The 2001–02 season was the 122nd season of competitive football in England.

Events

Arsenal cruise to title glory
In what had earlier been one of the most closely fought Premiership title races for years, Arsenal won the championship by a seven-point margin. Their crown was won in the penultimate game of the season when they beat defending champions Manchester United 1–0 at Old Trafford. Four days earlier, they had also won the FA Cup with a 2–0 victory over Chelsea at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff.

Their top scorer, Thierry Henry, was on target 24 times in the league alone.

One downside to the season was Arsenal's failure to progress to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League.

Sir Alex puts off his retirement
Sir Alex Ferguson announced in February that he would be postponing his retirement as Manchester United manager by at least three more seasons after he signed a new contract as manager. The news came just after United completed an impressive revival in the Premiership which saw them rise from ninth to first in the space of two months.

On 8 December, United stood ninth in the Premiership – 11 points behind Liverpool, who had a game in hand – and had lost five of their seven previous games in the aftermath of a 1–0 defeat at home to West Ham United. Even a UEFA Cup place appeared beyond reach. An eight-match winning run, however, saw United cruise to the top of the Premiership and they were soon challenging a three-horse race with Liverpool and Arsenal. They remained in the title race until the penultimate game of the season, when they lost 1–0 at home to Arsenal and surrendered the title crown to their opponents.

United's failure was largely put down to the inability to find a suitable replacement for Jaap Stam, the Dutch central defender who had been sold to Lazio for £16.25 million just after the start of the season. Another disappointment was the failure of Juan Sebastián Verón, at £28.1 million the most expensive player ever to sign for an English club, to never live up to his hefty price tag. On a positive note, Dutch striker Ruud van Nistelrooy lived up to his £19 million price tag by scoring 34 goals in all competitions during his first season at Old Trafford, breaking the club record that had been set by Dennis Viollet 40 seasons earlier.

After the season concluded, rumours began to circulate that Ferguson was about to break the English transfer record once again and sign Leeds United central-back Rio Ferdinand in the hope that his side would return to their winning ways in 2002–03.

Ipswich fall from grace
A year after qualifying for the UEFA Cup and earning George Burley the Manager of the Year award, Ipswich Town dropped back into Division One. The Suffolk side had looked doomed by Christmas after winning just one of their first 18 Premiership games. Then came a turnaround in form which saw them win seven out of eight fixtures and climb to 12th place, suggesting that they were safe. But another decline set in, and this time Ipswich were unable to halt it. Their relegation was confirmed with a 5–0 defeat away to runners-up Liverpool on the final day of the season.

Joining Ipswich in Division One would be already doomed Derby County and Leicester City, both going down after six seasons in the Premiership, the last of which had seen three different men take charge of the team.

West Brom and Birmingham back in the big time
West Bromwich Albion and Birmingham City, who had last played in the top flight in 1985–86, were finally promoted back to the top division with Albion as Division One runners-up and Birmingham as playoff winners. In an ironic twist, Albion had overtaken another local rival in Wolverhampton Wanderers, which had been out of the top flight even longer, in the race for the run for second place by winning seven of their final nine league games. Birmingham's triumph was sealed by a penalty-shoot out win over Norwich at the Millennium Stadium. They followed champions Manchester City, managed by Kevin Keegan, into the Premiership.

Back to back for Brighton
Brighton & Hove Albion secured successive title winning promotions. This was a massive turnaround for the fortunes of the club which had between 1996 and 1998 finished second bottom of the football league and were on the verge of going out of business.

The Battle of Bramall Lane

One of the seven Albion in their promotion run came on 16 March 2002, against Sheffield United. This match would turn recent English football history, .

ITV Digital crisis plunges league clubs into turmoil
The collapse of debt-ridden ITV Digital in May 2002 plunged many Football League clubs into turmoil. The likes of Bradford City, Bury, Nottingham Forest, Watford, Barnsley, Lincoln City and Port Vale filed for administration, fearful that the drastic loss of revenue would put them out of business.

Of all the troubled clubs, Bradford City's situation was the most precarious. The West Yorkshire club had debts of £36million and had failed to meet a deadline for a takeover deal. It seemed inevitable that the Bantams, who had gone into liquidation in 1983, would endure a total collapse and lose their place in the Football League. Their only hope was for the Football League to ignore their financial plight and allow them a place in Division One for the 2002–03 season.

Dario reaches managerial milestone
On 20 November 2001, Dario Gradi took charge of his 1,000 competitive game in charge of Crewe Alexandra in Division One. Gradi had arrived at Crewe in June 1983, and he reached this landmark just four months into a season which had already seen a total of more than 20 managerial changes in the Premiership, Division One, Division Two and Division Three. Crewe ended the season by being relegated to Division Two but the club's directors showed no intention of parting company with the longest-serving manager at any Football League club.

Wimbledon get go-ahead for Milton Keynes move

Just after the end of the Division one season, a three-man panel of The FA gave permission for Wimbledon FC to move from their historic South London home to Milton Keynes. The move sparked outrage among Wimbledon supporters, who formed their own club – AFC Wimbledon – in response to the controversial plans of chairman Charles Koppel.

League tables

FA Premier League

Arsenal won their second Premier League title in five seasons, as well as their second double in the same period, after a remarkable season in which they fought with the rest of the top six for the title right up until the final stages. They scored in every Premier League game, were unbeaten away from home, and finished the league season with 13 successive wins – and also had the satisfaction of clinching the title with a win over Manchester United at Old Trafford in their penultimate game. Liverpool's second-place finish was their highest for 11 years, ironically ending Manchester United's top-two run which had started after theirs had ended. United had rallied well and led the league for a while after losing six league games between mid September and early December, but a few dropped points in the final two months of the season meant that they just couldn't get the better of Arsenal in the title race. Newcastle United, meanwhile, finished fourth in their third season under the management of 69-year-old Bobby Robson, their highest finish for five years.

Leeds United and Chelsea had to settle for UEFA Cup qualification after losing ground in the closing stages of the title race. Though it wasn't obvious at the time, Leeds's failure to qualify for the Champions League would trigger a financial implosion that would eventually see them relegated to the third tier and almost be expelled from the Football League within five years.

For the first time in 12 years, and the first time since the foundation of the Premier League, all three newly promoted top division sides avoided relegation. Blackburn Rovers fared the best, finishing 10th and winning the League Cup, thereby qualifying for the UEFA Cup. Fulham survived relatively comfortably, though a 13th-place finish was considered underwhelming, as their being managed by the highly regarded Jean Tigana and a substantial investment in players had caused most pundits to tip them to challenge for the European spots. Bolton Wanderers' strong start to the season meant that they survived in 16th place, despite their lackluster form for much of the rest of the season.

Leicester City's final season at Filbert Street, their home for 111 years, ended in relegation after just five league wins. Joining them in Division One were their local rivals Derby County, who had coincidentally been promoted alongside them six years earlier. Derby had finished not far above the relegation zone in the previous two campaigns, but Leicester had been a top 10 side as recently as two years before their relegation, when they had also won their second League Cup in four seasons.

Last to go down were Ipswich Town, who had revived themselves mid-season after a disastrous start, but were unable to halt it after another slide towards the end of the campaign and any hopes of survival were ended on the final day of the season when they were crushed by Liverpool, just one year after qualifying for Europe (albeit they would return to Europe via the Fair Play Award). Sunderland, who had fallen just one place short of Europe in the last two seasons, came just one place away from relegation.

Leading goalscorer: Thierry Henry (Arsenal), 24

First Division
Manchester City managed to make an immediate return from the previous season's relegation, and returned to the Premier League as champions. West Bromwich Albion built on their surprise play-off appearance the previous year, achieving automatic promotion to the top-flight for the first time since 1986 at the expense of local rivals Wolves, who had looked all set for promotion just weeks earlier, but went out of the playoffs against Norwich. The play-offs were won by Birmingham City, finally earning promotion after two successive disappointments, and also returning to the top flight for the first time since 1986.

Burnley finished seventh for the second season running, only missing out on the playoffs on goal difference. Local rivals Preston finished eighth, with former Scotland manager Craig Brown now at the helm after David Moyes left for Everton.

Stockport County endured a dismal season despite the high-profile appointment of Carlton Palmer as manager, and fell into Division Two. Barnsley also went down, despite a play-off final appearance only two years previously. The final relegation spot was filled by Crewe, who for once were unable to pull off a survival act.

Top Goalscorer: Shaun Goater (Manchester City) – 28

Second Division
Brighton earned a second successive championship, despite the loss of manager Micky Adams early in the season – however, they would also have to cope with the loss of replacement manager Peter Taylor after the season ended. Reading earned the runners-up spot after four seasons in Division Two, and the play-offs were won by Stoke City who, despite this success, sacked manager Gudjon Thordarson immediately afterwards (leaving Reading in the odd position of being the only top six side to start the 2002–03 season with the same manager that they had at the start of the 2001–02 season).

QPR came out of administration at the end of a season where they finished a respectable eighth in their first campaign at this level since the 1960s, featuring in the race for a playoff place until the penultimate game of the season. Wigan Athletic finished a disappointing tenth after successive playoff appearances, but kept faith in manager Paul Jewell to deliver promotion in his second season at the helm.

Cambridge United were cut adrift early in the season, and never looked to have much chance of surviving. Long-time Division Two members Wrexham never recovered from a bad start, and also went down. Bury suffered a financial crisis off the pitch and the effects of this ultimately affected the team's performance and sent them down to the League's bottom tier. The final relegation spot was filled by AFC Bournemouth.

Leading goalscorer: Bobby Zamora (Brighton and Hove Albion) – 28

Third Division
Plymouth and Luton were involved in a close fight for the divisional title for the whole season; ultimately Plymouth won out, with Luton taking the runners-up spot and making an immediate return to Division Two after going down the previous season. The third automatic spot was closely contested between Mansfield and Cheltenham; Mansfield were the ultimate victors despite some poor results late in the season, but Cheltenham would win promotion anyway through the play-offs.

This was the final season where only a single team would drop out of the League into the Conference. Ultimately there proved to be little drama about who would go down, as it became obvious from the first few weeks that Halifax Town were doomed, never managing to earn enough wins to have any serious chance of survival.

Leading goalscorer: Steve Howard (Luton Town) – 24

Diary of the season

21 June 2001 – Liverpool sign Norway defender John Arne Riise from Monaco for £4.6 million.
25 June 2001 – Newcastle United pay £6million to Coventry City for winger Craig Bellamy.
26 June 2001 – After a year with Barcelona, Emmanuel Petit returns to England to join Chelsea in a £7.5 million deal.
4 July 2001 – Charlton Athletic pay a club record £4.75million for Wimbledon striker Jason Euell.
9 July 2001 – Goalkeeper Ian Walker, who has spent his entire 13-year playing career at Tottenham Hotspur, joins Leicester City for £2.5 million.
11 July 2001 – Rory Delap becomes Southampton's most expensive player in a £4 million move from Derby County. Middlesbrough sign Aston Villa defender Gareth Southgate for £6 million. Also on his way out of Villa Park is goalkeeper David James, in a £3.5 million move to West Ham United.
12 July 2001 – Manchester United break the English transfer fee record by paying Lazio £28.1 million for Argentina midfielder Juan Sebastián Verón.
17 July 2001 – Everton sign Canadian striker Tomasz Radzinski from Anderlecht for £4.5 million.
20 July 2001 – Liverpool sell Christian Ziege to Tottenham Hotspur for £4 million.
27 July 2001 – Manchester United sign Northern Ireland goalkeeper Roy Carroll from Wigan Athletic for £2.5 million.
1 August 2001 – Fulham sign Dutch goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar from Juventus for £5 million.
2 August 2001 – Coventry City striker John Hartson joins Celtic for £6 million.
8 August 2001 – Coventry City pay £5 million (a record for a Division One club) for West Bromwich Albion striker Lee Hughes.
4 August 2001 – Portsmouth goalkeeper Aaron Flahavan, 25, is killed in a car crash just outside Bournemouth.
16 August 2001 – Oxford United move into their new 12,500-seat Kassam Stadium after six years of waiting, but their arrival is soured by a 2–1 home defeat against Rochdale in Division Three.
17 August 2001 – Everton sell defender Michael Ball to Rangers F.C. for £6.5 million.
18 August 2001 – The Premier League season begins with newly promoted Bolton Wanderers winning 5–0 at Leicester City.
19 August 2001 –
Former Coventry City, Luton Town, Manchester United, Aston Villa, Blackpool and West Ham United goalkeeper Les Sealey dies of a heart attack at the age of 43.
Defending league champions Manchester United are host to Fulham in their first top flight game since 1968. United win 3–2, with new signing Ruud van Nistelrooy scoring twice for United while Louis Saha scores both of Fulham's consolation goals.
25 August 2001 – Southampton lose 2–0 to Chelsea in their first competitive game at the new 32,689-seat St Mary's Stadium. Bolton completed a three-match winning start to the season by beating Liverpool 2–1 at the Reebok Stadium.
27 August 2001 – Jaap Stam, who recently revealed in his autobiography that Manchester United approached him without his club's permission when signing him three years ago, joins Lazio for £16.25 million.
31 August 2001 – The first month of the league season ends with newly promoted Bolton Wanderers, tipped by many to go straight back down this season, as Premier League leaders with three straight wins including a 5–0 away win over bottom placed Leicester City. Everton, Leeds United, Arsenal and Manchester United complete the top five, while Leicester City are joined in the bottom three by Middlesbrough and Southampton.  In the race to reach the Premier League, Manchester City, Bradford City, Birmingham City and Norwich City are level on points at the top of Division One, with Wolverhampton Wanderers a point behind them in sixth place.
8 September 2001 – Liverpool's slow start to the season continues as Aston Villa beat them 3–1 at Anfield in the Premier League.
12 September 2001 – All UEFA Champions League fixtures are cancelled following yesterday's terrorist attacks in the United States of America.
13 September 2001 – Cardiff City pay £1.7 million for Stoke City striker Peter Thorne in one of Division Two's biggest transfer fees yet.
21 September 2001 – Tottenham Hotspur pay Southampton £8.1 million for defender Dean Richards.
27 September 2001 – Michael Owen signs a new four-year contract with Liverpool, with a £70,000 weekly wage making him the most highly paid player in the club's history.
29 September 2001 – Tottenham Hotspur surrender a 3–0 home lead over Manchester United in the FA Premier League and end up losing the game 5–3.
30 September 2001 – Leicester City sack manager Peter Taylor after 15 months in charge. His team have finished September in bottom place (they were top of the league this time last year before a late season slump dragged them into the bottom half of the table), in the Premier League relegation zone along with Derby County and West Ham United. At the top end of the table, Arsenal lead over Manchester United on goal difference, while Leeds United, Bolton Wanderers and Sunderland complete the top five.  Wolverhampton Wanderers lead Division One, with Burnley in second place. West Bromwich Albion, Norwich City, Crystal Palace and Manchester City complete the top six.
6 October 2001 – A late equalizer by David Beckham against Greece at Old Trafford gains England automatic qualification for next summer's World Cup. However, the game is marred by a series of hooliganism incidents in Manchester on the day among fans of Manchester United, Manchester City and Stoke City.
7 October 2001 – Jim Smith resigns after six years as manager of Derby County and is replaced by his assistant Colin Todd.
9 October 2001 – Grimsby Town knock holders Liverpool out of the Worthington Cup 2–1 at the third round stage. This was the first ever victory at Anfield for the Mariners. The winning goal was scored in the last minute of extra time, a stunning long-range strike by Liverpudlian Phil Jevons.
10 October 2001 – Dave Bassett is named as Leicester City's new manager, with Brighton & Hove Albion manager Micky Adams being appointed as his assistant.
13 October 2001 –
 – Liverpool boss Gérard Houllier is taken to hospital after complaining about chest pains, during the home draw against Leeds United. He undergoes emergency heart surgery and leaves Phil Thompson in sole control at Anfield, until April.
 – Blackburn Rovers match their Premier League record win by demolishing West Ham United 7–1 at Ewood Park.
17 October 2001 – Just over two weeks after being sacked by Leicester City, Peter Taylor returns to management with Brighton & Hove Albion.
18 October 2001 – Leeds United sign midfielder Seth Johnson from Derby County for £7 million.
20 October 2001 – Liverpool boost their hopes of a first top division title since 1990 by beating Leicester City 4–1 at Filbert Street, with Robbie Fowler scoring a hat-trick.
22 October 2001 – Bertie Mee, the manager of Arsenal's 1971 double-winning team, dies aged 82.
27 October 2001 – Aston Villa go top of the Premier League with a 3–2 home win over Bolton Wanderers.
31 October 2001 – October finishes with Aston Villa top of the Premier League for the first time in nearly three years. The top five is completed by Leeds United, Arsenal, Liverpool and Manchester United. Leicester City, still with only one win this season, remain bottom of the Premier League with Derby County and Southampton also in the relegation zone.  Wolverhampton Wanderers remain top of Division One, with second place now occupied by a Coventry City side who are aiming for an immediate return to the Premier League under new player-manager Roland Nilsson. The playoff zone is occupied by Crystal Palace, Norwich City, Manchester City and Burnley.
4 November 2001 – Arsenal suffer a shock 4–2 league home defeat to Charlton Athletic.
19 November 2001 – Out of favour striker Paul Kitson scores a hat-trick for West Ham United in a 4–4 deaw at Charlton Athletic in the Premier League.
23 November 2001 – Ipswich Town, bottom of the Premier League after finishing fifth last season, pay Blackburn Rovers £3 million for striker Marcus Bent.
25 November 2001 – Manchester United's dismal run of form continues with a 3–1 defeat at Arsenal.
29 November 2001 – Robbie Fowler ends a decade at Liverpool in an £11 million move to Leeds United.
30 November 2001 – Liverpool are the month-end Premier League leaders, with Leeds United, Arsenal, Newcastle United and Aston Villa completing the top five. Manchester United, however, occupy a disappointing sixth place – the result of a series of dismal performances in recent weeks. Ipswich Town, who finished fifth in the league last season, are now bottom of the table with just one win so far, while Leicester City and Derby County remain in the drop zone – but only level on goal difference with Southampton.  Burnley are the new leaders of Division One, having leapfrogged Wolverhampton Wanderers into second place. Norwich City, Preston North End, West Bromwich Albion and Crystal Palace complete the top six.
1 December 2001 – Sir Alex Ferguson writes off Manchester United's chances of a unique fourth successive league title triumph after the latest of several defeats sees them lose 3–0 at home to Chelsea.
5 December 2001 – Southampton buy striker Brett Ormerod from Blackpool for £1.75 million.
8 December 2001 – Manchester United lose 1–0 at home to West Ham United, completing a dismal run of six defeats from seven Premiership fixtures, leaving them ninth in the league – 11 points behind leaders Liverpool, who have a game in hand.
12 December 2001 – After weeks of predominantly dismal results, Manchester United get back to their winning ways with a comprehensive 5–0 win over struggling Derby County.
13 December 2001 – Division One promotion chasers Wolverhampton Wanderers sign Rangers striker Kenny Miller for £3 million after a successful loan spell.
22 December 2001 – Ipswich Town record only their second league win over the season by beating Tottenham 2–1 at White Hart Lane. Manchester United's revival continues as they beat Southampton 6–1 at Old Trafford.
23 December 2001 – Liverpool sign Czech striker Milan Baroš from Baník Ostrava for £3.5 million.
26 December 2001 – The highlight of Boxing Day sees Manchester United extend their revival and winning run to four games with a 2–0 win at Everton.
29 December 2001 – Andy Cole signs for Blackburn Rovers in an £8million deal after seven years at Manchester United.
30 December 2001 – Manchester United make it five league wins in a row as they beat Fulham 3–2 at Craven Cottage, with Ryan Giggs scoring twice.
31 December 2001 – 2001 draws to a close with Arsenal leading the Premier League on goal difference ahead of Newcastle United, with third placed Leeds United just a point off the top, while fourth placed Liverpool are two points off the top with a game in hand. A resurgent Manchester United are now fifth and just three points off the top, three weeks after being ninth in the league and 11 points off the top.  Burnley continue to lead the way in Division One, a point ahead of their nearest rivals Manchester City and Wolverhampton Wanderers. Norwich City, Millwall and Birmingham City complete the top six.
1 January – Paul Scholes scores twice as a 3–1 win over Newcastle United extend Manchester United's winning run to six games.
4 January/5 January 2002 – The third round of the FA Cup produces some memorable results. Derby County lose 3–1 at home to Division Three strugglers Bristol Rovers, which is yet more trauma for a club who are deep in the Premier League relegation mire. Leeds United, chasing the Premier League title, are knocked out of the FA Cup by Division Two side Cardiff City. Manchester United, meanwhile, beat Aston Villa 3–2 after being 2–0 down with 15 minutes remaining.
13 January 2002 – A 3–1 win at Southampton takes Manchester United top of the Premier League on goal difference after seven successive wins lifted them from ninth place.
14 January 2002 – Colin Todd is sacked after three months as Derby County manager.
19 January 2002 – Manchester United extend their winning run to eight league games with a 2–1 home win over Blackburn.
22 January 2002 – Manchester United boost their attack with a £7.5 million move for Uruguayan striker Diego Forlán from Independiente of Argentina.
24 January 2002 – John Gregory resigns after four years as manager of Aston Villa.
30 January 2002 – John Gregory returns to management six days after leaving Aston Villa when he is named as the new manager of Derby County.
31 January 2002 – January ends with top place in the Premier League going to Manchester United, who were ninth in the table less than two months ago. In second place are Arsenal, who are four points behind with two games in hand. Bracketed together, one point behind Arsenal, are Liverpool and Newcastle United. Leeds United complete the top five. A terrible month for Leicester City has left them bottom of the table and eight points adrift of safety, with Derby County just one places and two points above them. Ipswich Town remain in the drop zone despite a recent run of good results, while a mere three points separate the next seven clubs – Bolton Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Southampton, Middlesbrough, Everton, West Ham United and Sunderland.  The race to get into the Premier League is now led by Manchester City, who are six points ahead of their nearest rivals Wolverhampton Wanderers at the top of Division One. West Bromwich Albion, Millwall, Burnley and Crystal Palace complete the top six.
2 February 2002 – Manchester United's 4–1 home win over Sunderland extends their winning run in the league to nine games.
4 February 2002 – Newcastle United pay Nottingham Forest £5 million for winger Jermaine Jenas.
5 February 2002 – Division One leaders Manchester City pay a club record £5 million for Preston North End striker Jon Macken.
24 February 2002 – Blackburn Rovers beat Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 at the Millennium Stadium to win the League Cup for the first time in their history.
28 February 2002 – Sir Alex Ferguson changes his mind about retiring as Manchester United manager at the end of the season and signs a new contract which will keep him at the club for at least another three seasons. His team are still top of the Premier League, followed by Arsenal, Liverpool, Newcastle United and Chelsea. Leicester City are sinking deeper into relegation trouble at the other end of the table, while an upturn in fortunes for Derby County is suggesting that John Gregory is their saviour. Blackburn Rovers, meanwhile, have little time to saviour their recent League Cup glory; they are still in the relegation zone.  The race to get into the Premier League is similarly tense, with Wolverhampton Wanderers and Manchester City leading the way but facing strong pressure from an improving West Bromwich Albion side. The top six is completed by Millwall, Burnley and Coventry City, while Birmingham City are moving closer to the playoff zone after a slow start to the season.
3 March 2002 – Manchester United are held to a surprise 2–2 draw at Derby County, with Malcolm Christie, a self-confessed United supporter, scoring both of Derby's goals.
13 March 2002 – Walter Smith is sacked by Everton after nearly four years as manager; they are reportedly interested in recruiting David Moyes from Preston North End as his successor.
15 March 2002 – David Moyes is appointed manager of Everton.
16 March 2002 – Everton beat Fulham 2–1 at Goodison Park in their first match under the management of David Moyes.  Liverpool and Manchester United both win their games today to keep the title challenge fierce. In Division One, meanwhile, Stockport suffered the earliest post-war relegation by any other team after they lost 3-1 away to Wimbledon.
17 March 2002 – Arsenal continue to keep up the heat in the title challenge with a 2–1 win at Aston Villa.
20 March 2002 – Gérard Houllier returns to Liverpool after a six-month spell out. He watches his side defeat Roma in the Champions League.
23 March 2002 – Manchester United's title hopes are dented by a 1–0 home defeat by Middlesbrough.
24 March 2002 – Liverpool boost their title hopes when a last gasp goal by Vladimír Šmicer gives them a 1–0 home win over Chelsea.
27 March 2002 – Aston Villa sign 6' 7" striker Peter Crouch from Portsmouth for £5million.
30 March 2002 – On the day of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's death, Manchester United remain firmly in the hunt for the Premier League title with a thrilling 4–3 win over Leeds United at Elland Road. However, Arsenal and Liverpool both win their games, keeping the title challenge heated.
31 March 2002 – The Premier League title race remains in full swing as March draws to a close. Liverpool are now top, Manchester United are second, and Arsenal are third, though Arsenal are two points off the top with two games in hand. The threat from the other top six clubs – Chelsea, Leeds United and Newcastle United – is now virtually non existent. Meanwhile, Leicester City's relegation is looking almost certain, while they and Derby County have been joined in the relegation zone by an Ipswich Town side whose resurgence in late winter appeared to have saved their Premier League status.  Manchester City lead the way in Division One, with Wolverhampton Wanderers still second but just three points ahead of nearest rivals West Bromwich Albion. Just three points separate the next six teams – Burnley, Millwall, Birmingham City, Coventry City, Preston North End and Norwich City.
1 April 2002 – Arsenal go top of the Premier League with a 1–0 win at Charlton.
4 April 2002 – Dave Bassett becomes director of football at Leicester City and he hands managerial duties over to his assistant Micky Adams.
5 April 2002 - Manchester City returned to Premiership after only a season out after Wolverhampton Wanderers suffered a 1–0 away defeat at Millwall.
6 April 2002 – Leicester City's relegation is confirmed as they lost 1–0 at home to Manchester United, whose crucial win keeps their title challenge alive. Arsenal remain in the lead with a 2–1 home win over Tottenham. A relegation crunch game at the Reebok Stadium sees Bolton beat Ipswich 4–1, with Fredi Bobic scoring a hat-trick. Manchester City secured the Division One title after thrashing Barnsley 5–1 at Maine Road.
21 April 2002 – West Bromwich Albion clinch promotion to the FA Premier League with a 2–0 win over Crystal Palace which ends their 16-year exile from the top flight.
30 April 2002 – April draws to a close with Arsenal top of the Premier League with Manchester United and Liverpool still in contention, while Leicester City and Derby County have both been relegated. Ipswich Town occupy the last relegation place but will need to win their final game of the season and hope that Sunderland lose theirs if Premier League football is to be played at Portman Road and not the Stadium of Light next season.
2 May 2002 – 45 police officers are injured when Millwall fans riot at the end of the Division One playoff fixture against Birmingham City.
4 May 2002 – Arsenal clinch the eighth FA Cup victory of their history with a 2–0 win over Chelsea at the Millennium Stadium.
8 May 2002 – Arsenal beat defending champions Manchester United 1–0 at Old Trafford to complete their second double in five seasons.
10 May 2002 – Marlon King, 22-year-old Gillingham striker, is jailed for 18 months for driving a stolen car.
12 May 2002 – On the final day of the Premier League season, Liverpool beat Ipswich Town 5–0 to confirm second place (their first top two finish since 1991). That heavy defeat meant that the Tractor Boys' were relegated and it also resulted in Manchester United being forced to settle for third place – leaving them outside the top two for the first time since 1991 and they also fail to finish winners or runners-up of a major competition for the first time since 1989. Sunderland confirm their survival with a 1–1 home draw against already relegated Derby County. Bottom club Leicester City finish the season with only their fifth league win, beating Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 in their final game at Filbert Street, their home for 111 years, before relocation to the Walkers Stadium.
19 May 2002 – Birmingham City win promotion to the Premier League on penalties in the Division One playoff final, while fellow promoted side Manchester City sign Sylvain Distin from Paris Saint-Germain for £4 million.
21 May 2002 – The Premier League and Football League officials announce their opposition to FIFA's plans to operate a transfer window system which could see mid-season transfers only permitted to take place during one month of the season.  A record eight black players are capped by England in the World Cup warm-up match in South Korea which ends in a 1–1 draw.
30 May 2002 – Leicester City sell Robbie Savage to Birmingham City for £1.25 million.
2 June 2002 – England open their World Cup campaign with a 1–1 draw against Sweden in Group F.
7 June 2002 – A David Beckham penalty gives England a 1–0 win over Argentina in their second World Cup fixture. Manchester City prepare for their Premier League comeback by paying a club record £13 million for Paris Saint-Germain striker Nicolas Anelka, who spent most of last season on loan at Liverpool.
12 June 2002 – England secure qualification for the last 16 of the World Cup with a 0–0 draw against Nigeria.
15 June 2002 – England defeat Denmark 3–0 in the World Cup second round.
21 June 2002 – Despite taking a 23rd-minute lead thanks to Michael Owen, England's World Cup campaign ends in the quarter-finals with a 2–1 defeat to Brazil.
22 June 2002 – Newcastle United pay £8.5 million for 19-year-old Portuguese midfielder Hugo Viana from Sporting CP.
25 June 2002 – Liverpool sign El Hadji Diouf from Lens for £10 million.

Promoted teams
From Division One to The Premier League:
Manchester City
West Bromwich Albion
Birmingham City

From Division Two to Division One:
Brighton & Hove Albion
Reading
Stoke City

From Division Three to Division Two:
Plymouth Argyle
Luton Town
Mansfield Town
Cheltenham Town

From The Football Conference to Division Three:
Boston United

Relegated teams
From The Premier League to Division One:
Ipswich Town
Derby County
Leicester City

From Division One to Division Two:
Crewe Alexandra
Barnsley
Stockport County

From Division Two to Division Three:
AFC Bournemouth
Bury
Wrexham
Cambridge United

From Division Three to The Football Conference:
Halifax Town

Transfer deals
1 August 2001
Christian Ziege from Liverpool to Tottenham Hotspur, £4m
2 August 2001
John Hartson from Coventry City to Celtic, £6.5m
3 August 2001
Fabrizio Ravanelli from Lazio to Derby County, free
9 August 2001
Jon Harley from Chelsea to Fulham, £3.5m
Lee Hughes from West Bromwich Albion to Coventry City, £5m
10 August 2001
Laurent Robert from Paris Saint-Germain to Newcastle United, £10.5m
Edwin van der Sar from Juventus to Fulham, £7m
Boudewijn Zenden from Barcelona to Chelsea, £7.5m
14 August 2001
Steed Malbranque from Lyon to Fulham, £5m
16 August 2001
Kasey Keller from Rayo Vallecano to Tottenham Hotspur, free
24 August 2001
Boško Balaban from Dinamo Zagreb to Aston Villa, £6m
31 August 2001
Jerzy Dudek from Feyenoord to Liverpool, £4.85m
Don Hutchison from Sunderland to West Ham United, £5m
Chris Kirkland from Coventry City to Liverpool, £6m
3 September 2001
Laurent Blanc from Inter Milan to Manchester United, free
Steve Marlet from Lyon to Fulham, £13.5m
14 September 2001
Tomáš Řepka from Fiorentina to West Ham United, £5.5m
24 September 2001
Dean Richards from Southampton to Tottenham Hotspur, £8.1m
19 October 2001
Seth Johnson from Derby County to Leeds United, £7m
30 November 2001
Robbie Fowler from Liverpool to Leeds United, £11m
7 December 2001
Claudio Reyna from Rangers to Sunderland, £4.5m
24 December 2001
Milan Baroš from Baník Ostrava to Liverpool
29 December 2001
Andy Cole from Manchester United to Blackburn Rovers, £7.5m
23 January 2002
Diego Forlán from Independiente to Manchester United, £7.5m
30 January 2002
Abel Xavier from Everton to Liverpool, £800,000
8 February 2002
Jermaine Jenas from Nottingham Forest to Newcastle United, £5m
18 February 2002
Kolo Touré from ASEC Mimosas to Arsenal, Undisclosed
6 March 2002
Jon Macken from Preston North End to Manchester City, £4m
18 March 2002
Paul Gascoigne from Everton to Burnley, free
28 March 2002
Peter Crouch from Portsmouth to Aston Villa, £4m
18 April 2002
Jamie Redknapp from Liverpool to Tottenham Hotspur, free

For subsequent transfer deals see 2002–03 in English football.

Managerial changes
August
 3 August 2001 – Roy Evans and Neil Ruddock take over at Swindon Town, replacing Andy King (sacked 1 August)

September
 13 September – Colin Addison takes over at Swansea City, replacing John Hollins (sacked 12 September)

October
 8 October – Denis Smith takes over at Wrexham, replacing Brian Flynn
 8 October – Colin Todd takes over at Derby County, replacing Jim Smith (resigned same day)
 10 October – Dave Bassett takes over at Leicester City, replacing Peter Taylor (sacked 30 September)
 10 October – Coach Gary Brazil takes over at Notts County, replacing Jocky Scott (sacked 10 October)
 12 October – Alan Little takes over at Halifax Town, replacing Paul Bracewell (resigned 30 August)
 15 October – Paul Brush takes over at Leyton Orient, replacing Tommy Taylor
 16 October – Roland Nilsson takes over at Coventry City, replacing Gordon Strachan (resigned 10 September)
 17 October – Peter Taylor takes over at Brighton & Hove Albion
 22 October – Gordon Strachan takes over at Southampton, replacing Stuart Gray (sacked 21 October)
 22 October – Caretaker manager Rob Newman takes over at Southend United, replacing David Webb (resigned 9 October)
 25 October – Kevin Broadhurst takes over at Northampton Town, replacing Kevin Wilson (sacked 26 September)
 25 October – Tommy Taylor takes over at Darlington until the end of the season, replacing Gary Bennett (resigned 24 October)
 30 October – John Cornforth takes over at Exeter City, replacing Noel Blake (sacked 23 September)

November
 6 November – Carlton Palmer takes over at Stockport County, replacing Andy Kilner (sacked 29 October)
 7 November – Mick Wadsworth takes over at Oldham Athletic
 8 November – David Moss takes over at Macclesfield Town
 9 November – Steve Parkin takes over at Barnsley, replacing Nigel Spackman (sacked 25 October)
 14 November – Terry Yorath takes over at Sheffield Wednesday, replacing Peter Shreeves (left 17 October)
 30 November – Trevor Francis takes over at Crystal Palace, replacing Steve Bruce (resigned 2 November)
 30 November – Ian Atkins takes over at Oxford United, replacing Mark Wright (resigned)

December
 11 December – John Hollins takes over at Rochdale, replacing Steve Parkin
 12 December – Steve Bruce takes over at Birmingham City, replacing Trevor Francis (left 15 October)
 22 December – Andy King is reappointed at Swindon Town, replacing Roy Evans (resigned as Director of Football 20 December)
 28 December – Garry Thompson takes over at Bristol Rovers for the second time, replacing Gerry Francis (resigned 24 December)
 28 December – Paul Groves takes over at Grimsby Town, replacing Lennie Lawrence (resigned)

January
 1 January – Nicky Law takes over at Bradford City, replacing Jim Jefferies (resigned 24 December)
 6 January – John Taylor takes over at Cambridge United, replacing John Beck (resigned 22 November)
 7 January – Billy Dearden takes over at Notts County, replacing Gary Brazil (steps back down to coach)
 9 January – Assistant manager Stuart Watkiss takes over at Mansfield Town, replacing Billy Dearden (resigned 6 January)
 23 January – Colin Lee takes over at Walsall, replacing Ray Graydon (sacked 22 January)
 30 January – John Gregory takes over at Derby County, replacing Colin Todd (sacked 14 January after just 98 days as manager)

February
 5 February – Non-executive director Graham Taylor takes over as manager at Aston Villa, replacing John Gregory (resigned 24 January)
 18 February – Director of Football Lennie Lawrence takes over as manager at Cardiff City, replacing Alan Cork (resigned)
 22 February – Dave Rushbury takes over at Chesterfield, replacing Nicky Law (resigned 1 January)

March
 14 March – David Moyes takes over at Everton, replacing Walter Smith (left 12 March)
 25 March – Director of Football Harry Redknapp takes over at Portsmouth, replacing Graham Rix (sacked)

April
 4 April – Micky Adams takes over at Leicester City, replacing Dave Bassett (becomes Director of Football)
 4 April – Jan Mølby takes over at Hull City, replacing Brian Little (left 27 February)
 24 April – Gary McAllister takes over at Coventry City, replacing Roland Nilsson (sacked 16 April)
 25 April – Ray Graydon takes over at Bristol Rovers, replacing Garry Thompson (sacked 9 April)
 25 April – Ian Britton takes over at Kidderminster Harriers, replacing Jan Molby (resigned 4 April)
 29 April – Craig Brown takes over at Preston North End, replacing David Moyes (left 14 March)

May
 5 May – Caretaker Keith Alexander takes over at Lincoln City, replacing Alan Buckley (left 25 April)
 9 May – Leroy Rosenior takes over at Torquay United, replacing Roy McFarland (sacked 23 April)
 27 May – Steve Cotterill takes over at Stoke City, replacing Gudjon Thordarson (sacked 16 May)
 29 May – Paul Simpson takes over at Rochdale, replacing John Hollins (sacked 13 May)
 30 May – Coach Graham Allner takes over at Cheltenham Town, replacing Steve Cotterill (resigned 16 May)
 31 May – Coach Iain Dowie takes over at Oldham Athletic, replacing Mick Wadsworth (sacked)

June
 June – Stuart Murdoch takes over at Wimbledon, replacing Terry Burton (left 25 April)
 28 June – Assistant Wally Downes takes over at Brentford, replacing Steve Coppell (resigned 6 June)

July
 1 July – Mick Wadsworth takes over at Huddersfield Town, replacing Lou Macari
 11 July – Ray Lewington takes over at Watford, replacing Gianluca Vialli
 July – Chris Wilder takes over at Halifax Town, replacing caretaker Neil Redfearn (resigned 23 May), who replaced Alan Little (left 8 April)
 15 July – Youth director Martin Hinshelwood takes over at Brighton & Hove Albion, replacing Peter Taylor (resigned 29 April)
 July – Terry Venables takes over at Leeds United, replacing David O'Leary (sacked 27 June)

Famous debutants
 Future England Striker Darren Bent, 17, appears for Ipswich Town in their 3–1 victory away at Helsingborgs IF in the UEFA Cup 2nd Round in November 2001.
 Future England winger Stewart Downing, 17, appears for Middlesbrough in their 1–0 defeat by Ipswich Town in April 2002.

Retirements

9 November 2001: Tony Ford, 42-year-old midfielder with one of the highest appearance records of any postwar English footballer, retires from playing after leaving Rochdale and following their manager Steve Parkin to Barnsley as his assistant and deciding that he was not capable of playing second-tier football.

19 February 2002: Roberto Di Matteo, 31-year-old midfielder who was Chelsea's record signing for £4.9 million in 1996 and scored for them in FA Cup final wins in 1997 and 2000, retires after 17 months out of action having failed to recover from a broken leg suffered in a UEFA Cup game in September 2000.

21 April 2002: Stuart Pearce, 40-year-old left back who had been in league football since 1983 and was an England international for more than a decade until his last appearance in 2000, retires at the end of an illustrious career with ended on a high as he helped Manchester City win promotion to the Premier League as Division One champions. His final game was against Portsmouth at Maine Road, in which he missed a penalty that if scored would have been the 100th goal of his professional career that had also taken in spells with Coventry City, Nottingham Forest, Newcastle United and West Ham United.

10 May 2002: Lee Dixon, 38-year-old right back who signed for Arsenal in January 1988 and played more than 600 games for them, retires after winning his second double in five seasons (and his fourth league title) for the North London club.

11 May 2002: Matthew Le Tissier, 33-year-old striker who spent his entire professional career at Southampton since 1986, retires after scoring 162 goals for them but never managing to win a major trophy or play in a European competition, though he did manage several England appearances in the 1990s.

Deaths
3 July 2001: Billy Liddell, 79, legendary Liverpool winger who scored 228 goals in all competitions at the club between 1938 and 1961, although the only major trophy he won with them was the league title in 1947. He was capped 28 times by Scotland. During the final years of his life, he was ill with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
5 August 2001: Aaron Flahavan, 25, Portsmouth goalkeeper who had played 93 first-team games since 1996, died in a car crash in west Hampshire just before the start of the season.
8 August 2001: Paul Vaessen, 39, former Arsenal striker whose career was cut short by injury. Most famous for scoring the goal that earned Arsenal a place in the 1980 Cup Winners' Cup final.
19 August 2001: Les Sealey, 43, who kept goal for Manchester United in their 1990 FA Cup and 1991 Cup Winners Cup triumphs, died of a heart attack in north London. He had also played for Coventry City, Luton Town, Aston Villa, Birmingham City (on loan), Blackpool and West Ham United, and at the time of his death had been working for West Ham United as goalkeeping coach.
20 August 2001: Tom Staniforth, 20, Sheffield Wednesday defender, collapsed and died on a night out in York. He was a promising young defender for the club and a son of former footballer Gordon Staniforth.
1 September 2001: Brian Moore, 69, former BBC Radio and ITV commentator, died of cancer three years after retiring from football commentary.
13 September 2001: Alex Scott, 63, played 149 league games as a right-winger for Everton after signing from Rangers in February 1963, helping them win the league title that spring and the FA Cup three years later. He returned to his native Scotland in 1967 and was capped 16 times for the national side, scoring five goals.
17 September 2001: Ray Gill, 76, the record Football League appearance holder for Chester City.
22 October 2001: Bertie Mee, 80, Arsenal double-winning manager 1970–71, died after a long illness. He also guided Arsenal to European Fairs Cup glory, achieved one year before the double triumph. From 1976 to 1986 he was assistant manager to Graham Taylor at Watford, and remained at the club as a director until his retirement in 1991.
23 October 2001: Ken Aston, 86, World Cup referee who created the red and yellow cards system.
2 January 2002: Charlie Mitten, 80, was a left winger in Manchester United's FA Cup winning team of 1948, before transferring to Club Santa Fe, Colombia, in 1951, and then returning to England to play for Fulham before retiring as a player in 1956. He later managed Mansfield Town and non-league Altrincham.
19 January 2002: Jeff Astle, 59, West Bromwich Albion and England striker, died suddenly in Burton-upon-Trent. He is best remembered for his appearances on the TV series Fantasy Football and for scoring Albion's winning goal against Everton in the 1968 FA Cup final.
4 February 2002: John Bromley, 68, journalist & TV executive at ITV who ended BBC's monopoly of sports programming with World of Sport, he is also credited with creating the hit football programme Saint and Greavsie with Ian St. John & Jimmy Greaves.
16 February 2002: Sir Walter Winterbottom, 88, the first England manager. Managed England from 1946 until 1962, when he made way for Alf Ramsey.
26 March 2002: Kenneth Wolstenholme, 81, BBC television commentator, who famously commentated England's 1966 World Cup triumph and is best remembered for saying 'They think it's all over ... it is now' when Geoff Hurst scored England's last-minute winner.
9 April 2002: Roy Dwight, 69, played on the right wing for Nottingham Forest in their 1959 FA Cup triumph, but was stretchered off in the final against Luton Town with a broken leg. He also played for Fulham and later Coventry City and Millwall in a career which yielded 85 league goals in 154 games. He was the uncle of pop legend and Watford chairman Elton John.
16 April 2002: Billy Ayre, 49, former Halifax, Blackpool, Scarborough, Southport and Cardiff City manager, died after a long battle with cancer of the lymph node. He guided Blackpool to two successive Wembley play-off finals, in 1990–91 and 1991–92.
21 May 2002: Roy Paul, 82, played 270 league games in defence for Manchester City during the 1950s after signing from Swansea, and collected an FA Cup winner's medal in 1956. He was capped 33 times by Wales.
 28 May 2002: Wimbledon FC, 114, played 1,052 Football League games between 1977 and 2002 and won the FA Cup in 1988.

References

2001–02 in English football


10888 Yamatano-orochi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10888 Yamatano-orochi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nachi-Katsuura de Yoshisada Shimizu și Takeshi Urata. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,19 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 18,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi
Asteroizi cu nume din mitologie

10888 Yamatano-orochi


Juan II Gran Comneno (, Iōannēs II Megas Komnēnos;  1262-16 de agosto de 1297) fue emperador de Trebisonda desde 1280 hasta 1297. Era el hijo más joven del emperador Manuel I y su tercera esposa, Irene Siricaina, una noble trapisondesa. Juan sucedió en el trono a su hermano Jorge que fue traicionado por sus arcontes en el monte de Taurezion.

Reinado
Durante su reinado el título de los gobernantes de Trebisonda cambió, hasta entonces, ellos reclamaban el título tradicional de los emperadores bizantinos, «Emperador y Autócrata de los Romanos», pero a partir de Juan II se cambió a «Emperador y Autócrata de todo el Oriente, Iberia, y las Provincias Transmarinas», aunque Iberia se había perdido en el reinado de Andrónico I Gidos.

Juan es el primer gobernante de Trebisonda conocido por tener más que unos pocos incidentes e insinuaciones, ya que existe información suficiente para componer una narración relacionada con la primera parte de su reinado. La crónica de Miguel Panareto, que suele ser concisa e incluso críptica, es relativamente completa en el reinado de Juan, y las fuentes externas añaden más detalles al registro de Panareto. El emperador Juan II enfrentó muchos desafíos en su gobierno, que explica en parte su matrimonio con la hija del emperador bizantino Miguel VIII Paleólogo, Eudoxia Paleóloga.

Juan llegó a Trebisonda el 25 de abril de 1282 con su esposa, y poco después se encontró con dos amenazas. La primera venía de su hermano Jorge, que había vuelto a Trebisonda, e intentó, sin éxito, recuperar el trono. La siguiente, de su media hermana Teodora, que le depuso en 1284, para gobernar por poco tiempo. Juan fue repuesto no más tarde de 1285.

Familia y sucesión
Juan II tuvo dos hijos con Eudoxia:
 Alejo II, que le sucedió como emperador
 Miguel

Bibliografía
 W. Miller, Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era, Chicago, 1926.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Emperadores de Trebisonda
Bizantinos del siglo XIII
Dinastía de los Grandes Comnenos
J
Monarcas ortodoxos
Nobles del siglo XIII

Juan II de Trebisonda


El Campeonato de Apertura 1950 o Copa Carlos Varela fue la 11º y última edición del torneo que sirvió de prólogo al campeonato nacional en la temporada de ese año, siendo organizado por la Asociación Central de Fútbol.

Participaron en él todos los clubes de la Primera División de 1950, resultando campeón Santiago Morning, luego de empatar en el partido final con Audax Italiano por 2-2 y vencerlo en definición a penales.

Desarrollo
El torneo se desarrolló con la modalidad de tres grupos: A, B y C, cada uno compuesto por cuatro equipos que se enfrentaron entre ellos. El ganador de los grupos A y B clasificaban a la semifinal, mientras que el ganador del grupo C clasificaba directamente a la final por el título.

Fase de grupos

Grupo A

Pos = Posición; PJ = Partidos jugados; PG = Partidos ganados; PE = Partidos empatados; PP = Partidos perdidos; GF = Goles a favor; GC = Goles en contra; Dif = Diferencia de gol; Pts = Puntos

Fecha 1

Fecha 2

Fecha 3

Grupo B

Pos = Posición; PJ = Partidos jugados; PG = Partidos ganados; PE = Partidos empatados; PP = Partidos perdidos; GF = Goles a favor; GC = Goles en contra; Dif = Diferencia de gol; Pts = Puntos

Fecha 1

Fecha 2

Fecha 3

Grupo C

Pos = Posición; PJ = Partidos jugados; PG = Partidos ganados; PE = Partidos empatados; PP = Partidos perdidos; GF = Goles a favor; GC = Goles en contra; Dif = Diferencia de gol; Pts = Puntos

Fecha 1

Fecha 2

Fecha 3

Desempate por el primer lugar
Como Everton y Audax Italiano igualaron con cuatro puntos el primer lugar de la tabla, se disputó un partido de desempate en el que Audax Italiano venció por 2-0 a Everton, clasificando así a la final del torneo en forma directa.

Semifinal

Final

Campeón

Véase también
 Primera División de Chile 1950

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Chile 1950 (RSSSF)

1950
Temporada 1950 de fútbol en Chile

Campeonato de Apertura de Chile 1950


Moldovas førstedivision 2017 var den 27. udgave af det moldoviske mesterskab i fodbold. Turneringen bliver afviklet fra juli 2017.

Deltagere

Tabel

Statistik

Topscorere
Opdateret pr. kampe spillet den 26. november 2017.

References

External links
 Official website
 uefa.com

Fodbold i Moldova
Fodbold i 2017

Divizia Națională 2017


Echo in the Skull (1959) (revizuit și republicat în 1974 sub titlul Give Warning to the World)  este un roman science fiction al scriitorului britanic John Brunner. A fost publicat pentru prima oară în Statele Unite de către Ace Books în 1959 ca parte a  Ace Double #D-385.

Brunner și-a asumat existența unui câmp care cuprinde întreg universul și care poate imita gândirea simțitoare. Atunci când o femeie moare violent, acest câmp înregistrează ultimele sale momente din viață și le pune la dispoziția anumitor altor femele simțitoare sub forma unor vise lucide. Informația se răspândește instantaneu în câmp, într-o manieră care amintește de inseparabilitatea cuantică. Visele sunt cele care formează ecoul din craniul care apare în titlu.

Note

Legături externe
 Istoria publicării romanului Echo in the Skull pe ISFDB

Vezi și

Cărți din 1959
Romane științifico-fantastice
Opere de John Brunner
1959 în științifico-fantastic

Echo in the Skull


التصفيات التمهدية الأولى
Zambia and Zimbabwe byes

التصفيات التمهدية الثانية

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

النهائي

كأس كوسافا
كرة القدم الإفريقية في 1999

كأس كوسافا 1999


Olaylar
 Kavimler Göçü başladı.

Doğumlar
 Edessalı Rabbula, Edessa şehrinin piskoposluğunu üstlenmiş bir din adamı, Süryani Kilise Babası (ö. 435 / 436)

Ölümler
 30 Haziran - Nepotianus, Roma İmparatorluğu'nda kısa bir süre için tahta çıkan Konstantin Hanedanı mensubu isyancı
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Paul ya da Günah Çıkaran Aziz Paul, altıncı Konstantinopolis Başpiskoposu
 Eutropia, Nepotianus'un annesi, I. Konstantin'in üvey kız kardeşi
 Konstans, Roma İmparatoru (d. 320)

350


Brownistas es el nombre de una secta que se formó de la de los puritanos a fines del siglo XVI en Inglaterra. Se denominó así por Robert Brown, su jefe.

Biografía de Brown
Robert Brown era de una familia bastante acomodada de Rullandshire y pariente del lord tesorero Burleigh. Hizo su carrera en Cambridge y empezó a publicar sus opiniones y a declamar contra el gobierno eclesiástico en Norwich en 1580, lo que le atrajo el resentimiento de los obispos. Se alababa él mismo de haber sido encarcelado por esta causa en treinta y dos prisiones diferentes, tan oscuras que no podía distinguir la mano aun en medio del día. A consecuencia de esto salió del reino con sus seguidores y se retiró a Midelburg en Zelandia, en donde él y sus adictos obtuvieron de los Estados el permiso de edificar una iglesia, para servir a Dios en ella a su manera. Poco tiempo después se dividieron entre sí. Se separaron muchos lo que disgustó de una manera tal a Brown, que dimitió su encargo y volvió a Inglaterra en 1589, en donde abjuró de sus errores y fue nombrado rector en una iglesia de Northamptonshire, en donde murió el año 1630.

Consecuencias
El cambio de Brown ocasionó la ruina de la iglesia de Middlebourg pero las semillas de su sistema no pudieron destruirse fácilmente en Inglaterra. Sir Walter Raleigh, en un discurso compuesto en 1692, cuenta hasta veinte mil personas imbuidas en las opiniones de Brown. Sus seguidores rechazaban toda especie de autoridad eclesiástica. Querían que el gobierno de la Iglesia fuera enteramente democrático. Entre ellos el ministerio evangélico era una simple comisión revocable; cada uno de los miembros de la sociedad tenía el derecho de hacer exhortaciones y preguntas acerca de lo que se había predicado. Los independientes que se formaron después de entre los brownistas adoptaron parte de sus opiniones.

La reina Isabel persiguió vivamente esta secta. En su reinado, se llenaron las cárceles de brownistas y aun algunos fueron ahorcados. La comisión eclesiástica y la cámara estrellada los persiguió con tanto rigor que se vieron obligados a abandonar Inglaterra. Muchas familias se retiraron a Ámsterdam, en donde formaron una iglesia y eligieron por pastor a Johnson y después de él a Ainsworth, conocido por un comentario sobre el Pentateuco. Entre sus jefes se cuentan Barrow y Wilkinson. Su iglesia duró cerca de cien años.

Referencias
Diccionario de teología, 1, Nicolas Sylvestre Bergier, 1845

Calvinismo

Brownistas


Paphiopedilum concolor es una especie de orquídea perteneciente a la subfamilia Cypripedioideae.

Descripción
Es una pequeña orquídea de hábito terrestre descrita en 1984. Tiene hojas moteadas verde oscuro y gris verdoso, de hasta 15 cm de largo por 4 cm de ancho.

Paphiopedilum concolor florece en primavera y otoño. Su escapo floral de 10 cm de alto tiene pelos rojizos y lleva una o dos flores de aproximadamente 7 cm de diámetro. Esta orquídea prefiere un hábitat cálido y suelos húmedos.

Distribución y hábitat
Paphiopedilum concolor es nativa del sur de China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi), Birmania (Burma), Tailandia y Vietnam Central y del Sur, por lo general en el parque nacional Phong Nha-Ke Bang en la provincia Quang Binh.

Taxonomía
Paphiopedilum concolor fue descrita por (Lindl. ex Bateman) Pfitzer y publicado en Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(6): 84. 1888.
Etimología
El nombre Paphiopedilum (Paph.), procede del griego "Paphia": de "Paphos", epíteto de "Venus" y "pedilon" = "sandalia" ó "zapatilla" aludiendo a la forma del labelo como una zapatilla.

concolor; epíteto latino que significa "del mismo color".
Sinonimia
Cordula concolor (Lindl. ex Bateman) Rolfe
Cypripedium concolor Lindl. ex Bateman
Cypripedium concolor Lindl.
Cypripedium concolor var. chlorophyllum Rchb.f.
Cypripedium concolor var. longipetalum Rolfe
Cypripedium concolor var. reynieri Rchb.f.
Cypripedium concolor var. sulphurinum Rchb.f.
Cypripedium concolor var. tonkinense God.-Leb.
Cypripedium tonkinense auct.
Paphiopedilum concolor subsp. chlorophyllum (Rchb.f.) Fowlie
Paphiopedilum concolor var. dahuaense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang
Paphiopedilum concolor var. immaculatum Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang
Paphiopedilum concolor var. longipetalum (Rolfe) O.Gruss & Iamwir.
Paphiopedilum concolor subsp. reynieri (Rchb.f.) Fowlie
Paphiopedilum concolor f. sulphurinum (Rchb.f.) O.Gruss
Paphiopedilum wenshanense f. album O.Gruss & Petchl.

Véase también
Polinización en orquídeas
Descripción de las orquídeas

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2009. Fl. China 25: 1–570. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.

Enlaces externos

concolor
Flora del Sureste Asiático
Plantas descritas en 1888
Plantas descritas por Lindley
Plantas descritas por Bateman
Plantas descritas por Pfitzer

Paphiopedilum concolor


Ernst er en dansk tegnefilmserie fra 2000 i 7 afsnit med instruktion og manuskript af Alice de Champfleury. Afsnittene Ernst i svømmehallen og Ernst på skøjter er desuden co-skrevet af Michael W. Horsten.

Afsnit
Obs! Afsnittene er oplistet i alfabetisk rækkefølge. Angiv gerne afsnitsnumre og første sendedage.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Animerede tv-serier fra Danmark

Ernst (tegnefilmserie)


Đồng Nai () is a province in the Southeast region of Vietnam, located east and northeast of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). The capital city and the largest city in Đồng Nai is Biên Hòa.

Geography
Đồng Nai is in southeastern Vietnam and bordered by: Bình Thuận, Lâm Đồng, Bình Dương and Bình Phước, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu, and Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). Đồng Nai has an advanced traffic system with many backbone national roads crossing it, such as: National Route 1A, National Route 20, National Route 51 and the North–South railway lines; located adjacent to the Saigon Port and Tan Son Nhat International Airport, it offers many advantages to economic activities in the area. Its location is very important for the development of the Southern economic main hub and a junction of the South Eastern and Tây Nguyên Highland.

Đồng Nai is based essentially on the system of lakes, dams and rivers, of which Trị An Lake with an area of 323km² and over 60 rivers, rivulets and canals are very favorable for the development of a number of aquatic products: raft bred fish and shrimp. The seasonal tropical forests are protected in Cát Tiên National Park, located in the north of Đồng Nai and the adjacent Vĩnh Cửu Nature Reserve; the former has been recognized internationally as a significant biosphere reserve. From the mountainous area, Đồng Nai River, Vietnam's largest internal waterway, flows southeast through Biên Hòa City, Ho Chi Minh City, and villages along its way. This river plays an important role in supplying fresh water for the whole area.

Climate
Đồng Nai lies in the monsoon tropical zone and is affected by the north-east and south-west monsoon. It is also under the influence of the Pacific Ocean tropical atmosphere between April and October. The climate is divided into two distinct seasons: the rainy season lasts from March or April to November and the dry season from December to March or April of the following year. The average temperature is between 23.9 and 29.0 °C, much lower than the standard level of tropical regions (26-30 °C). Its annual rainfall is quite high with 1,500 - 2,700 mm.

On average, the weather is sunny for 4.0-9.5 hours a day and does not exceed 11.5 hours per day, even on the hottest and sunniest days. Total rainy days within a year are between 120 and 170 days (the standard level of tropical regions is 150–160 days) with a total rainfall of some 1,500 - 2,750 mm. The average humidity is around 80 - 82% and humidity in the dry season is 10-12%, lower than that of the rainy season; humidity varies considerably between areas.

Đồng Nai's weather with regular sunshine, rain, and high humidity, equally found in the localities, facilitates agricultural production and development of industrial, cultural and tourist activities.

Resources
Đồng Nai is plentiful with resources such as forests, granite mines, construction stone, clay, kaolin, pozzolan, sand and gravel.

Demographics
Đồng Nai is one of Vietnam's most populous provinces (ranked fifth) with a population of 2,838,600 in 2014. Its population has been growing rapidly in recent years, mainly driven by migrant workers coming to the province to work in factories. Population growth was 1.95% in 2005, between 2.5% from 2008 to 2010 and 3.5% in 2011. Net migration contributed 2.2% to this figure. Đồng Nai is second only to Bình Dương province in both population growth and net migration.

The population of Đồng Nai is primarily the dominant Kinh (Viet) ethnicity, although there are residents of the Chinese, Stieng, Mạ, Nùng, Tay, and Cham minorities.

Transportation
Đồng Nai has made significant progress in upgrading its transport infrastructure, especially roads. National highways in the province have a total length of 244.5 km and have been improved and widened up to level 1 and 2 standards (National Highway No. 5 and 6) or up to third grade like National Highway No. 20 to Đà Lạt. The total roads system in the province is 3,339 kilometers long, of which almost 700 kilometers are tar roads. All communes and wards are connected to the road network.

Under scheme in the near future, highways to Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province and Ho Chi Minh City, a railway connecting Biên Hòa to Vũng Tàu, upgrading provincial road No. 726 and connecting National Highway No. 20 and No. 1 with National Highway No. 51 will create a complete system, promoting socioeconomic development in the province and region.

A new airport, Long Thành International Airport, is planned for construction in Long Thành district, Đồng Nai, approximately 40 km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City. Upon completion, it will handle international flights in place of Tan Son Nhat International Airport, which will serve domestic flights.

Administrative divisions

Đồng Nai is subdivided into 11 district-level sub-divisions:

 9 districts:
 Cẩm Mỹ
 Định Quán
 Long Thành
 Nhơn Trạch
 Tân Phú
 Thống Nhất
 Trảng Bom
 Vĩnh Cửu
 Xuân Lộc
 2 provincial cities:
 Biên Hòa (capital)
 Long Khánh

They are further subdivided into eight commune-level towns (or townlets), 122 communes, and 40 wards.

Economy
Đồng Nai is one of Vietnam's main manufacturing centers and one of the most developed provinces.

Agriculture
Despite its strong focus on industrial development, Đồng Nai still has a substantial agricultural sector. Agricultural land accounts for 47% of the province's area as of 2011, a total of 277,600 ha. This is lower than in other provinces in the Southeast region, except for Ho Chi Minh City. Cereals were grown on 118,600 ha in 2011, an area that has been decreasing gradually in recent years, from 139,300 ha in 2005. The output of rice has, however, remained stable and was at 335,200t in 2011. The province also produced 305,300t of maize, making it the largest producer of maize outside the country's mountainous regions and contributing 6.3% to the national maize output. Đồng Nai also produced 619,700t of sugar cane (3.5% of the national output), sweet potatoes and cassava.

Đồng Nai is the largest livestock producer among Vietnam's provinces and there are plans to further invest in the sector.  The government reserved 15,000 ha for livestock farming in 2012, mostly for poultry and pigs.
In 2011 there were 1.33 million pigs and 10.655 million poultry. Despite not being located along the coast, Đồng Nai produced 41,600t of fishery products in 2011. Over 90% of this was produced in 33,500 ha of aquaculture farms. This makes Đồng Nai the largest aquaculture producer outside the Mekong Delta.

Industry
Đồng Nai is one of Vietnam's main manufacturing centers. It has attracted 9.1% of FDI into Vietnam by 2011, an accumulated US$18.2 billion, the fourth largest after Ho Chi Minh City, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province and Hanoi. Industrial gross output in 2011 was VND 314 trillion, 10.6% of the national value. It has received a broad range of FDI projects, including a Bosch auto component plant, a Toshiba motor plant, a PepsiCo beverage factory, a Posco steel plant, and a Nestlé coffee factory.

Ecology
A large part of Đồng Nai Biosphere Reserve, include Nam Cát Tiên, is located in Dong Nai province.

Tri An Dam, besides providing electricity, it also helps to regulate floods and ensure drinking water for people in the area.

As a result of the Viet Nam war, some areas around Bien Hoa Air Base were dioxin pollution. The authorities are trying to clean up these areas.

As defined by a 2008 World Bank survey, the province is one of the five most-polluted in Vietnam.

Education
Dong Nai University
Lạc Hồng University
Lương Thế Vinh High School for the Gifted
Ngo Quyen High School is founded in 1956.

References

External links

 Đồng Nai Provincial People's Council & People's Committee
 Đồng Nai Provincial People's Council & People's Committee
 Đồng Nai Industrial Service, a provincial department of the Ministry of Industry

Southeast (Vietnam)
Provinces of Vietnam

Đồng Nai province


أذن الفأر أو آذان الفأر  جنس نباتي ينتمي إلى الفصيلة الحمحمية من طائفة ثنائيات الفلقة. يضم أكثر من ثلاثين نوعا مقبولا وعشرات أخرى لم يحسم أمرها بعد. ينمو هذا النبات في مناطق الغابات البرية ومناطق السهول المعتدلة. وهذا النبات له ساق مكسوّة بالشعر، وأوراق طرية مكسوّة بالشعر أيضًا. ولهذه النبتة أزهار صغيرة، ذات لون أزرق فاتح ولون أصفر في وسطها، وهي تنمو بشكل عنقودي. كما أن لبعض أنواعها أزهارًا بيضاء أو وردية، وعلى العموم فإن كل الأنواع تقريبًا، لها براعم وردية.

يعتبر البعض أذن الفأر رمزًا للصداقة والحب الصادق. ويرد ذكر هذه الزهرة في عدد من الأساطير. ففي أحد الأساطير الألمانية كانت عبارة لا تنسيني هي آخر ما قاله حبيب لحبيبته قبل أن يغرق وهو يحاول أن يأتيها بزهرة.

مناطق النمو والزراعة
وتعتبر الأماكن الظليلة الرطبة أفضل بيئة لنمو معظم أنواع أذن الفأر التي تمتاز بأنها جذابة ومعمّرة تعيش لأكثر من سنة. وأشهر الأنواع المزروعة من تلك النبتة ثنائية الحول، وهي النباتات التي تزهر في سنتها الثانية. وتزرع من نباتات مقطَّعة إلى أجزاء يتم غرسها مرة أخرى. والعديد من أنواع أذن الفأر المشهورة حولية (تعيش لسنة واحدة فقط). وهي تزرع من البذور وتزهر في الخريف.

من أنواعه الواطنة في الوطن العربي
 أذن الفأر الأطلسي  في المغرب العربي

 أذن الفأر الجانبي  في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي وحوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط والجزر البريطانية
 أذن الفأر الخنجري  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي وبعض مناطق شمال حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط
 أذن الفأر الضعيف  في المغرب العربي وايبيريا
 أذن فأر فيلفيتش  في المغرب العربي وايبيريا

 أذن الفأر المتفرع  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق أوروبا
 أذن الفأر المتلون  في سيناء والمغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق أوروبا
 أذن الفأر المتهدل  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق أوروبا
 أذن الفأر المخطط  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق أوروبا
 أذن الفأر المزدحم  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي وبعض مناطق شمال حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط

 أذن الفأر المزروع  في المغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق أوروبا
 أذن الفأر المفترش  في المغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق أوروبا
 أذن الفأر المنكسر  في بلاد الشام وبعض مناطق شمال حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط
 أذن الفأر كبير الأنبوب

معرض صور

مراجع

زهور زرقاء
أجناس الفصيلة الحمحمية
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
رموز ألاسكا
أذن الفأر
أذن الفأر

أذن الفأر


Robert Carl August von Prittwitz und Gaffron (né le  dans le manoir de Kreisewitz,  et mort le  à Breslau) est président du district de Breslau et chevalier honoraire de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean.

Famille
Prittwitz est issu d'une vieille famille noble silésienne von Prittwitz et est le fils de l'administrateur d'arrondissement royal prussien, ancien de l'État et propriétaire foncier Ernst von Prittwitz, seigneur du domaine de Kreisewitz, et de sa première épouse Helene von Studnitz.

Il épouse le 22 juin 1840 au manoir de Kawallen, , avec Johanna von Prittwitz (née le  février 1821 au manoir de Kawallen et morte le 28 avril 1841 à Münster), fille du propriétaire foncier Ferdinand von Prittwitz, seigneur des manoirs de Kawallen, Kummernigk, et de Wilhelmine von Prittwitz.

Prittwitz se marie le 9 août 1848 à Potsdam avec Luise von Prittwitz (née le 31 décembre 1828 à Potsdam et morte le  mai 1851 à Berlin), la fille du général d'infanterie royal prussien Karl von Prittwitz et de sa première épouse Henriette von Bergh.

Enfin, il se marie dans son troisième mariage le 28 décembre 1854 à Sarrebruck avec Helene von Stülpnagel (née le 30 mai 1825 à Potsdam et mort le 21 octobre 1911 à Berlin), fille du lieutenant-général royal prussien  et d'Eleonore von Bismarck.

Travaux
 Das v. Prittwitz'sche Adels-Geschlecht. Verlag Wilhelm Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1870 (Volltext).

Bibliographie
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelige Häuser A Band VI, Seite 336, Band 29 der Gesamtreihe, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1962, .
 Hans von Prittwitz und Gaffron, Personal-Bestand der Familie v. Prittwitz am 1. Januar 1875, S.313f

Liens externes

Président du district de Breslau
Chevalier d'honneur de l'ordre de Saint-Jean (Bailliage de Brandebourg)
Naissance en avril 1806
Naissance dans la voïvodie d'Opole
Naissance en Silésie prussienne
Décès en avril 1889
Décès à Breslau
Décès dans la province de Silésie
Décès à 82 ans

Robert von Prittwitz und Gaffron


Pitanga es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Según el Censo IBGE del año 2010, la población era de 32645 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Blog de la Ciudad
 Página de la prefectura
 Página de la cámara

Localidades de Paraná

Pitanga (Paraná)


A Tabela de senos de Mādhava é uma tabela contendo o valor dos senos trigonométricos de vários ângulos construída no Século XIV pelo matemático e astrônomo Mādhava de Sangamagrama. A tabela lista os senos trigonométricos dos vinte e quatro ângulos que são múltiplos inteiros de 3,75°, ou seja, 1/24 de um ângulo reto, começando com 3,75 e terminando com 90,00 (ou seja, 3,75°, 7,50°, 11,25°, ... e 90,00°). A tabela usa a Codificação de caracteres do alfassilabário Devanāgarī usando o sistema Katapayadi. Isso dá às entradas na tabela uma aparência do versos de um poema em sânscrito.

O trabalho original de Mādhava de Sangamagrama contendo a tabela senoidal ainda não foi rastreado. A tabela é vista reproduzida no Aryabhatiyabhashya de Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544) e também no comentário Yuktidipika/Laghuvivrti de Tantrasamgraha por Sankara Variar (cerca de 1500-1560).

Comparação dos valores de senos modernos com os de Mādhava
Na tabela abaixo, a primeira coluna contém a lista dos vinte e quatro ângulos que são múltiplos inteiros de 3,75° (começando com 3,75° e terminando com 90,00°). A segunda coluna contém os valores tabulados por Mādhava em Devanagari na forma em que foi dado por Mādhava. (Estes são retirados do "Malayalam Commentary of Karanapaddhati" por PK Koru e são ligeiramente diferentes da tabela dada em "Cultural foundations of mathematics" por CK Raju.) A terceira coluna contém transliterações ISO 15919 das linhas dadas na segunda coluna. Os dígitos codificados pelas linhas na segunda coluna são dados em algarismos arábicos na quarta coluna. Os valores dos senos trigonométricos derivados dos números especificados na tabela de Mādhava estão listados na quinta coluna. Esses valores são calculados usando o valor aproximado 3,1415926535922 para π obtido por Mādhava. Para comparação, os valores exatos dos senos trigonométricos dos ângulos são dados na sexta coluna.

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Método de computação de Mādhava
Nenhum trabalho de Mādhava detalhando os métodos usados por ele para o cálculo da tabela de senos sobreviveu. No entanto, a partir dos escritos de matemáticos posteriores de Kerala, como Nilakantha Somayaji (Tantrasangraha) e Jyeshtadeva (Yuktibhāṣā), que dão amplas referências às realizações de Mādhava, conjectura-se que Mādhava calculou sua tabela de senos usando a expansão em série de potência de seno x .

Trigonometria
Matemática indiana

Tabela de senos de Mādhava


Homosexuelle Handlungen sind in Trinidad und Tobago sowohl für Männer als auch Frauen seit April 2018 gesetzlich erlaubt. Das Gesetz gegen Homosexuelle wurde zwar 2000 erneuert und wird von weiten Teilen der Bevölkerung befürwortet, aber im April 2018 hob das Verfassungsgericht von Trinidad und Tobago die Strafbarkeit in einem höchstgerichtlichen Grundsatzurteil auf. Trotz langsam wachsender Akzeptanz ist Homophobie noch immer im Land verankert, weswegen LGBT-Menschen ihre sexuelle Identität vielerorts verbergen.

Rechtliche Situation
Gleichgeschlechtliche Paare werden weder im Wege der eingetragenen Partnerschaft noch im Rahmen einer gleichgeschlechtlichen Ehe anerkannt. Trinidad und Tobago gehörte bis April 2018 zu den letzten zehn Ländern (allesamt Commonwealth-Staaten) auf dem Doppel-Kontinent Amerika, in denen Homosexualität noch sanktioniert wurde. (Auch heterosexueller) Analverkehr wurde nach § 13 des Sexual Offences Act von 1986 mit einer Freiheitsstrafe von bis zu 25 Jahren, bei Analverkehr mit Minderjährigen mit lebenslanger Freiheitsstrafe geahndet. § 16 sah eine Bestrafung für alle anderen gleichgeschlechtlichen sexuellen Handlungen zwischen Männern, ebenso wie zwischen Frauen, mit Gefängnis von bis zu fünf Jahren bis April 2018 vor. Gemäß Artikel 8 des Immigration Act ist es ausländischen Prostituierten, Schwulen und Lesben nicht gestattet, das Land zu betreten. Der Artikel widerspricht allerdings dem in der Rechtsnormenhierarchie höherstehenden Vertrag von Chaguaramas, und es ist kein Fall bekannt, in dem dieses Gesetz angewendet wurde. Die Strafgesetzgebung wurden auch bereits vor dem Grundsatzurteil des Verfassungsgerichtshofes im April 2018 allgemein "seit vielen Jahren nicht durchgesetzt und Homosexuelle nicht strafrechtlich verfolgt werden". Ausdrücklich von der Bestrafung dieser "unsittlichen Handlungen" ("acts of serious indecency") ausgenommen sind solche von Ehepaaren oder von Männern mit Frauen ab einem Alter von 16 Jahren. Außer Guyana und Barbados existierte bis April 2018 kein weiteres Land in Amerika mit derart drakonischen Strafen für einvernehmlichen Sex. Für Anstiftung zum Mord beträgt die Höchststrafe 10 Jahre.

In den Jahren 2008 und 2009 unterzeichnete Trinidad und Tobago die Resolutionen der Organisation Amerikanischer Staaten (OAS), die das Verbot von Gewalt wegen sexueller Orientierung oder geschlechtlicher Identität fordern. Im Dezember 2008 lehnte die Regierung jedoch die Unterzeichnung einer von 66 Staaten unterstützen unverbindlichen Erklärung der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen zur Entkriminalisierung der Homosexualität ab.

Gesellschaftliche Situation

In einer Umfrage aus dem Jahr 2009 (Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, 17. April 2009) gaben 66 % der Befragten an, nicht in der Nachbarschaft eines Homosexuellen leben zu wollen. Eine im Dezember 2007 durch Gallup durchgeführte Umfrage ergab, dass Trinidad und Tobago zu den Ländern mit der geringsten Akzeptanz von Schwulen und Lesben in Amerika gehört. Zugleich waren 17 % der landesweit Befragten der Ansicht, dass die Region, in der sie lebten, ein guter Ort für Homosexuelle wäre. (im Vergleich: durchschnittlich 24 % bei 113 Ländern).

In der Hauptstadt Port of Spain existiert eine homosexuelle Szene. Gegen die Einreise des schwulen Popstars Elton John startete die lokale anglikanische Kirche 2007 eine Kampagne, konnte jedoch dessen Einreise und Teilnahme am Plymouth Jazz Festival auf Tobago letztlich nicht verhindern. Trinidads erste Pride Parade fand im Juli 2018 in Port of Spain statt.

Einzelnachweise

Trinidad und Tobago
Gesellschaft (Trinidad und Tobago)

Homosexualität in Trinidad und Tobago


Un electrofil este o specie chimică (un ion sau o moleculă) care poate să accepte electroni sau perechi de electroni de la un nucleofil pentru a forma o legătură chimică. Despre electrofili se spune că sunt deficienți sau deficitari în electroni și că prezintă afinitate pentru electroni. De exemplu, acizii Lewis și agenții reducători sunt electrofili, dar și ionii pozitivi, precum ionul azotit , și moleculele cu sarcină pozitivă la un anumit atom, precum trioxidul de sulf SO3.

Proprietăți

Adiția de halogen
Adiția de halogen are loc între alchene și electrofili, de obicei sub forma unor reacții de adiție. Printre reacțiile comune se numără utilizarea apei de brom pentru titrare, cu scopul de a deduce numărul de legături duble prezente. Avem ca exemplu reacția dintre etenă și brom, când rezultă 1,2-dibromoetan:

C2H4 + Br2 → BrCH2CH2Br

Dacă se urmărește mecanismul de reacție, se observă trei etape ale aceste reacții:

Formarea unui complex-π
Molecula electrofilă de dibrom Br-Br reacționează cu molecula de alchenă bogată în electroni formând un complex-π 1.
Formarea unui ion bromoniu cu trei membri
Alchena se comportă ca un donor de electron și bromul ca electrofil. Ionul bromoniu 2 format din doi atomi de carbon și un atom de brom și se obține prin eliminarea de ioni Br−.
Legarea de ionul bromură
Ionul bromoniu este atacat de ionul Br−, cu obținerea unei dibromuri vicinale cu o configurație antiplanară. Dacă în sistem există alți nucleofili, precum apa sau alcoolul, aceștia pot ataca 2 obținându-se un alcool sau un eter.

Acest proces are un mecanism AdE2 (adiție electrofilă). Iodul (I2), clorul (Cl2), ionul sulfenil (RS+), cationul mercuric (Hg2+) și diclorocarbena (:CCl2) reacționează în mod similar.

Adiția de halogenuri de hidrogen
Halogenurile de hidrogen (sau acizii halogenhidrici), precum este clorura de hidrogen HCl, adiționează la alchene cu formarea de halogenuri de alchil, în urma unei reacții de hidrohalogenare. De exemplu, avem reacția HCl cu etilenă pentru obținerea cloroetanului. Reacția are loc cu formarea unui intermediar cationic, având un mecanism diferit față de reacția de mai sus:

Protonul (H+) este electrofil, și se adiționează la unul dintre atomii de carbon ai alchenei formând cationul 1.
Ionul clorură (Cl−) se leagă de cationul 1 formând aducții 2 și 3.

Reacția are un mecanism A-SE2.

Note

Vezi și
 Nucleofil
 Acid Lewis

Chimie organică
Mecanisme de reacție

Electrofil


بوشكاش، فيلم كوميدي مصري، إنتاج عام 2008، من بطولة محمد سعد وزينة

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول بوشكاش محفوظ (محمد سعد) وهو سمسار لاعبين الذي قرر خوض هذه المهنة بعد فشله كحارس مرمي في أندية كثيرة، والذي يؤمن بأن سر حظه الجميل هي سلسلة تؤهله للنجاح في حياته حتى يفقد هذه السلسلة بالصدفة ويعمل لصالح رشدي هلال (عزت أبو عوف) رجل الأعمال الفاسد ومساعده أو مدير أعماله (أحمد راتب) وتتوالي الأحداث حتى يتعرف على المذيعة المشهورة هانيا والتي تقوم بدورها (زينة) حيث يبحثان سويا عن حقيقة هذا الرجل الفاسد.

الممثلون
 محمد سعد
 زينة
 عزت أبو عوف
 أحمد راتب
 يوسف فوزي
 صفاء الطوخي
 إدوارد
 سعيد طرابيك
 شمس
 علاء زينهم
 أحمد التهامي
 منى ممدوح
 مجدي إدريس
 حمدي السخاوي

مراجع

روابط  خارجية

أفلام أحمد راتب
أفلام حمدي السخاوي
أفلام عزت أبو عوف
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام محمد سعد
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2008
أفلام ميمي جمال

بوشكاش (فيلم)


O Samsung Galaxy A10s é um smartphone Android desenvolvido e fabricado pela Samsung Electronics. Faz parte da série Galaxy A, que é voltada para o mercado intermediário. A empresa divulgou este telefone no dia 27 de agosto de de 2019.

Software
O smartphone sai de fábrica com sistema operacional móvel Android 9 Pie com a interface One UI da Samsung.

Dispositivos com sistema operativo Android
Samsung Galaxy A
Smartphones

Samsung Galaxy A10s


Mellem hjem er en kortfilm instrueret af Marie Asminn efter manuskript af Marie Asminn.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2013

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Mellem hjem


Presličica (lat. Muscari), rod jednosupnica iz porodice šparogovki. Pedeset priznatih vrsta lukovičastih trajnica koje su rasprostranjene po Mediteranu Europe, Afrike i Azije, te na zapadu i jugozapadu Azije.

U Hrvatskoj raste mala presličica (M. botryoides), čevuljasta presličica ili zmijino grožđe (M. neglectum), sitnocvjetna presličica (M. parviflorum)

Kitnjasta presličica ili čuperasta presličica ne pripada ovom rodu nego u rod Leopoldia, Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.

Vrste

 Muscari adilii M.B.Güner & H.Duman
 Muscari albiflorum (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni
 Muscari alexandrae A.P.Khokhr.
 Muscari alpanicum Schchian
 Muscari anatolicum Cowley & Özhatay
 Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker
 Muscari artvinense Demirci & E.Kaya
 Muscari atillae Yildirim
 Muscari atlanticum Boiss. & Reut.
 Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker
 Muscari baeticum Blanca, Ruíz Rejón & Suár.-Sant.
 Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill.
 Muscari bourgaei Baker
 Muscari cazorlanum C.Soriano, Rivas Ponce, R.Lozano & M.Ruíz
 Muscari commutatum Guss.
 Muscari discolor Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Muscari dolichanthum Woronow & Tron
 Muscari elegantulum Schchian
 Muscari fatmacereniae Eker
 Muscari fertile Ravenna
 Muscari filiforme Ravenna
 Muscari grandifolium Baker
 Muscari heldreichii Boiss.
 Muscari hermonense Ravenna
 Muscari hierosolymitanum Ravenna
 Muscari inundatum Yildirim & Eker
 Muscari kerkis Karlén
 Muscari kurdicum Maroofi
 Muscari lafarinae (Lojac.) C.Brullo & Brullo
 Muscari latifolium Armitage, J.Kirk & Playne ex J.Kirk
 Muscari lazulinum Ravenna
 Muscari leucostomum Woronow
 Muscari macbeathianum Kit Tan
 Muscari macrocarpum Sweet
 Muscari maritimum Desf.
 Muscari microstomum Davis & Stuart
 Muscari nazimiyense Yild. & Kiliç
 Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.
 Muscari olivetorum Blanca, Ruíz Rejón & Suár.-Sant.
 Muscari pamiryigidii Eker
 Muscari parviflorum Desf.
 Muscari pseudopallens Eker, Yildirim & Armagan
 Muscari pulchellum Heldr. & Sart.
 Muscari racemosum Mill.
 Muscari sabihapinariae Eroglu, Pínar & Fidan
 Muscari sandrasicum Karlén
 Muscari serpentinicum Yildirim, Altioglu & Pirhan
 Muscari sivrihisardaghlarensis Yild. & B.Selvi
 Muscari stenanthum Freyn
 Muscari tauricum Demirci, Özhatay & E.Kaya
 Muscari tavoricum Ravenna
 Muscari turcicum Uysal, Ertugrul & Dural
 Muscari tuzgoluensis Yild.
 Muscari ufukii E.Kaya & Demirci
 Muscari vanense Uysal
 Muscari vuralii Bagci & Dogu

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Hyacintheae

Presličica


İhsan (Arapça: إحسان),  bir İslam dini terimidir.

İhsan gerek Kur'an gerekse hadislerde geçen bir İslam dini terimidir. İhsan bir davranışı en güzel biçimde yapmak demektir. İslam genel olarak inanan kişinin ihsanla kulluk etmesini istemiş, ayrıca Kur'an'da ebeveynleri ile ilişkilerde de ihsan ile davranılması gerektiğini belirtmiştir.

İhsan terimi ünlü Cibril hadisi'nde de geçer. Bu hadiste İslam'daki vahiy meleği Cebrail (veya Cibril) kişi kılığında İslam dininin son peygamberi Muhammed'e çeşitli sorular sorar. Sorulardan birisi de "İhsan nedir?" şeklindedir. Peygamber soruyu şöyle yanıtlar "Allah'a, onu görüyormuşçasına kulluk etmendir. Sen onu görmesen dahi o seni görür.".

Bunun dışında İslam'daki inançsal hareketlerden Sufizmde ihsan kavramı sahip olduğu genel anlamın ötesinde, daha farklı bir deruni anlayışla tanımlanmıştır.

Kaynakça
  Buhari, İman; Müslim, İman

İslam terimleri
İslam ilahiyatı
Tasavvuf felsefesi

İhsan


Discovery is a British documentary television programme, produced by Duncan Dallas, for Yorkshire Television. It was first shown in England in 1974.

The first episode was about the post-encephalitic patients described by the neurologist Oliver Sacks (see Awakenings). The documentary won a Red Ribbon at the 1978 American Film Festival and first prize at the 1978 International Rehabilitation Film Festival.

References

ITV documentaries
English-language television shows

Discovery (British TV programme)


"Republička nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine" je predstavljala ligu trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1980./81.
Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bila "Kozara" iz Bosanske Gradiške.

Ljestvica

 Hrasnica – danas dio naselja Sarajevo
 "Rudar Ljubija" (Prijedor) – iz mjesta Ljubija, ali djelovali i nastupali u Prijedoru

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Dario Hamzić: Fudbalski klub "Rudar" Ljubija : 1928. – 1992., Rijeka, 2014., , str. 151
  Rajko Petrović, Sonja Petrović: Fudbalski klub "Radnik" Bijeljina : (1919-2003) , Bijeljina, 2010.,  (karton), str. 246-251
 Limun Papić, Tomo Marić: FK Kozara 1913-1988, Bosanska Gradiška, 1989., str. 214
 forum.sportsport.ba, Vremeplov 4: Ligaška takmičenja od 1945-1992. godine, (prema raznim izvorima), objave od 3. travnja 2011., pristupljeno 18. listopada 2017.

1980-81
 republička
1980-81

Republička nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1980./81.


පෘතුගීසියෙන් "සුදු පර්වතය" යන අර්ථය ඇති,  පේද්‍රා බ්‍රන්කා යන්නෙන් පහත දේ අදහස් විය හැත:
 පේද්‍රා බ්‍රන්කා, සිංගප්පූරුව, සිංගප්පූරුවෙහි බාහිරින් පිහිටි දූපතකි
 පේද්‍රා බ්‍රන්කා, ටැස්මේනියාව, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ,  දක්ෂිණ ටැස්මේනියාවට බාහිරින් පිහිටි දූපතකි

පේද්‍රා බ්‍රන්කා


Acanthella pulchra, vrsta južnoameričkog grma iz porodice melastomovki. Naraste 150 do 250 cm visine (5 do 8 stopa). Autohtona je u Kolumbiji i Venezueli

Opisana je 1952.

Sinonimi
 Acanthella plicata Gleason

Izvori

Melastomovke
Flora Kolumbije
Flora Venezuele

Acanthella pulchra


Potamós, en , est un village de l'île d'Anticythère, en Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Attique
Cythère

Potamós (Anticythère)