151. brigada HV jedna je od ratnih brigada koja je sudjelovala u Domovinskom ratu.

Ratni put
Početkom 1991. godine, nedugo nakon prvih višestranačkih izbora, na području Samobora i Svete Nedelje, tadašnji Sekretarijat za obranu Samobora odlučio je osnovati 50. bojnu Zbora narodne garde koja je mobilizirana za vrijeme kratkog rata u Sloveniji. Krajem svibnja 1991. Sekretarijat je preoblikovao bojnu u brigadu te na zapovjedno mjesto stavio pukovnika Adolfa Paara koji je odmah krenuo u odabir zapovijednog kadra. U srpnju u gradskoj vijećnici, pukovnik Paar je predstavio svoje zapovjedništvo, a do rujna je predstavljen i mobilizacijski plan.

18. rujna 1991. izvršena je mobilizacija brigade, koja je tada imala naziv 8. samoborska brigada, ali nije bila oružano spremna. 20. rujna, brigada je kompletno naoružana iz skladišta Duboki Jarak. Sljedeći dan general Anton Tus, uputio je jednu satniju brigade na Lasinje gdje su pale i prve žrtve.

U listopadu brigada je sudjelovala u oslobađanje samoborske vojarne te je, nakon uspješe akcije, HV zaplijenio oko 8000 oružja s kojim se naoružalo četiri brigade s područja Zagreba. Do kraja 1991., brigada je mobilizirana na područje zapadne Slavonije gdje je ostala na položaju do 1992. kada je potpisan Sarajevski sporazum. Brigada je veliki značaj doživjela u akciji Orkan '91, a pogotovo u akciji kod motela Trokut koji se nalazio između Novske i Lipika. U toj akciji su sudjelovale 6 postrojbi HV te je poginulo 30 hrvatskih branitelja od čega 5 pripadnika 151. brigade. U srpnju 1992. godine, zapovjedništvo od Adolfa Paara preuzima Josip Mahović. 1993. godine jedna bojna djeluje na pokupskom području za držanje crte obrane gdje nije bilo značajnijih borbi te se bojna ubrzo vratila u Samobor.

Brigada će imati važnu ulogu i u operaciji Oluja na području Banovine. Na pravcu Strmen-Slovinci-Hrvatska kostajnica-Dvor na Uni brigada je držala svoje područje te bila jedna od glavnih brigada u operaciji koja je završila oslobađanjem Dvora na Uni, djelovanjem na Zrinskoj gori te povratkom u Samobor 14. kolovoza 1995. Brigada je postojala do 1999. kada je tadašnjim odredbama prestaju djelovati sve ratne brigade.

Kroz brigadu je prošlo oko 3600 branitelja s područja Samobora i Svete Nedjelje, 22 ih je poginulo na ratištima, a 120 je ranjeno.

Udruga branitelja 151. samoborske brigade
Branitelji s područja Samobora i Svete Nedjelje, koji su bli pripadnici brigade, su u prosincu 1999. osnovali udrugu kako bi promovirali svoj ratni put i vrijednosti iz Domovinskog rata.

Još su tijekom 1992. branitelji inicirali postavljanje spomen-ploče na gradskom trgu za sve do tada poginule pripadnik brigade koja je na kraju postavljna na ogradu župne crkve Svete Anastazije. Konačni spomen područje odvoreno je u parku iza crkve 2001. gdje su postavljene ploče s natpisima svih poginulih branitelja s područja Samobora i Svete Nedjelje. U rujnu 2003. obilježena je godišnjica mobilizacije brigade s raznolikim programom u centru Samobora.

Udruga je 2006. počela prikupljati financijska sredstva za renoviranja spomenika poginulim braniteljima u Oluji na području Dvora na Uni koji je ponovno otvoren u listopadu 2006. godine. Iste je godine udruga s povjesničarom Jakšom Ragužom objavila knjigu Ratni put 151. samoborske brigade. 2007. na njezinu inicijativu počeo se graditi spomen park na području motela Trokut kako bi se mogle održavati komemoracije za pale branitelje u toj akciji. Spomen-park je svečano otvoren 2009. kad su otkriveni stećci koji predstavljaju poginule branitelje s područja Bjelovara, Dugog Sela, Samobora, Svete Nedjelje i Vrbovca, a 2012. stećak je podigla i Koprivničko-križevačka županija. 2014. godine, udruga je promovirala knjigu s biografijama poginulih branitelja na novljanskom bojištu.

Udruga se redovito uključuje u humanitarne akcije kako bi pomogla braniteljima i njihovim obiteljima koji se nalaze u teškim socioekonomskim situacijama.

Odlikovanja i priznanja
Brigada je za svoj ratni put i doprinosu u ratu odlikovana
Red Nikole Šubića Zrinskog
 Nagrada grada Samobora za životno djelo

Vanjske poveznice
Udruga branitelja 151. samoborske brigade

Izvori

Hrvatske brigade u Domovinskom ratu
Samobor
Nositelji Reda Nikole Šubića Zrinskog

151. brigada HV


සන්තියාගො  චිලි  යනු  චිලි රටෙහි අගනගරය සහ විශාලතම නගරය වෙයි.

සන්තියාගෝ


Şirvan (2008 yılına kadar Ali - Bayramlı), Azerbaycan'da bir şehirdir. Şirvan şehri bir sanayi şehridir.

Şirvan 1938'e kadar Zubovka olarak anılır, 1938-1954'te yerleşim yeri statüsünü, 28 Temmuz 1954'te ise ilçe kenti statüsünü alır. [2] 4 Ocak 1963'ten beri cumhuriyetçi bir şehirdir. Alanı 72,7 metrekaredir. km, nüfus 89.7 bin kişidir ve nüfus yoğunluğu 1 km kare. Km başına 2457 kişi. Hacıramanlı ve Bayramlı yerleşimleri de şehre aittir. Şehrin nüfusunun% 98,5'i Azerbaycanlı, geri kalanı Ruslar, Yahudiler, Ukraynalılar, Tatarlar, Türkler ve diğer milletlerden oluşuyor.

Coğrafya

Şirvan Kür nehrinin sol kıyısında, Şirvan düzlüğündedir. Şirvan, Hazar Denizi'ne yakın bir bölgededir ve buradan geçen Kura Nehri sayesinde şehrin suya ihtiyacı sağlanmaktadır.

Kardeş şehirler
Manisa, Türkiye
Aktau, Kazakistan

Azerbaycan'daki şehirler
Şirvan (Azerbaycan)

Şirvan (Azerbaycan)


An Sasa qingyuanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Cheng Hua Hu, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Cheng Hua Hu. An Sasa qingyuanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sasa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sasa

Sasa qingyuanensis


Celine er et fransk modehus, der blev grundlagt i 1945 i Paris af Céline Vipiana. Firmaet producerer luksus ready-to-wear og lædervarer, og har siden 1996 været ejet af LVMH. Hovedkvarteret har ligget på 16 rue Vivienne i 2. arrondissement i Paris ved Hôtel Colbert de Torcy. Séverine Merle har været CEO siden april 2017.

Den 21. januar 2018 annoncerede LVMH at Hedi Slimane ville overtage Celine som kreativ direktør.

Mærket har næstne 150 butikker fordelt i hele verden, og det bliver distribueret via et netværk af eksklusive stormagasiner som Barneys New York (New York), Bergdorf Goodman (New York), Harrods (London) og Galeries Lafayette (Paris).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Interview in Herald Tribune
 WWDFashion
 New York Fashion

Beklædningsvirksomheder fra Frankrig
Luksusmærker
Etableret i 1945
LVMH-selskaber

Celine (mærke)


La carboximetilcelulosa (CMC) o carmelosa es un compuesto orgánico, derivado de la celulosa, compuesto por grupos carboximetil, enlazados a algunos grupos hidroxilo, presente en polímeros de la glucopiranosa. A menudo se utiliza como sal, es decir, como carboximetilcelulosa de sodio, también llamada carmelosa sódica, que se utiliza como medicamento para el alivio de los síntomas de la irritación y la sequedad ocular.

Datos físico-químicos
Fórmula: RnOCH2-COOH
Punto de descomposición: 274 °C
N.º CAS: [9004-32-4]
Densidad: 0,7-0,9
Solubilidad: 20 mg/ml

Propiedades generales
Es similar a la celulosa, pero a diferencia de ella, es soluble en agua; se disuelve en azúcares (sacarosa, fructosa, etcétera).

Aplicaciones
Es utilizado como espesante y estabilizante, pero también como producto de relleno, fibra dietética y emulsificante, por ejemplo, se suele utilizar en formulaciones farmacéuticas de tipo jarabe no nutritivo, como espesante.  Una de las aplicaciones más novedosas corresponde al área de la medicina donde soluciones de CMC forman geles y son utilizadas en cirugías del corazón, torácicas y de córnea. También se usa para evitar la precipitación de las sales tartáricas en los vinos blancos.

Otra aplicación es la elaboración de adhesivos para papel, debido a que por sus características no mancha el papel, no atrae insectos bibliófagos, no desprende olor y es fácil de eliminar, lo cual es ideal para materiales que requieren restauración.

Síntesis
Es sintetizado por medio de la reacción entre la celulosa con ácido cloroacético.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 CMC chemical structure and properties
 MC and CMC: commercial preparations and various uses, including paper conservation; bibliography
 Las diversas aplicaciones de la carboximetilcelulosa (CMC)

Aditivos alimentarios
Celulosa

Carboximetilcelulosa


ආචාර්ය එර්වින් ජයසූරිය (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Irwin Jayasuriya) යනු  හිටපු  සභාපති සභාපති ලංකා ගමනා ගමන මංඩලය.

ජීවන සටහන්

එර්වින් ජයසූරිය  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
  එර්වින් ජයසූරියයන් ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව
 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු සිවිල් නිලධරයන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

එර්වින් ජයසූරිය


An Dendrobium trullatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jeffrey James Wood ngan Anthony L. Lamb. An Dendrobium trullatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium trullatum


نوري بارامور  (15 مايو 1914 - 9 سبتمبر 1979) كان من أفضل منتجي الموسيقى المعروفين، وأيضا ملحن وموزع وقائد أوركسترا بريطاني بدأ مشواره في الاربعينات الميلادية، ولكن لم يشتهر الا في اوائل الخمسينات.زادت شهرته بعد أن أصبح لاحقا منتجا للمغني الشهير كليف ريتشارد وفرقة ذو شادوز.توفي عام 1979.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

كتاب أغان ذكور إنجليز
قادة فرق موسيقية بريطانيون في القرن 20
قادة فرق موسيقية إنجليز
قادة فرق موسيقية ذكور بريطانيون
قادة فرق موسيقية في القرن 20
كتاب أغان إنجليز
منتجو تسجيلات إنجليز
مواليد 1914
مواليد في لندن
موزعون موسيقيون إنجليز
موسيقيون إنجليز في القرن 20
موسيقيون ذكور بريطانيون في القرن 20
وفيات 1979
وفيات السرطان في إنجلترا
وفيات في لندن
كتاب أغان ذكور بريطانيون

نوري بارامور


Tefenni, Burdur ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Tefenni ilçesi, MÖ 800-500 yılları arasında Bizans çağının İstefani köyü olarak kurulmuş, 13. yüzyıl kadar Bizans yönetiminde kalmış, bu tarihten itibaren sırası ile Türkmenlerin, Selçuklu Hanedanının ve Osmanlıların eline geçmiştir. 1882 yılında yörede meydana gelen deprem sebebi ile eski yerleşim merkezi terk edilerek  şu andaki yerine kurulmuş, 1886 yılında da İstefani adı değiştirilerek Tefenni adı ile kaza olmuştur.

Konum
İlçe, bağlı bulunduğumuz Burdur ilinin güneybatısındadır. Denizden yüksekliği 1200 metredir. Batı kısmı tamamen ormanlıktır. En yüksek dağı Eşeler Dağıdır. Sürekli akan nehir ve ırmak bulunmamakla birlikte yaz aylarında kuruyan ve çay denilebilecek nitelikte çok sayıda akarsu vardır. Ayrıca halen Hasanpaşa, Beyköy, Sazak ve Ece'de kuyu açılması ile inşası bitmiş; Tefenni, Başpınar, Beyköy, Hasanpaşa ve Yeşilköy Göletleri bulunmaktadır.

İklim
Tefenni ilçesi Akdeniz Bölgesi ve İç Anadolu Bölgesi arasında bir geçit olduğundan her iki bölgenin iklimi etkisindedir.Bu münasebetle yazları sıcak ve kurak kış ayları ise soğuk ve yağışlı geçer. Hava sıcaklığı kararlı olmamakla birlikte genel olarak –21 ile +36 derece arasında değişir.

Eğitim
İlçede 8 ilköğretim okulu, 4 orta dereceli okul bulunmaktadır. Namık Kemal İlköğretim Okulu'na yapılan halı sahası Türkiye'nin ilk devlet okuluna yapılan halı sahasıdır. İlçenin okuma yazma oranı %99'dur. Okuma yazma çağına gelmemiş çocuk ve sakatlarla yaşlıların dışında okuma yazma bilmeyenlerin sayısı yok denecek kadar azdır. Okuma yazma seferberliğinin başlangıcından bu güne kadar 4 dönemde 85 kurs açılarak 1128 vatandaşımıza okuma yazma öğretilmiştir. Taramalar devam etmişse de okuma yazma bilmeyenlere rastlanılmadığından kurslara son verilmiştir. İlçe merkezinde bir adet halk kütüphanesi vardır. Yine ilçe merkezinde bir matbaa, üç kitabevi bulunmaktadır. Okulların kendi imkânları dahilinde tiyatro çalışmaları vardır. İlçede ayrıca bir adet kültür, sanat ve oyuncak müzesi vardır.

Ekonomi
İlçenin ekonomisi tarım ve hayvancılığa dayalıdır. Halen 200.000 dekar tarım alanı bulunmakta, bunun 120.000 dekarı sulu, 80.000 dekarı kuru tarım arazisidir. Bu arazilerden tarla bitkileri olarak buğday, arpa, mısır, yulaf, kuru soğan, sebze ve meyveler, sanayi bitkileri olarak şeker pancarı, anason, Kişniş (yumurcak), haşhaş, nohut, fasulye ve patates, mera bitkileri olarak yonca, korunga ve fiğ elde edilmektedir. Patates, kuru soğan ve nohut civar illerdeki tüccarlar tarafından alınarak ihraç edilmektedir. Tarımı desteklemek amacıyla 3 adet Tarım Kredi Kooperatifi, 15 adet de çeşitli amaçlı kooperatif vardır.İlçe ekonomisini desteklemek ve tasarrufu değerlendirmek amacı ile de ilçe merkezinde Ziraat Bankası kurulmuştur. Meyvecilik ilçede gelişmiş durumdadır. Çeşitli meyveler yetiştirilmekte ise de en önemlisi elmadır. Üreticinin elinde kalan meyveleri değerlendirmek amacıyla ilçe merkezinde yapılan soğuk hava deposu 1989 yılında faaliyete geçmiş olup ayrıca Başpınar ve Yeşilköy köylerinde de birer adet soğuk hava deposu hizmete girmiştir. Hayvancılık alanında genel olarak et, süt, peynir ve bal üretimi yapılmaktadır. Arıcılık ve tavukçuluk mevcuttur. Yaklaşık olarak 17.000 tane kanatlı hayvan bulunmaktadır. Yıllık yumurta üretimi 3.215.000 adettir. 14.250 adet küçük baş  hayvan ile  6.200 adet büyük baş hayvan beslenmektedir. (Sığırların %95'i kültür ırkıdır.)

Tefenni'de günlük süt üretimi 28 tona yaklaşmaktadır. İlçe merkezinde iki, köylerde birer adet süt alım merkezi bulunmakta ve bu sütler büyük illere götürülmektedir. Ayrıca ilçe Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Vakfınca desteklenmek üzere hazırlanan 125 kovanlık (25 aile) gezginci arıcılık projesi 180 kovan olarak gerçekleşmiş ve arılar, her aileye 9 kovan olmak üzere 20 aileye dağıtılmış ve ayrıca 79 aileye 1'er adet damızlık süt ineği ile 12 aileye yirmişer adet damızlık koyun dağıtımı yapılmıştır. İlçe merkezinde özel sektöre ait 6 adet mermer fabrikası ve birçok krom madeni ile 3 adet krom eleme tesisi vardır. Tesislerde toplam 180 işçi çalışmaktadır.

Barutlu su
İlçe merkezine 7 km uzaklıkta Haraplanlı mevkiinde İçme Deresi adı ile anılan kaynaktan çıkan ve içinde serbest hidroksil iyonları bulunan hafif kükürtlü ve bromürlü kendisine has bir tadı ve kokusu olan böbrek taşı ve kumlarını dökmesi nedeniyle şifalı bir sudur. Barut kokusunda olması nedeniyle barutlu su olarak anılmaktadır. Sertlik derecesi 1.5, soğukluğu 18.1 derecedir.

Giriş kapıları
9 bin yıllık geçmişe sahip Burdur'un üç medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış Tefenni İlçesi'nde, üç girişe yaptırılan üç kapı görenlerin ilgisini çekiyor. Adını Tiffany adlı bir İtalyan generalin kızından alan ve daha sonra değişerek Tefenni olan ilçe, üç Türk medeniyetine ev sahipliği yapmanın gururunu, şehrin üç girişine belediye tarafından yaptırılan Selçuklu kapısı, Osmanlı kapısı ve Cumhuriyet kapısıyla yaşıyor. Selçuklu kapısı kitabesinde "Oğuz Töresi", Osmanlı kapısında "Şeyh Edebalı Hazretlerinin Osman Gazi'ye vasiyeti", Cumhuriyet kapısında da Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün "Çanakkale Vecizesi" yer alıyor. Bu kapılar ilçeye gelenlerin çok ilgisini çekmekle birlikte ilçe halkı için de büyük bir gurur kaynağıdır.

Yerleşim yerleri
 Mahalleler: Esentepe, Yokuş, Eşeler, Yenice, Kır, Pazar, Fatih, Zafer.
 Kasabalar (Beldeler): Hasanpaşa, Beyköy.
 Köyler: Başpınar, Bayramlar, Belkaya, Çaylı, Ece, Sazak, Karamusa, Seydiler, Yaylaköy, Yeşilköy, Yuva, Yuvalak.

Nüfus
İlçe; 2 kasaba (belde), 12 köy ve 8 mahalleden oluşmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet: Tefenni

Tefenni

Tefenni


Špačince este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trnava din regiunea Trnava, pe malul râului Krupá. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.851 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Trnava.

Istoric
Localitatea Špačince este atestată documentar din 1111.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Špačince


Regimentul 15 Infanterie din România, la Wikipedia în limba română se poate referi la următoarele articole despre respectiva unitate de infanterie de nivel tactic:
 Regimentul 15 Dorobanți (1877) – participant la Războiul de Independență al României
 Regimentul Războieni No. 15 – parte a trupelor permanente ale Armatei României în perioada 1877-1951
  Regimentul Războieni No. 15 (1913) – participant la Al Doilea Război Balcanic
 Regimentul 15 Infanterie (1916-1918) – participant la luptele duse de Armata României în Primul Război Mondial
 Regimentul 15 Infanterie (1918-1920) – participant la operațiile militare pentru apărarea Marii Uniri din perioada 1918-1920
 Regimentul 15 Infanterie (1941-1945) – participant la luptele duse de Armata României în Al Doilea Război Mondial

Regimentul 15 Infanterie (România)


Devala es una localidad en el distrito Nil Guiris ('montaña azul') del estado de Tamil Nadú (India).
Posee unos 15 000 habitantes.

Ubicación geográfica

Devala se encuentra a:
 16 km al este de Gudalur;
 8 km al oeste de Pandalur;
 72 km ―a vuelo de pájaro― al noreste de la costa del mar.
 90 km al noreste de Kozhikode (Calicut), localidad en las orillas del mar.

Características

Toda esta región es conocida por sus plantaciones de té, desarrollado por los ingleses hacia 1850.

Pocas décadas después hubo una fiebre de oro en el lugar ―que le valió a Devala el nombre de Gold Mine City (la ciudad de las minas de oro)― que casi hizo desaparecer los cultivos de té.

Aquí nace el río Devala, que corre por Kerala y al unirse con el río Pandalur ―a 12 km, en el distrito Malappuram (Kerala)― forman el río Maruthappuzha, que llega hasta el mar.

En idioma cingalés se llama devala a un templo budista o hinduista donde se adora a un dios (devá).

Notas

Localidades de Tamil Nadu

Devala (Tamil Nadú)


Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He is a long-tenured professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.

In the early 1960s, Kleinrock pioneered the application of queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his Ph.D. thesis, published as a book in 1964. He later published several of the standard works on the subject. In the early 1970s, he applied queueing theory to model and measure the performance of packet switching networks. This work played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET. He supervised many graduate students whose later work on the communication protocols for internetworking led to the Internet protocol suite. His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.

Education and career
Leonard Kleinrock was born  in New York City on June 13, 1934, to a Jewish family, and  graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951. He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York, and a master's degree and a doctorate (Ph.D.) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively. He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), where he remains to the present day; during 1991–1995 he served as the chairman of the Computer Science Department there.

Achievements

Queueing theory
Kleinrock's best-known and most-significant work is on queueing theory, a branch of operations research that has applications in many fields. His thesis proposal in 1961 led to a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962, later published in book form in 1964. In this work, he analyzed queueing delays in Plan 55-A, a message switching system operated by Western Union for processing telegrams. Kleinrock later published several of the standard works on the subject.

ARPANET
Larry Roberts brought Leonard Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in May 1967. Roberts learned about packet switching from a paper written by Donald Davies, presented at the October 1967 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. Roberts subsequently incorporated the concept into the ARPANET design. Kleinrock was awarded a contract in 1969 to model and measure the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET. In addition, Kleinrock managed the software team at UCLA — including Steve Crocker, Vint Cerf and Jon Postel — who developed the host-host protocol for the ARPANET, the Network Control Program (NCP). Kleinrock's mathematical work in the early 1970s influenced the development of the early ARPANET.

The first message on the ARPANET was sent by a UCLA student programmer, Charley Kline, who was supervised by Kleinrock. At 10:30 p.m, on October 29, 1969, from Boelter Hall 3420, the school's main engineering building, Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 host computer. The message text was the word "login"; the "l" and the "o" letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was "lo". About an hour later, having recovered from the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full "login". The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21, 1969, between the Interface Message Processor (IMP) at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By December 5, 1969, the initial four-node network was established.

Kleinrock used the ARPANET for instant messaging from the U.S. to Larry Roberts in England in 1973. At the time, use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful.

Internet
Kleinrock published hundreds of research papers, which ultimately launched a new field of research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks. In this role, he supervised the research of scores of graduate students. He disseminated his research and that of his students to wider audiences for academic and commercial use, and organized hundreds of commercial seminars presented by experts and pioneers in the U.S. and internationally. Kleinrock's theoretical work on network design, hierarchical routing, wireless network access, network measurement, network congestion control, and nomadic computing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.

Crocker, Cerf, Postel and others at DARPA, Stanford University and other collaborating groups, developed the conventions – the Request for Comments or RfCs – and the communication protocols for internetworking that led to the Internet protocol suite.

In 1988, Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S. Congress,  concluding that "There is a clear and urgent need for a national research network". Although the U.S. did not build a nationwide national research and education network, this report  influenced Al Gore to pursue the development of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, which helped facilitate development of the Internet as it is known today. Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser Mosaic at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), which accelerated the adoption of the World Wide Web.

Packet switching 'paternity dispute'
In 1990, Kleinrock said:The thing that really drove my own research was the idea of a message switching network, which was a precursor to the packet switching networks. The mathematical tool that had been developed in queueing theory, namely queueing networks, matched perfectly the model of computer networks. Actually, it didn't match perfectly and I had to adjust that model to fit the realities of computer networks. Then I developed some design procedures as well for optimal capacity assignment, routing procedures and topology design.
Beginning in the mid-1990s, Kleinrock sought to be recognized "as the father of modern data networking". In 2004, he described his work as:Basically, what I did for my PhD research in 1961-1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks which uncovered the underlying principles that drives today's Internet.

However, Kleinrock's claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that this work was the source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET are disputed by other Internet pioneers, including Robert Taylor, Paul Baran, and Donald Davies. Historians and the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame recognize Baran and Davies for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.

Awards and recognition

Kleinrock made several important contributions to the field of computer science, in particular to the theoretical foundations of data communication in computer networking. He has received numerous professional awards. In 1980, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for pioneering contributions to the field and leadership as an educator in computer communications networks. In 2001 he received the Draper Prize "for the development of the Internet". Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor, from President George W. Bush in the White House on September 29, 2008. "The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks, and for the functional specification of packet switching, which is the foundation of Internet technology. His mentoring of generations of students has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world."

In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize. UCLA Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive. It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29, 2011.

He was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering. In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society. Leonard Kleinrock was inducted into IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu (IEEE-ΗΚΝ) in 2011 as an Eminent Member.  The designation of Eminent Member is the organization's highest membership grade and is conferred upon those select few whose outstanding technical attainments and contributions through leadership in the fields of electrical and computer engineering have significantly benefited society. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. In September 2014, Leonard Kleinrock was awarded the ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award at MobiCom 2014.

Leonard Kleinrock has been granted with the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award "for his seminal contributions to the theory and practical development of the Internet," in the words of the jury's citation.

See also
 History of the Internet
Internet pioneers
 Nerds 2.0.1 – 1998 documentary in which Kleinrock gives a lengthy interview
 Protocol Wars

Works

References

Bibliography

External links

Biography of Leonard Kleinrock from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

  Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET; his dissertation work in queueing theory; and his move to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). As one of the main contractors for the ARPANET, Kleinrock describes his involvement in discussions before the official DARPA request was issued, the people involved in the ARPANET work at UCLA, the installation of the first node of the network, the Network Measurement Center, and his relationships with Lawrence Roberts and the IPT Office, Bolt, Beranek and Newman, and the Network Analysis Corporation.
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1934 births
American computer scientists
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
City College of New York alumni
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Internet pioneers
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Queueing theorists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Jewish American scientists
Draper Prize winners
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
Scientists from New York City

Leonard Kleinrock


محمديم (بالعبرية:מַחֲמַדִּים) كلمة عبرية وردت كثيراً في أسفار العهد القديم وتُترجم في الترجمات العربية للعهد القديم إلى «مشتهيات».

النص
النص العبري المقصود في سفر "نشيد الأنشاد"، الإصحاح/5، الآية/16، جاء بالرسم الآتي: חִכּוֹ מַמְתַקִּים וְכֻלּוֹ מַחֲמַדִּים זֶה דוֹדִי וְזֶה רֵעִי בְּנוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָם׃

وينطق بالعبرية على هذا الوجه: حِكّو مَمتَكِيم فِخُلّو مَحَمَدِيم زِا دودِي فِزِا ريعِي بِنوت يِروشالامِ.

نشيد الأنشاد هو ذاته بالإنجليزية (song of solomon)

الربط المعنى بالنبي محمد
في العديد من ترجمات العهد القديم، ذكر في سفر نشيد الإنشاد 16 كلمة (محمديم) وتُترجم إلى (مشتهيات)، هذه ترجمات حرفية من الكتاب المقدس للغة العربية:

 جاء في «الكتاب المقدس» مطبعة الأميركان في بيروت (سنة 1899م) (ص677): «حَلْقُه حلاوة، وكله مشتهيات. هذا حبيبي، وهذا خليلي يا بنات أورشليم».
 وجاء في «الكتاب المقدس» دار الكتاب المقدس في الشرق الأوسط (ص845): «ريقه أعذب ما يكون، وهو شهي كله. هذا حبيبي، هذا رفيقي يا بنات أورشليم».
 وجاء في «الكتاب المقدس» مطبعة المرسلين اليسوعيين في بيروت (1897م) (ص264)،: «حلقه أعذب ما يكون، بل هو بجملته شهي. هذا حبيبي، وهذا خليلي يا بنات أورشليم». وفي (ص1388) من الطبعة الثالثة للترجمة اليسوعية (سنة 1989م): «حلقه كله عذوبة، بل هو شهي بجملته. هذا حبيبي، وهذا خليلي يا بنات أورشليم».
 جاء في «الكتاب المقدس - ترجمة العالم الجديد» (2004م) (ص1050): «فمه هو الحلاوة بعينها. كله شهي. هذا حبيبي، وهذا رفيقي يا بنات أورشليم».

(محمديم) ليست «اسم علم» على أحد، بل هي بمعنى الجمال والاشتهاء، وأنها قد وردت في الكثير من المواضع في أسفار العهد القديم بهذا المعنى أيضا.

يرى البعض أن السياق هنا لا يحتمل إقحام اسم علم بمعنى (محمد) فيه، وسفر نشيد الأنشاد كله غزل بين رجل وامرأة، وتشبه علاقتهما كحب شعب إسرائيل والله، السياق والمعنى اللغوي فيها بعيد كل البعد عن قصد نبي الإسلام محمد

النظرة الإسلامية
البشارة بمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم في الكتب الأولى أمر ثابت يقيناً لدى المعتقد الإسلامي، ففي القرآن الكريم: (الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الرَّسُولَ النَّبِيَّ الْأُمِّيَّ الَّذِي يَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوبًا عِنْدَهُمْ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ) الأعراف/ 157. لكن يرى بعض علماء المسلمين أنه ليس من الضروري أن تكون عبارة (محمديم) بحد ذاتها دالة على بعثة النبي لعدة أمور:

 ورودها في سياق الغزل.
 أن ثمة دلائل أكبر من هذه العبارة على بشارة الكتب السماوية السابقة بالنبي محمد، وكذلك دلالته على كثير من الأمور التي جاء بها النبي محمد .
 دلالة القرآن على ما ورد في الإنجيل على بعثة النبي محمد  حين قال الله عن عيسى ﴿وَإِذْ قَالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ يَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَيْكُمْ مُصَدِّقًا لِمَا بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ مِنَ التَّوْرَاةِ وَمُبَشِّرًا بِرَسُولٍ يَأْتِي مِنْ بَعْدِي اسْمُهُ أَحْمَدُ  فَلَمَّا جَاءَهُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ قَالُوا هَذَا سِحْرٌ مُبِينٌ﴾.

وإثبات ذلك لا يحتاج إلى تكلف تأويل بعض الكلمات بما يخالف معاني اللغة العبرية، وبما يخالف السياق الذي وردت فيه، وقد كتب العلماء في ذلك مصنفات خاصة، جمعوا البشارات الواردة في العهد القديم، والعهد الجديد، بل وفي غيرها من كتب الأديان الأخرى. يمكنك مراجعة الكتب:

 «البشارة بنبي الإسلام في التوارة والإنجيل»، للدكتور أحمد حجازي السقا.
 «دراسات في اليهودية والمسيحية وأديان الهند» للدكتور محمد ضياء الرحمن الأعظمي.

المراجع

آراء حول النبي محمد
العهد القديم

محمديم


Portræt af Gud er en dokumentarfilm fra 2001 instrueret af Jon Bang Carlsen efter manuskript af Jon Bang Carlsen.

Handling
Som en anden privatdetektiv sætter Jon Bang Carlsen ud på jagt efter den "mest eftersøgte person i vor tid": Gud. Instruktøren har svært ved at finde troen i sig selv og leder i stedet i de umiddelbare omgivelser. Først inden for rammerne af det hjem på den afrikanske kyst, hvor han har slået sig ned med sine to halvstore drenge. Siden ude i det sydafrikanske samfund. Tættest på målet kommer han i det store Pollsmoor fængsel i Capetown, hvor de indsatte finder trøst i religionen. Er der plads til humor i et portræt af Gud? Hos Jon Bang Carlsen er der. Ligesom der ifølge filmen er plads til tvivl i Guds hjerte.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Jon Bang Carlsen
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Portræt af Gud


26586 Harshaw este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26586 Harshaw este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  din Munții Santa Catalina de Richard Erik Hill. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,78 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 10,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

26586 Harshaw


U Hrvatskim teritorijalnim vodama postoji 45 svjetionika, od kojih je 16 s posadom i 29 bez posade, i u vlasništvu su Plovputa. Uz njih postoje i ostali objekti sigurnosne plovidbe (u vlasništvu Plovputa): 299 obalnih svjetala, 129 svjetlećih oznaka, 36 svjetlećih plutača, dvije signalne postaje, 154 signalne oznake, 4 signalne oznake pokrivenog smjera, i 14 signalnih plutaća.

U vlasništvu trećih osoba postoje 352 objekta (od kojih nijedan svjetionik) o kojima, prema ugovoru, također brine Plovput.

Abecedni popis svjetionika u Hrvatskoj

Popis svjetionika
 Otočić Babac
 Hrid Blitvenica
 Rt Crna punta
 Otočić Daksa
 Otočić Glavat
 Hridi Grebeni
 Otočić Grujica
 Otočić Host
 Rt Jadrija
 Rt Lovišće
 Rt Marlera
 Mlaka
 Hrid Mulo
 Otočić Murvica
 Otočić Olipa
 Oštri rat
 Rt Oštro – Kraljevica
 Otočić Palagruža
 Rt Peneda
 Otočić Pločica
 Otočić Pokonji dol
 Pomorac
 Hrid Porer
 Rt Prestenice
 Otočić Prišnjak
 Rt Ražanj
 Rt Savudrija; najstariji, izgrađen 1818.
 Otočić Sestrica Vela – Korčula
 Otočić Sestrica Vela – Tajer
 Luka Slano, Donji rt
 Split, lukobran, glava
 Rt Stončica
 Rt Stražica
 Rt Struga
 Rt Sućuraj
 Otok Sušac
 Otok Susak
 Otočić Sv. Andrija
 Hrid Sv. Ivan na pučini
 Rt Sv. Nikola
 Poluotok Sv. Petar
 Otočić Tri Sestrice – Rivanj
 Otočić Trstenik
 Rt Veli rat
 Rt Verudica
 Otok Vir
 Rt Vnetak
 Rt Vošćica
 Hrid Zaglav
 Rt Zub

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Svjetionici u Hrvatskoj


Brazilian Air Force One (Força Aérea Brasileira 001) er flyvekontroltjenestens officielle kaldesignal på det brasilianske flyvevåbens fly, der befordrer Brasiliens præsident.

På internationale flyvninger benytter flyvevåbnet ICAO-koden BRS01 og kaldesignalet Brazilian Air Force 01.

Det primære fly til transport af præsidenten er en modificeret udgave af Airbus A319, mens der ved kortere rejser benyttes et Embraer 190, som flyvevåbnet anskaffede sig to eksemplarer af i 2008.

Se også
 Air Force One

Eksterne henvisninger

 FAB 001

Brasiliens militær
Kaldesignaler
Fly fra Brasilien

Brazilian Air Force One


58622 Setoguchi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
58622 Setoguchi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Yatsuka de Hiroshi Abe (astronom) și Seidai Miyasaka. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,64 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 13,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 58001-59000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

58622 Setoguchi


Eustacije (grč. Ευστάθιος; ? — prosinac 1025.) bio je patrijarh Konstantinopola 1019. — 1025. Na mjesto patrijarha ga je postavio car Bazilije II., nakon smrti Sergija II.

U vrijeme Eustacija, papa je tvrdio da ima pravo na "dominaciju" nad svim kršćanima, što je uvrijedilo Eustacija — koji je bio duhovni vođa Carigrada — kao i duhovne vođe Rusa, Bugara i Srba.

Njegov je nasljednik bio Aleksije Carigradski.

Izvori
Steven Runciman. Byzantine Civilisation. London, University Paparback, 1961.
JM Hussey. The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Carigradski patrijarsi

Eustacije Carigradski


Dominique Monféry ist ein französischer Animator.

Leben
Monféry begann seine Karriere als Animator Ende der 1980er-Jahre. Ab Anfang der 1990er-Jahre war er bei der französischen Zweigstelle der Disney in Paris beschäftigt. Ab 1995 beaufsichtigte er die Animation, beginnend mit Goofy – Der Film, für den er für den Annie Award nominiert wurde. Bei Der Glöckner von Notre Dame war er für die Animation der Figur Frollo verantwortlich; bei Hercules für Titans und Cyclops, sowie bei Tarzan für Sabor.

2004 wurde er zusammen mit Roy Edward Disney für den Kurzfilm Destino, der 1945 als Zusammenarbeit von Walt Disney und Salvador Dalí begonnen hatte, für den Oscar nominiert.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1990: DuckTales: Der Film – Jäger der verlorenen Lampe (DuckTales: The Movie – Treasure of the Lost Lamp)
 1990: Käpt'n Balu und seine tollkühne Crew (TaleSpin)
 1995: Goofy – Der Film (A Goofy Movie)
 1996: Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
 1997: Hercules
 1999: Tarzan
 2000: Ein Königreich für ein Lama (The Emperor's New Groove)
 2003: Destino
 2011: Leon und die magischen Worte (Kerity, la maison des contes)

Auszeichnungen
 1995: Annie-Award-Nominierung für Der Goofy Film
 2004: Oscar-Nominierung für Destino

Weblinks

Animator
Franzose
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Dominique Monféry


Børge Johannes Rambøll (30. maj 1911-16. januar 2009) var en dansk civilingeniør, professor i husbygning ved DTU og medstifter af det rådgivende ingeniørfirma Rambøll & Hannemann (i dag: Rambøll A/S, som i 2021 har mere end 16.000 ansatte) sammen med Johan G. Hannemann. Han var ud over at være forsker, underviser og rådgiver også kendt som en spændende formidler af tekniske emner til den brede befolkning og som skønlitterær forfatter. Hans vision og værdigrundlag for ingeniørfirmaet var en af han hovedinteresser.

Liv og karriere
B.J. Rambøll er født i Korsør som søn af skoleinspektør Johannes Rambøll (1880-1946) og Ebba Thorbek (1883-1980). Han blev student fra Lyngby statsskole 1930, cand.polyt. 1935, ingeniør hos stadsingeniøren i Århus samme år, hos Wright, Thomsen & Kjer 1935-36, hos Melchior & Voltelen 1936-37, hos Chr. Nøkkentved 1937-44 og hos Anker Engelund 1944-45. 1938 blev han assistent ved Danmarks Tekniske Højskole i bærende konstruktioner, lektor i 1944 og i 1948 professor i samme fag efter Nøkkentved. Rambøll blev dr.techn. i 1944 på en afhandling om stabilitets- og spændingsberegning af rammesystemer.

Bidrag til konstruktionsdesign
Inden for emnet statik skrev han også Fundering og bærende Konstruktioner, 1945 (s.m. Chr. Nøkkentved) og Elastisk mellemunderstøttede Søjler, 1949. Allerede inden oprettelsen af ingeniørprofessoratet i husbygning beskæftigede Rambøll sig med disse problemer og skrev Varme- og Lydisolering af Betonhuse, 1949, Brandsikring, 1951 og Rationelt byggeri, 1955. I 1945 oprettede han det rådgivende ingeniørfirma Rambøll & Hannemann sammen med Johan Hannemann. Rambøll var formand for bestyrelsen for Rambøll & Hannemann 1970-79, og for den selvejende institution R&H indtil 1989. I 1946 fik Rambøll og Hannemann sammen en præmie i en konkurrence om en ny bro over Nidelven der deler Trondheim i to halvdele. Rambøll søgte efter tolv års professorgerning sin afsked for helt at kunne hellige sig den rådgivende ingeniørvirksomhed, specielt arbejdet med ingeniørkonstruktionerne ved den nye tekniske højskole i Lyngby. Firmaet voksede hurtigt og med hovedkontor i København var der snart afdelinger i alle Danmarks amter, samt en afdeling i Tunesien. Firmaet ejes siden 1972 af en fond. Blandt firmaets opgaver kan nævnes: konstruktioner til det nye Rigshospital, til TV-byen i Gyngemosen, den ny postbygning ved Polititorvet og bærende konstruktioner og installationer på Odense Staalskibsværft, Lindø, samt den nye store jet-hangar i Kastrup. Firmaets globale speciale er TV- og radiomaster.

Litteratur og formidling
Rambøll arbejdede med at popularisere teknikken gennem en række radioforelæsninger og TV-udsendelser om brobygning, bl.a. om den berømte Forthbro ved Edinburgh og om forskellige amerikanske broer der faldt ned under opbygningen. Forelæsningerne er samlet i Broer og brobygning, 1965. Rambølls skønlitterære produktion omfatter bl.a. Honningkrukkerne, 1968, Noget som sker, 1970, Sindbilleder, 1975, Vågenatten, 1977, og Marguerites lille omegn, 1980, illustreret af Alfhild Rambøll, Kaleidoskopier, 2001 og Udsigt viden om, 2005.

Tillidsposter
Rambøll var i slutningen af 40'erne medlem af bestyrelsen for Dansk Ingeniørforenings bygningsgruppe og 1973-75 formand for foreningen af rådgivende ingeniører. I hans formandstid startede foreningen 1975 en reklamekampagne, såvel herhjemme som i Iran, for at gøre opmærksom på de rådgivende ingeniører og deres arbejdsområde. Han var medlem af Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber, og i 1974-84 var han medlem af Akademiet for de skønne kunster.

Livsindstilling
Rambøll var livet igennem optaget af samfundsetiske emner specielt i sammenstødet og samspillet mellem teknologi og mennesker. Denne interesse blev tydeligt og konsekvent udnyttet til at give det rådgivende firma, som han grundlagde sammen med kollegaen Johan Hannemann, et værdsat og solidt værdigrundlag, som firmaet også siden har udnyttet til at skabe en unik firmaånd og sammenhængskraft. Værdigrundlaget er kort beskrevet i En R&H Filosofi, 1986. På trods af sine mange bedrifter betragtede Rambøll sig selv som hovedsageligt uambitiøs og heldig.

Personligt
Rambøll blev gift den 22. december 1938 med Alfhild Galløe, født 17.juni 1916 i Kbh. som datter. af kunstmaler Hakon G., f. Olsen (1878-1939) og Oda Johanne Henrika Strøyer (død 1981).

Bibliografi

Eksterne kilder og henvisning

 Portrætter af Børge Rambøll og Johan Hannemann på www.rambollfonden.dk
 Børge Rambøll, artikel i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
 Portræt i Ingeniøren.

Erhvervsfolk fra Danmark
Ingeniører fra Danmark

Børge Johannes Rambøll


John Wilson ( - ) est un avocat, critique littéraire et auteur écossais, l'écrivain le plus souvent identifié avec le pseudonyme de Christopher North de Blackwood's Magazine.

Il est professeur de philosophie morale à l'Université d'Édimbourg de 1820 à 1851.

Biographie

Wilson est né à Paisley, fils de John Wilson, un riche fabricant de gaze décédé en 1796, alors que John a 11 ans, et de sa femme Margaret Sym (1753–1825)  . Il est leur quatrième enfant et le fils aîné, ayant neuf sœurs et frères.

Il fait ses études à la Paisley Grammar School et entre à l'Université de Glasgow à l'âge de 12 ans (14 ans étant l'âge habituel à l'époque), et continue à suivre divers cours pendant six ans, principalement sous la direction du professeur George Jardine, avec la famille duquel il vit. Au cours de cette période, Wilson excelle dans le sport ainsi que dans les matières académiques et tombe amoureux de Margaret Fletcher, qui est l'objet de ses affections pendant plusieurs années . Son condisciple Alexander Blair devient un ami proche .

En 1803, Wilson est inscrit comme gentleman roturier au Magdalen College d'Oxford. Il s'inspire d'Oxford et dans une grande partie de ses travaux ultérieurs, notamment dans l'essai intitulé "Old North and Young North", exprime son amour pour elle. Cependant, son séjour à Oxford n'est pas tout à fait heureux. Bien qu'il ait obtenu un brillant diplôme de première classe, il ne s'est fait aucun ami proche au Magdalen College et peu à l'université. Il n'a pas non plus eu de chance en amour, car sa bien-aimée Margaret Fletcher s'est enfuie à New York avec son jeune frère Charles.

Wilson obtient son diplôme en 1807 et, à l'âge de 22 ans, il est son propre maître avec un bon revenu et aucun tuteur pour le contrôler. Il peut se consacrer à la gestion de son domaine sur Windermere appelé Elleray, depuis lié à son nom. Là, pendant quatre ans, il construit, navigue, lutte, tire, pêche, marche et s'amuse, en plus de composer ou de recueillir à partir de compositions précédentes un volume considérable de poèmes, publié en 1812 sous le titre The Isle of Palms. Pendant ce temps, il se lie également d'amitié avec les personnalités littéraires William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey et Thomas de Quincey .

En 1811, Wilson épouse Jane Penny d'Ambleside, fille du marchand de Liverpool James Penny, et ils sont heureux pendant quatre ans, jusqu'à l'événement qui fait de Wilson un ouvrier de lettres, et sans lequel il aurait probablement produit quelques volumes de vers et rien de plus. La majeure partie de sa fortune est perdue par la spéculation malhonnête d'un oncle, entre les mains de qui Wilson l'avait négligemment laissée. Sa mère possède une maison à Édimbourg, dans laquelle elle peut et veut recevoir son fils et sa famille ; il n'est pas forcé d'abandonner Elleray, bien qu'il ne puisse plus y vivre .

Il étudie le droit et est élu à la Faculté des avocats en 1815, toujours avec de nombreux intérêts extérieurs, et en 1816 produit un deuxième volume de poèmes, La Cité de la Peste. En 1817, peu de temps après la fondation de Blackwood's Magazine, Wilson commence sa relation avec le mensuel Tory et en octobre 1817, il se joint à John Gibson Lockhart dans le numéro d'octobre pour préparer le MS de James Hogg, une satire appelée Chaldee Manuscript, sous la forme de parodie biblique, sur la rivale Edinburgh Review, son éditeur et ses collaborateurs. Il devient le rédacteur principal de Blackwood's, mais jamais son rédacteur en chef nominal, l'éditeur conservant la supervision même des contributions de Lockhart et de "Christopher North" .

En 1822 commence la série des Noctes Ambrosianae, après 1825 principalement l'œuvre de Wilson. Ce sont des discussions sous forme de tables rondes conviviales, avec des digressions variées de critiques, de descriptions et d'écritures diverses. "The Ettrick Shepherd", un portrait idéalisé de James Hogg, l'un des orateurs, est une création des plus délicieuses. Avant cela, Wilson contribue aux contes et croquis en prose de Blackwood, et aux romans, dont certains sont ensuite publiés séparément dans Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life (1822), The Trials of Margaret Lindsay (1823) et The Foresters (1825) ; plus tard paraissent des essais sur Edmund Spenser, Homère et toutes sortes de sujets et d'auteurs modernes  .

Wilson quitte la maison de sa mère et s'établit (1819) à Ann Street, Édimbourg, avec sa femme et ses cinq enfants. Son élection à la chaire de philosophie morale de l'Université d'Édimbourg (1820) est inattendue, car l'homme le plus qualifié du Royaume-Uni, Sir William Hamilton, était également candidat. Mais l'affaire est devenue politique ; les conservateurs ont toujours la majorité au conseil municipal ; Wilson est puissamment soutenu par des amis, Walter Scott à leur tête ; et ses adversaires l'aident en s'attaquant à son caractère moral, qui n'est pas sujet à de justes reproches .

Wilson fait un excellent professeur, n'ayant peut-être jamais atteint de grandes connaissances scientifiques dans son sujet ou le pouvoir de l'exposer, mais agissant génération après génération sur les étudiants avec une force stimulante qui est bien plus précieuse que la connaissance la plus exhaustive d'un sujet particulier .

Ses fonctions lui laissent beaucoup de temps pour le travail de magazine et pendant de nombreuses années, ses contributions à Blackwood sont volumineuses, en un an (1834) s'élevant à plus de 50 articles distincts. La plupart des meilleurs et des plus connus d'entre eux paraissent entre 1825 et 1835 . En 1844, il publie The Genius, and Character of Burns.

Au cours de ses 30 dernières années, il passe son temps entre Édimbourg et Elleray, avec des excursions et des résidences d'été ailleurs, une sortie en mer à bord de l'escadron expérimental dans la Manche durant l'été 1832. La mort de sa femme en 1837 est un coup dur pour lui, d'autant plus qu'elle suit dans les trois ans son ami Blackwood .

Mort et héritage
Wilson meurt chez lui au 6 Gloucester Place à Édimbourg le 3 avril 1854 à la suite d'un accident vasculaire cérébral.

Il est enterré du côté sud du cimetière Dean le 7 avril. Un grand obélisque de granit rouge est érigé sur sa tombe.

En 1865, une statue de Sir John Steell est érigée à sa mémoire dans les Princes Street Gardens. La figure de bronze se dresse sur un piédestal en pierre substantiel et est située entre la Royal Scottish Academy et le Scott Monument.

Une scène de sa pièce "La cité de la peste" est adaptée par Alexandre Pouchkine en " Le Festin en temps de peste " et fait l'objet de plusieurs adaptations, dont des opéras et un téléfilm " Petites tragédies " (avec Ivan Lapikov comme Le Prêtre).

Famille
Son frère James Wilson (1795–1856) est connu comme zoologiste .

Le 11 mai 1811, Wilson épouse Jane Penny, la fille de James Penny, un marchand de Liverpool. Elle est décrite comme "la principale belle du pays des lacs". Ils ont cinq enfants, trois filles et deux fils :

 Margaret Anne, épouse le professeur James Frederick Ferrier  ;
 Mary, sa biographe, épouse John Thomson Gordon FRSE (1813-1865), shérif de Midlothian et fils du Dr John Gordon   ;
 Jane Emily, mariée à William Edmondstoune Aytoun  ;
 John, membre du clergé de l'Église d'Angleterre ;
 Blair, pendant un temps secrétaire de l'université d'Edimbourg .

Il est cousin du très révérend  et ils vivent côte à côte pendant leur enfance à Paisley . Wilson était aussi l'arrière-arrière-arrière-oncle de Ludovic Kennedy.

Ses publications comprennent les Travaux de John Wilson, édités par PJ Ferrier (12 volumes, Édimbourg, 1855-1859) ; les Noctes Ambrosianœ, éditées par RS Mackenzie (cinq volumes, New York, 1854) ; un Mémoire de sa fille, MW Gordon (deux volumes, Édimbourg, 1862) ; et pour une bonne estimation, G. Saintsbury, dans Essays in English Literature (Londres, 1890) ; et CT Winchester, « John Wilson », dans Group of English Essayists of the Early Nineteenth Century (New York, 1910).

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Écrivain écossais du XIXe siècle
Membre de la Royal Society of Edinburgh
Étudiant de Magdalen College (Oxford)
Étudiant de l'université de Glasgow
Professeur à l'université d'Édimbourg
Poète écossais du XIXe siècle
Philosophe écossais du XIXe siècle
Journaliste écossais
Décès en avril 1854
Naissance en mai 1785
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Dean
Décès à 68 ans

John Wilson (écrivain écossais)


Bertrand Russell makes a distinction between two different kinds of knowledge: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. Whereas knowledge by description is something like ordinary propositional knowledge (e.g. "I know that snow is white"), knowledge by acquaintance is familiarity with a person, place, or thing, typically obtained through perceptual experience (e.g. "I know Sam", "I know the city of Bogotá", or "I know Russell's Problems of Philosophy"). According to Bertrand Russell's classic account of acquaintance knowledge, acquaintance is a direct causal interaction between a person and some object that the person is perceiving.

Pre-Russellian accounts

Grote
In 1865, philosopher John Grote distinguished between what he described as "knowledge of acquaintance" and "knowledge-about". Grote noted that these distinctions were made in many languages. He cited Greek (γνωναι and ειδεναι), Latin (noscere and scire), German (kennen and wissen), and French (connaître and savoir) as examples.

Grote's "knowledge of acquaintance" is far better known today as "knowledge by acquaintance", following Russell's decision to change the preposition in a paper that he read to the Aristotelian Society on 6 March 1911.

Helmholtz
In a similar fashion, in 1868 Hermann von Helmholtz clearly distinguished between das Kennen, the knowledge that consisted of "mere familiarity with phenomena", and das Wissen, "the knowledge of [phenomena] which can be communicated by speech". Stressing that the Kennen sort of knowledge could not "compete with" the Wissen sort of knowledge, Helmholtz argued that, despite the fact that it might be of "the highest possible degree of precision and certainty", the Kennen kind of knowledge can not be expressed in words, "even to ourselves".

James
In 1890, William James, agreeing there were two fundamental kinds of knowledge, and adopting Grote's terminology, further developed the distinctions made by Grote and Helmholtz:

I am acquainted with many people and things, which I know very little about, except their presence in the places where I have met them. I know the color blue when I see it, and the flavour of a pear when I taste it; I know an inch when I move my finger through it; a second of time, when I feel it pass; an effort of attention when I make it; a difference between two things when I notice it; but about the inner nature of these facts or what makes them what they are, I can say nothing at all. I cannot impart acquaintance with them to any one who has not already made it himself I cannot describe them, make a blind man guess what blue is like, define to a child a syllogism, or tell a philosopher in just what respect distance is just what it is, and differs from other forms of relation. At most, I can say to my friends, Go to certain places and act in certain ways, and these objects will probably come. (1890, p.221)

Bertrand Russell

"On Denoting"
The distinction in its present form was first proposed by British philosopher Bertrand Russell in his famous 1905 paper, "On Denoting". According to Russell, knowledge by acquaintance is obtained exclusively through experience, and results from a direct causal interaction between a person and an object that the person is perceiving. In accordance with Russell's views on perception, sense-data from that object are the only things that people can ever become acquainted with; they can never truly be acquainted with the physical object itself. A person can also be acquainted with his own sense of self (cogito ergo sum) and his thoughts and ideas. However, other people could not become acquainted with another person's mind, for example. They have no way of directly interacting with it, since a mind is an internal object. They can only perceive that a mind could exist by observing that person's behaviour.

To be fully justified in believing a proposition to be true one must be acquainted, not only with the fact that supposedly makes the proposition true, but with the relation of correspondence that holds between the proposition and the fact. In other words, justified true belief can only occur if I know that a proposition (e.g. "Snow is white") is true in virtue of a fact (e.g. that the frequency of the light reflected off the snow causes the human eye, and by extension, the human mind, to perceive snow to be white). By way of example, John is justified in believing that he is in pain if he is directly and immediately acquainted with his pain. John is fully justified in his belief not if he merely makes an inference regarding his pain ("I must be in pain because my arm is bleeding"), but only if he feels it as an immediate sensation ("My arm hurts!"). This direct contact with the fact and the knowledge that this fact makes a proposition true is what is meant by knowledge by acquaintance.

On the contrary, when one is not directly and immediately acquainted with a fact, such as Julius Caesar's assassination, we speak of knowledge by description. When one is not directly in contact with the fact, but knows it only indirectly by means of a description, one arguably is not entirely justified in holding a proposition true (such as e.g. "Caesar was killed by Brutus").

The acquaintance theorist can argue that one has a noninferentially justified belief "that P" only when one has the thought "that P" and one is acquainted with both the fact that P is the case, the thought "that P", and the relation of correspondence holding between the thought "that P" and the fact that P is the case. So I must not only know the proposition P, and the fact that P is the case, but also know that the fact that P is the case is what makes proposition P true.

The Problems of Philosophy
The distinction between knowledge by description and knowledge by acquaintance is developed much further in Russell's 1912 book, The Problems of Philosophy.

Russell referred to acquaintance as "the given". He theorized that certain familiarities develop from an individual's experience with various primary impressions (sensory or abstract) that are so much a part of awareness itself that the individual possesses knowledge of these familiar features without accessing memories by the cognitive process of remembering. Russell believes that acquaintance is necessary in order for us to form any proposition—that any belief we form must be composed entirely of experiential components with which we have acquaintance. Per Russell, all foundational knowledge is by acquaintance, and all non-foundational (inferential) knowledge is developed from acquaintance relations. Russell's famous description of acquaintance is as follows:

We shall say that we have acquaintance with anything of which we are directly aware, without the intermediary of any process of inference or any knowledge of truths. Thus in the presence of my table I am acquainted with the sense-data that make up the appearance of my table—its colour, shape, hardness, smoothness, etc.; all these are things of which I am immediately conscious when I am seeing and touching my table. The particular shade of colour that I am seeing may have many things said about it—I may say that it is brown, that it is rather dark, and so on. But such statements, though they make me know truths about the colour, do not make me know the colour itself any better than I did before so far as concerns knowledge of the colour itself, as opposed to knowledge of truths about it, I know the colour perfectly and completely when I see it, and no further knowledge of it itself is even theoretically possible. Thus the sense-data which make up the appearance of my table are things with which I have acquaintance, things immediately known to me just as they are.

Russell adds that we have acquaintance with sense data, desires, feelings, (probably) the self, and universals like color, brotherhood, diversity, etc. Other acquaintance theorists would later suggest that we can have acquaintance with basics such as "yellow or not yellow"; ourselves; states, properties, things, or facts (Sellars, see below); feeling, sensations, ticklings, afterimages, itches, etc. (Chalmers, see below); necessary truths (such as "the tallest thing is the only thing that is as tall as it is", "all violinists are musicians", "3 + 2 = 5", etc.); phenomenal experiences "seemings"; and sensory inputs, or "particulars that are directly present to the mind".

Direct acquaintance only refers to the individual's direct access to some aspect of her/his experience, whereas knowledge by acquaintance requires that the individual have a belief about it. Russell and other acquaintance theorists assert that not only does acquaintance make knowledge possible; it makes thinking itself possible. This assertion is based on the epistemic principle that empirical experience is the source of properly simple concepts.

In The Problems of Philosophy, Russell clarifies that knowledge we can have of a specific "so-and-so", which is a thing identifiable as the thing that it uniquely is, is knowledge by description.

Per Russell, acquaintance knowledge is an awareness that occurs below the level of specific identifications of things. Knowledge by acquaintance is knowledge of a general quality of a thing, such as its shape, color, or smell. According to Russell, acquaintance does not involve reasoning that leads the individual to form an inference that the thing possessing the quality is any specific "so-and-so". He also includes self-consciousness of one's having an experience. For example, "When I see the sun, I am often aware of my seeing the sun; thus 'my seeing the sun' is an object with which I have acquaintance." It is only possible to have acquaintance with things that exist, actual relata, according to Russell, and acquaintance does not involve thought, intention, or judgment, or application of concepts.

Russell allows for fallibility of acquaintance due to false impressions acquired in some acquaintance relations, and he argues that these do not negate the much greater number of accurate impressions that result in acquaintance based on truths. To support this position, Fumerton offers examples of error such as misidentifying a particular shade of color as another, and he suggests that acquaintance relations should not be viewed as guarantees of, but only as representations of probabilities of, truth relations.

Subsequent views

Sellars
Wilfrid Sellars, in Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind (1956), rejects acquaintance theory, arguing that acquaintance is not necessary to provide a solid foundation for knowledge and thinking, as acquaintance theorists claim. In his Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, he dissects the internalists' case for acquaintance. He calls the proposal that we have direct acquaintance with sensory data "The Myth of the Given". Sellars argues, "there is no reason to suppose that having the sensation of a red triangle is a cognitive or epistemic fact." He reasons that if sensations, impressions, desires, images, or feelings are to be considered as veridical experiences, then it must be likewise possible for them to be unveridical. He believes that if "immediate experience" like sensations, is susceptible to being misperceived, thus resulting in erroneous inferences for epistemic agent (as is very common in everyday life) then it doesn't make sense to think of acquaintance as a necessity for knowledge.

Sellars bypasses the usual objections to acquaintance theory, which largely focus on absence of explanation for how acquaintance is connected to the knowledge that is said to result from it. Instead, Sellars emphasizes the need to dispel the myth by closely examining the "form of the givenness", dissecting the proposed operations of acquaintance in terms of "such facts as that physical object X looks red to person S at time t, or that there looks to person S at time t to be a red physical object over there." (Sellars)

Sellars asserts that acquaintance theory has not been sufficiently evaluated, and that in order for the theory to be validated, the range of sense impressions it claims can be "given" to the epistemic agent must be fully accounted for by an "exhaustive list", and each type of impression must be meticulously scrutinized as a prospect for such givenness. He also argues that it is necessary to presuppose that the epistemic agent possesses empirical knowledge of particular truths in order to make assumptions about the epistemic state of cognitive states that are independent of inference. However, Sellars reasons, because presupposition is inferential, empirical knowledge, regardless of being non-inferentially acquired, is nevertheless epistemically dependent if based on the presupposition that the epistemic agent possesses other pertinent empirical knowledge. Therefore, he concludes that cognitions that are organized propositionally do not qualify as "the given". Sellars does determine that there are beliefs that are non-inferential but that are intermixed with other beliefs that are connected in chains of inferences.
(These arguments are later pursued by DeVries.)

Conee
Earl Conee invoked the idea of acquaintance knowledge in response to Frank Jackson's knowledge argument. Conee argued that when Mary the neuroscientist first sees a red object, she doesn't gain new information but rather "a maximally direct cognitive relation to the experience."[2]

Michael Tye makes similar use of the distinction between acquaintance and factual knowledge in his analysis of the Mary thought experiment.[3]

In some versions of acquaintance theory, the "given" is actually acquired by the mind's work to register, maintain, and recall a particular sensation or other object of acquaintance until it ultimately becomes established as an acquaintance relation for the epistemic agent., but theorists emphasis that this is not to be confused with the same processes by which memories are developed.

Fumerton
Richard Fumerton views direct acquaintance (the theory of which he often refers to as "classical foundationalism") as simple, hence indefinable. He asserts that it is the central concept around which philosophy of mind and epistemology must be developed. He acknowledges that although he takes direct acquaintance to be basic, it is viewed by other philosophers as a mystery. Fumerton (1995) suggests that the following are the necessary conditions to constitute knowledge by acquaintance.

i. S is directly acquainted with the fact that p;
ii. S is directly acquainted with the thought that p; and
iii. S is directly acquainted with the correspondence that holds between the fact that P and the thought that P (Fumerton 1995, pp. 73–79).

According to Fumerton, acquaintance awareness is not non-relational or intentional thinking. There is a sui generis relation between the individual epistemic agent and "a thing, property, or fact". He concurs with Russell that the acquaintance relation between the individual's awareness and a state, object, fact, or property obtains in a way that cannot be reduced to more basic operations.
He suggests that one potential benefit of acquaintance, or "the given", is that it solves the problem of infinite regress of justification for beliefs by serving as the basis on which all inferences can be grounded. Skeptics reject this proposal, arguing that in "the given" would need to be propositional in order to ground inferences, or, at minimum have its own truth value.

Fumerton asserts that because acquaintance requires that its relata actually exist, having acquaintance with something both justifies belief in the thing and makes the belief true. Fumerton offers this response to skeptics of acquaintance.

If I am asked what reason I have for thinking that there is such a relation as acquaintance, I will, of course, give the unhelpful answer that I am acquainted with such a relation. The answer is question-begging if it is designed to convince someone that there is such a relation, but if the view is true it would be unreasonable to expect its proponent to give any other answer. (Fumerton)

Skeptics who find Fumerton's response unsatisfactory persist that having a truth value requires employment of concepts, i.e., comparing, classifying, and making judgments. That process involves at least the simplest of beliefs associated with memories of previous experienced, making acquaintance a form of inference.

But, Fumerton further asserts that an individual can have direct acquaintance not just possible with the non-propositional experiences but also with the "relation of correspondence that holds between the non-propositional experience and the propositional thought." He finds that these three acquaintance relationships are required in order for a proposition to be true (correspondence theory of truth).

a. the truth-maker (S is directly acquainted with the fact that p);
b. the truth-bearer (S is directly acquainted with the thought that p); and
c. the correspondence relation (S is directly acquainted with the correspondence between the fact that P and the thought that p). (Fumerton)

Fumerton proposes that while acquaintance does not depend on proposition, one can have thoughts and propositions established in acquaintance, and that justification for belief is effected by the individual's acquaintance with the correspondence relation between a thought and the fact associated with it. BonJour also mentions this relation, but he views this recognition as requiring proposition or judgment.

BonJour
Laurence BonJour (2003) asserts that acquaintance is a "built-in" awareness, that does not involve cognitive processes, and that it justifies belief. He argues that an adequate defense of acquaintance must explain the process by which acquaintance builds and maintains its cache of impressions into which new inputs of matching impressions can be added and caused to engage with cognitive processes. He also posits that for an epistemic agent to establish acquaintance unavoidably engages a proposition, or at least requires categorizing of inputs.

In response to Sellars, BonJour asserts that an individual can have experiences that are not connected to inferences but that there is a suitable relation of those experiences and her/his beliefs. BonJour asserts that awareness is "built-in" and that it provides full justification for essential empirical beliefs.

Fallibility: BonJour asserts that the cognitive content that constitutes the basis for typically accurate interpretation of sensory inputs makes it possible to acquire many true acquaintances, and the efficacy of this arrangement is not undermined by occurrences of inaccurate interpretations.

Chisholm
In his "Object and Person" (2002), Roderick Chisholm examines the conflicting perspectives between philosophers on whether or not we can actually be directly aware of the contents of our experiences. The unique property of an object of acquaintance permits the epistemic agent to develop acquaintance with that particular property by which the agent can identify it. In his Acquaintance and the Mind-Body Problem, Chisolm asserts that all epistemic agents have direct acquaintance with the self. He notes that both Rene DesCartes and Gottlob Frege held this view as well.

Chalmers
David Chalmers (2002) argues that for acquaintance to depend on propositions as Bonjour suggests, then instances of acquaintance require their own justification. He further contends that acquaintance with an object of acquaintance cannot serve as justification for any beliefs without the acquaintance itself being justified. Chalmers contends that as acquaintances is understood as separate from cognition, it does not seem feasible as justification for beliefs or as a basis for knowledge.

The speckled hen case

The famous speckled hen case has been invoked by acquaintance skeptics who insist that the theory cannot explain acquaintance with very simple mental states, like viewing a few dots against a solid background color can be said to justify belief in knowledge by acquaintance, while it is believed that viewing a significantly larger number of dots cannot justify belief in it. They believe that defenders of acquaintance theory should answer as to why the capacity of direct acquaintance should be so limited. Sellars resolved the problem simply by asserting that naturally the speckled hen experiment fails to support an acquaintance relation because the individual cannot reasonably be expected to build up such an association where the total number of objects in an array cannot be known without methodically accounting for them all. He points out that the "character of the experience" is not distinguishable to the individual's subconscious in such cases of instant presentations of complex arrays of data.

Knowledge of other people
Some recent work in epistemology deploys ideas concerning knowledge by acquaintance in developing an epistemology of knowing other people. For two such examples, see Bonnie Talbert's "Knowing Other People" and Matthew Benton's "Epistemology Personalized".

See also
 Grok
 Conversazione
 Tacit knowledge
 Knowledge argument

References

Bibliography

 BonJour, Laurence, Sosa, Ernest, Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues, Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
 Chalmers, David, Acquaintance, Phenomenal Concepts and the Knowledge Argument, University of Arizona, (2002).
 Chisholm, Roderick, Person and Object – A Metaphysical Study, Rutledge, Devonshire Press, Torquay (2002).
 Chisholm, Roderick, Acquaintance and the Mind-Body Problem, Oxford University Press, (2008).
 DePaul, Michael & Zagzebski, Linda (eds.), Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology, Oxford: Clarendon Press (2003).
 DeVries, Willem, "Wilfrid Sellars", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
 Fumerton, Richard, Metaepistemology and Skepticism, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. (1995) .
 Hasan, Ali and Fumerton, Richard, Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
 Hayner, P., "Knowledge by Acquaintance", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.29, No.3, (March, 1969), pp. 423–431.
 Helmholtz, H.L.F. von (Pye-Smith, P.H. trans.), [1868/1881/1962] "The Recent Progress of the Theory of Vision", pp. 93–185 in Helmholtz, H., Popular Scientific Lectures, Dover Publications, (New York), 1962.
Paper first published in German in 1868.
This (1962) volume is a selection of the translations that were first published in English in 1881.
 James, William, The Principles of Psychology: Volume One, Henry Holt and Company, (New York), 1890.
 Lazerowitz, M., "Knowledge by Description", The Philosophical Review, Vol.46, No.4, (July 1937), pp. 402–415.
 Martens, D.B., "Knowledge by acquaintance/by description", pp. 237–240 in Dancy, J. & Sosa, E. (eds.), A Companion to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishers, (Oxford), 1993.
 Parker, Dewitt H. (1945a), "Knowledge by Acquaintance", The Philosophical Review, Vol.54, No.1, (January 1945), pp. 1–18.
 Parker, Dewitt H. (1945b), "Knowledge by Description", The Philosophical Review, Vol.54, No.5, (September 1945), pp. 458–488.
 Russell, Bertrand, "Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (New Series), Vol.XI, (1910–1911), pp. 108–128: Read to the Society on 6 March 1911.
 Russell, Bertrand, The Problems of Philosophy (1912). Project Gutenberg, Chp. 5, p. 18–19.
 Sainsbury, R.M. (1995a), "Acquaintance and Description", p.4 in Honderich, T. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1995.
 Sainsbury, R.M. (1995b), "Descriptions", p.192 in Honderich, T. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1995.
 Sellars, Wilfrid, Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, (1956). Edited in hypertext by Andrew Chrucky (1995).

External links
Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description. Entry from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description. Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Bertrand Russell
Definitions of knowledge

Knowledge by acquaintance


A Copa FMF de 2022 é uma competição organizada pela Federação Maranhense de Futebol para definir representantes na Série D do Campeonato Brasileiro e para a Copa do Brasil. A competição será disputada entre 16 de outubro e 19 de novembro. O torneio será em homenagem ao jornalista e radialista Roberto Fernandes, morto em abril de 2020 em decorrência de Covid-19.

Regulamento
O Regulamento Específico da Competição  prevê oito equipes divididas em dois grupos regionalizados de 4 equipes, que se enfrentam com jogos somente de ida.
Os dois melhores de cada grupo avançam para as semifinais, disputadas no formato eliminatório tipo mata-mata, em jogos de ida e volta. Os primeiros de cada grupo terão a vantagem de mando de campo e de empate. O campeão escolhe ficar com a vaga na Copa do Brasil ou na Série D do Brasileirão, e o vice fica com a sobra.

Critérios de desempate
Para o desempate entre duas ou mais equipes segue-se a ordem definida abaixo:
 Maior número de vitórias
 Maior saldo de gols
 Maior número de gols marcados
 Vantagem no confronto direto (no caso de empatem entre duas equipes)
 Número de cartões amarelos e vermelhos
 Sorteio

Participantes

Fonte: Futebol Interior

Primeira Fase

Grupo A

Grupo B

Fonte: Federação Maranhense de Futebol

Fase final
Em itálico, os times que possuem o mando de campo no primeiro jogo do confronto e em negrito os times classificados.

Premiação

Copa União do Maranhão

Copa Federação Maranhense de Futebol de 2022


Izvori

 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 293

1956-57
Karlovac

Podsavezna nogometna liga NP Karlovac 1956./57.


Pietro Paolo Eustachi (1580–1622) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo de Boiano (1613–1622).

Biografia
Pietro Paolo Eustachi nasceu em 1580. No dia 15 de julho de 1613, foi nomeado pelo Papa Paulo V como Bispo de Boiano. Serviu como Bispo de Boiano até à sua morte em 1622.

Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Paulo V
Mortos em 1622
Nascidos em 1580
Bispos do século XVII

Pietro Paolo Eustachi


Malatíny este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Liptovský Mikuláš din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 226 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Malatíny este atestată documentar din 1270.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Malatíny


Uniformity  may refer to:

 Distribution uniformity, a measure of how uniformly water is applied to the area being watered
 Religious uniformity, the promotion of one state religion, denomination, or philosophy to the exclusion of all other religious beliefs
 Retention uniformity, a concept in thin layer chromatography
 Tire uniformity, a concept in vehicle technology
 Uniformity (chemistry), a measure of the homogeneity of a substance's composition or character
 Uniformity (complexity), a concept in computational complexity theory
 Uniformity (philosophy), the concept that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now have always operated in the universe
 Uniformity (topology), a concept in the mathematical field of topology
 Uniformity of motive, a concept in astrobiology

See also
 Uniform (disambiguation)
 Diversity (disambiguation)

Uniformity


Audrius Bitinas (* 4. August 1975 in Vilnius) ist ein litauischer Verwaltungsjurist und Sozialrechtler, Professor der Mykolas-Romer-Universität (MRU), ehemaliger Politiker, Vizeminister für Sozialschutz und Arbeit (2011–2013).

Leben
Nach dem Abitur 1993 an der Mittelschule Anykščiai absolvierte Bitinas 1998 das Diplomstudium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Vilniaus universitetas. Während des Studiums in Litauen studierte er in Frankreich. 2008 promovierte er an der MRU.

Von 1996 bis 1997 war er Jurist bei UAB "Egirona", von 1997 bis 2001 bei "Lietuvos telekomas". Von 2002 bis 2008 arbeitete er als Verwaltungsjurist der Rechtsunterabteilung am Sozialversicherungsamt Litauens. Seit 2006 arbeitet er bei MRU, seit 2011 ist er Professor. Von 2006 bis 2007 arbeitete er als Lektor bei Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas. Von 2008 bis 2011 war er Rechtsanwalt. Vom 1. Februar 2011 bis zum 28. Oktober 2013 war er Vizeminister, Stellvertreter des Ministers für Sozialschutz und Arbeit.

Bitinas spricht Russisch, Englisch und Französisch.

Quelle

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf von Bitinas

Stellvertretender Sozialminister (Litauen)
Sozialrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Mykolas-Romer-Universität)
Rechtsanwalt (Litauen)
Jurist in der Sozialverwaltung (Litauen)
Verwaltungsrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Vilnius)
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Absolvent der Mykolas-Romeris-Universität
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Sowjetbürger
Litauer
Geboren 1975
Mann

Audrius Bitinas


El término negrura (también negror, del latín nigror) hace referencia a la cualidad de negro. También puede referirse a:

 La oscuridad;
 Las sombras;

Referencias

Negrura


كُرْسُو أو كُرَشَو أو (نقحرة: كوراساو) جزيرة في جنوب البحر الكاريبي مقابل فنزويلا وتتبع لمملكة هولندا. هذه الجزيرة هي الأكبر والأكثر سكاناً من ضمن ثلاث جزر تدعى جزر ABC (تشير إلى جزر كُرسو، أروبا، وبوناير) الواقعة في مجموعة جزر الأنتيل الصغرى. تدعى هذه الجزر بـ «الأنتيل الهولندي» وهي وحدة مستقلة إدارياً تحت التاج الهولندي. عاصمة كُرسو هي مدينة فيليمستاد.

مساحة كُرسو حوالي 444 كم². في إحصاء عام 2001، بلغ عدد سكانها 130,627 نسمة بما يعني أن الكثافة السكانية قد بلغت 294 نسمة آنذاك. تعيش فيها جالية عربية معظمها من المهاجرين اللبنانيين والسوريين.
تقع هذه الجزيرة خارج حزام الأعاصير، لكن هذا لم يمنع من تعرضها لآثارٍ من إعصار فليكس.

لا يعرف أصل دقيق لاسم الجزيرة إلا أن البعض يظن أنها من الكلمة البرتغالية coração بمعنى «القلب» لوقوعها في قلب الطريق التجاري لأميركا الجنوبية. استعمل البحارة الإسبان تسمية كُرسو ومن بعدهم أخذ الهولنديون نفس التسمية.

أعلام

 دانيال دي ليون
 باول سبرنجر
 لوسيل جورج ووت
 توم كولينز
 جان جوليان روجر
 أوجيني روغجيناث
 مانويل ايزيكيل بروزوال

مراجع

بلدان جزرية
بلدان وأقاليم ناطقة بالإنجليزية
تأسيسات سنة 1954 في جزر الأنتيل الهولندية
تأسيسات سنة 2010 في أمريكا الشمالية
تأسيسات سنة 2010 في هولندا
تأسيسات عقد 2010 في الكاريبي
دول كاريبية بمملكة الأراضي المنخفضة
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1954
دول وأقاليم أسست في 2010
قائمة جزر الأنتيل الهولندية
مناطق ودول ناطقة بالهولندية

كوراساو


Prvi put u Hrvatskoj održan je 2023. u sklopu Memorijala Josip Gašparac u Osijeku.

Izdanja
Kazalo:

* E označava broj natjecatelja u elitnoj kategoriji od ukupnog broja

2023. nastupio je, i završio drugi, Piotr Lisek koji ima osobni rekord od 6 metara.

Vidi
 Hrvatski atletski savez

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Atletika u Hrvatskoj
Međunarodna atletska natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Šport u Osijeku

WA Indoor Tour u Hrvatskoj


Karolinger Verlag este o editură fondată la Viena în 1980 de Peter Weiß și Jean-Jacques Langendorf.

Istoric
Editura a fost fondată în 1980 sub numele L'Age d'Homme – Karolinger și avea sediul în districtul 18 Währing. Inițial a existat o cooperare financiară cu editura francofonă L'Âge d'Homme, fondată de Vladimir Dimitrijević. După încetarea colaborării editura s-a numit Karolinger și apoi Dr. Peter Weiß - Karolinger Verlag. În afară de Peter Weiß și Jean-Jacques Langendorf, acționari majori ai editurii sunt Cornelia Langendorf, Jean-Yves Lefebvre și Hans Hofinger.

Programul editorial
Programul editurii cu motto-ul "Nihil commune" urmărește "deschiderea romano-germanică" și pune un accent deosebit pe literatura franceză.

Pe lângă istorie, politică și metapolitică, există și alte priorități evidențiate de următoarele serii:
 Seria Romanica include titluri din literatura franceză (cum ar fi, de exemplu, Céline și Renard)
 În seria Der Osten sunt publicați autori din spațiul est-european și non-european.
 Seria Die Bibliothek von R*** este formată din diferite lucrări specializate pe misticism, istoria militară sau literatură economică din secolul al 18-lea.
 În seria Bibliothek der Reaction sunt incluse texte cu accent pe istoria europeană, cum ar fi cele ale lui Donoso Cortés, Metternich, de Maistre sau Bloy.
O atenție deosebită a fost acordată de Konrad și Peter Weiß primei traduceri a cărții The End of Economic Man a lui Peter F. Drucker care a fost publicată în anul 2010.

Până în anul 2004 Karolinger Verlag a publicat 77 de titluri.

Clasificare
Hannes Hintermeier a declarat în 2004 în Frankfuerter Allgemeine Zeitung că editura s-a specializat în "obstrucționarea opiniilor dominante" și "negarea spiritului timpului". Ea a cultivat un "univers al cărților de rezistență care a adus la suprafață comorile scufundate ale istoriei intelectuale europene", văzând-o ca o "întreprindere merituoasă". De asemenea, Andreas Dorschel a scris în 2007 în Süddeutsche Zeitung că editura era "potrivit programului său, un loc de o incredibilă agilitate intelectuală".

În schimb, publicistul Claus Tieber clasificase deja editura în 1996 ca fiind de "extrema dreapta" ca urmare a publicării unor autori precum Hans-Jürgen Syberberg, Günter Maschke, Nicolas Gomez Dávila și Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn. De asemenea, pentru Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes programul editurii ar putea indica o "anumită apropiere de ideile radicale de dreapta", printre altele datorită publicării scrierilor lui Armin Mohler. Bettina Stadlbauer și alți parlamentari SPÖ au acuzat editura în 2003 că publică "scrierile unor antidemocrați declarați". Criticul literar Sigrid Löffler a descris-o în 2007 ca o "editură obscurantistă" care "adună indivizi foarte dubioși cu vederi foarte dubioase". Programul de publicare cuprinde "tot ce se respectă neabătut ideile anti-moderne, anti-liberale, anti-iluministe, monarhiste și altfel spus antidemocratice, de la Günter Maschke la Armin Mohler. Colecția specială «Bibliothek der Reaction» adună astfel de nume ilustre ca Metternich, antiluministul savoiard Joseph de Maistre și Konstantin Leontiev, un reacționar infam din secolul al XIX-lea care s-a opus cu furie progresului și iluminismului sub orice formă, a apărat iobăgia și a făcut apologia dreptului rus". Filosoful Gerald Raunig (2005) și istoricul Stefan Wiederkehr (2007) au descris editura ca fiind "de dreapta". Programul editurii include "scrierile istorice și contemporane, care s-au înscris contra iluminismului", a afirmat jurnalistul pe teme științifice Hans Bohrmann (2008). În anul 2014 Julian Bruns, Kathrin Glösel și Natascha Strobl catalogau editura ca fiind de extrema dreaptă într-o carte despre identitatea mediului politico-jurnalistic. Politologul Bernhard Weidinger susținea în 2015 că editura are un "profil de nouă dreaptă" din moment ce-și face publicitate, de exemplu, în revistele Die Aula și Zur Zeit și își distribuie cărțile prin intermediul siturilor editurilor de extremă dreaptă Aula Verlag din Graz și Antaios Verlag din Schnellroda.

În plus,Karolinger Verlag deținea în 2001, potrivit raportului elaborat de Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes, cel puțin 10% din W3-Verlag, proprietarul ziarului săptămânal Zur Zeit redactat de parlamentarul Partidului Libertății Andreas Mölzer. Potrivit lui Hannes Hintermeier se spune că i-ar fi acordat un împrumut privat în valoare de 10.000 de șilingi lui Mölzer.

Note

Legături externe
 Website des Karolinger Verlags

Fondări în 1980
Edituri din Austria

Karolinger Verlag


Die katholische Jodok-Kirche im sog. Dorf in Überlingen am Bodensee ist eine Pilgerkirche und liegt direkt am Via Beuronensis, dem Teil des Jakobswegs zwischen Neckar und Bodensee auf dem Weg von Pfullendorf nach Wallhausen. Die Kirche ist etwas zurückgesetzt in der Straßenzeile integriert und gehört zur Überlinger Münsterpfarrei St. Nikolaus.

Baugeschichte und Beschreibung
In Überlingen gab es spätestens seit dem 15. Jahrhundert auch eine Jakobusbruderschaft. Deren Bestimmung war für Unterkunft und Verpflegung der Pilger zu sorgen. Dazu betrieben sie eine Pilgerherberge am sogenannten Blattergraben, das Gebäude stand außerhalb der Stadt zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Stadtmauerring. Die Pilger durften sich für eine Nacht dort aufhalten und erhielten einen Abendimbiss und eine Morgensuppe sowie einen Zehrpfennig. Mitglied in der Überlinger Bruderschaft konnte nur werden, wer folgende Bedingungen erfüllte: "Es ist von Anfang dieser Bruderschaft niemandes darein angenommen worden, er habe dann ain Walfart eintweders genn Sanct Jacob zu Compostell in Hispania, genn Rom zu St. Peter, genn St. Jod in Picardia oder zu unserer lieben Frauwen in Niderlandt gen n Aach volnbracht."

Die Jodok-Kirche wurde von dem reichen Überlinger Bürger Burkhart Hipp 1424 gestiftet. 1462 wurde sie auf dem Höhepunkt der Jakobsbewegung als Kirche der Jakobusbruderschaft St. Jodok geweiht. Dies ist an dem Schlussstein im Chorgewölbe zu sehen, welcher den Heiligen darstellt. Rechts vom Eingangsportal ist in einer Nische eine Statue des St. Jodokus (Bild 7 in der Galerie). Er ist an seinen Attributen – dem Pilgerstab und dem Pilgerhut mit Muschel – zu erkennen. Die Kirche selbst ist ein einfacher spätgotischer Bau. Die Straßenfassade zeigt über dem Portal ein spitzbogiges Maßwerkfenster mit drei Nonnenköpfen und zwei Vierpässen.

Im Glockengiebel über der Eingangsfassade hängen zwei historische Glocken aus Bronze, die linke davon ist mit dem Bild des  Heiligen geziert. Der Gießer der größeren Glocke aus dem 15. Jahrhundert ist unbekannt, stammt vielleicht aber aus Schaffhausen. Bei einem Gewicht von etwa 85 kg hat sie einen Durchmesser von 510 mm und klingt mit dem Schlagton a"-5. Die kleinere Glocke hat Ieronimus Gesus, Konstanz im Jahr 1608 	 gegossen. Ihr Durchmesser ist 420 mm, das Gewicht beträgt etwa 55 kg und der Ton klingt auf e"'-6.

An den Gewänden des Eingangsportals sind ausgeprägte Schleifspuren zu sehen. Die wahrscheinliche Ursache dafür ist, dass man dort zum Feuermachen Funken angerieben hat. Natürlich sind damit lokale Legenden verbunden, zum einen das die Winzer, die hier im Dorf wohnten, ihre sichelförmigen Messer dort schärften um Gottes Segen für ihre Arbeit zu erhalten, zum anderen gibt es die Sage von der Gründung des Überlinger Schwerttanzes.

Im 18. Jahrhundert wurden einige Umbauten in der Kirche ausgeführt, dabei erhielt sie die barocke Einrichtung (Altar); zwei neue Fenster in der Nordwand und eine Orgelempore. Mit der Zeit geriet die Jodok-Kirche in einen so baufälligen Zustand, dass um 1835 ihr der Einsturz drohte. Nach Gründung eines Jodokvereins konnten Renovierungsarbeiten durchgeführt werden.
1934 wurde die Kirche wieder geweiht, nachdem man sie zwischenzeitlich, rund zwanzig Jahre zuvor, profanierte.

Die Kirche wird auch heute noch für Gottesdienste genutzt, außerdem werden dort vom Verein "Konzertreihe St. Jodok" hier regelmäßig Konzerte aus allen Bereichen der Musik abgehalten.

Üblicherweise ist die Jodok-Kirche abgeschlossen, aber Pilger und Interessierte erhalten den Schlüssel und Pilgerstempel bei den Kustoden oder im katholischen Pfarramt am Münsterplatz. Bis vor wenigen Jahren konnte man den Schlüssel in einer daneben liegenden (mittlerweile geschlossenen) Buchhandlung ausleihen.

Ausstattung
Das Galgen und Hühnerwunder, eigentlich die Jakobslegende ist am nördlichen Innenraumwand in 12 Fresken aus der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts dargestellt (Bild 5 in der Galerie). Der Künstler wird im Kreis der Illustratoren der Richenthal-Chronik des Konstanzer Konzils vermutet. Eine weitere Darstellung der Szene ist als Rötelmalerei auf der Empore zu sehen (Bild 8 in der Galerie). Auf der südlichen Seite werden die drei Lebenden und die drei Toten (Bild 1 in der Galerie) einer Vorform der Totentänze dargestellt. In weiteren Fresken werden die heilige Kümmernis (Bild 4 in der Galerie, ganz rechts) und die 15, hier nicht 14, Nothelfer dargestellt.
Die Fresken sind bei den Umbauarbeiten im 18. Jahrhundert von Putz überdeckt worden, bis sie um 1903 vom Restaurator und Kunstmaler Victor Mezger wieder freigelegt wurden (auch die bedeutenden Wandmalereien in der Goldbacher Sylvesterkapelle wurden durch die Restauratorenwerkstätte Mezger wieder freigelegt).

Wenn man in die Sakristei schaut, steht dort ein heiliger Jakobus als spätgotische Zunftstangenfigur. Der Hochaltar ist geschmückt mit einer Kreuzigungsgruppe, hinter der St. Rochus, der Pilgerheilige, steht mit Jakobsmuscheln auf dem Gewand, die Putti tragen den Pilgerstab und die Kalebasse (Bild 6 in der Galerie).

Weblinks und Literatur

 Jodokkirche Münstergemeinde Überlingen
 Seite der Konzertreihe St. Jodok
 Die fünfzehn Nothelfer von St. Jodok in Überlingen, Ulrich Köberle, 2010
 Hans Georg Wehrens: Der Totentanz im alemannischen Sprachraum. "Muos ich doch dran - und weis nit wan". Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2012, S. 32f. ISBN 978-3-7954-2563-0. S. 32, 33.
 Marion Harder-Merkelbach, Michael Brunner (Hrsg.): 1100 Jahre Kunst und Architektur in Überlingen (850–1950). Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung der Städtischen Galerie Überlingen. Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2005, ISBN 3-86568-032-1.
 Alois Schneider, Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Stadt Überlingen (Hrsg.): Archäologischer Stadtkataster Baden-Württemberg Band 34 Überlingen. Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart Landesamt für Denkmalpflege 2008, ISBN 978-3-927714-92-2.
 Baugeschichte und Baubeschreibung Gerhard Elsner: Die Jodokkirche in Überlingen, vierte verbesserte Auflage 2009

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Überlingen
Kulturdenkmal in Überlingen
Uberlingen, Jodokus
Uberlingen Jodok
Uberlingen, Jodokus
Kirchengebäude in Europa

St. Jodok (Überlingen)


إل لولايت (المعروف بلقبه المهني إل) هو الاسم المستعار لافضل  محققي الإنتربول الدولي في أنمي ومانغا ديث نوت. إل غامض ولا يعرف أحد مكانه، اسمه، ولا أي معلومه تخصه. الوسيط الوحيد في التواصل مع إل هو واتاري، ودائماً ما يكون إل هو البادئ بالتواصل، فإل يتعامل مع القضايا الصعبة والمعقدة ويجد حلولها جميعاً، فهو يتميز بالذكاء الشديد وقوة الملاحظة والدقة والقدرة على ربط الأدلة مهما كانت صغيرة والقفز لاستنتاجات كبيرة.

هو شاب نحيف خفيف الوزن، متوسط القامة شعره أسود وعيونه سوداء. أكثر ما يلفت له الانتباه من ملامحه هو الظل تحت كل من عينيه، نتيجة للحرمان من النوم. يرتدي دائما سروال جينز ازرق وقميص أبيض بأكمام طويلة، وطريقة جلوس لافتة. لا يهتم كثيرا بمظهره العام .طعامه الوحيد هو الحلويات.

في مسلسل ديث نوت اهتم إل بقضية المجرمين الذين يموتون بأزمات قلبية بأعداد كبيرة يومياً، وكان في صراع مع كيرا القاتل لمعرفة هويته واثبات هذا بالأدلة بالإضافة لمعرفة وسيلة القتل.
 الأداء الصوتي في الأنمي: كابّيه ياماغُتشي (الياباني), أليساندرو جولياني (الأنجليزي)
كان يعتبر قضية كيرا شيئا للمتعه لا أكثر ولم يهتم أن كانت وجهة نظر لايت محقة أو لا
في كل قضاياه لم يهتم إذا كان في الجانب المخطئ أو النصيب

مراجع

أشخاص خياليون قتلوا
أشخاص خياليون قتلوا في القصص المصورة
إنجليز خياليون
شخصيات أنمي ومانغا ذكور
شخصيات أنمي ومانغا ممارسو فنون قتالية
شخصيات ديث نوت
شخصيات قصص مصورة ظهرت في سنة 2003
محققون خياليون

إل (مذكرة الموت)


An Eriocaulon odoratum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicol Alexander Dalzell. An Eriocaulon odoratum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon odoratum


Rules of engagement (ROE) are the internal rules or directives afforded military forces (including individuals) that define the circumstances, conditions, degree, and manner in which the use of force, or actions which might be construed as provocative, may be applied. They provide authorization for and/or limits on, among other things, the use of force and the employment of certain specific capabilities. In some nations, articulated ROE have the status of guidance to military forces, while in other nations, ROE constitute lawful command. Rules of engagement do not normally dictate how a result is to be achieved, but will indicate what measures may be unacceptable.

While ROE is used in both domestic and international operations by some militaries, ROE is not used for domestic operations in the United States. Instead, the use of force by the U.S. military in such situations is governed by Rules for the Use of Force (RUF).

An abbreviated description of the rules of engagement may be issued to all personnel. Commonly referred to as a "ROE card", this document provides the soldier with a summary of the ROE regulating the use of force for a particular mission.

Authoritative sources
While many countries have their own rules of engagement documents, many others do not. There are two primary international rules of engagement manuals that are internationally available: NATO ROE Manual MC 362-1 (restricted to NATO and Partnership for Peace countries); and the San Remo Rules of Engagement Handbook, which is freely available to all on the International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL) website. Created for the IIHL by Commander Alan Cole, Major Phillip Drew, Captain Rob McLaughlin and Professor Dennis Mandsager, the San Remo ROE Handbook has been translated from its English original into French, Chinese, Arabic, Spanish, Hungarian, Russian, Bosnian, and Thai and several other languages. Several countries have used the San Remo handbook as a model for creating their own ROE systems.

Training
The International Institute of Humanitarian Law in San Remo, Italy conducts rules of engagement training course at least once per year, usually in September. Taught by some of the world's foremost authorities on ROE, the course attracts students from around the globe. Similar training by the San Remo ROE drafting team is conducted for the United Nations, staff colleges and other organizations as requested.

See also
 Law of War

References

External links
San Remo Handbook on Rules of Engagement

Law of war

Rules of engagement


Balkan, Tunceli ilinin Mazgirt ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı "İlanlı" olup 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren Balkan adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 42 km, Mazgirt ilçesine 31 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Mazgirt belde ve köyleri

Balkan, Mazgirt