Brothers James Lloyd "Jim" Mitchell (November 30, 1943 in Stockton, California – July 12, 2007 in Petaluma, California) and Artie Jay Mitchell (December 17, 1945 in Lodi, California – February 27, 1991 in Marin County, California) were American entrepreneurs. They operated in the pornography and striptease club business in San Francisco and other parts of California from 1969 until 1991 when Jim was convicted of killing Artie.

They opened the O'Farrell Theatre in 1969 as an adult cinema and at one time operated 11 such businesses. They produced and directed many adult films, including Behind the Green Door in 1972. They were also successful as defendants in many obscenity cases. Their notoriety significantly increased with Jim's fratricide and they became the subject of three books, X-Rated, Bottom Feeders, and 9½ Years Behind the Mitchell Brothers' Green Door and the movie Rated X.

Early life
The Mitchells' father Robert (known as Bob), from Oklahoma, was a professional gambler. He and his wife Georgia Mae settled in Antioch, California, near San Francisco. According to the Mitchell brothers' biographers, they had a relatively stable childhood; the boys were popular, and some of their childhood friends became important members of their porn empire. Both attended public schools and graduated from Antioch High School.

Jim, a part-time filmmaking student at San Francisco State University in the mid-1960s, aspired to become an "important" director like Roman Polanski and headed a clique of classmates with similar ambitions. While in school, he worked at the Follies, a cinema showing brief, plotless films featuring naked performers, and observed that each night the theater was filled with masturbators who arrived simply for the onscreen nudity. He therefore perceived pornography as a potentially lucrative career opportunity for himself and Artie, who had been discharged from the United States Army.

Moviemaking and the O'Farrell Theatre

In 1969, with the help of Artie's Ivy League-educated wife Meredith Bradford, the brothers fulfilled their ambitions by leasing and renovating a dilapidated two-story building at 895 O'Farrell Street, which they converted into the O'Farrell Theatre, a movie theater with a makeshift film studio upstairs. They also rented a larger facility at 991 Tennessee Street in which to shoot some of their films; nevertheless, even their fans conceded that the Mitchells' movies ranged in quality from mediocre to atrocious. Jim Mitchell once quipped, "The only Art in [porn] is my brother."

The Mitchells opened the O'Farrell Theatre on July 4, 1969, and were confronted almost immediately by the authorities. They would open other X-rated movie houses in California over the years, spending much time in court and money on lawyers to stay open as indignant locals and officials repeatedly tried to shut them down.

They became incorporated as Cinema 7 (headquartered in the managers' offices at the O'Farrell Theatre), and in 1972 produced one of the world's first famous feature-length pornographic movies, Behind the Green Door, starring an unknown Ivory Snow girl Marilyn Chambers in her porn debut. The movie, produced for $60,000, grossed over $25 million.

The Mitchells rode the porno chic wave, using some of their Green Door profits to produce fairly lavish hardcore movies including Resurrection of Eve in 1973, Sodom and Gomorrah: The Last Seven Days in 1975, C.B. Mamas (1976), The Autobiography of a Flea (1976), Never a Tender Moment (1979), and Beyond De Sade (1979).

One of their last big-budget movies was The Grafenberg Spot (1985), featuring Traci Lords, who had entered the adult-video industry underaged using fake identification. The Mitchell brothers were the first to transfer film titles to videotape and market them via ads in national sex magazines. The brothers were inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame.

In 1985, the brothers made the sequel to Behind the Green Door that had been long-awaited—and often postponed. They hired Sharon McNight, a cabaret singer and frequent movie collaborator, to direct the picture and, uncharacteristically, chose to cast the film exclusively with amateur performers, despite the availability of such adult-industry stars as Lady Ashley Liberty, who had just concluded an engagement at New York City's Show World Center. The Mitchell brothers auditioned virtually every newcomer who responded to their advertisements (which appeared in Variety and Bay Area sex tabloids). A handful of O'Farrell dancers accepted small roles; one of them asked to be cast as Gloria, the female lead, reprising the role originally played by Chambers, who did not participate in the sequel. While McNight considered the house dancer for that part, Artie Mitchell's girlfriend, who then called herself Missy Manners, cast herself as Gloria. Filming of the sequel occurred mainly in the O'Farrell Theatre, and took only one day.

Missy, inexperienced at acting and public sex, reportedly had much difficulty performing in front of the film crew; the set was so tense that at one point Jim Mitchell harangued one of his O'Farrell managers in front of everyone because their catered lunch was inadequate. The Green Door sequel was also the world's first safe-sex film, in which all the men wore condoms, and self-protection advice was given to the audience by one of the characters. Highly over-budgeted at $250,000, Behind the Green Door: the Sequel, according to adult magazines, was one of the worst porn pictures ever made, mainly due to the absence of a professional cast.

Lawsuits
In the mid 1970s, low-level organized crime began making unauthorized copies of the Mitchells' movies, and the brothers retaliated in the courts. When one judge ruled that obscene material could not receive copyright protection, the brothers eventually prevailed in the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, leading to the FBI copyright warnings now found at the start of videos.

The O'Farrell Theatre was frequently raided on obscenity and related charges, leading to over 200 cases against its proprietors. According to Artie's daughter Liberty Bradford Mitchell, the brothers were arrested and jailed more than 180 times each; the family euphemistically referred to those episodes as "business trips". They were defended by attorneys who included Michael Kennedy and civil rights specialist, Joseph Rhine.

Friends and activities outside of porn
The Mitchells were popular on the fringes of San Francisco's diverse society. Their friends included a who's-who of pornography plus San Francisco personalities and celebrities from outside the city: Warren Hinckle, Herb Gold, Aerosmith,  Black Panther Huey "Doc" Newton, and Jack Palladino. Palladino would come to be considered the world's most expensive private investigator. The late journalist Hunter S. Thompson was a close friend of the brothers, and frequently visited the O'Farrell Theatre. In 1988, the Mitchells made a 30-minute documentary about him, Hunter S. Thompson: The Crazy Never Die.

Thompson claimed in his 2003 book Kingdom of Fear that he had worked for a while in 1985 as night manager at the club, an assertion repeated by some news articles. Thompson also claimed that the Mitchell brothers smuggled guns to the IRA.

Jim and Artie Mitchell supported various cartoonists, Dan O'Neill among them. During the 1984 Democratic National Convention, they opened the upper floor of the O'Farrell to a group of underground cartoonists, including Victor Moscoso, Robert Crumb, Spain Rodriguez, Ted Richards, S. Clay Wilson, Gary Hallgren and Phil Frank, to cover the convention for the San Francisco Chronicle.

Jim launched the publication War News to protest the first Gulf War; journalist Warren Hinckle was hired as editor, Robert Crumb designed the logo, and Art Spiegelman and Winston Smith were paid contributors. Other contributors included Daniel Ellsberg, Michael Moore, Paul Krassner, Ron Turner, Bob Callahan, Peter Bagge, Jim Woodring, Trina Robbins, S. Clay Wilson, and Hunter S. Thompson. The publication drew little support, and folded shortly after the defeat of Iraq.

Personal lives
Twice-divorced Jim cohabitated for years with Lysa Thatcher (real name Lisa Adams), a former adult-entertainment starlet and O'Farrell dancer. He and his second wife Mary Jane had four children and were married for seven years until 1986; one of them, Meta, is now the O'Farrell's general manager.

Artie was the father of six, three with his first wife, Meredith Bradford (who retained her maiden name and insisted that their children go by Bradford), and the others with Karen Hassall, whom he divorced in the mid-1980s. Meredith attended law school at her husband's expense and, upon graduating, represented the Mitchells until Jim fired her over a conflict involving his children's manners at her family's Massachusetts vacation home.

In 2011, Jim's son James "Rafe" Mitchell was convicted of murder. In May 2014, Artie's daughter Jasmine, a methamphetamine addict, was arrested for her alleged participation in an identity theft ring. In Bottom Feeders, John Hubner characterizes the Mitchells as frequently quarreling with each other and everyone else, alternately stingy and profligate, and often misogynistic. In Hubner's book, the O'Farrell Theatre is a mirrored house of sleaze, filled with bikini-clad predators hustling money from men too insecure or ugly to get girls any other way.

Killing of Artie and trial
On February 27, 1991, Jim, in response to demands by friends and associates to "do something" about alcoholic, cocaine-addled Artie, drove to Artie's house in Corte Madera with a .22 rifle that he had inherited from his father  and fatally shot the younger Mitchell. O'Farrell dancer Julie Bajo (Artie's lover at the time) immediately called 911 and the police arrested Jim minutes later. Marilyn Chambers spoke at Artie's funeral, and he was then buried at Cherokee Memorial Park in Lodi.

After a highly publicized trial in which Jim was represented by an old friend, Michael Kennedy (by then a prominent attorney), the jury rejected a murder charge and found him guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Before Jim's sentencing, numerous people spoke on his behalf (presumably appealing for clemency), including former Mayor Frank Jordan, Sheriff Michael Hennessey and former Police Chief Richard Hongisto. Jim Mitchell was sentenced to six years in prison.

One of the outcomes of Jim's trial was that the California Courts allowed, in a precedent-setting decision, a computer-animation reenactment of the murder to be entered into evidence. The animation was produced by Alexander Jason, a crime scene analyst who had first planned to make a video to show the complex series of events that ended with Artie's fatal shooting. The animation showed the positions of Jim, Artie, the bullet impact points, and the path taken by bullets as they entered Artie's body. This was the first use of a 3D computer animation in a criminal trial. In his final argument before the jury, Michael Kennedy had attempted to mock the virtual-reality reenactment. However, the success of the method led to its use in other trials.

After release from prison
After he served three years in San Quentin, Jim was released in 1997 and returned to run the O'Farrell Theatre. Jim established the "Artie Fund" to collect money for a local drug rehabilitation center and for the Surf Rescue Squad of the San Francisco Fire Department. (In 1990, Artie had been caught in a riptide off Ocean Beach in San Francisco, Jim had paddled out to help, and the Surf Rescue Squad had aided in the rescue of both of them; the Mitchells, out of gratitude, issued lifetime O'Farrell passes to the squad members.) Artie's children have denounced the fund, claiming that it is intended to whitewash Artie's murder. On their website, they describe their father's murder as premeditated and motivated by greed and jealousy, and claim that the depictions of Artie in the books and movie are inaccurate. Shortly before his death, Jim wanted to change California's nickname to "the Prison State" and design a license plate saying so. He intended to protest the efforts of law enforcement officers and prison guards to lobby for longer prison sentences.

Death of Jim
Jim Mitchell died at his ranch in Sonoma County, California on July 12, 2007, from an apparent heart attack. The funeral in Jim's boyhood town of Antioch, California on July 19 was attended by around 300 people, including Mayor Willie Brown, former District Attorney Terence Hallinan, and many O'Farrell ecdysiasts. He was buried next to his brother.<ref>Farewell to a porn king. San Francisco Chronicle, July 20, 2007.</ref>

Books and movies
Biographies of the brothers are X-Rated by David McCumber (1992, ) and Bottom Feeders: From Free Love to Hard Core by John Hubner (1993, ).

In 2000, their story was dramatized in the movie Rated X starring real-life brothers Charlie Sheen and Emilio Estevez as Artie and Jim, with Estevez directing. The film was shot in Toronto, Ontario, although the entire story occurred in the San Francisco Bay Area.

In 2001, the TV series Forensic Files aired an episode titled "Sibling Rivalry", which documented Artie's murder and the use of forensic animation and sound analysis at Jim's trial.

The 2007 book 9½ Years Behind the Green Door () by Simone Corday describes the brothers from the perspective of a dancer at the O'Farrell and girlfriend of Artie.

Popular references
The Mitchell brothers "The Left Hand and the Right Hand", written by Chuck Prophet and released on his 2012 album Temple Beautiful''. The album was an homage to Prophet's hometown San Francisco.

Notes

External links

 Mitchell Brothers - Rotten.com

Culture of San Francisco
Sibling duos
American pornographic film directors
American pornographic film producers
Sibling filmmakers
People from Antioch, California
1945 births
1991 deaths
1943 births
2007 deaths
Cinema of the San Francisco Bay Area
Deaths by firearm in California
Film directors from California
Pornography in San Francisco
Sex industry in San Francisco
20th-century American businesspeople
Fratricides
Antioch High School alumni

Mitchell brothers


Inverarity est un village de la région d'Angus en Écosse.

Géographie

Situé sur l'A10, il est à  de Forfar et à  de Dundee.

Histoire

La première église paroissiale d'Inverarity date de 1243. Elle a été remplacée en 1754 par un nouvel édifice.

Personnalité

 James Drummond (1787-1863), botaniste, naturaliste et explorateur, y est né.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Village dans l'Angus

Inverarity


Tony Marsh ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Tony Marsh (Rennfahrer) (1931–2009), britischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Tony Marsh (Musiker) (1939–2012), britischer Schlagzeuger
 Tony Marsh (Rugbyspieler) (* 1972), neuseeländisch-französischer Rugbyspieler

Tony Marsh


The Wilderness may refer to wilderness, a natural environment.

The Wilderness may also refer to:

Places
The Wilderness (Virginia), a dense forest in Virginia, site of American Civil War battles
The Wilderness (Ohio), and The Wilderness Trail, part of the Edge of Appalachia Preserve in southern Ohio
The Wilderness (Trappe, Maryland), a historic home at Matthews in Maryland
The Wilderness (Catonsville, Maryland), a historic home near Catonsville in Maryland
 The Wilderness SSSI, Isle of Wight, a site of special scientific interest on the Isle of Wight
 The Battle of the Wilderness, in 1864 in north-central Virginia, during the American Civil War

Novels
 The Wilderness (novel), an historical novel by James McHenry
 The Wilderness, a novel by Samantha Harvey
 "The Wilderness" (short story), by Ray Bradbury (1952)

Music
 The Wilderness (Cowboy Junkies album), 2012
 The Wilderness (Explosions in the Sky album), 2016

The Wilderness Society
 The Wilderness Society (Australia), an Australian not-for-profit non-governmental organisation that fights environmental issues
 The Wilderness Society (United States), a not-for-profit organization in the United States that advocates for the protection of U.S. public lands

Other uses
 The Wilderness, a nickname of Willesden Junction station, London

See also
Wilderness (disambiguation)
The Wilderness Society (disambiguation)

The Wilderness


Lara Mitraković (Split, 1992.), hrvatska pjesnikinja i članica Književne grupe 90+. Studentica kroatistike i sociologije, odrasla u Komiži na Visu.

Djela
 Brojanje pogrešaka (2016.)
 Dva puta za jug (2019.)

Izvori

Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski književnici
Životopisi, Vis
Životopisi, Komiža

Lara Mitraković


Jean-Paul Vesco OP (Lyon, 10 de março de 1962) é um clérigo religioso francês e arcebispo católico romano de Argel.

Jean-Paul Vesco primeiro estudou direito e trabalhou como advogado em Paris por sete anos antes de entrar na ordem dominicana em 1995 e fazer sua profissão em 14 de setembro de 1996. Após sua formação teológica, recebeu o sacramento da ordenação sacerdotal em 24 de junho de 2001.

Depois de estudar na Escola Bíblica e Arqueológica Francesa de Jerusalém, mudou-se para Tremecém, na Argélia, para restabelecer um ramo dominicano seis anos após o assassinato de Pierre Claverie OP, então bispo de Oran. Em 2005 foi nomeado vigário geral da diocese de Oran e em 2007 também economista. Em dezembro de 2010, Vasco foi eleito prior provincial dos dominicanos na França e teve que deixar a Argélia para se estabelecer em Paris.

Em 1º de dezembro de 2012, o Papa Bento XVI o nomeou Bispo de Orã. O arcebispo de Lyon, Philippe Cardeal Barbarin, o consagrou bispo em 25 de janeiro do ano seguinte. Co-consagradores foram o arcebispo de Argel, Ghaleb Moussa Abdalla Bader, e seu antecessor Alphonse Georger.

O Papa Francisco o nomeou arcebispo de Argel em 27 de dezembro de 2021. A posse ocorreu em 11 de fevereiro de 2022.

Arcebispos católicos da Argélia

Jean-Paul Vesco


අක්මීමණ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, දකුණු පළාතේ,   ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශයකි.

ජනගහනය

ග්‍රාම නිළධාරි වසම්

ආර්ථිකය

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශ ද්වාරය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශ
ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

අක්මීමණ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශය


The Davidov Stradivarius (also: Davidoff or Davydov; ), is an antique cello made in 1712 by luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona, Italy. It is very similar in construction and form to the equally famed Duport Stradivarius, built a year earlier and played by Mstislav Rostropovich until his death in 2007. The varnish is of a rich orange-red hue, produced with oil color glazes. Its owners have included Karl Davydov and Jacqueline du Pré, and it is currently used by cellist Yo-Yo Ma.

Etymology
In 1870, the Davidov Stradivarius was given to the eponymous Karl Davydov (1838–1889) by patron Count Matvei Wielhorski (1794–1866) at the court of Tsar Alexander II. Davydov was a Russian cellist of great renown at the time, described as the "czar of cellists" by Tchaikovsky, though far less successful as a composer. The cello body has a few marks and scratches due to mishandling from this period.

History
The cello was sold in Paris in 1888. In 1928 it was purchased by Herbert N. Straus, an American business executive. When he died, his widow asked New York City musical instrument dealer Rembert Wurlitzer to sell the instrument for her. In 1964, the Davydov cello was purchased for US$90,000 by Ismena Holland who in turn presented the instrument to her goddaughter, the English cellist Jacqueline du Pré. Upon receiving the Davydov, Du Pre's instructor, William Pleeth, declared it as "one of the really great instruments of the world". Practically all of du Pré's recordings from 1968 to 1970 were made on this instrument. By 1970, du Pré began using a different cello (made for her by Sergio Peresson and purchased by her husband Daniel Barenboim), as she was bothered by the Davidov's "unpredictability." Yo-Yo Ma later commented, "Jackie's unbridled dark qualities went against the Davydov. You have to coax the instrument. The more you attack it, the less it returns". The Peresson was her primary instrument for the remainder of her career.

Upon her death in 1987, the Davidov, owned by Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, was made available for use by Yo-Yo Ma. He has since performed and recorded with the instrument in Baroque music, specifically, the Simply Baroque and Simply Baroque II recordings. It was modified especially for the task of creating a more authentic sound for that era. The Davidov has subsequently been reconfigured for modern music.

References

External links

1712 works
Stradivari cellos
Stradivari instruments

Davidov Stradivarius


50 Let Pobedy (50. Jahrestag des Sieges) steht für:
 50 Let Pobedy (Schiff)
 Medaille "50. Jahrestag des Sieges im Großen Vaterländischen Krieg 1941–1945"

50 Let Pobedy


Dawsoniolithon, rod crvenih algi iz potporodice Floiophycoideae, dio porodice Porolithaceae. Postoje tri priznate vrste

Rod je opisan 2018.

Vrste
 Dawsoniolithon conicum (E.Y.Dawson) Caragnano, Foetisch, Maneveldt & Payri - tip
 Dawsoniolithon gabrielsonii R.A.Townsend & Huisman
 Dawsoniolithon orbiculatum (T.Masaki) R.A.Townsend & Huisman

Izvori

Porolithaceae

Dawsoniolithon


Volvo V40 bezeichnet zwei Pkw-Modelle von Volvo:

 Volvo S40/V40: erste Baureihe, die von Anfang 1996 bis Anfang 2004 produziert wurde.
 Volvo V40 (2012): zweite Baureihe, die von Frühjahr 2012 bis Sommer 2019 produziert wurde.

Volvo V40


Hazımsızlık, karnın üst bölgesinde ağrı, erken doyma, şişkinlik ve bulantı hissi gibi yakınmalara dayalı sağlık sorunudur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Alka-Seltzer

Kaynakça

Hazımsızlık


Leptosol (LP) ( "dünn") ist eine der 32 Referenzbodengruppen der World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). Die Gruppe umfasst flachgründige und schwach entwickelte Böden über kontinuierlichen Fels (auf unterschiedlichem Ausgangsgestein) und extrem skelettreiche Böden.

Diagnostische Merkmale
Leptosole weisen entweder eine Tiefenbegrenzung durch das anstehende Gestein innerhalb von 25 cm unter der Geländeoberfläche auf oder besitzen in den oberen 75 cm unter der Geländeoberfläche weniger als 20 Vol.-% Feinerde.

Verbreitung
Die Referenzbodengruppe der Leptosole ist mit einer Verbreitung von 1,65 Mio. ha die größte und tritt weltweit in allen Klimaten und Höhenlagen in Erscheinung, vorwiegend jedoch in Gebirgsregionen als Initialphase der Bodenentwicklung oder häufig auch als Degradationsform (durch Erosion) ehemaliger tiefgründigerer Böden.

Eigenschaften und Nutzung
Leptosole weisen eine geringe Wasserspeicherkapazität auf und sind durch ihre Flachgründigkeit nährstoffarm. Daraus resultiert eine eingeschränkte Nutzbarkeit, die sich größtenteils dann auf forstliche oder weidewirtschaftliche Nutzung beschränkt.

Entsprechung in der mitteleuropäischen Bodennomenklatur
Da sich die in der WRB angegebenen Definitionen von den für Deutschland gültigen Kriterien unterscheiden, umfassen Leptosole in der deutschsprachigen Nomenklatur sowohl Syroseme und Lockersyroseme als auch Teile der Felshumusböden, Skeletthumusböden, Ranker, Rendzinen und Pararendzinen.

Weblinks
 Profilfotos (mit Klassifikation) WRB homepage
 Profilfotos (mit Klassifikation) IUSS World of Soils

Literatur
 IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna 2022, ISBN 979-8-9862451-1-9. ().
 W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Böden der Welt. 2. Auflage. Springer-Spektrum, Heidelberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-36574-4.
 W. Amelung, H.-P. Blume, H. Fleige, R. Horn, E. Kandeler, I. Kögel-Knabner, R. Kretschmar, K. Stahr, B.-M. Wilke: Scheffer/Schachtschabel Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. 17. Auflage. Heidelberg 2018. ISBN 978-3-662-55870-6.

Bodentyp

Leptosol


Dorin-Valeriu Bădulescu (n. ) este un senator român, ales în 2016 pe listele PMP. Dorin-Valeriu Bădulescu este membru în grupurile parlamentare de prietenie cu Republica Franceză-Senat, Republica Serbia și Republica Costa Rica.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Mișcarea Populară

Dorin-Valeriu Bădulescu


Analog veri, zamana göre değişen başka bir türden niceliği temsil edip kendisi de zaman göre değişen ve sürekli bir özellik gösteren veridir. Farklı bilimlerde de köken olarak farklı olmakla birlikte aynı işlevi gören ve birbirine karşılık gelen yapılardan her birine verilen isim olan analog kelimesi burada da aynı şekilde büyüklük değişimleri açısından başka bir sinyalin eşdeğeri olan sinyallere verilen isimdir. Böylece bir ortamdaki veri başka bir ortamda temsil edilebilir ve işlenebilir hale gelir. Örneğin analog bir ses sinyali, ses dalgalarının oluşturduğu basınç kuvvetini elektrik ortamında gerilim ile eşleştirerek temsil edilebilmesini sağlar. Analog ses sinyalinde gerilim değeri zamana göre sürekli bir değişiklik gösterir ve bu değişiklik orijinal ses sinyalindeki ses dalgalarının oluşturduğu basınç kuvvetinin değişimine paralellik gösterir. Yani diğer bir deyişle analog bir ses sinyalinde gerilim değeri orijinal ses sinyalindeki ses dalgalarının basınç kuvveti büyüklüğüne endekslenmiştir. Sayısal veya dijital veriler ise orijinal verinin değerlerinin belirli zaman aralıklarıyla örneklenmesi sonucu elde edilen sayı değerlerinin sıralanmasıyla oluşan veridir. Dolayısıyla analog veriler gibi orijinal veriyle sürekli eşleşme özelliğine sahip değildir çünkü zamanın sadece belli noktalarında örneklenerek oluşturulmuştur.

Analog sinyaller, giriş sinyalinin bazı başka sinyaller ile toplama, çarpma veya faz farkı gibi elektriksel işlemler geçirilerek değiştirilmesi ile elde edilir. Dolayısıyla, giriş sinyali ve çıkış sinyali arasındaki geçiş bir matematiksel formül ile gösterilebilir.

Analog veri ile sayısal veri arasındaki en büyük fark, analog verinin sürekli (İngilizce continuous) olan bir ölçekte, sayısal verinin ise rakamlarla sınırlı olan, sürekli olmayan (İngilizce discrete) bir ölçekte var olmasıdır.

İletişim

Analog veri


م95 أو مسييه 95 أو إن جي سي 3351 هي مجرة حلزونية قضيبية تقع على بعد 38 مليون سنة ضوئية تقريباً في كوكبة الأسد. اكتشفها العالم بيير ميشان في عام 1781 وبعدها بأربعة أيام وضعها شارل مسييه في فهرسه. يبلغ قدرها الظاهري 11,4. نواة المجرة على شكل خاتم، وتُحيط بها مناطق ولادة نجوم يبلغ قطرها تقريباً 2000 سنة ضوئية (600 فرسخ فلكي). وهي جزء من مجموعة مجرات مسييه 96 وهي تحتوي على على ما يقارب عشرين مجرة أخرى، وتتضمن المجموعة من فهرس مسييه مجرتي م96 وم105.

وصلات خارجية
 SEDS: المجرة الحلزونية م95
 الصورة الفلكية اليومية: م95 في 2007/3/14

المراجع

أجرام الفهرس العام الجديد
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1781
أجرام فهرس أوبسالا العام
اكتشافات بيير ميشان
فهرس المجرات الرئيسية
فهرس مسييه
كوكبة الأسد
مجرات حلزونية ضلعية
مجموعة مجرات مسييه 96

مسييه 95


An Carex melinacra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet. An Carex melinacra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. m. changningensis
 C. m. melinacra

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex melinacra


Conceição Queiroz (Moçambique, 1975) é uma jornalista de investigação desde 1994 e repórter da TVI/CNN.

Percurso
Aos 15 anos, durante o liceu, em Portugal, foi vítima de um episódio de racismo onde uma professora da cadeira de Psicologia, durante o teste onde se verificava para que área cada pessoa estava vocacionada, considerou que Conceição era a a única pessoa que não estava vocacionada para nada, dizendo-lhe que nunca iria ser ninguém na vida e que nem sequer terminaria o ensino secundário.

Licenciada em Sociologia no Instituto Universitário de Lisboa – ISCTE e em Política Social, no Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (ISCSP) da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, é mestre em História Moderna e Contemporânea do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa – ISCTE, e está a fazer um doutoramento em Estudos Portugueses, com especialização em Literatura, na Universidade Nova de Lisboa – Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas.

Em 1994 tirou a carteira profissional de jornalismo, mas já trabalhava clandestinamente, quando foi obrigada a pagar uma multa.

Acabou por escolher a profissão de jornalista quando, no primeiro ano da faculdade, começou a fazer rádio. Mais tarde, entrou na Rádio Clube Português e no grupo Semanário. Foi, também, diretora de Informação da Televisão de Cabo Verde.

Mulher negra a frente do seu tempo, lutou contra os esteriótipos raciais no telejornalismo. Foi vítima de comentários machistas, xenofóbicos e racistas. Passou a utilizar as redes sociais para denunciar os ataques de que é alvo diariamente, tendo enfrentado e superado a discriminação e o racismo.

Em 2020, Conceição Queiroz emocionou-se ao apresentar a notícia da morte de George Floyd, afro-americano de 46 anos que morreu após um polícial se ter ajoelhado sobre o seu pescoço, até este ficar inconsciente, e não conseguiu acabar de ler o texto que lançava a notícia.

Em 3 de Maio de 2021, foi alvo de agressões racistas no exercício das suas funções como jornalista da TVI em ataques que aconteceram em direto quando fazia uma reportagem no exterior.

Reconhecimento e prémios
Em 2011, o seu trabalho sobre cancro no intestino venceu um prémio da Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro.

Escolhida entre as 100 personalidades negras influentes da lusofonia na primeira edição da 100 Power List (2021), iniciativa da revista digital Bantumen em parceria com a EGEAC – Empresa de Gestão de Equipamentos e Animação Cultural em Lisboa.

Em 2020, foi nomeada para integrar o programa "Edward R. Murrow Program For Journslists – Reasearch and Investigation", com o tema "Jornalismo de investigação", ação que reuniu profissionais de todo o mundo para examinar as práticas jornalísticas nos Estados Unidos.

Ainda em 2020, foi nomeada para os Prémios Mais Alentejo, na categoria "Mais Jornalismo". Ganhou o Prémio Maria Barroso – Jornalismo ao Serviço da Paz e do Desenvolvimento

Obras
Entre as suas obras encontram-se:

 "Serviço de Urgência" (2007),

 "Os Meninos da Jamba" (2008)

 "A Última História de Amor" (2014)

 "A Vida Privada das Elites no Estado Novo" (2016)

Escreveu a peça de teatro "Tu e Eu" que esteve em cena no Teatro da Comuna em Lisboa (2013).

Escreveu e realizou ainda duas curtas-metragens para cinema.

Referências

Mulheres jornalistas
Naturais de Moçambique
Nascidos em 1975
Escritoras

Conceição Queiroz


Eau morte peut désigner :
 l'eau morte, un phénomène marin lié à la différence de salinité des couches d'eau ;
 l'eau vive et eau morte, un motif récurrent dans les contes, notamment slaves et baltes.
 l'Eau Morte, une rivière de France.

Eau morte


Marie Emma Thuilleux, plus connue sous le nom d'Emma Dobigny, née le  à Montmacq et morte le  à Paris, est un modèle qui a posé pour de célèbres peintres dont Edgar Degas, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes et Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot.

Biographie
Malgré le fait que ce modèle soit représenté sur de nombreuses toiles par de grands peintres, sa vie privée à longtemps été inconnue. Seule une année de naissance, de décès et les dates de ses poses pour Corot, Puvis de Chavannes ou Degas étaient trouvables dans des monographies, catalogues ou dictionnaires. La majorité des informations sur sa vie privée et professionnelle ont été regroupées et mises au jour par deux employés de la mairie de Montmacq, ville d'origine d'Emma Dobigny : Laurence Gosse et Rosine Bonaglio .

Famille et enfance
Marie Emma Thuilleux est la fille de Pierre Paul Thuilleux et Louise Stéphanie Caron, qui tiennent un cabaret. Aucune source ne prouve qu'elle ait été scolarisée. On sait en revanche qu'Emma a quitté très jeune Montmacq pour monter à Paris avec sa mère et travailler en tant que modèle. Toutes deux apparaissent bien dans les recensements de 1851 et de 1856 du village mais pas dans celui de 1861 où figurent encore le père et un demi-frère. Après 1866, la trace de la famille Thuilleux disparait jusqu'en 1881. On ne sait pas si le couple a été séparé pour des raisons économiques ou sentimentales.

Sa carrière en tant que modèle

Ses débuts
Emma et sa mère s'installent à Paris, vraisemblablement à Montmartre. Peut-être déjà au 20, rue Tholozé où l'on sait qu'Emma à longtemps vécu. La raison de ce départ pourrait être la suggestion du peintre Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot à la mère d'Emma, de faire travailler sa fille comme modèle. Le travail de modèle a mauvaise réputation mais est mieux rémunéré que celui d'ouvrier.

On ne sait pas exactement quand Emma prend le nom de Dobigny. Elle a choisi ce nom car sa mère s'était mariée en premières noces avec Augustin Dobigny. Ensemble ils ont eu deux fils, Augustin Désiré et Jules Arthur qui sont les demi-frères d'Emma. Augustin Dobigny est mort en 1848 et Louise s'est remariée deux ans plus tard avec Pierre Paul Thuilleux.

Modèle de Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot
Le premier tableau de Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot utilisant Emma comme modèle serait La Petite Fille curieuse dont la datation oscille entre 1860 et 1864. Emma aurait alors entre neuf et treize ans. Certains auteurs avancent qu'Emma aurait posé pour Paysages avec figures (aussi appelé La toilette, 1859), probablement que pour son visage.

Corot, jusque dans les années 1870, tient à dépersonnaliser ses modèles. Cela peut expliquer que l'on ne reconnaisse pas toujours ses modèles. Il utilise aussi des déguisements et accessoires. Ainsi Emma est successivement une muse (La Muse, 1865; Velléda, Muse des bois, 1868), un personnage de Don Juan de Byron (Haydée, 1870-1872), une lectrice (Liseuse dans la campagne [1870]), une Grecque (Jeune fille grecque à la fontaine,1865-1870). Elle pourrait avoir aussi posé pour La liseuse à la jupe de velours (1868) et pour L'Albanaise (1872).

Emma aurait été un modèle très « remuant », ce qui était apprécié par le peintre qui affirmait .

Au cours des années 1870, Corot personnalise davantage ses modèles. Cela se remarque pour La Fille grecque (1870-1873), où Emma porte le costume grec qu'elle portait déjà pour Haydée ou pour la Fille grecque à la fontaine. Les traits de la jeune femme y sont parfaitement reconnaissables. C'est aussi le cas pour La Dame en bleu (1874).

Modèle d'Edgar Degas

Emme Dobigny a posé au moins cinq ans pour Edgar Degas, de 1866 à 1871. Pour certains auteurs, cela aurait même duré une vingtaine d'années, mais l'identification de son visage dans les œuvres de Degas postérieures à 1871 s'avère difficile. Le premier tableau connu semble être la Jeune femme à la blouse rouge (1866 ou 1868). Degas la représente dans des rôles divers : une lingère (La Repasseuse, 1869) ou encore une bourgeoise dans une scène de couple où elle pose avec l'écrivain Louis Edmond Duranty (La Bouderie, 1870). Emma semble avoir été douée pour incarner de multiples personnages.

Degas réalise également un portrait à son nom, Portrait d'Emma Dobigny (1869). Sur ce portrait, Emma pose de profil, les cheveux relevés et toute de bleu vêtue. Emma aurait été proche et le modèle préféré de Degas. Cela est affirmé notamment par l'historien de l'art Henry Loyrette . Des petits mots du maître atteste de son attachement :  (cité par Henry Loyrette). Un autre historien, Jill Berk Jiminez cite cet autre message : .

En 2016, grâce à des procédés d'imagerie (synchrotron), des chercheurs australiens ont pu  reconstituer virtuellement et identifier le visage d'Emma caché derrière un autre portrait peint par l'impressionniste, le Portrait de femme (1876-1880) de Degas conservé à la National Gallery of Victoria, à Melbourne (Australie) . Pour l'historien Henry Loyrette, le portrait de surface, qui étrangement fut réalisé tête-bêche par rapport au premier, serait également une représentation d'Emma Dobigny : . Il ajoute que .

Modèle de Pierre Puvis de Chavannes

Emma Dobigny pose pour Pierre Puvis de Chavannes dès 1869. On connaît plusieurs dessins et esquisses et quelques tableaux du peintre représentant la jeune femme. Emma pose pour Le Ballon (1870) et Le Pigeon (1871). Le Ballon montre une femme vêtue de noir qui, du sommet du Mont Valérien, salue de la main un ballon s'apprêtant à franchir dans les airs des lignes ennemies. C'est cette même femme qui protège un pigeon voyageur des griffes d'un faucon dressé par l'ennemie pour intercepter les messages. Elle pose aussi pour L'espoir (1872), réalisé par le peintre en deux versions. La première et la plus grande se trouve à Baltimore et représente Emma comme une très jeune femme, presque une enfant, vêtue de blanc et portant un rameau d'olivier. La seconde version (1872), plus petite et conservée au musée d'Orsay, représente Emma nue, devant un paysage similaire.

Emma aurait conservé certaines œuvres du peintre toute sa vie ou presque. C'est le cas pour un fusain du maître, Le Dépassement du modèle, vendu en 1923 et d'une esquisse de L'Espoir (1872) retrouvée dans ses affaires après sa mort. De même, ont été retrouvées dans ses affaires des reproductions dédicacées par le maître à son modèle : un autoportrait de Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, la fresque de la Sorbonne, Le Bois sacré cher aux arts et aux muses (1884). Elle conserve aussi une photographie de peintre dans son atelier, ainsi qu'une reproduction du Ballon (1870) et du Pigeon (1871).

Modèle d'autres peintres
Emma Dobigny pose pour de nombreux autres peintres. On peut citer entre autres Jean-Jacques Henner. Dans son agenda, il note au  : . Visible sur les esquisses, elle n'apparait pas sur la version finale de cette intitulée Naïades (1875).

D'après les documents trouvés dans la succession d'Emma Tuilleux, elle a posé en 1860, âgée de neuf ans, pour Pierre Lagarde, dans un tableau intitulé L'Idylle. Cette œuvre a appartenu à la princesse Mathilde, cousine de Napoléon III. Elle apparaît aussi dans un tableau de Jules Worms dans laquelle elle est représentée debout dans un escalier. Elle est aussi apparue dans un tableau de Jehan Georges Vibert, Le Départ des mariés : elle y serait l'amazone vêtue de rouge, derrière le cavalier.

Le peintre Henri Michel-Lévy l'a fait poser pour La Nourrice (date incertaine). Emma en a gardé une reproduction faite par l'artiste ainsi qu'un billet lui demandant de venir poser : .

Eduardo Leòn Garrido a peint une Guitariste dont elle aurait été le modèle. Il a aussi réalisé vers 1911 un portrait d'Emma dans la soixantaine où elle ressemble fortement à sa mère, Louise Caron, peinte par Charles-Baptiste Schreiber en 1873. Elle conserva ces deux tableaux jusqu'à la fin de sa vie.

D'autres artistes n'ont pu être identifiés. Emma a conservé un tableau qui très probablement la prend pour sujet, assise en train de lire, un perroquet volant au-dessus d'elle. Ce tableau a longtemps été en possession de Robert Dirant et fut vendu à son décès. Elle figure également sur une autre toile d'un auteur inconnu, portant un chapeau à plumes et des boucles d'oreilles bleues entourées de diamants. Ces boucles d'oreilles ont été retrouvées chez elle, sans les diamants.

Vie privée
Des nombreux aspects de la vie d'Emma Dobigny restent inconnus, notamment concernant sa vie sentimentale. Le seul indice est une carte postale retrouvée dans ses affaires, adressée à Mme Louis Flammery. Emma se faisait ainsi appeler du nom de son amant alors qu'ils vivaient ensemble dans le 10e arrondissement de Paris, rue Albouy (aujourd'hui rue Lucien-Sampaix).

Emma a vécu à l'aise financièrement durant une partie de sa vie. En 1883, elle fait l'acquisition d'une maison à Montmacq, son village natal. Il s'agirait d'une résidence secondaire car elle n'apparait sur aucun recensement. Elle la conservera dix ans. Elle élira tardivement domicile à la Villa Bleue, rue du Chariot d'Or, à Lagny-sur-Marne. Il semble que, deux ans avant sa mort, Emma ait dû faire face à des problèmes financiers. Après la disparition de son amant, Louis Flammery, le , elle vend en 1923 une grosse partie de sa collection personnelle de tableaux et de dessins : une vingtaine d'œuvres de peintres mineurs (Gustave Piguet, Jean-Eugène Clary, Charles-Baptiste Schreiber) mais aussi un dessin au fusain de Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Le dépassement du modèle, un autre de Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Paysage, trois de Degas, Chevaux à l'abreuvoir et deux repasseuses, un dessin de Fromentin et plusieurs œuvres de Henner. Apparaît également dans cette vente des œuvres de Cormon, mais on ignore si elle a posé pour lui.

Vieillissante et malade, Emma est recueillie par une payse, Alfréda Debourges, directrice d'école au 15, rue de Domrémy dans le 13e arrondissement de Paris. C'est là que, souffrant peut-être de diabète, Emma décède le 1er avril 1925. Elle est enterrée avec sa mère au cimetière du Père Lachaise, dans la 85e division, sous une pierre tombale qu'elle a souhaité du même modèle que celle de Louis Flammery, qui est enterré à quelques mètres, dans la 91e division.

Dans son testament, elle fait d'Alfréda Debourges sa légataire universelle. Au décès de celle-ci, c'est son filleul, Robert Dirant, qui hérite de ces biens, notamment de la Villa Bleue dans laquelle se trouvaient des affaires personnelles d'Emma, ainsi que quelques peintures.

Les œuvres représentants Emma Dobigny
 Edgar Degas :
 Jeune femme à la blouse rouge, 1866 ou 1868
 La Repasseuse, 1869
 La Bouderie, 1870
 Portrait d'Emma Dobigny, 1869. Suisse, Coll. Part.
 Portrait de femme,1876-1880, (selon Henry Loyrette)

 Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot :
 Paysage avec figures (aussi appelé La toilette), 1859 (incertain)
 La Petite Fille curieuse, 1860-1864. New York, Métropolitan Museum of Art
 Rêverie, vers 1860-1865. New York, Métropolitan Museum of Art
 La Muse, 1865
 Jeune fille grecque à la fontaine, 1865-1870
 Velléda, Muse des bois, 1868
 La liseuse à la jupe de velours, 1868 (incertain)
 La Fille grecque, 1868-1870. Shelburne, Shelburne Museum, don de l'
 Liseuse dans la campagne, 1870
 Haydée, 1870-1872
 L'albanaise, 1872 (incertain)
 La Dame en bleu, 1874. Paris, musée du Louvre

Pierre Puvis de Chavannes :
 Le Ballon, 1870
 Le Pigeon, 1871, musée d'Orsay
 L'espoir, aussi appelé L'espérance, 1872, Walters Art Gallery de Baltimore (grande version)
 L'espoir, aussi appelé L'espérance, 1872, musée d'Orsay (petite version)
 Le Bois sacré cher aux arts et aux muses (1884)

 Le tableau de Pierre Lagarde
 L'Idylle, 1860

 Jules Worms :
 Titres et date inconnu

Jehan Georges Vibert :
 Le Départ des mariés, 1873

Henri Michel-Lévy :
 La Nourrice (date incertaine)

 Eduardo Leòn Garrido :
 Guitariste (incertain)
 Un portrait d'Emma, 1911

Reconnaissance
 En 2009, une place Emma Dobigny a été inaugurée dans sa ville natale de Montmacq et une exposition lui est consacrée à cette occasion.
 Plusieurs de ses portraits sont exposées lors de l'exposition Corot. Le peintre et ses modèles au musée Marmottan Monet à paris du 8 février au 8 juillet 2018.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Jean-Jacques Henner

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1851
Naissance dans l'Oise
Modèle du XIXe siècle
Modèle du XXe siècle
Décès en avril 1925
Décès dans le 13e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 74 ans

Emma Dobigny


شطانوف إحدى قرى مركز أشمون التابع لمحافظة المنوفية بجمهورية مصر العربية، وبها الوحدة المحلية لقرية شطانوف التي تتبعها قرى شعشاع والحلواصي وبوهة شطانوف ومنيل جويدة وكفر عون. ومن أبرز الأعلام المنتسبين لها في التاريخ العلامة الشطنوفي صاحب كتاب «بهجة الأسرار ومعدن الأنوار في مناقب الشيخ عبد القادر الجيلاني».

التاريخ
ذكر محمد رمزي في كتابه القاموس الجغرافي للبلاد المصرية أن شطانوف من القرى القديمة التي ذكرها أميلينو في جغرافيته، وقال أن اسمها القبطي «Schentonoufi»، وأنها وردت في كتابات القبط تحت اسم «شنتوف»، وأورد ابن خرداذبه في كتابه «المسالك والممالك» أن شطنوف كورة من كور مصر، وذكر ابن حوقل في كتابه «المسالك والممالك» أن شطنوف هي رأس الطريق البري الموصّل إلى رشيد. ووصفها الإدريسي في كتابه نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق، فقال عنها: «شنطوف مدينة صغيرة متحضرة لها مزارع وخصب». وذكر ياقوت الحموي في كتابه «معجم البلدان» شطانوف، فقال: «بلد بمصر من نواحي كورة الغربية عنده يفترق النيل فرقتين».

كما ذكر رمزي أيضًا أن اسمها ورد في «قوانين ابن مماتي» وفي «تحفة الإرشاد»، كذلك ذكرها ابن الجيعان في كتابه «التحفة السنية بأسماء البلاد المصرية»، باسم «شطنوف وكفورها»، وأنها من الأعمال المنوفية. وقد رجّح رمزي أن كفورها هي منيل جويدة والحلواصي وكفر منصور وشعشاع، وقال بأن كل من تلك الكفور انفصل عن شطانوف في عصر الدولة العثمانية. ويُذكر أن نهر النيل كان يتفرّع عند شطانوف فكانت تُعد بذلك رأس دلتا النيل إلى أن اتصلت جزيرة دروة بها في منتصف القرن السادس عشر الميلادي، فأصبح النيل يتفرع عند القناطر الخيرية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان شطانوف 23,095 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة المنوفية

مصادر

الوحدة المحلية لقرية شطانوف (أشمون)

شطانوف


The UCL School of Pharmacy (formerly The School of Pharmacy, University of London) is the pharmacy school of University College London (UCL). The School forms part of UCL's Faculty of Life Sciences and is located in London, United Kingdom.

The School was founded by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1842 as the College of the Pharmaceutical Society. It was renamed The School of Pharmacy in 1949 when it became independent of the Pharmaceutical Society and was incorporated into the University of London as a constituent college. The School was granted a royal charter in 1952 and merged with UCL in January 2012.

History
The School was founded in 1842 by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. The School began offering University of London degrees in 1925 and joined the university as a specialist school in 1949. It received a Royal Charter in 1952.

Construction of the School's current main building, designed by Herbert Rowse, began in 1938, although work was stopped on the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and the building was not completed until 1960. To its alumni and colleagues in the profession it is known as "the Square", which refers to the fact that it was originally located in Bloomsbury Square and now in Brunswick Square.

It was decided on 13 May 2011, after a consultation and development process, that the School would merge with University College London (UCL). The merger was completed on 1 January 2012, and the School was renamed the UCL School of Pharmacy.

Departments

The School is organised into four academic departments, each with one or more associated specialist research centres.

Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry
The Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry is the largest of the School's departments. Its research is focused on cancer, natural products and phytomedicines, molecular neurosciences and biopharmaceutical analysis.

The department's staff help teach the undergraduate MPharm degree in the areas of drug discovery, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy/medicinal plants, and an MSc in Pharmacognosy is offered.

Pharmacology
The Wellcome Department of Pharmacology is one of the oldest departments of pharmacology in the UK. The department has played a major role in the development of Pharmacology in the UK and many pharmacologists who trained here are to be found in academies and in industries all over the world.

The department's research focuses on the nervous system, and a wide range of approaches are used to study normal brain function and the causes of many neurological and psychiatric diseases.

Pharmaceutics
The Department of Pharmaceutics is home to a wide range of research activities, such as in Materials Science and Processing and Clinical Pharmaceutical Science.

The department's research in Materials Science and Processing is centred on the fundamental properties of materials and their adaptation to optimise processing and enhance drug delivery. It operates a number of joint ventures, including the Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, a joint venture with Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, and in the Clinical Pharmaceutics with University College Hospitals and Camden and Islington's NHS Trust.

The Microbiology Research Group is also well-established, with work focusing mainly in overcoming antibiotic resistance and obtaining new actives from natural sources. The Group has been particularly successful in investigating new approaches to the treatment of the 'superbug' MRSA.

Practice and Policy
The Department of Practice and Policy focuses upon making the use of medicines safer and more effective through teaching, service and research.

The department has collaborations with organisations including Imperial College London, the London School of Economics, the Institute of Education and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, as well as several major London hospitals including Guy's and St Thomas's, University College Hospital, Hammersmith, Barts and the London, and Great Ormond Street.

The department's staff are involved in curricular development and teaching across all four years of the MPharm course. Its student body includes hospital pharmacists studying for a range of Certificate, Diploma and MSc qualifications.

Courses
The School offers a number of master's degree programmes, including Drug Discovery, Drug Delivery, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacy Practice, and PhD research degrees. The only undergraduate degree which it currently offers is the four-year MPharm, Master of Pharmacy. The School offered BSc degrees in Toxicology and Pharmacology until 2001.

Research and rankings
In 2010/11 the School had a total research income of £8.13 million. In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, 90 per cent of the research activity at the School was deemed "internationally significant" and 25 per cent "world-leading".

The School's research focuses on advancing and understanding medicines and health care, and in creating new medicines. It is organised into four divisions:
 Drug Discovery;
 Formulation Sciences;
 Neurosciences; and
 Medicines Use and Health.

The School is home to the following research centres:
 Cancer Research UK Biomolecular Structure Group;
 Cancer Research UK Gene Targeted Design Research Group;
 Molecular Neuroscience Research Group; Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy;
 Centre for Pharmaceutical Analysis; Centre for Drug Delivery Research;
 Centre for Toxicology;
 Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research; and
 Centre for Behavioural Medicine; and Centre for Cancer Medicines.

In the 2015 QS World University Rankings by Subject, UCL is ranked 5th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Pharmacy & Pharmacology.

See also
Pharmacy
Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
List of schools of pharmacy in the United Kingdom

References

External links
UCL School of Pharmacy website

Former colleges of the University of London
Educational institutions established in 1842
Scientific organizations established in 1842
1842 establishments in England
Pharmacy schools in the United Kingdom

UCL School of Pharmacy


Dick Taverne, Baron Taverne,  (born 18 October 1928) is a British politician and life peer who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Lincoln from 1962 to 1974. A member of the Liberal Democrats, he was a Labour MP until his deselection in 1972, following which he resigned his seat and won the subsequent by-election in 1973 as a Democratic Labour candidate.

Taverne's 1973 victory in Lincoln was short-lived; despite retaining his seat at the February 1974 general election, Labour regained the seat at the October 1974 general election, by the future cabinet minister Margaret Beckett. However, his success opened the possibility of a realignment on the left of British politics, which took shape in 1981 as the Social Democratic Party (SDP), which Taverne joined. He later joined the Liberal Democrats when the SDP merged with the Liberal Party. He has sat as a Liberal Democrat life peer since 1996.

Career
Educated at Charterhouse School, and then Balliol College, Oxford, he graduated in Philosophy and Ancient History, qualified as a barrister in 1954 and became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1965.

He unsuccessfully contested Putney as the Labour Party candidate at the 1959 general election, and was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lincoln at a by-election in March 1962.
Under Harold Wilson's premiership in the 1960s, he served as a Home Office Minister from 1966 to 1968, Minister of State at the Treasury from 1968 to 1969 and then as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1969 to 1970. In 1970, he helped to launch the Institute for Fiscal Studies, now an influential independent think tank and was the first Director, later chairman.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taverne|first=Dick|date=March 2014|title=Against the Tide:politics and beyond|page=201|url=http://www.ifs.org.uk/bundles/ifsabout/files/ifs_directors_reflections.pdf}}</ref>

In 1972 he was deselected by the Lincoln Constituency Labour Party, who disagreed with his pro-European Economic Community views. He then resigned from the Labour Party and from Parliament, and formed the Lincoln Democratic Labour Association. He was re-elected as an Independent Democratic Labour candidate at a by-election in March 1973, and held the seat at the February 1974 general election.

Taverne lost his seat in Parliament at the October 1974 general election. but he continued to remain active with the Democratic Labour Association until it folded after the 1979 general election. He was a leading social democratic thinker, publishing The Future of the Left: Lincoln and After in 1974.

When the Social Democratic Party (SDP) was formed in the early 1980s, he joined them, serving on their national committee from 1981 until 1987. He stood as an SDP candidate in the 1982 Peckham by-election, coming second with 32% of the vote, and in the 1983 general election, he stood in Dulwich, coming third with 22%. When the SDP merged with the Liberal Party he joined the new Liberal Democrats, serving on its Federal Policy Committee from 1989 until 1990. On 5 February 1996 he was created a life peer as Baron Taverne, of Pimlico in the City of Westminster, and sits in the House of Lords as a Liberal Democrat. In May 2006 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Liberal Democrats in local elections to Westminster City Council in the Marylebone High Street ward.

He was elected President of the Research Defence Society in 2004. He was a member of the House of Lords Committee on the Use of Animals in Scientific Procedures, and is currently a member of the Science and Technology Committee of the House of Lords. He is the author of The March of Unreason, published by Oxford University Press in March 2005.

Personal life and other activity
In 1955, he married Janice Hennessey, a scientist. He became interested in science and public policy, and in 2002 founded Sense about Science, a charity with the objective of advancing public understanding of science and the evidence-based approach to scientific issues.

He is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society and a Distinguished Supporter of Humanists UK, as well as a vice-chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group. He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group. He won the Science Writers' Award as Parliamentary Science Communicator of the Year 2005. He is a listed member of Republic, the campaign for abolishing the monarchy.

On 15 September 2010, Taverne, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.

Taverne was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.

In 2014 Taverne published his memoir, Against the Tide''.

Books

See also
List of UK minor party and independent MPs elected
Lincoln Democratic Labour Association
Candidate deselection (Labour Party)

References

External links

Lord Taverne profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
Profile on SourceWatch

1928 births
Living people
21st-century English memoirists
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British humanists
British republicans
British secularists
Critics of alternative medicine
English barristers
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Liberal Democrats (UK) life peers
MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979
Members of the Fabian Society
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964–1970
People educated at Charterhouse School
Place of birth missing (living people)
Politics of Lincoln, England
Social Democratic Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Dick Taverne


Michael Faraday FRS (22 Eylül 1791, Newington, Londra - 25 Ağustos 1867, Hampton Court, Londra), elektromanyetizma ve elektrokimyaya katkılarıyla tanınan, İngiliz kimya ve fizik bilgini.

Elektromanyetik indüklemeyi, manyetik alanın ışığın kutuplanma düzlemini döndürdüğünü buldu. Elektrolizin temel ilkelerini belirledi. Klor gazını sıvılaştırmayı başaran ilk kişidir ve elektrik motoru ile dinamoyu icat etmiştir.

Deneysel olarak, bir maddeden geçen belli miktarda elektrik akımının, o maddenin bileşenlerinde belli miktarda bir çözülüme yol açtığını gösterdi. Bu sonuç ilk elektrik sayaçlarının üretimine olanak verir. Faraday'ın önemli katkıları arasında "amper" denilen akım biriminin kesin tanımını yapmış olması ve elektrolizde geçen "elektrot", "anot", "katot", "elektrolit", "iyon" vb. terimleri tanınırlaştırması vardır.

Kişisel hayatı
Michael Faraday, 22 Eylül 1791'de, şu anda London Borough of Southwark'ın bir parçası olan, ancak o zamanlar Surrey'in banliyösü olan Newington Butts'ta doğdu. Ailesinin durumu iyi değildi. Michael Faraday'in babası James Faraday, karısı ve iki çocuğunu da alarak 1790 kışında Londra'ya taşındı. Michael, o yılın sonbaharında doğdu. Ailesi Sandemancılar adı verilen bir tarikatın üyesiydi. Faraday ekonomik nedenlerle uzun süreli bir eğitim alamadı sadece en temel okul eğitimini alabildi.

On dört yaşında bir ciltçiye çırak olarak girdi. Mart 1813'e kadar devam ettiği bu işte ciltlenmek üzere getirilen kitapları okuyarak bilgisini genişletmeye başladı. Bu sayede gençliğinde pek çok kitap okudu. Bilhassa fizik kitaplarını büyük bir heves ve arzuyla okuyordu. Yedi yıllık çıraklığı sırasında Faraday, Isaac Watts'ın The Improvement of the Mind (Zihnin İyileştirilmesi) de dahil olmak üzere birçok kitabı okudu ve burada yer alan ilke ve önerileri kendi kendine öğrendi. Ayrıca bilime, özellikle de elektriğe ilgi duydu. Faraday, Jane Marcet'in Conversations on Chemistry kitabından ve Encyclopedia Britannicanın üçüncü baskısındaki elektrik maddesinden etkilendi. Eski şişeler ve hurda parçalarından yaptığı basit bir elektrostatik üreteçten yararlanarak deneyler yapmaya başladı. Yine kendi yaptığı zayıf bir Volta pilini kullanarak elektrokimya deneyleri gerçekleştirdi.

Yetişkinliği

1812'de, 20 yaşında ve çıraklığının sonunda, Faraday, Royal Institution and the Royal Society'den ünlü İngiliz kimyager Humphry Davy ve City Philosophical Society'nin kurucusu John Tatum'un konferanslarına katıldı. Bu derslerin biletlerinin çoğu, Kraliyet Filarmoni Derneği'nin kurucularından William Dance tarafından Faraday'a verildi. Faraday daha sonra Davy'ye bu dersler sırasında aldığı notlardan yola çıkarak 300 sayfalık bir kitap gönderdi. Davy'nin cevabı anında, nazik ve olumluydu. 1813'te Davy, nitrojen triklorür ile bir kazada görme yeteneğine zarar verdiğinde, Faraday'ı asistan olarak kullanmaya karar verdi. Tesadüfen Kraliyet Enstitüsünün asistanlarından biri olan John Payne görevden alındı ve Sir Humphry Davy'den bir yedek bulması istendi; bu nedenle 1 Mart 1813'te Kraliyet Enstitüsüne Kimya Asistanı olarak Faraday'ı atadı. Çok geçmeden Davy, Faraday'a nitrojen triklorür numunelerinin hazırlanmasını emanet etti ve ikisi de bu çok hassas maddenin patlaması sonucu yaralandı.

Faraday, 12 Haziran 1821'de Sarah Barnard (1800-1879) ile evlendi. Aileleri aracılığıyla Sandemanyan kilisesinde tanışmışlardı. Çocukları hiç olmadı.

Haziran 1832'de Oxford Üniversitesi, Faraday'a fahri Medeni Hukuk Doktoru derecesi verdi. Hayatı boyunca, bilime yaptığı hizmetlerden ötürü kendisine bir şövalyelik teklif edildi fakat Faraday dini gerekçelerle bunu geri çevirdi. Faraday, zenginlik biriktirmenin ve dünyevi bir ödül peşinde koşmanın İncil'e aykırı olduğuna inandığını söyledi. 1824'te Kraliyet Cemiyeti üyeliğine seçildi Faraday burada iki kez Başkan olma fırsatı doğmasına rağmen bunu reddetti. 1833'te Kraliyet Enstitüsü'nde ilk Kimya Profesörü oldu.

1832'de Faraday, Amerikan Sanat ve Bilim Akademisi'ne Yabancı Onursal Üye seçildi. 1838'de İsveç Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisi'nin yabancı üyesi seçildi ve 1844'te Fransız Bilimler Akademisi'ne seçilen sekiz yabancı üyeden biri oldu. 1849'da, iki yıl sonra Hollanda Kraliyet Sanat ve Bilim Akademisi olan ve daha sonra yabancı üye olan Hollanda Kraliyet Enstitüsü'ne ortak üye olarak seçildi.

Hükûmet tarafından Kırım Savaşı'nda (1853-1856) kullanılmak üzere kimyasal silahların üretimi konusunda tavsiyede bulunması istendiğinde, İngiliz hükûmetine çeşitli hizmet projeleri sunan Faraday, etik nedenlerle katılmayı reddetti.

Bilimsel kariyerinin başlaması
Londra'da bulunan Kraliyet Enstitüsü'nde kimyacı Sir Humphrey Davy tarafından verilen kimya konferanslarına katılma olanağı buldu. Konferanslarda tuttuğu notları ciltleyerek iş isteyen bir mektupla birlikte Davy'ye gönderdi ve 1813'te Davy'nin desteğiyle kimya asistanı oldu. Ekim 1813 ile Nisan 1815 tarihleri arasında Fransa, İtalya ve İsviçre gezisinde Davy'ye refakat etti. 1820'de Davy'nin yanından yardımcılık görevinden ayrıldı. 1825'te laboratuvar müdürlüğüne getirildi. 1833'te enstitüye ders verme mecburiyeti olmaksızın kimya profesörü olarak tayin edildi. Hayatının tümünü enstitünün çalışmalarına adadı.

Kimya Çalışmaları
Faraday ilk kimyasal çalışmasını Humphry Davy'nin asistanlığında yaptı. Faraday, özellikle klor çalışmasına dahil oldu; iki yeni klor ve karbon bileşiği keşfetti. Ayrıca, ilk olarak John Dalton tarafından işaret edilen bir fenomen olan gazların difüzyonu üzerine ilk kaba deneyleri yaptı. Faraday, birkaç gazı sıvılaştırmayı başardı, çelik alaşımlarını araştırdı ve optik amaçlı birkaç yeni cam türü üretti. Bu ağır camlardan birinin bir örneği daha sonra tarihsel olarak önemli hale geldi; cam bir manyetik alana yerleştirildiğinde Faraday, ışığın polarizasyon düzleminin dönüşünü belirledi. Bu numune aynı zamanda bir mıknatısın kutupları tarafından itildiği bulunan ilk maddeydi.

Faraday, uygun bir ısı kaynağı olarak dünya çapındaki bilim laboratuvarlarında pratik kullanımda olan Bunsen brülörünün erken bir biçimini icat etti. Faraday, kimya alanında yoğun bir şekilde çalıştı, benzen (hidrojenin bikarbüresi adını verdi) gibi kimyasal maddeleri ve klor gibi sıvılaştırıcı gazları keşfetti. Gazların sıvılaştırılması, gazların çok düşük bir kaynama noktasına sahip sıvıların buharları olduğunun tespit edilmesine yardımcı oldu ve moleküler agregasyon kavramına daha sağlam bir temel verdi. 1820'de Faraday, karbon ve klordan oluşan C2Cl6 ve CCl4 bileşiklerinin ilk sentezini bildirdi ve sonuçlarını ertesi yıl yayımladı. Faraday ayrıca 1810'da Humphry Davy tarafından keşfedilen klor klatrat hidratın bileşimini de belirledi. Faraday ayrıca elektroliz yasalarını keşfetmekten ve anot, katot, elektrot ve iyon gibi terminolojiyi yaygınlaştırmaktan ve büyük ölçüde William Whewell tarafından önerilen terimleri yaygınlaştırmaktan sorumludur.

Faraday, daha sonra metalik nanopartiküller olarak adlandırılan şeyi ilk rapor eden kişiydi. 1847'de altın kolloidlerin optik özelliklerinin karşılık gelen dökme metalinkilerden farklı olduğunu keşfetti. Bu muhtemelen kuantum boyutunun etkilerinin bildirilen ilk gözlemiydi ve nanobilimin doğuşu olarak düşünülebilir.

Manyetik etki çalışmaları
1820 yıllarında fen alimleri çalışmalarına daha ziyade elektriğe ait konularda ağırlık vermişlerdi. Bunlardan en önemlileri Volta'nın elektrik pili ve Hans Christian Ørsted'in elektrik akımından üretilen manyetik mıknatıslı güç kaynağı idi. Ørsted 1820'de bir telden geçen elektrik akımının tel çevresinde bir manyetik alan oluşturduğunu bulmuştu. Fransız fizikçi Andre Marie Ampere de tel çevresinde oluşan manyetik kuvvetin dairesel olduğunu, gerçekte de tel çevresinde bir manyetik silindir oluştuğunu göstermişti. Bu durumda soyutlanmış bir manyetik kutup elde edilebilir ve akım taşıyan bir telin yakınına konursa telin çevresinde sürekli olarak bir dönme hareketi yapması gerekecekti.

Elektrik enerjisinden manyetizma üretildiğinden bu yana fen adamlarının en büyük düşüncesi, "Manyetizmadan elektrik enerjisi elde edilebilir mi?" sorusu olmuştu. Bu, fen ilimleri tarihinde en büyük mesele haline geldi. Faraday, zaman zaman bu mesele üzerinde çalıştı. Bu arada ilk ilmi keşfini de gerçekleştirmiş oldu. Bir mıknatıs etrafında, tersine karşılıklı dönebilen bir kablo sistemi geliştirdi ve böylece ilk defa elektrik enerjisi mekanik enerjiye dönüştürülmüş oldu. Bu keşif, elektrik motorlarının esası olarak kabul edildi.

Diyamanyetizma

1845'te Faraday, birçok malzemenin manyetik alandan zayıf bir itme sergilediğini keşfetti: diyamanyetizma adını verdiği bir fenomen.

Faraday ayrıca, doğrusal olarak polarize edilmiş ışığın polarizasyon düzleminin, ışığın hareket ettiği yön ile hizalanmış harici bir manyetik alanın uygulanmasıyla döndürülebileceğini keşfetti. Bu artık Faraday etkisi olarak adlandırılıyor. Eylül 1845'te not defterine, "Sonunda manyetik bir eğri veya kuvvet çizgisini aydınlatmayı ve bir ışık ışını mıknatıslamayı başardım" diye yazdı.

Faraday daha sonra 1862'de hayatında bir spektroskop kullanarak farklı bir ışık değişimini, spektral çizgilerin uygulanmış bir manyetik alanla değişimini araştırdı. Bununla birlikte, elindeki ekipman, spektral değişimin kesin olarak belirlenmesi için yetersizdi. Pieter Zeeman daha sonra aynı fenomeni incelemek için geliştirilmiş bir cihaz kullandı, sonuçlarını 1897'de yayınladı ve başarısından dolayı 1902 Nobel Fizik Ödülü'nü aldı. Zeeman hem 1897 tarihli makalesinde  hem de Nobel kabul konuşmasında  Faraday'ın çalışmalarına atıfta bulundu.

Faraday kafesi
Statik elektrik üzerine yaptığı çalışmada, Faraday'ın buz kovası deneyi, yükün yalnızca yüklü bir iletkenin dışında bulunduğunu ve dış yükün bir iletken içindeki herhangi bir şey üzerinde hiçbir etkisi olmadığını gösterdi. Bunun nedeni, dış yüklerin, kendilerinden çıkan iç alanların birbirini iptal edecek şekilde yeniden dağıtılmasıdır. Bu koruyucu etki, şimdi Faraday kafesi olarak bilinen yerde kullanılmaktadır. Ocak 1836'da Faraday, dört cam desteğin üzerine 12 fit kare ahşap bir çerçeve koymuş ve kağıt duvarlar ve tel örgü eklemişti. Daha sonra içeri girdi ve onu elektriklendirdi. Faraday, elektrikli kafesinden çıktığında, elektriğin o zamanlar sanıldığı gibi ölçülemez bir şey değil, bir kuvvet olduğunu göstermişti.

Elektrik çalışmalarına dönüş
1831'de yeniden kimyadan elektriğe döndü. Bundan sonraki deneylerinin en önemlisi galvanometreye bir kablo bobini bağlayarak küçük elektrik akımlarını ölçmeye yarayan bir alet yapmasıydı. Bu kablo, bir mıknatısa değdirildiğinde galvanometrenin iğnesi hareket ediyor, kabloyu ayırdığında iğne ters yöne hareket ediyordu. Böylece Faraday manyetizmadan elektrik enerjisi elde etmenin yolunu bulmuş oldu. Mekanik enerjiyi bir mıknatıs yardımıyla elektriğe dönüştürdü. Bu, elektrik jeneratörlerinin esası oldu.

Faraday manyetik etkiyle ilgili deneyleri gerçekleştirip sonuçlarını bilim dünyasına sunarken elektriğin farklı biçimlerde ortaya çıkan türlerinin niteliği konusunda kuşkular belirmişti. Elektrikli yılan balığının ve öteki elektrikli balıkların saldığı, bir elektrostatik üretecin verdiği bir pilden ya da elektromanyetik üreteçten elde edilen elektrik akışkanları birbirinin aynı mıydı? Yoksa bunlar farklı yasalara uyan farklı akışkanlar mıydı? Faraday araştırmalarını derinleştirince iki önemli buluş gerçekleştirdi.

Elektriksel kuvvet kimyasal molekülleri, o güne değin sanıldığı gibi uzaktan etkileyerek ayrıştırmıyordu, moleküllerin ayrışması iletken bir sıvı ortamdan akım geçmesiyle ortaya çıkıyordu. Bu akım bir pilin kutuplarından gelse de ya da örneğin havaya boşalıyor olsa da, böyleydi. İkinci olarak, ayrışan madde miktarı çözeltiden geçen elektrik miktarına doğrudan bağımlıydı. Bu bulgular Faraday 'ı yeni bir elektrokimya kuramı oluşturmaya yöneltti. Buna göre elektriksel kuvvet, molekülleri bir gerilme durumuna sokuyordu.

1839'da elektriğe ilişkin yeni ve genel bir kuram geliştirdi. Elektrik madde içinde gerilmeler olmasına yol açar. Bu gerilmeler hızla ortadan kalkabiliyorsa gerilmenin art arda ve periyodik bir biçimde hızla oluşması bir dalga hareketi gibi madde içinde ilerler. Böyle maddelere iletken adı verilir. Yalıtkanlar ise parçacıklarını yerlerinden koparmak için çok yüksek değerde gerilmeler gerektiren maddelerdir.

Faraday, ayrıca mıknatıs kutupları arasında döndürdüğü bir bakır yuvarlak ile devamlı bir akım elde etmeyi de başardı. 1832 ve 1833'te elektrolizin iki temel kanununun formüllerini buldu. 1840 yılında ışık enerjisi ile elektromanyetik enerjinin birbirine çok benzer, hatta aynı olduğu kuramını geliştirdi.

Kraliyet Kurumu ve kamu hizmeti
Faraday'ın Büyük Britanya Kraliyet Enstitüsü ile uzun bir ilişkisi vardı. 1821'de Kraliyet Kurumu'nun Müfettiş Yardımcısı olarak atandı. 1824'te Kraliyet Cemiyeti üyeliğine seçildi. 1825'te Kraliyet Enstitüsü Laboratuvarı Müdürü oldu. Altı yıl sonra, 1833'te Faraday, İngiltere Kraliyet Enstitüsü'nde ders verme yükümlülüğü olmaksızın ömür boyu atandığı ilk Fullerian Kimya Profesörü oldu.

Kraliyet Enstitüsü'ndeki kimya, elektrik ve manyetizma gibi alanlardaki bilimsel araştırmasının ötesinde, Faraday, özel girişimler ve İngiliz hükûmeti için çok sayıda ve çoğu zaman zaman alıcı hizmet projeleri üstlendi. Bu çalışma, kömür madenlerinde meydana gelen patlamaların soruşturulmasını, mahkemede bilirkişi tanıklığını ve Chance Brothers c.1853'ten iki mühendisle birlikte Chance'in deniz fenerleri için gerekli olan yüksek kaliteli optik camın hazırlanmasını içeriyordu. 1846'da Charles Lyell ile birlikte Durham, Haswell'deki kömür ocağında 95 madencinin ölümüne neden olan ciddi bir patlama hakkında uzun ve ayrıntılı bir rapor hazırladı. Raporları titiz bir adli soruşturmaydı ve kömür tozunun patlamanın ciddiyetine katkıda bulunduğunu belirtti. İlk patlamalar toza bağlıydı, Faraday havalandırmanın bunu nasıl önleyebileceği üzerine bir ders verdi. Rapor kömür sahiplerini kömür tozu patlaması tehlikesi konusunda uyarmalıydı, ancak risk, 1913 Senghenydd Colliery Felaketine kadar 60 yıldan fazla bir süredir göz ardı edildi.

Denizcilikle ilgili güçlü çıkarları olan bir ülkede saygın bir bilim insanı olan Faraday, deniz fenerlerinin inşası ve işletilmesi ve gemilerin diplerinin korozyondan korunması gibi projelere çok zaman harcadı. Atölyesi halen, deniz fenerleri için elektrik aydınlatmasında ilk deneyleri gerçekleştirdiği Londra'daki tek deniz fenerinin yanındaki Zincir ve Şamandıra Mağazasının üzerindeki Trinity Buoy İskelesi'nde duruyor.

Faraday, şimdi çevre bilimi veya mühendislik olarak adlandırılan alanda da etkindi. Swansea'daki endüstriyel kirliliği araştırdı ve Kraliyet Darphanesi'nde hava kirliliği konusunda danışmanlık aldı. Temmuz 1855'te Faraday, The Times'a Thames Nehri'nin kötü durumu hakkında bir mektup yazdı ve bu da Punch'ta sık sık yeniden basılan bir karikatürle sonuçlandı.

Faraday, Londra'daki 1851 Büyük Sergisi için sergilerin planlanmasına ve değerlendirilmesine yardımcı oldu. Ayrıca Ulusal Galeri'ye sanat koleksiyonunun temizlenmesi ve korunması konusunda tavsiyelerde bulundu ve 1857'de Ulusal Galeri Site Komisyonu'nda görev yaptı. Eğitim, Faraday'ın hizmet alanlarından bir diğeriydi; Konuyla ilgili olarak 1854'te Kraliyet Enstitüsünde ders verdi ve 1862'de Büyük Britanya'daki eğitimle ilgili görüşlerini vermek için Devlet Okulları Komisyonu'na çıktı. Faraday ayrıca halkın masa çevirme, büyücülük ve seanslara duyduğu hayranlığı olumsuz yönde etkiledi ve böylelikle hem halkı hem de ulusun eğitim sistemini düzeltti.

Son yılları
Sekiz yıl boyunca aralıksız süren deneysel ve kuramsal çalışmaların sonunda 1839'da sağlığı bozulan Faraday, bunu izleyen altı yıl boyunca üretici bir etkinlik gösteremedi. Araştırmalarına ancak 1845'te yeniden başlayabildi. 1855'ten sonra Faraday'ın zihinsel gücü azalmaya başladı. Ara sıra deneysel çalışmalar yaptığı oluyordu. Kraliçe Victoria bilime büyük katkılarını göz önüne alarak Faraday'a Hampton Court'ta bir ev bağışladı.

25 Ağustos 1867'de ölmüştür.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Faraday kafesi
Elektromanyetik indüksiyon
Faraday'ın elektroliz kanunları

Kaynakça

Highgate Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
1791 doğumlular
1867 yılında ölenler
İngiliz mucitler
Elektrikçi bilim insanları
Fransız Bilimler Akademisi üyeleri
İsveç Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisi üyeleri
St Petersburg Bilimler Akademisi'nin şeref üyeleri
İngiliz Protestanlar
İngiliz fizikçiler
İngiliz kimyagerler
Rumford Madalyası sahipleri
Royal Society üyeleri

Michael Faraday


Platitude war eine schwedische Progressive- und Power-Metal-Band aus Nässjö, die im Jahr 1995 gegründet und 2008 wieder aufgelöst wurde.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde im Jahr 1995 gegründet. Nachdem das erste Demo im Jahr 2001 erschien, folgte ein Plattenvertrag im Frühling 2002 mit Scarlet Records. Das Debütalbum Secrets of Life wurde Anfang August mit Produzent Tommy Hansen in den Jailhouse Studios aufgenommen. Die japanische Version erschien im Februar 2003. Im Mai 2003 ging die Band zusammen mit Manticora auf Tour durch Europa. Keyboarder Tommie Lundgren wurde durch Kristofer von Wachenfeldt ersetzt. Auf der Europatour spielte die Band in den Niederlanden, Deutschland, Frankreich und Dänemark. Danach folgten zwei Konzerte mit Threshold in Deutschland.

Im November 2004 begannen die Aufnahmen zum zweiten Album namens Nine. Im Sommer 2004 verließ Marcus Höher die Band und wurde durch Schlagzeuger Andreas Brobjer ersetzt. Der erste Auftritt zusammen mit Brobjer folgte auf dem ProgPower Europe. Kurz danach verließ Gitarrist Daniel Hall die Band und wurde durch Johan Randén ersetzt. In der Weihnachtszeit 2004 begann die Planung für die Aufnahmen zum dritten Album Silence Speaks, die im April 2005 starteten. Das Album wurde in den Jailhouse Studios mit Tommy Hansen produziert. Im Dezember 2005 zog Andreas Brobjer nach Kalifornien. Die übrigen Bandmitglieder widmeten sich ihren Nebenprojekten, bis Erik Wigelius Anfang 2007 als neuer Schlagzeuger zur Band kam.

Am 28. Dezember 2008 verkündete die Band ihre Auflösung.

Stil
Die Band spielt progressiven Power Metal und wird als eine Mischung aus Helloween und Symphony X beschrieben.

Diskografie
 2001: Wings of Time (Demo, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 2002: Secrets of Life (Album, Scarlet Records)
 2004: Nine (Album, Scarlet Records)
 2005: Silence Speaks (Album, Scarlet Records)

Weblinks
 Platitude bei Myspace

Einzelnachweise

Power-Metal-Band
Progressive-Metal-Band
Schwedische Band

Platitude (Band)


توبياس ليندروث  ، من مواليد 21 أبريل 1979 في مارسيليا في فرنسا ، لاعب كرة قدم سويدي سابق.

يلعب مع نادي غلطة سراي التركي منذ عام 2007.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب السويد لكرة القدم في عام 1999.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويديون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في النرويج
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الدنمارك
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مارسيليا
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في الدنمارك
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في النرويج
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في هولندا
رياضيون من مارسيليا
سويديون متجنسون
طاقم نادي إلفسبورغ غير اللاعبين
فرنسيون من أصل سويدي
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري السويدي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري النرويجي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو إيفرتون
لاعبو إيلفسبورغ
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري السوبر الدنماركي
لاعبو غلطة سراي
لاعبو فاينورد
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الدنمارك
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في النرويج
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مارسيليا
لاعبو منتخب السويد تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب السويد لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب السويد لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي ستابك
لاعبو نادي كوبنهاغن
مدربو كرة قدم سويديون
مواليد 1979
مواليد في مارسيليا

توبياس ليندروث


Laurent Freidel is a French theoretical physicist and mathematical physicist known mainly for his contributions to quantum gravity, including loop quantum gravity, spin foam models, doubly special relativity, group field theory, relative locality and most recently metastring theory. He is currently a faculty member at Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Freidel received his PhD in 1994 from the École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENSL) in Lyon, France. He stayed at ENSL officially as a research scientist for 12 years, until 2006. During that time he also held a postdoctoral position at Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania, United States from 1997 to 1999 and an adjunct professor position at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada from 2002 to 2009. In 2006 he joined Perimeter Institute as its ninth faculty member.

Between 2004 and 2006 Freidel has coauthored a series of papers on the Ponzano-Regge model, a spin foam model of 3-dimensional quantum gravity. In 2007 he introduced, with Kirill Krasnov, a new spin foam model for 4-dimensional quantum gravity which has become known as the Freidel-Krasnov model.

In 2011 Freidel published a paper with Giovanni Amelino-Camelia, Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman and Lee Smolin introducing the principle of relative locality, a proposed generalization of the principle of relativity in which different observers see different notions of spacetimes. Between 2013 and 2015 he published a series of papers with Robert Leigh and Djordje Minic introducing a new formulation of string theory, metastring theory, which implements the notion of relative locality in a precise way and introduces a new notion of modular spacetime.

References

External links
 Laurent Freidel's homepage at Perimeter Institute

Canadian physicists
Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
French relativity theorists
Mathematical physicists
Loop quantum gravity researchers

Laurent Freidel


Ryukyu Adaları ( Ryūkyū-shotō veya 南西諸島 Nansei-shotō; "Güneybatı Adaları"), Japonya'ya ait Büyük Okyanus üzerinde Kyūshū ile Tayvan arasında yer alan takımadalardır. Ryukyu Adaları kuzeyde Amami, ortada Okinawa ile güneyde Sakishima adalarından oluşmaktadır. Bunlardan en büyük olanı ise Okinawa Adası'dır. Ryukyu Adaları idari olarak Kagoshima (Amami) ve Okinawa (Okinawa ve Sakishima) prefektörlüklerine bağlıdır.

Ryukyu Adaları Doğu Çin Denizi ile Büyük Okyanus arasında sınırı oluşturmaktadır. Adaların iklimi subtropikal olup yoğun yağış alır ve her yıl tayfunlar görülür. Adalardan büyük olanlar çoğunlukla volkanik adalar ve küçük olanları ise çoğunlukla mercan adalarıdır. Bu nedenle topografik olarak büyük adalar daha dağlık ve küçük adalar daha düzdür. Adalarda Japonca ve Ryukyu dilleri konuşulmaktadır. Adaların ekonomisi tarım ve balıkçılık ve önemli bir oranda da turizme dayalıdır.

Ryukyu Adaları'nda önceden Çin ve Japonya'nın vasalı olan Ryukyu Krallığı bulunmaktaydı. 1879 yılında adalar Japonya'ya bağlandı. Japonya'nın II. Dünya Savaşı'ndaki yenilgisi ile adalar ABD yönetimine geçti. Amami Adaları 1953 yılında ve geri kalan adalar ise 1972 yılında Japonya'ya geri verildi. Günümüzde Okinawa Adası'nda ABD'ye ait askerî üsler bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 A Brief History of the Uchinanchu (Okinawans)
 National Archives of Japan: Ryukyu Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu, scroll illustrating procession of Ryuku emissary to Edo, Hōei 7 (1710)
 Historic maps in the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection by the Army Map Service, Ryukyu Retto 1:50,000 Series L791, 1943 - 1945

Ryukyu Adaları


وجبة بنافة أو أطاجين هي وجبة تقليدية في موريتانيا تتكون من اللحم المقطع أو غير مقطع حسب الرغبة بالإضافة إلى البطاطس المقطعة وكذلك البصل ويوضع الجميع في مرجل واحد ويطبخ ثم يوضع في إناء التقديم ويؤكل مع الخبز.
وجدير بالذكر أن جميع الوجبات الموريتانية تؤكل باليد بدون شوكة أو سكين.

مطبخ موريتاني

بنافة


Labar oder LaBar ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Jeff LaBar (1963–2021), US-amerikanischer Musiker
 Ronan Labar (* 1989), französischer Badmintonspieler

Labar


Ohse ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Hans Werner Ohse (1898–1991), deutscher evangelisch-lutherischer Geistlicher
 Reinhard Ohse (1930–2022), deutscher Kirchenmusiker und Komponist

Ohse


The Official Languages Act (; colloquially the Act) is a Canadian law that came into force on September 9, 1969, which gives French and English equal status in the government of Canada. This makes them "official" languages, having preferred status in law over all other languages. Although the Official Languages Act is not the only piece of federal language law, it is the legislative keystone of Canada's official bilingualism. It was substantially amended in 1988. Both languages are equal in Canada's government and in all the services it controls, such as the courts.

Summary of main features
The Act<ref>Canada. [https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-3.01/ Official Languages Act (1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.))]. Ottawa. Page consulted December 10, 2020.</ref>  provides, among other things,
that Canadians have the right to receive services from federal departments and from Crown corporations in both official languages;
that Canadians will be able to be heard before federal courts in the official language of their choice;
that Parliament will adopt laws and to publish regulations in both official languages, and that both versions will be of equal legal weight;
that English and French will have equal status of languages of work within the federal public service within geographically defined parts of the country that are designated bilingual (most notably in the National Capital Region, Montreal and New Brunswick), as well as in certain overseas government offices and in parts of the country where there is sufficient demand for services in both official languages. In remaining geographical areas, the language of work for federal public servants is French (in Quebec) and English (elsewhere);

The Federal government has set in place regulations establishing linguistic categories (anglophone, francophone, bilingual) for some job functions within the public service. Departments and agencies of the federal government are required to fill these positions with individuals who are capable of serving the public in English, in French, or in both languages.  Unilingual public servants are given incentives to learn the other official language, and the government provides language training and offers a "bilingualism bonus".

Part VI of the Act mandates that English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians not be discriminated against based on ethnic origin or first language learned when it comes to employment opportunities and advancement.

The law also created the Commissioner of Official Languages, an officer of Parliament charged with receiving complaints from the public, undertaking inquiries, and making recommendations regarding the status of the two official languages.

Section 32 of the Official Languages Act authorizes the Governor in Council (i.e., the federal cabinet) to issue regulations defining the geographic regions in which services will be offered by the federal government in the relevant minority language (English in Quebec and French elsewhere).  This provides a legal definition for the otherwise vague requirement that services be provided in the minority official languages wherever there is "significant demand." The definition used in the regulations is complex, but basically an area of the country is served in both languages if at least 5,000 persons in that area, or 5% of the local population (whichever is smaller), belongs to that province's English or French linguistic minority population.  The regulations were first promulgated in 1991.

Political context
The Official Languages Act was one of the cornerstones of the government of Pierre Trudeau. The law was an attempt to implement some of the policy objectives outlined by the federally commissioned Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, which had been established in 1963 and since that time had been issuing periodic reports on the inequitable manner in which Canada's English-speaking and French-speaking populations were treated by the federal administration. At that time, only 9% of jobs within the federal public service were occupied by Francophones, even though French-speakers formed a quarter of the Canadian population. The proportion of jobs designated bilingual grew to 14% in 1978, and to 25% in 2004.

One of the most important features of the 1969 act was to ensure that federal government services would be provided in both official languages, wherever population size warranted it.

Its principles were later incorporated into the Constitution of Canada, in Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

A new Official Languages Act was enacted in 1988 in order to achieve two objectives.

First, it was necessary to update the 1969 law to take into account the new language-related obligations that the federal government had undertaken under Sections 16-23 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which had been enacted in 1982. For example,  Section 20 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right of the Canadian public to communicate in English and French with any central government office or with regional offices where there is "a significant demand for communication with and services from that office." Significant demand is not defined in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. One of the purposes of the Official Languages Act of 1988 was to remedy this omission.

Second, the new law included provisions for the promotion by the government of Canada of Quebec's English-speaking minority and of the French-speaking minorities in the rest of the country. The programs that fall under the "promotion" umbrella are often designed to encourage each provincial government to offer services to its official-language minority community, and contain a mechanism for transferring funds to the provincial governments in order to finance a part of these programs. Under Canada's federal constitution, many important services, such as education and health, fall under provincial jurisdiction and are therefore off-limits to any direct federal spending. The transfer of federal funds, conditional upon the fulfilment by each provincial government of detailed conditions laid out in a funding agreement, is a constitutionally permitted method of dodging this jurisdictional constraint.

This would suggest that the Official Languages Act and Quebec's Charter of the French Language (also known as "Bill 101") are fundamentally at cross-purposes with each other. However, that perspective is not universally accepted. For example, former Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff has stated that "Bill 101 and the Official Languages Act are not in opposition, they are complementary."

Reactions

Provincial legislatures

In 1969, the law was adopted with all-party support in the House of Commons of Canada. Despite this, there was not universal support for the law. The premiers of the three Prairie provinces requested, early in 1969, that the Official Languages Bill be referred to the Supreme Court of Canada to determine its constitutionality. They maintained, along with JT Thorson, the former president of the Exchequer Court of Canada, that the bill was outside the powers of the Parliament of Canada. The reference to the court was never made, but the legal question was resolved in 1974, when the Supreme Court ruled, in Jones v. Attorney General of New Brunswick, that the subject matter of the bill was within federal jurisdiction.

In subsequent decades the response from provincial governments to the example set by the federal government has been mixed:
New Brunswick, which is home to Canada's second-largest French-speaking minority population, adopted the federal government policy and adopted its own Official Languages Act on April 18, 1969. The bilingual status of New Brunswick was strengthened in 1993 by the addition of section 16.1 to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Ontario, which is the home to Canada's largest French-speaking minority, opted instead to enact a law (the French Language Services Act) which provides for services of the provincial government to be made available in certain geographically designated regions, but which does not give the French language either a symbolic or an authoritative status as an equal "official" language of Ontario. However, the English and French versions of statutes and regulations that are enacted or made in both languages are equally authoritative.
Manitoba, which is home to Canada's third-largest French-speaking minority, refused to overturn its ban on the use of French in both the provincial legislature and its courts (which had been in effect since 1890), until it was forced to do so in 1985 by a ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada (Reference re Manitoba Language Rights) that the province was under a constitutional obligation to enact laws in French as well as in English.
Quebec, which is home to an English-speaking minority of over half a million, had traditionally been the only province which was generous in its treatment of its minority-language population, and for this reason had been cited by the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism as the model to be emulated by other provinces. But in the 1970s, the provincial legislature adopted two laws, the Official Language Act (also known as "Bill 22") and the Charter of the French Language (also known as "Bill 101"), reducing the access of Quebecers to English-language services, preventing immigrants and Francophones from enrolling their children in English schools, requiring that French be made the language of the workplace, and restricting the use of English on commercial signs.

Public reactions
Public support for bilingual services had dramatically increased between the mid-1960s and the end of the 1970s. There was no direct polling on the popularity of the Official Languages Act itself at the time, but poll data on related questions gives an indication of a significant shift in the attitudes of English-speaking Canadians. A 1965 poll showed that 17% of Canadians living outside Quebec favored the use of public funds to finance French-language schools. This proportion had risen to 77% by 1977 (albeit in response to a slightly different question about support for provincial governments offering services in French "where possible").

Within Quebec, changes to the treatment of French-speakers within the federal public service were met with approval mixed with skepticism that this actually helped the unilingual French-speaking majority of Quebecers, who continued to be excluded from all federal jobs designated "bilingual", since by definition a "bilingual" job requires the use of English.

However, the changes found some opposition in English Canada. Toronto Telegram columnist Braithwaither sums up the position of the opponents of the bill like this: "We are not afraid of any aspect of the language bill, we simply regard it as unnecessary, politically-motivated, costly to implement, divisive, and, as it affects the non-English, non-French third of the population, wholly discriminatory."

As per the bill, some positions in the public sector were designated as bilingual. At the implementation of the bill, if a bilingual position was held by a unilingual anglophone, this person was allowed to keep their position on the condition that they attempted to learn French, and all subsequent holders of this position must be bilingual. Under these circumstances, there were fears that, because of the higher rate of bilingualism among Francophones, people whose first official language is French would become overrepresented in the public sector. However, this has not become the case. The ratio of French first official language speakers to English first official language speakers in the public sector is almost the same as in the general population.

At any rate, the adoption of official bilingualism at the federal level did almost nothing to slow the rise of the sovereignist movement. The nationalist Parti Québécois made its first significant electoral breakthrough less than a year after the Official Languages Act was adopted, winning 23% of the vote in Quebec's 1970 provincial election and replacing the Union Nationale as the main electoral vehicle for Quebec nationalism. Six years later, the Parti Québécois came to power in the 1976 provincial election.

 Failure to implement all provisions of the Official Languages Act
From time to time, the Official Languages Commissioner draws attention to the fact that federal agencies subject to the law are failing to live up to their legal obligations regarding official languages. In a report published in 2004 on the 35th anniversary of the Official Languages Act, Commissioner Dyane Adam noted that only 86% of posts designated "bilingual" in the federal public service were occupied by persons who had effectively mastered the two official languages. This nevertheless was an increase over the comparable figure of 1978, when only 70% of the incumbents in posts that had been designated "bilingual" were capable of speaking both languages at accepted levels.

 Opinion polls

According to a poll conducted in 2002, 98% of Quebecers consider official bilingualism to be "very important" or "somewhat important". This proportion drops to 76% in the Atlantic provinces, 72% in Ontario, 67% in the Prairie provinces, and 63% in British Columbia. Another poll, conducted in 2000, shows that more than half of Canadians outside Quebec believe that too much effort has gone into promoting bilingualism. By contrast, only 26% of Quebecers shared this view. A poll conducted in 2012 found that 63% of Canadians were in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada, a 9% increase since that same poll was last conducted in 2003.

In 2016, another poll was conducted, showing increasing support for official bilingualism in every province. Among telephone respondents, 88% of Canadians said they "strongly support" or "somewhat support" the aims of the Official Languages Act: 91% in the Atlantic, 94% in Quebec, 87% in Ontario, 83% in the Prairies, 90% in Alberta and 84% in British Columbia. 84% of telephone respondents also said they personally "strongly support" or "somewhat support" official bilingualism.  The results were more mixed in the online portion of the poll, where 78% of respondents said they "strongly support" or "somewhat support" the aims of the Official Languages Act, and 73% said they personally "strongly support" or "somewhat support" official bilingualism. In another poll conducted on this topic in the same year, 67% of respondents across Canada answered "yes" to the question "Are you personally in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada?" while 31% said "no".

 Reform proposals

 2021 OLA modernisation bill
In June 2021 the Government of Canada introduced a parliamentary bill to modernize the Official Languages Act in a changing and more digital society.

 Bill C-13
In 2022, the Government of Canada tabled Bill C-13 which amends the Official Languages Act and other related legislation. As of June 15, 2023, Bill C-13 passed third reading in the Senate and is awaiting royal assent.

 Including more languages
The Official Languages Act applies to English and French, but does not include formal protections any other languages spoken in Canada, Indigenous or otherwise. In a Winnipeg allocution during his first term, Pierre Elliott Trudeau said that French was selected as an official language mostly because of the important demographic weight within Canada. As such, if and when Ukrainian would represent the mother tongue of, say, 10% of the population, Trudeau assured the crowd that steps would be taken to make Ukrainian an official language of Canada as well.

More recently, Romeo Saganash, the NDP Member of Parliament for Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou from 2011 to 2019, proposed that every single indigenous languages still spoken today become an official language of Canada. Saganash also advocates for the right to speak indigenous languages in the House of Commons and the Senate.

See also

Official bilingualism in Canada
Official Bilingualism in the Public Service of CanadaOfficial Language Act (Quebec)Charter of the French Language
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Languages of Canada
Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (includes list of commissioners 1970–present)
List of Acts of Parliament of Canada

Notes

External links
 Déjà Vu: 40 Years of Language and Laughter in Political Cartoons (Commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the Official Languages Act'')
 Canadian Department of Justice - Official Languages Act text
 Analysis of section 41 of the act

Canadian federal legislation
Bilingualism in Canada
1969 in Canadian law
Pierre Trudeau
Language legislation

Official Languages Act (Canada)