ලොකුපතිරගේ ජනක් ප්‍රේමලාල් (උපත 1959 මැයි 15), යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ, වේදිකාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නළුවෙකි. රූපවාහිනි නාට්‍ය කලාවේ ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ බහුවිධ නළුවෙකු වන ඔහු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා 250 කට වැඩි ගණනක රඟපා ඇත.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහු 1959 මැයි 15 වැනිදා කරන්නාගොඩදී උපත ලැබීය. ඔහුගේ පියා සිරිසේන ප්‍රේමලාල් පිටපත් රචකයෙකු වන අතර 1952 වසරේ සේවය කළ ගෝවින්න ජේෂ්ඨ විද්‍යාලයේ ගුරුවරයෙකි. මව දයා වීරක්කොඩි ද ගෝවින්න ප්‍රාථමික විද්‍යාලයේ සේවය කළ ගුරුවරියකි. ඔහු මුලින්ම ගෝවින්න ප්‍රාථමික විද්‍යාලයටත් පසුව හොරණ ශ්‍රිපාලි විද්‍යාලයටත් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවා. අනතුරුව 8 ශ්‍රේණියේ සිට අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා ගියේ හොරණ විද්‍යාරතන විද්‍යාලයටය. ඔහුට හමුදා නිලධාරියෙක් වන එක් සහෝදරයෙක් සිටී.

ප්‍රේමලාල් වාණිජ විෂය ධාරාවෙන් උසස් පෙළ හදාරා ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ වාණිජ පීඨයට තේරී පත් විය. ඔහු දේපල පරිපාලනය සහ තක්සේරු විද්‍යාවෙන් උපාධිය සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. 1982 දී ඔහු වරිපනම් සහ බදු දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ තක්සේරු නිලධාරියෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. 1984 දී ඔහු හොරණ විද්‍යාරතන විද්‍යාලයේ ආර්ථික විද්‍යා ගුරුවරයකු ලෙස සම්බන්ධ විය. ඔහු 2014 දී විශ්‍රාම යන තෙක් වසර තිහක් එම වෘත්තියේ නිරත විය.

ඔහු විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ ඔහුගේ දිගුකාලීන සහකරු ඥානෝත්‍රා සමඟයි. මෙම යුවළට සසිකලා නම් එක් දියණියක් සහ ගයන්ජිත් නම් පුතෙක් සිටී. ගයන්ජිත් මොරටුව විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ උපාධිධාරියෙකි. සසිකලා පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ රසායන විද්‍යා උපාධිධාරිනියකි.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
වයස අවුරුදු 18 දී පාසලේ සිටියදී ප්‍රේමලාල් නාට්‍ය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ ආරියපාල පතිරාජ නිෂ්පාදනය කළ ''කතාවක් අතර හදක්'' වේදිකා නාට්‍යයේ රඟපාමිනි. 1976 දී සමස්ත ලංකා නාට්‍ය තරගයෙන් ද එම නාට්‍යයට ප්‍රථම ස්ථානය හිමි විය. ඔහුගේ රූපවාහිනී නාට්‍ය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ වූයේ "හත්පාන" කතාමාලාවේ සුළු චරිතයකින් පසුව "සිව් මංසල" සමඟිනි. රූපවාහිනියේ ඔහුගේ ප්‍රථම ප්‍රධාන චරිතය පැමිණියේ 1993 වසරේ "සඳගිරි පව්ව" කතා මාලාව හරහාය. ඔහුගේ මංගල සිනමා රංගනය 1993 දී විජය දර්ම ශ්‍රී විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද ගුරු ගෙදර චිත්‍රපටය හරහා සුළු නොසැලකිලිමත් භූමිකාවක් සමඟින් පැමිණියේය.

තෝරාගත් වේදිකා නාට්‍ය
 කතාවක් අතර හදක්
 අඹු සැමියෝ
 මහගිරි දඹය
 නුබ විතරක් තල එලලුයි

රංගනයෙන් ඔබ්බට
1984 දී ඔහු සිය ප්‍රථම වේදිකා නාට්‍ය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ "අබුද්දස්ස කෝලම" යොවුන් නාට්‍ය උළෙලේදී සම්මාන රැසක් දිනා ගත්තේය. 1984 වසරේ ජාතික තරුණ සේවා සභාව මගින් පවත්වන ලද සමස්ත ලංකා නාට්‍ය තරගයෙන් ''අබුද්දස්ස කෝලම'' සම්මාන හතක් දිනාගත්තා. ඉන්පසුව 1988 දී "රාජ කපුරු" සහ 2000 වසරේ "රජගහේ නාඩගම" වේදිකා නාට්‍ය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළේය. රාජ කපුරු ජපානයේද වේදිකාගත විය. ඒ වගේම 1988 දී ''රාජ කපුරු'' සමස්ත ලංකා නාට්‍ය තරගයෙන් සම්මාන තුනක් දිනාගත්තා. 2004 දී ඔහු සක්වල කැළඹිලා නාට්‍යය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළේය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

සම්මාන
ඔහු "ස්වයංජාත" රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් හොඳම නළුවා සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය. 2006 දී, ඔහු රයිගම් ටෙලීස් සහ සුමති සම්මාන හිදී කටු ඉඹුල චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් හොඳම නළුවා සම්මාන දෙකක් දිනා ගත්තේය. ඉන්පසුව 2008 වසරේ සිග්නීස් සම්මාන උලෙළේදී සහ රයිගම් ටෙලීස් හිදී කළුවර ගෙදර චිත්‍රපටයේ හොඳම නළුවාට හිමි සම්මානය හිමිවිය.

රයිගම් ටෙලීස්

|-
||201 ||| ස්වයංජාත || හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය නළුවා ||
|-
||2006 ||| කටු ඉඹුල || හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය නළුවා ||
|-
||2008 ||| කරුවල ගෙදර || හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය නළුවා ||

සුමති සම්මාන

|-
||2006 ||| කටු ඉඹුල || හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය නළුවා ||
|-
||2015 ||| ගිරිකුල || හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය නළුවා ||

සිග්නීස් සම්මාන

|-
||2008 ||| කරුවල ගෙදර || හොඳම නළුවා ||

රාජ්‍ය නාට්‍ය උළෙල

|-
||2012 ||| ස්වයංජාත || හොඳම නළුවා ||

References

External links
 ටෙලි නාට්‍ය තව වැඩිම උනොත් තව වසර 10 යි
 Interview with Janak

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික අධ්‍යක්ෂවරු
සිංහල ජනයා

ජනක් ප්‍රේමලාල්


The Cat Concerto este o animație americană din 1946, a unsprezecea producție scurtă cu Tom și Jerry realizată de Fred Quimby și regizată de William Hanna și Joseph Barbera. Coloana sonoră este produsă de Scott Bradley și animația de Irven Spence, Pete Burness, Kenneth Muse și George Gordon. The Cat Concerto a fost produs in Technicolor și lansat în cinematografe la 26 aprilie 1947 de Metro-Goldwyn Mayer.

Tom și Jerry

The Cat Concerto


Hernán Javier Piquín (Los Polvorines, 13 de noviembre de 1973) es un bailarín y coreográfo Argentino. Nació en la ciudad de Los Polvorines, en el noroeste del Gran Buenos Aires, a 33 km del centro de la Capital Federal. Cursó el Instituto Superior de Arte del Teatro Colón.

Biografía

En 1985 fue invitado como estudiante de honor por la Escuela del English National Ballet (en Londres), donde fue nombrado «bailarín solista» y como «bailarín principal» en Le Jeune Ballet de France (en París).

En 1992 ingresó al Ballet Estable del Teatro Colón. Desde 1994 trabajó como primer bailarín en el Ballet Argentino de Julio Bocca, con el que realizó giras por Europa, Asia, África y todo el continente americano.

En 1998 entró en el Smuin Ballets/SF (San Francisco Ballet), con el que interpretó Medea, Q a V y Homeless.

En 2002 reemplazó a Julio Bocca en el rol principal del espectáculo Boccatango que se presentó en el Congreso Internacional de Trasplantes, en el Jackie Glackson Theater (en Miami).

En 2003, Andrea Candela (asistente de Julio Bocca) crea especialmente para Hernán Piquin y Cecilia Figaredo la obra Septiembre, que estrenaron ese mismo año en el Teatro Ópera de Buenos Aires.

En octubre de 2004 protagonizó Orfeo (de José Limón) en el Teatro Ópera de la ciudad de Buenos Aires.

Estrenó Tangó, Aquelarre y Ketiak en el Centro Cultural Borges, con coreografías de Ana María Stekelman y Oscar Aráiz.

En 2005 participó de la «Gala de los ochenta años» del Ballet Estable del Teatro Colón.

En 2006 estrenó Hernán Buenosayres, ángel y demonio.

En 2007 trabajó como bailarín principal por el Ballet del Teatro Colón.

En 2008 protagonizó la película Aniceto, de Leonardo Favio.

En 2009 participó en la telenovela Herencia de amor (por Telefé).

En 2010 fue entrenador del personaje mediático Fabio La Mole Moli, en el concurso televisivo Bailando por un sueño, de Marcelo Tinelli.

En 2011 participó de este mismo concurso (junto con Noelia Pompa) y lo ganó. Por esto fue criticado por varios bailarines argentinos.

Participó en el segundo año consecutivo en Bailando por un sueño, ya que como fue el ganador del 2011 tuvo la oportunidad de volver al Bailando 2012 y se consagró campeón del certamen, siendo así el primer bicampeón de la historia de este concurso de baile.

En 2014, por tercera vez consecutiva llegó a la final de Bailando por un sueño (esta vez con Cecilia Figaredo), se consagró subcampeón perdiendo contra la pareja conformada por los humoristas Anita Martínez y el Bicho Gómez.

En 2016, presenta su nuevo espectáculo Let It Be una historia de amor.

En 2017, gira con: "Let It Be, una historia de amor".

En 2019, participará en el tercer año consecutivo junto a Macarena Rinaldi en Bailando por un sueño.

En 2021 se lanzó como concejal de  Avanza Libertad, en el Partido de Pilar, junto a Juan Martin Tito.

 Obras de teatro

 Carmen Le corsaire Giselle Serenade Apollo Mixtura, Danza en el Parque (bailarín).
 Estrellas en danza'' (bailarín).

Filmografía

Televisión

Otros trabajos

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Bisexuales de Argentina
Bailarines LGBT
Actores de cine de Argentina
Actores de televisión de Argentina
Ganadores del Premio Clarín al artista revelación
Bailarines del Teatro Colón
Participantes de Bailando por un sueño

Hernán Piquín


Wait Chapel is a building on the campus of Wake Forest University. The first building constructed on the university's Reynolda campus, in October 1956, it is named for Samuel Wait, the university's first president. Its steeple reaches to 213 feet. The chapel stands on the northeastern side of T. K. Hearn Plaza (Upper Quad), opposite Reynolda Hall.

The chapel, which seats 2,250 people, houses the Janet Jeffrey Carlile Harris Carillon of 48 bells and the Williams Organ, donated by Walter McAdoo Williams, namesake of Walter M. Williams High School.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke at Wait Chapel on October 11, 1962. On March 17, 1978, president Jimmy Carter made a major National Security address in the chapel. In 1988, it hosted a presidential debate between George H. W. Bush and Michael Dukakis. On October 11, 2000, it hosted the presidential debate between candidates George W. Bush and Al Gore.  On September 13, 2007, it hosted a broadcast of National Public Radio (NPR) show, Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me. The show aired on September 15. Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. spoke here in November 2011. A private memorial ceremony for Dr. Maya Angelou was held in Wait Chapel on June 7, 2014. Attendees included first lady Michelle Obama, president Bill Clinton, and Oprah Winfrey.

The chapel is linked to a vast underground series of tunnels crisscrossing the campus carrying utilities.

The congregation of Wake Forest Baptist Church holds regular Sunday services in the chapel. In the late 1990s the chapel became the center of controversy when members of the church decided to conduct a same-sex commitment ceremony; this became the subject of the documentary A Union in Wait.  Other events held in the chapel throughout the year, include a Moravian lovefeast during the Christmas season.

Notes

References

 NPR's Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me
 Winston-Salem Journal, Winston-Salem NC, 19 April 1978
 A Union In Wait

External links

 Wait Chapel fact-sheet
 Wake Forest University Chaplain - Chapel Tour
 Photo Collection - Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me
 Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me - Bluff the Listner
 Wake Forest Baptist Church

Bell towers in the United States
Carillons
University and college chapels in the United States
Churches in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Baptist churches in North Carolina
Moravian churches in North Carolina
LGBT churches in the United States
Towers in North Carolina
Wake Forest University
Clock towers in North Carolina

Wait Chapel


Biserica "Sfântul Ierarh Nicolae" din Viișoara este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul localitate componentă Viișoara a municipiului Bistrița. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 32401.106.01.

Localitatea
Viișoara, mai demult Beșeneu, Beșâneu, Beșineu, Heidendorf, (în dialectul săsesc Heendref, Hendraf, Hěndref, în , în ), este o localitate componentă a municipiului Bistrița din județul Bistrița-Năsăud, Transilvania, România. Localitatea este înregistrată documentar relativ târziu, în 1332 sub denumirea de "villa paganica", tot acolo fiind menționat și preotul satului, Vicentius.

Biserica
Satul, dezvoltat în jurul unei largi piețe rectangulare, preia modelul urbanistic al orașului cu care se învecinează, cu biserica, amplasată în centrul acesteia, construită în stil gotic, în secolul al XV-lea. Incendiul din 1788 a mistuit întreaga așezare, de asemenea au ars toate documentele. Biserica a fost reconstruită la sfârșitul secolului XVIII și renovată în secolul XIX, renovare căreia i se datorează înfățișarea actuală. Biserica a dispus de o orgă, al cărei constructor nu este cunoscut, și care în 1981 a fost dezmembrată și mutată în biserica din Bistrița.

După exodul sașilor transilvăneni, biserica a fost cumpărată de comunitatea ortodoxă, modificată la interior conform cerințelor cultului ortodox și a primit hramul "Sfântul Ierarh Nicolae".

Note

Bibliografie
Anghel Gheorghe, Fortificații medievale din piatră, secolele XII-XVI, Cluj Napoca, 1986.
Juliana Fabritius-Dancu, Cetăți țărănești săsești din Transilvania, în Revista Transilvania, Sibiu, 19.
 Hermann Fabini. Universul cetăților bisericești din Transilvania. Sibiu: Editura Monumenta, 2009, 279 p.
Iambor Petre, Așezări fortificate din Transilvania (sec. IX-XIII), Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
Thomas Nägler, Așezarea sașilor în Transilvania, Editura Kriterion, București, 1992.
Adrian Andrei Rusu, Castelarea carpatica, Editura MEGA, Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
George Oprescu, Bisericile, cetăți ale sașilor din Ardeal, Editura Academiei, București, 1956.
Țiplic Ioan-Marian, Organizarea defensivă a Transilvaniei în evul mediu (secolele X-XIV), Editura Militară, București, 2006.

Vezi și
 Viișoara, Bistrița-Năsăud

Legături externe
Fișă de monument
Monumente istorice din România Fișă și localizare de monument

Imagini din exterior

Monumente istorice din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici evanghelice de confesiune augustană din România
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România
Biserici ortodoxe în România
Biserici din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Nicolae

Biserica „Sfântul Ierarh Nicolae” din Viișoara


Colasposoma unicostatum é uma espécie de escaravelho de folha endémico na Socotorá.  Foi descrito por Stefano Zoia em 2012. O nome de espécie refere-se à carina (quilha) longitudinal única presente à cada élitro.

unicostatum
Coleópteros da Ásia
Coleópteros descritos em 2012

Colasposoma unicostatum


فرانشيسكو تافانو  (مواليد 2 مارس 1979 في كازيرتا - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ليفورنو الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز المهاجم كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الجناح الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كازيرتا
رياضيون إيطاليون مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إمبولي
لاعبو بيزا
لاعبو روما
لاعبو كارسو كالتشيو
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من كامبانيا
لاعبو نادي أفيلينو
لاعبو نادي فالنسيا
لاعبو نادي ليفورنو
مدربو كرة قدم إيطاليون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1979
مواليد في سانتا ماريا كابوا فيتيري

فرانشيسكو تافانو


În România există mai multe biserici de lemn amplasate în localități cu numele Surduc:
Biserica de lemn din Surduc, Bihor
Biserica de lemn din Surduc, Cluj

Vezi și
Biserica de lemn din Surducu Mare

Biserica de lemn din Surduc


Alpinweg steht für
 Alpine Route, ein schlecht markierter Steig für erfahrene Bergsteiger
 Alpinweg (Ybbstaler Alpen), ein Weitwanderweg im niederösterreichisch-steirischen Grenzgebiet

Alpinweg


Sliven Province (, former name Sliven okrug) is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre—the city of Sliven. It embraces a territory of  that is divided into four municipalities, with a total population, as of December 2009, of 204,887.

Municipalities

The Sliven province contains four municipalities. The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town or village (towns are shown in bold), and the population of each as of December 2009.

Main city

Sliven is situated at the foot of the unique rock massif "Sinite Kamani" (The Blue Rocks), very close to mineral springs. The town is famous for its clean fresh air, clean water sources, mild winters and cool summers.

Sliven is the only Bulgarian town that has never changed its Slavonic name, though it is one of the oldest settlements in Europe. Thracians, Romans, Slavs, and Ancient Greeks have all lived in the region. The first Roman settlement on this place, Tuida (3rd century BC), was a famous trade centre. Sliven was mentioned as a big town for the first time in 1153 by the Arab traveler Muhammad al-Idrisi.

Demographics
As of the end of 2009, the population of the province, announced by the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 204,887 of which  are inhabitants over 60 years old.

The following table represents the change of the population in the province after World War II:

Ethnic groups

Total population (2011 census): 197 473
Ethnic groups (2011 census):
Identified themselves: 173 206 persons:
Bulgarians: 132 697 (76.61%)
Romani: 20 478 (11.82%)
Turks:  16 784 (9.69%)
Others and indefinable: 3 247 (1.87%)

A further 24,000 persons in Sliven Province did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.

According to the 2001 census, the province had a population of 218 474 inhabitants, of whom 163 188 were Bulgarians, 26 777 Romani, 22 971 Turks, etc.

Religion
Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:

Nature Park Sinite Kamani - The Blue Rocks

The Sinite Kamani Nature Park is famous for its nature landmarks. Halkata — the arc-shaped rock garland, possessing, according to the legends, magic force — is one of the symbols of the town of Sliven. The forms that the nature has sculptured in the cave Zmeevi dupki – Zmeyat, Orelat and Vladishkiyat tron are amazing.

The ancient beech forest in the vicinity of the Kushbunar spring in the region of Karandila is picturesque.

The specific climate and lay conditions of the nature park determine the great diversity of flora and fauna. The plant species are more than 1000, about 900 of which are representative of high species.

The invertebrate animals are represented by 235 species — eight species of fish, nine species of amphibians, nineteen species of reptiles, 165 species of birds and 34 species of mammals.

The lay is of typical mountain type — steep and ravine slopes and between 290 and 1181 meters above sea level. The north and northwest winds, called bora, famous as the wind of the town of Sliven and the night breeze are typical for the region. Through the park flow many rivers and their beds form numerous shoots, pools and waterfalls.

See also
Provinces of Bulgaria
List of villages in Sliven Province

References

External links
Photos of Sliven
Photo Reportages from Sliven

Provinces of Bulgaria

Sliven Province


The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks are an Australian professional rugby league club based in Cronulla, in the Sutherland Shire, Southern Sydney, New South Wales. The Cronulla Sharks compete in the National Rugby League (NRL), Australasia's premier rugby league competition. The Sharks, as they are commonly known, were admitted to the New South Wales Rugby League premiership, predecessor of the Australian Rugby League and the current National Rugby League competition, in January 1967. The club competed in every premiership season since then and, during the Super League war, joined the rebel competition before continuing on in the re-united NRL Premiership. The Sharks have been in competition for 56 years, appearing in four grand finals, winning their first premiership in 2016 after defeating the Melbourne Storm at Stadium Australia.

History

In 1967 the New South Wales Rugby Football League (NSWRFL) added two new clubs to the competition, Cronulla-Sutherland and Penrith, the first to join the competition since Parramatta and Manly were admitted 20 years earlier in 1947.

Founded by Peter Burns, Cronulla debuted in 1967 wearing a sky blue jersey adorned with a white V and red numbers on the back, at the then club home ground of Sutherland Oval, under the captaincy of multiple premiership-winner Monty Porter and the coaching of Ken Kearney. Cronulla earned immediate recognition when they beat Eastern Suburbs at the Sydney Sports Ground in their first match. They had only two more wins, against Norths and Parramatta, and finished last on the competition table.

In mid-1968 the club moved permanently to Endeavour Field at Woolooware, and became the only club in Sydney to own their own ground. Their first match there was against Parramatta and the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks won 10–7.

1970s
Cronulla made their first grand final in 1973 against Manly-Warringah losing 10–7. Cronulla met the Manly club again in the 1978 grand final, leading 7–2 well into the second half, before Manly came back and brought the scoreboard to 7–11. It took a late penalty goal from Steve Rogers to level scores at 11-all by full-time.  The replay saw the Sharks opportunity pass by as they fielded a much-weakened team due to further injuries, eventually being shut-out by Manly 16–0. Cronulla were without suspended stars Greg Pierce and Dane Sorensen in both games, while hooker John McMartin, fullback Mick Mullane and Barry Andrews were all injured for the replay.

1980s
Cronulla suffered major financial trouble in 1983, with the NSWRL appointing an administrator and providing a loan. Western Suburbs and Newtown, both in a similar predicament, were refused a loan, with Newtown being forced out of the competition. Cronulla also made the final of the mid-week KB Cup, but lost again to Manly, 26–6.

In 1985, Cronulla was buoyed by the arrival of 'super coach' Jack Gibson, who had coached Easts and Parramatta to premierships. Gibson left the club in good shape in 1987, with the promise fulfilled in 1988 when Cronulla won the minor premiership, led by veteran second-rower Gavin Miller, who was named Dally M Player of the Year, and Rothmans Medal winning halfback, Barry Russell. However, Russell dislocated his shoulder two weeks before the finals, and missed the semi-final where Cronulla went down to Canterbury. He was rushed back in for the final against Balmain, but he was severely hampered by the injury, and Cronulla were bundled out. A bright spot for the Sharks, though, was the selection in the Australian team of Miller, and young centres, Ettingshausen and Mark McGaw.

In 1989, Cronulla sneaked into the finals after thrashing Illawarra 46–14 in the final round, followed by a memorable 38–14 victory over the Brisbane Broncos in the play-off for fifth position. However, they could not repeat the performance in their semi-final against eventual premiers Canberra, in what was their third game in seven days. Gavin Miller was rewarded for another great year with both the Dally M Player of the Year award and the Rothmans Medal.

1990s
Cronulla again dropped into a period of poor form and financial trouble in 1990, but the appointment as coach of rugby league Immortal, Arthur Beetson, in 1992 helped turn the on-field problems around. He helped develop a batch of promising players, including five-eighth Mitch Healey, fullback David Peachey, winger Richie Barnett, second-rower Sean Ryan, prop Adam Ritson, and hooker Aaron Raper, son of another Immortal, Johnny Raper. However, Cronulla were forced into receivership in 1993.

Beetson was replaced as coach in 1994 by John Lang, a former Australian hooker, and coach of the Brisbane Easts team. Lang brought halfback, Paul Green, down from Brisbane with him. A golden age for the club had begun, signalled by the two lower grade teams (President's Cup and Reserve grade) winning their competitions. During John Lang's coaching period, from 1994 to 2001, Cronulla made the semi-finals every year except for 1994 and 1998. The club had a glamorous image and attracted record crowds, with a corresponding financial improvement.

In 1995, Cronulla were one of the first clubs to join the Super League competition, which kicked off after protracted legal battles and much bitterness, in 1997. The club was motivated by a dissatisfaction with the perceived favouritism of the NSWRL administration towards other clubs, and a still-risky financial situation.

They reached the inaugural – and only – grand final of the ten-team Super League competition, only to lose to a vastly superior Brisbane side 26–8 in Brisbane. The game was notable for being the first grand final to be played outside Sydney. The club rejoined the reunited National Rugby League competition in 1998.

Arguably Cronulla's best season ever was in 1999, when they again won the Minor Premiership and the J. J. Giltinan Shield in convincing fashion. Cronulla-Sutherland easily accounted for the Brisbane Broncos in the quarter-final, and led 8–0 in the grand final qualifier against arch rivals the St George Illawarra Dragons before eventually losing 8–24. Following the season, a planned merger with South Sydney was met with staunch opposition from both clubs, and Cronulla was retained for the rationalised 14-team 2000 competition. Also in 1999, the Cronulla-Sutherland name was dropped, and the club was simply known as the "Sharks", and would be known as this until the end of 2002.

2000s
Cronulla lost the grand final qualifier in similar circumstances in 2001, to eventual premiers Newcastle. The year was marked by the sudden rise of halfback Preston Campbell, who was named Dally M Player of the Year, despite being a fringe first grader at the start of the season.

In 2002, John Lang was replaced by Australian coach Chris Anderson, who had led Canterbury Bulldogs and Melbourne Storm to premierships. The following two years were the most acrimonious in the club's history. The first year was almost an on-field success, as Anderson retained the core of John Lang's team, and the Sharks again reached the grand final qualifier. However another heartbreaking loss to New Zealand, the replacement of halfback Preston Campbell – a crowd favourite – with former Melbourne halfback Brett Kimmorley, and a string of released players signaled trouble for 2003.

This was realised with the sudden mid-season departure of long-time stalwarts Nick Graham and Dean Treister. The Sharks finished 11th, suffering a record 74–4 loss to Parramatta in a match marred by the controversial performance of referee Shayne Hayne. Three Cronulla players were sent from the field, including Sharks captain David Peachey, for ignoring the referee's instructions. Constant infighting between the board and the coach led to Anderson's departure at the end of the season.

The same year the club's name reverted to Cronulla-Sutherland, Chris Anderson was replaced by Stuart Raper, another son of Johnny Raper, and the coach of the President's Cup-winning team in 1994. A loyal clubman, he instantly brought a revival in club and supporter spirit. However, Raper's apparent focus on team harmony rather than results led to Cronulla's win percentage worsening, from 49% (24 wins 27 losses) under Anderson, to 43% (31 wins 42 losses).

Steve Rogers, the CEO of the Cronulla Sharks and a former club legend, died on 3 January 2006 at the age of 51 of a "mixture of prescription drugs and alcohol". In April, 2006, the NSW state coroner ruled that the death was accidental.

On 21 April 2006, after much work and lobbying carried out by then-Chairman Barry Pierce and Sharks board member Brian Quinn, Peter Costello, on behalf of the Federal Government, announced they would be funding a $9.6 million upgrade to Toyota Park. The funds were primarily used to construct the Southern Stand which was never completed but later named the Monty Porter Stand.

Cronulla finished the 2006 season in disastrous fashion. After winning 8 out of 9 games in the middle of the season and climbing to near the top of the ladder, the team experienced the worst losing streak in the club's history, losing their last 10 consecutive games. In a see-sawing match to finish a tumultuous season, the Sharks in their final game coming back from 26–0 down only to lose 26–24 to Canberra. A missed penalty goal in the dying seconds of the match would have sent the game into extra-time, allowing the chance for Cronulla to equal the biggest single-game comeback in the history of top-level rugby league in Australia.

On 22 September 2006, the Sharks Board ended weeks of speculation over the future of Coach Stuart Raper by sacking him as first-grade coach and handing him a sizeable payout, making him the second consecutive coach to receive such a payout. On 26 September, Australian Test Coach Ricky Stuart signed a three-year deal to coach the Sharks as of 2007, replacing Raper.

Round one of the 2007 NRL season saw Cronulla-Sutherland break their 10-game losing streak against the Penrith Panthers with an 18–0 victory at Toyota Park. Ricky Stuart led the Sharks to fifth on the ladder at the halfway mark of the season surprising many critics. Towards the end of the season, Cronulla plunged to 15th on the league ladder, slumping to seven straight losses. The season ended with the Sharks in 11th place, rounding off a heartbreaking season, with the club losing no less than nine matches by 4 points or less.

Cronulla-Sutherland had a strong season in 2008, finishing the season in equal first spot (third on for and against). They had one of the best defensive records, but one of the worst attacking records in the league. They had an excellent start to the season, beating defending grand finalists Manly and premiers Melbourne in away games in the first two rounds.  After a comprehensive 36–10 victory over Canberra in the Qualifying Final at Toyota Stadium, Cronulla were beaten 28–0 by Melbourne (who later were found to be over the salary cap and cheating) in the Preliminary Final at the Sydney Football Stadium. This was a disappointing end to an otherwise successful season.

During the 2009 season Cronulla's dire financial problems became public knowledge. Asset-rich, owning its stadium and the surrounding land, but with cash flow problems due to its low average home gate and poor on-field performances in recent seasons, the club announced plans for a partial relocation to the Central Coast, which was rebuffed by the NRL. It was to split home games for the 2010–14 seasons among:

 6 at Endeavour Field, to include local derbies with the St George Illawarra Dragons and Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs,
 5 at Central Coast Stadium in Gosford, Central Coast, and
 1 at Hindmarsh Stadium in Adelaide, South Australia.

In May 2009, an ABC Four Corners investigation revealed the Sharks players involvement in a group sex scandal on a pre-season tour in 2002. The club further slid into crisis when it also emerged that CEO Tony Zappia had allegedly punched a female staff member and joked about it. Zappia and Coach Ricky Stuart also then attempted to bully the female staff member into retracting her complaint.

Zappia and Stuart were also investigated for their role around unusual financial transactions with Clint Elford, a fan who falsely claimed to be terminally ill, and who had sent money to Zappia and Stuart to spend on the Sharks . Elford was subsequently found guilty of fraud and Stuart refused to answer questions when the NRL launched an investigation. CEO Tony Zappia was investigated and subsequently sacked for his role.

On 26 May 2009 businessman Damian Irvine, together with a fresh board of directors, took over control of the club as the St George bank were threatening to foreclose.

They recorded 9 straight losses after a win in Round 1 in 2009 and despite a midseason revival with four straight wins, the Cronulla side slipped to ten straight defeats to equal the club's worst losing streak. One of these losses caused great controversy as the Sharks, playing against Manly, were forced to field just 12 men for most of the game after Luke Douglas was sent off by referee Phil Haines for a careless high tackle. The Sharks managed to avoid the wooden spoon in 2009 when the Roosters were soundly beaten by the Cowboys in the final round, resulting in a lower overall standing than the Sharks. Avoiding last position was a rare positive in a horror season for the Cronulla club.

2010s

2010
The start of the 2010 season saw Cronulla return confident of turning around recent disappointing results, however on-field performance remained poor. After the board developed a plan to refinance debt and a long-term financial strategy, Richard Fisk resigned in June 2010 due to his failure to find common ground with Chairman Irvine and his Board and a failure by Fisk to refresh the commercial area of the club. The club's head coach, Ricky Stuart, also tendered his resignation and was replaced towards the back end of the season by his then-assistant coach Shane Flanagan.

Promising wing/centre Blake Ferguson was criticized for comments about wanting to leave the club in order to achieve success. On Tuesday, 20 July Ricky Stuart left the Sharks for the rest of the season after admitting he could get no more out of the players and had "lost" them. Chairman Irvine opted to give a chance to Assistant NSW and Cronulla coach Shane Flanagan. After departing, Stuart also cited a fractured relationship with Chairman Damian Irvine as a reason for his departure despite the club making positive strides off-field under his guidance and commitment and Irvine making funds available to back Stuart in the player market as he wished.

2011
The 2011 season started so promising for the club. The addition of Wade Graham at five-eighth and New Zealand international Jeremy Smith to a pack already containing two origin players promised an end to the Sharks' status as cellar-dwellers. Despite being humiliated by Canberra at Canberra Stadium in round one, 40–12, the club won its next two matches. They beat defending premiers St. George Illawarra 16–10 at home in round two, and smashed Penrith 44–12 at Centerbet Stadium. Missing a number of first-team starters due to injury, Cronulla then lost five in a row to the New Zealand Warriors (26-18), Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles (19-13), Newcastle Knights (24-20), North Queensland Cowboys (30-12), and South Sydney (31-12), dropping down the table, from 9th to 15th.

They broke their hoodoo in round ten, when they beat the struggling Sydney Roosters 18–4 at Toyota Stadium. They were again disappointing in round eleven, when they were defeated 40-6 by Parramatta at Parramatta Stadium. Despite losing 14–8 to the Storm in round 12, they were much improved and forced Melbourne into a classic showdown at AAMI Park in Melbourne. They then faced Brisbane at home in round 13, going down 34–16, before a bye in round 14 gave them the chance to regroup. While the Sharks were taking a much needed break skipper Paul Gallen led the NSW Blues Origin team to a memorable 18–8 victory over Queensland. He then played outstandingly for the Sharks in their round 15 match against Canterbury-Bankstown just three days after the State of Origin match, a game in which Cronulla beat Canterbury-Bankstown 26–10. The next four weeks saw a turnaround of the club's performance, with victory over the Gold Coast Titans 36-12 and the South Sydney Rabbitohs 24–4, before they took revenge against the Canberra Raiders 26–12.

2012
Cronulla lost their two props for the 2012 season, Origin representative Kade Snowden to Newcastle and Luke Douglas signing for the Gold Coast Titans. Captain Paul Gallen's transformation into an Origin prop alleviated this problem somewhat, and the Sharks were active in the player market, signing prop Jon Green from St George, former Shark Isaac de Gois, prop Mark Taufua from Newcastle, halfback Jeff Robson from Parramatta and props Bryce Gibbs and Andrew Fifita from Wests Tigers.

2012 began very well for the club under Chairman Damian Irvine, Coach Shane Flanagan. The recruitment by Mooney and Flanagan paid dividends with new recruits Jeff Robson, Andrew Fifita, Todd Carney, Ben Ross, Isaac De Gois and Mark Taufua taking pressure off Paul Gallen allowing him to hit a purple patch of form. The club won 6 matches in a row for the first time in over a decade and after 8 rounds were sitting third on the table as the highest placed Sydney based franchise.

A difficult State of Origin period saw injuries to captain Paul Gallen and star Todd Carney. Cronulla struggled to recover and struggled in the back half of the year, however still capped a remarkable turnaround by qualifying for their first finals series in 4 years, losing to Canberra in week one. The match notable for seeing Paul Gallen outplayed by young rival Josh Papalii and Todd Carney injuring his Achilles.

Sponsorship deals with SHARK Energy Drink, Fishermans Friends, and Luxbet flooded in and helped the financial situation off-field, with the close of Season 2012 seeing Shane Flanagan emerge as one of the game's leading up and coming head coaches and his mentor Damian Irvine the game's leading young administrator.

2013
At the beginning of Season 2013, Irvine stood down as chairman on learning of the questionable operational and duty of care practices of coach Shane Flanagan, and Darren Mooney during 2011 which exposed the club to the ASADA scandal. Flanagan was stood down and Peter Sharp stepped up to the head coaching role. Flanagan returned in 2013, a season in which the Sharks qualified for the competition semi finals, before he was forced to serve a 9-month suspension handed down by the NRL for breaches of basic governance and duty of care practices, thus validating the strong ethical stance made by Irvine and the board in March 2013.

Sharp again took over the reins, before resigning mid season the week after the club's greatest comeback victory, with the team coming from 22 nil down to beat the Brisbane Broncos 24–22. Following that win, a photo went viral of Sharks playmaker Todd Carney pretending to urinate into his own mouth. Just one day after Carney was stood down by Cronulla CEO Steve Noyce, Sharp resigned as interim head coach and was replaced by James Shepherd.

2014–2015
The 2014 season saw a myriad of struggles for Cronulla on the field, with injuries and the suspension of five players involved in the supplements scandal of 2011, missing games at the back end of the season.  Cronulla finished 2014 with the Wooden Spoon.

In 2015, the club climbed the ladder to eventually finish 6th with two wins over eventual minor premiers Sydney Roosters and 2014's premiers South Sydney. 2015 was also the year Flanagan was reappointed as coach of Cronulla after sitting out the 2014 NRL season. The club would reach the second week of the finals series where they were defeated 39-0 by North Queensland in Townsville.

2016
The 2016 NRL season started with a 20–14 loss over 2015 premiers, North Queensland Cowboys. This was followed by a 30–2 win over the St. George Illawarra Dragons and a loss to Manly-Warringah, 22–12. Cronulla then went on to win 15 games in a row from Round 4 against the Melbourne Storm to Round 21, against the Gold Coast Titans, resulting in an 18-all draw. This was the largest win streak in the club's history. During this period Cronulla equalled their largest win score by defeating the Newcastle Knights 62–0.

They then went on to win 1 out of their last 5 games resulting in a drop from 1st to 3rd. In round 26, the Cronulla-Sutherland and Melbourne Storm faced off in a minor premiership showdown in which the Melbourne Storm won 26–6 in AAMI Park. They went on to defeat the Raiders in the Week 1 qualifying final 16-14 and earning the week off. Advancing to the Preliminary final, they defeated defending premiers North Queensland Cowboys 32–20 at the Sydney Football Stadium. They would face and defeat the Melbourne Storm in the 2016 NRL Grand Final. Cronulla, after leading 8–0 at half-time, prevailed in a gripping affair 14–12 to claim their first premiership in the club's 50-year history. Cronulla second rower Luke Lewis was awarded the Clive Churchill Medal as Man of the Match.

Soon after the Maiden premiership victory stat player Ben Barba tested positive for Cocaine and was sacked from the club. Chairman Damian Keogh, who rose to the position on a platform of promising good governance and increased commercial experience garnered from his role as CEO of HOYTS Australia, was also arrested for possession of Cocaine whilst in Sydney's CBD and resigned from the position of Sharks Chairman as a result.

2017 World Club Challenge and 2017 season
Cronulla played Wigan Warriors at the DW Stadium on 19 February 2017, losing 22–6 to a strong Wigan side. In the 2017 NRL season, Cronulla reached the finals. In week one, Cronulla played against North Queensland in the elimination final. Cronulla went on to be upset 15-14 and were eliminated from the finals ending their premiership defence.

2018 and financial struggles
In the 2018 NRL season, Cronulla-Sutherland finished 4th on the table and qualified for the finals.  The club would eventually reach the preliminary final but were defeated by Melbourne 22–6 at AAMI Park.

In November 2018, the Sharks sack 10 staff members after $3m loss for 2018 season.

On 19 December 2018, Cronulla head coach Shane Flanagan was de-registered as a coach indefinitely for failing to adhere to the conditions of his suspension in 2014.  The NRL integrity unit had found that Flanagan had sent more than fifty emails exchanged between Flanagan, club management and the football department which was strictly against the conditions of his suspension which included that Flanagan was to have no contact or involvement with the club during his ban. The NRL also fined Cronulla $800,000 as punishment.

During the 2019 preseason, on 29 November, it was confirmed that Cronulla would be forced into sacking 10 staff members to help their financial situation. It was reported that Cronulla had lost $3 million, despite being given support of the NRL.

2019
On 31 July 2019, it was revealed by the Sydney Morning Herald that Cronulla would be moving their home games away from Shark Park for two seasons as part of the club's redevelopment of the Cronulla Leagues Club and Shark Park itself.

At the end of the 2019 regular season, Cronulla finished 7th on the table with 12 wins and 12 losses and qualified for the finals. In the elimination final against Manly, Cronulla lost 28–16 at Brookvale Oval which ended their season.

2020s

2020
Cronulla-Sutherland finished 8th on the table in the 2020 NRL season and qualified for the finals after recovering from a poor start to the year. Cronulla were then eliminated in the first week of the finals losing to Canberra 32–20 at GIO Stadium.

2021
Cronulla started the 2021 NRL season two wins from their opening five games. Following the club's 28–16 loss against the Sydney Roosters, head coach John Morris was terminated from his position and replaced with interim head coach Josh Hannay. The club would then go on to lose their next five matches in a row. Cronulla then recovered to sit in eighth place with two games remaining of the regular season. In the final round of the year, Cronulla-Sutherland lost 28–16 against Melbourne and the Gold Coast leapfrogged them into eighth place after they defeated the New Zealand Warriors. Cronulla finished the season in ninth place and missed out on the finals for the first time since 2014.

2022
Cronulla surprised many in the 2022 NRL season after finishing second on the table at the end of the regular season. Throughout the year, Cronulla went on a six-game winning run.  Halfback Nicho Hynes won the 2022 Dally M Medal with a record 38 votes. In the finals series, Cronulla were defeated 31–30 by North Queensland in the qualifying final which was played at Shark Park. Cronulla had led the match 30–22 with less than ten minutes to go before North Queensland forced the game into extra-time.  Former Cronulla player Valentine Holmes kicked the winning field goal for North Queensland. The following week, Cronulla were defeated 38–12 by South Sydney in the elimination final which ended their season.

2023
Cronulla started the year strong, pushing into the top 4 at certain stages, before a mid-season slump dropped some of their momentum. They finished the 2023 in sixth place, eventually losing to the Sydney Roosters at Shark Park in an elmination final, 13-12.

Emblem, colours, and song

Logo
The club wasn't known as the Sharks until after its initial admission into the competition. During Cronulla's first season the crest featured a drawing of Captain Cook's ship, . It is alleged that during the first season the club President suggested the 'Lions' while the captain Ken Kearney recommended the 'Sharks'. The mascot may have been named after the Cronulla Surf Club's rugby league teams of the 1970s.
From the late 1970s through to the late 1990s, the Sharks used a predominantly black circular crest with a blue shark. This was changed after Super League in 1997 to a blue and white star-shaped design. Between 1999 and 2002, the name was shortened to simply the "Sharks". Since 2003, the name has since been changed back to the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks and changed their logo again in 2004, which is currently in use.

For Cronulla's maiden season in first grade a teal jersey with a white V was adopted from the Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club despite Cronulla's chocolate and gold design in the Sydney 2nd Division competition. The team colours of black, white and teal changed to sky blue, with grey being incorporated during Super League, and shortly after on the team's away strip.

Primary jerseys

Cronulla's club song is known as Up Up Cronulla, and is set to the tune of Beer Barrel Polka.

Stadium
When the Sharks entered the competition in 1967, they played their home games at Sutherland Oval. They only played there for two seasons with the Sharks winning their first game at the ground on 22 April 1967 NSWRFL season. The record attendance for Sutherland Oval was set in the last Cronulla game played at the ground when 12,578 saw the Sharks go down 32–4 to Canterbury Bankstown, then known as the Berries, now Bulldogs on 16 June 1968 NSWRFL season. Overall, the Sharks compiled a record of 4 wins, 11 losses and 1 draw at the venue.

In 1969, they then moved to Endeavour Field, where they have remained. This home ground has had numerous names over the years including Ronson Field, Shark Park, Toyota Park and until the end of 2012, Toyota Stadium. In 2013, it returned to the original name Endeavour Field. On 4 July 2013, the Cronulla Sharks announced their new stadium naming rights partner Remondis, an international waste solutions and management company.

In 2016 a new sponsorship deal for naming rights was signed with Southern Cross Group to name the stadium Southern Cross Group Stadium. The new partnership with Southern Cross Group (SCGroup) is a three-year deal, reportedly worth $1.5 million.

Southern Cross Group Stadium has a capacity of 22,000 people with the record attendance of 22,302 being set for a game against local rivals the St George Illawarra Dragons on 1 May 2004

Sharkies Leagues Club

The Cronulla Sutherland Leagues Club is known as Sharkies, and is located on Captain Cook Drive at Woolooware. The leagues club sits beside the Cronulla Sutherland home ground, Endeavour Field.

Proposals to develop the land assets of the Leagues Club which owns the stadium and land around Endeavour Field stumbled for many years prior to arrival of renowned businessman Damian Irvine. In partnership with his head of finance Craig Douglas the plans finally became more tangible, as details of a residential and shopping centre were released. In August 2012, the club received final approval for their plans solving a 40-year-old problem of financial instability.

The arrival of respected CEO Lyall Gorman has seen 2016 be a watershed year off and on-field for the Sharks.

2024 squad

Players

Sharks Immortals
The club has honoured five individuals as "Immortals" of the club:
Tommy Bishop, player-coach (1969–74)
Greg Pierce, player (1969–80) and coach (1981–82)
Steve Rogers, player (1973–85) and CEO
Gavin Miller, player (1980–92)
Andrew Ettingshausen, player (1983–2000)

Representative players

Club captains

1 – Unknown number of matches as captain between 1972 and 1976.

Dream Team
Announced 2006

Team of the Half Century
Announced 2017

Club Legends
Announced 2003

Cliff Watson
Greg Pierce
Mark McGaw
Steve Rogers
Andrew Ettingshausen
Mat Rogers
Tommy Bishop
Gavin Miller
David Hatch
David Peachey

Team of the Decade
Announced 2020

Award winners

Dally M Medal
Steve Rogers (1981)
Gavin Miller (1988, 1989)
Preston Campbell (2001)
Nicho Hynes (2022)

Rothmans Medal
Terry Hughes (1968)
Ken Maddison (1973)
Steve Rogers (1975)
Barry Russell (1988)
Gavin Miller (1989)
Paul Green (1995)

Club Player of the Year (Porter Gallen Medal)

Clive Churchill Medal
Luke Lewis (2016)

Coaches register

Honours
Premierships: 1 (2016)

Runners-Up: 3 (1973, 1978, 1997SL)

Minor Premierships: 2 (1988, 1999)

Wooden Spoons: 3 (1967, 1969, 2014)

Finals Appearances: 24 (1973, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1996 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001 2002, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022)

Amco Cup: (1979)

Head-to-head records

Rivalries

Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles

This rivalry has been dubbed the "Battle of the Beaches", due to the geographical locations of the two clubs. Manly played the Sharks in two grand finals: 1973 and 1978, which are renowned for being the most brutal in history. Manly won both of these deciders, 10–7 in 1973 and 16–0 in the 1978 replay after the first game ended at 11-all. The Sea Eagles have traditionally had much success over the Sharks, with Cronulla winning at Manly's home ground just five times in their history. However the Sharks' biggest ever win came against Manly, a 68-6 thrashing in 2005. Cronulla and Manly play for the Steve Rogers Trophy when the two clubs meet in the NRL premiership each season. The two teams met in the 2013 finals, when Manly held off Cronulla by 24–18. Most recently the two teams met in the 2019 finals, when Manly beat Cronulla 28–16 at Brookvale Oval.

St. George Illawarra Dragons

Cronulla's fiercest rivalry is with their Southern Sydney neighbour, St George Illawarra Dragons. The success of the St. George club has often seen Cronulla labeled as the 'little brother' to the Dragons, further emphasised by the Dragons joint-venture with the Illawarra Steelers in 1998, effectively surrounding the Cronulla-Sutherland region geographically.  On ANZAC Day 1999, Cronulla CEO Peter Gow famously cut up a St. George jersey with a pair of scissors in front of onlookers at Cronulla's leagues club and assaulted former St. George player Barry Beath who had become involved in the situation.  Gow was later sacked by Cronulla for defacing the jersey and for assaulting a club patron.

Despite this the head-to-head match-up between the two clubs is surprisingly even. The two teams always lift the intensity when they meet, which has led to some classic matches over the years.  In the 1999 preliminary final, Cronulla-Sutherland had won the minor premiership and looked like cruising to the grand final, before St George Illawarra scored 24 unanswered second half points to win 24–8. They would meet again in the finals in 2002, with Cronulla winning 40–24, and again in 2005 when St George Illawarra won 28–22.
In round 18 of the 2023 NRL season, Cronulla recorded their biggest ever victory over either St. George or St. George Illawarra defeating the latter 52-16.

Melbourne Storm
A fairly recent rivalry that reached its height in the 2016 NRL Grand Final which was won by Cronulla.

Round 2 of the 2008 NRL season saw the sides meet at Olympic Park in Melbourne, and Cronulla was able to reverse the result by the same scoreline via a Brett Kimmorley field goal. The match was marred by an ugly brawl which saw Cronulla's Ben Ross and Melbourne's Brett White sent from the field. It was the only loss Melbourne suffered at home during the 2008 regular season.

The two sides met again in the preliminary final where Melbourne, despite missing captain Cameron Smith to suspension, defeated Cronulla 28–0 to advance to the grand final against Manly-Warringah.

Melbourne began the 2012 NRL season with nine straight victories, before a Paul Gallen-less Sharks pipped them 12-10 thanks to a Jeremy Smith try and clutch conversion from Todd Carney. It looked like Cronulla would land two wins over Melbourne that year, leading 18–10 with 90 seconds to go in the second game between the sides.

Melbourne somehow scored twice to win 20–18. The competitive rivalry between the two sides officially began in late 2015 when Melbourne beat Cronulla 30–2 in spiteful circumstances. Cronulla coach Shane Flanagan accused Melbourne of slowing down the game with their wrestling tackle technique. The loss meant that Melbourne leap-frogged Cronulla into 4th place heading into the finals. Again Cronulla-Sutherland handed Melbourne their first loss of the 2016 NRL season, winning the round 4 clash 14–6. It was the first match in Cronulla's record-breaking 15 matches winning streak.

The two sides would meet in the final round of the regular season with the winner taking out the minor premiership. Melbourne won 26-6 and took out the JJ Giltinan Shield. However, Cronulla-Sutherland would win the biggest game ever between the two sides 4 weeks later, winning the 2016 grand final by 14–12 in a thriller.

The two teams traded close wins in 2017, with Cronulla winning 11–2 at AAMI Park before Melbourne returned serve with an 18–13 victory at Southern Cross Group Stadium. 2018 saw Cronulla win both encounters with Melbourne during the regular season, yet despite this, lost to them in the preliminary final 22 to 6.

The match featured a controversial moment when Melbourne player Billy Slater made an illegal tackle on Cronulla winger Sosaia Feki while he was in the act of scoring, therefore constituting a professional foul. Slater managed to avoid the Sin Bin despite being penalised for the action, as well as avoiding suspension, with the NRL judiciary controversially ruling that the tackle did not constitute a shoulder charge. Their round 4 clash in 2018 saw a record 33 penalties blown, and Cameron Smith was sin-binned for the first time in his career.

In the 2021 NRL season, former Melbourne player Will Chambers signed a contract to join Cronulla-Sutherland which closed the chapter of the two sides competitive rivalry.  Chambers had previously labelled Cronulla captain Paul Gallen and other Cronulla players as "Drug Cheats" during a 2017 game between the two sides.

Supporters
The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks receive support from groups of fans, including the "Cronulla-Sutherland Supporters Club", supporter's website "Sharks Forever", and fan forum "Sharks Forever".

Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks fans became widely known for the 'Spirit Fingers', when someone has a Place kick.

Notable Celebrity Supporters of the club:

| valign=top |
 Lara Bingle, Australian model and actress
 John Boldeman, Australian nuclear scientist
 Stuart Clark, former Australian cricketer
 Bill Collins, Australian film critic and author
 Peter Costello, former Federal Treasurer of Australia
 Brendan Cowell, Australian actor, screenwriter, comedian and director
 Dave Faulkner, Australian rock musician
 Cathy Freeman, Australian former sprinter
 Samuel Johnson, Australian actor, radio presenter, voiceover artist and philanthropist
| valign=top |
 Brendan Jones, Australian radio presenter
 Daniel MacPherson, Australian actor and television presenter
 Elle Macpherson, Australian model
 Glenn McGrath, former Australian international cricketer and commentator
 Scott Morrison, 30th Prime Minister of Australia
 Shannon Noll, Australian singer-songwriter
 Mark Occhilupo, Australian surfer
 Glenn Wheeler Australian radio personality
 Markus Zusak, Australian writer

Women's team

References

External links

Official website
Official Cronulla Sharks Membership website
Official Cronulla Sharks Merchandise website
Official Cronulla Sharks Leagues Club website
Cronulla Sharks image and news archive, with game stats back to 1967
 Cronulla Sharks results - Latest scores for Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks

National Rugby League clubs
Rugby league teams in Sydney
Rugby clubs established in 1963
1963 establishments in Australia
Fan-owned football clubs

Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks


Svijet

Zgrade i druge građevine

 Rimokatolička katedrala sv. Nikole u Kijevu,dovršetak gradnje

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 9. svibnja  Gordon Bunshaft, američki arhitekt († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Zgrade i druge građevine

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Arhitektura u 1909.


A proxy murder is a murder that is committed indirectly, most likely by one person ordering another person, or through the use of a third party.

Hit men
A common example of a proxy murder would be a person contracting a hit man, or a hired killer. Hit men commit the act of murder on a specific target or targets, and may receive payment in exchange for the murder or murders committed. This is what is known as contract killing. Hit men are most often associated with organized crime, e.g. mafias and street gangs.

Honor killing

Honor killing is a type of murder when a person kills a member of his or her family for tarnishing the family image. Usually the victim is a woman who has violated sexual norms, such as refusing an arranged marriage or having relationships with unapproved, unrelated men. It is often a proxy murder, in which the order to kill is given out by the head of the family, usually the father, instructing a brother to kill his sister. In some very rare cases, hit men have been hired to perform the honor killings.

Famous cases

John Bodkin Adams
A famous case involving proxy murder was that of John Bodkin Adams. John Bodkin Adams was an Irish physician who was investigated from 1946 to 1952 when 152 of his patients died mysteriously. Out of the 152, 130 of them mentioned Adams in their will, leaving him various amounts of money and items. Adams was accused of having his assisting nurses give lethal doses of opiates. Adams was arrested and tried for several counts of murder. He admitted to helping his nurses deliver morphine to patients, but he said it was to ease their passing, not to kill them. Adams was acquitted for several of the murders, and many others were withdrawn because the cases were not strong enough to hold up in court. In the end, Adams was convicted of fraud for lying on cremation papers.

Charles Manson
The person instigating a proxy murder may or may not be legally guilty of the crime of murder. This legal distinction varies where in the world the murder takes place. The person who instigated the murder is usually guilty as well. They may be charged with murder, conspiracy to commit murder, or being an accessory to murder. An example of this is Charles Manson and the Tate–LaBianca murders. Manson was the leader of the Manson Family cult that resided in California in the late 1960s. In 1969, some members of the Manson Family committed seven murders across a five-week span. One of the more notable people murdered was actress Sharon Tate. Charles Manson did not commit any of the murders himself, but instructed the members of the Manson family to commit them. In 1971, Manson was convicted on the charge of conspiracy to commit murder. The court ruled that Manson had as much guilt tied to him with that of his followers. Manson was sentenced to death initially, while later commuted to 9 concurrent life sentences at the Corcoran State prison in California.

Mark Hopkinson
A notorious case of proxy murder was that of Mark Hopkinson, who ordered the bombing deaths of an attorney and his family in 1977 in Evanston, Wyoming. That bombing killed attorney Vincent Vehar, his wife, and one of his sons.
While in prison awaiting trial for the Vehar murders, Hopkinson ordered the torture-murder of one of his employees, Jeff Green, who was about to testify against Hopkinson in court.

The man who bombed the Vehar house received a twenty-year sentence, but the hitmen who murdered Jeff Green have never been found. Hopkinson was nevertheless convicted of ordering all four murders and was executed by lethal injection in 1992.

References

Killings by type

Proxy murder


الإدوميون  هم قبائل بدوية كانت تقطن في جنوب الأردن وتمتد في صحراء النقب في منطقة جنوب البحر الميت تحديداً وقد أقاموا مملكةً عُرِفت باسم إدوم عاصمتها بصيرا ترجع إلى القرن الـ20 ق.م غير أن إزدهارها كان بين القرن الـ13 قبل الميلاد إلى القرن الـ11 قبل الميلاد، ووِفقاً للمصادر اليهودية ادوم هو عيسو ابن اسحاق بن إبراهيم وشقيقه التوأم هو يعقوب.

التاريخ
تذكر المصادر اليهودية أن الإدوميون قبائل بدوية من سيناء وأن حدودهم تبدأ من أيلة وتنتهي عند وادي الحسا وأن هذا الوادي هو الحد الفاصل بينهم وبين المؤابيين، استخدم الملوك الآشوريون قبائل الإدوميون في إخماد الثورات المناوئة لهم في هذه المنطقة. وبعد الغزو البابلي على مملكة يهوذا 586ق.م استوطن الإدوميون في جنوب الخليل في موقع سوسيا وموقع ادوما، وبدءاً من القرن الثاني ق.م احتل النبط بعض مدنهم كالبتراء.

اللغة
اللغة الادومية هي لغة سامية منقرضة وهي لغة قريبة من الكنعانية والعبرية والعربية.

مدن إدوم

 بصيرا  في محافظة الطفيلة وهي عاصمتهم
 سعير وفيها قبر عيصو أبو الادوميين
 سلع أو سالع (البتراء) قبل أن يستولي النبط عليها
 عصيون
 عارد
 سوسيا (16 كم شمال عراد)
 إيلة
 أسدود

انظر أيضًا
النقب
مؤاب
عمونيون
سعير مركز العيص

مراجع

أماكن توراتية
أنظمة ملكية سابقة في آسيا
العقبة
تاريخ الأردن
تاريخ السعودية القديم
تاريخ الشرق الأوسط
جنوب بلاد الشام
شعوب تاريخية في السعودية
شعوب قديمة في الشرق الأدنى
مجموعات دخلت في اليهودية

الإدوميون


Argentaria, rimsko naselje u BiH. Nalazilo se na mjestu kasnijeg srednjovjekovnog Bratunca ili u njegovoj okolici. Argentaria je upravno pripadala rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji. Argentaria je bila toliko važna Rimljanima da su u njoj uspostavili posebnu upravu s upraviteljem na čelu. Naslov koji je nosio upravitelj glasio je procurator metallorum Pannoniorum et Dalmationum. U blizini Argentarije bilo je naselje Domavia. Na mjestu i u okolici Argentarije su ostatci rudnika i rimskih spomenika različite vrste. Iz Argentarije je vodio put sjeverno uz Drinu u Ad Drinum na Gensis i dalje ka Sirmiumu. Drugi put vodio je ka jugozapadu u Aquae Sulphurae u današnjoj srednjoj Bosni, a otamo ka biskupijskom središtu Bistue Nova na sjeverozapad a na jugozapad prema Naroni i Saloni.

Izvori

Rimski gradovi
Rimski arheološki lokaliteti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Argentaria


Aleksandr Nikolayeviç (29 Nisan 1818 - 13 Mart 1881) 1855 - 1881 yılları arasında hüküm sürmüş Rus İmparatoru. Kapsamlı bir reform programı uygulamış ve 1861'de köylü serfliğini kaldırmıştır.

Hayatı

1825'te I. Nikolay adıyla çar olan Garandük Nikolay Pavloviç ile Aleksandra Fyodorovna'nın (evlenmeden önce Prusya prensesi Charlotte) en büyük oğluydu. Çocukluğu ve gençliği otoriter babasının ezici kişiliğinin gölgesinde geçti. Aleksandr, Şubat 1855'te babası ölünce, Kırım Savaşı'nın en şiddetli günlerinin yaşandığı sırada, 36 yaşında tahta çıktı. Savaş, Büyük Britanya ve Fransa gibi ülkelerle karşılaştırıldığında Rusya'nın ne kadar geri olduğunu açık biçimde ortaya koymuştu. Rusların uğradığı yenilgiler, eğitim görmüş Rus seçkinleri arasında, ülkede köklü bir değişiklik yapılması yönünde genel bir istek uyandırdı. Bu isteğin de etkisiyle Aleksandr, modernleşme yoluyla Rusya'yı ileri Batı ülkelerinin düzeyine ulaştırmayı amaçlayan bir dizi reform başlattı.

1856'da Paris'te Rus kamuoyunca koşulları çok ağır bulunan bir barış antlaşması imzaladı. Daha sonra Rusya'nın ulaşım sorununa el attı. Tahta çıktığında ülkedeki sözü edilebilecek tek demiryolu Moskova ile Sankt-Peterburg arasındaydı. Ölümüne kadar geçen 25 yıllık sürede Rusya'daki demiryollarının uzunluğunu 960 km'den 22,525 km'ye çıkardı. Demiryolları yatırımları o güne değin büyük ölçüde feodal bir tarım toplumu olan Rusya'da, her ülkede olduğu gibi, ekonomik yaşamın canlanması sonucunu doğurdu. Anonim Şirketler, bankalar ve kredi kuruluşları gelişmeye başladı. Rusya'nın temel ihraç ürünü olan tahılın pazara ulaşması kolaylaştı.

II. Aleksandr, çıkarları zedelenen toprak sahiplerinin sert muhalefetine karşın, serfliği kaldıran 19 Şubat 1861 tarihli yasanın hazırlanmasına etkin biçimde katıldı. Bu yasayla, o güne kadar taşınabilir mülk durumunda olan on milyonlarca insan, kişi özgürlüğüne kavuştu. Ayrıca uzun bir zaman dilimine yayılan bir programla köylülere az da olsa toprak dağıtıldı. Bu reform çeşitli nedenlerle başarısızlığa uğradıysa da büyük bir psikolojik etki yarattı. Temel amacı ekonomik bakımdan ayakta durabilecek mülk sahibi bir köylü sınıfı yaratmak olan reform, emeğin özgürleştirilmesi yolunda atılmış en büyük adım oldu.

1864 tarihli yargı yasasıyla tarihinde ilk kez Rusya Batılı ülkeleriyle karşılaştırılabilecek bir adalet sistemine kavuştu. Gene 1864 tarihli bir yasayla yerel yönetimleri düzenleyen ve üyeleri seçimle belirlenen zemstvo (yerel meclisler) kuruldu.Zemstvo köy okulları, kırsal kesimde okuryazarlığın kısa sürede artmasına yardımcı oldu. 1874'te her sınıftan genç ilk kez zorunlu askerlik hizmetiyle yükümlü kılındı. Başta Yahudiler ve değişik mezhep üyeleri olmak üzere, dinsel azınlıklar üzerindeki ağır baskıları azaltmış ya da tümüyle kaldırmıştır. Ama bu uygulamalarına bakarak II. Aleksandr'ı liberal olarak nitelemek yanlış olur. Mutlakiyet ilkelerine sıkı sıkı bağlı olan çar, Rusya'nın henüz meşruti ya da temsili bir yönetime hazır olmadığına inanıyordu.

Rus gençleri arasında nihilist öğretilerin yayılması, radikal bildiriler dağıtılması, gizli derneklerin kurulması ve devrimci hareketin başgöstermesi üzerine, hükûmet 1862'den sonra bu olaylara gittikçe artan bir polis baskısıyla yanıt vermeye başladı. Bir devrimci gencin Aleksandr'a karşı düzenlediği başarısız suikast girişimi, çarın daha da tutucu bir çizgiye kayma sürecini hızlandırdı. Bu arada giderek gizli polisin başı Pyotr Andreyeviç Şuvalov'un etkisine girmeye başladı. Aleksandr'ın aynı dönemde tutkuyla bağlandığı genç Prenses Yekaterina Dolgorukaya'yla ilişkisi aile çevresindeki otoritesinin zayıflamasına yol açtı.

Bu koşullarda çar, Slav milliyetçilerinden gelen baskılara karşı direnemedi. 1862 tarihli bir hükûmet kararıyla Çerkesya halkının topraklarına silah zoruyla el kondu,Çerkezya'nın Karadeniz kıyılarını ve doğuda, içerideki dağlık Abadzeh yöresi bütününü kapsayan etnik temizlik uygulaması sonucu,1 milyonun üzerinde bir Adıge ya da Çerkes nüfusu Osmanlı topraklarına sığınmak zorunda bırakıldı. Adıge ya da Çerkez toprakları Rus yerleşmecilere, özellikle 1861'de azat edilen toprak kölelerine (serf)  tahsis edildi. Ayrıca milliyetçi akımlar sonucu, isteksizce de olsa Osmanlı egemenliği altındaki Slav halklarının savunuculuğunu üstlendi. Sonunda 1877'de Osmanlı'ya savaş açtı (93 Harbi). Rusya'nın kazandığı savaş sonunda, Rus birlikleri Ayastefanos'ta (Yeşilköy) karargâh kurdu. Berlin Konferansı'nda Avrupalı devletler, imparatorluğun savaş kazançlarını büyük ölçüde sınırlandırsa da, Rusya'nın en önemli kazancı Bulgaristan'ın Osmanlı'ya karşı özerklik kazanması oldu. Sofya'da heykeli dikilen II. Aleksandr'ı Bulgaristan bugün de kurucuları arasında anmaktadır.

1877'deki göreli askeri başarısızlığın etkileri ve onu takip eden diplomatik başarısızlıkla siyasi durum daha da ağırlaşarak, Rusya'da büyük bir bunalıma yol açtı. 1879'da yeniden canlanan devrimci terörizmin hedefi olarak sayısız suikast girişimi atlattı. 13 Mart 1881'de Narodnaya Volya adlı bir örgütünün gerçekleştirdiği bombalı bir suikast sonucunda ağır yaralanarak öldü. II. Aleksandr'ın gerçekleştirdiği reformlar Rusya tarihi için 1. Petro ve Vladimir Lenin'in gerçekleştirdiği reformlar ölçüsünde önemli sayılabilir. II. Aleksandr döneminde Asya'da Rusya'nın genişlemesi hızlandı. 1858 ve 1860'ta Çin'den Primorski Kray'ın alınması, 1860'ta Rusya'nın Uzak Doğu'daki yönetim merkezi niteliğindeki Vladivostok kentinin kurulması, 1860'larda Kafkaslar'ın kesin olarak ele geçirilmesi ve 1870'lerde Orta Asya'nın (Hive, Buhara ve Türkistan) fethedilmesi, Alaska'nın 1867'de A.B.D'ye satılmasıyla yitirilen topraklardan çok daha önemli kazançlardı.

Kaynakça

 Bu madde kısmen İngilizce Wikipedia  "Alexander II of Russia" maddesi kaynaklıdır: Online

Dış kaynaklar

 Crankshaw, Edward  (1978), The Shadow of the Winter Palace: the Drift To Revolution 1825–1917. Londra, Penguin
Moss, Walter G., (2002), Alexander II and His Times: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky. Londra: Anthem Press. online
 Pereira, N. G. O., (1983), Tsar Emancipator: Alexander II of Russia, 1818–1881, Newtonville, Mass: Oriental Research Partners,

Dış bağlantılar

 Mosse, W. E. (1958)  Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia Online
  – "The Romanovs" adlı dokumenter film. Yapımcı:StarMedia. Babich-Design (Rusya, 2013)

1818 doğumlular
Moskova doğumlular
1881 yılında ölenler
Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Hanedanı
Rus imparatorları
Kırım Savaşı'nda Ruslar
Suikast sonucu ölen Ruslar
Suikast sonucu ölen hükümdarlar
Rusya'da defnedilenler
İspanya Altın Post Nişanı şövalyeleri
Hollanda Aslanı Nişanı sahipleri
Rus büyük dükleri
Soykırım failleri

II. Aleksandr


An Vriesea colnagoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Edmundo Pereira ngan Penna. An Vriesea colnagoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea colnagoi


An Eurystyles in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Eurystyles in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eurystyles

Eurystyles


José Maria Rabelo (Campos Gerais, 1928 - 29 de dezembro de 2021, Minas Gerais) foi jornalista.

Biografia
José Maria Rabelo, nasceu em Campos Gerais, Minas Gerais, em 1928, teve que se exilar no Chile e em seguida para a França devido a ditadura militar.

Abril uma rede de livrarias tanto no Chile, quanto na França.

Em 1979, voltou ao Brasil, passando a assumir o semanário do O Pasquim.

Foi presidente do PDT mineiro e também atuou como presidente do Banco do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no governo de Leonel Brizola.

Faleceu em Minas Gerais em 2021.

Fundador
Ao lado do jornalista Euro Luiz Arantes, foi fundador do jornal Binômio, semanário fundado no ano de 1952 que funcionou de modo meteórico até o ano de 1964, quando foi empastelado logo no primeiro dia daquele período de ditadura militar.

Livros

 Binômio – O Jornal Que Virou Minas de Cabeça Para Baixo;
 Diáspora - Os Longos Caminhos do Exílio;
 Residência Provisória  (Poesias);
 Belo Horizonte do Arraial à Metropole - 300 Anos de História;
 Cores e Luzes de Belo Horizonte

Jornalistas do Brasil
Jornalistas de Minas Gerais

José Maria Rabelo


Harvey Wade "Swede" Halbrook (nacido el  en Portland, Oregón y fallecido el  en la misma ciudad) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas en la NBA, además de jugar durante otras 5 en la AAU. Con  de estatura, jugaba en la posición de pívot.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante dos temporadas con los Beavers de la Universidad Estatal de Oregón, en las que promedió 21,0 puntos y 13,0 rebotes por partido. Cuando ingresó en la universidad, la revista Life lo anunció como el jugador más alto de baloncesto de la historia. Posee varios récords de los Beavers, entre ellos el de más rebotes en un partido, con 36 logrados ante Idaho, o el de más tiros libres lanzados en una temporada, con 328 en 29 partidos en 1954. En sus dos temporadas fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Pacific Coast Conference.

Profesional
Abandonó la universidad en 1955 para jugar con los Wichita Vickers de la AAU, siendo elegido al año siguiente en la vigésimo novena posición del Draft de la NBA de 1956 por Syracuse Nationals, pero continuó jugando cuatro temporadas más con los Vickers, ganando el título de campeón en 1959.

En  fichó finalmente por los Nats, y en su primera temporada, jugando como suplente de Red Kerr, promedió 4,9 puntos y 7,0 rebotes por partido. Al año siguiente mejoró su marca anotadora, con 6,3 puntos por partido, quedándose con 6,2 rebotes. Tras ser despedido al término de la temporada, se retiró, regresando a su ciudad natal, Portland.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Véase también
 Lista de los jugadores más altos de la NBA de la historia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Baloncestistas de Oregón
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Oregon State Beavers
Baloncestistas de los Syracuse Nationals
Fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio
Nacidos en Portland

Swede Halbrook


Loge kan henvise til:

 Loge – et mindre, afgrænset rum eller aflukke
 Logeorden - en sammenslutning, hvor medlemmerne kalder hinanden brødre
 Loge (mytologi) – en jætte i nordisk mytologi, der herskede over ilden
 Loge (måne) – en af planeten Saturn' måner

Loge (flertydig)


Davutlar, Kuşadası - Aydın ili Kuşadası ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Davutlar, Bigadiç - Balıkesir ili Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Davutlar, Karesi - Balıkesir ili Karesi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Davutlar, Keles - Bursa ili Keles ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Davutlar, Yapraklı - Çankırı ili Yapraklı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Davutlar, Karabük - Karabük ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Davutlar, Yunusemre - Manisa ili Yunusemre ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Davutlar, Eşme - Uşak ili Eşme ilçesine bağlı köy
 Davutlar, Ereğli - Zonguldak ili Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı köy

Davutlar


Malcolm Cyril Drummond ( - ) est un peintre et graveur anglais, connu pour ses peintures de scènes urbaines et d'intérieurs. Influencé par les postimpressionnistes et Walter Sickert, il est membre du Camden Town Group et du London Group.

Biographie

Drummond est né à Boyne Hill, près de Maidenhead, Berkshire, fils du révérend chanoine Arthur Hislop Drummond (1843–1945)  et Anna Harriet Dodsworth, fait ses études à l'Oratory School d'Edgbaston, Birmingham et à Christ Church, Oxford, où il étudie l'histoire. Après avoir travaillé un an pour Lord Faversham en tant que gestionnaire de domaine, il étudie à la Slade School of Art de 1903 à 1907, et sous Walter Sickert à la Westminster School of Art de 1908 à 1910 . Il est membre du Fitzroy Street Group de Sickert, formé en 1907 dans une maison en face du propre studio de Sickert. Ils se réunissent une fois par semaine tous les samedis, partagent des chevalets et étudient de manière critique le travail de chacun. Le groupe comprend également à différentes époques , Harold Gillman, Nan Hudson, , Walter Russell, William Rothestein et Albert Rothenstein. C'est le premier d'une succession de tels collectifs qui ont soutenu les peintres tout au long du , concentrant leurs efforts sur le style et la méthode abstraits contemporains.

Il est ensuite membre fondateur du Camden Town Group de 1911 à 1913 créé pour organiser des expositions. Des tensions ont toujours existé dans le groupe entre Sickert et ceux qui protestent contre ses amies. L'un des effets de l'exclusion des femmes est d'augmenter la production de paysages londoniens tout en expérimentant une coloration intense. Drummond est également membre fondateur du London Group en 1914, servant de trésorier en 1921 et exposant avec lui jusqu'en 1932 . Les deux années qui suivent la Grande Guerre sont très productives pour Drummond : il peint plusieurs scènes au Hammersth Palais de Danse et au Palais de justice de Londres. Une commission spéciale est créée pour le retable du Sacré-Cœur de Saint-Pierre d'Édimbourg. Un autre tableau catholique à l'église du Saint Nom, Birkenhead pour le chemin de croix est achevé en 1926.

Il enseigne à la Westminster School of Art jusqu'à ce qu'il quitte Londres pour retourner dans le Berkshire en 1931 à la suite du décès de sa première épouse Zina Lilias Ogilvie qui est également une artiste/illustratrice talentueuse travaillant sous le pseudonyme d'Alexina. Elle illustre, entre autres, A General History of the Pirates by Captain Charles Johnson, édité, avec une préface, par Philip Gosse, imprimé par The Cayme Press. Zina est également une pianiste de concert qui se produit au Wigmore Hall et est très admirée par Walter Sickert et Clive Bell. Malcolm et Zina partagent une passion pour l'art et la musique et travaillent ensemble dans le studio de Malcolm ainsi que des soirées musicales ensemble à la maison, Malcolm accompagnant Zina au violon. En 1937, il perd la vue d'un œil, achevant de perdre la vue en 1942.

L'Arts Council organise une rétrospective à Londres de 1963 à 1964.

Bibliographie

 Nicola Moorby, 'Malcolm Drummond 1880–1945', biographie de l'artiste, mai 2003, dans Helena Bonett, Ysanne Holt, Jennifer Mundy (eds. ), The Camden Town Group in Context, Tate, mai 2012, http://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/camden-town-group/malcolm-drummond-r1105356
 Robert Upstone, Modern Painters: The Camden Town Group, catalogue d'exposition, Tate Britain, Londres, 2008

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de Christ Church (Oxford)
Étudiant de la Slade School of Fine Art
Peintre anglais du XXe siècle
Décès en avril 1945
Naissance en mai 1880
Décès à 64 ans

Malcolm Drummond (peintre)


Ian Hogg (15 de diciembre de 1989 en Auckland) es un futbolista en neozelandés que juega como defensor en el Waitakere United.

Carrera

Aunque tuvo un paso por el Auckland City entre 2005 y 2006, debutó jugando para el Hawke's Bay United. Pasó al Waitakere United a mediados de 2008 pero regresó al Hawke's en 2009, año en el que recaló nuevamente en el Auckland City. Jugó allí hasta que en 2012 fue adquirido por el Portland Timbers de la Major League Soccer estadounidense. Pero nuevamente la falta de partidos llevó a Hogg a considerar una transferencia, por lo que recaló en el Wellington Phoenix, único club neozelandés participante de la A-League de Australia, a principios de 2013. No logró causar una buena impresión en el recién contratado Ernie Merrick y su contrato no fue renovado, por lo que regresó a la ASB Premiership para jugar en el Waitakere United. En 2014 firmó con el Amicale vanuatuense para disputar la Copa Presidente de la OFC y en 2015 se integró al Team Wellington. Ese mismo año regresó al Amicale, aunque en 2016 firmaría con el Waitakere.

Clubes

Selección nacional

Con la  disputó la Copa Mundial 2007, donde jugó en las derrotas ante  y . Al año siguiente, fue convocado por Stu Jacobs para disputar los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008 con el . Cuatro años luego, fue partícipe del título neozelandés en el Torneo Preolímpico de la OFC 2012, así como fue nuevamente convocado para los Juegos Olímpicos, en este caso para Londres 2012.

Con la  hizo su debut el 23 de mayo de 2012 en un amistoso ante  que terminó en empate 2-2, siendo Hogg autor de los uno de los goles de Nueva Zelanda. Posteriormente sería convocado para la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC 2012.

Partidos y goles internacionales

Palmarés

Distinciones individuales

Enlaces externos
Hogg en transfermarkt

Referencias

Futbolistas de Nueva Zelanda
Futbolistas de Nueva Zelanda en los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008
Futbolistas de Nueva Zelanda en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012
Futbolistas de Nueva Zelanda en la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC 2012
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-17 de Nueva Zelanda
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-20 de Nueva Zelanda
Futbolistas del Auckland City Football Club
Futbolistas del Waitakere United
Futbolistas del Hawke's Bay United
Futbolistas del Portland Timbers
Futbolistas del Wellington Phoenix Football Club

Futbolistas del Amicale Football Club
Futbolistas del Team Wellington
Nacidos en Auckland

Ian Hogg


Aceasta este o listă de filme franceze din 1915:

Note

Legături externe
 Filme franceze din 1915 la Internet Movie Database
 Filme după an la Cinema-francais.fr

Filme din 1915
franceze
Liste de filme franceze

Listă de filme franceze din 1915


Bakırçay, eskiden Kaikos ( Káikos, ), Batı Anadolu'da, Ege Bölgesinde, Manisa ve İzmir ili içinde akan bir nehirdir. Gelenbe'nin doğusundan başlayan Bakırçay Vadisi'nin, çok küçük bir bölümü Manisa ili alanı içinde kalmaktadır. Vadinin Manisa il sınırları içinde kalan kısmında, Soma-Kırkağaç Ovası bulunmaktadır.

Bakırçay, Balıkesir'in güneyindeki Ömer Dağı'ndan doğar. Güneyde Kırkağaç'ın Bakır Beldesi yakınlarından geçerken Bakırçay adını alır. Madra ve Yunt Dağları arasından Bergama'yı geçer, Çandarlı Körfezi'ne dökülür. Denize döküldüğü yerde Bakırçay Deltası bulunur. Nehir 129 km uzunluğundadır. Suları kışın bol yazın yok denecek kadar azdır. Suladığı ovaya Bakırçay Ovası denir ve ova son derece verimlidir. Ova'da yetişen pamuk Türkiye'nin en ince lifli pamuğu olarak bilinir.

İlk çağlardaki adı Kaikos'tur. Tarihte ilk kez Hesiodos tarafından anılır. Plutarhos'a göre nehrin adı önceleri Astraeus'tur (Astra). Sonra Kaikos'a dönüşmüştür. Herodotos ve Strabon da Kaikos'tan (Bakırçay'dan) söz eder.

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki nehirler
İzmir'deki akarsular
Manisa'daki akarsular

Bakırçay


نوبوؤو أويماتسو (植松伸夫 أويماتسو نوبوؤو) هو ملحن ياباني ولد في 21 مارس 1959 في كوتشي.إنضم أويماتسو إلى سكوير إنكس، (سكوير سابقاً) في عام 1985, حيث التقى مبدع سلسلة (فاينل فانتسي) هيرونوبو ساكاجوتشي. وقد عملوا معا على العديد من الألقاب. وأبرزها فاينل فانتسي. بعد العمل قرابه ال20 عام لدى سكوير غادرها في سنة 2004 وأسس شركته الخاصة سمايل بليز، وكذلك شركة الإنتاج الموسيقي Dog Ear Records.

أعماله في الأنمي

مسلسلات أنمي تلفزيونية
 فاينل فانتسي: أنليميتد (تأليف النغمات الرئيسية)
 التنين الأزرق (بالتعاون مع ميغومي أوهاشي)
 غوين ساغا

أفلام أنمي
 فاينل فانتسي VII: أدفنت تشيلدرن

أعماله في ألعاب الفيديو
 سلسلة ألعاب فاينل فانتسي
 فاينل فانتسي
 فاينل فانتسي II
 فاينل فانتسي III
 فاينل فانتسي IV
 فاينل فانتسي V
 فاينل فانتسي VI
 فاينل فانتسي VII
 فاينل فانتسي VII ريميك (بالتعاون مع ماساشي هاماوزو وميتسوتو سوزوكي)
 فاينل فانتسي VIII
 فاينل فانتسي IX
 فاينل فانتسي X (بالتعاون مع ماساشي هاماوزو وجونيا ناكانو)
 فاينل فانتسي XI (بالتعاون مع ناوشي ميزوتا وكومي تانيوكا)
 فاينل فانتسي XII (بالتعاون مع هيتوشي ساكيموتو)
 فاينل فانتسي XIX
 كرونو تريغر (بالتعاون مع ياسونوري ميتسودا ونوريكو ماتسويدا)
 راد ريسر
 توم سوير (سكوير)
 بلو دراغون
 بلو دراغون 2
 بلو دراغون بلاس
 لوست أوديسي
 هانجوكو هيرو
 كينغز نايت
 سوبر سماش برذرز براول
 لاست ستوري
 ذا فاينل فانتسي لجند
 فاينل فانتسي لجند 2 (بالتعاون مع كينجي إيتو)
 فاينل فانتسي تاكتكس أدفانس (النغمة الرئيسية)
 ساكورا نوت
 التنين البلوري
 ذا ثري-دي باتلز أوف وورلد رانر
 غرانبلو فانتسي (بالتعاون مع تسوتومو ناريتا)
 لورد أوف اركانا (بالتعاون مع هيتوشي ساكيموتو, كينيتشيرو فوكوي و ساتوشي هينمي)
 نورن+نونيت (النغمة الرئيسية)
 تيرا باتل
 كروز تشيسر بلاستي (بالتعاون مع تاكاشي أونو)
 فانتسي لايف
 جوزاينغي: إينغيتسو سانغوكودين (بالتعاون مع كيفن بينكين)
 ميهو ناكاياما في ثانوية توكيميكي (بالتعاون مع توشيأكي إيماي)

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سكوير إنكس
أشخاص من كوتشي (كوتشي)
خريجو جامعة كاناغاوا
فاينل فانتسي
ملحنو ألعاب فيديو
ملحنو أنمي
ملحنون وملحنات يابانيون
ملحنون يابانيون
مواليد 1959
مواليد في كوتشي (كوتشي)
موسيقيو بروغريسيف روك
موسيقيون من محافظة كوتشي
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام يابانيون

نوبوؤو أويماتسو


Ryotaro Ito (født 6. februar 1998) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Oita Trinita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryotaro Ito


An Poa schimperiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter ngan Achille Richard. An Poa schimperiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa schimperiana


MPI (Message Passing Interface) bir bilgisayar iletişim protokolüdür. Dağıtık bellekli bir sistemde paralel program koşan düğümlerin arasındaki iletişim için kullanılan fiilen standart bir protokoldür. MPI uygulamaları Fortran, C, C++ ve Ada programlarından çağrılan kütüphane yordamlarından oluşur. MPI 'ın diğer eski mesaj geçirmeli kütüphanelere olan üstünlüğü taşınabilir (MPI pek çok dağıtık bellekli mimari üzerinde uygulanmıştır) ve hızlı (çünkü her bir uygulama üzerinde çalıştığı hardware için optimize edilmektedir) olmasıdır.

Aşağıda bir "Merhaba Dünya" uygulaması görülmektedir. Her bir işlemciye "Merhaba" mesajı yollanmakta bu mesaj işlendikten sonra sonuçlar ana işlemciye dönmekte ve çıktı mesajları ekrana yazılmaktadır.

 // MPI Testi

 #include <mpi.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>

 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
   char idstr[32];
   char buff[128];
   int numprocs;
   int myid;
   int i;
   MPI_Status stat;

   MPI_Init(&argc,&argv);
   MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD,&numprocs);
   MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD,&myid);

   if(myid == 0)
   {
     printf(" %d tane islemcim var\n", numprocs);
     for(i=1;i<numprocs;i++)
     {
       sprintf(buff, "Merhaba %d! ", i);
       MPI_Send(buff, 128, MPI_CHAR, i, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
     }
     for(i=1;i<numprocs;i++)
     {
       MPI_Recv(buff, 128, MPI_CHAR, i, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &stat);
       printf("%s\n", buff);
     }
   }
   else
   {
     MPI_Recv(buff, 128, MPI_CHAR, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &stat);
     sprintf(idstr, "Islemci %d ", myid);
     strcat(buff, idstr);
     strcat(buff, "goreve hazir\n");
     MPI_Send(buff, 128, MPI_CHAR, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
   }

   MPI_Finalize();
   return 0;
 }

Dış bağlantılar
 MPI dokümantasyon (İngilizce)
 Open MPI Sitesi (İngilizce)

Paralel hesaplama
Uygulama programlama arayüzü

MPI


قرية زاكو «'قرية زاكوا تقع» بعرش غبولة، ببني ورتيلان بولاية سطيف الجزائرية. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي ستمائة ساكن، وتصنف ضمن القرى النشيطة، الأمازيغية هي اللغة السائدة.

المراجع

قرى ولاية سطيف

قرية أخريب


An Isolepis fluitans in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Brown. An Isolepis fluitans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 I. f. fluitans
 I. f. lenticularis
 I. f. nervosa

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Isolepis

Isolepis fluitans


Svijet

Književna djela
 travanj 1977. – objavljen roman Ptice umiru pjevajući (engl. The Thorn Birds) australske spisateljice Colleen McCullough

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za književnost:

Rođenja

Smrti

 11. travnja – Jacques Prévert, francuski pjesnik (* 1900.)

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Omerpaša Latas Ive Andrića

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 30. listopada – Gustav Krklec, hrvatski književnik i prevoditelj (* 1899.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1977.


إف إف إم بي جي  هو برنامج حاسوب يستطيع أن يسجل، يحول ويبث صوت وصورة رقمييان بأنساق متعددة. البرنامج عبارة عن أداة تعمل في سطر الأوامر ويتألف من مجموعة من مكاتب حرة ومفتوحة المصدر. تتضمن مكتبة اسمها لافك وهي مكتبة ترميز للصوت والفيديو تستخدم من قبل عدة مشاريع، وكذلك تتضمن مكتبة libavformat الذي يقوم بضم وفك الحاويات الرقمية للصوت والفيديو. اسم المشروع يأتي من أحرف إم بي إي جي وهي مجموعة تضع المعايير لنسق فيديو مشهور بالأضافة إلى أحرف "FF" وهي مختصر "fast forward" وتعني بالعربية «إلى الأمام بسرعة».

ابتدأ المشروع من قبل فابرايس بيلارد (مستخدماً جيرارد لانتاو كاسم مستعار)، وصيانة المشروع الآن بيد ميكايل نايدرماير. عدد من مطوري المشروع هم أيضاً جزء من مشروع إم بلاير وFFMPEG مستضافة على خادم هذا المشروع نفسه.

تم تطوير البرنامج تحت نظام لينوكس، لكن بالإمكان ترجمته تحت معظم الأنظمة مثل ماك أو.أس عشرة، مايكروسوفت ويندوز وأميغا أو إس. وهي أيضاً تدعم معظم منصات الحاسوب ومعماريات المعالجات الدقيقة مثل إكس 86 (أي إيه-32 وإكس86-64)، باور بي سي، عائلة معالجات إرم، DEC Alpha، سبارك وMIPS.

صدرت نسخة 0.5 قبل مدة قريب، وبالرغم من أن المطورين نصحوا دائما باستخدام البناء الطبيعي من الكود المصدري الموجود في نظام التحكم بالمراجعات سب فيرجن الخاص بالمشروع فيما يحاول المطورون إنشاء وصيانة مجلد فرعي مستقر. البرنامج منشور تحت بنود رخصة جنو العمومية ورخصة جنو العمومية الصغرى (حسب المكتبات الفرعية المستخدمة)، لذلك البرنامج يعد حر.

هنالك ترميزان للفيديو وحاوية رقمية للفيديو تم اختراعهم في هذا المشروع أثناء تطويره. الترمزيان هما "FFV1" و"Snow codec" الذي يحمل النسخة 1.0 وما زال قيد التطوير، والمحتوى الرقمي هو "NUT" وهو حالياً تحت تطوير مكثف.

المكونات

يتألف المشروع من عدة مكونات، وهي:
 ffmpeg هو أداة تعمل في سطر الأوامر لتحويل نسق فيديو إلى اخر. ويمكنه أيضاً جلب وترميز الفيديو من بطاق تلفاز أثناء البث.
 ffserver هو خادم بث حي يستعمل لبث الفيديو على الهواء مباشرة، ويستطيع أيضاً تزحيف وقت البث الحي لفترة زمنية، الخادم يستعمل بروتوكول نقل النص الفائق وبروتوكول سريان المعلومات في الزمن الحقيقي.
 ffplay مشغل وسائط بسيط يعتمد على مكتبة SDL ومكتبات المشروع.
 libavcodec مكتبة تحتوي كل المرمزات وفك المرمزات التي يحتاج لها ffmpeg. معضم الترميزات مطورة من الصفر لضمان الحصول على أفضل أداء وكذلك للحصول على كود قابل لأعادة الاستخدام.
 libavformat هي مكتبة تحتوي مجمعات ومفرقات تستخدم في الحاويات الرقمية للفيديو والصوت.
 libavutil هي مكتبة مساعدة تحتوي على ملحقات مساعدة لمختلف اجزاء المشروع، وتتضمن adler32، اختبار التكرار الدوري، إم دي5، sha1، فتح ضغط من نسقlzo، ترميز\ فك ترميز لشفرة الأساس 64، ترميز\ فك ترميز لشفرة des، ترميز\ فك ترميز لشفرة rc4 وترميز\ فك ترميز لشفرة AES.
 libpostproc مكتبة تحوي اجراءات ما بعد معالجة الفيديو.
 libswscale مكتبة تحوي اجراءات تعديل حجم الصورة في الفيديو.
 libavfilter بديل لمكتبة vhook التي تسمح بالتعديل وفحص الفيديو بين المرمز وفاتح الترميز.

المرمزات، الانساق والبروتوكولات المدعومة

الأنساق

المرمزات

مرمزات انشأت ضمن المشروع:
 Snow
 FFV1
قام مطورو المشروع بأدخال هذه المرمزات أيضاً بالأضافة للبقية:
 ATRAC3
 H.261، H.263 وH.264/MPEG-4 AVC
 Indeo 2 و3
 QDesign Music Codec 2, تستخدم من قبل عدة أفلام من نوع QuickTime قبل ظهور QuickTime 7.
 Smacker video
 Sorenson 3 Codec تستخدم من قبل عدة أفلام من نوع كويك تايم
 ثيورا (together with فربس makes a base for the.أوغ format)
 Truespeech
 TXD
 VP5 وVP6
 فربس
 نظام ويندوز الصوتي
 بعض من مرمزات ويندوز ميديا فيديو مثل WMV1, WMV2 وWMV3
 AVID DNxHD

المرمز القياسي من نوع إم بي إي جي - 4 استخدم من قبل المشروع لتشفير FourCC.

الأنساق
 ASF
 AVI
 BFI
 IFF
 RL2
 فلاش فيديو
 MXF, Material eXchange Format, SMPTE 377M
 ماتروسكا
 سيم سيتي 3000
 MSN Webcam stream
 تيار النقل
 TXD
 OMA
 GXF, General eXchange Format, SMPTE 360M

البروتوكولات
 بروتوكول نقل النص الفائق
 RTP
 RTSP
 TCP
 UDP
 غوفر

مشاريع تستخدم FFmpeg
البرنامج هذا مستخدم من قبل العديد من المشاريع المفتوحة المصدر مثل VLC، MPlayer، Handbrake، Google Chrome وغيرها كثير.

أطارات عمل متعددة الوسائط تستخدم FFmpeg
 دايركت شو/VFW
 ffdshow (مشروع خارجي)
 كويك تايم
 Perian (مشروع خارجي)
 جي ستريمر
 جي ستريمر (مشروع خارجي)

حالة المرمزات القانونية
يتضمن المشروع أكثر من 100 مرمز، معظمهم غير مخزونين على شكل بيانات مضغوطة. اصحاب براءات الاختراع يستطيعون ادعاء كل المرمزات التي تضغط المعلومات على الأقل بأنها من اختراعهم. مثل هذه الادعاءات قد تكون فعالة في بلدان مثل الولايات المتحدة التي قامت بتطبيق براءات اختراع البرمجيات، لكنها غير فعالة في بلدان أخرى لم تتبناها بعد. اضف إلى ذلك ان عدداً من هذه المرمزات اصدرت فقط تحت شروط تمنع الهندسة العكسية، حتى ولو كانت لأغراض التوافق بين الأنظمة. بالرغم من ذلك هذه الشروط مرفوضة في عدة بلدان مثل عدد من بلدان الاتحاد الأوربي.

معظم توزيعات لينوكس تحتوي على ffmpeg مختزل يحتوي على عدد معين من المرمزات لتفادي التعقيدات القانونية، لكن بالإمكان إيجاد بقية المرمزات في مستودعات غير رسمية.

انظر أيضًا

 إم بلاير، مشغل وسائط أغلبية شفرته المصدرية تأتي من ffmpeg
 مينكودر، برنامج لترميز الفيدوات، شبيه بمشروع ffmpeg
 في إل سي مديا بلاير، يستخدم مرمزات ffmpeg بالدرجة الأساس

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 صفحة المشروع
 صفحة التعليمات الخاصة بالمشروع
 قائمة بالأنساق المدعومة في هذا المشروع

برامج موسيقى حرة
أدوات ومكتبات برمجة حرة
برمجيات مايكروسوفت ويندوز
برمجيات تستخدم رخصة جنو العمومية الصغرى
برمجيات تستخدم رخصة جنو العمومية
برمجيات حرة بلغة سي
برمجيات حرة متعددة المنصات
برمجيات سطر الأوامر
برمجيات مكتوبة بلغة التجميع
برمجيات يونكس
مكتبة السي
منتجات عرضت في 2000
برمجيات تستخدم إف إف إم بي إي جي

إف إف إم بي إي جي


Özdeyiş, vecize, aforizma ya da özlü söz; düşünce, duygu ya da ilkeleri kısa ve öz bir biçimde anlatan sözlerdir. Kimi zaman motto, kelamıkibar ve ülger olarak da anılırlar. Özdeyişlerin söyleyeni genellikle bellidir; ancak bazı sloganlaşmış özdeyişlerin kim tarafından yaratıldığı bilinmeyebilir.

Özdeyişlerin diğer sözlü gelenek ve sanatlar ile ortak kullandığı hatırlama kolaylaştırıcı teknikleri vardır; Bunlar cümlede vurgu ve ritm, alliterasyon, tekrarlama, asonans, hece sayma gibi yöntemlerdir.

Özdeyiş derin anlamı olan geniş duygu ve anlatıların tek ve sloganımsı cümle şeklini almış halidir. Yani, derin duygu tasvirleri ve onlarca kelimeyle ifade edilmeye çalışılanın tek solukta çıkmasıdır.

Aforizmanın tanımını da yine aforizmaları ile ses getiren Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche yapmıştır:

Aforizma bir form olarak neredeyse bütün disiplinlerle dirsek temasındadır. Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Cioran kimi zaman felsefi, kimi zaman şiirsel, kimi zaman da edebi yönü baskın olan aforizma yazarlarıdır. Lichtenberg ise yer yer bir düşünür edasıyla tespitler ortaya koysa da, aforizmalarının büyük bölümünü eğitimle ilgili temalar oluşturur.

Ayrıca bakınız
Laforizma

Bilgelik edebiyatı
Anlatı teknikleri

Özdeyiş


Sillos () ist eine Person der griechischen Mythologie.

Bei Pausanias ist Sillos der Sohn des Thrasymedes und der Enkel des Nestor. Als sein Sohn wird Alkmaion genannt, von dem sich das athenische Adelsgeschlecht der Alkmaioniden herleitete.

Literatur

Anmerkungen

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Sillos


Arnavutköy, İstanbul Boğaziçi'nin Avrupa yakasında Beşiktaş ilçesinin sınırları içinde köklü ve tarihsel yapısı ile ünlü bir mahalledir. Arnavutköy İstanbul Boğazı'nın Avrupa yakasındaki sahilde Kuruçeşme ile Bebek arasında yer alır. Sahilden başlayan semtin tepelere doğru yükselen arka sınırı günümüzde hızla yayılmakta olan Ulus'a dayanır.

Arnavutköy'ün karşısında Boğazın Anadolu yakasındaki semtlerinden Kandilli, Üsküdar ve Vaniköy bulunmaktadır. Arnavutköy denince ilk akla gelen ve otantik yapısını korumuş bir yerleşim yeridir.

Osmanlı döneminde idari yönden Galata Kadılığı'na bağlı iken, Cumhuriyet döneminde Beşiktaş ilçesinde kalmıştır.

Restorasyon çalışmaları sonucu Arnavutköy'de otantik bir yapı çehresi oluşmuş, diğer betonerme yapılardan sıyrılarak daha turistik bir karaktere ulaşılmıştır. Polis Karakolu ve hemen yanındaki Tevfikiye Camiisi ise Helenik yapı türündedir.

Televizyon modasından önce (70'li yılların ortasına kadar), bugün Rum İlkokulunun arkasında bulunan bir garajın yerinde 'Dayının sineması' adlı açık hava sineması vardı. Bir de bugünkü Ziraat bankası şubesinin yerinde çarşı içinde, kapalı kış sineması vardı.

1980'li yılların başında sahil yolunun güzergâhı "kazıklı yol" tabir edilen Akıntıburnu mevkiinden bugünkü K. Y. Anadolu Lisesine kavis yaparak yalıları önünden geçirildi. Arnavutköy iskelesinin yeri de değiştirildi. Yol çift şeritli olmasına karşın bir gezi yolu özelliğini kaybetmemiştir.

Salı günleri halk pazarı kurulmakta, her yıl haziran ayının ilk haftası Arnavutköy Şenlikleri yapılmaktadır.

Teknik bilgiler
 Nüfus: 5400 (2008)
 Coğrafi yer yatay: 41° 4'6.01"N dikey : 29° 2'35.26"E
 Posta alan kodu: 34345
 Telefon alan kodu: 212
 Hane sayısı: 2700 üzerinde
 Bina sayısı: 1200 üzerinde

Galeri

Kaynakça

 Türker, Orhan: Mega Revma´dan Arnavutköy´e. Bir Boğaziçi Hikayesi. Sel Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1999

Dış bağlantılar

 Özel Korkmaz Yiğit Lisesinin tanıtım videosu
 Arnavutköy, Beşiktaş şehir planı
 Beşiktaş belediyesinin Arnavutköy mahalle sayfası
 Orhan Türker'in kitabı
 Gün Zileli'nin kitabı
 İlk Havacımız Vecihi Hürkuş Arnavutköylü'ydü
 Yepyeni bir Arnavutköy geliyor

İstanbul Boğazı
Beşiktaş'ın mahalleleri

Arnavutköy, Beşiktaş


Jens Christian Spidberg (født 8. december 1684 i Skiptvet i Smålenene, død 4. april 1762 i Kristiansand) var en norsk biskop.

Faderen, Anders Lauritsen Spidberg, var sognepræst. Jens Christian Spidberg gik aldrig i skole, men blev undervist af sin fader og af denne dimitteret 1701. Derefter tilbragte han atter 6 år i hjemmet,
hvor han ved siden af teologi og sprogstudier med stor iver lagde sig efter naturvidenskab og matematik. I 1708 tog han teologisk eksamen og opholdt sig ved universitetet, indtil han 1710 blev kapellan hos sin gamle fader. Ved dennes død 1711 modtog Spidberg en kortvarig ansættelse som præst i Tanum i Båhuslen, der var besat af de norske, hvorefter han i 3 år virkede som feltpræst ved de trondhjemske troppeafdelinger. Da denne post inddrogs, fik han anledning til at komme udenlands; han lå et års tid ved universitetet i Kiel og besøgte forskellige stæder i Nordtyskland. Efter hjemkomsten var han i 3 år skibspræst på Elefanten. I 1721 udnævntes han til stiftsprovst i Kristiansand og tilbragte her Resten af sit liv, 41 år. Spidberg blev 1722 magister, 1756 medlem af Videnskabernes Selskab i København. I en meget fremrykket alder udnævntes han 1759 til biskop i Kristiansands Stift, og året efter blev han fraværende kreeret til doktor i teologien.

Ved siden af nidkær opfyldelse af sine embedspligter fik Spidberg tid til i stor udstrækning at hengive sig til de videnskabelige sysler, som fra hans tidlige ungdom havde været hans lyst. Det var først og fremmest naturvidenskaberne, som interesserede ham. Litteraturen høstede ikke meget udbytte deraf, da han kun har udgivet nogle iagttagelser om nordlyset og et par afhandlinger om jordskælv i Norge. Frugter af hans forskninger kom hyppigere frem i private meddelelser til de mange videnskabsmænd hjemme og i udlandet, med hvem han stod i forbindelse. Han nød ikke liden anseelse i den lærde verden, navnlig som grundig kender af den norske natur. Gram skriver om ham, at ingen var bedre skikket til at behandle Norges naturhistorie; "var han ikke Præst, burde han have en god Pension for at rejse hele
Norge igjennem paa langs og paa tværs for at gjøre Observationer". Han syslede også med historiske og topografiske arbejder, fornemmelig vedkommende Kristiansands by og stift. En uoprettelig ulykke rammede ham i 1734, da en ildebrand, som ødelagde en stor del af byen, berøvede ham alt, hvad han ejede, deriblandt hans udmærkede bibliotek på 6000 bind tillige med hans matematiske instrumenter, manuskripter og samlinger.

Kilder

Biskopper fra Norge
Naturvidenskabsfolk
Videnskabsfolk fra Norge
Medlemmer af Videnskabernes Selskab
Nordmænd i 1600-tallet
Nordmænd i 1700-tallet

Jens Christian Spidberg


أوشمال  هي مدينة مايانية قديمة من الفترة الكلاسيكية تقع في المكسيك. وهي تعتبر إحدى أهم المواقع الأثرية من حضارة المايا، إلى جانب تشيتشن إيتزا في المكسيك؛ وكاراكول وشونانتونيتش في بليز، وتيكال في غواتيمالا. وهي تقع في المنطقة بووك وتعتبر مثالا على الطراز المعماري السائد في المنطقة. وقد تم وضع الموقع في قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي لليونسكو تقديرا لأهميته.

تقع المدينة على بعد 62 كم جنوب ميريدا عاصمة ولاية يوكاتان في المكسيك. وتتميز مبانيها بحجمها وتصميمها. ترتبط المباني عبر طرق قديمة تدعى ساكبي sacbe، وكذلك بنيت نحو مدن أخرى في المنطقة.

مباني المدينة هي مثال على أسلوب رايلي كاند بوك، بجدرانها الملساء المنخفضة والتي تفتح على أفاريز مزخرفة التي تصور أكواخ المايا العادية. وهي تتمثل بشكل أعمدة (وهي تمثل أعواد القصب المستخدمة في جدران الأكواخ) وأشكال شبه منحرفة (تمثل أسقف القش). كما تظهر أشكال الثعابين المتشابكة أو ذات الرأسين وهي تمثل أقنعة إله المطر، تشاك؛ كما تمثل أنوفها الكبيرة العواصف. بينما تظهر الحيات ذات الريش بفكوكها المفتوحة وهي تدخل وتخرج من أشكال بشرية. وهي تظهر أيضا في بعض المدن التي تأثرت بثقافة الناوا والتي انتشرت بها عبادة كيتزالكواتل وتلالوك. وقد اندمجت هذه الثقافات مع عادات وتقاليد أهل منطقة بوك.

استفادت المباني من التضاريس بما تميزت به من ارتفاع وأحجام ضخمة، ومن ذلك هرم الساحر، وقصر الحاكم الذي غطى مساحة تزيد عن 1200 ميل مربع (12,917 قدم مربع).

تاريخ المدينة

كانت المدينة من أهم المدن في العهد الماياني الكلاسيكي وفي بداية القرن الحادي عشر عندما وصل الغزاة التولتك وغيرهم إلى يوكاتان وبنوا عاصمتهم في تشيتشن إيتزا توقفت العديد من عمليات البناء ووفقا لأسطورة مايانية فقد استمرت أوشمال كمكان مأهول ودخلت في حلف مع مايابان وكان يحكمها من يسمون توتيل كسيوس وعندما انتهى الحلف تم هجر المدينة.

مباني المدينة

تقع المنطقة وسط سافانا لكن المنطقة المحيطة كثيفة الأشجار وتمت إحاطة مصادر الماء بالآبار داخل المدن. وتم استخدام الحجر الجيري في البناء وتمت تغطية معظم الأسطح بالجص وتم قطع الأحجار وتحسينها بالملاط. ويقع على قمة المعبد الرئيسي هرم عملاق وهناك دير مربع يحتوى على أربع مباني مستطيلة تقابل ساحة ومقسمة لغرف صغيرة وهي على الأغلب كانت للكهنة.

ينتصب قصر الحاكم على هضبة ثلاثية ويقال أنه فريد من نوعه في أمريكا الوسطى وهناك بيت السلاحف الذي سمي بهذا الاسم لوجود إفريز مزين بأشكال سلاحف وهناك بيت الحمام وهو يمثل برج حمام كبير.

مصادر

 Encyclopedia Brittanica, 15th edition, 1978

آثار حضارة المايا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في القرن 6
أماكن مأهولة سابقا في المكسيك
تأسيسات القرن 6 في مايا
مواقع أثرية في المكسيك
مواقع التراث العالمي في المكسيك
مواقع جذب سياحي في ولاية يوكاتان

أوشمال