 8, 1906, after 25 committee meetings and considering various alternative sites in the city, the subcommittee submitted a final report stating their inability to drive the Chinese from their old Chinatown quarters.  Ironically, plans to relocate Chinatown failed in the end because restrictive housing covenants in other areas of the city prohibited Chinese from settling elsewhere.  In any event, the ability to rebuild in their old Chinatown quarters was the first significant victory for the Chinese community in Chinatown.

Rebuilding

Even when the Subcommittee was bringing its relocation attempt to an end, the Chinese were already rebuilding, albeit with temporary wooden buildings which did not require permits. By June 10, 1906, twelve Chinese businesses were opened in Chinatown, including a couple of cafes.  The actual reconstruction did not begin until October 1, 1906, when the City granted 43 building permits to Chinese businesses. By the time of the first post-quake Chinese New Year in 1907, several dozen buildings were completed, using old bricks unburnt by the fire, and Chinatown was filled with happy people.  The reconstruction of Chinatown was completed more or less in 1908, a year ahead of the rest of the city.

While the city's proposals to relocate Chinatown failed, the directive of rebuilding Chinatown into an attractive district along orientalized and stereotyped conceptions still gained traction. A group of Chinese merchants, including Mendocino-born Look Tin Eli, hired American architects to design in a Chinese-motif "Oriental" style in order to promote tourism in the rebuilt Chinatown.  The results of this design strategy were the pagoda-topped buildings of the Sing Chong and Sing Fat bazaars on the west corners of Grant Ave (then Dupont St) and California St, which have become icons of San Francisco Chinatown.

This design strategy leveraged the ethnic identity and exoticness that city planners used to justify the relocation of Chinatown to become the same forces that made the area an attractive tourist location. In constructing "Oriental" style architecture, the area gratified Western fascination with and perception of a stereotyped Chinese identity. Opportunistic individuals from within the Chinese community and from outside the Chinese community made entrepreneurial gains from this "ethnic tourism" as it emerged in the early 1900s and boosted local business.

In November 1907, an article extolling the virtues of the "new Chinatown of San Francisco" was written, praising the new "substantial, modern, fireproof buildings of brick and stone ... following the Oriental style of architecture" and declaring "[n]o more picturesque squalor, no more gambling dens, opium joints or public haunts of vice" would be tolerated, at the command of the Chinese Six Companies. By then, 5,000 residents had returned, of the estimated 30,000 that lived in Chinatown prior to the quake.

When the earthquake destroyed Chinatown's wooden tenements, it also dealt a blow to the tongs. Criminal tongs continued on until the 1920s, when legitimate Chinese merchants and a more capable Chinatown Squad under Sgt. Jack Manion gained the upper hand. Manion was appointed leader of the Squad in 1921 and served for two decades. Stiffer legislation against prostitution and drugs ended the tongs. The Chinatown Squad was finally disbanded in August 1955 by Police Chief George Healey, upon the request of the influential Chinese World newspaper, which had editorialized the Squad was an "affront to Americans of Chinese descent".

The rhetoric of a "New Chinatown" obscured the reality of the community's perpetuating problems, particularly those of poverty, overcrowding, and racial discrimination. While the Chinese merchants succeeded in rebuilding in a tourist-attractive way, they could not influence the landlords, most of which were not Chinese, to provide adequate housing for the Chinese residents.  In a 1930 Community Chest Survey of 153 Chinatown families, 32 families, with an average of five persons each, lived in one room each; only 19 families had complete bath tub, kitchen, and toilet facilities; on the average, there was one kitchen for 3.1 families and one toilet for 4.6 families (or 28.3 persons).  Crowded inadequate living conditions contributed to a high death rate for the Chinese.  The Chinese were no longer a problem for the city; they were forgotten.

By 1947, Chinatown established itself as a central tourist destination and a rapidly developing community. Tension began to arise between businesses in Chinatown seeking to modernize and city planning committees seeking to maintain the "Oriental" look of the area. Similar to the post-earthquake discussion, Chinatown remained a contested space for conflicting visions of the area's development. In 1947, the Board of Supervisors proposed a building code prohibiting architectural changes to the area. Opposition to these preservationist initiatives came from Chinese business owners and some of the architects who designed the buildings, among others. These individuals saw such building codes or architectural regulations as hindering the progress of the community and treating it as a static ethnic icon.

Nightlife

The famous Sam Wo restaurant opened in 1912.

In 1925 for the celebration of the San Francisco Diamond Jubilee, the Downtown Merchants Association, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, and the San Francisco Diamond Jubilee Festival jointly raised $18,000 for 43 dragon street lamps to be cast in China and installed along Grant Avenue from Bush Street to Broadway.  Designed by W(alter) D'Arcy Ryan, who also designed the "Path of Gold" streetlights along Market Street, the distinctive  street lamp, painted in traditional Chinese colors of red, gold and green, was composed of a cast-iron hexagonal base supporting a lotus and bamboo shaft surmounted with two cast-aluminum dragons below a pagoda lantern with bells and topped by a stylized hexagonal red roof—all in keeping with the Oriental style pioneered by Look Tin Eli (1910). The new lamps made Grant Avenue one of the brightest streets in the City at night, at a cost of  each. Since then, the original molds were used to add 24 more dragon street lamps were in 1996 (distinguishable by the foundry, whose name and location in Emporia, Kansas is cast on an access door at the base), and later, 23 more were added along Pacific by PG&E.

During the Great Depression, many nightclubs and cocktail bars were started in Chinatown. The Forbidden City nightclub, located at 369 Sutter Street just outside Chinatown and run by Charlie Low, became one of the most famous entertainment places in San Francisco. While it was doing business, from the late 1930s to the late 1950s, the Forbidden City gained an international reputation with its unique showcase of exotic oriental performance from Chinese American performers. Another popular club for tourists and LGBT clients was Li Po, which, like Forbidden City, combined western entertainment with "Oriental" culture. It was advertised in a 1939 tourism guide book as a "jovial and informal Chinatown cocktail lounge" where one could find "love, passion, and nighttime".[16] As of 2018, it was still in operation at 916 Grant Avenue.

The Second World War years and immigration reform
For the Chinese in Chinatown, the war came upon them in September 1931, when Japan attacked the Manchurian city of Mukden, and became impossible to ignore in July 1937, when Japan launched a major offensive southward from their base in Manchuria towards the heart of China. In response, the Chinese Six Companies convened many community organizations together, from which was founded the Chinese War Relief Association, to raise funds from the Chinatown communities throughout the U.S. to aid civilians trapped by the war in China.  In San Francisco's Chinatown, a popular means to raise money for war relief was through the Rice Bowl parades and parties, where the appeal to fill the rice bowls of starving children victimized by the war in China resonated with the Chinatown community.  One hallmark of the Rice Bowl parade was the striking scene of a large number of Chinese-American women in fashionable Chinese dress (the cheongsam) carrying one huge Chinese flag spanning the width of the street, onto which money was thrown from balconies, windows, and sidewalks.  In the Rice Bowl parade and party of 1938, San Francisco Chinatown raised $55,000; the second Rice Bowl in 1940 collected $87,000; and the third in 1941 brought in $93,000—all for war and hunger relief of civilians in war-torn China.

Once China became an ally to the U.S. in World War II, a positive image of the Chinese began to emerge.  In October 1942, Earl Warren, running for Governor of California, wrote, "Like all native born Californians, I have cherished during my entire life a warm and cordial feeling for the Chinese people."
  In her goodwill tour of the U.S. starting in February 1943, Madame Chiang Kai Shek probably did more to change the American attitude towards the Chinese people than any other single person.  She was hosted by the First Lady and President Franklin D. Roosevelt; she was the second woman and the first Chinese to address the U.S. Congress.  The American public embraced her with respect and kindness, which is in stark contrast to the treatment of most Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans.  To the Chinese in Chinatown, she became an icon of the war years.

In December 1943, in recognition of the important role of China as an ally in the war, the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed by the Magnuson Act, which allowed for naturalization but restricted Chinese immigrants to a small annual quota of 105 new entry visas. The repeal of the Exclusion Act and other immigration restriction laws, in conjunction with passage of the War Brides Act in December 1945, allowed Chinese-American veterans to bring their families outside of national quotas and led to a major population boom in the area during the 1950s. However, tight quotas on new immigration from China still applied until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was passed.

In the 1948 landmark case of Shelley v. Kraemer, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled without dissent that enforcing racially restrictive covenants in property deeds violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and thus such covenants are unenforceable in court, which lifted the invisible walls around Chinatown, permitting some Chinese Americans to move out of the Gilded Ghetto into other neighborhoods of the city and gain a foothold on the middle class.  Twenty years later, such racially restrictive covenants were outlawed in the 1968 Fair Housing Act.

Frank Wong dioramas
San Francisco artist Frank Wong created miniature dioramas that depict Chinatown during the 1930s and 1940s. In 2004, Wong donated seven miniatures of scenes of Chinatown, titled "The Chinatown Miniatures Collection," to the Chinese Historical Society of America (CHSA). The dioramas are on permanent display in CHSA's Main Gallery.

1960s–present

In the 1960s, the shifting of under-utilized national immigration quotas brought in another huge wave of immigrants, mostly from Hong Kong. This changed San Francisco Chinatown from predominantly Hlay Yip Wah (Sze Yup or Hoisan Wah)-speaking to Sam Yup Wah (standard Cantonese)-speaking. During the same decade, many stores moved from Grant Avenue to Stockton Street, drawn by lower rents and the better transportation enabled by the 30-Stockton Muni trolleybus line.

There were areas where many Chinese in Northern California living outside of San Francisco Chinatown could maintain small communities or individual businesses. Nonetheless, the historic rights of property owners to deed or sell their property to whomever they pleased was exercised enough to keep the Chinese community from spreading. However, in 1948, Shelley v. Kraemer, the Supreme Court had ruled that racially restrictive covenants in deeds are unenforceable in courts due to the 14th amendment equal protection clause; and in 1968 the Fair Housing Act outlawed racially restrictive covenants. This ruling and law allowed the enlargement of Chinatown and an increase in the Chinese population of the city. At the same time, the declining white population of the city as a result of White Flight combined to change the demographics of the city. Neighborhoods that were once predominately white, such as Richmond District and Sunset District and in other suburbs across the San Francisco Bay Area became centers of new Chinese immigrant communities.

Until 1979, the United States recognized the Republic of China in Taiwan as the sole legitimate government of all of China, and emigration from Taiwan was counted under the same grouping as that for mainland China, from which little emigration to the United States existed from 1949 on. In 1979, the opening up of the People's Republic of China and the breaking of diplomatic relations with the Republic of China led to the passage of the Taiwan Relations Act, which placed Taiwan under a separate immigration group from the People's Republic of China. As a result of the Immigration Act of 1990, emigration from Hong Kong was also considered a separate jurisdiction for the purpose of recording such statistics. Thus, Mandarin-speaking emigrants from Taiwan began to arrive in the Bay Area, and they have tended to settle in suburban Millbrae, Cupertino, Milpitas, Mountain View, and even San Jose – avoiding San Francisco as well as Oakland Chinatowns.

Gang violence

With these changes came a weakening of the Tongs' traditional grip on Chinese life. Newer Chinese groups often came from areas outside of the Tongs' control, so the influence of the Tongs and criminal groups associated with them, such as the Triads, grew weaker in Chinatown and the Chinese community. However, the presence of the Asian gangs remained significant in the immigrant community, and in the summer of 1977, an ongoing rivalry between two street gangs, the Wah Ching and the Joe Boys, erupted in violence and bloodshed, culminating in a shooting spree at the Golden Dragon Restaurant on Washington Street (華盛頓街). Five people were killed and eleven wounded, none of whom were gang members. The incident has become infamously known as the Golden Dragon massacre. Five perpetrators, who were members of the Joe Boys gang, were convicted of murder and assault charges and were sentenced to prison. The Golden Dragon closed in January 2006 because of health violations, and later reopened as the Imperial Palace Restaurant.

Other notorious acts of violence have taken place in Chinatown since 1977. At 2 a.m. on May 14, 1990, San Francisco residents who had just left The Purple Onion, a nightclub located where Chinatown borders on North Beach, were shot as they entered their cars. 35-year-old Michael Bit Chen Wu was killed and six others were injured, among them a critically wounded pregnant woman. In June 1998, shots were fired at Chinese Playground, wounding six teenagers, three of them critically. A 16-year-old boy was arrested for the shooting, which was believed to be gang-related. On February 27, 2006, Allen Leung was shot to death in his business on Jackson Street; Raymond "Shrimp Boy" Chow, who succeeded Leung as head of the Ghee Kung Tong, was later convicted in 2016 of soliciting Leung's murder as fallout from the corruption investigation of Leland Yee, and Raymond "Skinny Ray" Lei was indicted for committing the murder in 2017.

Developments of tourism
As Chinatown's ill reputation reemerged in the 1970s with the publicized gang crimes and continued neglect of substandard housing in the area, tourism began to decline. Visitors perceived the area as a "ghetto" taking their commercial business elsewhere. As Chinatown's tourist industry suffered, the entire area's once stable economy suffered. To counter this image, the Chinese Six Companies and other Chinese merchants began heavily emphasizing the safety and attractiveness of visiting the area. These marketing efforts alongside quieter initiatives to improve conditions for residents throughout the 1970s enabled the area's tourism-dependent economy to continue functioning. Similar dynamics of area leaders internally addressing social issues while externally maintaining commercial tourist appeal continued to the end of the 1900s. Now, However, San Francisco's Chinatown is now shrinking and faces an existential threat to it survival, due to macroeconomic ills afflicting downtown and San Francisco as a whole, in addition to its aging infrastructure and residential inhabitants.

Culture

Institutions
San Francisco's Chinatown is home to the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (known as the Chinese Six Companies), which is the umbrella organization for local Chinese family and regional associations in this Chinatown. It has spawned lodges in other Western U.S. Chinatowns in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Chinatown, Los Angeles and Chinatown, Portland.

The Chinese Culture Center is a community based non-profit organization located on the third floor of the Hilton San Francisco Financial District, across Kearny Street from Portsmouth Square. The Center promotes exhibitions about Chinese life in the United States and organizes tours of the area. The Chinese Historical Society of America is housed in a building designed by Julia Morgan as a YWCA, at 965 Clay.

Events and festivals
In the 1950s, during the Korean war, a number of Chinese-American leaders, led by W. K. Wong,  organized the San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade, including art shows, street dances, martial arts, music, and a fashion show. The 1953 parade was led by Korean war veteran, Joe Wong, and featured the Miss Chinatown festival queen and the dragon.  By 1958, the festival queen  had been formally expanded into the pageant of "Miss Chinatown U.S.A".  In 1994, around 120 queer Asian Americans joined the annual parade, which was the first time that Asian American queer community had appeared in public and gained acceptance from Chinese-American society.

San Francisco Chinatown's annual Autumn Moon Festival celebrates seasonal change and the opportunity to give thanks to a bountiful summer harvest. The Moon Festival is popularly celebrated throughout China and surrounding countries each year, with local bazaars, entertainment, and mooncakes, a pastry filled with sweet bean paste and egg. The festival is held each year during mid-September, and is free to the public.

Chinatown is frequently the venue of traditional Chinese funeral processions, where a marching band (playing Western songs such as Nearer, My God, to Thee) takes the street with a motorcycle escort. The band is followed by a car displaying an image of the deceased (akin to the Chinese custom of parading a scroll with his or her name through the village), and the hearse and the mourners, who then usually travel to Colma south of San Francisco for the actual funeral. By union regulation, the procession route starts at the Green Street Mortuary proceeding on Stockton Street for six blocks and back on Grant Avenue, taking about one hour.

Chinatown Community Development Center
Chinatown Community Development Center is an organization formed in 1977 after the merger of the Chinatown Resource center and the Chinese Community Housing Corporation. The organization was started by Gordon Chin, who served as executive director since 1977 until he was succeeded by the organization's Deputy Director Rev. Norman Fong on October 1, 2011.  The organization advocates and provides services to San Francisco's Chinatown. They have also started many groups, Adopt-An-Alleyway Youth Empowerment Project being the most notable, and have been involved with many tenant programs.

Media and politics
In the citywide Board of Supervisors elections, Chinatown forms part of District Three and in 2014 accounted for 44% of both registered voters and ballots cast. The two main newspapers read among residents are Sing Tao Daily and World Journal.

Fame
San Francisco Chinatown restaurants are considered to be the birthplace of Americanized Chinese cuisine such as food items like Chop Suey while introducing and popularizing Dim Sum to American tastes, as its Dim Sum tea houses are a major tourist attraction. Johnny Kan was the proprietor of one of the first modern style Chinese restaurants, which opened in 1953. Many of the district's restaurants have been featured in food television programs on Chinese cuisine such as Martin Yan's Martin Yan - Quick & Easy.

The Chinatown has served as a backdrop for several movies, television shows, plays and documentaries including The Maltese Falcon, Flower Drum Song, What's Up, Doc?, Chan Is Missing, Big Trouble in Little China, The Presidio, The Dead Pool, Jackie Chan Adventures, The Pursuit of Happyness, Godzilla, and Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings.

Noted Chinese American writers grew up there such as Russell Leong. Contrary to popular belief, while the Chinese-American writer Amy Tan was inspired by Chinatown and its culture for the basis of her book The Joy Luck Club and the subsequent movie, she did not grow up in this area; she was born and grew up in Oakland. Notable 1940s basketball player Willie "Woo Woo" Wong, who excelled in local schools, college and professional teams, was born in, and grew up playing basketball in, Chinatown; a local playground bears his name. Actor Bruce Lee, who was born at San Francisco Chinese Hospital before moving back to Hong Kong three months later, returned to the United States at the age of eighteen, residing in San Francisco's Chinatown for the first few months before moving to Seattle.

Transportation

San Francisco cable cars have long served areas of Chinatown; the modern system serves the southern (along California Street) and western (along Powell Street) sections of the neighborhood.

The Stockton Street Tunnel was completed in 1914 and brought San Francisco Municipal Railway Streetcar service to Stockton Street. After the tracks were removed, the overhead wires were maintained and buses replaced streetcars along the route. The 30 Stockton and 45 Union-Stockton are among the most heavily ridden lines in the system. Modern rail service has returned in the form of Chinatown station upon the completion of the Muni Metro's Central Subway.

The Broadway Tunnel was completed in 1952 and was intended to serve as a connection between the Embarcadero Freeway and the Central Freeway. These plans did not materialize due to the highway revolts at the time. The tunnel currently serves to connect Chinatown with Russian Hill and Van Ness Avenue to the west.

In the 1980s, Chinatown merchants were opposed to the removal of the Embarcadero Freeway, but these objections were overturned after it was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, activist Rose Pak then "almost single-handedly persuaded the city to build" the $1.5 billion Central Subway project to compensate Chinatown for the demolition of the freeway.

The 49-Mile Scenic Drive is routed through Chinatown, with particular attention paid to the corner of Grant and Clay.

On October 20, 2022, Chinatown station was first shown to the public after years of development, with promises of completion of the station sometime in January. It opened with a soft launch as part of a shuttle service on November 12, 2022, introducing two new metro stations downtown before officially being connected to the T Third Street line on January 7, 2023.

See also

 Tin How Temple (天后古廟), 125 Waverly Place
 Ma-Tsu Temple (美國舊金山媽祖廟朝聖宮), 30 Beckett Street
 Kong Chow Temple  (岡州古廟), Corner of Stockton and Clay
 Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (中華會館)
 Chinatowns in the United States
 History of the Chinese Americans in San Francisco
 San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade
 American Chinese cuisine & Chop suey
 San Francisco Chinese Hospital
 1877 San Francisco Riot
 Forbidden City (nightclub)
 Showgirl Magic Museum

References

Further reading

 Chen, Yong, Chinese San Francisco, 1850-1943: A trans-Pacific community. Stanford University Press, 2000.
 Chinn, Thomas W., editor, A History of the Chinese in California, Chinese Historical Society of America, 1969.  LC CARD # 71008031
 Chinn, Thomas W. Bridging the Pacific: San Francisco Chinatown and its People. Chinese Historical Society of America, 1989.
 Choy, Philip P. San Francisco Chinatown: A Guide to Its History & Architecture, City Lights, San Francisco, 2012.
 Nee, Victor G. and Brett de Bary Longtime Californ': A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown, Stanford University Press, 1986.
 Pan, Erica Y.Z. The Impact of the 1906 Earthquake on San Francisco's Chinatown, American University Studies: Ser.IX History, Vol. 173, Peter Lang, Publisher, 1995.
 Risse, Guenter B. Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.
 Tsui, Bonnie. American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods, 2009  Official website
 Yung, Judy and the Chinese Historical Society San Francisco's Chinatown Images of America, Chinese Historical Society, 2006.
 Ki Longfellow, China Blues, Eio Books 2012,
 Barbassa, Juliana. "SF Chinatown Still Home to Young and Old." Associated Press at The Washington Post. Friday November 17, 2006.

External links

 Chinatown history, from the University of California
 San Francisco Chinatown
 Early San Francisco Chinatown, archived from pandanet.co.jp

Neighborhoods in San Francisco
San Francisco
Chinese-American culture in San Francisco
1848 establishments in California
Tourist attractions in San Francisco
Triad (organized crime)
Shopping districts and streets in the San Francisco Bay Area

Chinatown, San Francisco


El sitio arqueológico de Ventarrón es un templo de 4500 años de antigüedad que cuenta con pinturas murales, situado en el departamento de Lambayeque, al norte del Perú.

Ubicación

El sitio arqueológico de Ventarrón se encuentra al lado oeste de las faldas del cerro del mismo nombre, a 1 km del río Reque en el distrito de Pomalca, en la provincia de Chiclayo, del Departamento de Lambayeque.

Historia

En los años 80, el arqueólogo peruano Walter Alva había encabezado el descubrimiento de la tumba del Señor de Sipán y las de otros personajes notables en la zona de la cultura moche, mucho más tardía que la de Ventarrón, pero que, como ella, se radicaría en Lambayeque. En la tumba real se habían hallado resto de varias generaciones de una época situable hacia el 300 d. C. (hace unos 1.700 años).

El complejo de Ventarrón fue hallado por un equipo, dirigido también por Alva, de la mano de su hijo Ignacio, mediante excavaciones en el 2007 en la región de Lambayeque (Perú), a 760 km de Lima y a unos 19 de Sipán, centro religioso y político de la cultura moche tardía, que floreció entre el año 1 y el 700 d. C. (de 2.000 a 1.300 años atrás).

Los investigadores llamaron Ventarrón a la estructura del templo. Situado en un valle, el complejo abarca cerca de 2.500 metros cuadrados. Según la datación con carbono-14, el templo y los murales son aproximadamente del año 2300 a. C., y se cree que son los más antiguos descubiertos en las Américas. Un mural sobre dos paredes representa a un venado atrapado en una red. Rodeado por paredes con un diseño zigzag en rojo y blanco. El templo fue construido con bloques irregulares de barro hechos con los sedimentos del río en lugar de la piedra o el adobe tradicionales en la zona, pero muy posteriores a esta obra primigenia de arquitectura. La construcción es única en la costa norte. Contiene una escalera que lleva a un altar de fuego.

En palabras del propio Walter Alva, "lo que es sorprendente son los métodos de construcción, el diseño arquitectónico y, sobre todo, la existencia de murales que podrían ser los más antiguos de las Américas. El descubrimiento de este templo aporta indicios que sugieren que la región de Lambayeque era una de las zonas del rico intercambio cultural entre la costa del Pacífico y el resto del Perú".

Se hallaron lo que pudieron ser ofrendas ceremoniales, como el esqueleto de un loro y el de un mono que presumiblemente procederían de regiones de la selva del Perú, y conchas típicas de la costa de Ecuador. Estos restos indican la amplitud de la zona de intercambio.

Alva y su equipo trabajaron tres meses en la excavación. Señalaron que el grupo humano que había construido en su día el templo lo había enterrado después al concluir su empleo. Ese enterramiento hizo posible su conservación durante miles de años. La gente de la zona había excavado para obtener piedras con las que construir sus viviendas, y gran parte de esa región había sido saqueada en 1990 y en 1992, pero no había sido hallado el templo.

Incendio
En el día domingo 12 de noviembre del 2017, un incendio afectó vasijas de cerámicas y murales del sitio arqueológico.. Sufrió uno de los peores daños a causa de un incendio que se inició
aproximadamente a las 14:00 horas y se propago rápidamente, ocasionando que el fuego consuma en primer lugar todo el material del cual estaban construido parte de estos ambientes que cumplían la función de almacén tanto para herramientas, material cultural mueble e información producto de las investigaciones arqueológicas realizadas en los años 2011, 2012, 2013, (madera, papel, cartón). La afectación se dio en un porcentaje aproximado del 90 %.
A raíz de la propagación del fuego desde dichos almacenes (sector que se presume desde donde se propago el incendio de manera incontrolable hacia la plataforma principal), éste llegó a alcanzar rápidamente las coberturas construidas con estructura de madera y elementos de cubierta de plancha de fibra vegetal. Dado las características de los materiales, las llamas consumieron la integridad de la cobertura, y a la vez afectaron a la cobertura metálica ubicada en la parte central donde están expuestas pinturas murales prehispánicas.
Como producto de la combustión de los materiales de cubierta y su consecuente colapso, las estructuras arqueológicas sufrieron desprendimiento, fracturas de algunos elementos, ennegrecimiento, calcinación de la capa externa de los paramentos e impregnación del material derretido sobre las pinturas murales. Asimismo, la estructura peatonal instalada para la visita turística se vio afectada perdiendo la totalidad de las láminas de vidrio templado, quedando expuesta la estructura metálica, la cual no sufrió daños respecto a su estabilidad.
Una vez controlado el incendio, los especialistas realizaron la respectiva evaluación e identificación de las áreas afectadas.

La Dirección Ejecutiva de la Unidad Ejecutora 005 procedió a conformar un comité de atención para la emergencia encabezado por el Arql. Alfredo Narváez. Las acciones implementadas consistieron en proceder al retiro del material colapsado producto de la calcinación de las coberturas, con la finalidad de dejar libre de escombros los espacios y recintos del área arqueológica. Paralelamente se realizó la protección de los murales policromos los cuales fueron cubiertos provisionalmente con plástico a fin de evitar la incidencia directa de los factores ambientales, principalmente
de los fuertes vientos que se presentan en la zona. Seguidamente, en coordinación con la Dirección Desconcentrada de Cultura de Lambayeque, se recogió el material arqueológico
que se encontraba a la intemperie bajo los anaqueles colapsados de los almacenes.
Con la finalidad de proteger las áreas expuestas se realizaron trabajos de emergencia para rehabilitar parte de la cobertura perdidas. De esta manera, se colocaron planchas de calamina galvanizada sobre el sector donde se ubica un mural policromo y se levantó un paño de cubierta en otro sector que alberga elementos de las mismas características al anterior. Estas labores se realizaron a finales del año 2017, teniendo en consideración que una de las grandes limitaciones fue de carácter presupuestal, lo que no permitió proteger una mayor área con coberturas. A inicios del año 2018, se programaron como prioridad, acciones para la instalación de una nueva cobertura para toda el área afectada y la
rehabilitación de la pasarela peatonal.

Referencias

Véase también
 Walter Alva
 Túcume
 Señor de Sipan

Enlaces externos

 Ubicación WikiMapia
 Blog Expediente Oculto
 Proyecto arqueológico

Sitios arqueológicos de Lambayeque
Sitios arqueológicos moches

Ventarrón


3. ŽNL Karlovačka je bila 6. stupanj nogometnih natjecanja u Hrvatskoj. Prvoplasirani klub je prelazio u viši rang - 2. ŽNL Karlovačku, dok iz lige nije ispadao nitko jer je 3. ŽNL bila najniži stupanj natjecanja za Karlovačku županiju. 3. ŽNL je postojala do sezone 2007./08.

Tablica

Izvori

 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 305

karlovačka-3
2000-01

3. ŽNL Karlovačka 2000./01.


Die Akadinda ist ein ugandisches Holmxylophon mit traditionell 17 bis 22 Klangplatten.

Aufbau

Die Klangplatten ruhen auf zwei Holmen aus Bananenstämmen. Auf einer Akadinda können bis zu 6 Spieler gleichzeitig spielen, auf jeder Seite 3. Der Tonumfang reicht maximal von c bis a''. Die Akadinda wird vor allem im Süden Ugandas gespielt.

Andere Xylophone sind Balafon, Embaire, Amadinda, Manza, Lengasho und Kponimbo.

Weblinks
Beschreibung (englisch)

Musik (Uganda)
Afrikanisches Musikinstrument
Stabspiel

Akadinda


Le palais des congrès de Lomé est un centre de congrès et de spectacles situé à Lomé, capitale du Togo. Construit par le gouvernement du président Gnassingbé Eyadema et inauguré en 1981, il est le fruit de la coopération entre le Togo et la Chine.

Description
Le palais des congrès de Lomé est un édifice public, il abrite des conférences, colloques, séminaires, ateliers et expositions culturelles.

Architecture

Projet de réhabilitation
Le palais des congrès aborde un état de dégradation progressive à savoir : les vols tous azimute des chaises et l'esplanade servant de cuisine à ciel ouvert pour de bonnes femmes qui y font des commerces.

En 2019, le gouvernement du président Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé a entamé un projet de réhabilitation pour redorer le blason de cette bâtis publique symbole des manifestations culturelles officielles du pays.

Notes et références

Lomé
Salle de spectacle au Togo
Édifice construit en 1981
Bâtiment au Togo

Palais des congrès de Lomé


Rio de Loba Portekiz'de Viseu belediyesine bağlı olan, 15,74 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 8.407 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viseu

Rio de Loba


Ved verdens ende er en dansk kortfilm fra 2000 instrueret af Anders Rønnow Klarlund efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Politimanden Niels mistede sin hustru for 8 år siden i en trafikulykke. Niels sad ved rattet, og han har lige siden været plaget af sorg og skyldfølelse. Nu dukker en sag op om en bortløben pige fra en psykiatrisk anstalt, og den roder op i de gamle sår. En række sammenfald af omstændigheder, får Niels til at tro, at konen er blevet genfødt for at hævne sig. Men kan han tro på de ting, han ser, eller er smerten ved at gøre ham gal? Er det hans hjerne, der er gået ind i en dødsspiral, eller er der mere mellem himmel og jord end vor menneskelige logik kan rumme?

Medvirkende

 Jesper Langberg, Niels
 Claus Strandberg
 Pernille Højmark
 Marina Bouras
 Vibeke Hastrup
 Kim Jansson
 Grete Luik
 Arvo Kukumägi
 Ruth Christensen
 Henrik Larsen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2000

Ved verdens ende (film fra 2000)


NGC 299 este un roi deschis situat în Micul Nor al lui Magellan, în constelația Tucanul. A fost descoperit în 5 septembrie 1826 de către James Dunlop. De asemenea, a fost observat încă o dată în 12 aprilie 1834 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 298
 NGC 300

Legături externe
 NGC 299 pe WikiSky
 NGC 299 pe spider.seds.org

Roiuri deschise
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Tucanul
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1826
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de James Dunlop

NGC 299


Melita may refer to:

Places
 Melite (ancient city), on the site of modern Mdina, Malta
 Melita (ancient port city), near city of Melitopol in southeast Ukraine
 Melita, Manitoba, Canada, a town
 Mljet (Latin: Melita), an island in the Dalmatia region of Croatia
 Melita, Michigan, United States
 Melita Island, Montana, United States

People
 Melita (given name)

Other uses
 Melita (personification), the allegorical figure of Malta
 Melita issue, a series of stamps depicting the allegorical figure
 Melita bullion coins, a series of coins depicting the allegorical figure
 Melita F.C., a football (soccer) club in Malta
 Melita (telecommunications company), a telecommunications company in Malta
 HMS Melita, two warships of the Royal Navy
 Melita Stadium, Chester Hill, New South Wales, Australia
 "Melita", an alternative tune to the hymn "Eternal Father, Strong to Save"
 Melita, a nymph in Greek mythology - see Melite (mythology)

See also
 Malita, capital of the province of Davao Occidental, Philippines
 Melitta, Germany-based company selling coffee, paper coffee filters, and coffee makers
 Melito (disambiguation)

Melita


101 (مائة وواحد) هو عدد صحيح. يلي العدد 100 ويسبق العدد 102 وهو عدد طبيعي موجب. وهو العدد الأولي السادس والعشرون، ويأتي بعده مباشرة العدد الأولي 103 (مائة وثلاثة) مما يجعلهما تؤمين أوليين كما يكون 101 أيضا عدد تشين , وهو عدد قلوب (يقرأ من اليمين لليسار كما يقرأ من اليسار لليمين) مما يجعله أولي قلوب. كما أنه أولي فريد بسبب طول فترته. كما أنه عدد أيزنشتاين أولي بدون جزء تخيلي وجزئه الحقيقي من الشكل 3n-1.

مراجع

أعداد أولية
أعداد صحيحة
أعداد موجبة

101 (عدد)


Der Monteverdi-Chor Hamburg ist ein bekannter deutscher Konzertchor, der unter seinem Gründer und langjährigen Leiter Jürgen Jürgens durch richtungweisende Schallplattenaufnahmen und Wettbewerbspreise international bekannt wurde.
Von 1994 bis 2018 war der Leipziger Dirigent Gothart Stier künstlerischer Leiter des Chores, der nun von Antonius Adamske geleitet wird.

Geschichte
Der Monteverdi-Chor Hamburg wurde im Jahre 1955 von Jürgen Jürgens als "Chor am Italienischen Kulturinstitut" gegründet. Im selben Jahr wurde er auf Anregung des Institutsleiters in "Monteverdi-Chor" umbenannt, zu einem Zeitpunkt als Claudio Monteverdi ein weitgehend unbekannter Komponist war.
Seit 1961 gehört der Chor zur Akademischen Musikpflege der Universität Hamburg, deren Leitung Jürgen Jürgens als Universitäts-Musikdirektor von 1961 bis 1993 innehatte.

Nach vier Jahren intensiver Aufbauarbeit konnte der Monteverdi-Chor 1959 beim Internationalen Chorwettbewerb in Arezzo (Italien) zum ersten Mal einen 1. Preis gewinnen. 1962 folgte ein weiterer 1. Preis beim Internationalen Chorwettbewerb in Lille (Frankreich). Danach begann für den Chor eine im Bereich der Amateurmusik beispiellose internationale Karriere.

In Zusammenarbeit mit Gustav Leonhardt, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Frans Brüggen und Eduard Melkus entstanden für das Label Das Alte Werk der Teldec und die Archiv Produktion der Deutschen Grammophon Gesellschaft zahlreiche wegweisende Schallplattenaufnahmen, die mit Preisen ausgezeichnet wurden und den Chor international bekannt machten.
Einladungen zu Musikfestivals im In- und Ausland folgten und führten den Chor in fast alle Länder West- und Ost-Europas, in den Vorderen Orient, in die USA, nach Mittel- und Lateinamerika, Süd-Ost-Asien, China und Australien.

Von 1985 bis 1990 bildeten acht Sängerinnen und Sänger und ihr Pianist die Musikkabarett-Gruppe Montevideo-Swingers.

Nach dem plötzlichen Tod von Jürgen Jürgens im August 1994 übernahm der Leipziger Dirigent und ehemalige Konzertsänger Gothart Stier die künstlerische Leitung des Monteverdi-Chores. Im Oktober 2018 wurde Antonius Adamske zum neuen Chefdirigenten gewählt.

Repertoire
Das Repertoire des Chores umfasst die gesamte Palette der Chormusik von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart.
In seiner Chorarbeit setzt Gothart Stier die Tradition des Monteverdi-Chores fort, dessen Schwerpunkt die A-cappella-Arbeit ist, und hat das Spektrum des Chores in seinem Sinne erweitert. So konnte er auch mit seinen Aufführungen großer klassischer und romantischer Chorsinfonik von Bach bis Verdi in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Philharmonischen Staatsorchester Halle, dem Mitteldeutschen Kammerorchester, dem Neuen Bachischen Collegium Musicum Leipzig und Mitgliedern des Gewandhausorchesters Leipzig, die teilweise auf CD dokumentiert sind, im In- und Ausland Erfolge feiern.

Konzert-Aktivitäten
In Hamburg ist der Monteverdi-Chor in den letzten Jahren vergleichsweise wenig präsent. Umso größer ist die Aufmerksamkeit und Anerkennung, die der Chor als kultureller Botschafter Hamburgs bei seinen Gastspielreisen im In- und Ausland erfährt.

Die bisherigen Höhepunkte der Chorarbeit mit Gothart Stier waren:
 Gastspielreise zum Israel-Festival Jerusalem im Mai 1996,
 Israelische Erstaufführung des Paulus von Mendelssohn im Rahmen des Liturgica-Festivals Jerusalem und des Musica-Sacra-Festivals Nazareth im Januar 1998,
 Aufführung der Canti di Prigionia von Luigi Dallapiccola bei den Händel-Festspielen Halle 1999,
 Konzertreisen nach Mittelamerika im September 1999 und 2001,
 Aufführung der Missa solemnis von Ludwig van Beethoven in der Thomaskirche 1999,
 Konzertreise zum "Tuba Mirum"-Festival der Eremitage (Sankt Petersburg) im Juni 2001,
 Aufführung des Stabat Mater von Domenico Scarlatti im Rahmen der Händel-Festspiele Göttingen 2002
 Eröffnung der Mendelssohn-Festtage Leipzig mit einer Aufführung des Elias in der Thomaskirche am 31. Oktober 2002 zusammen mit dem Gewandhausorchester Leipzig,
 Konzertreise nach China im Oktober 2003,
 Deutschland-Tournee mit Händels Messiah im Dezember 2003,
 Konzertreise ins Baltikum im Herbst 2004,
 Konzertreise zum Israel-Festival anlässlich des 40-jährigen Bestehens der diplomatischen Beziehungen mit Israel im Mai 2005,
 Drei Aufführungen des Paulus von Mendelssohn in der Frauenkirche (Dresden) im März 2006,
 Erstaufführung der Marien-Vesper von Claudio Monteverdi im Februar 2007 in der Thomaskirche,
 Konzertreise zum Shanghai-Festival im März 2008,
 Konzert mit Werken von Bach, Mendelssohn und Reger im Rahmen des Bachfestes Leipzig 2009,
 Drei Aufführungen der Marien-Vesper von Claudio Monteverdi in Berlin, Hamburg und Leipzig,
 Konzertreise zu den Deutschen Kulturtagen nach St. Petersburg im November 2010
 Tournee durch Litauen im Oktober 2011.

CD-Aufnahmen (Auswahl)
 Heilige Nacht – Deutsche Weihnachtslieder und Motetten. Leitung: Gothart Stier [2000], Ambitus 96 824.
 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Paulus mit Stephanie Stiller, Christa Bonhoff, Christoph Genz, Siegfried Lorenz, Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Halle, Leitung: Gothart Stier [1998], Ambitus 97942.
 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Elias mit Stephanie Stiller, Annette Markert, Martin Petzold, Siegfried Lorenz, Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Halle, Leitung: Gothart Stier [1996], Ambitus 97941.
 Max Reger: Orchesterlieder mit Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, St. Michaelis-Chor, Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Hamburg, Leitung: Gerd Albrecht [1990], Orfeo 209901.
 Kommet, ihr Hirten – Weihnachtliche Chormusik europäischer Völker, Leitung: Jürgen Jürgens [1990], Ambitus 97 856.
 Romantische Chormusik, Leitung: Jürgen Jürgens [1988], Novalis 150032-2.
 Claudio Monteverdi: Vespro della Beata Vergine (Marien-Vesper 1610) mit Barbara Schlick, Ine Kollecker, John Elwes, Wilfried Jochens, Holger Hampel, Christfried Biebrach, Gustav Hehring, Camerata Accademica Hamburg, Leitung: Jürgen Jürgens [1987], Ambitus 383826.
 Marco da Gagliano: La Dafne mit Norma Lerer, Barbara Schlick, Ine Kollecker, Nigel Rogers, Ian Partridge, David Thomas, Berthold Possemeyer, Camerata Accademica Hamburg, Leitung: Jürgen Jürgens [1977], Deutsche Grammophon 437074-2.
 Claudio Monteverdi: L'Orfeo mit Ian Partridge, Nigel Rogers, John Elwes, Camerata Accademia Hamburg, Leitung: Jürgen Jürgens [1974], Deutsche Grammophon 002894428723.
 Henry Purcell: Dido and Aeneas mit Tatiana Troyanos, Barry McDaniel, Sheila Armstrong, Patricia Johnson, Margaret Baker, Margaret Lensky, Paul Esswood, Nigel Rogers, Kammerorchester des NDR, Leitung: Charles Mackerras [1967], Teldec 8573-81141-2.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Kantate Nr. 198 (Laß, Fürstin, laß noch einen Strahl – Trauerode), Kantate Nr. 158 (Der Friede sei mit dir), Kantate Nr. 27 (Wer weiß, wie nahe mir mein Ende? BWV 27), mit Rotraud Hansmann, Helen Watts, Kurt Equiluz, Max van Egmond, Concerto Amsterdam, Leitung: Jürgen Jürgens [1967], Teldec 4509093687-2.
 Claudio Monteverdi: Vespro della Beata Vergine (Marien-Vesper 1610) mit Rotraud Hansmann, Irmgard Jacobeit, Nigel Rogers, Bert van t'Hoff, Max van Egmond, Concentus Musicus Wien, Leitung: Jürgen Jürgens [1967], Teldec 4509-92175-2.
 Georg Philipp Telemann: Der Tag des Gerichts mit Gertraud Landwehr-Herrmann, Cora Canne-Meijer, Kurt Equiluz, Max van Egmond, Concentus Musicus Wien, Leitung: Nikolaus Harnoncourt [1966], Teldec 9031-77621-2.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Kantate Nr. 206 (Schleicht, spielende Wellen) mit Irmgard Jacobeit, Wilhelmine Mattès, Tom Brand, Jacques Villisech, Amsterdamer Kammerorchester, Leitung: André Rieu [1962], Teldec 8573-81141-2.

Auszeichnungen und Preise
 Johannes-Brahms-Medaille der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg 1976

Schallplattenpreise
 Grand Prix du Disque Paris: Monteverdi: Marien-Vesper; Telemann: Tag des Gerichts; Monteverdi: L'Orfeo; Scarlatti: Madrigale
 Grand Prix du Disque Bruxelles: Bach: Trauerode
 Prix St. Cecile Belgique: Monteverdi: L'Orfeo
 Preis der Englischen Schallplattenkritik: Monteverdi: Marien-Vesper; Telemann: Tag des Gerichts
 HIFI Schallplatte des Jahres USA: Monteverdi: Marien-Vesper
 Sound and records USA – The years best recordings: Brahms: Geistliche und weltliche Chormusik; Monteverdi: Marien-Vesper; Italienische Chormusik der Gegenwart
 Disco la Plata Argentina: In dulci jubilo

Wettbewerbspreise
 Concorso Polifonico Internazionale "Guido d'Arezzo", Arezzo (Italien)
 1958: 3. Preis Folklore
 1959: 1. Preis Gemischter Chor
 1960: 2. Preis Gemischter Chor
 1964: 2. Preis Gemischter Chor, 2. Preis Männerchor & 3. Preis Frauenchor
 1967: 2. Preis Gemischter Chor
 1968: 2. Preis Gemischter Chor & 2. Preis Männerchor
 1970: 3. Preis Gemischter Chor
 1972: 2. Preis Männerchor & 2. Preis Frauenchor
 1977: 1. Preis Gemischter Chor & 3. Preis Folklore
 1983: 3. Preis Männerchor
 Béla Bartók-Chorwettbewerb, Debrecen (Ungarn)
 1958: 2. Preis Gemischter Chor
 1970: 3. Preis Folklore
 Festival International de Chant Chorale, Lille (Frankreich)
 1959: 1. Preis Gemischter Chor
 Internationaler Chorwettbewerb, Varna (Bulgarien)
 1977: 2. Preis Kammerchor
 Internationaler Rundfunkchor-Wettbewerb, Brünn (CSSR)
 1971: 1. Preis für den Sender Freies Berlin
 Internationaler Rundfunk-Wettbewerb Let the Peoples Sing
 1976: 1. Preis für den Sender Freies Berlin – Gemischter Chor
 1982: 1. Preis für den Sender Freies Berlin – Großer Chor
 1986: 1. Preis für den Sender Freies Berlin – Großer Chor & 1. Preis – Männerchor

Weblinks
 Homepage des Monteverdi-Chors Hamburg
 Homepage der akademischen Musikpflege der Universität Hamburg
 Der Monteverdi-Chor Hamburg bei Facebook

Einzelnachweise

Gemischter Chor
Oratorienchor
Chor (Hamburg)
Claudio Monteverdi
Gegründet 1955

Monteverdi-Chor Hamburg


Murat Karayalçın (26 Ekim 1943, Samsun), Türk siyasetçi. 1993–1994 arasında Devlet Bakanı ve Başbakan Yardımcısı, 1994-1995 arasında Dışişleri Bakanı ve Başbakan Yardımcısı, 1995-1999 arasında CHP Samsun Milletvekili, 1997-1999 arasında TBMM Dışişleri Komisyonu Başkanı ve 1989- 1993 arasında SHP'den Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı olarak görev yaptı.

Yaşamı
1943 yılında Samsun'da dünyaya geldi. Hemşin asıllı olan ailesi Rize'nin Çamlıhemşin ilçesine bağlı Şenyuva köyündendir. Çocukluğu Samsun'da geçen Karayalçın ilk öğrenimine Samsun'da başladı ailesinin Ankara'ya yerleşmesi ile Ankara'da tamamladı. İlk ve Orta öğrenimini Ankara Mimar Kemal İlkokulu ve Ortaokulunda, Lise öğrenimini ise Ankara Gazi Lisesinde yaptı. Bir süre ODTÜ'ye devam ettikten sonra Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi İktisat-Maliye Bölümünden 1968 yılında; Birleşik Krallık East Anglia Üniversitesi'nden 'Kalkınma Ekonomisi' dalında yüksek lisans derecesi alarak 1977 yılında mezun oldu.

Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı'nda (DPT) uzman yardımcısı ve uzman olarak çalıştı. 1978-1979 yıllarında Köy İşleri Bakanlığında Müsteşar Yardımcılığı görevini yürüttü. Batıkent Konut Üretim Yapı Kooperatifleri Birliğinin (Kent-Koop) kurucuları arasında yer alan Karayalçın, Kent-Koop'ta sırasıyla mali sekreterlik, genel sekreterlik ve 1981'den 1991 yılına kadar da Genel Başkanlık görevlerini üstlendi. Karayalçın, 1986-1987 yılları arasında Uluslararası İskan Konseyi Yönetim Kurulu üyeliği, 1988-1996 yılları arasında ise Uluslararası Kooperatifler Birliği (ICA) Konut Kooperatifleri Komitesinde Yürütme Kurulu üyeliği görevlerinde bulundu. Kurulduğu tarih olan 1988 yılından 1993 yılı Eylül ayına kadar olan Türkiye Kent Kooperatifleri Merkez Birliği'nin Genel Başkanlığı görevlerini sürdürdü.

Ankara şehir yerleşiminin rahatlamasını sağlamak amacıyla öncülüğünü yaptığı uydukent projesi 'Batıkent Projesi'nin Birleşmiş Milletler'in Dünya Konut Yılı nedeniyle açtığı proje yarışmasında birinciliği kazanması üzerine ödülünü 1986 yılı Kasım ayında Londra'da İngiliz Veliaht Prens Charles'dan alan Karayalçın, aynı yıl Nokta Dergisi tarafından yılın iş adamı seçildi. 1987 ve 1991 yıllarında Türkiye'nin dış tanıtımına yaptığı katkılar nedeniyle Türk Tanıtma Vakfı (TÜTAV) Ödülüne, 1993 yılında da Fransız Hükûmeti tarafından Légion d'honneur şövalye nişanına layık görüldü.

Belediye Başkanlığı ve Siyasi Yaşamı
Gençlik yıllarında Yeniden Milli Mücadele Hareketi'nde yer aldı. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi'ndeki öğrencilik yıllarında sağ öğrencilerin kurduğu Hür Düşünce Kulübü'nde yer aldı. Aynı grubun içerisinde daha sonra rakibi olacak Melih Gökçek'de bulunuyordu. Ağabeyi olan Okay Karayalçın (1939-2023) bu dönemlerde başbakan yardımcılığı yapıyordu.

26 Mart 1989 yerel seçimleri'inde SHP'den Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı seçildi. Bu görevini SHP'nin 11 Eylül 1993'te yapılan 4. Olağan Kurultayında Genel Başkanlığa seçilmesine kadar sürdürdü. 50. Hükümette önce Devlet Bakanı Başbakan Yardımcısı ardından Dışişleri Bakanı ve Başbakan Yardımcısı olarak görev yaptı, SHP-CHP birleşmesi için Şubat 1995'de genel başkanlıktan, Mart 1995'te de Hükûmetten ayrıldı. 20. Dönemde CHP Samsun Milletvekili ve TBMM Dış İlişkiler Komisyonu Başkanı olarak görev yaptı.

18 Nisan seçimleri'nde CHP'den Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı'na adaylığını koydu fakat kazanamadı. 2001 yılında Erdal İnönü'nün ardından CHP'den istifa etti. 2002 yılında Sosyaldemokrat Halk Partisi'nin (SHP) kuruluşunda yer alan Karayalçın, 28 Mart 2004 yerel seçimleri'nde sol partilerin yerel seçimlerde yaptıkları geniş tabanlı ittifakın Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı adayı oldu, ancak seçilemedi. 3 Aralık 2008 tarihinde Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'ne geri döndü ve 29 Mart 2009 yerel seçimleri'nde CHP'den yeniden Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığına aday oldu, ancak kazanamadı.

2000-2001 ve 2012-2014 yılları arasında CHP Parti Meclisi'nde yer aldı. 17 Aralık 2014 tarihinde CHP İstanbul İl Başkanlığına atandı. Aralık 2015'te bu görevden ayrıldı.

2016 Ocak ayında yapılan 35. CHP Olağan Kurultayında Divan Başkanlığı yapan Karayalçın; 2017-2020 yılları arasında CHP temsilcisi olarak Türkiye İş Bankası Yönetim Kurulu üyeliğinde bulundu. Karayalçın, halen CHP Dış Siyaset Danışma Kurulu üyeliği görevini sürdürmektedir.

Özel Yaşamı
Neşe Karayalçın ile evli olup, bir erkek çocuk babasıdır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Murat Karayalçın resmî web sitesi
 Hürriyet
 Pd Murat Karayalçın Röportajı (Sayı 8)
 Murat Karayalçın: Muhtarlıktan Cumhurbaşkanlığı'na her türlü göreve hazırım

1943 doğumlular
İlkadım doğumlular
Samsun doğumlu siyasetçiler
Hemşinliler (etnik grup)
TBMM 20. dönem Samsun milletvekilleri
Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye başkanları
Türk sosyal demokratlar
Türk sekülaristler
Atatürkçüler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
TBMM Dışişleri Komisyonu Başkanları
Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti genel başkanları
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Parti Meclisi üyeleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Légion d'honneur sahipleri
Türkiye İş Bankası Yönetim Kurulu üyeleri
İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi öğretim görevlileri
Erdal İnönü
Gazi Lisesinde öğrenim görenler

Murat Karayalçın


Campos Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Cerveira belediyesine bağlı olan, 5,01 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.248 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova de Cerveira

Campos (Vila Nova de Cerveira)


Acidul levulinic (de asemenea numit și acid 4-oxopentanoic) este un compus organic, fiind cel mai simplu reprezentant din clasa gama-cetoacizilor, și are formula chimică CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H. Este un compus cristalin, alb, solubil în apă și în solvenți organici polari. Este derivat prin degradarea celulozei și este un potențial precursor de biocarburanți.

Obținere
Procedeul original de sinteză a acidului levulinic era realizat prin încălzirea hexozelor, precum glucoza sau fructoza sau a amidonului în acid clorhidric diluat sau acid sulfuric. Randamentul depinde de natural acizilor, de concentrația lor, și de condițiile de temperatură și presiune folosite. În afară de acid formic, se mai obțin prin această metodă și alți produși secundari, parțial insolubili. Aceștia sunt colorați, iar procedeele de eliminare completă a lor este destul de dificilă.

Proprietăți

Aplicații

Vezi și
 Acid piruvic
 Acid acetoacetic

Referințe

Cetoacizi

Acid levulinic


IEC 60027 (formerly IEC 27) is a technical international standard for letter symbols published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), comprising the following parts:
 IEC 60027-1: General
 IEC 60027-2: Telecommunications and electronics
 IEC 60027-3: Logarithmic and related quantities, and their units
 IEC 60027-4: Symbols for quantities to be used for rotating electrical machines
 IEC 60027-6: Control technology
 IEC 60027-7: Physiological quantities and units

A closely related international standard on quantities and units is ISO 31. The ISO 31 and IEC 60027 Standards are being revised by the two standardization organizations in collaboration. The revised harmonized standard is known as ISO/IEC 80000, Quantities and units. It supersedes both ISO 31 and part of IEC 60027.

IEC 60027-2
IEC 60027-2 Amendment 2, as published in January 1999, was the first international standard defining the binary prefixes, as proposed by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) since 1996 (kibi- (Ki), mebi- (Mi), gibi- (Gi) and tebi- (Ti)) but extended them up to pebi (Pi) and exbi- (Ei). This didn't change in the second edition of the standard, published in 2000,<ref
name="iec-2000">IEC 60027-2 (2000-11) Ed. 2.0</ref> but the third edition in 2005 added prefixes zebi- (Zi) and yobi- (Yi). The harmonized ISO/IEC IEC 80000-13:2008 standard supersedes subclauses 3.8 and 3.9 of IEC 60027-2:2005. The only significant change is the addition of explicit definitions for some quantities.

See also
 Binary prefix
 IEC-P27-1

References

External links
 "IEC 60027-7 (2010-05) Ed. 1.0" (IEC Catalog, www.iec.ch)
 "IEC 60027-2 (2005-08) Ed. 3.0 Bilingual" (preview)

60027

IEC 60027


Linkowa () ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anna Michailowna Linkowa (* 1977), russische Tennisspielerin
 Walentina Leonidowna Linkowa (* 1970), russische Bogenbiathletin und Bogenläuferin

Linkowa


Riccardo Ferri (født 20. august 1963 i Crema, Italien) er en italiensk tidligere fodboldspiller (midterforsvarer).

Ferri er bedst kendt for hele 13 sæsoner hos Milano-storklubben Inter. Han spillede næsten 300 Serie A-kampe for klubben og var med til at vinde både et mesterskab, en Coppa Italia-titel samt to udgaver af UEFA Cuppen. Han afsluttede karrieren med to sæsoner hos Sampdoria.

Gennem karrieren nåede Ferri at spille hele 45 kampe og score fire mål for det italienske landshold, som han debuterede for 6. december 1986 i en EM-kvalifikationskamp på udebane mod Malta.

Ferri var en del af det italienske landshold der vandt bronze ved VM 1990 på hjemmebane, og spillede samtlige italienernes syv kampe i turneringen. Han deltog også ved EM 1988 i Vesttyskland, og også her var han med i alle kampe for italienerne, der blev slået ud i semifinalen.

Titler
Serie A
 1989 med Inter

Coppa Italia
 1982 med Inter

Supercoppa Italiana
 1989 med Inter

UEFA Cup
 1991 og 1994 med Inter

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Fodboldspillere fra UC Sampdoria
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 1988
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1990

Riccardo Ferri


NGC 121 este un roi globular situat în constelația Tucanul și în galaxia Micul Nor al lui Magellan. A fost descoperit în 20 septembrie 1835 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 120
 NGC 122

Legături externe
 NGC 121 pe WikiSky
 NGC 121 pe spider.seds.org

Roiuri globulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Tucanul
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1835
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de John Herschel

NGC 121


|}

Die Bahnstrecke Metz–Château-Salins war eine eingleisige, nicht elektrifizierte Eisenbahnstrecke in Lothringen. Sie wurde zum 1. Mai und zum 1. Dezember 1904 von den Reichseisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen aus strategischen Gründen in zwei Abschnitten gebaut und für den Verkehr freigegeben. Mit der Kursbuchnummer 216f war sie als Anschlussbahn zur Bahnstrecke Paris–Strasbourg (Nr. 216) vorgesehen.

Die Strecke verlief mehr oder weniger parallel zur Deutsch-Französischen Grenze. Nach den beiden verlorenen Weltkriegen wechselte die Strecke jeweils an die Französische Ostbahn. Während der deutschen Besatzungszeit 1940–1945 wurden die Namen der Bahnhöfe eingedeutscht. Die wirtschaftlich nicht profitable Strecke wurde für den Personenverkehr 1953 und für den Güterverkehr 1972 geschlossen. In Château-Salins bestand Anschluss zur Bahnstrecke Champigneulles–Sarralbe. Die Entwidmung der Strecke wurde ebenfalls in zwei Abschnitten im Juli 1973 und im Dezember 1992 durchgeführt. Ab dem Bahnhof Augny bei Streckenkilometer 8,3 sind die Gleise abgebaut und die Trasse ist heute vielfach mit Straßen überbaut.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke in Lothringen
Strategische Bahn
Bahnstrecke Metz–Château-Salins
Bahnstrecke in Grand Est
Bahnstrecke Metz–Château-Salins
Bahnstrecke der Reichseisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen

Bahnstrecke Metz–Château-Salins


Christine Margaret Russell (née Carr, born 25 March 1945) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the City of Chester from 1997 to 2010. She lost her seat to the Conservative Stephen Mosley at the 2010 general election.

Early life

Russell was born at Holbeach, Lincolnshire, a farmer's daughter from South Holland. She was educated at the single-sex Spalding High School. She studied at the Polytechnic of North West London (became the University of North London), then went to the London School of Librarianship. She gained the Professional Librarianship Qualification. She worked as a librarian for the Borough of Camden from 1967 to 1970, the University of Glasgow from 1970 to 1971, and Dunbartonshire County Council from 1971 to 1973. From 1989 to 1994, she worked for some MEPs, then for MIND from 1994 to 1997.

Parliamentary career
From 1992 to 1993, Russell served as Sheriff of Chester.

She was one of three councillors for College Ward on Chester City Council, until she resigned after her victory at the 1997 general election. She was expected to be elected as Lord Mayor of Chester had she not been elected to parliament.

At the 1997 general election in an all-women shortlist as the Labour candidate for City of Chester. She was elected as Member of Parliament in that election, unseating Gyles Brandreth. In Parliament she became Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Beverley Hughes.

She had a majority of 915.

Russell lost her seat in 2010 to the Conservative Stephen Mosley.

Personal life
She married Dr James Russell in 1971 in Hampstead. They have a son and daughter, and divorced in 1991.

References

External links
 Chester Labour
 Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Christine Russell MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com - Christine Russell MP

 BBC Politics page

1945 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
People from Holbeach
Councillors in Manchester
Alumni of the University of North London
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
Women councillors in England

Christine Russell


Büyükamiral, bazı ülkelerde mareşalin deniz kuvvetlerindeki denk rütbesi olan donanma subaylarının en yüksek aşamasındaki amiraldir.

NATO kodu OF-10`dur. Bu rütbe en yüksek askerî rütbe olmakla beraber diğer rütbelerden farkı süreyle kazanılamamasıdır. Savaşta olağanüstü yararlıkları görülen oramiral rütbesine sahip sağ veya vefat etmiş subaylara Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından kanunla verilir.

Türkiye'de büyük amiral rütbesi
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihinde büyük amirallik rütbesi hiç kazanılmamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'nde büyük amiral rütbesi 1538 yılı Preveze Deniz Muharebesi'ndeki başarısından dolayı Osmanlı Kaptan-ı Deryalarından Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa'ya Kanuni Sultan Süleyman tarafından verilmiştir.

Rütbeler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri subay rütbe dereceleri ve işaretleri

Kaynakça

Askerî rütbeler

Büyükamiral


Klara and the Sun (Klara e o Sol, no Brasil e em Portugal) é um livro de ficção científica de Kazuo Ishiguro, ganhador do Prêmio Nobel de Literatura, lançado no ano de 2021. A narrativa em primeira pessoa se passa em um futuro distópico e conta a história de Klara, uma inteligência artificial robô humanóide que é comprada pela mãe de uma adolescente doente, Josie, para que atue como sua acompanhante.

Romances de ficção científica de 2021
Romances de ficção científica do Reino Unido

Klara and the Sun


La Coupe du Portugal de football 1951-1952 est la  de la Coupe du Portugal de football, considéré comme le deuxième trophée national le plus important derrière le championnat.

La finale est jouée le 15 juin 1952, au stade national du Jamor, entre le Benfica Lisbonne et le Sporting Clube de Portugal. Le Benfica remporte son sixième trophée en battant le Sporting 5 à 4.

Finale

Voir aussi
 Championnat du Portugal de football 1951-1952

1951-1952
Portugal
Sport au Portugal en 1951
Sport au Portugal en 1952

Coupe du Portugal de football 1951-1952


O São José Paquete África foi um navio negreiro do Reino de Portugal que afundou em 1794 na costa da Cidade do Cabo, África do Sul. Perto da costa, mas em águas profundas, 212 dos 400 a 500 escravos africanos que estavam a bordo morreram quando o navio afundou. Em 2015, o Museu de História Afro-Americana do Smithsonian, os Museus Iziko da África do Sul, o Projeto Naufrágios de Escravos e outros parceiros confirmaram a descoberta do naufrágio perto de onde ele afundou. O navio e seus escravos seguiam de Moçambique para o Brasil, durante o auge do comércio internacional de escravos africanos . Poucos outros ex-navios negreiros foram encontrados, mas o São José é o primeiro e único naufrágio descoberto, até 3 de junho de 2015, de um navio negreiro em atividade, que afundou em trânsito com sua carga humana a bordo.

História

Em 27 de abril de 1794, o São José partiu de Lisboa, Portugal, capitaneado por Manuel João Pereira. Em seu porão havia uma carga de balastros de ferro cuidadosamente calibrados que os navios à vela exigiam para transportar com eficiência no oceano aberto o peso inconstante de centenas de cativos. O destino do navio, a colônia portuguesa de Moçambique no sudeste da África, era uma fonte relativamente nova de trabalho escravo para o comércio escravos no Atlântico. O São José é um dos primeiros navios conhecidos a tentar a viagem de longa distância de Portugal a Moçambique e ao Brasil.

O caminho do navio representa o aumento dos esforços dos comerciantes de escravos europeus para obter escravos. Mais de dois séculos de comércio de escravos ao longo da costa oeste da África reduziram a população e, juntamente com o aumento da concorrência, motivaram Portugal a enviar navios para 11.000 km de distância, para uma das fontes mais distantes e baratas de escravos no comércio transatlântico, Moçambique, África e em seguida, enviar os escravos ao redor do Cabo da África para o Brasil.

No início de dezembro, no porto da Ilha de Moçambique, a tripulação do navio acomodou sua carga humana e partiu. Os homens, mulheres e crianças escravizados eram provavelmente do interior de Moçambique. A viagem deles no porão de escravos para o Maranhão, Brasil, estava programada para durar cerca de quatro meses. A viagem durou apenas algumas semanas.

O navio estava tentando atravessar as difíceis águas do Cabo por volta das 2h no dia 27 de dezembro. Perto de Camps Bay, ele se chocou contra rochas submersas a cerca de  da costa. Com o navio em perigo, a tripulação deu o alarme disparando os canhões. Uma barca com parte dos escravizados conseguiu alcançar refúgio na Colônia do Cabo . Revezamentos de cordas com cestas também foram empregados para ajudar a salvar vidas, mas o navio se partiu por volta das 5h. O capitão e toda a tripulação foram resgatados, mas centenas de escravos morreram afogados, possivelmente em suas algemas de ferro. Os sobreviventes logo foram vendidos na Colônia do Cabo.

Descoberta

Mergulhadores locais encontraram os destroços na praia de Clifton na década de 1980, mas o identificaram erroneamente como um navio mercante holandês. Vários itens do navio, incluindo parafusos, balas de canhão e canhões foram removidos por caçadores de tesouros. Descobertas em arquivos da África do Sul e de Portugal, bem como testes de artefatos confirmaram em 2015 que o navio era o navio negreiro São José . Em 3 de junho de 2015, juntamente com o anúncio formal da descoberta, foi realizada uma cerimônia fúnebre pelos perdidos. Três mergulhadores da África do Sul, Estados Unidos e Moçambique espalharam o solo da terra natal dos escravos nas ondas não muito longe do naufrágio. Os artefatos do local de mergulho foram exibidos no Slave Lodge do Museu Iziko da África do Sul em junho de 2015 e passam por esforços de conservação lá, com pesquisa adicional e recuperação contínua. Alguns artefatos foram emprestados para exibição no Museu de História Afro-Americana dos Estados Unidos, quando foi inaugurado em 2016. Conectado com o aniversário de 2015 da abolição da escravatura na África do Sul e o trabalho no São José, o Iziko lançou uma nova exposição no site, Slavery in South Africa .

Referências

Ligações externas

 Museu Iziko - Escravidão na África do Sul
 Projeto Naufrágios de Escravos
 Smithsonian - programa Slave Wrecks
Ilha de Moçambique
Navios negreiros
Navios da década de 1790
Tráfico atlântico de pessoas escravizadas
Escravidão no Brasil
Escravidão na África

São José Paquete África (navio negreiro)


පොළවේ සිට ගුවනේ ඉලක්කවලට ප්‍රහාර එල්ලකරන මිසයිල II වන ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර පසුව ඒවා කුඩා නැව්වල ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක පද්ධති සඳහා ද යොදා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙම මිසයිල සහිත ආරක්ෂක නැව්වලට අයත්වන යාත්‍රා එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික බලගණයේ ඇති අතර එම නැව් 1975 වන තෙක් හඳුන්වනු ලැබුවේ "ඕෂන් එස්කොට්" [සාගර ආරක්ෂක නැව්] යන නම්න් වන අතර අනෙක් නාවික හමුදාවන් භාවිතා කළේ "ආරක්ෂක නැව" [Frigate] යන යෙදුම වේ.

1950 සිට 1970 දක්වා එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාව සතු වූ මිසයිල සහිත ආරක්ෂක නැව් ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක පද්ධතිය ලෙස බොහෝවිට කටයුතු කළ අතර එම නැව් "ඩෙස්ට්‍රොයර්" නැවේ කඳට සමාන ලෙස නිමවන ලදී. මේ අතරින් "බේන් බ්‍රිජ්, ටෲක්ස්ටන්, කැලිෆෝනියා සහ වර්ජිනියා" නැව් න්‍යෂ්ටික බලයෙන්ද යුක්ත විය. මෙම නැව් පෙර භාවිත කළ ඒවාට වඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් විශාලවන අතර ඒවා හඳුන්වනුයේ ආරක්ෂක නැව් යන යෙදුමෙනි. ඉහත නැව් නැවත වර්ගීකරණය කොට CG/CGN යන කාණ්ඩවලට වෙන් කෙරිණ.

මෑත කාලීන නූතන ආරක්ෂක නැව්ද විවිධ මිසයිල මගින් බල ගන්වා ඇති අතර ඒවා FFG කාණ්ඩයට වර්ග කර ඇත. මෙම නැව්වල වර්ධනයන් ඉතා වේගවත් වූ අතර නූතන මිසයිලවලින් බලාත්මක මෙම නැව් ගුවන් ආරක්ෂක පද්ධති කෙරෙහි විශේෂීකරණය වී ඇත.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate#Guided_missile_frigates

ගමන් මග පාලනය කළ හැකි මිසයිල සහිත යුධ නැව්


Pyunik FA () ya da tam adıyla Pyunik Futbolayin Akumb (), 1992 yılında Erivan'da kurulmuş olup Ermenistan'ın en popüler futbol takımlarından biridir. Erivan'daki Cumhuriyet (Hanrapetakan) Stadyumu'nda maçlarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.

Bardzraguyn humb'da 13 şampiyonluğu bulunup 5 kez Ermenistan Kupası'nı, 8 kez de Ermenistan Süper Kupası'nı kazanmıştır.

Takım kadrosu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site

1992'de kurulan futbol kulüpleri

Pyunik FA


Fußball Club Blau-Weiß Linz (normalt bare kendt som BW Linz) er en østrigsk fodboldklub fra byen Linz. Klubben spiller i , og har hjemmebane på Linzer Stadion. Klubben blev grundlagt i 1997.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Østrig
Etableret i 1997

FC Blau-Weiß Linz


Elijah Winnington (Gold Coast, 5 de maio de 2000) é um nadador australiano, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Winnington conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de revezamento 4×200 m livre masculino, ao lado de Alexander Graham, Kyle Chalmers, Zac Incerti, Thomas Neill e Mack Horton, com a marca de 7:01.84.

Nadadores olímpicos da Austrália
Nadadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos da natação

Elijah Winnington


Ljubertsy (, ) er en by i Moskva oblast i den Centrale føderale distrikt i Den Russiske Føderation. Byen har  indbyggere. Ljubertsy blev grundlagt i .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Moskva oblast
Etableret i 1623

Ljubertsy


Gräbenwinden ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Herrieden im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Das Dorf liegt am Südufer der Wieseth. Am nördlichen Ufer liegt Sickersdorf. Südlich von Gräbenwinden liegt das Weiherfeld. Die Kreisstraße AN 36 führt nach Elbersroth (1,2 km nordwestlich) bzw. nach Böckau (1,6 km südöstlich). Die AN 37 führt nach Birkach (2,2 km westlich) bzw. nach Sickersdorf (0,5 km östlich).

Geschichte
Aus der Ortsnamensendung –winden kann man schließen, dass der Ort zu den Wendensiedlungen zählt, die im Mittelalter von den Obrigkeiten in größerer Zahl planmäßig angelegt wurden. Mit Gräbenwinden wurde ursprünglich auch die östliche gelegene Siedlung bezeichnet, die dann später Sickersdorf genannt werden sollte. Der Ort lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Grundherrschaftliche Ansprüche hatten das Kollegiatstift Herrieden, das Hochstift Eichstätt und das Kloster Sulz. 1732 bestand Gräbenwinden westlich der Aurach aus 9 Anwesen (1 Hof, 1 Halbhof, 7 Gütlein). Außerdem gab es noch eine Streiferwohnung und ein Schäferhaus. Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft hatte das nunmehr ansbachische Klosterverwalteramt Sulz inne, das auch alleiniger Grundherr über alle Anwesen war. Nach 1790 gab es dort auch einen Untertan des eichstättischen Stiftskapitel Herrieden. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) entstand der Steuerdistrikt Gräbenwinden, zu dem Aichau, Ammonschönbronn, Beckenmühle, Böckau, Deffersdorf, Häuslingen, Lattenbuch, Limbach, Lölldorf, Mittelschönbronn, Oberschönbronn, Schlötzenmühle, Sickersdorf und Zirndorf gehörten. Wenig später wurde Gräbenwinden der neu gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Elbersroth zugeordnet. Am 1. Juli 1971 wurde diese im Zuge der Gebietsreform nach Herrieden eingemeindet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist römisch-katholisch geprägt und nach St. Jakobus der Ältere (Elbersroth) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner evangelisch-lutherischer Konfession waren ursprünglich nach St. Wenzeslaus (Wieseth) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Herrieden
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Dorf

Gräbenwinden


241136 Sandstede este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
241136 Sandstede este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Taunus de Stefan Karge și Rainer Kling. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,59 ua, o excentricitate de 0,28 și o înclinație de 12,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 241001-242000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2007
Centura de asteroizi

241136 Sandstede