Det 4. korstog førte til oprettelsen af det Det Latinske Kejserrige, der eksisterede fra 1204 til 1261.

Ødelæggelsen af Konstantinopel
På det 4. korstog ødelagde korsfarerne Konstantinopel –  Europas største by – i 1204, selv om det var en kristen (græsk ortodoks) by, og plyndrede den.  Dette betragtes som en af katolicismens skampletter og fik Pave Johannes Paul 2. til den 4. maj 2001 officielt at undskylde overfor den Græske Kirke ved et personligt møde med den Økumeniske Patriark.

Planlagt angreb på Egypten
Korstogets oprindelige formål var, som med de tidligere, at tilbageerobre Jerusalem og det hellige land. Korstogets ledere havde dog besluttet, at det af strategiske og økonomiske årsager ville være mest effektivt at angribe Egypten først, men sørgede for, at de menige korsfarere ikke fik noget at vide om dette. Det havde i det 3. Korstog vist sig, at korsfarerhærene kunne være så opsatte på at befri Jerusalem, at de nægtede at indvillige i deres overordnedes planer, hvis disse ikke koncentrerede sig om det hellige land.

Under ledelse af grever
Pave Innocens 3. ønskede at få den engelske kong Richard Løvehjerte og den franske kong Filip 2. August til at deltage i dette korstog som i det 3. korstog, men bl.a. på grund af deres indbyrdes konflikter, var det umuligt. I stedet var det en række grever, hovedsageligt fra Frankrig, der kom til at lede det 4. korstog. Oprindeligt var korstogets ledelse uofficielt delt mellem tre af dets initiativtagere: grev Thibaut af Champagne; en af de fornemste adelsmænd i Frankrig, hans fætter grev Louis af Blois og Grev Balduin af Flandern. Da den unge Thibaut døde i maj 1201, måtte korsfarere finde en anden. Valget faldt på Markgrev Bonifacius af Montferrat i Norditalien, hvis prestige var så stor, at han blev tilbudt fuld kontrol over hele korsfarerhæren. Han tog mod stillingen.

Forhandlinger med Venedig
Korstogets ledere sendte seks udsendinge til Venedig, som var en magtfuld, selvstændig handelsstad, for at lave en aftale med venetianerne om at sejle den kæmpemæssige korsfarerhær til Egypten. Venetianerne indvilligede, mod betydelig betaling, i at bygge og klargøre en mægtig flåde til korsfarerne. Udsendingene havde dog voldsomt overvurderet antallet af korsfarere, som de troede ville møde op i Venedig, og endte derfor med en flåde, der var langt større, end de skulle bruge, samt med en kolossal gæld til venetianerne.

Angrebet på Zara
For at korstoget ikke skulle falde fuldstændigt til jorden, indvilligede korstogets ledere i, at bruge korsfarerhæren til at angribe den nærliggende havneby Zara, som var en rival til Venedig. Herved kunne korsfarerne få eftergivet noget af deres gæld til venetianerne, og korstoget kunne fortsætte. Da Zara var en kristen by, som var underlagt den ungarske konge, der, på papiret, også var korsfarer, var der mange, der forlod ekspeditionen i protest. Pavens stedfortræder på korstoget accepterede, at dette angreb på kristne var en nødvendighed for, at det hele ikke skulle være forgæves, men Pave Innocens derimod fordømte venetianernes handlinger, da han fik nys om angrebet, og ekskommunikerede dem alle.

Angrebet på Konstantinopel
Før korshæren nåede videre blev den opsøgt af den østromerske prins Alexios (senere Kejser Alexios 4.), som tilbød hæren tiltrængte forsyninger, en kæmpe sum penge samt massiv militær støtte på ekspeditionen, hvis korsfarerne til gengæld ville indsætte ham som kejser i Konstantinopel. Trods protester og frafald fra store dele af hæren, valgte korstogets ledere at tage mod tilbuddet og lagde vejen forbi den østromerske hovedstad.

I Konstantinopel måtte korsfarerne muligvis imod forventning kæmpe for at få indsat Alexios. På trods af sin umiddelbart fordelagtige position og sit overlegne militær, flygtede kejser Alexios III, den unge Alexios' onkel.

Prinsen blev indsat som kejser Alexios IV og begyndte at betale korsfarerne, hvad han havde lovet. Han fangedes dog mellem sine forpligtelser overfor sine nye venner, korsfarerne, og det østromerske aristokrati, som var meget negativt indstillet mod vesterlændingene. Alexios IV kunne ikke forhindre åben konflikt med korsfarerne, som nægtede at rejse, før de havde modtaget den lovede betaling.
og det
En højtstående østromersk embedsmand fik Alexios IV myrdet og blev selv kejser Alexios V. Korsfarerne belejrede byen, og det  lykkedes dem mod alle odds at erobre Konstantinopel. Korsfarerne oprettede et nyt rige, Det Latinske Kejserrige, og grev Balduin af Flandern blev valgt som den første kejser, mens korstogets egentlige leder, markgrev Bonifacius, blev forbigået.

Korsfarerne blev travlt optaget af at forsvare deres nye land, og korshæren nåede aldrig Det Hellige Land.

Korstogene

4. korstog


An Dendrobium umbellatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Dendrobium umbellatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium umbellatum


الشَّعنَذة أو النكرومانسية (اسم من أصل يوناني νεκρομαντεία (nekromanteía)) هو صنف من السحر يكون باستحضار أرواح الموتى أو استخدام الأموات في السحر والشعوذة كإحياءهم أو التسلط على جثثهم. غالبا ما تُستحضر الأرواح في الشَّعنَذَة للسؤال عن أمور غيبية أو المعرفة والحكمة أو القوة الروحانية، أو أسرار لا يعرفها إلا الميت المستحضَر. تسمى الشعنذة أيضا بسحر الأموات وتُنسب إلى أصناف السحر والشعوذة الشريرة كالسحر الأسود.

التأثيل
كلمة شَعنَذة هي سِريانية الأصل من كلمة شُعناذا وهي من جذر عنذ وتعني ماتَ، على وزن شَفعَل السرياني، وعَنيذ في اللغة السريانية تعني مَيت. كلمة شَعنَذة هي محاكاة لكلمة شَعوَذة وهي سريانية الأصل أيضا من شُعباذا من جذر عبذ وتعني عمل/فعل على نفس الوزن، وشعبَذَ في السريانية كانت تعني الاستعباد أو التسلط. كان العرب يُرككون الباء السريانية إلى واو فصارت شَعوَذ. الفاعل من شعنذ مُشَعنذ أو شِعنيذٌ وجمعها شعانذة، والفاعل من شعوذ مُشَعوِذ أو شِعبِيذٌ وجمعها شَعابِدة.

في اللغات الأوروبية يُستخدم الاسم نِقرومَنطِية (نكرومانسية بالقراءة الإنجليزية) وهو من اليونانية: نِقرو وتعني مَيْت (جثة ميتة) ومَنطِيَة وتعني كِهانة أو تكهن.

الشعنذة عبر التاريخ
تُعزى بدايات الشعنذة إلى الطقوس الشامانية ويرجَّح أنها نشأت من استحضار أرواح الأسلاف الأولين، أي شَعنَذَتِها. كانَ الشَّعانذة القدامى يخاطبون الأموات المستحضَرين (المُشَعنَذين) بصوت رفيع النغمة أو خافت كالتمتمة، في حالة تشبه حالة الإغشاء أو الغَشْيَة عند الشامانية.

شاعت الشعنذة في الحضارات القديمة كما في مصر وبابل والإغريق والرومان. ذكر الفيلسوف الإغريقي اسطرابون في كتابه الجغرافية (جُغرافِقَة) «النقرومنطية (νεκρομαντία)» (الشعنذة) كأكثر أنواع الكهانة انتشارا في الأمبراطورية الفارسية، وممارستها عند الكلدان وخاصة الصابئة الذين سماهم «عبدة النجوم», والبابليين وفي إرتوريا. في بابل سُميَّ الشعانذة بمَنزَؤو أو شَعتِمُّو والأرواح المشعنَذَة إِتِمُّو.

يرد أقدم ذكر أدبيّ للشعنذة في أُدّيسَة هوميروس، إذ يسافر أوديسيوس إلى العالم السفليّ، عالم الأموات، بإرشاد قِرقى، وهي ساحرة عظيمة، ليَستبصر عن رحلة عودته بأن يسأل الأموات بتعويذات شَعنَذية لقنته إياها قرقى. أراد أوديسيوس بالذات أن يسأل شبح طِرِساس، وهو نبيٌّ من أنبياء أبولو، لكنه لم يستطع شعنذته واستحضاره دون مساعدة. في هذه القطعة من الأديسة، تُذكر طقوس شعنذيّة عديدة بتفصيل دقيق، كأن تُنفَّذ الشعنذة عند حفرة أو بئر من نار في ساعات الليل، واتّباع وصفة تتضمّن دماء الأضاحي والذبائح، وتقديم شرابٍ إلى الشبح ليشربه بينما يتلو هو التسابيح لأشباح العالم السفليّ وآلهته.

تتنوع طقوس الشعنذة من البسيط إلى المعقد، وقد تتضمن العصي السحرية والمندل والطلاسم والتعويذات. يحيط الشِّعنيذ نفسه في بعض الطقوس برموز وتصاوير للموت كالذبائح أو أن يلبس ملابس الميت أو الكفن أو تناول طعام يرمز إلى الموت والفناء حتى التالف. قد يأكل بعض الشعانذة الجيفة والجثث ولحم الميت أو قلبه في طقوس شرسة. تستغرق هذه الطقوس الشعنذية ساعات أو أيام أو حتى أسابيع، وتختتم بشعنذة واستحضار روح الميت. غالبا ما تنفذ الشعنذة عند القبور والمدافن أو الأماكن الكئيية أو المظلمة حسب ما يلائم متطلبات الشعنيذ. إضافة إلى ذلك، يفضل الشعانذة استحضار أرواح حديثي الوفاة على من ماتوا قديما لتكون الشعنذة أقوى وأوضح. في التراث الشعنذي، إذا زاد زمن الوفاة على اثني عشرة شهرا فيُشَعنَذ الشبح لا الروح ذاتها. تَعتبر بعض الحضارات أن علم الأموات ومعرفتهم غير محدودة، بينما آمن قدماء الرومان والإغريق أن الأشباح محدودة العلم والمعرفة لما كانوا يعرفونه في حياتهم.
يرد في التوراة أنَّ الكنعانيين الفلسطينيين كانوا يمارسون الشعنذة، إذ يحذر سفر التثنية بني إسرائيل من تعلم ممارساتهم: 9مَتَى دَخَلْتَ الأَرْضَ الَّتِي يُعْطِيكَ الرَّبُّ إِلهُكَ، لاَ تَتَعَلَّمْ أَنْ تَفْعَلَ مِثْلَ رِجْسِ أُولئِكَ الأُمَمِ. 10لاَ يُوجَدْ فِيكَ مَنْ يُجِيزُ ابْنَهُ أَوِ ابْنَتَهُ فِي النَّارِ، وَلاَ مَنْ يَعْرُفُ عِرَافَةً، وَلاَ عَائِفٌ وَلاَ مُتَفَائِلٌ وَلاَ سَاحِرٌ، 11وَلاَ مَنْ يَرْقِي رُقْيَةً، وَلاَ مَنْ يَسْأَلُ جَانًّا أَوْ تَابِعَةً، وَلاَ مَنْ يَسْتَشِيرُ الْمَوْتَى. 12لأَنَّ كُلَّ مَنْ يَفْعَلُ ذلِكَ مَكْرُوهٌ عِنْدَ الرَّبِّ. وَبِسَبَبِ هذِهِ الأَرْجَاسِ، الرَّبُّ إِلهُكَ طَارِدُهُمْ مِنْ أَمَامِكَ. (تث 18: 9-12)رغم أنَّ الشعنذة محرّمة في اليهودية كما في سفر اللاويين الإصحاح 20 العدد 27, التمس الملك شاؤول إلى ساحرة شعنيذة لشعنذة روح النبي صموئيل كما في سفر صموئيل الأول الإصحاح 28 الأعداد 3-25. فوجئت الشعنيذة المدّعية أنَّ روح صموئيل حضرت فعلا، ويسأل صموئيل شاؤول: «لِمَاذَا أَقْلَقْتَنِي بِإِصْعَادِكَ إِيَّايَ؟» لم يُرجم شاؤول لالتماسه الشعنذة وهي محرمة كما ينص سفر اللاويين (كونه صاحب السلطة العليا في مملكته), إلا أنه باءَ بعقابٍ من الله بعد يوم، إذ مات هو وابنه في المعركة، كما تنبأ هو نفسه بعد تلك الشعنذة.
رفض الكتاب المسيحيون فيما بعد فكرة أنَّه يمكن للناس شعنذة واستحضار أرواح الأموات، وفسروا أشباحهم أنها شياطين أو جن، لكن غيرهم من المسيحيين يؤمنون أنَّ الشعنذة حقيقية إلا أنَّ الله حَرَّمها على المؤمنين.

الشَّعنَذَة عند العرب
يعرف العرب اليوم هذا الصنف من السحر كما يعتقد بوجوده في معتقدات العرب القديمة لاهتمامهم بتوقيت وشعائر الدفن ومواقيت الساعة وتأثير القمر على الأحياء والأموات وأرواحهم. أورَد الروائي الأمريكي لوفكرافت في عدد من قصصه شخصية خيالية من اختراعه وهو عبد الله الحظرد مؤلف كتاب العزيف يتحدث فيه عن الشعنذة. يُقال أنَّ الكتاب هو كتاب تاريخ لا سحر كما يُعتقد، ويتحدث الكتاب عن الحضارات والكيانات القديمة، إذ يُذكر العديد من الأحداث التي أوردت في سفر التكوين وصحف إدريس وبعض الأساطير القديمة. يورد الحظرد في كتابه أنَّ أجناسا أخرى سكنت الأرض قبل الإنسان وأن المعرفة البشرية انتقلت للبشر من أجناس تعيش خارج هذه الأرض ومن وراء هذا العالم، وظن بأنه اتصل بالكيانات القديمة بالسحر وحذر من أنهم قادمون لاسترجاع الأرض من البشر، وأن الكيانات القديمة تعيش في ما وراء هذا العالم وأنها تريد الوصول إلى الأرض بأي طريقة ممكنة والسيطرة عليها، وقد استطاعوا أن يتقمصوا شكل الإنسان وأن يعيشوا بين البشر وأن يتزوجوا منهم لينشروا نسلهم على هذه الأرض.

طقوس الشعنذة
قد يحتاج المشعنِذ مساعدة لاتمام الشعنذة وغالبا ما تقام ليلا وبوجود النار كما يكون معها قرابين وأضاحٍ أو ذبائح وقد يغالى بعض المشعنذين ويستخدم القرابين البشرية. غالبا أيضا ما يحيط المشعنذ نفسه بتصاوير أو رموز للموت فيلبس الكفن أو ملابس الميت ويتناول الخبز غير الخمير وعصائر تالفة وبعضهم يشرح الجثث وياكل قطعا منها في مزج لوَثَنِيّات مختلفة لاعتقادهم في اكتساب صفات وحياة الموتى بأكل بعض اعضائهم، خاصة القلب كمركز الفكر والمشاعر والكبد كمركز القوة والفعل. توضع حلقات معدنية أو ترسم على الأرض للاحتماء من المس أو من القوى الشيطانية التي قد تحضر بكثرة. تستغرق هذه الطقوس اياما أحيانا حتى تتم الشعنذة للروح المطلوبة وغالبا ما تقام الشعنذات في الاقبية أو قبر مفتوح.

الشعنذة في العصر الحديث
إن للشعنذة امتدادات متمثلة في الفودو والسحر الأسود وهو شائع في المغرب العربى ومصر ودول الكاريبى. في أوروبا وامريكا تمارس بعض الجماعات السرية الشعنذة لاعتقادهم بإمكان شعنذة واستحضار روح حبيب مات قبل فترة وجيزة.

مراجع

سحر
سحر (خارق للطبيعة)
كهنة

شعنذة


Escuernavacas es una localidad del municipio de Moronta, en la comarca de la Tierra de Vitigudino, provincia de Salamanca, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León, España.

Etimología

El origen de su nombre tiene mucho que ver con el origen de sus repobladores medievales, ya que tanto la denominación "Scornavacas" (recogida en algunos documentos medievales) como el actual "Escuernavacas" (recogida en otros) nos muestran un nombre íntimamente relacionado con la lengua leonesa y la gallega. Así, la denominación fluctúa entre la "o" abierta de la palabra gallega "escorna" y la diptongración leonesa ("ue") de "escuerna". En este sentido, en ambos casos estaríamos hablando del prefijo "es", en lugar de la solución "des" que ofrece el castellano.

De este modo, tanto si la denominación en origen era "Escornavacas", como si correspondiese a la actual "Escuernavacas", no cabe duda de que responde a un fenómeno lingüístico propia de la lengua leonesa, hecho que parece bastante lógico tomando en consideración que dicha lengua fue empleada en la localidad hasta finales del .

Geografía
El accidente geográfico más destacado es el río Huebra, afluente del río Duero.

Demografía
En 2017 Escuernavacas contaba con una población de 45 habitantes, de los cuales 23 eran varones y 22 mujeres (INE 2017).

Historia

Su origen se remonta a la acción repobladora del Reino de León en la Edad Media, debiendo su génesis poblacional al rey Fernando II de León en el , integrándose en la jurisdicción de Ledesma tras la creación de su alfoz por el mencionado Fernando II en el . Eclesiásticamente, Escuernavacas llegó a ser anejo de Guadramiro. Con la creación de las provincias actuales en 1833, siendo Escuernavacas aún un municipio independiente, quedó adscrito a la de Salamanca, dentro de la Región Leonesa. En torno a 1850 se integró en el municipio de Moronta, siendo el censo de 1842 el último en que aparece como municipio.

Cultura

Fiestas
 22 de enero (San Vicente Mártir).
 Sagrado Corazón de Jesús.

Véase también
 Moronta

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Blog sobre Escuernavacas
 Escuernavacas en la página de los Pueblos de España

Escuernavacas
Escuernavacas

Escuernavacas


Jorge Adrian Beloqui (Buenos Aires, 26 de agosto de 1949) foi um matemático e ativista argentino.

Formado matemático pela Universidade de Buenos Aires, e Doutor em matemática pelo IMPA, foi professor do Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da USP. Diagnosticado com o vírus HIV em 1987, ainda no período mais grave da epidemia de AIDS, foi um importante militante na luta pelos direitos de pessoas HIV positivas, contra o preconceito e por prevenção e tratamento contra a doença. Construiu diversas iniciativas nesse sentido tanto no Brasil quanto internacionalmente.

Biografia
Jorge Beloqui nasceu em 26 de agosto de 1949, na cidade de Buenos Aires, e em 1972 se formou em matemática pela Universidade de Buenos Aires.

Em 1975 mudou-se para o Brasil, onde viveu a maior parte de sua vida. Concluiu seu doutorado em 1981, pelo Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada. Após se tornar doutor, Jorge Beloqui assumiu o cargo de professor no Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo.

Homossexualidade
Aos 25 anos de idade assumiu sua homossexualidade em um cenário nacional conturbado e conservador da Argentina.

Diagnóstico e luta contra a AIDS

Aos 40 anos, em 1989, foi diagnosticado com o HIV, vírus causador da AIDS, em um dos momentos mais graves da epidemia da doença. Desde seu diagnóstico, Jorge Beloqui se tornou militante pelos direitos das pessoas que sofrem com a AIDS, contra a discriminação e pela prevenção, fundando importantes iniciativas como o Grupo pela vidda - SP e colaborando com outras iniciativas como o NEPAIDS-USP (Núcleo de estudo e prevenção a AIDS) e a Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS.

Beloqui foi membro da Comissão Nacional de Ética em pesquisa (Conep) do CNS, além das comissões intersetoriais de Assistência Farmacêutica (CICTAF) e de Atenção à Saúde de Pessoas com Patologias (CIASPP). É reconhecido como um grande ativista pela ciência e por medicamentos a todos, atuou em defesa de uma vacina antiHIV, pela quebra de patentes e a favor do movimento HIV-Aids e de comorbidades.

Sua trajetória na militância da luta contra e vivência da epidemia da aids foi documentada em entrevista organizada e publicada pelo Museu da Diversidade Sexual.

Carreira
Jorge Beloqui era professor do Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e integrante da direção do Grupo de Incentivo à Vida (GIV), em São Paulo. Beloqui foi fundador da Rede Nacional de Pessoas Soropositivas (RNP+), onde era representante no Grupo Temático do Programa Conjunto das Nações Unidas sobre HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Além disso, foi pesquisador do Núcleo de Estudos para a Prevenção da Aids-USP e membro do Conselho de Curadores da Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de Aids.

Aposentadoria
Em 2013, no dia 31 de julho, aposentou-se do cargo de professor no IME-USP.

Morte
Jorge Adrian Beloqui faleceu em 9 de março de 2023, aos 73 anos, enquanto visitava sua família em sua cidade natal, Buenos Aires. A repercussão sobre o seu falecimento foi grande na imprensa nacional e por este motivo a instituição onde trabalhava teve a iniciativa de criar um memorial para que as pessoas pudessem publicar mensagens de conforto sobre a perda.

Vida Acadêmica
Em 1972 concluiu sua graduação em matemática pela Universidad de Buenos Aires. Em 1981 se tornou doutor em matemática, pelo Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura Aplicada - IMPA. Após o doutorado, Jorge assumiu o cargo de professor no Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da USP.

Além de suas atividades como professor, Jorge Beloqui participou ativamente de diversas iniciativas e grupos de estudo a respeito da AIDS e de sua prevenção. Fundou e foi membro do Grupo pela vidda (Valorização, Integração e Dignidade do Doente de Aids) de São Paulo de 1989 até 1995; Foi pesquisador-colaborador do NEPAIDS USP (Núcleo de estudo e prevenção a AIDS) desde 1991; Foi membro do conselho consultivo da Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS desde 1995; Foi diretor do Grupo de Incentivo a Vida entre 1998 e 2003, e depois novamente entre 2005 e 2023; Foi membro do Working Group on Prevention for PWHIV/AIDS da National STD-AIDS Program desde 2002. Fez parte do corpo editorial de diversas publicações sobre o tema como: Cadernos pela Vidda, Boletim pela Vidda e HIV Vaccines bulletin, também atuou como revisor dos periódicos: Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia e Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública.

Principais Publicações
Durante sua vida, Jorge Adrian Beloqui escreveu diversos artigos científicos publicados em renomados periódicos

 Modulus of stability for vector fields on 3-manifolds (1986)
 A complete set of invariants for a quasi-transversal Hopf bifurcation (1990)
 Quasi-transversal saddle-node bifurcation on surfaces (1990)
 HIV vaccine research and human rights: examples from three countries planning efficacy trials (1998)
 Prevention with people with HIV/AIDS: a perspective from a person living with HIV/AIDS in Latin America (2004)
 Relative risk for AIDS between homo/bisexual and heterosexual men (2008)

Reconhecimentos
Beloqui é considerado um dos mais importantes militantes e defensores de ações para o tratamento e prevenção da Aids no Brasil e participou de diversas discussões relacionadas às políticas públicas e qualidade de vida da população em tratamento do HIV/Aids. Atuou como editor do Boletim Vacinas Anti-HIV, participou do Grupo de Incentivo à Vida (GIV-SP) e foi membro do Conselho de Curadores da Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de Aids (Abia).

Ligações Externas

Instituto de Matemática e Estatística - USP

Universidad de Buenos Aires

Grupo Pela Vidda - SP

NEPAIDS-USP

Cientistas da Argentina
Naturais de Buenos Aires
Professores da Universidade de São Paulo
Professores do Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo

Jorge Adrian Beloqui


Richard "Rick" Glazier (born June 16, 1955, in Allentown, Pennsylvania) served as a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives, representing the 45th district, from 2003 until his resignation in 2015. He resigned to become executive director of the North Carolina Justice Center.

For part of his tenure in the legislature, Glazier served as a House Minority Whip. He has also been an adjunct professor of law at Campbell University's Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law.

Electoral history

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

References

External links
North Carolina General Assembly - Representative Richard Glazier official NC House website
Project Vote Smart - Representative Rick Glazier (NC) profile
Follow the Money - Rick Glazier
2008 2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions

|-

1955 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Politicians from Allentown, Pennsylvania

Rick Glazier


Head voice is a term used within vocal music. The use of this term varies widely within vocal pedagogical circles and there is currently no one consistent opinion among vocal music professionals in regard to this term. Head voice can be used in relation to the following:
 A particular part of the vocal range or type of vocal register
 A vocal resonance area
 A specific vocal timbre

History
The term goes back at least as far as the Roman tradition of rhetorical instruction. Quintilian (ca. AD 95) recommends teaching students ut quotiens exclamandum erit lateris conatus sit ille, non capitis ("that when the voice has to be raised the effort comes from the lungs and not from the head," Inst. 1.11.8, transl. Russell). The first recorded mention of the term in a musical context was around the 13th century, when it was distinguished from the throat and the chest voice (pectoris, guttoris, capitis—at this time it is likely head voice referred to the falsetto register) by the writers Johannes de Garlandia and Jerome of Moravia. The term was later adopted within bel canto, the Italian opera singing method, where it was identified as the highest of three vocal registers: the chest, passagio and head registers. This approach is still taught by some vocal instructors today.

However, as knowledge of human physiology has increased over the past two hundred years, so has the understanding of the physical process of singing and vocal production. As a result, many vocal instructors have redefined or even abandoned the use of the term head voice. In particular, the use of the term head register has become controversial since vocal registration is more commonly seen today as a product of laryngeal function. For this reason, many vocal instructors argue that it is meaningless to speak of registers being produced in the head. The vibratory sensations that are felt in the head are resonance phenomena and should be described in terms related to vocal resonance, not to registers. These vocal instructors prefer the term "head voice" over the term "head register." These vocal instructors also hold that many of the problems which people identify as register problems are really problems of resonance adjustment. This helps to explain the controversy over this terminology. Also, the term head register is not used within speech pathology and is not one of the four main vocal registers identified by speech pathologists.
The following is an overview of the two predominant views on head voice within vocal pedagogy.

Differing views on head voice

Head voice and vocal registration
One prevailing practice within vocal pedagogy is to divide both men and women's voices into three registers. Men's voices are divided into "chest register", "head register", and "falsetto register" and women's voices into "chest register", "middle register", and "head register". According to this practice, singing in the head register feels to the singer as if the tone is resonating in their head (rather than primarily in the chest or throat). According to an early 20th-century book written by David Clippinger, all voices have a head register, whether bass or soprano.

Clippinger claims that males and females switch registers at the same absolute pitches. He also states that at about E or E above middle C the tenor passes from what is usually called open to covered tone, but which might better be called from chest to head voice. At the same absolute pitches the alto or soprano passes from the chest to the middle register. According to Clippinger there is every reason to believe that the change in the mechanism for male voices into head register is the same as that which occurs in the female voice as it goes into the middle register at the same pitches.

The contemporary vocal pedagogy instructor Bill Martin seconds the view that the change from chest voice to head voice occurs at around E4 in all voices, including the bass, but Martin states in the coloratura soprano it is more likely to occur at F4. A recent book by a former teacher at Oberlin College Conservatory of Music and a vocal pedagogy teacher, Richard Miller, states that in the "tenore lirico" the higher part of the singing voice above the secondo passaggio at G4 extending upwards is referred to as "full voice in head," or voce piena in testa, effectively stating the head register begins at G4 in the "tenore lirico," not at E4. According to Singing For Dummies, the bass changes from chest voice into middle voice around A3 or A3 below Middle C and changes into his head voice around D4 or C4 above Middle C.

In the head register (which is above the chest register), some of the bottom end leaves the voice, but it's still, according to Martin, a voice capable of much power.

Explanations for the physiological mechanisms behind the head voice can alter from voice teacher to voice teacher. This is because, according to Clippinger, "In discussing the head voice it is the purpose to avoid as much as possible the mechanical construction of the instrument".

However, not all vocal teachers agree with this view. Thomas Appell's 1993 book Can You Sing a HIGH C Without Straining? aimed to refute the theory that all singers switch registers at the same absolute pitch. Appell defined chest voice as resonance below the vocal folds and head voice as resonance above the vocal folds. He recorded examples of male and female singers changing from chest voice to head voice at different pitches in an attempt to prove that the transition pitch is a function of the intensity of the vocal tone and is not absolute. At higher vocal cord tension (intensity of singing), Appell shows that the pitch at which a singer transitions from chest to head voice will be higher. At lower vocal cord tension (intensity of singing), Appell shows that the pitch at which a singer transitions from chest to head voice will be lower.

Head voice and vocal resonation

This view is that since all registers originate in laryngeal function, it is meaningless to speak of registers being produced in the head. The vibratory sensations which are felt in the head are resonance phenomena and should be described in terms related to resonance, not to registers. These vocal instructors prefer the term "head voice" over the term register and divide the human voice into four registers: the vocal fry register, the modal register, the falsetto register, and the whistle register. This view is more consistent with modern understandings of human physiology and in keeping with stroboscope videos of laryngeal function during vocal phonation.
Tarneaud says, "during singing, the vibration of the vocal folds impresses periodic shakes on the laryngeal cartilage which transmits them to the bones in the thorax via the laryngeal depressors, and to the bony structures in the head via the laryngeal elevators. Singers feel these shakes in the form of thoracic and facial vibrations". These internal phonatory sensations produced by laryngeal vibrations are called "resonance" by singers and teachers of singing.
There are seven parts of the human body that act as resonators and of those seven the three most effective resonators that help amplify and create the most pleasing sounds are all located in the head: the pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity.

Not falsetto
Resonances and registration aside, the term "head voice" is commonly used to mean "high notes that are not falsetto or strained". For example, when Pavarotti, Stevie Wonder or Bill Withers slide from chest voice to a tenor high C (C5) in full, balanced voice, this is referred to as "head voice". (Pavarotti's range was C♯3 to F5, but beyond D5 (E♭5 to F5) he sang in a strong or reinforced falsetto.)

Beginning singers who have difficulty controlling their vocal break need to be taught to eliminate or control the physiological conditions associated with falsetto or strain in a process called "head voice." A strong falsetto is called a reinforced falsetto and a very light head voice is called "voce di testa bianca" or ''white head voice.''

High notes that are sung with balanced physiology do tend to have better resonance than falsetto or strained notes, so this definition doesn't usually contradict the other two.

See also

 Chest voice
 Falsetto register
 Human voice
 Tessitura
 Voice organ
 Voice projection
 Vocal registration
 Vocal resonation

References

Singing techniques
Voice registers
Opera terminology

Head voice


Rudolf Ivanovich Abel (), real name William August Fisher (11 July 1903 – 15 November 1971), was a Soviet intelligence officer. He adopted his alias when arrested on charges of conspiracy by the FBI in 1957.

Fisher was born and grew up in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North East of England in the United Kingdom to Russian émigré parents. He moved to Russia in the 1920s, and served in the Soviet military before undertaking foreign service as a radio operator in Soviet intelligence in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He later served in an instructional role before taking part in intelligence operations against the Germans during World War II. After the war, he began working for the KGB, which sent him to the United States where he worked as part of a spy ring based in New York City.

In 1957, Fisher was convicted in US federal court on three counts of conspiracy as a Soviet spy for his involvement in what became known as the Hollow Nickel Case and sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Georgia. He served just over four years of his sentence before he was exchanged for captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. Back in the Soviet Union, he lectured on his experiences. He died in 1971 at the age of 68. His real identity and country of birth were only revealed after his death.

Early life
Fisher was born William August Fisher on 11 July 1903, in the Benwell area of Newcastle upon Tyne, the second son of Heinrich and Lyubov Fisher. Revolutionaries of the Tsarist era, his father was of German origins and his mother was of Russian descent. Fisher's father, a revolutionary activist, taught and agitated with Vladimir Lenin at Saint Petersburg Technological Institute. In 1896, he was arrested for sedition and sentenced to three years internal exile. As Heinrich Fisher had served a sentence for offenses against the Russian Imperial Crown, he was forced to flee to the United Kingdom in 1901, the alternative being deportation to Germany or imprisonment in Russia for avoidance of military service. While living in the United Kingdom, Fisher's father, a keen Bolshevik, took part in gunrunning, shipping arms from northeast England to Russia's Baltic coast.

Fisher and his brother, Henry, won scholarships to Whitley Bay High School and Monkseaton High School. Though Fisher was not as hard-working as Henry, he showed aptitude for science, mathematics, languages, art and music, inherited in part from his father's abilities. Encouraging their son's love of music, Fisher's parents gave him piano lessons; he also learned to play the guitar. It was during this period that Fisher developed an interest in amateur radio, constructing rudimentary spark transmitters and receivers.

Fisher became an apprentice draughtsman at Swan Hunter, Wallsend, and attended evening classes at Rutherford College before being accepted into London University in 1920. Though Fisher qualified for university, the costs prohibited him from attending. In 1921, following the Russian Revolution, the Fisher family left Newcastle upon Tyne to return to Moscow.

Early career
Fluent in English, Russian, German, Polish and Yiddish, Fisher worked for the Comintern as a translator following his family's return to the Soviet Union. Trained as a radio operator, he served in a Red Army radio battalion in 1925 and 1926. He then worked briefly in the radio research institute before being recruited by the OGPU, a predecessor of the KGB, in May 1927. That year he married Elena Lebedeva, a harp student at Moscow Conservatoire. They had one child together, a daughter named Evelyn who was born on 8 October 1929. During his interview with the OGPU, it was determined he should adopt a Russian-sounding name and William August Fisher became Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher. Following his recruitment, he worked for the OGPU as a radio operator in Norway, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and France. He returned to the Soviet Union in 1936, as head of a school that trained radio operators destined for duty in illegal residences. One of the students was the Canadian-born Russian spy Kitty Harris, who was later more widely known as "The Spy with Seventeen Names".

Despite his foreign birth and the accusation that his brother-in-law was a Trotskyist, Fisher narrowly escaped the Great Purge. However, in 1938 he was dismissed from the NKVD, which the OGPU had been renamed to in 1934. During World War II, he again trained radio operators for clandestine work behind German lines. Having been adopted as a protégé by Pavel Sudoplatov, he took part in Operation Scherhorn (, ) in August 1944. Sudoplatov later described this operation as "the most successful radio deception game of the war". Fisher's role in this operation was rewarded with what his superiors regarded as one of the most prestigious postings in Soviet foreign intelligence, the United States.

KGB service
After rejoining the KGB in 1946, Fisher was trained as a spy for entry into the United States. In October 1948, using a Soviet passport, he travelled from Leningradsky Station to Warsaw. In Warsaw, he discarded his Soviet passport and using a U.S. passport travelled from Czechoslovakia and Switzerland to Paris. His new passport bore the name Andrew Kayotis, the first of Fisher's false identities. The real Andrew Kayotis was Lithuanian born and had become an American citizen after migrating to the United States. Kayotis had applied for and received a visa to visit the Soviet Union. However, the Soviets retained his passport, which Fisher eventually used. Kayotis had been in poor health and died while visiting relatives in Vilnius, Lithuania. Fisher, as Kayotis, then travelled aboard the  from Le Havre, France, to North America, disembarking at Quebec. Still using Kayotis' passport, he went to Montreal and crossed into the United States on 17 November.

On 26 November, Fisher met with Soviet "illegal" Iosif Grigulevich (codenamed "MAKS" or "ARTUR"). Grigulevich gave Fisher a genuine birth certificate, a forged draft card and a forged tax certificate, all under the name of Emil Robert Goldfus, along with $1,000. After handing back Kayotis's passport and documents, Fisher assumed the name Goldfus. His codename was "MARK". The real Goldfus had died at only 14 months, having been born on August 2, 1902, in New York. Goldfus's birth certificate was obtained by the NKVD at the end of the Spanish Civil War, when the Centre would collect identity documents from International Brigades members for use in espionage operations.

In July 1949, Fisher met with a "legal" KGB resident from the Soviet consulate general, who provided him with money. Shortly afterwards Fisher was ordered to reactivate the "Volunteer" network to smuggle atomic secrets to Russia. Members of the network had stopped cooperating after postwar security was tightened at Los Alamos. Lona Cohen (codenamed "LESLE") and her husband Morris Cohen (codenamed "LUIS" and "VOLUNTEER") had run the Volunteer network and were seasoned couriers. Theodore "Ted" Hall (codenamed "MLAD"), a physicist, was the most important agent in the network in 1945, passing atomic secrets from Los Alamos. The Volunteer network grew to include "Aden" and "Serb", nuclear physicists contacted by Hall, and "Silver". Fisher spent most of his first year organizing his network. While it is not known for certain where Fisher went or what he did, it is believed he travelled to Santa Fe, New Mexico, the collection point for stolen diagrams from the Manhattan Project. Kitty Harris, a former pupil of Fisher's, had spent a year in Santa Fe during the war, where she passed secrets from physicists to couriers. During this period, Fisher received the Order of the Red Banner, an important Soviet medal normally reserved for military personnel.

In 1950, Fisher's illegal residency was endangered by the arrest of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, for whom Lona Cohen had been a courier. The Cohens were quickly spirited to Mexico before moving on to Moscow. They were to resurface in the United Kingdom using the identities of Peter and Helen Kroger. Fisher was relieved when the Rosenbergs did not disclose any information about him to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), but the arrests heralded a bleak outlook for his new spy network. However, on 21 October 1952, as instructed by Moscow, Reino Häyhänen left a thumbtack on a signpost in New York's Central Park. The thumbtack signaled to Fisher that Häyhänen, his new assistant, had arrived. Codenamed "VIK", Häyhänen arrived in New York on the RMS Queen Mary, under the alias Eugene Nikolai Maki. The real Maki had been born in the United States to a Finnish-American father and a New York mother in 1919. In 1927, the family migrated to Estonia. In 1948, the KGB had called Häyhänen to Moscow where they issued him a new assignment. In 1949, Häyhänen freely obtained Maki's birth certificate. He had then spent three years in Finland taking over Maki's identity.

After arriving in New York, Häyhänen spent the next two years establishing his identity. During that time he received money from his superiors left in dead-letter boxes in the Bronx and Manhattan. It is known he occasionally drew attention to himself by indulging in heavy drinking sessions and heated arguments with his Finnish wife Hannah. For six months Häyhänen checked the thumbtack and no one had made contact. He also checked a dead-drop location he had memorized. There he found a hollowed-out nickel. However, prior to opening the coin Häyhänen had misplaced it, either buying a newspaper with it or using it as a subway token. For the next seven months the hollow nickel travelled around the New York City economy, unopened. The trail of the hollow nickel ended when a thirteen-year-old newsboy was collecting for his weekly deliveries. The newsboy accidentally dropped the nickel and it broke in half, revealing a microphotograph containing a series of numbers. The newsboy handed the nickel to a New York detective, who in turn forwarded it to the FBI. From 1953 to 1957, though every effort was made to decipher the microphotograph, the FBI was unable to solve the mystery.

Late in 1953, Fisher moved to Brooklyn and rented a room in a boarding house on Hicks Street. He also rented a fifth-floor studio at the Ovington Studios Building on Fulton Street. Since he was posing as an artist and photographer, nobody questioned his irregular working hours and frequent disappearances. Over time his artistic technique improved and he became a competent painter, though he disliked abstract painting, preferring more conventional styles. He mingled with New York artists, who were surprised by his admiration for the Russian painter Isaak Levitan, although Fisher was careful not to discuss Stalinist "socialist realism". The only visitors to Fisher's studio were artist friends with whom he felt safe from suspicion. In particular, he became a friend of Burton Silverman. Fisher sometimes related made-up stories of previous lives, as a Boston accountant and a lumberjack in the Pacific Northwest.

In 1954, Häyhänen began working as Fisher's assistant. He was to deliver a report from a Soviet agent at the United Nations secretariat, to a dead-letter box for collection. However the report never arrived. Fisher was disturbed by Häyhänen's lack of work ethics and his obsession with alcohol. In the spring of 1955, Fisher and Häyhänen visited Bear Mountain Park, and buried $5,000 (), destined for the wife of the Soviet spy Morton Sobell, who in 1951 was sentenced to thirty years in jail.

In 1955, Fisher, exhausted by the constant pressure, returned to Moscow for six months of rest and recuperation, leaving Häyhänen in charge. While in Moscow, Fisher informed his superiors of his dissatisfaction with Häyhänen. Upon his return to New York in 1956, he found that his carefully constructed network had been left to disintegrate in his absence. Fisher checked his drop points only to find messages several months old, while Häyhänen's radio transmissions had routinely been sent from the same location using incorrect radio frequencies. The money Häyhänen received from the KGB to support the network was instead spent on alcohol and prostitutes.

By early 1957, Fisher had lost patience with Häyhänen and demanded that Moscow recall his deputy. In January 1957, Häyhänen received a message from Moscow promoting him to Lieutenant Colonel and granting him leave in the Soviet Union. Upon hearing he was due to return to Moscow, Häyhänen was fearful that he would be severely disciplined or even executed. Häyhänen fabricated stories to justify his delay, claiming to Fisher that the FBI had taken him off the RMS Queen Mary. Fisher, unsuspecting, advised Häyhänen to leave the U.S. immediately to avoid FBI surveillance and handed him $200 for travel expenses. Prior to his departure, Häyhänen returned to Bear Mountain Park and retrieved the buried $5,000 for his own use. Häyhänen arrived in Paris on May Day, having sailed from the U.S. aboard La Liberté. Making contact with the KGB residency he received another $200 for his journey to Moscow. Four days later, instead of continuing his journey to the Soviet Union he entered the American embassy in Paris, announcing that he was a KGB officer and asking for asylum.

When Häyhänen announced himself at the embassy on 4 May, he appeared drunk. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officials at the Paris embassy did not find Häyhänen's story credible. They were not convinced he might actually be a Russian spy until he produced a hollow Finnish 5-mark coin. Upon opening the coin a square of microfilm was revealed. On 11 May, the CIA returned him to the United States and handed him over to the FBI. As a member of a Soviet spy ring operating on American soil, Häyhänen came under the FBI's jurisdiction and they began verifying his story.

Upon his arrival in the United States, Häyhänen was interrogated by the FBI and proved very cooperative. He admitted his first Soviet contact in New York had been "MIKHAIL" and upon being shown a series of photographs of Soviet officials identified "MIKHAIL" as Mikhail Svirin. Svirin, however, had returned to Moscow two years previously. The FBI then turned its attention to Svirin's replacement. Häyhänen was able only to provide Fisher's codename, "MARK", and a description. He was, however, able to tell the FBI about Fisher's studio and its location. Häyhänen was also able to solve the mystery of the "hollow nickel," which the FBI had been unable to decipher for four years.

The KGB did not discover Häyhänen's defection until August, although it is more than likely they notified Fisher earlier when Häyhänen failed to arrive in Moscow. As a precaution, Fisher was ordered to leave the United States. Escape was complicated because, if "MARK" had been compromised by Häyhänen, Fisher's other identities could have been compromised as well. Fisher could not leave the country as Martin Collins, Emil Goldfus, or even the long-forgotten Andrew Kayotis. The KGB Center, with the help of KGB's Ottawa resident, set about procuring two new passports for Fisher in the names of Robert Callan and Vasili Dzogol, but this process would take time. The Canadian Communist Party succeeded in obtaining a new passport for Fisher in the name of Robert Callan. Fisher, however, was arrested before he could adopt his new identity and leave the United States.

Capture

In April 1957, Fisher told his artist friends he was going south on a seven-week vacation. Less than three weeks later, acting on Häyhänen's information, surveillance was established near Fisher's photo studio. On 28 May 1957, in a small park opposite Fulton Street, FBI agents spotted a man acting nervously. From time to time the man got up, walked around, and eventually left. FBI agents were convinced he fit the description of "MARK". The surveillance continued on "MARK" and, on the night of 13 June, a light was seen to go on in Fisher's studio at 10:00 pm.

On 15 June 1957, Häyhänen was shown a photograph of Fisher taken by the FBI with a hidden camera. Häyhänen confirmed that it was "MARK" in the photograph. Once the FBI had a positive identification, they stepped up surveillance, following Fisher from his studio to the Hotel Latham. Fisher was aware of the "tail" but, as he had no passport to leave the country, he devised a plan to be used upon his capture. Fisher decided that he would not turn traitor as Häyhänen had done because he still trusted the KGB and he knew that if he cooperated with the FBI, he would not see his wife and daughter again.

At 7:00 am on 21 June 1957, Fisher answered a knock on the door to his room, Room 839. Upon opening the door, he was confronted by FBI agents who addressed him as "colonel" and stated that they had "information concerning [his] involvement in espionage." Fisher knew that the FBI's use of his rank could have only come from Häyhänen. Fisher said nothing to the FBI and, after spending twenty-three minutes staring at Fisher, the FBI agents called in the waiting Immigration and Naturalization Service officers who arrested Fisher and detained him under section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

Fisher was then flown to the Federal Alien Detention Facility in McAllen, Texas, and held there for six weeks. During this period Fisher stated that his "real" name was Rudolf Ivanovich Abel and that he was a Soviet citizen, although he refused to discuss his intelligence activities. The name "Rudolf Ivanovich Abel" was that of a deceased friend and a KGB colonel; Fisher knew as soon as The Centre saw the name Abel on the front pages of American newspapers they would realize he had been captured.

During Fisher's detainment the FBI had been searching his hotel room and photo studio, where they discovered espionage equipment including shortwave radios, cipher pads, cameras and film for producing microdots, a hollow shaving brush, and numerous "trick" containers including hollowed-out bolts. In Fisher's New York hotel room the FBI found $4,000, a hollow ebony block containing a 250-page Russian codebook, a hollow pencil containing encrypted messages on microfilm and a key to a safe-deposit box containing another $15,000 in cash. Also discovered were photographs of the Cohens and recognition phrases to establish contact between agents who had never met before.

As Fisher was no longer considered an alleged illegal alien, but rather an alleged spy, he was flown from Texas to New York on 7 August 1957, to answer the indictment. Fisher was subsequently indicted to stand trial as a Russian spy. The Brooklyn Bar Association approached several prominent trial lawyers with political ambitions, all of whom declined the case. They then contacted James B. Donovan. Because he had served as a wartime counsel in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and had years of courtroom experience, the Bar Association believed Donovan was uniquely qualified to act as Fisher's defense lawyer. At Donovan's initial meeting with Fisher, the latter accepted Donovan as his defense counsel. Donovan subsequently brought in attorney Thomas M. Debevoise to assist him; Fisher was tried in Federal Court at New York City during October 1957, on three counts:

 Conspiracy to transmit defense information to the Soviet Union – 30 years imprisonment;
 Conspiracy to obtain defense information – 10 years imprisonment; and
 Conspiracy to act in the United States as an agent of a foreign government without notification to the Secretary of State – 5 years imprisonment.

Häyhänen, Fisher's former assistant, testified against him at the trial. The prosecution failed to find any other alleged members of Fisher's spy network, if there were any. The jury retired for three and a half hours and returned on the afternoon of October 25, 1957, finding Fisher guilty on all three counts. On 15 November 1957, Judge Mortimer W. Byers imposed on Fisher a total sentence of thirty years and fines of $3,000. In Abel v. United States, the United States Supreme Court upheld his conviction by a vote of 5–4.

Fisher, or "Rudolf Ivanovich Abel", was to serve his sentence (as prisoner 80016–A) at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, Georgia. He occupied himself with painting, learning silk-screening, playing chess, and writing logarithmic tables for the sheer enjoyment of it. He became friends with two other convicted Soviet spies. One of these was Morton Sobell, whose wife had failed to receive the $5,000 embezzled by Häyhänen. The other prisoner was Kurt Ponger, an Austrian who had been sentenced for conspiracy to commit espionage.

Release and later life

Fisher served just over four years of his sentence. On 10 February 1962, he was exchanged for the shot-down American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. The exchange took place on the Glienicke Bridge that linked West Berlin with Potsdam, which became famous during the Cold War as the "Bridge of Spies". At precisely the same time, at Checkpoint Charlie, Frederic Pryor was released by the East German Stasi into the waiting arms of his father. A few days later Fisher, reunited with his wife Elena and daughter Evelyn, flew home. For the sake of its own reputation it suited the KGB to reveal "Abel's" nine years of being an undetected agent in the United States as a triumph by a dedicated NKVD member. The idea that the name of the master spy was Rudolf Abel replaced the reality of Fisher.  During his eight years as an illegal resident, Fisher was one of the most successful KGB agents in the United States. Even though he appears not to have recruited a single agent, he identified potential spies and managed and expanded the existing network so well that The head of the CIA, Allen Dulles, said that he wished that he had even one agent as good as Abel operating within the USSR.
After his return to Moscow, Fisher was employed by the Illegals Directorate of the KGB's First Chief Directorate, giving speeches and lecturing school children on intelligence work, but became increasingly disillusioned. He made a notable appearance in the foreword to the Soviet spy film Dead Season and also worked as a consultant on the film. Fisher, who was a heavy smoker, died of lung cancer on 15 November 1971. His ashes were interred at the Donskoye Cemetery under his real name, next to Konon Molody who had died the previous year. A few Western correspondents were invited there to view for themselves the true identity of the spy who never "broke".

Legacy
 His fate inspired Vadim Kozhevnikov to write the adventure novel Shield and Sword. Although the name of the main character is Alexander Belov and is associated with Abel's name, the plot of the book is significantly different from the real fate of William August Fisher.
 For the first time Abel showed himself to the general public in 1968, when he addressed his compatriots with an introductory speech to the film The Dead Season (as an official consultant to the picture).
 In 2008, Yuri Linkevich shot the documentary "Unknown Abel".
 In 2009, the Channel One Russia created an artistic two-part biographical film The US Government against Rudolf Abel (starring Yury Belyayev).
 In Steven Spielberg's 2015 film Bridge of Spies, Fisher/Abel is portrayed by Mark Rylance. For his performance, Rylance won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.
 On 18 December 2015, on the eve of the Day of State Security Officers (a professional holiday), a grand opening ceremony of the memorial plaque to William Genrikhovich Fisher took place in Samara. The plaque, authored by Samara architect Dmitry Khramov, appeared on 8, Molodogvardeyskaya Street. It is believed that exactly here the family of the intelligence officer lived during the years of World War II. William Genrikhovich himself at that time taught radio business at a secret intelligence school, and later led counterintelligence radio operation against German intelligence from Kuibyshev.
 In 1990 the USSR released a stamp depicting Rudolf Abel as part of series: "Intelligence Agents".

References

Bibliography
 Andrew, Christopher. (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. New York. .
 Arthey, Vin. (2004). Like Father Like Son: A Dynasty of Spies. St. Ermin's Press in association with Little Brown. London. .
 Bernikow, Louise. (1970). Abel. Introduction by Burt Silverman. Hodder and Stoughton. London, Sydney, Auckland, Toronto. .
 Bigger, Philip J. (2006). NEGOTIATOR: The Life And Career of James B. Donovan. Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press. United States. .
 Damaskin, Igor with Elliott, Geoffrey. (2001). Kitty Harris: The Spy With Seventeen Names. St. Ermin's Press. London. .
 Donovan, James B. (1964). Strangers On A Bridge: The Case of Colonel Abel. Atheneum House, Inc. New York.
 Hearn, Chester G. (2006). Spies & Espionage: A Directory. Thunder Bay Press. San Diego, California. .
 Romerstein, Herbert. (2001). The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors. Regnery Publishing Ltd. Washington, D.C. .
 Sudoplatov, Pavel; Sudoplatov, Anatoli; Schecter, Jerrold L. and Schecter, Leona. (1994). Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness, a Soviet Spymaster. Little Brown. Toronto, Canada. .
 Whittell, Giles. (2010). A True Story of the Cold War: Bridge of Spies. Broadway Books. New York. .

External links

 Washington Times: "U.S. intel braces for Kremlin blowback as result of spy case". Retrieved: December 29, 2010.
 FBI: Rudolph Ivanovich Abel (Hollow Nickel Case) Retrieved: August 8, 2016.
 New York Times: The Spy of Cadman Plaza. Retrieved: February 2, 2013.
 New York Times: ABEL, SPY SUSPECT, ACCEPTS DONOVAN; Russian Has Long Talk With Former O.S.S. Counsel Who Will Defend Him Returned to Detention Cell  Retrieved: March 20, 2013.
 Bridge of Spies Movie Trailer Retrieved: October 9, 2015.

1903 births
1971 deaths
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
British emigrants to the Soviet Union
People convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
English people of German descent
English people of Russian descent
GRU officers
KGB officers
NKVD officers
Russian and Soviet-German people
Soviet Cold War spymasters
Soviet people imprisoned abroad
Soviet spies against the United States
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Deaths from lung cancer in the Soviet Union
Burials at Donskoye Cemetery

Rudolf Abel


Pisa Üniversitesi (İtalyanca: Università di Pisa), Pisa, Tuscany 1343 yılında kurulmuş, İtalya'nın en ünlü üniversitelerinden biridir. 11. yüzyıldan itibaren Pisa'da hukuk dersleri verilmesine rağmen, üniversite resmi olarak 3 Eylül 1343'te Papa VI Clemens'in emri ile kurulmuştur. Dünyanın en eski botanik bahçesi (İtalyanca: Orto botanico di Pisa) 1543'te üniversite tarafından oluşturulmuştur.

Üniversite
İtalya'daki üniversiteler
1343'te Avrupa'da kurulan oluşumlar
1340'larda kurulan üniversiteler

Pisa Üniversitesi


Agelenoidea es una superfamilia de arañas araneomorfas, constituida por dos familias de arañas con ocho ojos:
 Agelenidae: 62 géneros, 1152 especies
 Amphinectidae: 32 géneros, 159 especies

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Agelenidae
 Anexo:Especies de Amphinectidae
 Taxonomía de las arañas

Referencias
 Platnick, Norman I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology - Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World.

Enlaces externos

Agelenoidea

Agelenoidea


Košarkaški klub "Pazin" (KK "Pazin"; Pazin) je muški košarkaški klub iz Pazina, Istarska županija, Republika Hrvatska.
U sezoni 2020./21. klub se natječe u Drugoj muškoj košarkaškoj ligi - Zapad, ligi trećeg stupnja prvenstva Hrvatske.

O klubu
Počeci kluba sežu u 1953. godinu, kada počinju organizirani treninzi košarke u DTO "Partizan", te poslije nastaje samostalni klub "Partizan". 1960.-ih godina dolazi do preimenovanja u "Pazin". 1968. godine juniori kluba su prvaci Hrvatske. 1970.-ih klub pod imenom "Istraplastika" igra uspješno u Hrvatskoj ligi - Zapad, te se plasira i u "Hrvatsku republičku ligu". Do početka 1990.-ih "Istraplastika" uglavnom igra u "Hrvatskoj regionalnoj ligi - Zapad".
Od osamostaljenja Hrvatske, 1991. godine, klub je pretežno drugoligaš i trećeligaš, nastupavši u "B-1 ligi - Zapad", "A-2 ligi - Zapad", a od sezone 2017./18. u "Drugoj muškoj ligi - Zapad".
Klub je do 2006. godine djelovao pod imenom "Istraplastika", a od tada pod imenima "Puris", "Ghia Staff" (2010.) i konačno "Pazin" (2015.).

Uspjesi

nakon 1991.

do 1991.
 Hrvatska liga - Zapad
 prvaci: 1972., 1973., 1974.

 Prvenstvo Hrvatske za juniore
 prvaci: 1968.

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

 Rezervna ekipa

Poznati igrači

Poznati treneri

Unutarnje poveznice
 Pazin

Vanjske poveznice
 kkpazin.hr
 kkpuris.hr, wayback arhiva
 Košarkaški klub Pazin, facebook stranica
  basketball.eurobasket.com, KK Pazin
  basketball.eurobasket.com, Istraplastika Pazin
 ksiz.hr, Klubovi - Ghia staff
 basket4kids.net, KK Pazin
 basketball.hr, KK Pazin
 istrasport.eu, KK Pazin
 sportilus.com, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB GHIA STAFF PAZIN

Izvori

 kkpazin.hr, Povijest kluba , pristupljeno 15. veljače 2021.
 kkpuris.hr, Povijest kluba, wayback arhiva
 kkpazin.hr, Rezultati , pristupljeno 15. veljače 2021.
 kkpuris.hr, Rezultati, wayback arhiva
 ipazin.net, Danas 58. rođendan pazinske košarke, objavljeno 23. prosinca 2010., pristupljeno 15. veljače 2021.
 pazin-sport.hr, Priznanja pazinskim košarkaškim djelatnicima, objavljeno 2. prosinca 2016., pristupljeno 15. veljače 2021.
 poslovna.hr, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB PAZIN
 fininfo.hr, KK PAZIN (KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB PAZIN)
 bisnode.hr, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB PAZIN
 companywall.hr, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB PAZIN
 mojatvrtka.net, KOŠARKAŠKI KLUB ISTRAPLASTIKA PAZIN

Košarkaški klubovi u Istarskoj županiji
Pazin

KK Pazin


Heiner Franz (* 3. Juli 1946 in Tübingen) ist ein deutscher Jazzgitarrist und Musikproduzent.

Leben und Wirken
Franz begann als Amateurmusiker; er studierte von 1966 bis 1972 evangelische Theologie, um dann als Religionslehrer, ab 1973 als Vikar und ab 1975 als Gemeindepfarrer tätig zu sein. 1979 schied er aus dem Kirchendienst aus und arbeitete freiberuflich als Musiker. Er war sowohl als Studiomusiker mit dem Tanzorchester des Saarländischen Rundfunks und dem Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Saarbrücken tätig als auch mit eigenen Gruppen und als Komponist und Produzent von Filmmusiken. 1988 gründete er sein Label Jardis; zeitweise beschäftigte er sich auch mit dem Bau von Gitarren und unterhielt eine eigene Werkstatt. Bei den Blue Jazzniks mit Siggi Gerhard, Klaus Lohfink und Achim Hamacher spielte er Banjo. Er ist auf Tonträgern mit Louis Stewart, Peter Leitch, Kevin Dean, Brainstream und dem European Jazz Guitar Orchester (1993, mit Maarten van der Grinten, Doug Raney, Frédéric Sylvestre und Louis Stewart) zu hören und begründete 1996 das Internationale Jazz Guitar Meeting in Spiesen-Elversberg, das dreimal bis 1999 stattfand. Weiterhin war er als Dozent bei internationalen Jazzworkshops und an Musikhochschulen tätig.

Preise und Auszeichnungen
2006 wurde ihm der Archtop Germany Award verliehen.

Diskographische Hinweise
  A Window to the Soul (Jardis 1988)
 Louis Stewart, Heiner Franz: In a Mellow Tone (Jardis 1992)
 Heiner Franz & Friends, Lindy Huppertsberg, Pierre Paquette: Let's Have a Ball (Jardis 2000)

Lexikalische Einträge
 Jürgen Wölfer: Jazz in Deutschland. Das Lexikon. Alle Musiker und Plattenfirmen von 1920 bis heute. Hannibal, Höfen 2008, ISBN 978-3-85445-274-4.

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz mit Diskographie

Jazz-Gitarrist
Filmkomponist
Musikproduzent
Musiker (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1946
Mann

Heiner Franz


Tossenthal ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Eisfeld im Landkreis Hildburghausen in Thüringen.

Lage
Tossenthal liegt am Fuß des Stelzener Bergs. Die Kreisstraße 529 verbindet den Ortsteil mit dem Umland. Die Bundesstraßen 281 und 89 führen in der Nähe mit Anschlussstellen vorbei.

Geschichte
1330/1340 wurde das Dorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Derzeit (Stand: 2010) wohnen 34 Personen in dem Ort.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurden die Gemeinden Tossenthal und Weitesfeld zur neuen Gemeinde Weitesthal zusammengeschlossen. Diese wurde am 1. April 1974 in die Gemeinde Sachsenbrunn eingegliedert, die wiederum zum 1. Januar 2019 nach Eisfeld eingegliedert wurde.

Dialekt
In Tossenthal wird Itzgründisch, ein  mainfränkischer Dialekt, gesprochen.

Weblinks

 Tossenthal auf der Website von Eisfeld

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Hildburghausen
Geographie (Eisfeld)
Ersterwähnung 1330
Gemeindeauflösung 1950
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Hildburghausen)
Ort an der Itz

Tossenthal


Remipedia, razred u potkoljenu rakova. Podijeljen je na dva reda, od kojih je jedan fosilni.

Ovim rakovima pripada i jedina otrovna vrsta rakova, a otkrivena je u pećinama Srednje Amerike, to je Xibalbanus tulumensis. Prvi puta opisan je 1987. godine pod imenom Speleonectes tulumensis Yager, 1987, a 2013 godine prebačen je u rod Xibalbanus.

Podjela
E Classis Remipedia Yager, 1981
Ordo Enantiopoda †
Familia Tesnusocarididae Brooks, 1955 †
Ordo Nectiopoda
Familia Cryptocorynetidae Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
Familia Godzilliidae Schram, Yager & Emerson, 1986
Familia Kumongidae Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
Familia Micropacteridae Koenemann, Iliffe & van der Ham, 2007
Familia Morlockiidae García-Valdecasas, 1984
Familia Pleomothridae Hoenemann, Neiber, Schram & Koenemann in Hoenemann, Neiber, Humphreys, Iliffe, Li, Schram & Koenemann, 2013
Familia Speleonectidae Yager, 1981
Familia Xibalbanidae Olesen, Meland, Glenner, van Hengstum & Iliffe, 2017

Izvori

Rakovi

Remipedia


Kamenikovke (lat. Saxifragaceae), biljna porodica u redu kamenikolike, koja ime dobiva po rodu Saxifraga (kamenika), a ime dolazi od latinske riječi saxum (kamen) i frangere (razlomiti), zato što često rastu u pukotinama stijena i kamena.

Poprodica se sastooji od preko 850 priznatih vrsta unutar 32 roda.

Rodovi

 Familia Saxifragaceae Juss. (795 spp.)
 Tribus Cascadieae R.A.Folk & Soltis
 Cascadia A. M. Johnson (1 sp.)
 Saxifragodes D. M. Moore (1 sp.)
 Tribus Chrysosplenieae Dumort.
 Peltoboykinia (Engl.) Hara (2 spp.)
 Chrysosplenium L. (82 spp.)
 Tribus Micrantheae R.A.Folk & Soltis
 Micranthes Haw. (84 spp.)
 Tribus Darmereae R.A.Folk & Soltis
 Mukdenia Koidz. (1 sp.)
 Oresitrophe Bunge (1 sp.)
 Astilboides (Hemsl.) Engl. (1 sp.)
 Darmera Voss (1 sp.)
 Rodgersia A. Gray (5 spp.)
 Bergenia Moench (10 spp.)
 Tribus Leptarrheneae Schulze-Menz
 Leptarrhena R. Br. (1 sp.)
 Tanakaea Franch. & Sav. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Saniculiphylleae C. Y. Wu & T. C. Ku
 Saniculiphyllum C. Y. Wu & T. C. Ku (1 sp.)
 Tribus Astilbeae Schulze-Menz
 Saxifragopsis Small (1 sp.)
 Astilbe Buch.-Ham. (25 spp.)
 Tribus Boykinieae R.A.Folk & Soltis
 Telesonix Raf. (1 sp.)
 Jepsonia Small (3 spp.)
 Sullivantia Torr. & A. Gray (3 spp.)
 Boykinia Nutt. (8 spp.)
 Hemieva Raf. (1 sp.)
 Suksdorfia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Bolandra A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Hieronymusia Engl. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Heuchereae Bartl.
 Tiarella L. (7 spp.)
 Spuriomitella (H.Boissieu) R.A.Folk & Y.Okuyama (1 sp.)
 Elmera Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Mitellastra Howell (1 sp.)
 Conimitella Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Ozomelis Raf. (3 spp.)
 Tolmiea Torr. & A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Pectiantia Raf. (1 sp.)
 Tellima R. Br. (1 sp.)
 Asimitellaria (Wakab.) R.A.Folk & Y.Okuyama (11 spp.)
 Bensoniella Morton (1 sp.)
 Brewerimitella (Engl.) R.A.Folk & Y.Okuyama (2 spp.)
 Mitella L. (3 spp.)
 Lithophragma (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (9 spp.)
 Heuchera L. (50 spp.)
 Tribus Saxifrageae Dumort.
 Saxifraga L. (462 spp.)
 Brachycaulos Dikshit & Panigrahi (1 sp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Kamenikolike

Kamenikovke


Fyrst Johan 6. af Anhalt-Zerbst (; 24. marts 1621 – 4. juli 1667) var fyrste af det tyske fyrstendømme Anhalt-Zerbst fra 1621 til sin død i 1667.

Se også
Anhalts regenter

Eksterne links

 Slægten Askaniens officielle hjemmeside

Huset Askanien
Fyrster af Anhalt-Zerbst
Personer fra Zerbst
Tyskere i 1600-tallet

Johan 6. af Anhalt-Zerbst


Justin Falk (* 11. Oktober 1988 in Snowflake, Manitoba) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -trainer. Der Verteidiger bestritt zwischen 2010 und 2018 insgesamt 279 Partien für fünf Teams in der National Hockey League (NHL).

Karriere
Justin Falk begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei den Swan Valley Stampeders, für die er in der Saison 2004/05 zunächst in der Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL) aktiv war. Gegen Saisonende wechselte er zu den Calgary Hitmen aus der kanadischen Top-Juniorenliga Western Hockey League. Dort begann er auch die folgende Spielzeit, ehe der Verteidiger nach nur fünf Partien innerhalb der WHL zu den Spokane Chiefs wechselte. Mit Spokane gewann er in der Saison 2007/08 zunächst den Ed Chynoweth Cup, den WHL-Meistertitel, sowie anschließend den Memorial Cup. Im Anschluss an den Memorial Cup wurde er in das All-Star Team des Turniers gewählt.

Im NHL Entry Draft 2007 wurde Falk von den Minnesota Wild ausgewählt. Für deren Farmteam Houston Aeros spielte er von 2008 bis 2011 überwiegend in der American Hockey League (AHL). Für die Minnesota Wild selbst gab er in der Saison 2009/10 sein Debüt in der National Hockey League. In der Saison 2011/12 war der Kanadier erstmals Stammspieler im NHL-Team der Minnesota Wild.

Im Juni 2013 wurde er im Austausch für Benn Ferriero und einem Sechstrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2014 zu den New York Rangers transferiert. Bereits nach einer Saison kehrte er allerdings wieder zu den Wild nach Minnesota zurück, blieb allerdings nur bis März 2015, als er samt einem Fünftrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2015 zu den Columbus Blue Jackets transferiert wurde. Im Gegenzug erhielten die Wild Jordan Leopold. Mit den Lake Erie Monsters, dem Farmteam der Monsters, gewann Falk am Ende der Saison 2015/16 den Calder Cup. Trotzdem erhielt er keinen über die Spielzeit hinausgehenden Vertrag in Columbus, sodass er sich im Juli 2016 als Free Agent den Buffalo Sabres anschloss. Dort war er bis zum Ende der Saison 2017/18 aktiv, als sein auslaufender Kontrakt nicht verlängert wurde. Anschließend verbrachte er knapp einen Monat auf Probe bei den Colorado Eagles aus der AHL, bevor ihn die Ottawa Senators Ende November 2018 mit einem Einjahresvertrag ausstatteten. Dieser wurde im Sommer 2019 nicht verlängert, sodass er seine aktive Karriere in der Folge beendete.

Zur Saison 2021/22 kehrte Falk in die Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL) zurück und übernahm dort bei den Winkler Flyers in Personalunion als General Manager und Cheftrainer.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2008 Ed-Chynoweth-Cup-Gewinn mit den Spokane Chiefs
 2008 Memorial-Cup-Gewinn mit den Spokane Chiefs
 2008 Memorial Cup All-Star Team
 2016 Calder-Cup-Gewinn mit den Lake Erie Monsters

Karrierestatistik

Weblinks

Eishockeyspieler (Spokane Chiefs)
Eishockeyspieler (Houston Aeros, AHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Iowa Wild)
Eishockeyspieler (Minnesota Wild)
Eishockeyspieler (New York Rangers)
Eishockeyspieler (Lake Erie Monsters)
Eishockeyspieler (Columbus Blue Jackets)
Eishockeyspieler (Rochester Americans)
Eishockeyspieler (Buffalo Sabres)
Eishockeyspieler (Calgary Hitmen)
Eishockeyspieler (Colorado Eagles, AHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Ottawa Senators)
Eishockeyspieler (Belleville Senators)
Kanadier
Geboren 1988
Mann

Justin Falk


este o companie japoneză de fabricare a berii și de distilare. Înființată în 1899, este una dintre cele mai vechi companii de distribuție a băuturilor alcoolice din Japonia și produce whisky japonez. Afacerile sale s-au extins și în alte domenii, iar compania produce acum și băuturi răcoritoare și sandvișuri. Odată cu achiziția din 2014 a companiei Beam, Inc., aceasta s-a diversificat la nivel internațional și a devenit unul dintre cei mai mari producători de băuturi distilate din lume. Suntory are sediul central în Osaka.

Legături externe
  www.suntory.com - Site web oficial

Companii din Japonia

Suntory


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2022 en Ukraine :

Évènements
 Guerre du Donbass  (depuis 2014)
 Pandémie de Covid-19 en Ukraine
 Crise diplomatique russo-ukrainienne de 2021-2022
 Depuis le  :
  : une bannière à effigie de Stepan Bandera, héros ukrainien, est accrochée sur la façade du conseil régional de Ternopil et entre dans le livre des records de l'Ukraine.
  : Cyberattaque de 2022
  : l'ancien président Petro Porochenko se fait retirer son passeport au poste-frontière à l'aéroport de Kiev.
  : Fusillade de Dnipro
  :  le président russe Vladimir Poutine reconnaît la république populaire de Donetsk et celle de Louhansk, dans l'est de l'Ukraine.
  : Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie (Ordre de bataille - Réactions - Manifestations - Désinformation - Sanctions contre la Russie -  - Pertes humaines - Crimes de guerre - Impact économique} - Crise des réfugiés - Opération Ganga - Résolution de l'ONU)
 Bataille d'Okhtyrka
 Bataille de l'aéroport de Hostomel
 Attaque de l'aéroport de Millerovo
 Bataille de Kharkiv
 Première bataille de Kherson
 Bombardements de Kiev - Offensive de Kiev
 Bataille de Konotop
 Bataille de l'île des Serpents
 Bataille de Soumy
 Bataille de Tchernobyl
 Offensive du Sud de l'Ukraine
 Offensive de l'Est de l'Ukraine
  :
 Bataille d'Ivankiv
 Siège de Marioupol
 Bataille de Melitopol
 Bataille de Mykolaïv
 Bataille de Soumy
 Bataille de Starobilsk
  :
 Bataille de Vassylkiv
  :
 Bombardement de Zaporijjia
  :
 Siège d'Enerhodar

 Bataille de Horlivka
  : 53 personnes sont tuées et 75 sont blessées lorsqu'un bombardement frappe une prison russe détenant des prisonniers de guerre ukrainiens à Olenivka, dans l'oblast de Donetsk. La Russie et l'Ukraine s'accusent mutuellement d'avoir mené la frappe.
  : début des référendums en Ukraine occupée, organisés par la Russie et controversés dans le contexte de guerre en cours.
  : annexion des oblasts ukrainiens de Donetsk, Kherson, Louhansk et Zaporijjia par la Russie.
  : une série de bombardements russes touche les grandes villes ukrainiennes, dont la capitale Kiev.

Sport
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football de deuxième division 2021-2022
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football 2021-2022
 Coupe d'Ukraine de football 2021-2022
 4- : participation de l'Ukraine aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver à Pékin.
 4- : participation de l'Ukraine aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver à Pékin.

Culture

Sortie de film
 Klondike

Dissolution

Création
10e corps d'armée (Ukraine).

Décès
 Ivan Dziouba, critique littéraire.
 , acteur.
 , artiste.
 , footballeur.
 Anatoliy Novikov, judoka.
 Oksana Shvets, actrice.

Notes et références

2022 en Ukraine
Chronologie de l'Ukraine au XXIe siècle

Ukraine

2022 en Ukraine


Arunachal Pradesh. නැගෙනහිර භාරතයේ ප්‍රාන්තයකි. අගනුවර: ඉටානගර්.
ඉන්දියාව
ඉන්දියාවේ ප්‍රාන්ත

අරුනාචල් ප්‍රදේශ්


Rhytiphora je rod strizibuba iz potporodice Lamiinae. Sadrži sljedeće vrste:

subgenus Platyomopsis
 Rhytiphora albocincta (Guérin-Méneville, 1831)
 Rhytiphora armatula (White, 1859)
 Rhytiphora basalis (Aurivillius, 1917)
 Rhytiphora cana (McKeown, 1948)
 Rhytiphora decipiens (Pascoe, 1863)
 Rhytiphora fraserensis (Blackburn, 1892)
 Rhytiphora frenchi (Blackburn, 1890)
 Rhytiphora mjoebergi (Aurivillius, 1917)
 Rhytiphora multispinis Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora nigrovirens (Donovan, 1805)
 Rhytiphora obenbergeri Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora obliqua (Donovan, 1805)
 Rhytiphora petrorhiza (Boisduval, 1835)
 Rhytiphora pubiventris (Pascoe, 1862)
 Rhytiphora regularis (Gahan, 1893)
 Rhytiphora spinosa (Thomson, 1864)
 Rhytiphora subminiata (Pascoe, 1866)
 Rhytiphora subregularis Breuning, 1973
 Rhytiphora torquata (Pascoe, 1875)
 Rhytiphora tuberculigera Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora vestigialis (Pascoe, 1864)
 Rhytiphora vicaria (Pascoe, 1865)
 Rhytiphora viridescens Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora wallacei (Pascoe, 1864)

subgenus Rhytiphora
 Rhytiphora affinis Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora albospilota Aurivillius, 1893
 Rhytiphora antennalis Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora argentata Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora argenteolateralis McKeown, 1948
 Rhytiphora cretata Pascoe, 1859
 Rhytiphora crucensis McKeown, 1948
 Rhytiphora cruciata (Pascoe, 1875)
 Rhytiphora dallasi Pascoe, 1869
 Rhytiphora frenchiana Breuning, 1961
 Rhytiphora intertincta Pascoe, 1867
 Rhytiphora leucolateralis Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora macleayi Lea, 1912
 Rhytiphora marmorea Breuning, 1942
 Rhytiphora mista Newman, 1842
 Rhytiphora ochreomarmorata Breuning, 1939
 Rhytiphora odewahni Pascoe, 1866
 Rhytiphora parantennalis Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora polymista Pascoe, 1859
 Rhytiphora rosei Olliff, 1890
 Rhytiphora rubeta Pascoe, 1863
 Rhytiphora rugicollis (Dalman, 1817)
 Rhytiphora sannio Newman, 1838
 Rhytiphora saundersi Pascoe, 1857
 Rhytiphora simsoni Blackburn, 1901
 Rhytiphora subargentata Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora transversesulcata Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora truncata Breuning, 1940
 Rhytiphora waterhousei Pascoe, 1864

subgenus Saperdopsis
 Rhytiphora albescens Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora albicollis Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora albofasciata Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora albolateralis Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora albolateraloides Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora anaglypta (Pascoe, 1867)
 Rhytiphora arctos (Pascoe, 1865)
 Rhytiphora argus Pascoe, 1867
 Rhytiphora barnardi Breuning, 1982
 Rhytiphora basicristata Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora bispinosa Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora buruensis Breuning, 1959
 Rhytiphora capreolus (Pascoe, 1867)
 Rhytiphora cinerascens (Aurivillius, 1917)
 Rhytiphora cinnamomea (Pascoe, 1859)
 Rhytiphora corrhenoides Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora dawsoni Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora dentipes (Blackburn, 1894)
 Rhytiphora deserti (Blackburn, 1896)
 Rhytiphora detrita Hope, 1841
 Rhytiphora devota (Pascoe, 1866)
 Rhytiphora dunni Breuning, 1972
 Rhytiphora farinosa (Pascoe, 1863)
 Rhytiphora fasciata (Blackburn, 1901)
 Rhytiphora ferruginea (Aurivillius, 1917)
 Rhytiphora fumata (Pascoe, 1863)
 Rhytiphora gallus (Pascoe, 1864)
 Rhytiphora heros (Pascoe, 1863)
 Rhytiphora iliaca (Pascoe, 1866)
 Rhytiphora lanosa (Pascoe, 1869)
 Rhytiphora laterialba Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora laterivitta Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora maculicornis (Pascoe, 1858)
 Rhytiphora marmorata Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora modesta (Blackburn, 1890)
 Rhytiphora morata (Pascoe, 1863)
 Rhytiphora neglecta (Pascoe, 1863)
 Rhytiphora neglectoides Breuning, 1966
 Rhytiphora nigroscutellata Breuning, 1966
 Rhytiphora obscura Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora obsoleta Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora ocellata (Breuning, 1938)
 Rhytiphora ochreobasalis Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora ochrescens Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora parafarinosa Breuning, 1970
 Rhytiphora pedicornis  (Fabricius, 1775)
 Rhytiphora piligera (MacLeay, 1826)
 Rhytiphora pulverulea (Boisduval, 1835)
 Rhytiphora rubriventris (Breuning, 1938)
 Rhytiphora satelles (Pascoe, 1865)
 Rhytiphora sellata Breuning, 1938
 Rhytiphora solandri (Fabricius, 1775)
 Rhytiphora sospitalis Pascoe, 1865
 Rhytiphora tenimberensis Breuning, 1973
 Rhytiphora timorlautensis (Breuning, 1938)
 Rhytiphora ursus (Breuning, 1938)
 Rhytiphora variolosa (Pascoe, 1862)
 Rhytiphora viridis Breuning, 1938

subgenus Setomopsis
 Rhytiphora amicula White, 1859
 Rhytiphora delicatula McKeown, 1948
 Rhytiphora piperitia Hope, 1841
 Rhytiphora uniformis Blackburn, 1901
 Rhytiphora vermiculosa Breuning, 1970

subgenus Trichomopsis
 Rhytiphora lateralis (Pascoe, 1858)
 Rhytiphora pulcherrima Breuning, 1965

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Strizibube

Rhytiphora


An Pitcairnia lehmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Pitcairnia lehmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia lehmannii


El término arroyo del Tala puede referirse a:

 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del río Arapey.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del río Arapey.
Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Flores afluente del arroyo Maciel.
Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Flores afluente del río Yí.
Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Durazno afluente del río Yí.
Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Salto afluente del río Daymán.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Paysandú afluente del río Daymán.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Arroyo Chapicuy Grande
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Arroyo Itapebí Grande
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Arroyo Maciel
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua afluente del arroyo Porongos.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Arroyo Espinosa.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Arroyo Grande.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Arroyo Chamizo Grande.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Río San Juan.
 Arroyo del Tala: curso de agua uruguayo afluente del Arroyo de la Cordobesa.

Arroyo del Tala


La isla Batkachnyy (en ruso: Баткачный) es una isla en el mar Caspio perteneciente a la Federación rusa. Se encuentra situada a la derecha de la desembocadura del Volga, un delta con multitud de islas.

Batkachnyy tiene una forma muy retorcida, con extensiones de tierra alargadas y muchas entradas de agua. Está separada de la costa por un canal de aproximadamente 1 km de ancho. Tiene una longitud de casi 30 km y una anchura máxima de 10 km.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Rusia
 Anexo:Islas de Rusia

Islas fluviales de Rusia

Isla Batkachnyy


Yeni Türkiye Partisi (YTP), 2002 ile 2004 yılları arasında var olmuş merkez sol eğilimli siyasi parti.

Tarihçe
22 Temmuz 2002'de, Demokratik Sol Partiden (DSP) ayrılan Dışişleri Bakanı İsmail Cem, Başbakan Yardımcısı Hüsamettin Özkan, ekonomiden sorumlu Devlet Bakanı Kemal Derviş ve Muş milletvekili Zeki Eker liderliğindeki bir grup milletvekili tarafından kuruldu. 8 Temmuz 2002'de başlayan istifa sürecinin ardından DSP'den ayrılan 64 milletvekilinden Mustafa Yılmaz dışındaki 63 kişi Yeni Türkiye Partisine katıldı. Merkez sol çizgide olan partinin ilk ve tek genel başkanı İsmail Cem olmuştur. Ekonomiden sorumlu devlet bakanı olarak 57. Hükümette yer almış olan Kemal Derviş, partinin kuruluş döneminde Cem ve Özkan'la birlikte hareket etmesine karşın kısa süre sonra Cumhuriyet Halk Partisine (CHP) geçti.

3 Kasım 2002 erken genel seçimlerinde %1,15'lik oy oranıyla bir varlık gösterememesi üzerine başta Hüsamettin Özkan olmak üzere partiden büyük kopuşlar oldu. 2004 yerel seçimlerinde oylarının %0,32'ye gerilemesi ve İsmail Cem'in ağır hastalığı nedeni ile YTP siyasi varlığını daha fazla devam ettiremedi. 3 Ekim 2004'te İsmail Cem, CHP genel başkanı Deniz Baykal'ın yaptığı YTP'nin CHP'ye katılma çağrısını kabul ettiğini açıkladı. 24 Ekim 2004'te de Ankara'da düzenlenen Yeni Türkiye Partisi Büyük Kongresi, Genel Başkan İsmail Cem'in önerisini kabul ederek 315 delegeden 303'ünün oyuyla CHP'ye katılma kararı aldı.

Yeni Türkiye Partisi ve seçimler

Genel seçimler

Yerel seçimler

Kaynakça

2002'de kurulan siyasi partiler
2004'te kapatılan siyasi partiler

Türkiye'deki eski siyasi partiler
Türkiye'deki sosyal demokrat partiler
Türkiye'deki merkez sol partiler
İsmail Cem

Yeni Türkiye Partisi (2002)


Aceasta este o listă de filme de groază din 2017.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Liste de filme de groază
Filme din 2017

Listă de filme de groază din 2017


Formula (lat. formula - deminutiv od forma, oblik) svaki je simbolični zapis (algebarski izraz, a također i jednakost), koji sadrži neku tvrdnju (teorem, zaključak).

Primjeri formula:

2n-1 - formula proizvoljnoga neparnoga broja, gdje je n cijeli broj;
2x2=5; (netočno)
 formula kvadrata zbroja dva broja;
 s greškom manjom od 0,005;

Eulerova formula: ;
Greenova formula;
Taylorova formula;
Formule mogu izražavati kako točne tako i netočne tvrdnje. Od primjera formula, netočna je jedino druga po redu.

Kemijska formula skraćeni je oblik prikazivanja sastava i građe molekula, iona ili općenito formulskih jedinki tvari s pomoću simbola kemijskih elemenata.

U računalstvu, formula obično opisuje izračun, kao što je zbrajanje, koji se izvodi na jednoj ili više varijabli. Formula se često implicitno daje u obliku računalne instrukcije kao npr.: °C = (5/9)*(°F  - 32)

Izvori

Matematička notacija

Formula


83-42 er en 4 meter høj klippeø som ligger nord for Grønland. Den kaldes også Schmitts Ø efter amerikaneren Dennis Schmitt, der opdagede øen.

Øen kan være klodens nordligste landområde, da den ligger 700 kilometer fra Nordpolen. Der vokser lav på øen, hvilket beviser at den ikke er en sandbanke som fx Oodaaq Ø, der ofte anses for at være verdens nordligste. Oodaaq Ø ligger dog 705 kilometer fra Nordpolen, så 83-42 har en nordligere beliggenhed.

Se også
Kaffeklubben Ø

Kilder
 Xefer (engelsk)
 San Francisco Chronicle 17. juni 2004 (engelsk)
 New York Times 8. juni 2004 (engelsk)

Øer i Grønland

83-42


La Zona Metropolitana de Querétaro (ZMQ), es un conjunto de poblaciones conurbanas y relacionadas por su cercanía a la población de Santiago de Querétaro, en el estado de Querétaro.
De acuerdo con el último conteo y delimitación oficial realizada en 2020 en conjunto por el INEGI, el CONAPO y la SEDESOL, es la octava zona metropolitana más poblada de México.

Delimitación

Localidades integrantes de la zona
 22014 Querétaro
 0001 Santiago de Querétaro
 0032 Buena Vista
 0051 La Gotera
 0058 Juriquilla
 0069 Montenegro
 0075 Pie de Gallo
 0085 Puerto de Aguirre
 0092 El Salitre
 0101 San José el Alto
 0103 San Miguelito
 0105 San Pedro Mártir
 0107 Santa María Magdalena
 0108 Santa Rosa Jáuregui
 0110 La Solana
 0114 Tlacote el Bajo
 0236 Colinas de Santa Cruz

 22006 Corregidora
 0001 El Pueblito
 0010 Colonia los Ángeles
 0017 La Negreta
 0019 Los Olvera
 0044 San José de los Olvera
 0142 Venceremos

 22011 El Marqués
 0001 La Cañada
 0005 Amazcala
 0006 Atongo
 0017 General Lázaro Cárdenas (El Colorado)
 0026 Chichimequillas

 22008 Huimilpan
 0001 Huimilpan
 0017 Santa Teresa
 0037 El Vegil
 0002 Pio XII
 0003 San Pedro

Véase también

 Áreas metropolitanas de México
 Región Metropolitana del Bajío

Referencias

Quéretaro
Geografía del estado de Querétaro
 Zona

Zona metropolitana de Querétaro


Pedro Alfonso Fernández del Vallado López (Oviedo, 23 de noviembre de 1927 - Madrid, 6 de junio de 2011) fue un médico y catedrático español, pionero de la especialidad de reumatología en España y creador de la escuela clásica de esa especialidad en ese país.

Biografía
Nieto de Fermín López del Vallado y Branat, Abogado-Alcalde de Oviedo entre 1906-1909, que da nombre a una calle de ese Municipio. Su bisabuelo Baltasar López del Vallado fue el primer juez noble de la villa de Gijón entre 1782 y 1794.

Estudió en el Colegio Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Madrid.

Profesional
Se doctoró en Medicina y Cirugía por la Universidad de Madrid en 1950 y realizó la especialidad de Reumatología en París, entre 1950 y 1954.

A su regreso en 1955, fue uno de los médicos fundadores de la Clínica de la Concepción de Madrid, (posteriormente llamada Fundación Jiménez Díaz) junto al que fue su gran maestro, el Doctor Don Carlos Jiménez Díaz, formando parte de su Junta de dirección entre los años 1975 y 1983.

En 1955 fue el creador del Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, departamento pionero de la especialidad en España.

Es el padre de la llamada "Escuela Clásica de Reumatología", a través de la cual, realizó una triple labor asistencial, de docencia e investigación, y consiguió varios hitos históricos para la Especialidad:

En 1960, los primeros programas en España, precursores de la enseñanza MIR (Médico Interno Residente) implantados en la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, permitieron que en su servicio y con él se formaran los reumatólogos que, a su vez, pasarían posteriormente a ser los jefes del resto de servicios de la especialidad, que se fueron creando en los principales hospitales de España: Juan Gijón Baños (que en los inicios fue su gran colaborador en la creación de esta Escuela) y Emilio Martín Mola en el Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid; Juan Beltrán y, posteriormente, Antonio Zea en el Hospital Ramón y Cajal de Madrid; Antonio Larrea en el Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Madrid; Pedro Sabando Suárez en el Hospital de La Princesa de Madrid; Gabriel Herrero Beaumont en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz de Madrid,(sustituyendo al propio Dr. Fernández del Vallado tras su retirada en 1993); Francisco Atero Carrasco en El Hospital Militar Gómez Ulla de Madrid; Isabel Mateo Bernardo en el Hospital 12 de Octubre de Madrid; Pedro Zarco en el Hospital de Alcorcón; Roberto Miguélez en el Hospital de Móstoles; Jesús Tornero Molina en el Hospital General Universitario de Guadalajara; Ramón Serrano Valladares en el Hospital de León; Francisco Javier Paulino Tevar en el Hospital General de Ciudad Real, entre otros.

En 1970 con la integración de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), consiguió, que por primera vez la reumatología entrase en la Universidad como disciplina enclavada en el departamento de medicina, y así su reconocimiento como especialidad independiente de la medicina interna.

Unió las corrientes de reumatología anglosajona y francesa que existían en Europa, creando una reumatología científica en España, con aportaciones determinantes en enfermedades reumáticas, como la Artritis, la Artrosis, la Gota, o la Fiebre de Malta-Brucelosis, sobre la que realizó su Tesis doctoral.

Hizo posible que la reumatología española estuviera al mismo nivel de investigación que otras especialidades médicas, con la creación de grupos con laboratorios propios.

Consiguió la consolidación hospitalaria y asistencial de la especialidad.

Presidió la Sociedad Española de Reumatología (SER) entre 1972-74, siendo reelegido entre 1974-76, como uno de los tres primeros presidentes de la SER en España.

Creó la Liga Reumatológica Española (LIRE) en 1973.

Fue también el fundador de la Revista Española de Reumatología (RER) en enero de 1974, y primer presidente de su consejo editorial.

Fue Profesor de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), en la especialidad de Reumatología, desde su creación en 1970 hasta 1993.

Formó parte del órgano de presidencia del Comité Iberoamericano de Reumatología (CIAR), siendo miembro fundador y vicepresidente en la segunda mitad de la década de 1980.

Fue miembro de honor, entre otras, de las Sociedades Francesa y Chilena de reumatología, participando activamente en la mayoría de los Congresos Nacionales, Europeos y Mundiales de dicha especialidad, desde 1955 hasta 1995.

En 1977 fue nombrado Presidente de Honor de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología.

En 1993 se le nombró Consultor honorífico del Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz de Madrid.

En 1995 se creó el Centro Madrileño de Enfermedades Óseas, que lleva su nombre "Instituto Fernández del Vallado".

Estuvo casado hasta su fallecimiento con Mercedes García-Agulló Lladó, nieta del Diputado romanonista José Lladó Vallés.

Tuvo 4 hijos: Pablo, José, Gracia y Javier Fernández del Vallado García-Agulló.

Falleció en Madrid el 6 de junio de 2011.

Obra editada

 Resultados de la experiencia clínica con el G. 28.315, en el Tratamiento de los Enfermos Gotosos 1960-Pedro Fernández del Vallado López, J. Gijón Baños.
 Cirugía de la Artritis Reumatoide Liade, 1971-Vicente Sentí Montagut, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (Madrid), Pedro Fernández del Vallado López
 Artrosis de Cadera y Rodilla. Servicio de Reumatología, Clínica Ntra. Sra. de la Concepción, 1977-Pedro Fernández del Vallado López, Juan Gijón Baños, Fundación Jiménez Díaz.
 Artritis Reumatoidea DISTA, 1977-Pedro Fernández del Vallado López, Juan Gijón Baños.
 Espondiloartritis Anquilosante y sus Variantes Dista, S.A.E., 1977-Pedro Fernández del Vallado López, Juan Gijón Baños.
 Reumatismos vertebrales:Artrosis y discopatias 1977-Pedro Fernández del Vallado López, Juan Gijón Baños.
 Artritis in beta-thalassemia minor 1983-Luis Górriz MD, Celso De León MD, Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont MD, Pedro Fernández Del Vallado MD.
 Artritis Reactivas Versus Síndrome de Reiter Geigy, División Farmacéutica, 1984-Pedro Fernández del Vallado López, Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont.
 Ensayo Clínico Abierto con Naproxen en las Artropatias degenerativas Osteoartritis 1983-Pedro Fernández del Vallado, Juan Gijón Baños, JL Postigo Álvarez.
 Ocular Complications Caused by Synthetic Antinalarials.
 Dermatonyositis and Polymyositis.Rewieu of 17 Cases Revista Clínica Española (1980) by E Martín Mola, I Mateo Bernardo, J Gijón Baños, J L Postigo Álvarez, R Muñoz Blanch, P Fernández Del Vallado.
 Membranous Glomerulonephritis as a Complication of Oral Gold Therapy Juan J. Plaza, Gabriel Herrero, Antonio Barat, Juan J. Loutaif, Luis Hernando, Pedro Fernández del Vallado, Horacio Oliva.
 Manifestaciones Osteoarticulares en la Brucelosis, 1984-Pedro Fernández del Vallado
 Los Reumatismos, Ed. I.M.S Madrid, 1984-Pedro Fernández del Vallado y Cols.
 Patología Médica de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Ed. Salvat, 1986-Colaboración con el resto de Servicios de la FJD.
 Juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Radiological picture, Revista española de reumatismo y enfermedades osteoarticulares. 1968 Oct;12(8): 314-8 P Sabando Suárez, L M Altuzarra Corral, P Fernández del Vallado, J Gijón Baños.
 Evaluation of articular inflammation with 99mTC. General and local indices of radiotechnetium Proceedings. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1976 Jun;35(3): 285 J A Noguera Ochoa, P Fernández del Vallado, J Gijón Baños, J Beltran Gutiérrez, J A Sánchez Martin, J M Linazasoro.
 Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and other related processes. Revista clínica española. 1979 Dec 15;155(5): 315-25 P Fernández del Vallado.
 Double-blind study using flufenamic acid (F.I. 440) and oxyphenylbutazone in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spine. Revista española de reumatismo y enfermedades osteoarticulares. 1968 Oct;12(8): 219-21 J Beltrán Gutiérrez, P Fernández del Vallado, J Gijón Baños.
 A case of pachydermoperiostosis: syndrome of Touraine, Solente and Colé. Revista española de reumatismo y enfermedades osteoarticulares. 1966 Oct;11(8): 197-204 J M Gálvez Failde, P Fernández del Vallado, J Gijón Baños.
 Hydroxyphenylbutazone in the treatment of chronic inflammatory rheumatism. Revista española de reumatismo y enfermedades osteoarticulares. 1966 Oct;11(8): 56-66 P Fernández del Vallado, J Gijón Baños, J Gálvez Failde.
 Incomplete forms of Reiter's syndrome. Revista clínica española. 1981 Jan 15;160(1): 19-22 G Herrero-Beaumont, P Fernández del Vallado, A Morales, E Fernández, P Ispizúa, J L Postigo.
 Clinical experience using hexacetonide triamcinolone in the local treatment of rheumatism. Revista clínica española. 1968 Jul 31;110(2): 137-40 P Fernández del Vallado, J Gijón Baños, J Beltrán Gutiérrez, J R Corts Giner.
 Hydroxy-phenylbutazone in the treatment of chronic inflammatory rheumatisms. Revista clínica española. 1967 Apr 15;105(1): 46-51 P.Fernández del Vallado, J Gijón Baños, J M Gálvez Failde, J Beltrán Gutiérrez.
  Spinal cord lesions in cervical spondyloarthrosis. Revista española de reumatismo y enfermedades osteoarticulares. 1966 Oct;11(8): 205-12 J L Postigo Álvarez, J Beltrán Gutiérrez, J Gijón Baños, P Fernández del Vallado, R Serrano Valladaves.
 Articular pain in childhood. Anales españoles de pediatría. 1985 Jan;22(1): 55-62 G Herrero-Beaumont, S Castañeda Sanz, P Fernández del Vallado, M López-Linares.
 Membranous glomerulonephritis as a complication of oral gold therapy. Annals of internal medicine. 1982 Oct;97(4): 563-4 J J Plaza, G Herrero, A Barat, J J Loutaif, L Hernando, P Vallado, H Oliva.
 [ A case of ankylopoietic spondylitis treated by Girdlestone's pseudarthrosis operation on both hips. Revista clínica española. 1960 Apr 15;77: 82-5 V SENTI MONTAGUT, CARREÑO, P VALLADO, J GIJON.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

• Fundación Jiménez Díaz: "Obituario en memoria del Dr. Fernández del Vallado primer Jefe del Servicio de Reumatología FJD".

• Sociedad Española de Reumatología.Historia Presidentes de la SER.

• Necrológica por el Dr. Fernández del Vallado, Consultor Jefe departamento Reumatología. []

• Historia Clínica Concepción.

• Revista SER: Todos los que estuvimos cerca del Dr. Fernández del Vallado aprendimos a manejar situaciones difíciles.

• Galería de Pioneros en Investigación y Asistencia Fundación Jiménez Díaz.

• "Historia Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 1965-1995 Dr. Mariano Jiménez Casado, Editorial Ibañez y Plaza" (páginas 51, 137, 138, 160, 177, 198, 201, 206, 236, 260, 305, 352, 353, 361, 373 y 408 entre otras)

• Centro Madrileño de Reumatología y Enfermedades Oseas "Instituto Fernández del Vallado"

• ABC "Pedro Fernández del Vallado Pionero de la especialidad en España"

• ABC "Pedro Fernández del Vallado, XI Congreso Europeo Reumatología"

• LA VANGUARDIA "Edición viernes 3 de octubre de 1975. Reunión Internacional dirigida por Pedro Fernández del Vallado, presidente SER"

• ABC "Esquela Pedro Fernández del Vallado López".

• ABC "Ecos de Sociedad: Boda Fernández del Vallado-García-Agulló Lladó"

• Enciclopedia de Oviedo "Fermín López del Vallado y Branat"

• Tribunal de Cuentas "Ministro José María García-Agulló Aguado"

• Abogado del Estado José García Agulló.

• Calle "José García Agulló"

Médicos de España del siglo XX
Reumatólogos
Nacidos en Oviedo
Fallecidos en Madrid

Pedro Fernández del Vallado