Klaus Martin Kopitz (né le  à Stendal) est un compositeur et musicologue allemand. Il se fait notamment connaître avec son album Mia Brentano's Hidden Sea. 20 Songs for 2 Pianos. Aux États-Unis, il figure sur la «Want List» annuelle du magazine classique Fanfare en 2018. Le CD Mia Brentano's River of Memories. A Mystery Trip suit en 2019. Il est également entrée sur la meilleure liste annuelle de Fanfare et reçoit également reçu un .

Compositeur
Kopitz grandit à Tangerhütte près de Magdebourg, où il obtient son diplôme d'études secondaires en 1973. De 1975 à 1980, il étudie la composition, le piano et la musicologie à l'Université de musique « Hanns Eisler » de Berlin. De 1985 à 1987, il est étudiant en master de  à l'Académie des arts de la RDA et suit des cours dans le studio électronique de l'académie fondée par . Il met ensuite en scène la musique dramatique au . Pendant ce temps, il réalise plusieurs musiques de films, dont la musique du dernier film de DEFA  du réalisateur israélien Dror Zahavi, ainsi que la musique pour le théâtre et la radio.

Sous le pseudonyme de Mia Brentano, il publie Mia Brentano's Hidden Sea en 2018.  atteste de cette musique « un panorama sans cesse surprenant du classique au free tonal, du jazzy au minimaliste.« Le critique musical américain Huntley Dent appelle l'album « unique among current and past releases « (unique parmi les versions actuelles et passées).

Son projet suivant Mia Brentano's River of Memories, publié en 2019, reçoit également une grande reconnaissance. Stylistiquement, il couvre une gamme allant de la musique de chambre inspirée du jazz à la musique électronique et aux collages sonores qui incorporent des éléments d'art radiophonique et de pièces radiophoniques. Dave Saemann avoue dans une critique détaillée : « This is the most moving new album I've heard in some time. « (C'est le nouvel album le plus émouvant que j'ai entendu depuis un moment.) À la fin, il a résumé : « Mia Brentano, if other composers would only listen and learn, probably is the future. « (Mia Brentano, si d'autres compositeurs voulaient simplement écouter et apprendre, l'avenir est probable.)

Musicologue
Le chercheur suisse de Beethoven , dont Kopitz est l'assistant privé de 1982 à 1984, façonne sa carrière de scientifique. En 2000, il obtient son doctorat en musicologie avec  et en 2002, avec , il fonde le Centre de recherche Beethoven à l'Université des arts de Berlin, financé par la Fondation allemande pour la recherche. De 2006 à 2008, ses recherches sur Beethoven sont financées par la .

De plus, il publie pour la première fois les œuvres complètes du compositeur Norbert Burgmüller , soutenu par le , le  et l'. L'édition en sept volumes est publiée par  dans la série .

Kopitz suscite un intérêt international avec ses recherches sur l'amie peu connue de Beethoven Elisabeth Röckel et la création de la pièce pour piano La Lettre à Élise. Un bref résumé est publié pour la première fois en 2009 dans le magazine d'information Der Spiegel.

Depuis 2012, il travaille à l'Académie des sciences de Saxe à Leipzig en tant que responsable de l', série II, correspondance avec des amis et des collègues artistes. Il s'agit de la première édition complète de la correspondance de Robert et Clara Schumann.

Prix
 1978 : Prix du concours de musique de chambre des Journées de la musique de RDA, pour Momente. 13 Änderungen für Streichquartett
 1991 :  du , pour Die Stille des verlassenen Raumes pour 3 locuteurs (islandais, amharique et yoruba), tonalités vocales, guitare, bruits et électronique (1990)
 1991/92 : Bourse de la
 1992 : Prix au forum des jeunes compositeurs du WDR Cologne, pour Die Stille des verlassenen Raumes
 2003 :  dans la catégorie « Éditions scientifiques des notes », pour Norbert Burgmüller : Sämtliche Streichquartette (Verlag Dohr, Cologne, 2002)
 2009 : Prix allemand de l'édition musicale dans la catégorie « Éditions scientifiques des notes », pour Norbert Burgmüller : Sämtliche Klavierwerke (Verlag Dohr, Cologne, 2008)
 2019 :  dans la catégorie "Grenzgänge" (crossover productions), pour Mia Brentano's River of Memories

Discographie (sélection)
 1994 – Herbst-Musik für 2 Gitarren (1985/86);  & Rainer Feldmann, guitare, sur: Herbst-Musik. Zeitgenössische Gitarren-Musik Berliner Komponisten – New Classical Adventure
 1995 – Momente. 13 Änderungen für Streichquartett (1976/77); Streichquartett der Deutschen Staatsoper Berlin (, 1. violon, Bernd Müller, 2. violon, , alto, Karl-Heinz Schröter, violoncelle), sur: Musik in der DDR, , Instrumentale Kammermusik – Berlin Classics
 2018 – Mia Brentano's Hidden Sea – 20 Songs for 2 Pianos; avec  &  (piano) et  (violoncelle) – Mons Records
 When it Rained, Christina's World, Early Birds, Miss Ada, Misty Morning, Along the River, Slapstick, A Silent Place, Children, My Huckleberry Friend, A Storm is Coming, Canajoharie, Wherever You Are, On the Train to Maine, Footprints, Mama Mia's Moonshine Bar, Remembering Stella, Summernight Tales, Wake up, 4 o'clock a.m.
 2019 – Mia Brentano's River of Memories – A Mystery Trip; avec  (piano),  (clarinette),  (saxophone), Hans Dekker (batterie), Klaus Martin Kopitz (synthesizer) i.a. – Mons Records
 Blue Moon, Under the Surface, Les Champs magnétiques, Floating, , Wide Open Landscape, Silver Rain, Die Stille des verlassenen Raumes, Over the City of Glass, Angry Mia, Septemberland, Lily of the Valley,  (for Paul Auster), Dancing in Twilight, Brahms Is Sleeping
 2021 – Mia Brentano's Summerhouse. New Music for 2 Pianos; avec Benyamin Nuss & ; production par WDR Köln – Mons Records
 The Letter, Roads into Dusk, Cat in the Window, Before Sunrise, I Was Seventeen, Unsung Song, Desert Island, Birds Leaving the Earth, Strange Little Boy, Dreaming Mathilda, Sleepy Landscape, Funky Fox, Angel in the Rain, Nightlounge, She Needs the Wind, Alone at the Lakeside, It's Dripping on My Roof, Red Shoes, Drifting, Walking in Starlight
 2023 – Mia Brentano's American Diary; Benyamin Nuss (piano), Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg, Christian Köhler (Chef d'orchestre) – Mons Records
 A Cabin in the Rockies, Good Morning, Good Fairy, Both of Us, Mad Dog in the Fog, Our God Is the Moon Over Alaska, Wie ein Vogel zu fliegen (Wolfgang Richter, arr. by Mia Brentano), The Secret Garden, Midnight in Paradise, Wild Neighbors, Laurel Canyon, I Thought About You (Jimmy Van Heusen, arr. by Mia Brentano), Not All Who Wander Are Lost, Talking with Trees, Me and the Wizard, A Bridge Across the Ocean, Flying Lights, Flying Colors, Eisler in Hollywood, Last Evening in Carmel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, No Time to Stop, Sandpiper's Grave, Let It Rain, Burning Bodega (A Nightmare), Sandman's Lullaby (Wolfgang Richter, arr. by Benyamin Nuss)

Travaux (sélection)

Livres
 Der Düsseldorfer Komponist Norbert Burgmüller. Ein Leben zwischen Beethoven – Spohr – Mendelssohn, Köln: Dohr, 1998
 Beethoven aus der Sicht seiner Zeitgenossen in Tagebüchern, Briefen, Gedichten und Erinnerungen, hrsg. von Klaus Martin Kopitz und  unter Mitarbeit von  und Nancy Tanneberger, 2 Bände, München: Henle, 2009
 Nota Bene Norbert Burgmüller. Studien zu einem Zeitgenossen von Mendelssohn und Schumann, hrsg. von Tobias Koch und Klaus Martin Kopitz, Köln: Dohr, 2009
 "Ich glaubte nur an Musik". Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter, Erinnerungen an Norbert Burgmüller, hrsg. von Klaus Martin Kopitz, Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung zum 200. Geburtstag von Norbert Burgmüller im Institut Heinrich-Heine, Köln: Dohr, 2010
 Beethoven, Elisabeth Röckel und das Albumblatt "Für Elise", Köln: Dohr, 2010
 , Briefe und Schriften, hrsg. von Klaus Martin Kopitz und Nancy Tanneberger, Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2019

Essais
 Antonie Brentano in Wien (1809–1812). Neue Quellen zur Problematik "Unsterbliche Geliebte". In: Bonner Beethoven-Studien, Band 2 (2001), S. 115–146, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 396 kB)
 Wer schrieb den Text zu Beethovens Chorphantasie? Ein unbekannter Bericht über die Uraufführung. In: Bonner Beethoven-Studien, Band 3 (2003), S. 43–46, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF)
 Beethovens Wesen – Gedanken zu einer "Borderline-Persönlichkeit". In: Der "männliche" und der "weibliche" Beethoven. Bericht über den Internationalen musikwissenschaftlichen Kongress vom 31. Oktober bis 4. November 2001 an der Universität der Künste Berlin, hrsg. von Cornelia Bartsch, Beatrix Borchard und . Beethoven-Haus, Bonn 2003, S. 137–162
 mit , "Written on his death-bed". Ein Beethoven-Autograph aus dem Besitz von . In: Musik und Biographie. Festschrift für Rainer Cadenbach, hrsg. von Cordula Heymann-Wentzel und Johannes Laas, Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2004, S. 179–196 (Digitalisat)
 Beethoven und die Zarenfamilie. Bekanntes und Unbekanntes zur Akademie vom 29. November 1814 sowie zur Polonaise op. 89. In: Bonner Beethoven-Studien, Band 5 (2006), S. 143–149, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 3,1 MB)
 Beethoven und seine Rezensenten. Ein Blick hinter die Kulissen der Allgemeinen musikalischen Zeitung. In: Beethoven und der Leipziger Musikverlag Breitkopf & Härtel, hrsg. von Nicole Kämpken und Michael Ladenburger, Bonn: Beethoven-Haus, 2007, S. 149–167
 Beethoven as a Composer for the Orphica: A New Source for WoO 51. In: The Beethoven Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer 2007), S. 25–30, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 4,5 MB)
 Ein unbekanntes Gesuch Beethovens an Kaiser Franz I. In: Bonner Beethoven-Studien, Band 6 (2007), S. 101–113, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 6,6 MB)
 Haydns Wiener Wohnungen. Einige Anmerkungen und Korrekturen. In: , Jg. 3, Nr. 3 vom Juli 2009, S. 324–328, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 1,7 MB)
 Beethovens Jugendliebe Johanna von Honrath (1770–1823). Ein Beitrag zu ihrer Biographie. In: Bonner Beethoven-Studien, Band 9 (2011), S. 155–158, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF)
 Beethovens Berufung nach Kassel an den Hof Jérôme Bonapartes. Eine Spurensuche. In: Die Tonkunst, Jg. 5, Nr. 3 vom Juli 2011, S. 326–335, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 1,5 MB)
 "Immer noch leuchtet der verklärte Haydn mir vor" – Plädoyer für eine Sammlung aller zeitgenössischen Aussagen über den Komponisten nebst einer kleinen Auslese unbekannter oder bislang nur unvollständig bekannter Quellen. In: Almanach für Musik I (2011), hrsg. von , Köln: Dohr 2011, S. 65–118
 Das Beethoven-Porträt von . Ein 1815 für die Bonner  entstandenes Bildnis? In: Beiträge zu Biographie und Schaffensprozess bei Beethoven.  zum Gedenken, hrsg. von Jürgen May, Bonn: Beethoven-Haus 2011, S. 73–88, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 204 kB)
 "Du kanntest Mozart?" Unbekannte und vergessene Erinnerungen von Beethoven, Haydn, Hummel und anderen Zeitgenossen Mozarts. In: Mozart Studien, Band 20 (2011) , S. 269–309
 mit Torsten Oltrogge, Ein Dichter namens  und Schumanns Märchenbilder op. 113. Annäherungen an einen geheimnisvollen Verehrer des Komponisten. In: Denkströme. Journal der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Heft 11, 2013, S. 112–140, saw-leipzig.de (PDF)
 Die frühen Wiener Aufführungen von Beethovens Kammermusik in zeitgenössischen Dokumenten (1797–1828). In: , Martina Sichardt (Hrsg.): Beethovens Kammermusik (= Das Beethoven-Handbuch, hrsg. von , Band 3), Laaber 2014, S. 165–211
 Christiane Apitzsch (1806–1838), . Eine Identifizierung. In: Denkströme. Journal der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Heft 13, 2014, S. 26–53, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 5,0 MB)
 Beethovens "Elise" Elisabeth Röckel. Neue Aspekte zur Entstehung und Überlieferung des Klavierstücks WoO 59. In: Die Tonkunst, Jg. 9, Nr. 1 vom Januar 2015, S. 48–57, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF; 544 kB)
 Der Brief an die Unsterbliche Geliebte. Fakten und Fiktionen, in: Die Beethoven-Sammlung der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. "Diesen Kuß der ganzen Welt!", hrsg. von Friederike Heinze, Martina Rebmann und Nancy Tanneberger, Petersberg: Michael Imhof 2020, S. 156–163 (PDF)
 Beethoven's 'Elise' Elisabeth Röckel: a forgotten love story and a famous piano piece, in: The Musical Times, Vol. 161, No. 1953 (Winter 2020), S. 9–26 (PDF)

Bibliographie
 Gisela Nauck, Nachdenken über John Cage. Klaus Martin Kopitz und Ellen Hünigen im Gespräch, in: , Heft 2/1988, S. 6–8
 Marion Demuth (Red.), Kunst und Politik. Kolloquium im Rahmen der 3. , 2. bis 7. Oktober 1989, hrsg. vom Dresdner Zentrum für zeitgenössische Musik, Dresden [1992], S. 243–254
 Jacqueline Kharouf, Speaking Its Own Language: An Interview with Klaus Martin Kopitz on Mia Brentano's Hidden Sea, in: Fanfare, Jg. 42, Heft 1 (September/Oktober 2018), S. 84–90
 Jacqueline Kharouf, A Critical Distance: An Interview with Composer Klaus Martin Kopitz, in: Fanfare, Jg. 43, Heft 1 (September/Oktober 2019), S. 97–102
 Reinhard Lemelle, Mia Brentano. Zwischen Traum und Wirklichkeit, in: Rondo, Heft 4/2019, S. 22 (online)

Références

Liens externes

 Site de Klaus Martin Kopitz (avec bibliographie)
 Site Web de Mia Brentano
 Partitions de Mia Brentano chez l'éditeur de musique Ries & Erler
 CDs de Mia Brentano sur le label Mons Records
 Contributions lexicales sur le site "MUGI - Musique et Genre sur Internet"

Musicologue allemand
Naissance en janvier 1955
Naissance à Stendal

Klaus Martin Kopitz


Ari Þorgilsson (Ari Thorgilsson) eller Are Torgilsson Frode (1067–1148) var Islands mest prominente middelalderlige forfatter. Han har skrevet Íslendingabók, som i detaljer gennemgår historien for de forskellige familier, som bosatte sig på Island. Bogen er nedskrevet et sted mellem 1122 og 1133.
Han bliver ofte refereret til som Ari den Vise (Ari hinn fróði), og ifølge Snorri Sturluson var han den første, som nedskrev historie på norrønt, modsat latin som skriftsproget typiske var på dette tidspunkt.

Liv
Ari var søn af Torgils, søn af Gellir, søn af Torkjell, og i henhold til hans eget stamtræ går slægten videre tilbage til sagnkongerne i Uppsala. Hans mor var Jóreiðr, et barnebarn af en søn af den kendte Hall Torsteinsson, også kadlet for Síðu-Hallr. På sin mors side var Ari i familie med Sæmund Frode.

Aris far døde tidligt da han ifølge Laxdæla saga som ung druknede i Bredefjorden. På grund af dødsfaldet blev Ari opfostret af farfaren Gellir, hvor han blev til han var ni år gammel, da farfaren døde i Danmark i 1073. Herefter blev Ari opfostret hos Hall Torarinsson i Haukadal, som Snorre Sturlason har beskrevet som "meget klog og stærk i hukommelsen". På Halls gård var også Teit Ísleivsson, søn af Ísleifur Gissurarson, den første biskop på Island, som blev Aris vejleder og lærer.

Ari Þorgilsson blev boende i Haukadal til 1088, da han var 21 år. Hall døde i 1090 i en alder af 94 år. Han studerede i Haukadalur. Her blev han bekendt med klassisk uddannelse. Hans tidligste forfatterskaber indikerer at han har kendt til de latinske krøniketraditioner, men han bliver samtidig regnet som meget dygtig inden for islandsk oral historiefortælling. Det antages at Ari senere blev en kristen præst i Staður ved Ölduhryggur, der i dag hedder Staðastaður, men ellers vides der ganske lidt om hans liv, udover at han er en af de meget få middelalderlige forfattere som har nedskrevet historie om sin egen familie. Det vides ikke om han allerede var præsteviet, men den islandske forsker Finnur Jónsson har antaget, at han bosatte sig ved Snæfellsnes, hvor æten kom fra.

Det er et paradoks at Ari, som en af de ganske få forfattere i middelalderen som skrev om sin egen familie, var så sparsommelig med detaljer om sit eget liv.

Han giftet sig og fik en søn, Torgils, som også blev præst i samme område, og dennes søn, Are den Stærke, boede også på samme gård. Ari den Stærkes datter blev gift med Tord Sturlasson, som var bror af Snorre Sturlasson, og på den måde blev Ari Torgilsson også del i Snorres slægt.

Ari døde den 9. november 1148, omkring 80 år gammel. Det fortælles at biskop Magnus var til stede ved hans dødsleje.

Forfatterskab
Íslendingabók er det eneste nedskrevne materiale som er fuldstændigt sikkert, at Ari skrev, men han bliver også krediteret for flere andre artikler om historie, og det antages at han har haft en stor andel i tilblivelsen af Landnámabók, som beretter om de første bosættelser på Island. Den er dog hovedsageligt skrevet af den samtidige Kolskegg Frode. Desuden bliver der i flere skrifter refereret til hans bøger i flertal.

Ari blev allerede ganske tidligt betragtet som en vigtig forfatter. I Islands første første grammatiske afhandling, der blev skrevet omkring 1160, bliver han omtalt med stor respekt som en exceptionel mand, da traditionen med nedskreven historie endnu ikke var ordentlig etableret på dette tidspunkt.

Referencer

Forfattere fra middelalderen
Forfattere fra Island

Ari Þorgilsson


القوائم التالية هي قوائم الدول المشاركة في بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972 في بلجيكا التي أقيمت من 14 يونيو إلى 18 يونيو 1972.

منتخب بلجيكا لكرة القدم

مدرب الفريق : رايموند غويثالس
 كريستيان بيوت
 لوك ساندرز
 ليون دولمانز
 جيورجيس هيلنس
 ماوريس مارتنز
 جان ثيسن
 جيلبرت فان بينست
 ليون سميلينغ
 جون ثيو
 إروين فاندينديل
 جان فيريهين
 جان دوكس
 فرانس يانسينس
 راوول لامبرت
 أوديلون بولينس
 جاكوس تيغيلس
 باول فان همست

منتخب هنغاريا لكرة القدم

مدرب الفريق : رودولف إلوفيسكي
 إستفان غيكسي
 إيمري راب
 تيبور فابيان
 لاسزلو بالينت
 بيتر جوهاز
 ميكلوس بانكسيكس
 فلوريان ألبرت
 إستفان جوهاز
 لاجوس كوشتش
 جوزيف كوفاتش
 ميهالي كوزما
 لاجوس كو
 إستفان سزوك
 فرينيك بيني
 أنتال دوناي
 لاجوس سزوكس
 ساندور زامبو

منتخب الاتحاد السوفييتي لكرة القدم

مدرب الفريق : أليكساندر بونوماريف
 فلاديمير بيلغوي
 إفيغيني روداكوف
 نيكولاي أبراموف
 ريفاز دزودزواشفيلي
 يوري إستومن
 فلاديمير كابليتشني
 فيكتور ماتفينكو
 فلاديمير تروشكن
 أناتولي بايداتشني
 أوليغ دولماتوف
 مورتاز خورتسيلافا
 فيكتور كولوتوف
 أناتولي كونيكوف
 فلاديمير مونتيان
 أناتولي بانيشفسكي
 إدوارد كوزينكيفيتش
 غيفي نوديا
 فلاديمير أونيستشينكو

منتخب ألمانيا الغربية لكرة القدم

مدرب الفريق : هيلموت ستشون
 وولفغانغ كليف
 سيب ماير
 فرانس بكنباور
 مايكل بيلا
 بول بريتنر
 هورست دييتر هوتغز
 هانز جورج شوارزينبيك
 بيرتي فوغتس
 راينر بونهوف
 أولي هونيس
 هورست كوبل
 غونتر نيتزر
 يورغن غرابوفيسكي
 جوب هينكس
 إرفين كريمرز
 يوهانز لوهر
 جيرد مولر
 هربرت فيمر

بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
تشكيلات بطولة أمم أوروبا

قوائم فرق بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972


Sassen-Trantow er to byer og en kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Peenetal/Loitz i den vestlige del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Sassen-Trantows område strækker sig fra den midterste del af Peenedalen i syd, over en lav randmoræne parallelt med Peene til dalen langs floden Schwinge. Mod nord grænser Sassen til Landkreis Vorpommern-Rügen. Floddalene til Peene og Schwinge er udlagt naturschutzgebiet, hvor der blandt andet lever bævere. I den brede dal er der mange små søer, der er dannet efter tørvegravning. Byerne Demmin og Greifswald ligger ca. 15 km væk i henholdsvis sydvestlig og nordøstlig retning.

I kommunen ligger landsbyerne:

Trafik
Bundesstraße B 194 passerer vest for kommunen, og motorvej A 20 (Ostseeautobahn Stralsund – Neubrandenburg) passerer nord og nordøst for kommunen. Nærmeste banegårde er i Greifswald, Demmin og Grimmen.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Befolkningsstatistik mm

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Peenetal/Loitz
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Sassen-Trantow


The Posavina Canton (; Serbian and ; ) is one of ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the smallest canton with an area of only . The canton is an exclave of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, being bordered by Republika Srpska and Brčko District to the south and the river Sava and Croatia to the north. Its capital is Orašje and the largest town is Odžak.

History
The Posavina area was inhabited since prehistoric times, as evidenced by various archaeological finds of coins and other artifacts. After the 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz between the Ottoman Empire and Habsburg monarchy, mostly Catholic families from mountain villages were displaced across the plains, as the Turks themselves settled in the hills and valleys. The Croats from Županja, Babina Greda and Štitar moved to the villages of Kopanice, Vidovice, Tolisa and Domaljevac.

The current municipalities of Derventa and Bosanski Brod were settled by people from Herzegovina between the years 1735 and 1782, and once again in a minor wave in 1820. Since 1697, approximately 20,000 Catholics emigrated from the area. Most of the people emigrated to the municipalities of Modriča, Gradačac, Orašje, Bosanski Šamac and Brčko from Mostar, Posušje, Uskoplje, Bugojno, Livno and Duvno.

Before the Bosnian War, the present-day municipalities of Donji Žabar and Vukosavlje belonged to Odžak and Orašje, while the present-day municipality of Domaljevac-Šamac belonged to Bosanski Šamac. The history of today's canton begins on March 18, 1994, with the signing of the Washington Agreement. Posavina Canton was officially established on June 12, 1996 as one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the 3 Croat-majority cantons.

Politics and Government
According to the law, Posavina Canton is one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Posavina has its own legislative, executive and judicial powers. Like each of the cantons of FBiH, Canton Posavina has its own constitution, assembly, government, symbols and has a number of exclusive competences (police, education, use of natural resources, spatial and housing policy, culture), while some competences are divided between federal and cantonal authorities (health, social protection, transport). The seat of the executive power, i.e. the capital of the canton, is Orašje (Posavina Cantonal Government), while in Domaljevac is the seat of the legislative power (Posavina Cantonal Assembly) and in Odžak is the seat of the judiciary.

Every four years, the citizens of Canton Posavina vote in general elections for a total of 21 deputies in the Assembly of Canton Posavina. Based on the general elections, the current KP government is formed by a coalition between the Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the coalition of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH) and the Croatian Party of the Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (HSP BiH).

At the local level, the citizens of Posavina Canton vote for the government in three municipalities every four years in free elections.

The cantonal assembly is composed of:
Croatian Democratic Union, HSS BiH, HKDU BiH – 11
Croatian Democratic Union 1990 – 3
Party of Democratic Action – 2
Posavina Party – 2
Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina – 1
Union for a Better Future of BiH – 1
Movement of Democratic Action – 1

Geography
The canton lies near the border with Croatia and near the river Sava which forms a natural border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The canton consist of two unconnected exclaves: the western one consisting of Odžak municipality and the eastern one consisting of Orašje and Domaljevac-Šamac municipalities.

Posavina is a region which includes other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Croatia. Because of that, this canton is sometimes called Bosanska Posavina (Bosnian Posavina) and is the only part of northern Bosnia near the border with Croatia that lies in the Federation. The rest of northern Bosnia near the river Sava and near the border is the Brčko District and the Republika Srpska. The Brčko district divides Republika Srpska into 2 parts.

The Posavina canton's position near the Sava river makes it a good place for agriculture because it is a flat lowland and there are no mountains in the area. It is like this in the entire northern border with Croatia, with a great deal of farming and agriculture. The river Sava is a river that flows through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. In Bosnia and Herzegovina it flows through the northern border and makes a natural border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.

Posavina means literally along Sava in the Bosnian language. The river Sava is the largest navigable river in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Much of the food in both Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia comes from this region, not only Bosnian Posavina but the rest of the fertile fields along the river Sava.

Municipalities
The canton consists of the municipalities of Domaljevac-Šamac, Odžak, and Orašje.

Demographics

2013 Census

1991 Census

Economy
In the pre-war period, especially in the last ten years, the canton was one of the richest areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is important in agriculture (Posavina is the largest granary in Bosnia and Herzegovina), economically (oil refinery in Bosanski Brod and Modriča, furniture, textiles, shoe factories, metal industry, chemical industry, etc.), river resources natural, forests, and the region is also known for the fact that many people did temporary jobs abroad. The area is oriented towards the West with convincing indicators of a very rapid integration into European cultural, economic and civilizational trends.

Culture

Sport

HNK Orašje, the local football club from Orašje that won the Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup in the 2005–06 season.

Religion
The majority of its population professes Christianity, with the Catholic Church being the most important denomination within the population with 33,191 inhabitants in the Canton of Posavina (representing more than 77 percent of the population). The most significant non-Christian minority is made up of Muslims (8,341 inhabitants) and there are also other Christians such as members of the Serbian Orthodox Church (841 inhabitants).

See also
 Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 List of heads of the Posavina Canton

References

Enclaves and exclaves
Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Posavina Canton


Expulzarea (surghiunirea, exilarea sau dezrădăcinarea, proscrierea) este un tip de pedeapsă pe care un Stat poate să o impună vreunei persoane pentru ca ar fi comis o infracțiune sau o faptă delictivă. Constă în a-l expulza pe cineva dintr-un loc sau dintr-un teritoriu; aceasta numindu-se expulzare limitată (fiind vorba, de obicei, de limita teritoriului asupra căreia se extinde suveranitatea celui care impune pedeapsa).

Înainte vreme, era o pedeapsă foarte comună, și era utilizată drept pedeapsă imediat inferioara pedepsei cu moartea. De obicei, neîndeplinirea expulzării din partea persoanei expulzate se pedepsea cu moartea

În prezent, aplicarea acestei pedepse este mult mai dificilă. Problema principală este că țara vecină nu este obligată să accepte persoana proscrisă.

Exilări, expulzări celebre
 Ovidiu În toamna anului 8 d.Hr., în timp ce poetul se afla pe insula Elba, în mod neașteptat, fără un vot prealabil al Senatului, Augustus hotărăște exilarea lui Ovidiu la Tomis, pe țărmul îndepărtat al Pontului Euxin.
 Luis Colon y Rojas, duce de Veragua (titlu obtinut in 1556) și Marchiz de Jamaica (nepot al lui Cristofor Columb) care a murit , în 1573 în exil, în Oran (localitate acum, în Algeria), acuzat de poligamie.

Vezi și
 Expulzare penală
 Expulsión
 Moarte civilă
 Ostracism

Drept internațional
Pedepse

Expulzare


Michele Quaranta (Forlimpoli, 24. prosinca 1953.), talijanski majstor borilačkih vještina. Nositelj je 7. Dana u aikidu.

Životopis

Michele Quaranta je rođen 1953 godine u malom talijanskom gradiću Forlimpoli, koji leži između gradova Bolonja i Rimini. Sa šest godina Quarante se sa svojom obitelji preselio u Francusku, gdje je završio srednju tehnološku školu. Kasnije je počeo živjeti i raditi u Švicarskoj u Baselu, gdje radi i danas.

Radio je kao bankarski službenik, a bio je i profesionalni nogometaš NK Nordsterna. Nakon nogometaške karijere počeo je da radi kao profesionalni nogometni trener. Aikido je započeo vježbati 1972. godine i od tada kontinuirano vježba. Svoj vlastiti dojo je osnovao u Baselu 1983. godine. Bio je učenik i 20 je godina djelovao kao uke (asistent) japanskom majstoru Masatomiju Ikedi. U tom razdoblju je Qauranta pratio Ikedu na gotovo svim njegovim seminarima.

Nakon što je Masatomi Ikeda otišao u mirovinu 2001. godine, Michele Quaranta je nastavio podučavati i širiti aikido prema metodologiji koju je naslijedio od svoga učitelja. Osim aikida predaje i hojo, disciplinu razvijenu u poznatoj školi Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage Ryu, koja postoji od 14. stoljeća. Quaranta drži aikido seminare u Poljskoj, Hrvatskoj, Irskoj, Slovačkoj, Češkoj, Nizozemskoj, Ukrajini, Sjevernoj Makedoniji, Egiptu, Srbiji, Bugarskoj i Velikoj Britaniji. Diljem Europe postoji 3.000 aikidoka koji Michelea Quarantu smatraju svojim učiteljem. Tehnički je ravnatelj Slovačke aikido asocijacije i član tehničkog komiteta Aikido federacije Srbije i Aikida Švicarske, te predvodi jedan dio Poljske aikido federacije.

Michele Quaranta govori talijanski, francuski, njemački, španjolski i engleski jezik.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Michele Quaranta
 Interview with Michele Quaranta

Aikidoke

Michele Quaranta


Galop er en form for hestevæddeløb, hvor  heste galoperer om kap på en oftest oval bane. Et galopløb afvikles over en distance på mellem 650 meter (supersprint) og 4.000 meter (stayer). Løb over distancer på op til 1.200 meter betegnes sprinterløb, løb mellem 1.300 meter og 1.800 meter kaldes mellemdistanceløb og løb over 1.800 meter kaldes stayerløb. De fleste løb afvikles over distancer på mellem 1.200 og 2.400 meter. Hestene rides af ryttere, der kaldes jockeyer.

Banernes underlag er oftest græs i Europa, hvorimod, der oftest i Nordamerika løbes på underlag af grus, jord eller sand eller syntetiske underlag. Galopløb løbes oftest med heste af racen engelsk fuldblod, men der afvikles også løb med andre racer, eksempelvis arabere og i USA også med appaloosaer. Der afholdes også konkurrencer i ponygalop. Hestene når op på hastigheder på op til 65 km/t under løbene.

Galopsporten er særlig populær i Storbritannien, Irland,  Nordamerika og Japan, men er også særdeles populær flere steder i Mellemøsten. I Danmark løbes galopløb på flere baner landet over.

Galopløb afvikles efter regler fastsat af den engelske The Jockey Club, der blev stiftet i 1750.

Historie

Kapløb med heste har været helt almindelige, lige siden hesten blev domesticeret for ca. 6.000 år siden. Hestevæddeløb var en stor publikumsport i antikken, og i Asien var konkurrencer mellem de udholdende heste sædvanligt forekommende.

Den moderne galopsport stammer fra Storbritannien, hvor man begyndte at organisere disse konkurrencer i 1600-tallet. I slutningen af 1600-tallet og i begyndelsen af 1700-tallet blev hesteracen engelsk fuldblod fremavlet med det formål at opnå den hurtigste hest til galopløbene. De moderne organiserede hestekapløb har deres rødder i Newmarket i England og blev introduceret til byen af den engelske kong Jakob 1. efter, at han opdagede byen under en ridetur i 1605. Ved kongens død i 1625 havde man i byen påbegyndt årlige hestekapløb, og allerede i 1634 blev den første Gold Cup afviklet.

I 1654 blev galopsporten forbudt i Storbritannien af Oliver Cromwell, efter at Cromwell havde afsat kong Karl 1. og overtaget magten i landet. Hestesporten blev set som udslag af kongernes dekadente livsstil og Cromwells puritanske regime slog mange galopheste ned. Hestekapløb forblev forbudt i Storbritannien indtil 1664, hvor Karl 2. ophævede forbuddet.

I 1750 blev den britiske "The Jockey Club" stiftet. Klubben fastlagde regelsættet for det, der i dag er den moderne galopsport. Regelsættet er med forskellige tilpasninger fortsat gældende i dag.

Storbritannien eksporterede væddeløbsheste til kolonierne i Nordamerika og andre steder i verden, og fik på den måde udbredt den regulerede galopsport til andre dele af verden. I begyndelsen af 1800-tallet spredte galopsporten sig til Kontinentaleuropa. Galopsporten er i dag absolut størst i England og USA og har efter 2. verdenskrig også opnået betydelig popularitet i Japan. Sporten har også stor interesse i Frankrig og Tyskland.

Klassifikation af galopløb

I Europa kan løbene inddeles i to typer af løb, aldersvægtløb og handicapløb.

I aldersvægtløb løber alle heste med samme alder med samme vægt; dog kan der tildeles heste med tidligere høj indtjening eller mange sejre et handicap i form af ekstra vægt. I handicapløb tildeles hesten en vægt baseret på hestens formtal.

Herudover er større internationale løb i Europa klassificeret og inddelt i fire grupper, kaldet gruppe 1, 2 og 3 samt listed løb. Løb i gruppe 1 er de meste prestigefyldte. Langt de fleste gruppe 1 løb afvikles i England og Frankrig. Det eneste danske løb, der er klassificeret som et gruppeløb, er Scandinavian Open Championship på Klampenborg Galopbane, der er i gruppe 3. Nordamerika har en tilsvarende inddeling, men benævner kategorierne som Grade I, Grade II og Grade III.

De klassiske galopløb
I England har fem løb status som klassikere: Epsom Derby (eller blot The Derby), 2,000 Guineas Stakes, St. Leger Stakes, 1,000 Guineas Stakes (hoppeløb) og The Oaks (hoppeløb). De tre ikke-hoppeløb er kun åbne for hingste (vallakker kan ikke stille op) og benævnes samlet Triple Crown. Mange lande har videreført den engelske tradition, og afvikler ligeledes de fem løb efter engelsk forbillede.

I USA udgøres Triple Crown af Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes og Belmont Stakes. I Danmark består Triple Crown af Dansk Derby, 2.000 Guineas (også kaldet Dansk forårsløb) og Dansk St. Leger. I Danmark afvikles 1,000 Guineas under navnet Mowerinaløb og The Oaks under Damernes Dag.

Andre store løb uden for England og USA er det franske Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, det tyske Deutsches Derby samt Dubai World Cup med verdens højeste prmæiesum.

Galopsporten i Danmark
De første organiserede hestevæddeløb i Danmark blev afviklet i 1771 i København på initiativ af den engelskfødte Dronning Caroline Mathilde. Kongens og dronningens livlæge Struensee organiserede løbene. Efter afsløringen af Struensees forhold til dronningen og Struensees efterfølgende henrettelse i 1772 blev løbene forbudt.

I begyndelsen af 1800-tallet spredte galopsporten sig fra England til det øvrige Europa og nåede efter nogle år til Hertugdømmerne, hvor Hertug Christian August af Augustenborg fra 1820 arrangerede løb i bl.a. Odense, Horsens og Slagelse. I 1832 blev de første løb afholdt i København, men Treårskrigen satte en midlertidig stopper for de populære løb, bl.a. fordi hertugen stod på oprørernes side under krigen.

Efter afslutningen på Treårskrigen blev løbene genoptaget, og i 1859 fik Danmark sin egen godkendte jockeyklub, der blev stiftet under navnet "Dansk Galop (Foreningen Til Den Ædle Hesteavls Fremme)". En af medstifterne var den daværende Kronprins Christian. Det første autoriserede galopløb blev afviklet i 1867 og allerede i 1868 blev det tilladt at spille på hestene for at forbedre foreningens økonomi. I 1870 blev løbene flyttet til sletten ved Eremitageslottet lidt nord for København, hvor der blev anlagt en galopbane. Banen lå tæt ved Dyrehavsbakken og løbene tiltrak mange tilskuere. Galopsporten var også populær i Sverige, og i slutningen af 1800-tallet blev samarbejdet med den svenske jockeyklub udbygget, og der blev afholdt flere løb med deltagelse af svenske heste, ligesom Skandinavisk Derby blev indstiftet i 1875.

I 1903 blev det besluttet af flytte galopbanen fra Eremitagesletten til den nærliggende Ordrup mose. Ordrup mose var imidlertid en del af Københavns Befæstnings nordfront, og således en del af det område, der skulle oversvømmes i tilfælde af trussel mod Hovedstaden. Anlægget af den nye væddeløbsbane ved Klampenborg skulle derfor godkendes af Krigsministeriet, og først i 1906 fik initiativtagerne tilladelse til anlæg af en væddeløbsbane ved mosen, hvorefter byggeriet kunne gå i gang. Den nye Væddeløbsbane stod klar i 1910, hvor banen blev indviet.

I dag løbes i Danmark  galopløb på fire baner: Klampenborg Galopbane, Fyens Væddeløbsbane, Jydsk Væddeløbsbane og NKI Racing Arena Aalborg. Kun Klampenborg Galopbane anvendes alene til galopløb.  Der afvikles i Danmark ca. 300 løb årligt, heraf ca. halvdelen på Klampenborg Galopbane.

De største løb i Danmark er Dansk Derby, der er åbent for 3-årige heste født i Skandinavien, og Scandinavian Open Championship for de ældre heste.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Dansk Galop
 Klampenborg Galopbane

Galopsport


Waxahatchee é um projeto de música indie americano, formado em 2010 pela cantora e compositora americana Katie Crutchfield (nascida em 4 de janeiro de 1989), anteriormente membra da banda P.S. Eliot. A banda recebeu este nome em homenagem a cidade de Waxahatchee Creek, no Alabama, onde Crutchfield cresceu. Originalmente foi criada como um projeto solo acústico, mas com o tempo passou a se apresentar com uma banda de apoio, abandonando pouco a pouco as apresentações solo. Katie Crutchfield, sob o pseudônimo Waxahatchee, lançou 5 álbuns até o momento: American Weekend (2012), Cerulean Salt (2013), Ivy Tripp (2015), Out in the Storm (2017) e Saint Cloud (2020).

História

2010–2017: American Weekend, Cerulean Salt, e Ivy Tripp
Enquanto membro do P.S. Eliot, uma banda formada com sua irmã gêmea Allison Crutchfield, Katie Crutchfield lançou sua primeira música como Waxahatchee em fita cassete. Seu álbum de estreia gravado no quarto, American Weekend, foi gravado em 2011 e lançado pela Don Giovanni Records em 2012. Crutchfield escreveu e gravou o álbum em uma semana na casa de sua família em Birmingham, Alabama. Suas letras focavam em relacionamentos pessoais, devastação e saudade.

O álbum recebeu críticas positivas e foi nomeado um dos melhores álbuns de 2012 pela revista Dusted. "Be Good" foi uma música do dia na National Public Radio, e listada como uma das 50 melhores músicas de 2012. "Catfish" foi apresentado em Welcome to Night Vale, podcast sobre música.

O segundo álbum, Cerulean Salt, foi lançado em março de 2013 pela Don Giovanni Records nos Estados Unidos e quatro meses depois pela Wichita Recordings no Reino Unido. O álbum foi aclamado pela crítica e alcançou o primeiro lugar no Official Record Store Chart em julho de 2013 e marcou 8,4 no Pitchfork. Waxahatchee acompanhadou Tegan And Sara em sua turnê no Reino Unido, antes de oficialmente fazer parte da banda de apoio na turnê do Reino Unido em outubro do mesmo ano.

Crutchfield assinou contrato com a Merge Records, que lançou seu terceiro álbum, "Ivy Tripp", em abril de 2015. Waxahatchee excursionou sem parar pelo resto de 2015, incluindo turnês com Kurt Vile and the Violators e Sleater-Kinney.

2017–presente: Out in the Storm e Saint Cloud
Em 2017, Waxahatchee excursionou com The New Pornographers e também embarcou em uma turnê pelos Estados Unidos. Nos meses de outono, eles excursionaram pela Europa Central e Escandinávia em clubes e festivais. O quarto álbum de Waxahatchee, Out in the Storm, foi lançado em 14 de julho de 2017 pela Merge Records. Afasta-se do som lo-fi dos álbuns anteriores, em parte devido à orientação do co-produtor John Agnello. Foi gravado no estúdio Miner Street Recordings com sua antiga banda de turnê. Sam Sodomsky, da Pitchfork, escreveu sobre "as composições afiadas e lindas de Katie Crutchfield, o som 'imersivo' da banda e 'músicas que tocam como exorcismos de fogo'" em uma revisão do álbum. Waxahatchee abriu os primeiros shows do Jawbreaker em Los Angeles em 22 anos no Hollywood Palladium em 10 de março de 2018 e em Nova York no Brooklyn Steel em 27 de fevereiro de 2018.

Em janeiro de 2020, Waxahatchee anunciou seu 5º álbum, Saint Cloud e lançou um single chamado "Fire". O álbum foi gravado em 2019 no Sonic Ranch no Texas e no Long Pond em Stuyvesant, Nova York com o produtor Brad Cook. O álbum é tocado pela banda Bonny Doon, de Detroit. Em 18 de fevereiro ela lançou o single "Lilacs" e em 16 de março ela lançou o single "Can't Do Much". Em uma entrevista abrangente com Will Gottsegen na Billboard, ela falou sobre suas influências musicais e sobriedade recente.

Waxahatchee alcançou a 7ª colocação na parada de artistas emergentes da Billboard de abril de 2020, quando seu quinto álbum, Saint Cloud, chegou ao primeiro lugar no Top Heatseekers da Billboard, 12ª colocação na categoria  Americana/Folk Albums e 26ª colocação em Álbuns alternativos com 7.000 unidades produzidas. O single "Lilacs" ao mesmo tempo classificado em 36º colocado na Adult Alternative Songs airplay chart.

Nos primeiros meses da pandemia do COVID-19 em 2020, Crutchfield realizou uma série de transmissões de shows ao vivo com todas as músicas de seus álbuns de estúdio. Ela anunciou a série como um mergulho profundo em sua obra em uma tentativa de alcançar seus fãs e também gerar alguma renda depois que a pandemia causou a suspensão de todas as turnês.

Em 2021, Waxahatchee fez parte do então Newport Folk Festival, bem como do Mempho Music Festival no Radians Amphitheatre de Memphis, Tennessee. Seu álbum Saint Cloud ganhou o Libera Awards 2021 como Melhor Disco Country.

Vida pessoal
Katie Crutchfield mantém um relacionamento com o compositor Kevin Morby desde 2017. Em 2017 ela publicou junto com Morby um cover de "After Hours" do álbum auto-intitulado do Velvet Underground de 1969. Em janeiro de 2018, a gravadora indie Dead Oceans, publicou o single de colaboração "Farewell Transmission b/w The Dark Don't Hide It" de Kevin Morby e Waxahatchee em homenagem ao compositor Jason Molina. A Merge Records publicou o single digital "Chapel of Pines", no Youtube em 17 de julho de 2018, que levou finalmente Waxahatchee de volta ao trabalho solo. Em entrevistas, Crutchfield disse que seu álbum "Saint Cloud" foi amplamente escrito sobre sua decisão de se manter sóbria.

Discografia

Álbuns de estúdio

 American Weekend (2012) (Don Giovanni)
 Cerulean Salt (2013) (Don Giovanni)
 Ivy Tripp (2015) (Merge, Wichita)
 Out in the Storm (2017) (Merge)
 Saint Cloud (2020) (Merge)

EPs

 Great Thunder (2018) (Merge)

Singles

 No Curse (2017)
 Farewell Transmission b/w The Dark Don't Hide It (Kevin Morby & Waxahatchee) (2018)
 Live at Third Man 7" (2018)
 Lilacs (2020)

Referências

Indie rock
Rock alternativo

Waxahatchee


Muavenet-i Milliye (, "milli yardımlaşma"), Osmanlı Donanmasında 1910-1923 yılları arasında hizmet etmiş bir torpido botudur. Çanakkale Savaşı esnasında 12 Mayıs 1915'i 13 Mayıs'a bağlayan gece Kraliyet Donanması ön dretnotu HMS Goliath'ı gerçekleştirilmiş bir operasyon sonucunda batırmasıyla bilinmektedir.

İsmini, donanmanın güçlendirilmesi için kamuoyundan finans sağlanması amacıyla İstanbullu 28 iş adamının öncülüğünde kurulmuş ve faaliyetlerini kısa sürede bütün yurda yaymış "Donanma-i Osmani Muavenet-i Milliye Cemiyeti"nden (günümüz Türkçesiyle: "Osmanlı Donanması Milli Yardımlaşma Derneği", kısa adı "Donanma Cemiyeti") almıştır. Muavenet-i Milliye bu cemiyet tarafından satın alınmış ilk gemidir.

Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri'nin Muavenet-i Milliye den sonra gelen üç gemisine bu ilkinin şerefine Muavenet ismi verilmiştir.

1910'da Almanya'dan satın alınan Muavenet-i Milliye'nin gemi komutanlığını 1912'den itibaren kıdemli yüzbaşı Ahmed Saffet (Ohkay) yürütmüştür. Osmanlı Devleti'nin I. Dünya Savaşı'na girişinin ilk aylarında Karadeniz operasyonlarından görevlendirilen Muavenet-i Milliye, Çanakkale Savaşı'nın başlamasıyla bu cepheye yönlendirilmiştir.

Goliath'ın batırılması
Çanakkale Savaşı deniz harekâtlarının kara ve deniz savaşları haline geldiği Çanakkale Savaşı ikinci aşamasında, 6-8 Mayıs 1915 arasında yapılan İkinci Kirte Muharebesi'nin de Türk zaferi ile sona ermesi ve Müttefik güçlerin geri püskürtülmesi ile Morto Koyunda büyük baskı altında kalan Fransız birliklerine destek amacı ile HMS Goliath ve HMS Cornwallis ön-dretnotları, beş muhrip takviyesinde, koyda konuşlandırılmıştı. Bunun üzerine bu filoya karşı bir harekât düzenlenmesine karar verildi.

12 Mayıs 1915 günü torpido uzmanı Alman yüzbaşı Rudolph Firle ve iki astı Morto Koyu'nda bir keşif gerçekleştirdiler ve akşam saatlerine doğru Muavenet-i Milliye'ye binerek geminin torpido timine katıldılar. Geceyarısına doğru demir alan Muavenet-i Milliye karanlıkta sessizce seyrederek destroyerleri aşmayı başardı. Bu esnada destroyerlerden sadece birkaç yüz metre mesafeden geçmiş ve bunlar tarafından fark edilmemeyi başarmıştır. İki savaş gemisinden Goliath üzerine yaklaştığı esnada düşman gemisinin gözetçileri anlık bir tereddütle "parola" sormalarını fırsat bilmiş ve mümkün olan en yakın mesafeden üç isabetli torpido ateşlemiştir. Torpidolar Goliath'ın zırhını delerek gemi içinde büyük bir patlama yaratmıştır. Goliath birkaç dakika içinde alabora olmuş ve batmıştır. 700 kişilik mürettebatından kaptanı da dahil 570 personel ölmüşlerdir. Çanakkale önündeki müttefik filosunun komutanı sonradan not defterine "düşman madalyayı hak etti", sözlerini yazacaktır.

Goliath'ın batırılışı İngiliz deniz kuvvetlerinin en üst komuta kademesinde bomba etkisi yaratmıştır. Bir gün sonra (14 Mayıs) haberin Londra'ya ulaştığı anda sürmekte olan kabine toplantısı yarıda kesilmiş, 15 Mayıs 1915 günü İngiliz deniz kuvvetleri komutanı (First Sea Lord) Amiral Fisher, komuta kademesinde yaşanan şiddetli tartışmalar sonrasında istifa etmiştir. Bu istifayı iki gün sonra (17 Mayıs) Bahriye Nazırı (First Lord of the Admiralty) Winston Churchill'in istifası izlemiştir. Britanya'nın en modern savaş gemilerinden HMS Queen Elizabeth Çanakkale cephesinden çekilmiş, kısa bir süre sonra (25 Mayıs) Triumph savaş gemisinin Kabatepe açıklarında ve Majestic savaş gemisinin Seddülbahir açıklarında Alman denizaltısı U21 tarafından batırılmasıyla da cephedeki müttefik deniz gücü daha da zayıflamıştır. Deniz gücünün zayıflaması müttefik kara birliklerinin yararlandığı desteği azaltarak kara operasyonlarının akıbetini temelden etkilemiştir.

Gemi kaptanı kıdemli yüzbaşı Ahmed Saffet ve yaklaşık 90 kişilik mürettebat İstanbul'a dönüşlerinde kahramanlar olarak karşılanmışlar, geminin Boğaz'a girişinde şerefine iki kıyıdaki bütün ışıklar yakılmıştır. Madalyalar ve nişanlarla ödüllendirilmişlerdir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Çanakkale Savaşlarında Sultanhisar Torpidobotu, Muâvenet-i Milliye Muhribi: Mürettebatı Ve Faaliyetleri ( Ayhan Yüksel )
 Çanakkale Denizaltı Savaşı(Nisan-Mayıs 1915) Sultanhisar ve Muavenet-i Milliye'nin Başarıları- Yaşar SEMİZ
 Muavenet-i Milliye Goliath'a karşı- İclal & Tunca Örses
 Muavenet- Murad MUHSİN
 Deniz Avcıları- National Geographic'le Goliath & Triumph Ekspedisyonu- Savaş KARAKAŞ
 Deniz Avcıları- "The Sea Hunters- Death in Dardanelles"
 H.M.S. Goliath Savaş Gemisi Batığı
 National Geopraphic'den H.M.S. Goliath Savaş Gemisi Batığı Fotoğrafları
 Muavenet-i Milliye Mürettebat
 Goliath Batırıldıktan sonra İngiltere'de çıkan gazete başlıkları
 Goliath: Saldırıda ölen İngiliz Mürettebat Listesi

Muavenet-i Milliye
I. Dünya Savaşı'ndaki Osmanlı muhripleri
Bremen eyaletinde inşa edilen gemiler
Danzig'de inşa edilen gemiler
I. Dünya Savaşı'ndaki Osmanlı savaş gemileri

Muâvenet-i Milliye


جيلبرت فان بينست ، من مواليد 5 يوليو 1951 ، لاعب كرة قدم بلجيكي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب بلجيكا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب جيلبرت فان بينست خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 3 أندية في خمسة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 31 هدفًا ضمن 319 مباراة. حيث فاز في أربعة مواسم بالكأس وفي موسمين بالدوري.

خاض جيلبرت فان بينست مسيرته مع نادي رويال أندرلخت في موسم 1968–69 ليلعب معه اثنا عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 262 مباراة سجل خلالها 28 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي تولوز في موسم 1980–81 لمدة موسم واحد، حيث شارك في 26 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي كلوب بروج في موسم 1981–82 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 31 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلجيكيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو نادي أندرلخت
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
لاعبو تولوز
لاعبو كرة قدم بلجيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من برابانت فلاماند
لاعبو كلوب بروج
لاعبو منتخب بلجيكا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1951

جيلبرت فان بينست


Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. Behavior is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual. Behavior is also driven, in part, by thoughts and feelings, which provide insight into individual psyche, revealing such things as attitudes and values. Human behavior is shaped by psychological traits, as personality types vary from person to person, producing different actions and behavior.

Social behavior accounts for actions directed at others. It is concerned with the considerable influence of social interaction and culture, as well as ethics, interpersonal relationships, politics, and conflict. Some behaviors are common while others are unusual. The acceptability of behavior depends upon social norms and is regulated by various means of social control. Social norms also condition behavior, whereby humans are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors that are deemed acceptable or unacceptable depending on the given society or culture.

Cognitive behavior accounts for actions of obtaining and using knowledge. It is concerned with how information is learned and passed on, as well as creative application of knowledge and personal beliefs such as religion. Physiological behavior accounts for actions to maintain the body. It is concerned with basic bodily functions as well as measures taken to maintain health. Economic behavior accounts for actions regarding the development, organization, and use of materials as well as other forms of work. Ecological behavior accounts for actions involving the ecosystem. It is concerned with how humans interact with other organisms and how the environment shapes human behavior.

Study

Human behavior is studied by the social sciences, which include psychology, sociology, ethology, and their various branches and schools of thought. There are many different facets of human behavior, and no one definition or field study encompasses it in its entirety. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the fundamental divisions in the study of human behavior; this debate considers whether behavior is predominantly affected by genetic or environmental factors. The study of human behavior sometimes receives public attention due to its intersection with cultural issues, including crime, sexuality, and social inequality.

Some natural sciences also place emphasis on human behavior. Neurology and evolutionary biology, study how behavior is controlled by the nervous system and how the human mind evolved, respectively. In other fields, human behavior may be a secondary subject of study when considering how it affects another subject. Outside of formal scientific inquiry, human behavior and the human condition is also a major focus of philosophy and literature. Philosophy of mind considers aspects such as free will, the mind–body problem, and malleability of human behavior.

Human behavior may be evaluated through questionnaires, interviews, and experimental methods. Animal testing may also be used to test behaviors that can then be compared to human behavior. Twin studies are a common method by which human behavior is studied. Twins with identical genomes can be compared to isolate genetic and environmental factors in behavior. Lifestyle, susceptibility to disease, and unhealthy behaviors have been identified to have both genetic and environmental indicators through twin studies.

Social behavior

Human social behavior is the behavior that considers other humans, including communication and cooperation. It is highly complex and structured, based on advanced theory of mind that allows humans to attribute thoughts and actions to one another. Through social behavior, humans have developed society and culture distinct from other animals. Human social behavior is governed by a combination of biological factors that affect all humans and cultural factors that change depending on upbringing and societal norms. Human communication is based heavily on language, typically through speech or writing. Nonverbal communication and paralanguage can modify the meaning of communications by demonstrating ideas and intent through physical and vocal behaviors.

Social norms
Human behavior in a society is governed by social norms. Social norms are unwritten expectations that members of society have for one another. These norms are ingrained in the particular culture that they emerge from, and humans often follow them unconsciously or without deliberation. These norms affect every aspect of life in human society, including decorum, social responsibility, property rights, contractual agreement, morality, justice, and meaning. Many norms facilitate coordination between members of society and prove mutually beneficial, such as norms regarding communication and agreements. Norms are enforced by social pressure, and individuals that violate social norms risk social exclusion.

Systems of ethics are used to guide human behavior to determine what is moral. Humans are distinct from other animals in the use of ethical systems to determine behavior. Ethical behavior is human behavior that takes into consideration how actions will affect others and whether behaviors will be optimal for others. What constitutes ethical behavior is determined by the individual value judgments of the person and the collective social norms regarding right and wrong. Value judgments are intrinsic to people of all cultures, though the specific systems used to evaluate them may vary. These systems may be derived from divine law, natural law, civil authority, reason, or a combination of these and other principles. Altruism is an associated behavior in which humans consider the welfare of others equally or preferentially to their own. While other animals engage in biological altruism, ethical altruism is unique to humans.

Deviance is behavior that violates social norms. As social norms vary between individuals and cultures, the nature and severity of a deviant act is subjective. What is considered deviant by a society may also change over time as new social norms are developed. Deviance is punished by other individuals through social stigma, censure, or violence. Many deviant actions are recognized as crimes and punished through a system of criminal justice. Deviant actions may be punished to prevent harm to others, to maintain a particular worldview and way of life, or to enforce principles of morality and decency. Cultures also attribute positive or negative value to certain physical traits, causing individuals that do not have desirable traits to be seen as deviant.

Interpersonal relationships

Interpersonal relationships can be evaluated by the specific choices and emotions between two individuals, or they can be evaluated by the broader societal context of how such a relationship is expected to function. Relationships are developed through communication, which creates intimacy, expresses emotions, and develops identity. An individual's interpersonal relationships form a social group in which individuals all communicate and socialize with one another, and these social groups are connected by additional relationships. Human social behavior is affected not only by individual relationships, but also by how behaviors in one relationship may affect others. Individuals that actively seek out social interactions are extraverts, and those that do not are introverts.

Romantic love is a significant interpersonal attraction toward another. Its nature varies by culture, but it is often contingent on gender, occurring in conjunction with sexual attraction and being either heterosexual or homosexual. It takes different forms and is associated with many individual emotions. Many cultures place a higher emphasis on romantic love than other forms of interpersonal attraction. Marriage is a union between two people, though whether it is associated with romantic love is dependent on the culture. Individuals that are closely related by consanguinity form a family. There are many variations on family structures that may include parents and children as well as stepchildren or extended relatives. Family units with children emphasize parenting, in which parents engage in a high level of parental investment to protect and instruct children as they develop over a period of time longer than that of most other mammals.

Politics and conflict

When humans make decisions as a group, they engage in politics. Humans have evolved to engage in behaviors of self-interest, but this also includes behaviors that facilitate cooperation rather than conflict in collective settings. Individuals will often form in-group and out-group perceptions, through which individuals cooperate with the in-group and compete with the out-group. This causes behaviors such as unconsciously conforming, passively obeying authority, taking pleasure in the misfortune of opponents, initiating hostility toward out-group members, artificially creating out-groups when none exist, and punishing those that do not comply with the standards of the in-group. These behaviors lead to the creation of political systems that enforce in-group standards and norms.

When humans oppose one another, it creates conflict. It may occur when the involved parties have a disagreement of opinion, when one party obstructs the goals of another, or when parties experience negative emotions such as anger toward one another. Conflicts purely of disagreement are often resolved through communication or negotiation, but incorporation of emotional or obstructive aspects can escalate conflict. Interpersonal conflict is that between specific individuals or groups of individuals. Social conflict is that between different social groups or demographics. This form of conflict often takes place when groups in society are marginalized, do not have the resources they desire, wish to instigate social change, or wish to resist social change. Significant social conflict can cause civil disorder. International conflict is that between nations or governments. It may be solved through diplomacy or war.

Cognitive behavior

Human cognition is distinct from that of other animals. This is derived from biological traits of human cognition, but also from shared knowledge and development passed down culturally. Humans are able to learn from one another due to advanced theory of mind that allows knowledge to be obtained through education. The use of language allows humans to directly pass knowledge to one another. The human brain has neuroplasticity, allowing it to modify its features in response to new experiences. This facilitates learning in humans and leads to behaviors of practice, allowing the development of new skills in individual humans. Behavior carried out over time can be ingrained as a habit, where humans will continue to regularly engage in the behavior without consciously deciding to do so.

Humans engage in reason to make inferences with a limited amount of information. Most human reasoning is done automatically without conscious effort on the part of the individual. Reasoning is carried out by making generalizations from past experiences and applying them to new circumstances. Learned knowledge is acquired to make more accurate inferences about the subject. Deductive reasoning infers conclusions that are true based on logical premises, while inductive reasoning infers what conclusions are likely to be true based on context.

Emotion is a cognitive experience innate to humans. Basic emotions such as joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust are common to all cultures, though social norms regarding the expression of emotion may vary. Other emotions come from higher cognition, such as love, guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, envy, and jealousy. These emotions develop over time rather than instantly and are more strongly influenced by cultural factors. Emotions are influenced by sensory information, such as color and music, and moods of happiness and sadness. Humans typically maintain a standard level of happiness or sadness determined by health and social relationships, though positive and negative events have short-term influences on mood. Humans often seek to improve the moods of one another through consolation, entertainment, and venting. Humans can also self-regulate mood through exercise and meditation.

Creativity is the use of previous ideas or resources to produce something original. It allows for innovation, adaptation to change, learning new information, and novel problem solving. Expression of creativity also supports quality of life. Creativity includes personal creativity, in which a person presents new ideas authentically, but it can also be expanded to social creativity, in which a community or society produces and recognizes ideas collectively. Creativity is applied in typical human life to solve problems as they occur. It also leads humans to carry out art and science. Individuals engaging in advanced creative work typically have specialized knowledge in that field, and humans draw on this knowledge to develop novel ideas. In art, creativity is used to develop new artistic works, such as visual art or music. In science, those with knowledge in a particular scientific field can use trial and error to develop theories that more accurately explain phenomena.

Religious behavior is a set of traditions that are followed based on the teachings of a religious belief system. The nature of religious behavior varies depending on the specific religious traditions. Most religious traditions involve variations of telling myths, practicing rituals, making certain things taboo, adopting symbolism, determining morality, experiencing altered states of consciousness, and believing in supernatural beings. Religious behavior is often demanding and has high time, energy, and material costs, and it conflicts with rational choice models of human behavior, though it does provide community-related benefits. Anthropologists offer competing theories as to why humans adopted religious behavior. Religious behavior is heavily influenced by social factors, and group involvement is significant in the development of an individual's religious behavior. Social structures such as religious organizations or family units allow the sharing and coordination of religious behavior. These social connections reinforce the cognitive behaviors associated with religion, encouraging orthodoxy and commitment. According to a Pew Research Center report, 54% of adults around the world state that religion is very important in their lives as of 2018.

Physiological behavior

Humans undergo many behaviors common to animals to support the processes of the human body. Humans eat food to obtain nutrition. These foods may be chosen for their nutritional value, but they may also be eaten for pleasure. Eating often follows a food preparation process to make it more enjoyable. Humans dispose of excess food through waste. Excrement is often treated as taboo, particularly in developed and urban communities where sanitation is more widely available and excrement has no value as fertilizer. Humans also regularly engage in sleep, based on homeostatic and circadian factors. The circadian rhythm causes humans to require sleep at a regular pattern and is typically calibrated to the day-night cycle and sleep-wake habits. Homeostasis is also be maintained, causing longer sleep longer after periods of sleep deprivation. The human sleep cycle takes place over 90 minutes, and it repeats 3–5 times during normal sleep.

There are also unique behaviors that humans undergo to maintain physical health. Humans have developed medicine to prevent and treat illnesses. In industrialized nations, eating habits that favor better nutrition, hygienic behaviors that promote sanitation, medical treatment to eradicate diseases, and the use of birth control significantly improve human health. Humans can also engage in exercise beyond that required for survival to maintain health. Humans engage in hygiene to limit exposure to dirt and pathogens. Some of these behaviors are adaptive while others are learned. Basic behaviors of disgust evolved as an adaptation to prevent contact with sources of pathogens, resulting in a biological aversion to feces, body fluids, rotten food, and animals that are commonly disease vectors. Personal grooming, disposal of human corpses, use of sewerage, and use of cleaning agents are hygienic behaviors common to most human societies.

Humans reproduce sexually, engaging in sexual intercourse for both reproduction and sexual pleasure. Human reproduction is closely associated with human sexuality and an instinctive desire to procreate, though humans are unique in that they intentionally control the number of offspring that they produce. Humans engage in a large variety of reproductive behaviors relative to other animals, with various mating structures that include forms of monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry. How humans engage in mating behavior is heavily influenced by cultural norms and customs. Unlike most mammals, human women ovulate spontaneously rather than seasonally, with a menstrual cycle that typically lasts 25–35 days.

Humans are bipedal and move by walking. Human walking corresponds to the bipedal gait cycle, which involves alternating heel contact and toe off with the ground and slight elevation and rotation of the pelvis. Balance while walking learned during the first 7–9 years of life, and individual humans develop unique gaits while learning to displace weight, adjust center of mass, and correspond neural control with movement. Humans can achieve higher speed by running. The endurance running hypothesis proposes that humans can outpace most other animals over long distances through running, though human running causes a higher rate of energy exertion. The human body self-regulates through perspiration during periods of exertion, allowing humans more endurance than other animals. The human hand is prehensile and capable of grasping objects and applying force with control over the hand's dexterity and grip strength. This allows the use of complex tools by humans.

Economic behavior

Humans engage in predictable behaviors when considering economic decisions, and these behaviors may or may not be rational. Like all animals, humans make basic decisions through cost–benefit analysis and the risk–return spectrum, though humans are able to contemplate these decisions more thoroughly. Human economic decision making is often reference dependent, in which options are weighed in reference to the status quo rather than absolute gains and losses. Humans are also loss averse, fearing loss rather than seeking gain. Advanced economic behavior developed in humans after the Neolithic Revolution and the development of agriculture. These developments led to a sustainable supply of resources that allowed specialization in more complex societies.

Work

The nature of human work is defined by the complexity of society. The simplest societies are tribes that work primarily for sustenance as hunter-gatherers. In this sense, work is not a distinct activity but a constant that makes up all parts of life, as all members of the society must work consistently to stay alive. More advanced societies developed after the Neolithic Revolution, emphasizing work in agricultural and pastoral settings. In these societies, production is increased, ending the need for constant work and allowing some individuals to specialize and work in areas outside of food-production. This also created non-laborious work, as increasing occupational complexity required some individuals to specialize in technical knowledge and administration. Laborious work in these societies has variously been carried out by slaves, serfs, peasants, and guild craftsmen. The nature of work changed significantly during the Industrial Revolution in which the factory system was developed for use by industrializing nations. In addition to further increasing general quality of life, this development changed the dynamic of work. Under the factory system, workers increasingly collaborate with others, employers serve as authority figures during work hours, and forced labor is largely eradicated. Further changes occur in post-industrial societies where technological advance makes industries obsolete, replacing them with mass production and service industries.

Humans approach work differently based on both physical and personal attributes, and some work with more effectiveness and commitment than others. Some find work to contribute to personal fulfillment, while others work only out of necessity. Work can also serve as an identity, with individuals identifying themselves based on their occupation. Work motivation is complex, both contributing to and subtracting from various human needs. The primary motivation for work is for material gain, which takes the form of money in modern societies. It may also serve to create self-esteem and personal worth, provide activity, gain respect, and express creativity. Modern work is typically categorized as laborious or blue-collar work and non-laborious or white-collar work.

Leisure

Leisure is activity or lack of activity that takes place outside of work. It provides relaxation, entertainment, and improved quality of life for individuals. Engaging in leisure can be beneficial for physical and mental health. It may be used to seek temporary relief from psychological stress, to produce positive emotions, or to facilitate social interaction. Leisure can also facilitate health risks and negative emotions caused by boredom, substance abuse, or high-risk behavior.

Leisure may be defined as serious or casual. Serious leisure behaviors involve non-professional pursuit of arts and sciences, the development of hobbies, or career volunteering in an area of expertise. Casual leisure behaviors provide short-term gratification, but they do not provide long-term gratification or personal identity. These include play, relaxation, casual social interaction, volunteering, passive entertainment, active entertainment, and sensory stimulation. Passive entertainment is typically derived from mass media, which may include written works or digital media. Active entertainment involves games in which individuals participate. Sensory stimulation is immediate gratification from behaviors such as eating or sexual intercourse.

Consumption

Humans operate as consumers that obtain and use goods. All production is ultimately designed for consumption, and consumers adapt their behavior based on the availability of production. Mass consumption began during the Industrial Revolution, caused by the development of new technologies that allowed for increased production. Many factors affect a consumer's decision to purchase goods through trade. They may consider the nature of the product, its associated cost, the convenience of purchase, and the nature of advertising around the product. Cultural factors may influence this decision, as different cultures value different things, and subcultures within these cultures may have distinct priorities as buyers. Social class, including wealth, education, and occupation may affect one's purchasing behavior. A consumer's interpersonal relationships and reference groups may also influence purchasing behavior.

Ecological behavior

Like all living things, humans live in ecosystems and interact with other organisms. Human behavior is affected by the environment in which a human lives, and environments are affected by human habitation. Humans have also developed man-made ecosystems such as urban areas and agricultural land. Geography and landscape ecology determine how humans are distributed within an ecosystem, both naturally and through planned urban morphology.

Humans exercise control over the animals that live within their environment. Domesticated animals are trained and cared for by humans. Humans can develop social and emotional bonds with animals in their care. Pets are kept for companionship within human homes, including dogs and cats that have been bred for domestication over many centuries. Livestock animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry, are kept on agricultural land to produce animal products. Domesticated animals are also kept in laboratories for animal testing. Non-domesticated animals are sometimes kept in nature reserves and zoos for tourism and conservation.

Causes and factors
Human behavior is influenced by biological and cultural elements. The structure and agency debate considers whether human behavior is predominantly led by individual human impulses or by external structural forces. Behavioral genetics considers how human behavior is affected by inherited traits. Though genes do not guarantee certain behaviors, certain traits can be inherited that make individuals more likely to engage in certain behaviors or express certain personalities. An individual's environment can also affect behavior, often in conjunction with genetic factors. An individual's personality and attitudes affect how behaviors are expressed, formed in conjunction by genetic and environmental factors.

Age

Infants are limited in their ability to interpret their surroundings shortly after birth. Object permanence and understanding of motion typically develop within the first six months of an infant's life, though the specific cognitive processes are not understood. The ability to mentally categorize different concepts and objects that they perceive also develops within the first year. Infants are quickly able to discern their body from their surroundings and often take interest in their own limbs or actions they cause by two months of age. Infants practice imitation of other individuals to engage socially and learn new behaviors. In young infants, this involves imitating facial expressions, and imitation of tool use takes place within the first year. Communication develops over the first year, and infants begin using gestures to communicate intention around nine to ten months of age. Verbal communication develops more gradually, taking form during the second year of age.

Children develop fine motor skills shortly after infancy, in the range of three to six years of age, allowing them to engage in behaviors using the hands and eye–hand coordination and perform basic activities of self sufficiency. Children begin expressing more complex emotions in the three- to six-year-old range, including humor, empathy, and altruism, as well engaging in creativity and inquiry. Aggressive behaviors also become varied at this age as children engage in increased physical aggression before learning to favor diplomacy over aggression. Children at this age can express themselves using language with basic grammar. As children grow older, they develop emotional intelligence. Young children engage in basic social behaviors with peers, typically forming friendships centered on play with individuals of the same age and gender. Behaviors of young children are centered around play, which allows them to practice physical, cognitive, and social behaviors. Basic self-concept first develops as children grow, particularly centered around traits such as gender and ethnicity, and behavior is heavily affected by peers for the first time.

Adolescents undergo changes in behavior caused by puberty and the associated changes in hormone production. Production of testosterone increases sensation seeking and sensitivity to rewards in adolescents as well as aggression and risk-taking in adolescent boys. Production of estradiol causes similar risk-taking behavior among adolescent girls. The new hormones cause changes in emotional processing that allow for close friendships, stronger motivations and intentions, and adolescent sexuality. Adolescents undergo social changes on a large scale, developing a full self-concept and making autonomous decisions independently of adults. They typically become more aware of social norms and social cues than children, causing an increase in self-consciousness and adolescent egocentrism that guides behavior in social settings throughout adolescence.

Culture and environment
Human brains, as with those of all mammals, are neuroplastic. This means that the structure of the brain changes over time as neural pathways are altered in response to the environment. Many behaviors are learned through interaction with others during early development of the brain. Human behavior is distinct from the behavior of other animals in that it is heavily influenced by culture and language. Social learning allows humans to develop new behaviors by following the example of others. Culture is also the guiding influence that defines social norms.

Genetics

Physiology
Neurotransmitters, hormones, and metabolism are all recognized as biological factors in human behavior.

Physical disabilities can prevent individuals from engaging in typical human behavior or necessitate alternative behaviors. Accommodations and accessibility are often made available for individuals with physical disabilities in developed nations, including health care, assistive technology, and vocational services. Severe disabilities are associated with increased leisure time but also with a lower satisfaction in the quality of leisure time. Productivity and health both commonly undergo long term decline following the onset of a severe disability. Mental disabilities are those that directly affect cognitive and social behavior. Common mental disorders include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and substance dependence.

See also

 Behavioral modernity
 Behaviorism
 Cultural ecology
 Human behavioral ecology

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Ardrey, Robert. 1970. The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder. Atheneum. .

External links

Behavior
Culture
Humans
Main topic articles

Human behavior


බොහෝවිට එහි RMS යන කෙටි නාමයෙන් දැක්වෙන,  රාජකීය තැපැල් නෞකාව (සමහරවිට දුම්-නැව හෝ ධූමයාත්‍රාව) යන නම් තැබීම, 1840 තරම් ඈත අතීතයට දිවෙන අතර, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජකීය තැපැල් සේවය වෙත කොන්ත්‍රාත් පදනමකින් සේවා සපයමින් තැපෑලෙන් යැවෙන ද්‍රව්‍ය රැගෙන යන මුහුදු යාත්‍රා සඳහා භාවිතා වන   නැව් උපසර්ගයකි.

සටහන්

රාජකීය තැපැල් නෞකාව


Mørk sodalbatros () er en stormfugl, der lever på den sydlige halvkugle.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Atlanterhavets fugle
Det Indiske Oceans fugle
Stormfugle

Mørk sodalbatros


Lawn darts (also known as Javelin darts, jarts, lawn jarts or yard darts) is a lawn game for two players or teams. A lawn dart set usually includes four large darts and two targets. The game play and objective are similar to those of both horseshoes and darts. The darts are typically 12 inches (30 cm) in length with a weighted metal or plastic tip on one end and three plastic fins on a rod at the other end. The darts are intended to be tossed underhand toward a horizontal ground target, where the weighted end hits first and sticks into the ground. The target is typically a plastic ring, and landing anywhere within the ring scores a point.

Starting in the late twentieth century, the safety of metal-tipped lawn darts was called into question in several countries. After thousands of injuries and at least three children's deaths were attributed to lawn darts, the sharp-pointed darts were banned for sale in the United States and Canada. They are still legal in the European Union.

Rules

The game may be played with standard or Handly Cup rules. Either variation can be played one-on-one or by teams of two. In the team versions, the players stand with one member from each team at each end (they should be sure to stand well back when the other side is throwing) and toss the darts to a target about  away (with variation based on the players' skill and the location of the game).

In standard game play, points are scored when a dart lands in the target area. Usually if players from both teams land darts in the target, the scores cancel each other; for example, if Team A lands two darts in the target area and Team B lands one, Team A would get one point and Team B would get zero. Some versions of lawn darts include a smaller bullseye ring for additional points.

With the Handly Cup style, scores are based on darts in the ring plus darts closer to the ring than any of the opposing team's darts. Darts landing inside the ring, or "ringers", are worth three points each, and can be canceled by darts thrown by opponents that also land in the ring. Any dart that is closer to, but outside, the ring than any other dart thrown by the opposing team is worth one point. This means that if neither team managed to place a dart into the ring, but Team A landed two darts closer than did any of Team B's darts, Team A would score two points. If Team A landed one dart in the ring, and one dart closer than any of Team B's darts, Team A would score four points. If both teams land darts in the ring, it is impossible for a dart outside the ring to score any points, as it is farther from the ring than the opposing team's dart that is inside. If Team A and Team B each land a dart inside the ring, and Team A also lands a dart outside the ring but closer to the ring than Team B's other dart, neither team would score any points for the round. Handly Cup style matches are typically played by teams of two, with the pairs alternating until one team's total score is 21 or more. For a point to count, the dart must stick into the ground.

Safety and bans in the U.S. and Canada

In 1970, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classified sharp-pointed lawn darts as a "mechanical hazard," a designation which prohibited the sale of lawn darts, unless the darts satisfied three requirements: (1) Be packaged with specified warning label that advised of the potential for serious injury and cautioned parents to keep the product out of the reach of children, (2) Include instructions on usage with warnings to avoid use when other persons or animals are within the field of play, and (3) Not be sold in toy stores or toy departments. The Consumers Union and the Children's Foundation petitioned the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), a different agency, to go further, asking that HEW use the emergency provisions of the Child Protection and Toy Safety Act of 1969 to ban outright, in addition to several other toys, "outdoor games with 13‐inch pointed darts weighing more than five ounces each." When HEW refused, Consumers Union sued, seeking a judicial order instructing HEW to enact the ban; on December 18, 1970, a federal judge held in favor of HEW.

On April 5, 1987, seven-year-old Michelle Snow was killed by a lawn dart thrown by one of her brothers' playmates in the backyard of their home in Riverside, California, when the dart  penetrated her skull and caused massive brain trauma. The darts had been purchased as part of a set of several different lawn games and were stored in the garage, never having been played before the incident occurred. Snow's father David began to advocate for a ban on lawn darts, claiming that there was no way to keep children from accessing lawn darts short of a full ban, and, partly as a result of Snow's lobbying, on December 19, 1988, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission introduced an outright ban on lawn darts in the U.S. In the previous eight years, 6,100 Americans had visited hospital emergency rooms as the result of lawn-dart accidents. Of that total, 81% were 15 or younger, and half were 10 or younger. During the week when the commission voted to ban the product, an 11-year-old girl in Tennessee was hit by a lawn dart and fell into a coma. In 1997, the CPSC issued a reminder on the ban after a 7 year-old in Elkhart, Indiana was injured by a dart in an old lawn dart set, which had pierced his skull, and warned parents to dispose of old sets.

In Canada, lawn darts caused at least 55 serious injuries. They were banned for sale in the country from July 1989. The sale of second-hand lawn darts is also illegal under the Hazardous Products Act. Since then, alternatives have surfaced that are available for sale in Canada and are made of plastic. As of 2020, a modified, safer version of lawn darts with a modified blunt-tip design may be purchased in the United States.

See also

 Lawn dart effect
 Plumbata
 Khuru (sport)

References

Lawn games
Darts variants
Throwing games
Toy recalls

Lawn darts


Die Route nationale 686, kurz N 686 oder RN 686, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 in zwei Abschnitten zwischen Riom und einer Kreuzung mit der ehemaligen Nationalstraße 89 nördlich von Rochefort-Montagne verlief. Ihre Gesamtlänge betrug 24 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 686 auf WikiSara (französisch)

686

Route nationale 686


Le groupe d'IC 4562 comprend au moins sept galaxies situées dans la constellation du Bouvier. La distance moyenne entre ce groupe et la Voie lactée est d'.

Membres

Le tableau ci-dessous liste les six galaxies qui sont indiquées dans l'article d'Abraham Mahtessian publié en 1998.

La distance de Hubble de PGC 55563 est égale à . Cette galaxie forme donc une paire physique avec IC 4562 et selon la base de données NASA/IPAC. On doit donc logiquement l'ajouter au groupe d'IC 4562.

Le site DeepskyLog permet de trouver aisément les constellations des galaxies mentionnées dans ce tableau ou si elles ne s'y trouvent pas, l'outil du site constellation permet de le faire à l'aide des coordonnées de la galaxie. Sauf indication contraire, les données proviennent du site NASA/IPAC.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du IC

Liens externes

Constellation du Bouvier

Groupe de galaxies

Groupe d'IC 4562


توحيد الأسماء والصفات. في العقيدة الإسلامية وفي باب توحيد الله نجد علم التوحيد يدرس كل ما يتعلق بذات الله من أسماء وصفات وقواعد وأصول وأقوال الطوائف الإسلامية.

ما يجب الاعتقاد به في الأسماء والصفات
يجب الإيمان بما وصف الله به نفسَه في كتابه، أو وَصَفَه به رسوله، من الأسماء الحسنى والصفات العلى وإمرارها كما جاءت على الوجه اللائق به - سبحانه وتعالى - كما يعرف أيضاً بأنه اعتقاد انفراد الله - عز وجل - بالكمال المطلق من جميع الوجوه بنعوت العظمة، والجلال، والجمال وذلك بإثبات ما أثبته الله لنفسه، أو أثبته له رسوله من الأسماء والصفات، ومعانيها وأحكامها الواردة بالكتاب والسنة.

كما عرفه الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن ناصر السعدي " توحيد الأسماء والصفات: وهو اعتقاد انفراد الرب - جل جلاله - بالكمال المطلق من جميع الوجوه بنعوت العظمة، والجلال، والجمال التي لا يشاركه فيها مشارك بوجه من الوجوه.

وذلك بإثبات ما أثبته الله لنفسه، أو أثبته له رسوله من جميع الأسماء، والصفات، ومعانيها، وأحكامها الواردة في الكتاب والسنة على الوجه اللائق بعظمته وجلاله، من غير نفي لشيء منها، ولا تعطيل، ولا تحريف، ولا تمثيل.
ونفي ما نفاه عن نفسه، أو نفاه عنه رسوله من النقائص والعيوب ومن كل ما ينافي كماله ".

معنى التعطيل والتحريف، والتمثيل
التمثيل: هو اعتقاد مماثلة أي شيء من صفات الله تعالى لصفات المخلوقات.
وأما التكييف: فهو اعتقاد أن صفات الله تعالى على كيفية أي شيء مما تتخيله أو تدركه العقول أو تحده.
وليس المقصود نفي وجود كيفية لصفات الله، وإنما المقصود نفي علم الخلق بهذه الكيفية كما بين ذلك الإمام مالك رحمه الله وغيره من السلف عندما سُئلوا عن قوله تعالى: الرَّحْمَنُ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَى [طـه:5].
قالوا: الاستواء معلوم، والكيف مجهول، والإيمان به واجب، والسؤال عنه بدعة. وكذلك قال ربيعة شيخ مالك قبله: الاستواء معلوم، والكيف مجهول، ومن الله البيان، وعلى الرسول البلاغ، وعلينا الإيمان.
وأما معنى تنزيهاً: ففي اللغة يقال: نزه نفسه عن القبيح تنزيهاً أي: نحَّاها.
والمقصود الشرعي: نفي كل ما لا يليق بالله سبحانه كتنزيهه عن الصاحبة والولد والسِّـنة والنوم وما شابه ذلك.
وأما التعطيل: فهو نفي صفات الله تعالى أو أسمائه وإنكار قيام صفات الله تعالى به، ومن أعظمه جحود الرب تعالى، بأن ينكر وجوده.
وأما التأويل: فهو لفظ يستعمل في ثلاثة معانٍ:
أحدها: التأويل بمعنى التفسير، وهذا هو الغالب على اصطلاح المفسرين للقرآن.
والثاني: التأويل هو الحقيقة التي يؤول إليها الكلام كما قال تعالى: هَلْ يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَّا تَأْوِيلَهُ يَوْمَ يَأْتِي تَأْوِيلُهُ يَقُولُ الَّذِينَ نَسُوهُ مِنْ قَبْلُ قَدْ جَاءَتْ رُسُلُ رَبِّنَا بِالْحَقّ [الأعراف:53]
أي هل ينظرون إلا وقوع ما أخبر به، كما قال يوسف عليه السلام حين وقعت رؤياه: هَذَا تَأْوِيلُ رُؤْيايَ مِنْ قَبْلُ [يوسف:100].
والمعنى الثالث: فهو صرف اللفظ عن الاحتمال الراجح إلى الاحتمال المرجوح لدليل يقترن به.
فإن صرف إلى الاحتمال المرجوح بغير دليل فهو التحريف والمذموم، وهو المعنى المقصود في العبارة المذكورة في السؤال.
والله أعلم.

أهمية توحيد الأسماء والصفات
 أن الإيمان به داخل في الإيمان بالله - عز وجل - إذلا يستقيم الإيمان بالله حتى يؤمن العبد بأسماء الله وصفاته.
 أن معرفة توحيد الأسماء والصفات والإيمان به كما آمن السلف الصالح - عبادة لله - عز وجل - فالله أمرنا بذلك، وطاعته واجبة.
 الإيمان به كما آمن السلف الصالح طريق سلامة من الانحراف والزلل الذي وقع فيه أهل التعطيل، والتمثيل، وغيرهم ممن انحرف في هذا الباب.
 الإيمان به على الوجه الحقيقي سلامة من وعيد الله، قال الله تعالى في القرآن الكريم (وَذَروا الَّذِينَ يُلْحِدُونَ فِي أَسْمَائِهِ سَيُجْزَوْنَ ما كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ) [الأعراف: 180].
 هذا العلم من أشرف العلوم، وأجلها على الإطلاق؛ لأنّ فيه معرفة بالله، وليس بخلق من خلقه أو شيء من الأشياء، وفي الحديث النّبويّ: «خيركم من تعلّم القرآن وعلّمه» و «من يرد الله به خيرا يفقّهه في الدّين».
 أن أعظم آية في القرآن هي آية الكرسي، وإنما كانت أعظم آية لاشتمالها على هذا النوع من أنواع التوحيد.
 أن سورة الإخلاص تعدل ثلث القرآن؛ لأنها أخلصت في وصف الله.
 أن الإيمان به يثمر ثمرات عظيمة، وعبودياتٍ متنوعةً، ويتبين لنا شيء من ذلك عند الحديث عن ثمرات الإيمان بتوحيد الأسماء والصفات.
 العلم بأسماء الله وصفاته يفتح للعبد باب معرفة الرب تبارك وتعالى.
 أساس العلم الصحيح هو الإيمان بالله وبأسمائه وصفاته.
 العلم بأسماء الله وصفاته هو حياة القلوب.

مؤلفات توحيد الأسماء والصفات
 القواعد المثلى في صفات الله تعالى وأسمائه الحسنى للشيخ ابن عثيمين.

وصلات خارجية
 .
 القواعد المثلى في معرفة صفات الله العليا
 قواعد في الأسماء والصفات

المراجع

عقيدة إسلامية

توحيد الأسماء والصفات


En mathématiques, et plus précisément en géométrie fractale, la dimension d'Assouad est une définition de la dimension fractale pour les sous-ensembles d'un espace métrique. Il a été introduit par Patrice Assouad dans sa Thèse de doctorat en 1977 et publié plus tard en 1979. Elle a été défini plus tôt par Georges Bouligand (1928). En plus d'être utilisée pour étudier les fractales, la dimension d'Assouad a également été utilisée pour étudier les applications quasi-conformes et les problèmes de plongement.

Définition

Soit  un espace métrique, et soit  être un sous-ensemble non vide de  . Pour , soit  le plus petit nombre de boules ouvertes métriques de rayon inférieur ou égal à r avec lequel il est possible de recouvrir . La dimension d'Assouad de  est défini comme l'infinumum  pour laquelle il existe des constantes positives  et  de sorte que, si

on ait :

L'intuition sous-jacente à cette définition est que, pour un ensemble E de dimension entière "ordinaire" n, le nombre de petites boules de rayon r nécessaires pour couvrir l'intersection d'une plus grande boule de rayon R avec E sera comme ( ) n .

Références

Bibliographie

 M. G. Bouligand, « Ensembles impropres et nombre dimensionnel », Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques, vol. 52, 1928,

Assouad
Fractale

Dimension d'Assouad


G-blok je hipotetski blok u periodnom sustavu koji počinju popunjavanti elementi s atomskim brojem većim od 118, čiji vanjski elektroni počinju popunjavati g orbitalu, te ujedno ne popunjavaju orbitale f, d, p, ili s.

Poveznice
 Blok u periodnom sustavu
 S-blok
 P-blok
 D-blok
 F-blok
 G-blok
 Elektronska konfiguracija

Periodni sustav elemenata

G-blok