Sluškinjina priča (izv. The Handmaid's Tale) je distopijski roman kanadske spisateljice Margaret Atwood, objavljen 1985. godine. Radnja je smještena u bliskoj budućnosti, u patrijarhalnoj, totalitarnoj teokratskoj državi poznatoj kao Republika Gilead, koja je svrgnula vladu Sjedinjenih Država. Fredova je središnji lik i pripovjedač te jedna od "Sluškinja", žena koje su prisiljene rađati djecu "Zapovjednicima", vladajuću klasu, i njihovim neplodnim suprugama.

Roman istražuje teme pokorenih žena u patrijarhalnom društvu, gubitak ženske slobode i individualnosti, potiskivanje reproduktivnih prava žena i različita sredstva kojima se žene opiru i pokušavaju steći neovisnost u svijetu.

Priznat kao magnum opus svjetski poznate spisateljice, nagrađen je i nominiran za brojne nagrade, uključujući i nominacije za nagrade Booker i Nebula, adaptiran je u film i u kritički priznatu i nagrađivanu televizijsku seriju, te se smatra jednim od najutjecajnijih djela 20. stoljeća čija tematika i dan danas ostaje relevantna u borbi za temeljna ljudska prava.

Sinopsis

Nakon insceniranog napada u kojem su ubijeni predsjednik Sjedinjenih Država i većina Kongresa, u jeku masovne krize plodnosti i nataliteta, radikalna politička skupina pod nazivom "Jakovljevi sinovi" koristi se teonomskom ideologijom za pokretanje revolucije. Ustav je suspendiran, novine su cenzurirane, a ono što su nekada bile Sjedinjene Američke Države anektirano je u vojnu diktaturu poznatu kao Republika Gilead. Režim reorganizira društvo novim hijerarhijskim modelom stratifikacije i zakona, koristeći doslovnu interpretaciju nekih starozavjetnih ideja. Jedna od najznačajnijih promjena je ograničenje prava žena. Žene postaju najniža klasa i ne smiju posjedovati novac ili imovinu, niti čitati i pisati. Što je najvažnije, ženama je uskraćena kontrola nad vlastitim reproduktivnim funkcijama.

Priču u pripovijedanju u prvom licu ispričala je žena po imenu Fredova. U ovoj eri zagađenja okoliša i radijacije, ona je jedna od rijetkih preostalih plodnih žena. Stoga je prisilno dodijeljena da rađa djecu "Zapovjednicima", vladajućoj klasi muškaraca, a spada u klasu "Sluškinja" prema biblijskoj priči o Raheli i njezinoj sluškinji Bilhi. Njezinim pričama o trenutnim iskustvima isprepleteni su retrospektivi njezina života prije i tijekom početka revolucije, uključujući njezin neuspjeli pokušaj bijega u Kanadu s mužem i djetetom i njezinu indoktrinaciju u ranim danima Gileada. U ovo vrijeme kada joj je svaki pokret viđen i kontroliran, svaka ograničena riječ prije dvaput promišljena, kada ju siluju svaki mjesec plodnim danima, Fredova nastoji ostati pri zdravom umu i živa u nadi da će se opet sresti sa svojom otetom kćeri i spasiti se iz seksualnog sužanjstva.

Nadahnuća
Atwood tvrdi da su svi zakoni u Sluškinjinoj priči, točnije u Republici Gilead, bili stvarni u nekom povijesnom periodu i da nijedan zakon nije izmislila. Također je bila nadahnuta revolucijom u Iranu 1978.–1979., u kojoj je uspostavljena teokracija koja je drastično smanjila prava žena i nametnula stroga pravila odijevanja iranskim ženama, vrlo nalik onima u Gileadu. Nadahnuće je došlo i od zabrane pobačaja Nicolaeja Ceaușesca u komunističkoj Rumunjskoj.

Recenzije i utjecaj

Sluškinjina priča dobila je nebrojne pohvale kritičara, što je pomoglo učvršćivanju statusa Atwoodove kao istaknute spisateljice 20. stoljeća. Danas se svrstava u istu kategoriju kao Tisuću devetsto osamdeset četvrta i Vrli novi svijet, kao jedan od najznačajnijih distopijskih romana u povijesti svjetske književnosti.

Danas se, uz pomoć nagrađivane ekranizacije, klasa Sluškinja iz romana smatra simbolom emancipacije žena i ženske snage u patrijarhalnim društvima. Roman koji nije izašao iz tiska već više od 30 godina služi kao primjer budućnosti koja se može obistiniti ako fundamentalna ljudska prava uzimamo zdravo za gotovo.

Izvori

Sluškinjina priča


The Legends Cup, originally known as the Lingerie Bowl, was the championship game of the LFL—originally the Lingerie Football League and later the Legends Football League—which operated from 2009 to 2019. It was a game of full-contact American football with female athletes playing seven-on-seven tackle football. The players in the game wore helmets, shoulder pads, elbow pads, knee pads, bras and underwear. The LFL ceased operation following its 2019 season, then was restructured as the Extreme Football League (X League), which began play in 2022. The X League's championship game is branded as the "X Cup".

History
Originally played as an annual Super Bowl halftime alternative shown on pay-per-view TV, Lingerie Bowl I aired during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Team Euphoria losing to the Team Dream by a score of 6–0.  Two more games were subsequently played (Lingerie Bowl II in 2005 and Lingerie Bowl III in 2006) however the next three (Lingerie Bowl IV (2007), Lingerie Bowl V (2008) and Lingerie Bowl VI (2009)) were for various reasons cancelled. In 2010 Producer Horizon Productions expanded the concept into a ten team league called the Lingerie Football League (LFL), playing its first season from September 2009 to January 2010 on Friday nights in major arenas and stadiums. Lingerie Bowl VII (2010) served as the championship match for the season. Since then the Lingerie Bowl has been contested between the Eastern and Western Conference champions of the LFL. For the 2012 Lingerie Bowl, the game was moved to kickoff before the Super Bowl, rather than be played as an alternative halftime entertainment option. In 2012, the LFL underwent a re-branding, changing its name to the Legends Football League and the championship game to the Legends Cup.

For the first three games the halftime special included celebrities such as Jenny McCarthy, Dennis Rodman, Chingy, Eric Dickerson, Lawrence Taylor, Cindy Margolis, Traci Bingham, Michael Buffer and Jim McMahon. Previous Lingerie Bowls have taken place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.

Lingerie Bowls

Lingerie Bowl (2004)
The first Lingerie Bowl between two teams of models and actresses—Team Dream and Team Euphoria, captained by Nikki Ziering and Angie Everhart. Team Dream shut-out Euphoria with a single touchdown, winning the inaugural game 6–0.

Lingerie Bowl II (2005)
Los Angeles Temptation defeated New York Euphoria

Lingerie Bowl III (2006)
New York Euphoria 13-12 Los Angeles Temptation

Lingerie Bowl IV (2007)
Lingerie Bowl IV was to air opposite Super Bowl XLI's halftime show, but the PPV broadcast was cancelled. Horizon had announced that the cancellation was due to having reached a deal with an unspecified cable network to broadcast the following year's game.

Lingerie Bowl V (2008)
The game was announced to be held at a downtown golf course in Scottsdale, Arizona (a neighbor to Super Bowl XLII host city Glendale, Arizona) as the first Lingerie Bowl to be held outside of Los Angeles. Organizers had planned a three-day "Experience Village" in downtown Scottsdale, including activities, live music, autograph sessions, and a "Football After Dark" party on the eve of the game, but no formal applications had been approved as of February 2007. Residents of Scottsdale also displayed opposition towards the hosting of the event in the city. After withdrawing formal applications with the city in October 2007, Horizon continued to promote that the game would be held somewhere around Phoenix, but these plans never materialized. A Horizon spokesperson eventually reported that the game had been cancelled, as the time spent on attempting to obtain permits to organize the events in Scottsdale had "[limited] our possibilities in neighboring cities." Additionally, Horizon did not elaborate on the previously announced broadcasting deal it had allegedly reached for Lingerie Bowl V.

Lingerie Bowl VI (2009)
Lingerie Bowl VI, between the Miami Caliente and the Tampa Breeze, was scheduled for January 31, 2009 to be played at Caliente Resorts, a nudist resort in Pasco County, Florida (near Super Bowl XLIII host city Tampa Bay). The game was cancelled due to conflicts between the organizers and the resort over clothing requirements; a spokesperson for the resort stated that the organizers were "wanting more areas of our resort restricted to clothing required than we could accommodate."

Lingerie Bowl VII (2010)

Lingerie Bowl VII featured the winners of the LFL's Western and Eastern Conference in a game played on February 6, 2010, at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Hollywood, Florida. The game was intended to be webcast opposite Super Bowl XLIV's halftime show in Miami Gardens, Florida, on February 7, 2010. The Western Conference Los Angeles Temptation defeated the Eastern Conference Chicago Bliss by the score of 27–14. Server problems and "overwhelming internet demand" kept fans from streaming the Lingerie Bowl game video until more than an hour after the conclusion of the Super Bowl.

Lingerie Bowl VIII (2011)

Lingerie Bowl VIII featured the defending champion Los Angeles Temptation, winners of the Western Conference, against the Eastern Conference winning Philadelphia Passion. The Temptation defeated the Passion, 26–25, at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. Approximately 3,000 fans attended the game. The game returned to traditional pay-per-view television instead of the failed Internet broadcast from the previous year.

Lingerie Bowl IX (2012)

The Orleans Arena was selected as the host venue for Lingerie Bowl IX played on February 5, 2012. The game moved to before the Super Bowl, instead of its usual halftime, to allow a full game to be played instead of the abbreviated games of previous years; the game also aired on MTV2 instead of on pay-per-view.

Lingerie Bowl Canada I (2012)

With the creation of LFL Canada the first Canadian Lingerie Bowl was played on November 17, 2012, between the Saskatoon Sirens and the BC Angels at the Abbotsford Entertainment & Sports Centre in Abbotsford, British Columbia, one week before the CFL's Grey Cup. The BC Angels won the inaugural championship game 25–12 with BC Angels' quarterback Mary Ann Hanson the game's MVP.

Legends Cup (2013)

In 2012, the league decided to officially move the next LFL United States season to a spring league, beginning in April 2013. Along with the re-branding of the league, the now Legends Cup was to be played at Highmark Stadium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 1, 2013. However, due to ticket sales exceeding the 3,000 seat capacity of Highmark, an announcement was made on June 1, 2013, that the game would be moved to Philadelphia's PPL Park, the 2013 home of the Philadelphia Passion. On July 5, 2013, LFL once again moved the game, this time back to the Orleans Arena in Las Vegas, citing an agreement having been made to have the publicized game played there for the next 3 years.

LFL Canada Legends Cup 2013

The 2013 LFL Canada Legends Cup was scheduled to be played on Saturday, 16 November 2013 at Stampede Corral in Calgary, Alberta between the first and second placed teams of the 2013 LFL Canada season.

LFL Australian Legends Cup 2013–14

With the creation of LFL Australia the first 2013–14 LFL Australian Legends Cup was scheduled to be played on Saturday, 8 February 2014 at nib Stadium in Perth between the first and second placed teams of the 2013–14 LFL Australia season.

Results

References

External links
Legends Football League and Legends Cup official website

Legends Football League
American football competitions
Recurring events established in 2004
Indoor American football competitions
Super Bowl-related television programming
American football bowls

Legends Cup (LFL)


කෝටෑංජන  අගය හෙවත් කොට් අගය යනු යම්කිසි කෝණයක් සඳහා ගණනය කරනු ලබන ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික අනුපාතයකි.  මෙය දත්ත ගොනු සඳහා වන සමහර මෘදුකාංගවල ද පැතුරුම්පත් සඳහා වන සමහර මෘදුකාංගවාල ද සමහර පරිගණක භාෂාවල ද ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික ශ්‍රිතයක් ලෙසින් දක්නට ලැබේ.  මෙම අනුපාතය තේරුම් ගැනීම සඳහා ඍජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක් භාවිතා කළ යුතුය.

ඉහත දැක්වෙන ABC ත්‍රිකෝණයේ ABC කෝණය α  වන අතර ACB කෝණය β  බව රූපයෙන් පැහැදිලි වනු ඇත. එසේම CAB කෝණය අංශක 90ක් බැවින් මෙය ඍජු කෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක් සේ සැලකේ.

යම්කිසි කෝණයක කෝටෑංජන  අගය යනු එම කෝණය සහිත ඍජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක එම කෝණයට බද්ධ පාදය එහි විරුද්ධ  පාදයෙන් බෙදූ  විට ලැබෙන ප්‍රතිඵලයයි.

එනම් කෝටෑංජන  අගය = බද්ධ පාදය / විරුද්ධ  පාදය

මෙම නීතිය ABC හා ACB යන කෝණවලට යෙදූ විට

කොට් α  = AB / AC   හා  කොට් β  =  AC / AB බව පැහැදිලි වනු ඇත. කෝණය අංශකවලින් දී ඇති විට, විශේෂ කෝණ කිහිපයක කොට් අගයයන් පහත දැක්වේ.

කොට් 0   අනන්තයට එළඹේ යැයි සලකනු ලැබේ.

කොට් 30 =

කොට් 45   =

කොට් 60 =

කොට් 90 =

ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම කෝටෑංජන අගය හෙවත් කොට් අගය යනු ටැංජන අගයේ පරස්පරයයි.

එනම් කොට් අගය = 1 / ටෑන් අගය

ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය

කෝටෑංජන අගය


Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence. GAs are one of the longest-known classes of plant hormone. It is thought that the selective breeding (albeit unconscious) of crop strains that were deficient in GA synthesis was one of the key drivers of the "green revolution" in the 1960s, a revolution that is credited to have saved over a billion lives worldwide.

History
The first inroads into the understanding of GAs were developments from the plant pathology field, with studies on the bakanae, or "foolish seedling" disease in rice. Foolish seedling disease causes a strong elongation of rice stems and leaves and eventually causes them to topple over. In 1926, Japanese scientist Eiichi Kurosawa identified that foolish seedling disease was caused by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Later work at the University of Tokyo showed that a substance produced by this fungus triggered the symptoms of foolish seedling disease and they named this substance "gibberellin".

The increased communication between Japan and the West following World War II enhanced the interest in gibberellin in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Workers at Imperial Chemical Industries in the UK and the Department of Agriculture in the US both independently isolated gibberellic acid (with the Americans originally referring to the chemical as "gibberellin-X", before adopting the British name–the chemical is known as gibberellin A3 or GA3 in Japan)

Knowledge of gibberellins spread around the world as the potential for its use on various commercially important plants became more obvious. For example, in 1957, a viticulture professor at the University of California, Davis reported on test results showing that gibberellin had uses in the production of grapes, particularly of Thompson seedless table grapes. Five years later, all Thompson seedless table grapes in California were being sprayed with gibberellin at fruit set to increase berry size. A known gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor is paclobutrazol (PBZ), which in turn inhibits growth and induces early fruitset as well as seedset.

A chronic food shortage was feared during the rapid climb in world population in the 1960s. This was averted with the development of a high-yielding variety of rice. This variety of semi-dwarf rice is called IR8, and it has a short height because of a mutation in the sd1 gene. Sd1 encodes GA20ox, so a mutant sd1 is expected to exhibit a short height that is consistent with GA deficiency.

Chemistry
All known gibberellins are diterpenoid acids that are synthesized by the terpenoid pathway in plastids and then modified in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol until they reach their biologically active form. All gibberellins are derived via the ent-gibberellane skeleton, but are synthesised via ent-kaurene. The gibberellins are named GA1 through GAn in order of discovery. Gibberellic acid, which was the first gibberellin to be structurally characterized, is GA3.

, there are 136 GAs identified from plants, fungi, and bacteria.

Gibberellins are tetracyclic diterpene acids. There are two classes based on the presence of either 19 or 20 carbons. The 19-carbon gibberellins, such as gibberellic acid, have lost carbon 20 and, in place, possess a five-member lactone bridge that links carbons 4 and 10. The 19-carbon forms are, in general, the biologically active forms of gibberellins. Hydroxylation also has a great effect on the biological activity of the gibberellin. In general, the most biologically active compounds are dihydroxylated gibberellins, which possess hydroxyl groups on both carbon 3 and carbon 13. Gibberellic acid is a dihydroxylated gibberellin.

Bioactive GAs
The bioactive GAs are GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7. There are three common structural traits between these GAs: hydroxyl group on C-3β, a carboxyl group on C-6, and a lactone between C-4 and C-10. The 3β-hydroxyl group can be exchanged for other functional groups at C-2 and/or C-3 positions. GA5 and GA6 are examples of bioactive GAs that do not have a hydroxyl group on C-3β. The presence of GA1 in various plant species suggests that it is a common bioactive GA.

Biological function
Gibberellins are involved in the natural process of breaking dormancy and other aspects of germination. Before the photosynthetic apparatus develops sufficiently in the early stages of germination, the stored energy reserves of starch nourish the seedling. Usually in germination, the breakdown of starch to glucose in the endosperm begins shortly after the seed is exposed to water. Gibberellins in the seed embryo are believed to signal starch hydrolysis through inducing the synthesis of the enzyme α-amylase in the aleurone cells. In the model for gibberellin-induced production of α-amylase, it is demonstrated that gibberellins (denoted by GA) produced in the scutellum diffuse to the aleurone cells, where they stimulate the secretion α-amylase. α-Amylase then hydrolyses starch, which is abundant in many seeds, into glucose that can be used in cellular respiration to produce energy for the seed embryo. Studies of this process have indicated gibberellins cause higher levels of transcription of the gene coding for the α-amylase enzyme, to stimulate the synthesis of α-amylase.

Gibberellins are produced in greater mass when the plant is exposed to cold temperatures. They stimulate cell elongation, breaking and budding, seedless fruits, and seed germination. Gibberellins cause seed germination by breaking the seed's dormancy and acting as a chemical messenger. Its hormone binds to a receptor, and calcium activates the protein calmodulin, and the complex binds to DNA, producing an enzyme to stimulate growth in the embryo.

Metabolism

Biosynthesis
GAs are usually synthesized from the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in higher plants. In this pathway, bioactive GA is produced from trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP). In the MEP pathway, three classes of enzymes are used to yield GA from GGDP: terpene syntheses (TPSs), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), and 2-oxoglutarate–dependent dioxygenases (2ODDs). There are eight steps in the MEP pathway:

 GGDP is converted to ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP) by ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS)
 ent-CDP is converted to ent-kaurene by ent-kaurene synthase (KS)
 ent-kaurene is converted to ent-kaurenol by ent-kaurene oxidase (KO)
 ent-kaurenol is converted to ent-kaurenal by KO
 ent-kaurenal is converted to ent-kaurenoic acid by KO
 ent-kaurenoic acid is converted to ent-7a-hydroxykaurenoic acid by ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO)
 ent-7a-hydroxykaurenoic acid is converted to GA12-aldehyde by KAO
 GA12-aldehyde is converted to GA12 by KAO. GA12 is processed to the bioactive GA4 by oxidations on C-20 and C-3, which is accomplished by 2 soluble ODDs: GA 20-oxidase and GA 3-oxidase.

One or two genes encode the enzymes responsible for the first steps of GA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and rice. The null alleles of the genes encoding CPS, KS, and KO result in GA-deficient Arabidopsis dwarves. Multigene families encode the 2ODDs that catalyze the formation of GA12 to bioactive GA4.

AtGA3ox1 and AtGA3ox2, two of the four genes that encode GA3ox in Arabidopsis, affect vegetative development. Environmental stimuli regulate AtGA3ox1 and AtGA3ox2 activity during seed germination. In Arabidopsis, GA20ox overexpression leads to an increase in GA concentration.

Sites of biosynthesis
Most bioactive GAs are located in actively growing organs on plants. Both GA20ox and GA3ox genes (genes coding for GA 20-oxidase and GA 3-oxidase) and the SLENDER1 gene (a GA signal transduction gene) are found in growing organs on rice, which suggests bioactive GA synthesis occurs at their site of action in growing organs in plants. During flower development, the tapetum of anthers is believed to be a primary site of GA biosynthesis.

Differences between biosynthesis in fungi and lower plants
Arabidopsis, a plant, and Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus, possess different GA pathways and enzymes. P450s in fungi perform functions analogous to the functions of KAOs in plants. The function of CPS and KS in plants is performed by a single enzyme, CPS/KS, in fungi. In fungi, the GA biosynthesis genes are found on one chromosome, but in plants, they are found randomly on multiple chromosomes. Plants produce low amount of GA3, therefore the GA3 is produced for industrial purposes by microorganisms. Industrially the gibberellic acid can be produced by submerged fermentation, but this process presents low yield with high production costs and hence higher sale value, nevertheless other alternative process to reduce costs of the GA3 production is solid-state fermentation (SSF) that allows the use of agro-industrial residues.

Catabolism
Several mechanisms for inactivating GAs have been identified. 2β-hydroxylation deactivates GA, and is catalyzed by GA2-oxidases (GA2oxs). Some GA2oxs use C19-GAs as substrates, and other GA2oxs use C20-GAs. Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, encoded by elongated uppermost internode (eui), converts GAs into 16α,17-epoxides. Rice eui mutants amass bioactive GAs at high levels, which suggests cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase is a main enzyme responsible for deactivation GA in rice. The Gamt1 and gamt2 genes encode enzymes that methylate the C-6 carboxyl group of GAs. In a gamt1 and gamt2 mutant, concentrations of GA is developing seeds is increased.

Homeostasis
Feedback and feedforward regulation maintains the levels of bioactive GAs in plants. Levels of AtGA20ox1 and AtGA3ox1 expression are increased in a GA deficient environment, and decreased after the addition of bioactive GAs, Conversely, expression of AtGA2ox1 and AtGA2ox2, GA deactivation genes, is increased with addition of GA.

Regulation

Regulation by other hormones
The auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) regulates concentration of GA1 in elongating internodes in peas. Removal of IAA by removal of the apical bud, the auxin source, reduces the concentration of GA1, and reintroduction of IAA reverses these effects to increase the concentration of GA1. This phenomenon has also been observed in tobacco plants. Auxin increases GA 3-oxidation and decreases GA 2-oxidation in barley. Auxin also regulates GA biosynthesis during fruit development in peas. These discoveries in different plant species suggest the auxin regulation of GA metabolism may be a universal mechanism.

Ethylene decreases the concentration of bioactive GAs.

Regulation by environmental factors
Recent evidence suggests fluctuations in GA concentration influence light-regulated seed germination, photomorphogenesis during de-etiolation, and photoperiod regulation of stem elongation and flowering. Microarray analysis showed about one fourth cold-responsive genes are related to GA-regulated genes, which suggests GA influences response to cold temperatures. Plants reduce growth rate when exposed to stress. A relationship between GA levels and amount of stress experienced has been suggested in barley.

Role in seed development
Bioactive GAs and abscisic acid levels have an inverse relationship and regulate seed development and germination. Levels of FUS3, an Arabidopsis transcription factor, are upregulated by ABA and downregulated by GA, which suggests that there is a regulation loop that establishes the balance of GA and ABA.

Signalling mechanism

Receptor
In the early 1990s, there were several lines of evidence that suggested the existence of a GA receptor in oat seeds that was located at the plasma membrane. However, despite intensive research, to date, no membrane-bound GA receptor has been isolated. This, along with the discovery of a soluble receptor, GA insensitive dwarf 1 (GID1) has led many to doubt that a membrane-bound receptor exists.GID1 was first identified in rice and in Arabidopsis there are three orthologs of GID1, AtGID1a, b, and c. GID1s have a high affinity for bioactive GAs. GA binds to a specific binding pocket on GID1; the C3-hydroxyl on GA makes contact with tyrosine-31 in the GID1 binding pocket. GA binding to GID1 causes changes in GID1 structure, causing a 'lid' on GID1 to cover the GA binding pocket. The movement of this lid results in the exposure of a surface which enables the binding of GID1 to DELLA proteins.

DELLA proteins: Repression of a repressor
DELLA proteins, such as SLR1 in rice or GAI and RGA in Arabidopsis are repressors of plant development. DELLAs inhibit seed germination, seed growth, flowering and GA reverses these effects. DELLA proteins are characterized by the presence of a DELLA motif (aspartate-glutamate-leucine-leucine-alanine or D-E-L-L-A in the single letter amino acid code).

When GA binds to the GID1 receptor, it enhances the interaction between GID1 and DELLA proteins, forming a GA-GID1-DELLA complex. When in the GA-GID1-DELLA complex, it is thought that DELLA proteins undergo changes in structure that enable their binding to F-box proteins (SLY1 in Arabidopsis or GID2 in rice). F-box proteins catalyse the addition of ubiquitin to their targets. The addition of ubiquitin to DELLA proteins promotes their degradation via the 26S-proteosome. The degradation of DELLA proteins releases cells from their repressive effects.

Targets of DELLA proteins

Transcription factors
The first targets of DELLA proteins identified were PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs). PIFs are transcription factors that negatively regulate light signalling and are strong promoters of elongation growth. In the presence of GA, DELLAs are degraded and this then allows PIFs to promote elongation. It was later found that DELLAs repress a large number of other transcription factors, among which are positive regulators of auxin, brassinosteroid and ethylene signalling. DELLAs can repress transcription factors either by stopping their binding to DNA or by promoting their degradation.

Prefoldins and microtubule assembly
In addition to repressing transcription factors, DELLAs also bind to prefoldins (PFDs). PFDs are molecular chaperones, meaning they assist in the folding of other proteins. PFDs function in the cytosol but when DELLAs bind to PFDs, it restricts them to the nucleus. An important function of PFDs is to assist in the folding of β-tubulin. As such, in the absence of GA (when there is a high level of DELLA proteins), PDF function is reduced and there is a lower cellular pool of β-tubulin. When GA is present the DELLAs are degraded, PDFs can move to the cytosol and assist in the folding of β-tubulin. β-tubulin is a vital component of the cytoskeleton (in the form of microtubules). As such, GA allows for re-organisation of the cytoskeleton, and the elongation of cells.

Microtubules are also required for the trafficking of membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicle trafficking is needed for the correct positioning of several hormone transporters. One of the most well characterized hormone transporters are PIN proteins, which are responsible for the movement of the hormone auxin between cells. In the absence of GA, DELLA proteins reduce the levels of microtubules and thereby inhibit membrane vesicle trafficking. This reduces the level of PIN proteins at the cell membrane, and the level of auxin in the cell. GA reverses this process and allows for PIN protein trafficking to the cell membrane to enhance the level of auxin in the cell.

References

External links

Plant hormones
Agronomy
Diterpenes
Aging-related substances in plants

Gibberellin


නීර්වේලි (දෙමළ: நீர்வேலி, ඉංග්‍රීසි: Neerveli යනු උතුරු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යාපනයේ පිහිටි කුඩා නගරයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුල පිහිටි ගම්මානයකි. .

නීර්වේලි


George Watkin Eben James Erskine ( - ) est un général de l'armée britannique connu pour avoir commandé la 7 division blindée de 1943 à 1944 pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et dirigé d'importantes opérations de contre-insurrection pendant la révolte des Mau Mau, y compris l'interrogatoire brutal et la torture de civils kenyans et d'autres crimes de guerre, dont il avait une connaissance directe.

Biographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

 Generals of World War II

Naissance en août 1899
Naissance dans le Surrey
Décès en août 1965
Décès dans le Sussex de l'Ouest
Décès à 66 ans
Général de l'armée de terre britannique
Élève de la Charterhouse School
Personnalité de la bataille de Normandie
Chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre du Bain
Chevalier commandeur de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Gouverneur de Jersey
Compagnon de l'ordre du Service distingué
Personnel de l'armée de terre britannique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Général de l'armée de terre britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale

George Erskine


Monagas State (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela.

Monagas State covers a total surface area of  and, as of the 2011 census, had a population of 905,443.

Monagas State is surrounded by Sucre State in the north, Anzoátegui State in the west and south, Bolívar State in the south, Delta Amacuro State in the south and east and the Paria Gulf in the northeast.

The state is named after the general and president of Venezuela José Tadeo Monagas, native from this state, and his brother and fellow president José Gregorio Monagas, native from the neighbor Anzoátegui State.

The capital of the state is Maturín.

History

Pre-colonial period
Monagas dates back to the settlement of the territory by indigenous people of different ethnic groups hundreds of years ago, among which are the Warao and Kalina people, who mainly settled in the Orinoco Delta, and the  people in the north of the state. The first aboriginal people to found a presence in the northern part of the region were the Chaima people belonging to the Capaya tribe.

Although settlement of the territory was slow, archaeological excavations and observations by the chroniclers of the Indies point to the existence of a well-developed village in Barrancas in 1530, when the conquistador Diego de Ordaz passed through the area in search of El Dorado. Also in the 16th century, missionaries arrived in the highlands and slowly the Christianisation and re-education of the Indians spread to the south; they thus adapted to a more sedentary life.

In the site where Barrancas is located today, archaeological objects and utensils have been found that belonged to the so-called Barrancoid and Saladoid cultures, the oldest of which have been dated to 1000 years before the Christian era. The archaeological evidence that has been found (and that is still being found) has made it possible to establish that Barrancas has been uninterruptedly inhabited at least since the 11th century, which makes it the oldest town in Venezuela and one of the oldest in the American continent.

Spanish colonization

Diego de Ordaz, a Spanish explorer obsessed with finding the legendary site of El Dorado, arrived in the village in August 1531 after traveling up the Orinoco River via the Caño Manamo. Impressed by its number of inhabitants – which he estimated at "more than 400 " ('huts') – he decided to go down and meet personally with the cacique Naricagua, lord of his territories, whose name of the river Uyapari was associated with the village. The chronicler Juan de Castellanos, in his Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias (Elegies of Illustrious Men of the Indies'), describes it as "a powerful town of great people that on the ravines was placed the Cacique of Uyapari lordship".

The Capuchin missionary Friar Gerónimo de Muro, with the help of the Carib (Kalina), Cuaca and Chaima people, founded the town of , also known as San Antonio de Capayacuar, on 7 August 1713.

On 20 April 1731, the Aragonese friar Antonio de Blesa founded Santo Domingo de Guzmán de Caycuar; the area was inhabited by Chaima people and outcasts when the Capuchin missionaries arrived. The settlement would later be called Caicara de Maturín.

A Catholic mission of Chaima Indians with the Capuchin missionary Pedro de Gelsa founded the San Miguel Arcangel de Caripe settlement on 12 October 1734, which would later become Caripe.

Maturín was founded on 7 December 1760 by the Capuchin friar Lucas de Zaragoza.

The territory where Aguasay is now located was founded in 1769 by Friar Manuel de La Mata.

Uracoa was founded in 1784 by Friar José de Manzanera. In 1799 the German geographer Alexander von Humboldt and the Frenchman Aimé Bonpland visited Caripe as part of their trip through Venezuela. Other explorers who toured the area were the Italian Agostino Codazzi (1835) and the German Ferdinand Bellermann (1843).

19th and 20th centuries
In 1856, the Province of Maturín was created, separated from that of Cumaná. By 1864 the State of Maturín was ratified. But in 1879, Monagas was annexed to the  and, from 1891 to 1898, it belonged to the .

In 1904, Maturín became the capital of the Monagas district of Bermúdez State, whose capital was Cumaná. For a long time, Monagas was an extremely poor state. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the people of the plains and swamps north of the Orinoco, under the rule of the Caribs, made alliances with the French and Dutch as a policy of tenacious resistance against Spanish domination. On ancient maps these lands are called Caribana, kingdom of the Caribs.

In 1909 the State of Monagas was created with its current boundaries in honor of General José Tadeo Monagas. In 1924 the Standard Oil Company started oil exploration activities in the area of Caripito, which experienced a slight repopulation. With the drilling of the Moneb No. 1 well in the Quiriquire field in 1928, oil exploitation began and the area experienced an important boost in urban development due to the arrival of migrant labor, particularly from the Caribbean Islands.

In 1929 the Standard Oil Company began to build the storage yard and the deep water dock on the San Juan River and on 15 October 1930, the tanker Creole Bueno left the port of Caripito with 20,000 barrels of oil bound for Trinidad.

In 1935, the Caripito marine terminal was inaugurated, located on the San Juan River, where Pan American Airways S-42 seaplanes arrived, which included it in their Central American and Caribbean route.

In 1936 Caripito International Airport was selected by aviator Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan as the second stopover of their trip around the world, staying overnight at the Standard Oil Company facilities. The event was widely publicized in the international press and the company provided logistical support to continue the flight through South America.

On 15 November 1940, the city of Punta de Mata was founded. On 28 December the same year, the first oil well was drilled in that area. In addition the Legislative Assembly of Monagas considered the convenience of creating the Bolivar District and integrated the municipalities of Punceres and Colon into its territory, designating Caripito as the capital, according to the decree of 19 January 1940, signed by Governor Jose Maria Isava on 30 January of the same year.

Under the direction of the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana, several hectares of Caribbean pine were planted between Barrancas and the nearby town of Uverito, an activity that significantly boosted the development of the area. By the 1970s, it was the most important settlement and port in the state of Monagas, mainly due to the lack of land road connections to the main nearby cities, such as Tucupita (Delta Amacuro) and Puerto Ordaz (State of Bolivar), although today it continues to be an important center for the transport of goods and passengers to these cities.

In 1976, the assets of Creole were nationalized and were managed by Lagoven, later by Corpoven and now by PDVSA in association with Repsol. By closing the refinery in 1976 and the oil terminal in 2002, an attempt was made to boost agricultural activity to take advantage of the fertile areas by growing cocoa, pepper, Xanthosoma ( and ) and yucca.

The newspaper El Oriental was founded in 1982 in the city of Maturín. On 20 August 1983, the State Legislative Assembly declared the creation of the Municipal Council of Libertador Municipality, in accordance with the provisions of the Law of Political Territorial Division of the State of Monagas, allowing the creation of Libertador Municipality. Since 1989, with the administrative reforms that were approved for the whole country, the state of Monagas elected for the first time, directly and secretly, its own governor and legislative assembly (called the legislative council since 2000).

In 2021, Cosme Arzolay was temporarily appointed governor. In November the same year, Ernesto Luna was proclaimed governor.

 Geography

Relief

The state has many plateaus and savannas located in the southwest. In the northeast and the southeast there are deltaic savannas in which rivers such as the San Juan, Guanipa, Caño Mánamo, and Tigre flow into. In the northwest is a group of mountains belonging to the eastern mountain range. This mountain range is divided into two massifs: the massif of el Turimiquire (in which the town of San Antonio is located) and the massif of Caripe (in which the town of Caripe is located).  Cerro Negro (2000 m.) is the highest mountain of Monagas State.  The mountain landscape features geological material from the Cretaceous, constituted exclusively by sedimentary rocks, predominantly sandstone, shale and limestone, with the main geological formations being El Cantil, Barranquín, Guayuta and Querecual; it has elevations between  above sea level, with valleys and depressions.

Climate

The weather is hot in the area of the Llanos, while it is cold in the mountains located in the north of the state. The average temperature in the low areas is between . In the area of the town of Caripe the cold temperature permits the cultivation of certain kind of typical plants from cold climates such as roses and strawberries. The level of rainfall in the state is between  during the year.

The region is dominated by a rainy tropical climate with some local variations that respond to various factors such as altitude, wind and proximity to the sea. Most of the state, in the southern strip, has a climate typical of savannas with dry seasons that can last up to six months, which produces a severe water shortage. The average annual temperature of Monagas is approximately . In Maturín, Temblador and Uverito, average temperatures are between .

Hydrology

The rivers of the state belong to one of the two basins that are located in the state, the Atlantic Ocean basin and the Orinoco River basin. Rivers such as the Guanipa, Tigre, Morichal Largo, Caño Mánamo, Amana, Tonoro, Tabasca, and Uracoa flow into the Orinoco River. On the other hand, the Guarapiche, San Juan, Río de Oro, and Caripe rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean. The rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin come from the mountains located in the northwest of the state and the rivers of the Orinoco River basin come from the many plateaus located in the southwest of Monagas State and from Anzoategui State.

It has an extensive hydrographic network with a fairly uniform geographical distribution, with the Guarapiche River standing out in the area of the tables. The rivers are numerous and of little depth, marking the end of the piedmont in which three river basins with a north–south course are located: those of the rivers Amana-Areo, Guarapiche, and Púnceres-Aragua. From west to east the Tácata, Tonoro, Caris, Guanipa and Tigre rivers cross the state. Monagas State has a great number of moderate rivers and streams; among the main ones are:

Guarapiche River
Mapirito River
Tigre River
Morichal Largo River
San Juan River

Vegetation

The area's vegetation is intertropical and is adapted to the different altitudes, climates, and kinds of soil in the state.  The State of Monagas has an extensive biodiversity compared to other Venezuelan states. More than 2000 species of vascular flora have been catalogued within the Monagas territory. The most symbolic tree in the state is the moriche (Mauritia flexuosa) along the Morichal Largo River. The dominant vegetation type in the north of Monagas State is rainforest, such as that found in the mountainous area of the San Juan River valley and the municipalities of Acosta and Caripe. In these cold areas, it is possible to grow temperate plants such as strawberries and roses. However, in the flat regions, towards the south-east of the state, intertropical savanna vegetation dominates, such as thorny scrub, grasses, cujíes and other varieties that have adapted to the conditions of the state such as Ceiba, , Caribbean pine, jabillo and carob tree. Another variation of the vegetation present in Monagas State can be found along the banks of the main rivers, where extensive forests of mangroves, palms and morichals have formed.

Protected areas

Cueva del Guácharo National Park was created in May 1975 by the Venezuelan government to protect the ecosystem surrounding the Guácharo Cave. The park has a surface area of  and includes the mountainous areas of the municipalities of Acosta and Caripe in Monagas State and Ribero Municipality in Sucre State.

The Alexander von Humboldt National Monument is located in the park. It was created in 1949 to protect the Guácharo Cave. This national monument is named after the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt, who visited the cave in 1799.

Another protected area is the Guarapiche Forestal Reserve, which protects the forests located along the banks of the Guarapiche and San Juan Rivers.

 Politics and government

Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the state maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard.

Monagas has five branches of government, and is autonomous and equal to the rest of the states of the Federation:

Executive branch

It is formed by the Governor of Monagas and a cabinet of trusted state secretaries who assist him in the management of the government and are freely appointed and removable officials, an attorney, autonomous institutes and state foundations.

 Governors chosen by popular vote
 Guillermo Call (1990–1992); (1993–1995) Acción Democrática
 Luis Eduardo Martínez (1996–1998); (1999–2000) Acción Democrática
  Miguel Gómez (2000) Movimiento Quinta República
  Guillermo Call (2001–2004) Acción Democrática
 José Gregorio Briceño (2004–2008) MIGATO, Movimiento Quinta República; (2009–2012) United Socialist Party of Venezuela
 Yelitza Santaella (2012—2021) United Socialist Party of Venezuela.
 Cosme Arzolay (2021), temporarily
 Ernesto Luna (2021—present)  United Socialist Party of Venezuela.

Legislative branch
It consists of a unicameral parliament called the Legislative Council of the State of Monagas, which is responsible for approving the regional budget, passing state laws and supervising the administration of the state governor.

Judicial branch
It depends on the judiciary at the national level organized through the Judicial District of the State of Monagas.

City branch
Formed by the State Ethics Council and the State Comptroller General's Office, the latter is responsible for overseeing the proper use of the resources available to the regional government.

Electoral branch
It reports to the National Electoral Council at the national level which organizes the region through the so-called Main Electoral Board of the State of Monagas.

State constitution
Monagas is organized on the basis of the Constitution of the State of Monagas, adopted by the Legislative Council on 21 March 2002.

 Municipalities and municipal seats

 Acosta (San Antonio de Capayacuar)
 Aguasay (Aguasay)
 Bolívar (Caripito)
 Caripe (Caripe)
 Cedeño (Caicara de Maturín)
 Ezequiel Zamora (Punta de Mata)
 Libertador (Temblador)
 Maturín (Maturín)
 Piar (Aragua de Maturín)
 Punceres (Quiriquire)
 Santa Bárbara (Santa Bárbara)
 Sotillo (Barrancas del Orinoco)
 Uracoa (Uracoa)

 Demographics

The population of Monagas State has increased since the 1920s due to the opening of its oil fields. The majority of its inhabitants are Mestizo; that is, they result from the progeny of native Indians, Black Africans and White Europeans. Many people from neighbouring states as Sucre and Nueva Esparta, as well as persons from other countries as Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, Syrian, Lebanese and Chinese have immigrated to the state because of the petroleum industry and business opportunities. The majority of the population is concentrated in the northern area of Monagas state. At least fifty percent of inhabitants live in the capital state of Maturín. The most populated cities are Maturín (514,046), Punta de Mata (69,000), Caripe (37,350), Caripito (52,000) and Temblador (36,000).

Monagas also has inhabitants of the Warao and Kariña ethnic groups.

 Race and ethnicity

According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:

 Economy

The main economical activity is the exploitation of oil. Many towns such as Punta de Mata, El Tejero, and Temblador depend on this activity.

Other towns such as Caripe and San Antonio live off agriculture and livestock farming. Coffee is planted in the areas next to the towns of Caripe and San Antonio. Cocoa is cultivated near Caripito. Maize, tomato, sugar-cane, tobacco, banana, rice, yucca and tropical fruits grow in other areas.

Cattle is concentrated in the southern and western parts of Monagas, where there are great extensions of savannas and plateaus.

The state has forests with its corresponding industry.

Because of the oil exploitation Maturín is a main commercial and banking centre in the east of Venezuela.

Tourism

Natural heritage

 Puertas de Miraflores: also called Puertas del Guarapiche, it is a gorge or canyon where the Guarapiche river begins. It is formed by two rocky walls  high.
El Guamo Dam: contains the waters of the Guarapiche, Colorado, Cocollar and other rivers. It is built over the ruins of the towns of San Francisco, Cachimbo and Colorado. It has a park.

Spa Miraflores: its waters come from the Guarapiche river and has temperatures that oscillate between . It has a road leading travelers to the Gates of Miraflores.
La Bomba de Caripito Spa in the La Tubería sector.
Río Selva Spa, a natural space with crystalline waters provided by the waters of the Tabasca and Uracoa Rivers. Located in the town of Tabasca, it has accommodation facilities, bathrooms, air conditioning, restaurant, swimming pool with natural water from morichales, kiosks with grills and dressing rooms.
Poza de Azufre: located in the Los Morros Sector, this busy space is suitable for health tourism because of the healing properties of the pool, formed by the spring with a high content of copper and sulfur. It has a temperature of approximately .
Cascada el Nazareno: in the middle of a tropical forest, there is a waterfall of more than 50 meters high on an immense rock. It is also known as the .
Morichal Largo River: it is formed by deltaic plains and forests of galleries that border its margins. The predominant plant species in this rainforest is the moriche tree, whose roots penetrate deep into the underground water reserves, giving rise to the springs that feed the flow of the rivers in the region.
Yagrumito Volcano: it is a mud volcano located  southeast of the city of Maturin, is about  in relative height and occupies about , including mud pools and mudflats without vegetation, although the cone alone should not exceed about . The crater opening is approximately  in diameter.

Built heritage

Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral: a Romanesque-style Catholic church, it is located between Bolivar Avenue and Monagas Street. It was inaugurated in 1981 and is considered one of the most modern cathedrals in Latin America. It has stained glass windows that adorn its interior.
San Simón de Maturín Church: it is the oldest Catholic church in Maturín. It was built between 1884 and 1887. It is of neo-Gothic style, with pointed arches. It has a central tower on the façade. It is located on Rojas Street, in front of Bolívar Square.
Church of San Francisco de Guayareguar: is located near the El Guamo Dam.
William H. Phelps Public Library: inaugurated on 5 September 1948. It was built and donated by William H. Phelps Sr.
Mural of the Foundation of San Antonio de Capayacuar: erected in 1987, it is located at the entrance of San Antonio.
Church of San Antonio de Padua de San Antonio de Maturín.
El Playon – Community "Culantrillar" Parish San Antonio (Acosta)
 Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Church, Caripito: it is the main Catholic church, built in 1936.

Casa de la Cultura Juvenal Ravelo de Caripito: it is a cultural house inaugurated in 1974. It has an auditorium, an exhibition hall, dressing rooms, a conference room, a library, multipurpose rooms and an internal recreational square. It is located in the El Bajo sector, Boyacá Avenue. It is named in honor of , a native artist from Caripito.
Monument to the Nazarene: built in 2.05 with cement, rods, and galvanized steel mesh by sculptor Jesus David Martinez, it consists of an image of the Nazarene,  high, carrying his cross on a slope and dressed in a purple tunic with gold trimmings.
Caripito religious museum: it houses life-size images and other religious objects.
Hacienda Sarrapial: typical house of the time of the agrarian Venezuela. It is the headquarters of the Monaguense Tourism Corporation. It is located on Alirio Ugarte Pelayo Avenue, on the Boquerón hill.
Uyapari Museum: Anthropological museum founded in 1984, on the old seat of the National School Uriapara, in front of the Plaza Bolívar. It is the most important center for the diffusion of the Barrancoid culture, the oldest in Venezuela, highlighting the scientific work for the rescue of the archaeological heritage, such as workshops for the manufacture of replicas of original Barrancoid pieces.
Church of San Rafael Arcángel de (Barrancas del Orinoco): Catholic church originally built in Bahareque style in 1790 by Friar Joaquín de Morata. It was rebuilt in 1931 with a cement structure and in 1984 it was the object of an expansion process that culminated in 1987. The original façade was kept, although it was reinforced to accommodate a capacity of 3,000 people.

Parks

Andrés Eloy Blanco Park: located on the southern road.
Parque del Este: located in La Floresta.
La Guaricha Zoo: located on Raúl Leoni Avenue, near the old terminal of the José Tadeo Monagas International Airport.
Bolívar Recreational Park: located in the Los Guaritos sector.
Parque Menca de Leoni: located on Juncal Avenue.
Padilla Ron Park: located in the Las Cocuizas sector.
Rómulo Betancourt Park: located on Universidad Avenue.

 Education

At university level Monagas State has the following public university institutes:

Caripe
 Universidad Nacional Abierta (UNA).

Caripito
 Universidad Nacional Abierta (UNA).
 Instituto Universitario Tecnológico de Caripito.

Maturín
 Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo Monagas (UDO-Monagas).
 Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela (UBV).
 Universidad Pedagógica Experimenta Libertador – Instituto Pedagógico de Maturín (UPEL-IPM).
 Universidad Nacional Abierta (UNA).
 Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez (UNESR).

San Antonio
 Núcleo del Instituto Pedagógico de Maturín (UPEL-IPM), was created on 28 July 1983, by Decree No. 2176 of President Campins. The existing public pedagogical institutes in Venezuela (Barquisimeto, Caracas, Maracay and Maturín), which operated autonomously, were integrated into the UPEL as nuclei by Resolution No. 22 dated 28 January 1988.

And these private university institutes:

Caripe
 Instituto Universitario Pedagógico Monseñor Arias Blanco

Maturín
 Universidad Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho (UGMA). Only postgraduate studies.
 Universidad Cecilio Acosta (UNICA). Only postgraduate studies.
 Universidad de Margarita (UNIMAR)
 Universidad Santa María (USM)
 Instituto Politécnico Santiago Mariño (IUPSM)
 Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Industrial Rodolfo Loreto Arismendi (IUTIRLA)
 Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Venezuela (IUTV)

Punta de Mata
 Instituto Universitario de Tecnología de Cumaná  (IUTC)
 Universidad Nacional Abierta (UNA)

Piar
UNEFA

Temblador

Universidad Nacional Abierta (Unidad de Apoyo Temblador)
Universidad Territorial Deltaica Francisco Tamayo (Programa Temblador)

 Culture

Monagas state has a culture very similar to other eastern states of Venezuela. Natives of Monagas share with the population of the eastern states the quick manner of speaking the Spanish language, food, some musical rhythms as the galerón or joropo, typical clothing such as the liqui liqui of the Llanos, and veneration of the Virgin of El Valle.

 Festivals

The Maturín Carnival is highlighted by the parade in the center of the city, with floats and parades made by communities, educational institutions, public agencies and private companies. After the parade, musical shows are held at the local sports complex, in addition to the ceremony of electing the Carnival Queen.

The Festival of the Virgin of the Valley is celebrated in September. Processions with the image of the Virgin of the Valley take place in several areas of the city.

The Saint Simon () Fair is held to celebrate the anniversary of the city's foundation. It takes place in the first week of December. Shows such as dances, food exhibitions, horse shows, coleo, musical group presentations, agricultural and handicraft exhibitions are held. It takes place in the Chucho Palacios Fair Complex. It is named after Saint Simon in honour of Simon the Zealot, the patron saint of Maturín.

The event of the burning of Judas takes place on Easter Sunday, where an effigy is lit on fire. In recent years these effigies have been personalized by contemporary politicians.

The Snake of Ipure () is a typical dance in San Antonio de Capayacuar and widespread in the State of Monagas, where girls or women dressed usually in yellow and black dance in the form of the movement of a snake.

 Dance
The Genarito Bull Dance is a festivity featuring several pairs of dancers, a bull, a veterinarian, a nurse, a bullfighter and musicians. The song of the Bull of Genarito is performed by Juliocesar Aguilera Simoza, a native of the town of Aguasay.

The Monkey Dance is an indigenous dance in which people hold each other by the waist, one after the other, and form lines. Guided by someone disguised as a monkey, participants walk through the streets in the manner of a human train to the Monkey Plaza. Beforehand, most of the dancers darken their faces with indigo and soot and dye their clothes with colours. They also play with water, paint, flour, Chilean blue crocus () and soot in a carnival-like manner. The monkey then invites those present to join the ritual; if they do not, the monkey will give a light slap to those who refuse. It is celebrated every year on 28 December.

The Dance of the Trembler was first performed on 15 November 1989. It consists of dancing with a  (a fish, the electric eel, found in the rivers closest to the town) made of cardboard and cloth. Three people go inside the  and three pairs go around it. The instruments used for this dance are a , cuatro, a drum and maracas.

Handicrafts

 Curagua weaving
The town of Aguasay is known for its weaving that is made from a plant grown in the town, called curagua. On 2 December 2015, Venezuelan curagua fiber and weaving was declared an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO at its annual meeting in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia.

 Moriche hammock
This art consists of carefully weaving the fiber of the moriche palm. Once it is  and spun, this fiber is tied to special sticks and woven between them, giving it the shape of a sheet; when loops are made at the ends, it takes the form of a hammock.

Sangrito
The name  is due to the fact that the raw material used for this handicraft is extracted from the roots of a tree that bears its name because when it is cut, its roots tend to bleed; it is easy to mould as it is a very soft and light wood. The Warao Indians use this material to mold figures of animals that live in the forests and rivers that they frequent.

Warao craftsmanship
Produced by the Warao Indians, according to the use given to the object, without being separated from the work element. The raw material is plant fibers, mostly moriche and  wood, with which they carve figures and animals, as well as making necklaces with peonies, Mucuna seeds and Job's tears, among other materials. In addition, they construct harpoons, buoys, shields, arrows, candles, roofs, ropes, pitchforks and bridges. The craftsmanship of the Warao reflects their organizational idiosyncrasy, as well as their world: nature, spirit, man.

Barrancoide craftsmanship
Its main material is clay, which after being molded is baked and painted and used for making dolls, vases, façades of houses, and other things. The items are taken to market and can be found in different parts of the state.

 Cuisine
Typical dishes of Monagas state are arepa (a kind of bread made of maize), cachapa (an omelette made of maize), casabe, empanada, mondongo (a kind of soup), queso de mano (a kind of cheese),  (guava jelly), and  (meat grilled on a stick). Fish is a very important food in the state's native cuisine. In Christmas is traditional to eat hallacas, pan de jamón (ham bread), torta negra (black cake),  (chicken salad), and '' (preserved papaya). During Holy Week,  (a dish made from red-footed tortoise) is common due to the belief that it is profane to eat meat at this time. Also during Holy Week,  made from the school shark is common in the area of the eastern coast.

 Religion

The predominant religion in the state is Christianity. Catholicism is the Christian branch which has the largest number of followers, as a consequence of the evangelization carried out by Catholic missionaries, such as the Franciscans, in the 17th and 18th centuries. The capital, Maturín, has been the seat of a Catholic diocese since 1958.

On the other hand, religious syncretism, here the mixture of Catholic rites with the rites of other faiths such as indigenous and Yoruba religions, is common. For example, it is common to find people who venerate María Lionza, the native chief Guaicaipuro and Felipe the Black.

Some Protestant churches have been established in different in around the state. Among them are Pentecostals, Lutherans, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses. Anglicans have a church in the Caripe area.

Islam is practiced by some immigrants from Arabic countries, although they do not have a mosque in the state. It is also possible to find in Maturín followers of Buddhism, Hinduism, metaphysics, and other faiths.

 Public holidays

Public holidays include:
 Carnivals: between February and March.
 Holy Week: between March and April.
 Virgin of El Valle Festival: 8 September.
 Christmas Eve: 24 December.
 New Year's Eve: 31 December.

Apart from that, each town celebrates public festivities in honor of its patron saint when his/her day is held.

Regional anniversaries are:
 Battle of Los Godos Day: 25 May.
 General José Tadeo Monagas' Birthday: 28 October.
 Maturín's Foundation Day: 7 December.

State symbols

Flag
It was created by Julius Caesar Adrían on 10 July 2002.

The meaning of the shapes and colors on the flag is as follows:

Sky blue: Represents the sky.
Stars: 13 rounding the image of Juana Ramírez, the Advancer, represent the 13 municipalities and the large star in the center identifies the capital municipality.
Green: Represents soils, crops, mountains, forests and plains.
Black: Represents oil.
The sun: Represents the aura, life and strength of the people and its seven points symbolize the seven original districts that gave way to the 13 current municipalities. The black arch inside the sun represents the weapons of the indigenous people. The sun rises in the middle of the central stripe (green) and its maximum height reaches the upper edge of the first stripe.
Sea blue: Represents the delta, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
Image: The image of Juana Ramírez, the Advancer which represents the heroism of the Monagas woman.
Daggers: The daggers that cross at the bottom of the image of Juana Ramírez represent the brothers José Tadeo Monagas and José Gregorio Monagas, both heroes of the Republic. The stripes occupy 30% of the lower part of the separation between them is half the diameter of each strip.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the State of Monagas is divided into two quarters: in the upper quarter, on a green field, is a plow, a rake and a sickle, which are intertwined with a bundle of ears of corn, attributes of agriculture; and in the lower quarter, on the green field representing the plain and blue background intersected by the horizon, is, in the shade of a large tree, a bull symbolizing animal husbandry, and in the distance a galley of hills. A silver bar crosses diagonally through both quarters, and on it reads: "Resisted with courage". The extremities of four rifles placed as a banner, appear holding the coat of arms, and between the bayonets a horse's head turned to the right of the coat of arms. Under and between the lower part of the rifles, there is a red and black ribbon, representative of the war to the death, and in it a broken key symbolizing that its capital was forced, but never surrendered. As an ornament on the flanks of the coat of arms, between their crossed feet, are a plains palm and a sugar cane stem.

Sports

  Monagas Sport Club (First Division of Venezuela)
  Embajadores de Monagas (Bolivarian National Baseball League)
   (National Basketball League)
   (Venezuelan Rugby Club Championship)

Sports facilities
Monagas has had several teams that participate in Venezuela's national leagues since 2007. It also has the largest stadium in the country, the Estadio Monumental de Maturín, built for the 2007 Copa América.
Maturín Sports Complex: It was built for the 1982 National Games. It has several facilities for the practice of sports such as basketball, soccer, minor baseball, indoor soccer, tennis, swimming, cycling and athletics. It is located on Raúl Leoni Avenue.
Kartódromo de Viboral: a place for motocross competition, karting and car tuning exhibitions at national level.
San Miguel Country Club Golf Course: located north of the city.

 Notable natives From Amana of Tamarindo, town of Maturín municipality José Tadeo Monagas, general of the Venezuelan independence and presidentFrom Barrancas Alarico Gómez, poet, novelist and journalistFrom Caicara Manuel Núñez Tovar, doctor and entomologist
 Rafael Naranjo Ostty, lawyer-criminologist
 Wilfrida Corvo de López, educatorFrom Caripe Félix Antonio Calderón, poetFrom Caripito Doris Wells, actress
 , artist
 , singer
 Tibursio C. Aparicio Lozada, poet
 Manny Trillo, professional baseball playerFrom Chaguaramal, town of Piar municipality Juana Ramírez (a.k.a. ), heroine of the Venezuelan independence
 , general of the Venezuelan independenceFrom Guanaguana, town of Piar municipality Antonio Ciliberto Pérez, poet and novelistFrom Maturín , general of the Venezuelan independence
 , musician, composer and dentist
 José Gabriel Núñez Romberg, musician
 José Antonio Núñez Romberg, mathematician, teacher and historian
 Félix Armando Núñez, poet, teacher and dean of the University of Chile
 Idelfonso Núñez Mares, poet and teacher
 Eloy Palacios, sculptor
 José María Núñez, historian
 Benito Raúl Lozada, poet and writerFrom Musipán, town of Ezequiel Zamora municipality Benjamín Rausseo (a.k.a. ), television comedianFrom San Antonio Julián Padrón, writer, journalist and lawyer
 William H. Phelps Jr., ornithologist and founder of RCTV
 Carlos Salazar Liccioni, poet, novelist
 Julio Gómez Peñalver, dentist, teacher and poetFrom Uracoa'''
 Mateo Manaure, painter, artist
 Jesús Rafael Zambrano, journalist, lawyer, writer

References

Sources

 González Oropeza, Hermann(1985): Historia del Estado Monagas. Ediciones Amon C.A., Caracas. (Biblioteca de Temas y Autores Monaguenses; Colección Guanipa; Ensayos e Investigaciónes)

See also

 States of Venezuela

States of Venezuela
States and territories established in 1909

Monagas


Večeri dalmatinske pisme 2017. je glazbena manifestacija klapskog pjevanja održana 22. i 23. srpnja 2017. u Kaštel Kambelovcu.

Natjecateljske večeri: Kaštelanski đir, nedjelja 23. srpnja

Revijalne večeri: subota 22. srpnja, predstavljena "Četiri tenora"

Voditelji: Frano Ridjan i Mariola Milardović Petrić

Nagrade
 1. nagrada stručnog vijeća: Kapi kiše" (Andrija Akrap - Domagoj Šetka - Ante Gašpardi) klapa Šufit
 2. nagrada stručnog vijeća: "Jacera" (Tomislav Bogović – Eduard Botrić) klapa Iskon
 3. nagrada stručnog vijeća: Ruke" (Tatjana Jergan Botunac – Lući Tukić – Ivan Božičević) klapa Fjoret

 1. nagrada publike: klapa Trogirski kanti za pjesmu "Grintava"
 2. nagrada publike: klapa Šufit za pjesmu "Kapi kiše"
 3. nagrada publike: klapa Šušur "Dalmacijo, didovino moja"

 Nagrada Radio Splita: "Dalmacijo, didovino moja" (Duško Rapotec Ute - Vjekoslav Alilović – Duško Rapotec Ute) klapa Šušur
 Nagrada portala Dalmacija Danas: "Obećajem" (Vjekoslav Šuljić – Ivan Škunca) klapa Munita

 nagrada za najbolje stihove: Branko Slivar za stihove "Dalmatinska zvona"
 nagrada za najbolji aranžman: Igor Ivanović za pjesmu "Gradovi uz more"
 nagrada za najbolju izvedbu: Klapa Ragusa
 Nagrada orkestra za najbolju skladbu: "Kapi kiše" (Andrija Akrap - Domagoj Šetka - Ante Gašpardi)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Hrvatski klapski festivali
Kaštel Kambelovac
Klapske glazbene manifestacije

Večeri dalmatinske pisme 2017.


Ledeni divovi su podvrsta divovskih (jovijanskih) planeta kojima, u odnosu na plinovite divove, relativno velik dio ukupne mase otpada na tvari koje planetologija zove volatilima (ledovima).

Kao ni plinoviti divovi, a za razliku od terestričkih planeta, nemaju jasno definiranu površinu, ni tekuću ni čvrstu, zbog čega im nije moguće na jednostavan način definirati promjer, površinu, obujam i površinsku temperaturu. Za promjer im se obično uzima ona dubina koja je još vidljiva iz svemira ili se promjer definira po dubini na kojoj postoji atmosferski tlak od jedne atmosfere.

Terminologija
Pisac znanstvene fantastike James Blish 1952. godine skovao je pojam plinoviti div a upotrebljavao se za označavanje velikih planeta Sunčevog sustava koji nisu terestrički. Međutim, od kasnih četrdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća smatra se da su sastavi Urana i Neptuna značajno različiti od sastava Jupitera i Saturna. Budući da je tijekom planetarne evolucije značajan udjel materijala Urana i Neptuna bio u obliku volatila (voda, dušik, amonijak itd.), počeo se upotrebljavati izraz ledeni div. Početkom 1970-ih, terminologija je postala popularna u zajednici znanstvene fantastike, npr., Bova (1971.), ali najranije su je u znanstvenoj terminologiji upotrijebili Dunne & Burgess (1978) u NASA-inom izvješću.

Svojstva
Led u planetologiji označava kemijski sastav, a ne temperaturu i agregatno stanje. U tu klasu spadaju: voda, amonijak, ugljikovi oksidi, dušik, metan, etan, sumpor, sumporovi oksidi, itd.

Suprotno krivo populariziranom vjerovanju, u divovskim planetima, pa tako ni u ledenim divovima, ne mogu postojati oceani tekućine jer je temperatura okoliša već na manjim dubinama debelo iznad kritične točke, što znači da je ukapljivanje nemoguće bez obzira na povišen tlak. Povišenjem tlaka u dubini, okoliš postupno prelazi u superkritični fluid, specijalno stanje koje ima neke odlike plinovite i neke odlike tekuće tvari. Fazne granice nema, odnosno ne postoji nešto što izgleda kao površina oceana ili kopna.

Dubine ledenih divova sadrže velike količine volatila i to u stanju vrlo vrućeg superkritičnog fluida koji na dovoljno velikim dubinama postaje toliko stlačen da dolazi do delokalizacije elektrona, odnosno električne vodljivosti. Voda i amonijak Urana i Neptuna postoje na toliko visokim tlakovima da se ponašaju kao metal. Rezultat je globalno magnetsko polje, iako puno slabije od onog plinovitih divova.

Jezgre su im stjenovite, što znači da sadrže teške tvari koje bi u normalnim uvjetima tvorile silikate i metale (željezo, nikal, uranij, itd.). Ti materijali su ostaci protoplaneta iz vremena evolucije planetarnog sustava dok je oko Sunca još postojao akrecijski disk.

Ledeni divovi Sunčevog sustava
U Sunčevom sustavu poznata su dva ledena diva podjednake veličine: Uran i Neptun.

Vidi još

 Jovijanski planeti
 Plinoviti divovi
Deveti planet

Izvori

Vrste planeta

Ledeni div


O acordo de partição do Saara Ocidental, formalmente conhecido como Convenção relativa à linha de fronteira do Estado, foi um tratado assinado em Rabat em 14 de abril de 1976 entre Marrocos e a Mauritânia para dividir o território disputado do Saara Ocidental entre eles após a retirada da Espanha sob os Acordos de Madri.

O tratado pretendia demarcar as fronteiras entre Marrocos e Mauritânia como parte da divisão. A fronteira foi definida como uma linha reta desde a intersecção da linha costeira com o paralelo 24 norte, passando pela intersecção do paralelo 23 norte com o meridiano 13 oeste, e continuando até as fronteiras pré-existentes da Mauritânia.

Foi assinado por Hamdi Ould Mouknass, ministro das Relações Exteriores da Mauritânia e Ahmed Laraki, ministro das Relações Exteriores do Marrocos.

Tratados de 1976
Conflito do Saara Ocidental
Relações entre Marrocos e Mauritânia

Acordo de partição do Saara Ocidental


El ángel del hombro es una convención narrativa que se presenta de forma dramática o humorística en dibujos animados, cómics y ocasionalmente en imagen real. El ángel representa la conciencia y está normalmente acompañado de un demonio que representa la tentación. Estos personajes son útiles para mostrar los conflictos internos de un personaje. Por lo general, el ángel se representa en (o flotando cerca de) el hombro derecho y el demonio en el izquierdo dado que el lado izquierdo generalmenre representa impureza o deshonestidad.

El ángel del hombro a menudo utiliza la iconografía tradicional de un ángel, con alas, túnica, una aureola y, en ocasiones, un arpa. Del mismo modo, el demonio aparece representado habitualmente como un diablo tradicional con la piel rojiza, cuernos, cola con púas, una horca (o un tridente) y, a veces, pezuñas. Normalmente, tienen un aspecto parecido a la persona en la que se posan, pero a veces pueden parecerse a otros personajes responsables o malvados que hayan aparecido en la historia. La idea puede tener su origen en el concepto cristiano de un ángel de la guarda personal, que a menudo se consideraba que iba acompañado de un diablo personal que intentaba contrarrestar los esfuerzos de los ángeles (aunque hay una idea muy similar se describe en Pastor de Hermas). Especialmente en los dramas medievales populares, como The Castle of Perseverance del . Tanto en dicha obra como en La trágica historia del doctor Fausto, de Christopher Marlowe de 1592 aparecen el "buen ángel" y el "mal ángel" compitiendo por ofrecer sus consejos (Acto 2, escena I) al protagonista. En varias historias de ficción modernas, para indicar que un personaje es especialmente malvado o perverso, puede aparecer recibiendo consejos igualmente malos de ambas figuras, o tener otro demonio en lugar del ángel, o puede ser convencido por el demonio para arrojar al ángel.

En el libro no canónico Pastor de Hermas hay una referencia a la idea de dos ángeles: Hay dos ángeles con un hombre - una de la justicia, y el otro de la iniquidad (Sexto Mandamiento, capítulo 2). Estos ángeles, a su vez descienden al corazón de las personas, y tratar de guiar sus emociones. A Hermas se le dice que debe comprender a ambos ángeles, pero solo confiar en el ángel de la justicia. El libro Pastor de Hermas data de alrededor de 140 a 150.

Hay una creencia similar en el Islam, la de Kiraman Katibin, dos ángeles que residen en los hombros de los seres humanos y que registran sus buenas y malas acciones. Sin embargo, estos ángeles no tienen influencia sobre las decisiones que uno hace, y se limitan a registrar el comportamiento de la persona. También se les llama Qarin.

Es posible ver esta imagen en términos freudianos, con el ángel que representa el superyó (la fuente de auto-censura), contrarrestado por el diablo que representa el id (los deseos primarios, instintiva del individuo).

Véase también
 Arcángel
 Ángel de la guarda
 Psicomaquia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Good Angel Bad Angel en TV Tropes. (en inglés)

Ángeles
Personajes tipo
Técnica literaria

Ángel del hombro


Linearna nezavisnost vektora temeljni je pojam u linearnoj algebri, a odnosi se na skupove vektora čijim se linearnim kombinacijama svi vektori u vektorskom prostoru ili nekom njegovom potprostoru mogu prikazati na jedinstven način. Skup vektora je linearno nezavisan ako je jedina linearna kombinacija tih vektora koja daje nulvektor ona u kojoj su svi koeficijenti jednaki nuli. Formalno, konačan skup vektora   koji je podskup vektorskog prostora   nad poljem  linearno je nezavisan ako izslijediOvdje su  koeficijenti iz , a  nulvektor u . Beskonačan skup je linearno nezavisan ako je takav svaki njegov konačan podskup.

Skup vektora koji nije linearno nezavisan je linearno zavisan skup, a u njemu se nulvektor može dobiti linearnom kombinacijom vektora u kojoj barem jedan koeficijent nije 0. Skup vektora je linearno zavisan ako i samo ako u njemu postoji vektor koji je linearna kombinacija preostalih vektora skupa.

Baza vektorskog prostora
Pojam u linearnoj algebri koji je usko vezan uz linearnu nezavisnost vektora svakako je baza vektorskog prostora. Naime, neki vektori su linearne kombinacije drugih vektora pa će imati smisla izdvojiti one koji linearnim kombinacijama tvore druge vektore, a sami nisu tako prikazivi, osim na trivijalan način (skaliranjem). Skup takvih linearno nezavisnih vektora koji čine vektorski prostor zvat ćemo dakle bazom vektorskog prostora.

Konačnodimenzionalni slučaj
Neka je  baza vektorskog prostora . Tada je
svaki  linearno nezavisan od preostalih .

Zato se i skup  naziva bazom jer je linearnom kombinacijom vektora  moguće dobiti svaki vektor iz vektorskog prostora .

Steinitzov teorem
Svake dvije baze netrivijalnog konačnogeneriranog vektorskog prostora  su jednakobrojne ili ekvipotentne. (Kažemo da je vektorski prostor  netrivijalan ako i samo ako vrijedi  .)

Dokaz. Netrivijalni konačnogenerirani vektorski prostor  ima bazu. Neka su sada  bilo koje dvije baze prostora . Označimo  ( je kardinalni broj skupa , dakle broj elemenata tog skupa).

Kako je  linearno nezavisan skup, a  je sustav izvodnica, slijedi . Obrnuto, kako je  linearno nezavisan skup, a  je sustav izvodnica, vrijedi . Očito mora biti  pa su dvije baze zaista jednakobrojne.

Primjeri
Jedan od zornih geometrijskih primjera vektorskog prostora je svakako skup usmjerenih dužina u realnoj ravnini,  sa svojim pravilima za zbrajanje vektora i množenjem skalarima. Nije teško geometrijski pokazati da je taj skup zaista jedan vektorski prostor.

Znajući pravilo za zbrajanje vektora i poznavajući elementarnu geometriju, lako je zaključiti da bazu  čine točno dva nekolinearna vektora, neka su to . Tada su  linearno nezavisni. Naime, svaku drugu usmjerenu dužinu u  moguće je dobiti linearnom kombinacijom
baznih vektora .

Kartezijev koordinatni sustav
Geometrijski, odabirom vektora  mijenjamo oblik koordinatnog sustava. No, tom transformacijom sve dužine (i pravci) koje su bile paralelne su i ostale paralelne te je ishodište ostalo na svome mjestu (jer je  povlači ).

Takav izmijenjeni Kartezijev koordinatni sustav često se naziva kosokutni koordinatni sustav, jer vektori
 ne moraju činiti pravi kut.

Izvori

Matematika

Linearna nezavisnost


Mohsen Abdel Hamid (born 1937 ) is an Iraqi politician and Islamic scholar who was a member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council (president, February 2004), created following the United States's 2003 invasion of Iraq. He served as the President of the Governing Council of Iraq (42nd Prime Minister of Iraq).

Biography
Abdel Hamid was born in 1937 in Kirkuk and is of Kurdish background. He studied Islamic Law in Cairo and returned to Iraq in 1986 to work as a professor at Baghdad University. Abdel Hamid has written over 30 books on interpretation of the Qur'an. He was arrested in 1996 by the government of Saddam Hussein but opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Until 2004 he was the secretary general of the Iraqi Islamic Party, the largest Sunni party in Iraq, and as a result was appointed to the Iraqi Governing Council.

On May 30, 2005, Abdel Hamid was mistakenly arrested by U.S. troops.

Personal website
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134446/http://drmohsinah.com/

References

1937 births
Iraqi Sunni Muslims
Living people
Iraqi Muslim Brotherhood members
People from Kirkuk
Iraqi Islamic Party politicians
Iraqi Kurdish people
Academic staff of the University of Baghdad
International Union of Muslim Scholars members

Mohsen Abdel Hamid


Laudal Station (Laudal holdeplass) var en jernbanestation på Sørlandsbanen, der lå ved Laudal i Marnardal kommune i Norge. Stationen åbnede som trinbræt i 1946. Senere ophørte betjeningen med persontog, og i dag er stationen helt nedlagt. Den bestod af en kort perron med et læskur af træ.

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Sørlandsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1946
Jernbanestationer i Agder

Laudal Station


Gian Domenico Borasio (* 9. Juli 1962 in Novara, Italien) ist ein italienischer Mediziner und ehemaliger ordentlicher Professor für Palliativmedizin an der Universitäten München und Lausanne.

Werdegang
Borasio studierte Medizin an der Universität München. Er war Mitbegründer des Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Palliativmedizin in München. 2004 wurde am Klinikum Großhadern eine Station für Palliativmedizin eröffnet.

Von 2006 bis 2011 war er Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Palliativmedizin an der Universität München, dort richtete er 2010 zusätzlich eine Stiftungsprofessur für Spiritual Care ein. Von März 2011 bis einschließlich September 2023 war er Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Palliativmedizin an der Universität Lausanne und Leiter der Palliative-Care-Abteilung  am Universitätsspital Lausanne.

Sein Buch Über das Sterben wurde von der Zeitschrift Bild der Wissenschaft als Wissensbuch des Jahres 2012 in der Kategorie "Zündstoff" ausgezeichnet.

Borasio war ein wichtiger Gesprächspartner in Renate Werners ARD-Dokumentation Sterben verboten? Wie Hightech-Medizin den Tod verändert (2017).

Veröffentlichungen
Als Autor
 Über das Sterben. Was wir wissen. Was wir tun können. Wie wir uns darauf einstellen. Beck, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-61708-9.
 Über das Sterben.  Was wir wissen. Was wir tun können. Wie wir uns darauf einstellen. Schweizer Ausgabe. DTV, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-423-34808-9. ("Grosse Teile des Buches (…) neu geschrieben.")
 Selbst bestimmt sterben. Was es bedeutet. Was uns daran hindert. Wie wir es erreichen können. Beck, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-66862-3.
 Bach und die ars moriendi. Reflexion zu Johann Sebastian Bach: Kantate "Christus, der ist mein Leben" BWV 95. 18. September 2015, J. S. Bach-Stiftung, St. Gallen 2015.
 auf DVD: Johann Sebastian Bach: Christus, der ist mein Leben. Kantate BWV 95. Rudolf Lutz, Chor und Orchester der J. S. Bach-Stiftung, Julia Sophie Wagner (Sopran), Charles Daniels (Tenor), Matthias Helm (Bass). Samt Einführungsworkshop sowie Reflexion von Gian Domenico Borasio. Gallus Media, 2016.

Als Herausgeber
 Mit Ingeborg Maria Husemeyer: Ernährung bei Schluckstörungen. Eine Sammlung von Rezepten, die das Schlucken erleichtern. 6. Auflage Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2003; 7. Auflage (mit Ingeborg Maria Husemeyer und Edeltraut Hund-Wissner) 2011.
 Mit Ralf J. Jox, Katja Kühlmeyer: Leben im Koma. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2011.
 Mit Hans-Joachim Heßler, Ralf J. Jox, Christoph Meier: Patientenverfügung. Das neue Gesetz in der Praxis. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2012.
 Mit Franz-Joseph Bormann: Sterben. Dimensionen eines anthropologischen Grundphänomens. De Gruyter, Berlin 2012.

Weblinks

 Gian Domenico Borasio Profil auf der Website der Universität Lausanne
 Claude Fuchs: Interview mit Gian Domenco Borasio. In: palliative.ch 1/2011 S. 60 (PDF-Datei; 1,8 MB)
 Im Gespräch: Medizinprofessor Borasio. Wann dürfen wir sterben? FAZ vom 23. November 2009
 Barbara Bleisch: Philosophie des Sterbens. Gespräch mit Gian Domenico Borasio. Video in: Sternstunde Philosophie, SRF 1, Erstausstrahlung vom 26. August 2012 (57 Minuten)
 Gian D. Borasio: Der Sinn des Sterbens ist dem Leben abzulesen. Gespräch mit Marco Meier, 2014 im KKL Luzern, auf YouTube abgerufen am 9. Januar 2018.
 Tod ist kein Versagen. In: Focus, 15. Juli 2013

Einzelnachweise

Palliativmediziner
Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Sachbuchautor
Hochschullehrer (Universität Lausanne)
Hochschullehrer (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)
Italiener
Geboren 1962
Mann

Gian Domenico Borasio


Le Naval Support Activity Mid-South (NSA Mid-South, NAVSUPPACT Mid-South, NSAMS), à Millington au Tennessee, est une base aéronavale de l'US Navy. Faisant partie de la  de la marine et du commandement des installations de la marine, la NSA Mid-South sert de centre d'excellence des ressources humaines de la marine.

La base abrite plusieurs commandements et autres locataires militaires :
 ,
 ,
 Navy Manpower Analysis Center ,
 Bridge Company C' (6th ESB, 4th MLG) de l'United States Marine Corps Reserve
 Centre financier du Corps du génie de l'armée des États-Unis.

Plus de 7.500 militaires, civils et contractuels sont affectés ou travaillent sur la base, fournissant tout le soutien logistique et opérationnel essentiel aux commandements et aux activités à bord

Initialement établi sous le nom de Park Field, c'était l'un des trente-deux camps de l'  après l'entrée des États-Unis dans la Première Guerre mondiale en avril 1917. Au fur et à mesure que la base a évolué et changé, son impact sur la région a également évolué. Il joue un rôle important dans la communauté et est l'un des plus grands employeurs de l'État du Tennessee.

Participation de la communauté militaire

Tout au long de l'année, le NSA Mid-South s'associe aux communautés de Millington et Memphis pour mettre en place plusieurs projets :
 Flag City Freedom Celebration : le feu d'artifice annuel du 4 juillet, qui attire plus de 40.000 visiteurs à l'installation de loisirs de Navy Lake.
  :  un événement de sensibilisation de la police communautaire organisé le premier mardi d'août.
 Leadership Millington :  un programme de leadership parrainé par la chambre de commerce de Millington, qui comprend une journée de visite de la b&qe navale.
  : la première et la seule course mesurée en milles marins au lieu de milles terrestres. La course à pied de classe mondiale, destinée à remplacer la première course précédente de la Marine, le Blue Angels Marathon, attire des coureurs du monde entier.

Historique
Initialement connu sous le nom de Park Field, l'établissement a été créé en tant que base d'entraînement de la Première Guerre mondiale en 1917. Il a été nommé d'après le First lieutenant Joseph D. Park, qui a été tué le 9 mai 1913 lorsque le biplan militaire qu'il pilotait a plongé le nez en premier dans un ravin, a fait un saut périlleux et s'est écrasé contre un arbre à Olive, en Californie, à 63 km au sud-est de Los Angeles. L'aviateur n'est tombé que de 15 pieds (4,6 m), mais le radiateur lui a écrasé la tête, puis est tombé sur son corps.

Première Guerre mondiale
Les États-Unis sont entrés dans la Première Guerre mondiale le 6 avril 1917 et le Département de la Guerre des États-Unis a envoyé des officiers dans la région de Memphis pour inspecter les sites d'une école d'aviation. Le groupe a décidé d'un emplacement dans la région de Millington, à environ 26 km au nord-est de Memphis, un accord de location du terrain pour l'armée a été conclu par le Signal Corps de l'United States Army qui gérait l'aviation de l'armée américaine à ses débuts et a établi le site de Park Field en mai 1917. La construction d'une cinquantaine de bâtiments a commencé.

Park Field couvrait plus de  et pouvait accueillir jusqu'à 1.000 personnes. Des dizaines de bâtiments en bois servaient de quartier général, d'installations de maintenance et de logements pour les officiers. Les hommes de troupe devaient bivouaquer sous des tentes. La première unité stationnée là-bas était le 160th Aero Squadron, qui a été transféré de Kelly Field, au Texas, en novembre 1917. Quelques avions de l'United States Army Air Service sont arrivés avec le 160th, la plupart des  devant être utilisés l'entraînement au vol. En 1917, la formation au pilotage se déroulait en deux phases : primaire et avancée. La formation primaire a duré huit semaines et consistait en des pilotes apprenant les compétences de vol de base dans le cadre d'une instruction en double et en solo avec une capacité d'élèves de 300. Après avoir terminé leur formation primaire, les cadets de vol ont ensuite été transférés dans une autre base pour une formation avancée.

En février 1918, les opérations aériennes battaient leur plein, mais avec la fin soudaine de la Première Guerre mondiale le 11 novembre 1918, le futur statut opérationnel de Park Field était inconnu. Les cadets en formation au pilotage le 11 novembre ont été autorisés à terminer leur formation, mais aucun nouveau cadet n'a été affecté à la base. Les activités d'entraînement au vol ont cessé en juillet 1919.

Entre-deux-guerres
En mars 1920, le ministère de la Guerre acheta officiellement Park Field et une petite unité de gardien y fut affectée pour des raisons administratives. À cette époque, l'aérodrome a commencé à être le pionnier des routes de la poste aérienne à travers le Tennessee et les États environnants. L'aérodrome a décliné jusqu'à ce qu'il ne soit plus qu'une zone de stockage pour les avions et les pièces. En 1921, la décision a été prise de supprimer progressivement toutes les activités de la base conformément à des budgets militaires fortement réduits. Le ministère de la Guerre a ordonné à la petite force de gardiens de Park Field de démanteler toutes les structures restantes et de les vendre comme surplus. Le champ a été fermé et abandonné en janvier 1922.

Le Krach de 1929 et la Grande Dépression qui a suivi ont insufflé une nouvelle vie à Park Field. Au cours des années 1930, le champ a servi de camp de passage pour les chômeurs. En 1937, la Resettlement Administration (remplacée par la Farm Security Administration en 1937) a repris les terres et développé des fermes modèles utilisées pour démontrer ce qui pouvait être réalisé avec des terres correctement gérées. Park Field est resté sous la juridiction de la Farm Security Administration jusqu'à ce que les États-Unis entrent dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale en décembre 1941.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Tout comme le début de la Première Guerre mondiale avait donné naissance à Park Field en 1917, la déclaration de guerre du 8 décembre 1941 eut des résultats similaires, annonçant l'arrivée de l'aviation navale dans la région de Memphis. En février 1942, le Navy Shore Station Development Board recommanda l'approbation d'une base d'aviation de réserve sur l'ancien site de Park Field. Le 15 septembre 1942, la marine américaine a mis en service la Naval Reserve Aviation Base du côté sud de la station.

Le 1er janvier 1943, la Naval Reserve Aviation Base est rebaptisée Naval Air Station Memphis. Pendant la guerre, elle était un centre de formation principal au vol pour les aviateurs. Elle avait une capacité de formation d'environ 600 cadets  et pouvait prendre en charge jusqu'à 10.000 cadets pour la formation du personnel au sol. L'installation a été agrandie à environ  et a soutenu 16  pour l'entraînement et les atterrissages d'urgence dans la région. En 1943, le centre de formation a été désigné comme le Naval Air Technical Training Center (NATT).
 Guerre froide
Dans le cadre de la consolidation des installations après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le QG NATT a été transféré à la Naval Air Station Memphis en 1946 et toutes les opérations du commandement y ont été consolidées en 1947. En avril 1949, les fonctions de la base ont complètement changé et une nouvelle station aéronavale a été créée, différente à la fois dans sa portée et sa fonction. La  Naval Air Station Memphis (NAS Memphis) a assumé le soutien logistique de tous les commandements de la marine de Memphis, à l'exception de l'hôpital naval. Les limites comprenaient toutes les propriétés de la Marine des deux côtés de la route Millington-Arlington (Navy Road). NAS Memphis a poursuivi son rôle de soutien et de logistique pendant environ 50 ans. Elle est devenue une installation navale permanente pendant la guerre de Corée et, au cours des années 1950, elle a soutenu environ 13.000 membres du personnel naval en uniforme et civils. Pendant la guerre du Vietnam, 23.000 stagiaires  y ont été affectés et elle  a continué à fournir des services à la marine américaine dans les années 1990.

 Ère moderne
La Commission de réalignement et de fermeture de la base (BRAC) de 1993 a dirigé le réalignement de la base aéronavale de Memphis. Les segments les plus importants de cette action BRAC étaient les suivants :
 Suppression du Naval Air Technical Training Center (NATTC) de Memphis et création d'un nouveau NATTC Pensacola à Naval Air Station Pensacola, en Floride. (La BRAC a également dirigé la suppression de NADEP Pensacola).
Déménagement de toutes les écoles d'aviation «A» et «C» de l'US Navy et de l' United States Marine Corps enrôlées au NATTC Memphis vers le NATTC Pensacola.
 Suppression de la Naval Air Reserve Memphis et suppression ou transfert/relocalisation de tous les aéronefs et escadrons d'aviation de la Naval Air Force Reserve et de la 4th Marine Aircraft Wing/Marine Air Reserve.
 Déménagement du Commandement du personnel de la marine (NAVPERSCOM)/Bureau du personnel naval (BUPERS) de Washington, dans des bâtiments et des installations précédemment occupés par le NATTC Memphis.

Le NAS Memphis a été renommé Naval Support Activity Memphis le 30 septembre 1995. Le nom a de nouveau été changé en Naval Support Activity Mid-South''' le 1er octobre 1998 pour identifier plus précisément les exigences de la mission de la base et pour refléter l'approche de la marine en matière de régionalisation.

En septembre 2015, la Bridge Company C'', qui fait partie du , 4th Marine Logistics Group, a dédié un nouveau bâtiment pour la Bridge Company au Naval Support Activity Mid-South.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Tennessee
Édifice construit en 1917
Tennessee

Naval Support Activity Mid-South


The Comedy Store is a comedy club located in Soho, London, England, opened in 1979 by Don Ward and Peter Rosengard.

Early history
Since 16 January 1925 David Tennant's Gargoyle private members' club had leased the three top floors of 69 Dean Street, Soho, London (at the corner with Meard Street). In 1952 David Tennant sold the Gargoyle as a going concern for £5,000 to caterer John Negus. In 1955 the club was sold on to Michael Klinger and Jimmy Jacobs who relaunched it as a strip club called the Nell Gwynne (variously advertised as a theatre, club, or revue). A 1960s ad shows the club as the Nell Gwynne by day and the Gargoyle Club at night.

The Comedy Store
In 1978, Peter Rosengard was on holiday with his wife Irkku in Los Angeles.

"We had nothing to do one night, so I asked the concierge and he recommended the Comedy Store. At the time there was no live comedy in the UK, apart from working men's clubs up north, which was not really my scene. I loved what I saw in LA, so decided to open one in London, despite everybody telling me I was nuts."

In 1979, the Gargoyle's upper rooms took in a varied series of weekly themed club-nights, in addition to the long-running Nell Gwynne Revue strip show. Don Ward said Rosengard could use his premises on Saturday nights. But it was also a strip club with topless barmaids, which Peter had to explain when comedians came to audition.

On Saturdays, beginning 19 May 1979, in the Gargoyle's rooftop club space Hammersmith-born insurance salesman Peter Rosengard started a weekly club-night on Saturdays called the Comedy Store, in partnership with comedian Don Ward. It was open mic, in a Gong Show format, and invited audiences to show approval or disapproval of the unknown acts performing by "gonging" them off. There was no toilet in the dressing room, and male and female comedians used the sink.

"On 19 May 1979, only sixteen days after Margaret Thatcher's first general election victory, a new comedy club opened in London, hosted in a Soho topless bar named the Gargoyle, accessed through the Nell Gwynne strip club in Dean Street. The Comedy Store was the brainchild of insurance salesman Peter Rosengard, who teamed up with local businessman Don Ward, having been inspired by the Los Angeles Comedy Store while on holiday."William Cook. The Comedy Store: The club that changed British comedy

"In the old days, there was a cross-over between stripping and comedy. 69 Dean Street was the Nell Gwynne strip club until about 11 o'clock and then it suddenly turned into The Comedy Store. When it got successful, they stopped doing the stripping on Friday and Saturday and they did two comedy shows – an 8 o'clock and a midnight. If you were on the circuit then, you'd do first act in the first house at the Comedy Store, then go off and do a pub in Stoke Newington or wherever, then rush back and do second or third on the bill in the second show at the Comedy Store. If you were good, you were working in more than one place. Everyone worked round each other and there was a cross-over between street acts and alternative acts" Philip Herbert

Careers
The London Comedy Store made the reputations of many of the UK's upcoming "alternative comedians" while the specifically political Alternative Cabaret was taking root.

Among the original line-up who made their reputations here were Alexei Sayle, Rik Mayall, Adrian Edmondson, French & Saunders, Nigel Planer and Peter Richardson who in 1980 led these pioneers to establish the breakaway Comic Strip team elsewhere in Soho. All were to prove influential in reshaping British television comedy throughout the 1980s as stars of The Comic Strip Presents.

The Comedy Store, at the Gargoyle and elsewhere, helped start the careers of Paul Merton, Ben Elton, Keith Allen, Jo Brand, Mark Thomas, Arnold Brown, Andrew Bailey, Pat Condell and John Sparkes.

Comedian Paul Merton is one of the longest performing mainstream comics to still be associated with the venue from his debut performance in 1984. He presented a BBC 1 documentary, 25 Years of the Comedy Store – A Personal History by Paul Merton (11 January 2005).

In 2016 British artist Carl Randall painted the portrait of comedian Jo Brand standing in front of The Comedy Store, as part of the artist's 'London Portraits' series, where he asked various cultural figures to choose a place in London for the backdrop of their portraits. In an interview Brand explained why she chose The Comedy Store for her portrait, and her experiences performing there early in her career.

Groups
In October 1985, an improvisational group called The Comedy Store Players was formed, consisting of Mike Myers, Neil Mullarkey, Kit Hollerbach, Dave Cohen and Paul Merton. The group has had several line-up changes over the years, and now features a rotating team of Neil Mullarkey, Josie Lawrence, Richard Vranch and Lee Simpson, together with frequent guest appearances. Jim Sweeney was a member until retiring from performance in 2008 due to multiple sclerosis. Andy Smart was a member until his death in May 2023. Several of The Comedy Store Players appeared on the BBC Radio 4 and Channel 4 comedy game show Whose Line Is It Anyway?.

In 1990 The Cutting Edge satirical comedy team was formed by comedy journalist John Connor (formerly comedy editor at radical London listings magazine City Limits). The original team was Mark Thomas, Kevin Day, Bob Boyton, Nick Revill and Richard Morton. The show's aim was to recapture the political edge that was fostered at the original Comedy Store.

Venues
Don Ward dissolved his business relationship with Rosengard in late 1981. Ward remained CEO of Comedy Store interests.

In 1982 when the upper floors were sold off, the Comedy Store moved to a series of other venues. In late 1982, The Comedy Store operated from 28a Leicester Square (The 400 Club) for two years, taking over the club in 1985.

In 1993, The Store moved to a specifically designed stand-up comedy venue, at 1a Oxendon Street, between Piccadilly Circus and Leicester Square.

In 1984 Rosengard went on to manage the band Curiosity Killed the Cat.

The Comedy Store also has sister venues in Manchester (opened in 2000), and Bournemouth (2006). There was also a venue at the Merrion Centre in Leeds which opened in November 2003 but closed in June 2004.

References

External links

 Guide to The Comedy Store, London

Event venues established in 1979
Comedy clubs in the United Kingdom
Entertainment venues in London
Soho, London
1979 establishments in England

The Comedy Store (London)