HMS Goliath was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the British Royal Navy and a member of the . Intended for service in Asia, Goliath and her sister ships were smaller and faster than the preceding s, but retained the same battery of four  guns. She also carried thinner armour, but incorporated new Krupp steel, which was more effective than the Harvey armour used in the Majestics. Goliath was laid down in January 1897, launched in March 1898, and commissioned into the fleet in March 1900.

The ship was deployed to the China Station from her commissioning until 1903, when she returned to Britain; she was sent back to East Asian waters, but while en route was reassigned to the Mediterranean Fleet. In early 1906, she was transferred to the Channel Fleet, followed by a stint in the Home Fleet starting in early 1907. She was sent to the Mediterranean a second time in 1908, and later returned to the Home Fleet in 1909, before being decommissioned in 1913. With the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Goliath was mobilised into the 8th Battle Squadron. She initially served as a guard ship in Loch Ewe, one of the harbors used by the Grand Fleet, before escorting the crossing of British troops to Belgium in late August.

Goliath then took part in operations against German East Africa, participating in the blockade of the German light cruiser  in the Rufiji River. From March 1915, she was part of the Dardanelles Campaign, and remained in support of the landings at Gallipoli in April. On 13 May 1915 Goliath was sunk in Morto Bay off Cape Helles by three torpedoes from the Ottoman destroyer . Out of her crew of 750, 570 were killed in the sinking.

Design

Goliath and her five sister ships were designed for service in East Asia, where the new rising power Japan was beginning to build a powerful navy, though this role was quickly made redundant by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902. The ships were designed to be smaller, lighter and faster than their predecessors, the s. Goliath was  long overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . She displaced  normally and up to  fully loaded. Her crew numbered 682 officers and ratings.

The Canopus-class ships were powered by a pair of 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines, with steam provided by twenty Belleville boilers. They were the first British battleships with water-tube boilers, which generated more power at less expense in weight compared with the fire-tube boilers used in previous ships. The new boilers led to the adoption of fore-and-aft funnels, rather than the side-by-side funnel arrangement used in many previous British battleships. The Canopus-class ships proved to be good steamers, with a high speed for battleships of their time— from —a full two knots faster than the Majestics.

Goliath had a main battery of four  35-calibre guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft; these guns were mounted in circular barbettes that allowed all-around loading, although at a fixed elevation. The ships also mounted a secondary battery of twelve  40-calibre guns mounted in casemates, in addition to ten 12-pounder guns and six 3-pounder guns for defence against torpedo boats. As was customary for battleships of the period, she was also equipped with four  torpedo tubes submerged in the hull, two on each broadside near the forward and aft barbette.

To save weight, Goliath carried less armour than the Majestics— in the belt compared to —although the change from Harvey armour in the Majestics to Krupp armour in Goliath meant that the loss in protection was not as great as it might have been, Krupp armour having greater protective value at a given weight than its Harvey equivalent. Similarly, the other armour used to protect the ship could also be thinner; the bulkheads on either end of the belt were  thick. The main battery turrets were 10 in thick, atop  barbettes, and the casemate battery was protected with 6 in of Krupp steel. Her conning tower had 12 in thick sides as well. She was fitted with two armoured decks,  thick, respectively.

Operational history

Pre-World War I

The keel for Goliath was laid down on 4 January 1897, and the completed hull was launched on 23 March 1898. The ship was commissioned on 27 March 1900 by Captain Lewis Edmund Wintz to serve on the China Station, where she underwent a refit at Hong Kong from September 1901 – April 1902. Captain Frank Hannam Henderson was appointed in command 11 July 1902. She left the China Station in July 1903 and returned home, where she paid off into the commissioned Reserve at Chatham Dockyard on 9 October 1903. While in reserve, Goliath underwent a refit at Palmers on the Tyne from January–June 1904, then participated in maneuvers later in the year. On 9 May 1905, Goliath returned to full commission at Chatham to relieve her sister ship  on the China Station. However, Great Britain and Japan ratified a treaty of alliance while she was on her outbound voyage, allowing the Royal Navy to reduce its presence on the China Station and recall all battleships from those waters; when Goliath reached Colombo, Ceylon in June 1905, she was recalled, and was instead attached to the Mediterranean Fleet. In January 1906, she was transferred to the Channel Fleet.

After being fitted with fire control, Goliath transferred to the Portsmouth Division of the new Home Fleet on 15 March 1907. She was based at Portsmouth, and underwent a machinery overhaul there from August 1907 – February 1908. Upon completion of her refit, Goliath commissioned on 4 February 1908 for Mediterranean Fleet service. During her voyage to Malta, one of her propeller shafts fractured, and she required four-month repair period before she could begin her service. On 20 April 1909, she paid off at Portsmouth. On 22 April, Goliath recommissioned to serve in the 4th Division, Home Fleet, at the Nore. During this service, she was refitted at Chatham in 1910–1911 and was sent to Sheerness. In 1913, she was mothballed and joined the 3rd Fleet.

World War I
When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Goliath returned to full commission and was assigned to the 8th Battle Squadron, Channel Fleet, operating out of Devonport. She was sent to Loch Ewe as guard ship to defend the Grand Fleet anchorage, and then covered the landing of the Plymouth Marine Battalion at Ostend, Belgium on 25 August 1914. For this operation, she and three other battleships—, , and —a protected cruiser, and six destroyers escorted the troopships; at the same time, elements of the Grand Fleet attacked the German patrol line off Heligoland to occupy the German High Seas Fleet.

Operations off German East Africa

Goliath transferred to the East Indies Station on 20 September to support cruisers on convoy duty in the Middle East, escorting an Indian convoy to the Persian Gulf and German East Africa through October. This included a major troop convoy that left India on 16 October, in company with the battleship . Goliaths arrival allowed cruisers that had been occupied with escorting convoys to join the hunt for the German light cruiser . The German cruiser, having sunk the British cruiser  in the Battle of Zanzibar, was trapped by three British cruisers in the Rufiji River delta in late October. Goliath arrived shortly thereafter and was to join the blockade of the delta, but the news of the British defeat at the Battle of Coronel on 1 November forced the Admiralty to transfer Goliath to South Africa, as it was feared that the German East Asia Squadron might attack the colony after it entered the southern Atlantic. To further complicate matters, Goliath had engine problems on arriving in Mombasa, Kenya, and was unable to proceed to South Africa, and instead the armoured cruiser  was sent in her place. After her engines were repaired, Goliath resumed her previous assignment with the blockade force at the Rufiji delta.

In November, Goliath attempted to get close enough to neutralise Königsberg, but the water was too shallow to permit her to get within range of the cruiser. As a result, she left to bombard Dar es Salaam on 28 November and 30 November. In the former attack, Commander Henry Ritchie, Goliaths executive officer, won the Victoria Cross. Goliath and the protected cruiser  destroyed the colonial governor's residence; the second bombardment proved to be less effective. Goliath underwent a refit at Simonstown, South Africa, from December 1914 to February 1915. She then returned to the Rufiji delta on 25 February, as it seemed from German activities that Königsbergs commander intended to break out soon. During this period, Goliath bombarded German positions at Lindi, but she saw no action with Königsberg. On 25 March, Goliath was ordered to move to the Mediterranean to take part in operations off the Dardanelles, her place being taken by the protected cruiser ; the battleship left East African waters a week later on 1 April.

Dardanelles campaign

Upon arrival in the Aegean Sea, Goliath joined the First Squadron, which included seven other battleships and four cruisers, and was commanded by Rear Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss. The First Squadron was tasked with supporting the Landing at Cape Helles, which took place on 25 April. On the morning of the landings, Goliath took up a position off Y beach, some  offshore to provide gunfire support. The protected cruisers  and  moved in closer, and all three ships opened fire at around 05:00, signalling the start of the attack. The Ottomans made no attempt to disrupt the landing, the Allied forces having successfully launched a surprise attack. By late in the day, however, an Ottoman counterattack had advanced from Krithia to threaten the British flank, but gunfire from Goliath and the cruisers broke up the attack. That night, the Ottomans launched another counterattack, this time against the centre of the British line, which was repulsed. Once the sun began to rise, Goliath and the cruisers, which had by then been reinforced by the cruisers  and , shelled the Ottomans, forcing them to retreat again.

On the morning of 26 April, wounded soldiers began to be ferried off the beach, first to Goliath and the cruisers off shore. A miscommunication with the men on shore led to an unintended, larger evacuation effort. In the course of the action, she sustained some damage from the gunfire of Ottoman forts and shore batteries. Later in the day, order was restored on shore, and the Allied troops were able to occupy Sedd el Bahr. The Allies landed reinforcements, which allowed the advance to push toward Krithia on 27 April. Goliath and several other battleships shelled Ottoman defenders around the town to support the attack, which began the following morning at around 10:00. Goliath moved as close to shore as possible, to employ all of her guns at very close range. Despite the heavy fire support, the Allied troops were unable to dislodge the Ottoman defenders, and the First Battle of Krithia ended in an Allied defeat. Goliath was damaged by Ottoman guns again on 2 May.

By mid-May, the Allied fleet had developed a rotation of two battleships on station off Gallipoli every night to support the troops dug in on the peninsula. On the night of 12–13 May, Goliath was on station with the battleship . The two ships were moored in Morto Bay, with Goliath ahead of Cornwallis; five destroyers patrolled the area against Ottoman torpedo boats. The Ottoman destroyer  sortied late on 12 May under cover of a moonless night. By steaming very slowly, the Ottomans were able to slip past the destroyer patrols at about 01:00 on 13 May. Fifteen minutes later, lookouts aboard Goliath spotted Muâvenet-i Millîye and issued a challenge; the Ottomans replied to the challenge but very quickly increased speed and launched three torpedoes at Goliath. The British opened fire, but only managed to shoot three rounds before the first torpedo struck the ship. Two torpedoes hit almost simultaneously, the first abreast her fore turret and the second abeam the fore funnel, causing a large explosion. Goliath began to capsize almost immediately, and was lying on her side when a third torpedo struck near her after turret. Muâvenet-i Millîye sped off and escaped unscathed in the darkness as the other British warships gathered to rescue survivors from Goliath. Some 570 men, out of a crew of 750 were killed in the sinking, including the ship's commander, Captain Thomas Shelford.

The wreck lies upside down at a depth of , and is largely buried in sediment. Only part of the hull, which was badly mangled by the explosion, and one of her screws are visible.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of All the World's Capital Ships From 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1983.

External links

Maritimequest HMS Goliath Photo Gallery

Canopus-class battleships
Ships built in Chatham
1898 ships
Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom
World War I shipwrecks in the Dardanelles
Maritime incidents in 1915

HMS Goliath (1898)


A final da Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA 2021 foi a última partida da Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA 2021, um torneio internacional de futebol de clubes organizado pelos Emirados Árabes Unidos. Foi a 18ª final da Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA, um torneio organizado pela FIFA entre os campeões de cada uma das seis confederações continentais, bem como os campeões da liga do país anfitrião. O Chelsea venceu a final por 2 a 1 contra o Palmeiras.

Estádio
Al Jazira Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium, é um estádio multi-uso que fica em Abu Dhabi, Emirados Árabes Unidos. Atualmente, é utilizado principalmente para jogos de futebol e críquete e é a casa do Al-Jazira Club.

O estádio original tinha capacidade para 15 mil pessoas, mas atualmente está passando por uma reforma de expansão e passará a comportar 40 mil pessoas, além de transformá-lo em um dos estádios mais modernos e confortáveis do mundo. O programa de expansão também inclui a construção de duas torres residenciais.

Caminho para a final

Partida

Final
A partida entre Chelsea e Palmeiras que decidiu o Copa do Mundo de Clubes de 2021 foi bastante disputada no Estádio Mohammed Bin Zayed. As equipes empataram por 1 a 1, com o atacante belga Romelu Lukaku marcando para os ingleses aos 9 minutos do segundo tempo e Raphael Veiga, de pênalti, marcado para os brasileiros, aos 18 minutos da segunda etapa.

O empate persistiu até o fim do tempo normal regulamentar, fazendo com que as equipes seguissem para a prorrogação, na qual o Chelsea levou a melhor, com o atacante alemão Kai Havertz marcando, também de pênalti, o gol da vitória, faltando três minutos para o fim do tempo extra. Com o resultado de 2 a 1, o Chelsea conquistou seu primeiro título mundial e o Palmeiras ficou com o vice-campeonato.

Ligações externas

2021
Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA de 2021
Partidas do Chelsea F.C.
Partidas da Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
Eventos esportivos sediados nos Emirados Árabes Unidos
Eventos de fevereiro de 2022

Final da Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA de 2021


Onthophagus plicatifrons é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1908.

Referências

Ligações externas

plicatifrons
Coleópteros descritos em 1908

Onthophagus plicatifrons


L'alcool déshydrogénadse 4 est une enzyme qui est codée chez l'Homme, par le gène ADH4.

Le gèneADH4 est présent sur l'alcool déshydrogénase, qui est une enzyme de classe II. Il code la sous-unités 4 pi de l'alcool désydrogénase. Cette enzyme fait partie de la famille des alcools déshydrogénases. Les membres de cette famille d'enzymes, métabolisent une grande variété de substrats, comme l'éthanol, le rétinol, d'autres alcools aliphatiques, les hydoxystéroïdes et les produits de peroxydation lipidique. L'alcool déshydrogénase de classe II est un homodimère, composé de 2 sous-unités pi identiques. Il métabolise essentiellement l'oxydation des alcools aliphatiques qui ont une longue chaîne carbonée ainsi que des alcools aromatiques. Il présente une faible sensibilité pour le pyrazole. Ce gène est localisé sur le chromosome 4 dans le groupe de gènes de l'alcool déshydrogénase.

Références

Bibliographie

Chromosome 4 humain

ADH4


An Amorphophallus interruptus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler ngan Karl Gehrmann. An Amorphophallus interruptus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Amorphophallus, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an duro. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Amorphophallus

Amorphophallus interruptus


انتهز الفرصة أو اغتنام اليوم أو اغتنم فرصة اليوم (بالاتينية "Carpe diem") هي مقطع من قصيدة لاتينية لهوراس. التعريف العام لكلمة "carpe" هو يلتقط أو يقتطف، على الرغم من استخدام هوراس للكلمة بمعنى «استخدم، اسعد».

معنى العبارة

قي قصيدة لهوراس، العبارة جزء من المقطع " (diem quam minimum credula postero) أي اغتنم اليوم ولا تفكر كثيرًا قي المستقبل، وتقول القصيدة أن المستقبل غير معروف، وأن الإنسان يجب أن يخفض آماله إلى مستقبل قصير، وأن كل واحد يشرب نبيذه بمعنى أن كل أنسان ينشغل بأحواله. وبالمقارنة مع عبارة الإنجيل "كل واشرب وامرح، لأننا غدا نموت" فأن هناك تركيز على الاستفادة القصوى من الفرص المتاحة حاليا لأن الحياة قصيرة والوقت سريع الزوال.

عبارات ذات صله

عبري

العبارة "?ואם לא עכשיו,אימתי" تعني " إذا لم يكن الآن إذن متى؟ اغتنم يومك 1:14

لاتينيه أخرى

على نقيض المفهوم الحالي لمعنى «كارب ديم»، وهو «اغتنم اليوم»، كانت الترجمة المُباشرة قد ظهرت بمعنى «ما سيكون سيكون» لكن قرون من الاستخدام المختلف والمتنوع لهذه العبارة طورتها وغيرتها إلى المعنى الحالي الذي نفهمه ونستعمله.

تظهر "جمع، فتاة، الورود" في نهاية القصيدة والتي هي عباره عن تعازي إلى اوسونيوس أو فيرجيل تشجع الشباب على التمتع بالحياة قبل فوات الآوان".
«الآن هو وقت الشرب» من قصيدة هوراس «الآن هو وقت الشرب الآن هو وقت الرقص بحرية على سطح الأرض».

غالبًا ما يُشار بـ «على ضيق الحياة» إلى «دعونا نفرح»، وهي أغنية أكاديمية معروفه تتغنى بحياة الطالب لتنوره بان سياتي يوم يموت فيه هي لاتينيه من القرون الوسطى وترجع إلى تاريخ 1287م.

هوراس نفسه يناقض العبارة في قصائده الأخرى «بلدة الفأر ودولة الفأر» استخدم هوراس عبارة «كارب فيام» والتي تعني اغتنم الطريق «ليقارن بها الموقفين المختلفين لحياة الإنسان» أو في هذه الحالة، الفأر«الذي يعيش قي المدينة والذي يعيش في الريف مرتبطة لكنها متميزة عبارة» تذكر بانك فاني«والتي تحمل بعض دلالات» كارب ديم«أغتنم يومك» بالنسبة لهوراس تنبيه وعينا بفنائنا هو المفتاح الذي سيجعلنا نعي ونفهم أهمية اللحظة «تذكر بأنك فاني لذا أغتنم يومك» مع مرور الزمن عبارة«تذكر بانك فاني» ارتبطت بالندم كما هو واضح كثيرا في لوحات فانيتاس في الحاضر الكثير من المستمعين سيفهمون العبارتين على اساس ان كل واحده تناقض الأخرى، «كارب ديم» تحثنا على اغتنام اليوم و«مومينتو موري» تحثنا على مقاومة اغرائها هذه ليست المعنى الاصلي لعبارة «مومينو موري» «تذكر بانك فاني» والتي كان يستخدمها هوراس.

بالمثل عبارة «اين هم الآن» تحث على التامل والتفكر في الموت، لكنها ليست موعظه تحث على الموت مقارنة مجتمع الشعراء الموتى، حيث سقط درع ملئ بصور الأطفال الميتين، «هؤلاء الأطفال ينعشون النرجس»، توصلنا إلى الاحتجاج على كارب ديم «اغتنم يومك».

المراجع

إدارة الوقت
شعارات لاتينية
كلمات وعبارات لاتينية
هوراس

انتهز الفرصة


Gården fra Bornholm er Damaskegård 3. selvejergård i Østerlarsker Sogn. Den blev erhvervet til Frilandsmuseet i 1968 fra Bornholm. Den blev åbnet på museet i 1982 og viser tiden omkring 1920, hvor Valdemar Jørgensen ejede gården, som han havde overtaget i 1918. Ejerne kan spores til slutningen af 1600-tallet, mens det meste af gården på museet stammer fra begyndelsen af 1800-tallet med et par tilbygninger senere i århundredet, østlængen og et bage- og vaskehus bag køkkenet.

Damaskegård var en stor gård, og ejerne blev velhavende blandt andet ved svineavl med eksport fra øens andelssvineslagteri til England og Tyskland.

Galleri

Noter

Se også
 Frilandsmuseets bygninger

Eksterne henvisninger

 Gårdens have  fra Natmus.dk

Frilandsmuseet
Landbrugshistorie
Bindingsværksbygninger i Danmark
Bornholms historie

Gård fra Bornholm (Frilandsmuseet)


El hijo pródigo (título original en italiano, Il figliuol prodigo) es una ópera en cuatro actos con música de Amilcare Ponchielli y libreto de Angelo Zanardini, inspirado en la destacada Parábola del hijo pródigo recogida en el Evangelio según San Lucas. Se estrenó en el Teatro alla Scala de Milán el 26 de diciembre de 1880, por voluntad del editor Ricordi.

En el año 2008 se produo una grabación integral de la ópera por el sello discográfico Bongiovanni, dirigida por Silvano Frontalini.

Referencias

Óperas de Amilcare Ponchielli
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1880
Óperas estrenadas en Milán

El hijo pródigo (Ponchielli)


خلوصي بهجت  (20 فبراير 1889 - 8 مارس 1948) هو عالم وطبيب أمراض جلدية تركي، وهو أول من اكتشف مرض متلازمة بهجت أو مرض بهجت في سنة 1937، وقد سمي على اسمه فيما بعد.

نشأته
ولد خلوصي بهجت لأبوين تركيين في إسطنبول في 20 فبراير عام 1889 م، وكانت طفولته صعبة بسبب فقده والدته في سن مبكر فربته جدته، وقد نال مرحلة من تعليمه في إحدى مدارس  دمشق حيث كان والده يعمل آنذاك وقضى طفولته المبكرة هناك، وقد كانت دمشق في ذلك الوقت جزءا من الدولة العثمانية. وتعلم بعد ذلك اللغة الإنجليزية واللاتينية والألمانية، ثم درس الطب في أكاديمية گولخانه الطبية العسكرية. تخرج خلوصي بهجت في عام 1910 وبعدها بأربع سنوات كان قد تخصص في طب الأمراض الجلدية والتناسلية.

حياته العملية
في أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى (1914 - 1918) عمل خلوصي بهجت في المستشفى العسكري في أدرنة التركية. وبعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى انتقل بهجت خلوصي إلى بودابست وبعدها إلى برلين ليتلقى المزيد من الدراسة المتخصصة، وقد أتاحت له هذه الجولة أن يلتقي بالعديد من الشخصيات العلمية المشهورة آنذاك.
عاد خلوصي بهجت إلى تركيا في عام 1923 وعمل طبيبا مستقلا للأمراض الجلدية والتناسلية وتدرج وظيفيا وأصبح من أشهر الأطباء في تركيا.

متلازمة بهجت

في الفترة 1924 - 1925 صادف خلوصي بهجت أولى الحالات المرضية والتي بناءً عليها بدأ في ملاحظته لمرض بهجت أو متلازمة بهجت.

وبعد حياة حافلة بالعديد من الإنجازات توفي خلوصي بهجت في عام 1948 نتيجة لسكتة قلبية مفاجئة.

انظر أيضاً
  حياة خلوصي بهجت.

مراجع

أشخاص من إسطنبول
أطباء أمراض جلدية أتراك
أطباء الجلد
أطباء من إسطنبول
اختصاصيو علم الأمصال
باحثون طبيون أتراك
خريجو جامعة
عسكريون عثمانيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
علماء أتراك
مواليد 1306 هـ
مواليد 1889
مواليد في إسطنبول
وفيات 1367 هـ
وفيات 1948
وفيات بسبب مرض دماغي وعائي
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات في إسطنبول

خلوصي بهجت


Risco Caído je arheološki lokalitet domorodačke kulture Canarios u općini Artenara na otoku Gran Canaria, otočje Kanari (Španjolska). Krajolik litica, jaraka i vulkanskih formacija bogate biološke raznolikosti sadrži i 21 špilje iskopane u vulkanskoj stijeni kanjona ravnice Barranco Hondo. Te su špilje imale stambenu i poljoprivredno-stočnu namjenu najmanje 600 godina i bile su okupirane od 13. do početka 20. stoljeća. Uz to, također se smatra da ga Aboridžini koriste kao astronomski opservatorij.

Risco Caído i svete planine kulturnog krajolika Gran Canaria su 20019. godine upisani na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Africi jer veliki broj trogloditskih naselja (špiljska staništa, kašteli i cisterne), čija je starost dokaz prisutnosti pre-hispanske kulture na otoku koja se razvila izolirano, od dolaska sjevernoafričkih Berbera početkom naše ere, sve do prvih španjolskih doseljenika u 15. stoljeću.

Odlike

Planinsko središte Gran Canaria, izvanredno po svojoj geomorfologiji i biogeografiji, izvanredno je i po tome što su ga dvije radikalno različite kulture neprekidno okupirale više od 1500 godina. Otok su prvi naselili doseljenici berberskog kulturnog konteksta iz Amazigha (Sjeverna Afrika), koji su vjerojatno stigli do Gran Canarija oko početka prvog tisućljeća. Zatim su ga osvojili Kastiljci krajem petnaestog stoljeća, u zore modernog doba europske civilizacije. Sadašnje kanarsko društvo naslijedilo je odlike i jedne i druge kulture, ali vjerovanje predeuropskog stanovništva u svetost okolne prirode je napušteno.

Najistaknutije špilje Risco Caída su one katalogizirane C6 i C7, zbog njihove astronomske, ceremonijalne i simboličke važnosti. Te su špilje smještene sjeverno od naselja i vjerojatno su najstarije. U njima se nalazi jedno od najvažnijih planinskih svetišta drevnih Kanarijanaca. U svim špiljama nalazi se veliki broj petroglifa na stijenama, tragova šalica i reljefa.

Špilja C6, poznata kao almogarén ili "svetište Risco Caído", je ukopani ograd s kružnim podom i paraboloidnom kupolom; vrlo rijetka vrsta građevine na otoku koje je služilo kao mjesto susreta od Faycanes (svećenika Kanarijanaca). Osim posebne arhitekture, najznačajnije je da ova špilja ima optički uređaj ili kanal koji je iskopan kako bi projicirao sunčeve zrake ili puni mjesec na jedan od zidova glavne komore; tako da svjetlost pada na uklesane reljefe pehara i stidnih trokuta (što sugerira da je to hram bio posvećen plodnosti), koje su imale simboličku i astronomsku funkciju. Zapravo ovo svetište je bilo zamišljeno kao jako kompliciran kompleks i jedinstven sunčev i mjesečev sat, povezan s mogućim kultom zvijezda i Majke Zemlje.

Ostala mjesta

Pored Risco Caída, kulturni krajolik Gran Canaria, koji pokriva općine Artenara, Tejeda, Gáldar i Agaete, uključuje i nalazišta Roque Bentayga uključujući Kraljevske špilje (Cuevas del Rey), Špilja svjetiljki (Cueva de los Candiles) na litici Chapín i Mesa de Acusa.

U blizini Roque Bentayga, jedne od najupečatljivijih jedinstvenih geoloških formacija na otoku Gran Canaria, nalaze se drevna kanarska starosjedilačka naselja Cuevas del Rey i Roque Camello, koja se sastoje od stotinu špilja sa sobama, ukopima, silosima, itd.

Špilje Acuse nalaze se u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Cuenca de Tejeda, u općini Artenara i bile su jedan od centara drevnih Kanarijanaca, o čemu svjedoče brojni dokazi špiljskih nastambi, kaštela, grobnih jama itd. Većina arheoloških ostataka nalazi se u prirodnoj Utvrdi Acusa (Mesa de Acusa), koja je visoravan okomitih zidova iznad ravnica Tejede i El Merino, što joj daje strateški značaj. "Koralji Acuse" su 9 umjetnih i oslikanih špilja raspoređenih na dvije razine, smještenih pod velikim kutom istočno od visoravni. Acusa Seca sastoji se od oko 40 špilja iskopanih na dnu prirodne izbočine, od kojih su većina utvrđene staje. Jedna od njih je "špilja-pustinja" koja ima rupu nad vratima gdje je, prema tradiciji, bilo ugrađeno zvono jer je špilja služila kao franjevačka ćelija sredinom 14. st.
La Candelaria su 22 umjetne špilje raspoređene u 4 razine, među kojima se ističu dvije špilje koje sadržavaju relevantne špiljske urese. Tako npr. špilja br. 7 u podnožju središnjeg dijela grada ima križni oblik u kojemu su dvije umjetne prostorije obojene almagrom.

Recenzije
Uključivanje Risco Caído na popis UNESCO-ove svjetske baštine kritizirali su pojedini sektori, poput matematičara Joséa Barriosa koji smatra da nedostatak znanstvene potpore u stvarnosti smatra aboridžinskim astronomskim opservatorijom ili institucionalnom prevelikom zaštitom ove enklava pred drugima u Gran Canariji, kao što je arheološko nalazište Cuatro Puertas, također geograf Eustaquio Villalba, doveo je u pitanje postojanje astronomskog opservatorija u Risco Caído, oboje kritizirajući i da je jedan članak (koji oni smatraju "malo znanstvena baza "), napisao je otkrivač stranice Julio Cuenca, dovoljna je za takvu međunarodnu deklaraciju.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Risco Caído - Službena stranica

Špilje u Africi
Pretpovijesna umjetnost
Arheoastronomija
Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Africi
Svjetska baština u Španjolskoj
Svjetska baština u Africi
Kanari
Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Španjolskoj

Risco Caído


Judd Trump () este un jucător englez de snooker.

Trump a ocupat poziția de lider mondial de două ori în carieră. În 2011 a ajuns în finala Campionatului Mondial, unde l-a înfruntat pe John Higgins, cel din urmă câștigând cu 18-15.

A realizat breakul maxim de opt ori.

În 2016 a câștigat Mastersul European, ediție a turneului care a avut loc la București, după o finală împotriva lui Ronnie O'Sullivan. La Circul Globus, Trump a trecut de conaționalul său scor 9-8.

În 2019 a câștigat primul său titlu de Campion Mondial, după ce a dispus de scoțianul John Higgins, scor 18-9.

Finalele carierei

Finale de clasament: 41 (26 de titluri)

Finale în turnee minore: 8 (4 titluri)

Finale în turnee invitaționale: 14 (8 titluri)

Finale pe echipe: 1

Finale Pro-am: 8 (5 titluri)

Finale la amatori: 1 (1 titlu)

Note

Nașteri în 1989
Nașteri pe 20 august
Jucători de snooker
Oameni în viață
Sportivi englezi

Judd Trump


An Habenaria jordanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Leite, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Habenaria jordanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria jordanensis


Richard Hood Jack Dudley Ryder (born 3 July 1940) is an English writer, psychologist, and animal rights advocate.

Ryder became known in the 1970s as a member of the Oxford Group, a group of intellectuals loosely centred on the University of Oxford who began to speak out against animal use, in particular factory farming and animal research. He was working at the time as a clinical psychologist at the Warneford Hospital in Oxford, and had himself been involved in animal research in the United Kingdom and United States.

In 1970, he coined the term speciesism to describe the exclusion of nonhuman animals from the protections available to human beings. In 1977 he became chairman of the RSPCA Council, serving until 1979, and helped to organize the first academic animal-rights conference, held in August 1977 at Trinity College, Cambridge. The conference produced a "Declaration Against Speciesism", signed by 150 people.

Ryder assisted in achieving the legislative animal protection reforms in the UK and EU between the years 1970 and 2020.
Ryder is the author of a number of books about animal research, animal rights, and morality in politics, including Victims of Science (1975), Animal Revolution (1989), and Painism: A Modern Morality (2001).
Since 2020 Ryder has been President of the RSPCA.

Background
Richard Hood Jack Dudley Ryder was born at The London Clinic, Marylebone, 3 July 1940, to Major Douglas Claud "Jack" Dudley Ryder, and his second wife, Vera Hamilton-Fletcher (née Cook). Jack Dudley Ryder was the great-grandson of the Honourable Granville Ryder (1799–1879), second son of Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby (1762–1847). Ryder was raised on the family estate, Rempstone Hall, in Corfe Castle.

Ryder was educated at Sherborne School, in Dorset, England. He obtained his bachelor's degree in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge (1960–1963), followed by a period of research into animal behaviour at Columbia University, and a diploma in clinical psychology from the University of Edinburgh. After Edinburgh, he worked as a clinical psychologist at the Warneford psychiatric hospital in Oxford. In 1983 and 1987 he ran unsuccessfully for Parliament, and founded the Liberal Democrats' Animal Protection Group. He later went back to Cambridge, and was awarded his PhD in Social and Political Sciences in 1993. He held an Andrew W. Mellon visiting professorship at Tulane University in New Orleans in 1996.

Ryder married Audrey Jane Smith in 1974; they had two children together and divorced in 1999.

Animal rights advocacy

Oxford Group

Ryder first became involved with animal rights in 1969, when he protested against an otter hunt in Dorset. He was working at the time in the Warneford psychiatric hospital, and in April and May that year had three letters to the editor published in The Daily Telegraph, the first one headed "Rights of Non Human Animals," in which he criticised experiments on animals based on his own experiences in universities as an animal researcher. There was an increase in interest in animal rights during this period, following the publication of Ruth Harrison's Animal Machines (1964), a critique of factory farming, and a long article, "The Rights of Animals" (10 October 1965), by the novelist Brigid Brophy in The Sunday Times.

Brophy saw Ryder's letters in the Telegraph, and put him in touch with three philosophy postgraduate students at Oxford—Roslind Godlovitch, Stanley Godlovitch, and John Harris—who were editing a collection of essays about animal rights, published as Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans (1971). Ryder became involved with the group—which he later called the "Oxford Group"—and became an activist for animal rights, organising meetings and printing and handing out leaflets. He also became a contributor to the Godlovitches/Harris book. He was interviewed several times on the radio, and in December 1970 took part in a televised debate in Scotland on animal rights with Brophy.

Speciesism

He first used the term speciesism in a privately printed leaflet by the same name, which he distributed in Oxford in 1970 in protest against animal experimentation – he wrote that he thought of the word while lying in the bath in the Old Manor House in Sunningwell, Oxfordshire. Paul Waldau writes that Ryder used the term in the pamphlet to address experiments on animals that he regarded as illogical, and which, he argued, a fully informed moral agent would challenge. Ryder was also addressing the general attitude that excluded all nonhumans from the protections offered to humans, now known as the anti-speciesism critique. Waldau writes that this original definition of the term – in effect, human-speciesism – has been extended by others to refer to the assignment of value to any being on the basis of species membership alone, so that, for example, prioritising the value of chimpanzees over other animals (human-chimpanzee speciesism) might be seen as similarly illogical.

Ryder used the term again in his contribution to the Godlovitches/Harris book, in an essay called "Experiments on Animals" (1971). He wrote in the essay that animal researchers seek to have it both ways: they defend the scientific validity of animal experiments on the grounds of the similarity between humans and nonhumans, while defending the morality of it on the grounds of the differences. He argued that speciesism is as illogical as racism, writing that "species" and "race" are both vague terms, and asked: "If, under special conditions, it were one day found possible to cross a professor of biology with an ape, would the offspring be kept in a cage or in a cradle?"

The book was reviewed by Peter Singer in 1973 in The New York Review of Books, in which he argued that it was a call for the foundation of an animal liberation movement. The article led the New York Review to commission a book from Singer, published as Animal Liberation (1975). Singer used the term speciesism in the book, attributing it to Ryder, and included it the title of his fifth chapter – "Man's Dominion ... a short history of speciesism." Writing that it was not an attractive word, he defined it as "a prejudice or attitude of bias in favour of the interests of members of one's own species and against those of members of other species," and argued that it was a prejudice similar to racism and sexism:

Racists violate the principle of equality by giving greater weight to the interests of members of their own race when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of another race. Sexists violate the principle of equality by favouring the interests of their own sex. Similarly, speciesists allows the interests of their own species to override the greater interests of members of other species. The pattern is identical in each case.

Singer's use of the term popularised it, and in 1985 it became an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, described as "discrimination against ... animal species by human beings, based on an assumption of mankind's superiority."

RSPCA Reform Group

The RSPCA Reform Group was founded in 1970 by members of the British RSPCA. Their aim was to change the direction of the RSPCA from an organisation that dealt mostly with companion animals into one that would oppose what the reformers saw as the key issues: factory farming, animal research, hunting, and bloodsports. They sought to secure the election of reformers – including Ryder and Andrew Linzey, the Oxford theologian – to the RSPCA's ruling council. As a result, Ryder was elected to the council in 1971, became its vice-chairman in 1976, then chairman from 1977 to 1979.

Painism
Ryder coined the term painism in 1990 to describe his position that all beings who feel pain deserve rights. He argues that painism can be seen as a third way between Peter Singer's utilitarian position and Tom Regan's deontological rights view. It combines the utilitarian view that moral status comes from the ability to feel pain with the rights-view prohibition on using others as a means to an end. He has criticised Regan's criterion for inherent worth, arguing that all beings who feel pain have inherent value. He has also criticised the utilitarian idea that exploitation of others can be justified if there is an overall gain in pleasure. He wrote in The Guardian in 2005: "One of the problems with the utilitarian view is that, for example, the sufferings of a gang-rape victim can be justified if the rape gives a greater sum total of pleasure to the rapists." Ryder argues that this is a problem because "consciousness ... is bounded by the boundaries of the individual. My pain and the pain of others are thus in separate categories; you cannot add or subtract them from each other." And because "[i]n any situation we should ... concern ourselves primarily with the pain of the individual who is the maximum sufferer."

Ryder was featured in the 2012 speciesism movie, The Superior Human?, in which he describes his coining of the word "speciesism," and the principle of painism.

Oxford animal laboratory
Ryder is a supporter of VERO (Voice for Ethical Research at Oxford), a group of Oxford members and graduates formed in 2006 to protest the construction by the university of a new animal laboratory, the Biomedical Sciences Building, completed in 2008.

Selected publications
(1970). Speciesism, privately printed leaflet, Oxford.
(1971). "Experiments on Animals," in Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch and John Harris. Animals, Men and Morals. Grove Press, Inc.
(1974). Speciesism: The Ethics of Vivisection. Scottish Society for the Prevention of Vivisection.
(1975). Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research. Davis-Poynter Ltd.
with W. Lane-Petter et al (September 1976). "The Ethics of Animal Experimentation", Journal of Medical Ethics. Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 118–126.
with David Paterson (eds.) (1979).  Animals' Rights – A Symposium. Centaur Press Ltd.
(1989). Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. McFarland & Co Inc.
(1991). "Animal Experimentation: Sentientism," The Psychologist, vol 4, 1991.
(ed.) (1992). Animal Welfare and the Environment. Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd, in association with the RSPCA
(1992). "Painism: Ethics, Animal Rights and Environmentalism," UWCC Centre for Applied Ethics.
(ed.) (1992). The Duty of Mercy by Humphrey Primatt (first published 1776). Open Gate Press.
(1998). The Political Animal: The Conquest of Speciesism. McFarland & Co Inc.
(2001). Painism: A Modern Morality. Open Gate Press.
(2005). The Calcrafts of Rempstone Hall: The Intriguing History of a Dorset Dynasty. Halsgrove.
(2006). Putting Morality Back into Politics. Imprint Academic.
(2009). Nelson, Hitler and Diana: Studies in Trauma and Celebrity. Imprint Academic.
(2009). "Painism versus Utilitarianism", Think, vol 8, pp 85–89.
(2011). Speciesism, Painism and Happiness. Imprint Academic.
(2015). Inside Their Heads: Psychological Profiles of Famous People. Ryelands Publishing.

See also
 List of animal rights advocates
 Sentiocentrism

Notes

Further reading
 Belshaw, Christopher (21 July 2011). "Speciesism, Painism and Happiness: A Morality for the Twenty-First Century", Times Higher Education.
 Dawkins, Richard (10 September 1979). "Brute Beasts," New Statesman (review of Animals' Rights – A Symposium).
 Hull, David L. (March 1991). "Review. Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Toward Speciesism", The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 69–71.
 Mitra, Amit (31 March 1993). "Barbarism to animals has a hoary pedigree", Down to Earth.
 Ryder, Richard D. (8 August 1995). "Obituary: Brigid Brophy", The Independent.
 Ryder, Richard D. (15 November 1995). "Letter: Philosophising about the rights of animals", The Independent.
 Ryder, Richard D. (21 June 2001). "Letter: RSPCA and the hunt", The Independent.

Video
Ryder, Richard D. (1989). , Royal Institute of Great Britain.

External links

 Selection of writings by Ryder on animal rights

1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Anti-vivisectionists
English animal rights activists
English animal rights scholars
English psychologists
People associated with the Oxford Group (animal rights)
People educated at Sherborne School
Richard
Sentientists

Richard D. Ryder


Leakey ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite westlich des Mare Fecunditatis, nordöstlich des Kraters Capella und nordwestlich von Gutenberg.
Der kleine Krater ist wenig erodiert und weist im Inneren Spuren einer konzentrischen Rutschung auf.

Der Krater wurde 1976 von der IAU nach dem britischen Paläoanthropologen Louis Leakey offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Leakey auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Leakey (Mondkrater)


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රිකයෙහි නිකදළුපොත තැපැල් කාර්යාලය නමින් තැපැල් කාර්යාලයක් ඇත. එනමුත් නිකදළුපොත නමින් ගමක් නොමැතිවීම විශේෂත්‍වයකි.

නිකදළුපොත


CHWI-DT (channel 16) is a television station licensed to Wheatley, Ontario, Canada, broadcasting CTV 2 programming to the Windsor area. Owned and operated by Bell Media, the station has studios at the Bell Canada Building in downtown Windsor with a secondary office in Chatham; its transmitter is located on Zion Road (between Concession Line Roads 4 and 5) in Chatham.

History

Beginnings: independent and BBS
Baton Broadcasting applied to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) for a licence to operate an independent television station for the Wheatley area, that would also serve Chatham and Windsor. This application was related to, and directly dependent on, Baton's purchase of CFPL-TV in London and CKNX-TV in Wingham from The Blackburn Group, as their intention was to launch a semi-satellite of CFPL-TV that served Chatham and Windsor. At the time, the only clear signals from Canadian stations were from TVOntario, the CBC and Télévision de Radio-Canada. The station's license application was approved on January 26, 1993, and CHWI-TV first began broadcasting on October 19, 1993. This marked Baton's return to television broadcasting in the region after the CBC had bought out Baton's majority interest in CKLW-TV in Windsor, renaming it CBET, in 1975 (Baton also operated radio stations in Windsor until 1984).

During its tenure as an independent station, it also aired ABC's Disney's One Saturday Morning schedule (along with, or from, the CTV affiliate in Kitchener, CKCO-TV), along with syndicated Disney shows in the afternoons on weekdays (The Disney Afternoon), such as Bonkers and Goof Troop before the 5 p.m. news, similar to WXON (channel 20, now WMYD) and WKBD-TV (channel 50, now a CW owned-and-operated station) across the river in Detroit. While the station aired many CTV programs, it was never branded as a CTV station directly, but it was labelled as a BBS station instead. For all intents and purposes, it was Windsor's CTV affiliate for most of this time, if in programming and not by affiliation or name. Windsor is one of the few major Canadian cities that has never had a CTV affiliate of its own, largely because CTV owns the Canadian rights to a large amount of American programming. The Windsor area is considered part of the Detroit market for purposes of programming rights, and Windsor stations have often had to adjust their coverage or programming under pressure from the Detroit stations. CTV programming is piped in via CKCO on basic cable; that station's Sarnia-area translator was the nearest over-the-air source of CTV programming until it was shut down in May 2020.

It was broadcast on channel 16 only (its Wheatley transmitter) for the first two years. However, the transmitter was located farther to the southeast, presumably to protect the Detroit stations. As a result, it was practically unviewable over-the-air in Windsor.

In response to complaints from the Windsor area, Baton applied for a Windsor-area translator on VHF channel 6, with an effective radiated power of 87 watts, in 1994. While the CRTC agreed to this request, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) refused to sign off on it, citing potential interference with WLNS-TV from Lansing, Michigan. However, the FCC recommended UHF channel 60 instead. The CRTC agreed, and Baton was allowed to place a broadcast translator in Windsor on channel 60 with an effective radiated power of 580 watts (with the same signal contours as channel 6 at 87 watts). However, some close-in suburbs of Windsor including Tecumseh, were not (and still are not, as of 2011) able to receive the channel 60 signal, or the channel 16 signal, and must rely on cable to watch CHWI-TV.

CHUM and The New WI

In 1997, the station was sold by Electrohome and Baton Broadcasting to CHUM Limited as a result of an affiliation swap which saw BBS gain control of the CTV network. CHUM would reformat the station (along with the other independent stations that CHUM acquired in the deal) with a lineup and branding similar to its new sister station CKVR-TV in Barrie, which would be known as "NewNet". CHWI would be rebranded as "The New WI" as a part of the format change.

In 2000, CHUM Limited applied to increase CHWI's transmitter power from 580 watts, to 5.8 kilowatts (10 times the strength), and was approved. Its Windsor transmitter stands atop the 34-floor Victoria Park Place apartment building, currently the tallest building in Windsor.

As a result of CHUM's acquisition of Craig Media (and its rebranding of a series of stations in Western Canada as Citytv stations on the same day), the NewNet stations (along with CHWI) were rebranded as A-Channel in August 2005.

Sale to CTV

In 2006, CTV owner CTVglobemedia had announced that it would be taking over CHUM Limited for , with plans to divest itself of the A-Channel stations and Alberta educational broadcaster Access.

In 2007, Omni Television owner Rogers Media had announced it would acquire the A-Channel stations, including CHWI, along with SexTV: The Channel, CLT, Access, and CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba in the wake of CTVglobemedia's pending takeover of the CHUM Limited group. The transaction reportedly cost $137 million, which would be paid in cash by Rogers. The CRTC later announced its approval of CTVglobemedia's purchase of CHUM Limited, but it added a condition that CTVglobemedia must sell off CHUM's Citytv stations to another buyer. As such, CTVglobemedia retained the A-Channel stations and all of CHUM's specialty channels, and sold the Citytv stations to Rogers Media. Additionally, the A-Channel stations were rebranded simply as "A" in August 2008.

Threatened closure and reprieve
On February 25, 2009, CTV announced that, given the ongoing structural problems facing the conventional television sector in Canada and the global economic crisis, it would not be applying to the CRTC for renewal of the licences of CHWI-TV, CKNX-TV and CKX-TV. CTV said that with the CRTC's decision to disallow fee-for-carriage, CHWI and CKNX-TV – the two smallest stations in the A system – were no longer viable. Even though both stations were losing money for CTV, in the case of CHWI, this came despite its dominant ratings in local news over CBET. After being threatened with closure in early 2009, recent CRTC decisions to increase funding for local stations across Canada are expected to allow CHWI to remain on the air.

The stations' transmitters were slated to be shut down entirely, instead of being converted to rebroadcasters of London's A station, CFPL-TV. CFPL was expected to be available on cable and satellite in the affected areas, and CTV initially planned to continue news coverage of the southwestern Ontario region through CFPL-TV and CKCO-TV.

The Windsor Star reported on March 4, 2009, that Windsor City Council, local Members of Provincial Parliament Sandra Pupatello and Dwight Duncan, and federal Members of Parliament Brian Masse and Joe Comartin began lobbying the CRTC and CTVglobemedia not to shut down CHWI, as it is the only local privately owned television station in Windsor.

On April 30, 2009, Shaw Communications announced that it would purchase CHWI-TV, CKNX-TV and CKX-TV for one dollar each from CTV, pending CRTC approval. However, it was reported on June 30, 2009, that Shaw had backed out of the deal and was declining to complete the purchase, putting the stations' futures in serious doubt.

On July 6, after the CRTC announced policy changes to increase funding for small-market television stations (including the likely implementation of carriage fees), CTV said it would "review" its decision to close CHWI. The company announced two days later that CHWI would remain on the air for at least another year, based on temporary increases to the Local Programming Improvement Fund. The other two stations were not as fortunate, however; CKNX-TV's transmitter was retained to rebroadcast CFPL-TV, and CKX-TV was closed down in October. In correlation to the reprieve from closure, the CRTC renewed the licenses for CHWI-TV, CKNX-TV and CKX-TV, even though CTV had not filed renewals for these stations.

Sale to Bell, CTV Two/CTV 2

On September 10, 2010, Bell Canada announced plans to re-acquire 100% of CTVglobemedia, a deal which was finalized in April 2011. CTVglobemedia was officially restructured as Bell Media on April 1, 2011. One month later, Bell revealed that the A system, including CHWI and London sister station CFPL, would be relaunched as CTV Two beginning with the 2011–12 television season; A was officially relaunched as CTV Two on August 29, 2011. Alongside the relaunch came the rebranding of CHWI's newscasts as CTV News Windsor, and the establishment of a high-definition feed for its new digital signal.

On August 15, 2011, CHWI-DT, along with CBET-DT, became available to Shaw Direct subscribers with a 600-series receiver. On November 29, 2012, Bell Satellite TV also began carrying CHWI-DT on channel 585.

Programming
CHWI carries the entirety of the CTV 2 national schedule, and its schedule is almost identical to that of CFPL, apart from most local newscasts.

News operation
CHWI-DT presently broadcasts seven hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with one hour each on weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays). The former A Morning show had a contributor from Windsor, however, only the news anchor and weather anchor are based at the station's downtown Windsor studio. Prior to 2009, weather reports were based at CFPL-TV. Sports news continue to be based out of the studios at CFPL in London. Prior to 2003, CHWI's newscasts were produced entirely out of CFPL's London studios from a separate news set, and until 2014, both weekend newscasts were simulcast with CFPL. In January 2014, CHWI began producing local 6 p.m. weekend newscasts.

Sports and weather segments are still produced out of CFPL's London facility, while news segments are conducted from CHWI's Windsor studios. From 1993 to 1999, the Windsor newsroom was located at the corner of Riverside Drive East and Goyeau Street, at the foot of the 75 Riverside Drive apartments – which were left abandoned for 10 years after the move before being replaced by a restaurant. From then until November 25, 2013, the station was based at nearby 300 Ouellette Avenue, co-located with the now-defunct Palace Cinemas. In April 2013, Bell Media announced that the station would move to newly constructed facilities at the Bell Canada Building on Goyeau Street; the former studio was subsequently redeveloped as the new headquarters of the Windsor Star.

Technical information

Subchannel

Analogue-to-digital conversion
On August 31, 2011, when Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts, CHWI-TV flash cut its digital signal into operation, using its former UHF analog channels 16 and 26. In January 2011, CHWI's Windsor repeater moved its analog signal from UHF channel 60, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that would be removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to channel 26.

In addition, CHWI-TV-60 has been authorised to relocate its analog transmitter to channel 26, and to switch its digital allotment from UHF channel 25 to channel 26, due to the phaseout of UHF channels 52–69. However, the CRTC decision did not address potential co-channel interference issues with WLPC-LP in Detroit, which also broadcast its analog signal on channel 26 (an unprotected frequency); as a result, that station went silent during much of 2011, not returning to air until November of that year as WLPC-LD (now WLPC-CD), on digital channel 40 with its sole companion PSIP (or virtual channel) of 40.1.

On April 29, 2019, CTV updated broadcast channels for stations in Toronto, Victoria, and Windsor. CHWI now broadcasts on channel 17, but retains virtual channel 26.1.

As part of the 600 MHz spectrum auction that was mandated by the Federal Communications Commission of the U.S. as well as Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, CHWI-DT-60 moved from UHF 26 to UHF 17 by turning off its old transmitter at 12:01 a.m., and turning its new one on at roughly 2 a.m. on April 29. The station decreased power slightly from 200 to 162 watts, and slightly decreased its height on the Victoria Park Place apartment tower from 93.8 to 89 metres, all to maintain roughly equal coverage in comparison to its previous analog and digital operations at that site.

Rebroadcaster

References

External links
 CTV 2 Windsor

HWI-DT
HWI-DT
Television channels and stations established in 1993
1993 establishments in Ontario

CHWI-DT


Doñana nationalpark (på spansk: Parque Nacional de Doñana) er en stor nationalpark og vildmarksreservat i det sydvestlige Spanien. Nationalparken, som ligger på grænsen mellem provinserne Huelva og Sevilla i Andalusien, og omfatter 543 km², hvoraf 135 km² er beskyttet område. Et areal på 2.691,58   km² blev i 1980 udpeget til biosfærereservat under UNESCOs Menneske og biosfære-programmet.
1.116,46   km² blev i 1982 udpeget til Ramsarområde, og  542,52 km² blev i 1994 udpeget til Verdensarvsområde.

Fauna
Parken har en artsrigdom som er unik i Europa. Den har en mængde forskellige økosystemer og huser et rigt dyreliv, blandt andet findes her tusindvis europæiske og afrikanske trækfugle, dådyr, spansk kronhjort, vildsvin, europæisk grævling, egyptisk mangust. I parken findes også flere udryddelsestruede dyrearter, blandt andet den sjældne spansk los og spansk kejserørn . Af kejserørnen findes i dag kun få hundrede tilbage og en fjerdedel af disse lever i nationalparken.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Doñana national park  på andalucia.com
 Parque Nacional de Doñana (Spanske miljmyndigheder)
 Kort over nationalparken
 CNN-rapport om 1998 års utsläpp
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Doñana National Park
 reportage fra BBC
 reportage fra ABC
 reportage fra National Geographic
 reportage fra Time magazine
 reportage fra Scientific American
 reportage fra (Daily) Telegraph

Nationalparker i Spanien

Doñana Nationalpark


Johann Herbin (né vers 1632 à Pitschen, mort le  1676 ou 1679 à Graudenz) est un pédagogue et théologien protestant allemand.

Biographie
Fils d'un recteur d'école, il étudie à partir du  à l'université de Wittenberg et obtient le  un magistère. Après ses études, il rentre à Pitschen et prend le travail de son père. En 1661, il occupe le même poste à Wohlau et, en 1663, il se rend à Bojanova en Pologne pour fonder une école provinciale protestante. Pour financer le projet, il se rend à Wittenberg et en Hollande.

À son retour à Bojanova, cependant, il a une opposition de ses camarades protestants et se rend à Stockholm en tant que recteur de l'école allemande. Il s'installe ensuite à Vilnius en 1674, où il est pasteur. Il est démis de ses fonctions en 1675 en raison de conflits religieux et séjourne ensuite à Königsberg et à Dantzig. Il obtient de nouveau un pastorat à Graudenz.

Herbin rend des services exceptionnels à l'Église évangélique polonaise et se fait connaître par de nombreux écrits. Il traduit Le Petit Catéchisme de Martin Luther, la Confession d'Augsbourg et plusieurs chants religieux en polonais.

On le présente comme précurseur du Siècle des Lumières et du droits des femmes.

Son ouvrage Religiosae Kiioviensium Cryptae in quibus labyrintum et in eo corpora Heroum atge divorum roxolanitum ex nomine ad oculum demonstrat, paru en 1675, est mis à l'Index librorum prohibitorum le .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Théologien luthérien allemand
Théologien protestant du XVIIe siècle
Pédagogue du XVIIe siècle
Date de naissance non renseignée (XVIIe siècle)
Date de décès non renseignée (XVIIe siècle)
Naissance dans la voïvodie d'Opole
Décès dans la voïvodie de Poméranie-Occidentale

Johann Herbin


Catherine Frot (født 1. maj 1957 i Paris) er en fransk skuespiller, der har vundet en César for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle for Marguerite (2015) og for bedste kvindelige birolle for Un air de famille (1996).

Biografi
Frot er datter af en ingeniør og en matematiklærer. Hun var tidligt begejstret for teatret, især for komedier, og fra hun var fjorten år fulgte kurserne på Konservatoriet i Versailles, samtidig med at hun gik i skole. I 1974 påbegyndte hun uddannelsen på École de la Rue Blanche og senere på Conservatoire National Supérieur d'art Dramatique. På det tidspunkt var hun også medgrundlægger af Compagnie du Chapeau Rouge, som hurtigt fik et godt ry i Pariser café-teater-scenen og markerede sig på Festival d'Avignon i 1975. Herefter koncentrerede Frot sig fuldstændig om teatret, og hun gjorde sig bemærket med rollen som fru de Tourvel i en opsætning af romanen Farlige forbindelser iscenesat af Gérard Vergez (1987). På teatret spillede hun mange andre klassikere: Kirsebærhaven (iscenesat af Peter Brook i 1982) og Mågen (iscenesat af Pierre Pradinas i 1985) begge skrevet af Anton Tjekhov, og senere også i John Gabriel Borkman af Henrik Ibsen, instrueret af Luc Bondy i 1993, samt et stykke som C'était comment déjà? af Jean Bouchot, der indbragte hende Kritikerprisen i 1983.

Efter roller i forskellige tv-produktioner fra midten af 1970'erne fik Frot sin første lille rolle i en spillefilm i Alain Resnais' Min onkel fra Amerika i 1980. Senere har hun indspillet en lang række film, og hun har været nomineret til en lang række César-priser, første gang for bedste birolle som Béatrice i Escalier C (1985), men hun måtte vente med at få prisen til rollen som Yolande i filmen af Cédric Klapisch Un air de famille, inden hun blev kendt i den brede offentlighed.

I 2015 spiller hun den falsksyngende baronesse Marguerite Dumont i filmen Marguerite af Xavier Giannoli. Denne film er inspireret af historien om Florence Foster Jenkins, en amerikansk millionær der uden musikalsk talent insisterede på at synge offentligt. Denne rolle sikrede Frot Césarprisen for bedste hovedrolle i 2016 samt ligesom den blev betegnet som "hendes smukkeste rolle" af Le Nouvel Observateur.

Teater
 1979: L'homme aux valises af Ionesco, iscenesat af Jacques Mauclair.
 1980: C était kommentar déjà iscenesættelse af Jean Bouchaud - Kritikerpsien
 1981: Kirsebærhaven af Anton Tjekhov, iscenesat af Peter Brook i Bouffes du Nord.
 1982: Gevrey-Chambertin, med le Chapeau Rouge, iscenesat af Pierre Pradinas.
 1985: Mågen af Anton Tjekhov, iscenesat af Pierre Pradinas.
 1987: Farlige forbindelser fra Choderlos de Laclos, iscenesat af Gérard Vergez.
 1989: Faut pas tuer maman af Charlotte Keatley, iscenesat af Michel Fagadau.
 1990: La Tanière af Botho Strauß, iscenesat af André Steiger.
 1993: John Gabriel Borkman i Henrik Ibsen, iscenesat af Luc Bondy på Théâtre de l'odéon.
 1994: Passions secrètes af Jacques-Pierre Amette, iscenesat af Patrice Kerbrat.
 1995: Un Air de Famille de Jean-Pierre Bacri et Agnès Jaoui, iscenesat af Stephan Meldegg - Molière for bedste kvindelige birolle.
 2000: Diner entre amis iscenesat af Michel Fagadau - Nominering til en Molière for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle.
 2001: Trois versioner de la vie iscenesat af P. Kerbrat
 2006: Si tu mourais af Florian Zeller, iscenesat af Michel Fagadau.

Filmografi

Spillefilm
 1980: Min onkel fra Amerika af Alain Resnais.
 1980: Psy af Philippe af Broca.
 1981: Quand tu seras débloqué, fais-moi signe! / Les Babas Cool af François Leterrier.
 1985: Escalier C af Jean-Charles Tacchella.
 1985: Elsa, Elsa af Didier Haudepin.
 1989: Chambre à part af Jacky Cukier.
 1990: Sushi Sushi af Laurent Perrin.
 1996: Un air de famille af Cédric Klapisch.
 1998: Le Dîner af cons af Francis Veber.
 1998: Paparazzi af Alain Berbérian.
 1998: Ça reste entre nous af Martin Lamotte.
 1999: Den nye Eva af Catherine Corsini.
 1999: La Dilettante af Pascal Thomas.
 1999: Inséparables af M. Couvelard.
 2001: Chaos af Coline Serreau.
 2003: Après la vie af Lucas Belvaux.
 2003: Sept ans de mariage af Didier Bourdon.
 2003: Chouchou af Merzak Allouache.
 2004: Éros thérapie af Danièle Dubroux.
 2004: Vipère au poing af Philippe af Broca.
 2004: Mig og min søster af Alexandra Leclère.
 2005: Boudu af Gérard Jugnot.
 2006: Le Passager af l'été af Florence Moncorgé-Gabin.
 2006: Nodevenderen af Denis Dercourt.
 2007: Odette Toulemonde af Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt.
 2012: Bon Appétit Hr. Præsident af Christian Vincent.
 2015: Marguerite af Xavier Giannoli.
 2017: Gensynet af Martin Provost.
 2017: Momo af Vincent Lobelle og Sébastien Thiery

Kortfilm
 1982: Si je réponds pas, c'est que je suis mort af Christine Van de Putte.
 1982: Les atours de l'oeil foudre af Magali Cerda.
 1982: La nuit du lac af Sébastien Grall.
 1985: Mélodie pour un cafard af Dominique Zay.
 1987: La voix du désert de Jean-Michel Roux.
 1994: Une femme dans l'ennui af Michel Couvelard.
 1998: Il suffirait d'un pont af Solveig Dommartin.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Frankrig
César for bedste kvindelige birolle

Catherine Frot


Mevlânâ Hâlid-i Bağdâdî (Kürtçe Mewlana Xalid, 1779, Süleymaniye - 1827, Şam), Kürt asıllı İslâm âlimi, mutasavvıf ve şairdir.
Nakşibendi Hâlidîlik yolunun öncüsüdür.

Irak'ta Süleymaniye'ye 8 km uzaklıktaki Karadağ kasabasında doğmuştur. 1813-1823 yılları arasında Bağdat'ta yaşamış  bir sûfîdir.

Hayatı
Tam adı Ebü'l-Behâ Ziyâüddîn Hâlid b. Ahmed b. Hüseyn eş-Şehrezûrî el-Kürdî olup, zamanın ünlü hoca ve âlimlerinden eğitim görmüştür. 1804 yılında Medine'ye, dört yıl sonra da Hicrî 1224 yılında Hindistan'ın Cihanabad şehrinde Şeyh Abdullâh Dehlevî'nin yanına giderek Nakşibendîlik tarîkatının terbiyesini almıştır. Burada "irşad icazeti" alarak beş ayrı tarîkata halife olmuştur. (Nakşibendî, Kadiri, Sühreverdî, Kübrevî, Çeştî). Süleymaniye'ye geri dönüp iki yıl sonra Bağdat'a giderek yerleşti. Burada öğrencilerine tefsir, hadis, tasavvuf, fıkıh gibi çeşitli dersler verdi. On yıl sonra müritleri ve halifeleriyle birlikte Şam'a yerleşti.

Şahsiyeti
Babası Pir Mikail'dir. Mevlânâ Halid Bağdadî, Müslümanların birliğini Osmanlı Devleti'nin sağlayacağı düşüncesindeydi. En büyük özelliği medreselerinde eğitim dili olarak Osmanlı Türkçesi, Arapça ve Farsçanın yanında Kürtçeyi kullanmış olmasıdır. İki temel özelliği, şeriata bağlılık ve genelde diğer tarikatlarda yaygın olan cehrî, yani sesli zikir yerine hafî, yani sessiz zikri tercih etmesidir. Halifeleri aracılığıyla gerek Irak'ın kuzeyinde gerekse Şam, Kudüs, Bağdat ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde binlerce müridi oldu. Sonradan "Mevlânâ" mahlasını aldı. 1827 yılında Şam'da veba hastalığından ölmüştür. Türbesi Şam'da Salihiye'de olup ziyarete açıktır.

Kaynakça

 Halidiye Risalesi (Mevlana Halid-el Bağdadi) Mevlana Halid Dizisi, Umran Yayınları, Hazırlayan: Yakup Çiçek, İstanbul, Ocak 1994, 328s.

Dış bağlantılar
 Mevlana Halidi Bağdadi https://web.archive.org/web/20130917155454/http://www.mevlanahalidibagdadi.com/
 Ayrıntılı hayatı

1779 doğumlular
Süleymaniye doğumlular
Kürt mutasavvıflar
Evliyalar
Nakşibendi
18. yüzyıl Iraklı şairleri
19. yüzyıl Iraklı şairleri
1827 yılında ölenler
Şam'da ölenler
Vebadan ölenler
Şafiiler

Hâlid Bağdâdî


Daßlitz ist ein Ortsteil von Langenwetzendorf im Landkreis Greiz in Thüringen.

Lage
Daßlitz liegt nordwestlich von Greiz an der Landstraße 1085 und an der Kreuzung zur Bundesstraße 92. An dieser befindet sich das Gewerbegebiet Daßlitzer Kreuz. Die Gemarkung des Ortes befindet sich im auslaufenden östlichen Thüringer Schiefergebirge. Die Flur ist kupiert und mit Wald und begrünten Bächen versehen.

Geschichte
Am 24. August 1302 wurde der Ort erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Daßlitz und Nitschareuth wurden am 1. Januar 1996 nach Langenwetzendorf eingemeindet.

Gewerbe
Von 1992 bis 1994 wurde das Gewerbegebiet Daßlitzer Kreuz beidseitig an der B 92 errichtet. Weiterhin gibt es im Ort eine Agrargenossenschaft und einen Milchviehstall.

Söhne und Töchter des Ortes
 Oswald Fischer (1863–1931), deutscher Schuhmachermeister und Politiker (SPD)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Greiz
Geographie (Langenwetzendorf)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Greiz)
Ersterwähnung 1302
Gemeindeauflösung 1996

Daßlitz


Meredith Wilson or Meredith Willson may refer to:

 Robert Meredith Willson (1902–1984), American flutist, composer, conductor, musical arranger, bandleader, playwright and author, best known for The Music Man
 O. Meredith Wilson (1909–1998), American historian and academic administrator
Meredith J. Wilson, co-discoverer in 1988 of Mowat-Wilson syndrome

Meredith Wilson


ألبرشت الثالث فيتلسباخ  (ميونخ، 27 مارس 1401 - ميونخ، 29 فبراير 1460) دوق بافاريا-ميونخ من 1438عام حتى وفاته.

مراجع

أشخاص من ميونخ
دوقات بافاريا
فيتلسباخ
مواليد 1401
مواليد في ميونخ
وفيات 1460
وفيات في ميونخ
بافاريا-ميونخ
حكام بافاريا القرن 15
نبلاء من ميونخ

ألبرشت الثالث دوق بافاريا


Santa Trahamunda fue una monja procedente de Galicia, España, de la Alta Edad Media y que es venerada como una santa. Su vida, que se ha conservado en forma de leyenda, la relaciona con el Monasterio de San Juan de Poyo en la provincia de Pontevedra. Popularmente es considerada la patrona de la «morriña».

Vida
Según la tradición, Trahamunda era novicia en el convento de San Martín de la isla de Tambo cuando fue secuestrada en un ataque de los moros, según algunas fuentes por Abderramán I, y otros por su segundo nieto Abderramán II. Llevada a Córdoba para unirse al harén, por su negativa fue encerrada en la cárcel durante once años. Según la leyenda, el 23 de junio pidió a Dios encontrarse en Poyo al día siguiente, día de San Juan Bautista. Un ángel le dio una rama de palma, con la que viajó a Galicia. Más tarde, plantó la palma cerca del Monasterio de San Juan de Poyo, donde germinó y se mantuvo hasta el .

Su tumba, de estilo suevo-visigodo, se conserva en la capilla del monasterio de Poyo. Su festividad se celebra el 14 de noviembre.

Bibliografía
 Crespo Pozo, J. S.: Santa Trahamunda. Leyenda Sacra (1943).
 Trahamunda: a santa de Poio (Mosteiro de Poio, 1990).

Enlaces externos
 Santa Trahamunda, patrona de la morriña
 Una leyenda de Poio: Santa Trahamunda

Santos de la provincia de Pontevedra
Santos legendarios

Trahamunda


Ålefjærfjorden er den inderste del af Topdalsfjorden som igen er en gren af Kristiansandsfjorden i Kristiansand kommune i Agder fylke i Norge.

Fjorden har indløb ved mundingen af Topdalselva og går omkring 6 km mod nord-nordvest til Ålefjær.

Kristiansand Lufthavn, Kjevik ligger på østsiden af fjorden og i syd grænser Ålefjærfjorden til Topdalsfjorden.

Topdalsfjorden går videre mod syd til Byfjorden syd for selve Kristiansand. På vestsiden ved indløbet til Ålefjærfjorden ligger Justnesøya og Justvik.

Topdalsfjorden som Ålefjærfjorden er en del af er en tærskelfjord. Tærsklen går over fjorden med Varoddbrua syd for Ålefjærfjorden og på grund af stor tilførsel af ferskvand fra både Ålefjærbekken fra Bjåvann inderst i fjorden og Topdalselva har fjorden et ganske lavt saltindhold. Ved store nedbørsmængder kan man regne inderste del af Ålefjærfjorden for brakvand. På grund af lavt saltindhold fryser Ålefjærfjorden ofte  tidligere på vinteren end Topdalsfjorden og isen stopper normalt ved tærsklen ved Varoddbrua hvor saltinnholdet øger og strømmen er stærkere ved tidevandsændinger.

Omtrent midt i Ålefjærfjorden ligger Kvevika hvor forsvaret i 1986 etablerede et våbenlager for blandt andet miner. Forsvarets aktivitet i Kvevika blev afsluttet i 2002, men man kan endnu sejle  ind og se både kaj og tunel-indgangen til det gamle anlæg.

Tidligt i 1900-tallet blev der drevet tømmerflådning i fjorden. Tømmer blev fragtet med tovbane til Hunsfos fabrikker i Vennesla. Ålefjær kaj bliver i  folkemunde bare kaldt for "Taubanen" til trods for at der ikke har været drevet tovbane der siden 1963

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Agder
Kristiansand

Ålefjærfjorden


() are a type of Japanese playing cards. They are typically smaller than Western playing cards, only 5.4 by 3.2 cm, but thicker and stiffer, and often with a pronounced curve. On the face of each card is a depiction of plants,  (短冊), animals, birds, or man-made objects. One single card depicts a human. The back side is usually plain, without a pattern or design of any kind, and traditionally coloured either red or black.  are used to play a variety of games including  and .

In Korea,  are known as  (, Hanja: ) and made of plastic with a textured back side. The most popular games are Go-stop () and  (). Hwatu is very commonly played in South Korea during special holidays such as Lunar New Year and  ().

In Hawaii,  is used to play Sakura.  is also played in Micronesia, where it is known as  and is used to play a four-person game, which is often played in partnerships.

History

Playing cards were introduced to Japan by the Portuguese in the mid-16th century. The Portuguese deck consisted of 48 cards, with four suits divided into 12 ranks. The first Japanese-made decks made during the Tenshō period (1573–1592) mimicked Portuguese decks and are referred to as Tenshō Karuta. The main game was a trick-taking game intermediate in evolution between Triunfo and Ombre. After Japan closed off all contact with the Western world in 1633, foreign playing cards were banned.

In 1648,  were banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. During prohibition, gambling with cards remained highly popular which led to disguised card designs. Each time gambling with a card deck of a particular design became too popular, the government banned it, which then prompted the creation of a new design. This cat-and-mouse game between the government and rebellious gamblers resulted in the creation of increasingly abstract and minimalist regional patterns (地方札). These designs were initially called Yomi Karuta after the popular Poch-like game of Yomi which was known by the 1680s.

Through the Meiwa, An'ei, and Tenmei eras (roughly 1764–1789), a game called Mekuri took the place of Yomi. It became so popular that Yomi Karuta was renamed Mekuri Karuta. Mechanically, Mekuri is similar to Chinese fishing games. Cards became so commonly used for gambling that they were banned in 1791, during the Kansei era.

The earliest known reference to  (a previous version of ) is from 1816 when it was recorded as a banned gambling tool. The earliest decks contained between 12, 20, and even 32 suits, each with one high value card, one tanzaku card, and two low-value cards.

As  modernized into , it standardized at 12 months (suits) with four rank-like categories. The majority of  games are descended from Mekuri although Yomi adaptations for the flower cards survived until the 20th century. Though they can still be used for gambling, its structure and design is less convenient than other decks such as Kabufuda. In the Meiji period, playing cards became tolerated by the authorities.

In 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi founded Nintendo for the purposes of producing and selling hand-crafted . Nintendo has focused on video games since the 1970s but continues to produce cards in Japan, including themed sets based on Mario, Pokémon, and Kirby. The Koi-Koi game played with  is included in Nintendo's own Clubhouse Games (2006) for the Nintendo DS, and Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics (2020) for the Nintendo Switch.

Though modern Japanese hanafuda is primarily made today by either of the long-standing Oishi Tengudo (1800) or Nintendo (1889), dozens of others have manufactured hanafuda, such as Angel, Tamura Shogundo, Matsui Tengudo, Ace, Maruē, and many more.

Hanafuda were likely introduced to Korea during the late 1890s and to Hawaii in the early 1900s. Since then, companies and individuals in Korea and Hawaii have produced their own hanafuda, sometimes adapting the original Japanese imagery to fit either culture.

Cards
There are 48 cards total, divided into twelve suits, representing months of the year. Each suit is designated by a flower and has four cards. An extra blank card may be included to serve as a replacement. In Korean Hwatu decks, several joker cards (조커패) award various bonuses.

The standard categorizations and point values for each card are as follows. Note that some games change the point values or categorizations of the cards. For example, in the game Hachi-Hachi, all of the November cards count as kasu, and in the game Sakura, the values of the cards are different.

* In the Korean  version, the November and December suits are swapped.

Text significance
A few cards in hanafuda contain Japanese text. In addition to the examples below, the December  cards typically display the manufacturer's name and marks, similar to the Ace of spades in western playing cards.

Games

Mekuri-derived games:
Hana Awase
Minhwatu
Koi-Koi
Sakura
Go-Stop
Roppyakken
Mushi
Hachi
Hachi-hachi
Sudaoshi
Tensho

Yomi-derived games:
Poka
Hiyoko
Isuri

Gabo Japgi/Kabufuda-derived games:
Seotda
Doryjytgo-ttang

See also
 :Category:Films about hanafuda
 :Category:Hanafuda manufacturers
 Kabufuda
 Karuta
 Uta-garuta

Notes

References

External links

Hanafuda rules
Commentary on Hanafuda cards, including Korean variants

19th-century card games
Hawaii culture
Japanese card games
Japanese games
Korean card games
Korean games
Micronesian culture
Playing card decks

Hanafuda


Phormidium ist eine Gattung fädiger Cyanobakterien, oder "Blaualgen". Typspezies der Gattung ist Phormidium lucidum Kützing ex Gomont. Die Gattung bildet toxische Sekundärmetabolite.

Merkmale
Phormidium wächst in Matten aus langen, unverzweigten Zellfäden (Filamenten). Diese sind von einer dünnen, farblosen Gallerthülle umgeben. Einzelzellen sind von blaugrüner bis violetter Farbe. Zur Vermehrung werden Hormogonien gebildet.

Arten (Auswahl)
 Phormidium corium
 Phormidium formosum
 Phormidium lucidum
 Phormidium subfuscum

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Cyanobakterien
Cyanobacteria

Phormidium


An Heteropsis spruceana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Heteropsis spruceana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Heteropsis, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Heteropsis (Araceae)

Heteropsis spruceana


L'Homme parfait est une comédie française réalisée par Xavier Durringer et sorti en 2022.

Synopsis
Débordée par sa vie de famille et professionnelle, Florence décide d'acheter un robot à l'apparence humaine pour effectuer les tâches ménagères et s'occuper des enfants. Un robot parfait qui va provoquer la jalousie de Franck, mari chômeur de Florence.

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : Xavier Durringer
 Scénario : Miller Duvall, Kareen Alyanakian et Xavier Durringer
 Musique : David Sztanke
 Décors : Eric Durringer
 Costumes : Laure Villemer
 Photographie : Gilles Porte
 Montage : Romain Rioult
 Production : Kareen Alyanakian et Victorien Vaney
 Sociétés de production : Orson Films et Orange Studio
 Société de distribution : UGC
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Genre : comédie
 Durée : 86 minutes
 Date de sortie :
 France :

Distribution
 Didier Bourdon : Franck Pernet
 Valérie Karsenti : Florence Pernet
 Pierre-François Martin-Laval : Bobby
 Philippe Duquesne : Pat
 Frédérique Bel : Chloé
 Martin Gillis : Maximilien Pernet
 Juliette Gillis : Victoire Pernet
 Dominique Frot : Rachel
 Bernard Le Coq : Docteur Morgan
 Nicole Calfan : Catherine, la mère de Florence

Production

Accueil

Box-office
Le premier jour de son exploitation en France, le film engrange  entrées (dont  en avant-première), pour 320 copies. Il se place en  position du box-office des nouveautés derrière la comédie espagnole El buen patron () et devant la comédie romantique allemande I'm your man (). Au bout de sa première semaine d'exploitation, la comédie française réalise  entrées, se plaçant en  position derrière la comédie Incroyable mais vrai () et devant El buen patron (). Il n'est plus à l'affiche au bout de deux semaines seulement, avec moins de .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2022
Comédie française
Film mettant en scène un androïde
2022 en science-fiction

L'Homme parfait (film, 2022)


Yarij, en la mitología cananea, Yarjibol en fenicio, y a veces encontrado escrito como Jarich, Jerah, Jarah o Jorah (en hebreo, ירח), es un dios lunar, cuyos epítetos son "iluminador de los cielos", "iluminador de las miríadas de estrellas", o "señor de la hoz". El último epíteto puede provenir de la apariencia de la luna creciente.

Yarij era reconocido como el que causaba el rocío nocturno y, por medio de su humedad, originaba que florecieran y crecieran los huertos de árboles frutales en el desierto.

Para poder casarse con la que finalmente sería su esposa, la diosa Nikkal, debió de hacer grandes esfuerzos para convencer a su padre, el dios del verano Jirjibi, ofreciéndole una generosa dote compuesta por un millar de piezas de plata, diez mil piezas de oro y collares de lapislázuli. Su matrimonio es descrito líricamente en el texto ugarítico "Nikkal y las Kathirat".  Las Kathirat o diosas de las habilidades del matrimonio y el parto, llegaron a supervisar el nacimiento del hijo de ambos.

La ciudad de Jericó lleva su nombre. Como dios ugarítico, representa al dios Sin mesopotámico.

Referencias
 Gregorio del Olmo Lete: Yarḫu y Nikkalu: La mitología lunar sumeria en Ugarit. En: Aula Orientalis 9 (1991), p. 67-75.

Bibliografía
 Driver, Godfrey Rolles (1956, 2ª ed., 1971). Canaanite Myths and Legends (2ª ed.). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.

Dioses lunares
Mitología fenicia
Mitología cananea

Yarij


Bharattherium es un género de mamíferos que vivieron en la India durante el Maastrichtiense (finales del Cretácico). En este género solo se incluye una especie, Bharattherium bonapartei. Forma parte de la familia Sudamericidae perteneciente a los gondwanaterios, cuyos miembros también se han encontrado en Madagascar y Sudamérica durante del Cretácico superior. El primer fósil de Bharattherium se descubrió en 1989 y fue publicado en 1997, aunque el animal no fue nombrado hasta 2007, cuando dos equipos independientemente lo nombraron Bharattherium bonapartei y Dakshina jederi. El segundo se descartó por haberse producido en último lugar. De Bharattherium solo se conocen un total de ocho dientes aislados, entre los que se incluyen un incisivo y siete molariformes (dientes con forma de molar, tanto premolares como molares verdaderos).

Los molariformes de Bharattherium son dientes altos y curvados, con una altura de 5,97 a 8,40 mm. En varios dientes identificados inicialmente como molariformes inferiores cuartos (mf4), hay un gran surco en uno de los lados y una cavidad profunda (infundibulo) en el medio del diente. Otro diente, quizás un tercer molariforme inferior, tiene dos surcos en uno de los lados y tres infundibulos en el otro. Su esmalte dental tiene características que se han interpretado como protecciones contra las grietas en los dientes. Los dientes hipsodontos de los sudamerícidos como Bharattherium tienen reminiscencias de mamíferos herbívoros posteriores, y el descubrimiento de hierba en los yacimientos fósiles de la India coetáneos con los de Bharattherium sugieren que los sudamerícidos se alimentaban pastando.

Taxonomía
Se descubrió por primera vez un diente de gondwanaterio, conocido como VPL/JU/NKIM/25, fuera de América del Sur en la India en 1989, en los depósitos intertrappeanos Maastrichtienses de Naskal (de finales del Cretácico, hace unos 70–66 millones de años), pero no fue identificado como tal hasta que se descubrió otro gondwanaterio, Lavanify, en Madagascar a mediados de la década de los 1990. Los descubrimientos del Lavanify y VPL/JU/NKIM/25 se anunciaron en la revista Nature en 1997. Anteriormente los gondwanaterios se habían encontrado solo en Argentina, por lo que estos descubrimientos extendieron la presencia de la familia Sudamericidae a varios de los continentes que formaban el antiguo supercontinente de Gondwana.

En 2007 dos equipos de científicos nombraron independientemente a los gondwanaterios de la India según el nuevo material. Ambos equipos consideraron que VPL/JU/NKIM/25 pertenecía a una nueva especie. Guntupalli Prasad y sus colaboradores nombraron al animal Bharattherium bonapartei basándose en un diente más, VPL/JU/IM/33, de otra localización intertrappeana, Kisalpuri. El nombre del género, Bharattherium, combina Bharat, el término sánscrito para «India», con el griego therion que significa «bestia», y el nombre de la especie conmemora al paleontólogo argentino José Bonaparte, que fue el primero en describir un fósil de gondwanatherio. G.P. Wilson y sus colaboradores lo nombraron Dakshina jederi basándose en seis dientes, e identificaron otros materiales perteneciente a gondwanaterios indeterminados. De estos dientes, tres (GSI/SR/PAL-G059, G070 y G074) proceden del tercer yacimiento interppeano de Gokak y tres (GSI/SR/PAL-N071, N210 y N212) son de Naskal. Dakshina, el nombre del género, deriva del término sánscrito daakshinaatya que significa «del sur» en referencia a que tanto la localización de este animal están en el sur de la India al igual que la distribución de los gondwanaterios esté en los continentes del sur. El nombre de la especie, jederi, es en honor del paleontólogo de la universidad de Míchigan Jeffrey A. Wilson, cuyo apodo era «Jeder», que desempeñó un importante papel en el proyecto que condujo al descubrimiento del Dakshina. Wilson y sus colaboradores también describieron otros dientes de gondwanaterios de Gokak (GSI/SR/PAL-G111, G112 y G211), que proisionalmente se han identificado como una especie diferente de gondwanatherio de pequeña talla. En 2008 Prasad comentó que Bharattherium bonapartei y Dakshina jederi representaban a la misma especie y que Bharattherium, que se publicó primero, era la denominación correcta.

Descripción

Bharattherium bonapartei es conocido por un total de ocho dientes aislados. De los siete dientes de su muestra, Wilson y sus colaboradores identificaron provisionalmente cinco como el cuarto molariforme inferior (mf4), como los molares y premolares de los gondwanaterios no se pueden distinguir son denominados colectivamente como molariformes, otro como el tercer molariforme inferior (mf3) y otro es un incisivo inferior (i1). Estas identificaciones se hicieron comparándolos con una muestra del gondwanaterio sudamericano Sudamerica ameghinoi, del cual se conocen las ocho posiciones de los molariformes. Sin embargo, el gran número piezas identificados como mf4 llevó a Wilson y sus colaboradores a sospechar que los criterios utilizados para distinguir las posiciones dentales en el género Sudamerica podrían no ser aplicables directamente al Bharattherium. Prasad y sus colaboradores no asignaron a sus dos dientes de Bharattherium posición dental, pero sugirieron que debían tratarse de posiciones distintas y que uno podría proceder de la mandíbula superior y otro de la inferior. Como es característico de los sudamerícidos, los molariformes de Bharattherium son hipsodontos (de corona alta) y tiene una superficie de oclusión plana (masticadora) en lo alto del diente, con surcos que se extienden hasta lo alto del diente. Los molariformes de Bharattherium son los más pequeños de cualquier sudamerícido; los de Lavanify, por ejemplo, son un 35% mayores. A diferencia de los molariformes de Sudamerica los de Bharattherium se estrechan hacia la punta.

Molariformes
La pieza GSI/SR/PAL-G074, un mf4 derecho bien conservado que Wilson y su equipo seleccionó como el holotipo de Dakshina jederi, mide 7,57 mm de alto y tiene una corona de 3,66 x 2,99 mm. Está curvado, con la base más alejada (hacia atrás) que la parte superior. La superficie de oclusión es rectangular. En la cara de la lengua hay un surco profundo (rellenado parcialmente con cemento dental) que se extiende desde la parte superior hasta casi la base del diente. Además hay una hendidura mucho más pequeña en la cara exterior. La superficie de oclusión está cubierta principalmente por esmalte rodeado por un lago de dentina, aunque hay una isleta en forma de uve en el medio, con la punta de la uve dirigida hacia el lado de la lengua, los que forma un infundíbulo — una cavidad profunda en el diente. Se aprecian en el esmalte periquimas — bandas y surcos en forma de onda.

La pieza mf4 derecha GSI/SR/PAL-G070, que está dañada en los lados exterior, distal y lingual, mide 8,40 mm de alto, pero tiene una superficie de oclusión de solo 2,49 x 1,75 mm. A diferencia de GSI/SR/PAL-G074, la dentina de la superficie de oclusión no está expuesta, y la superficie de oclusión tiene forma ovalada. Además la isleta en forma de uve es más grande y el surco lingual es menos prominente en la superficie de oclusión, porque se estrecha cerca de la punta del diente. La pieza mf4 izquierda GSI/SR/PAL-N071 está muy dañada, mide 7,16 mm de altura, y solo el lado distal se conserva bien. El infundíbulo está expuesto internamente; se extiende 4,01 mm hacia abajo desde la corona. La superficie de oclusión está mal conservada, pero sus dimensiones son al menos de 2,14 x 2,42 mm. La pieza GSI/SR/PAL-N212, un mf4 derecho, está dañado en e lado interior, tiene una altura de 5,86 mm y su superficie de oclusión mide al menos 2,66 x 2,04 mm. Su islote en forma de uve está relleno con cemento dental.

La pieza VPL/JU/NKIM/25 fue el primer ejemplar de gondwanaterio indio que se describió. Está dañado en un lado. Wilson y su equipo lo identificó como un mf4 izquierdo (suponiendo que el lado dañado es el exterior) y tiene fuertes similitudes con la pieza GSI/SR/PAL-G070, incluida la corona curvada y el islote de esmalte en forma de uve en lo alto de un profundo infundíbulo. La superficie de oclusión es oval. El diente mide 6 mm de alto y Wilson y sus colegas estimaron que su superficie de oclusión medía 2.5 x 1.8 mm, cerca de las dimensiones de GSI/SR/PAL-G070. Sugieren que el diente probablemente tendría esmalte en todos los lados de la corona, pero Prasad y su equipo apuntan a un posible empalme de esmalte-dentina en el lado dañado como prueba de que el esmalte pueda estar allí.

La pieza GSI/SR/PAL-G059, identificada como un mf3 izquierdo, tiene una altura de 5,97 mm en el lado interior, pero solo 2,02 mm en el distal a causa de la curvatura. En el lado de la lengua son visibles dos surcos y en el lado exterior una rotura muestra tres largos infundíbulos, de los cuales el que está en el medio es el más largo y el más distal es el más corto. En la superficie de oclusión hay tres infundíbulos que se unen en un solo islote. Además son visibles en la superficie de oclusión tres lagos de dentina, que tienen dimensiones de 4,58 x al menos 2.52 mm. Aunque en el género Sudamerica mf2, mf3 y los molariformes superiores MF3 y MF4 todos tienen tres crestas, como GSI/SR/PAL-G059, las curvaturas encajan mejor en los mf3 de Sudamerica.

La pieza VPL/JU/IM/33, el holotipo de Bharattherium bonapartei, mide 7,33 mm de alto, 2,66 mm de largo, y 2,0 mm de ancho. La superficie de oclusión es más o menos rectangular y principalmente cubierta por un lago de dentina en forma de uve, que encierra un pequeño islote de esmalte en forma de corazón en lo alto de un infundíbulo relleno con cemento dental. Tiene además un surco vertical. Cerca de la parte superior del diente el esmalte cubre por completo la corona, pero un poco más abajo no hay esmalte en la cara cóncava del diente.

Incisivo

La pieza GSI/SR/PAL-N210, un i1 izquierdo, es liso en la parte interior (hacia el medio de la cabeza) pero convexo en la cara lateral y tiene un surco poco profundo en la cara lateral. En la base el diente es más ancho en el extremo más bajo. El diento se curva ligeramente hacia la punta. En la parte más baja el diente mide 11,76 mm de largo, pero al tener roturas posiblemente fuera más largo. La anchura del diente es de unos 3,39 mm. Wilson y su equipo identificaron este incisivo como Dakshina por su tamaño; los incisivos superior e inferior que asignaron a un gondwanaterio indeterminado eran más pequeños.

Microestructura del esmalte

Se estudió la microestructura del esmalte dental de VPL/JU/NKIM/25. A diferencia de otros gondwanaterios tiene un esmalte consistente en tres capas radiadas de esmalte, esmalte tangencial y PLEX. Las filas de pequeños prismas de esmalte redondos están separados por una matriz interprismática, que forma cristales orientados en ángulos relativos al prisma. Los prismas surgen del empalme esmalte-dentina, van a través del esmalte, y se encuentran en el esmalte exterior en un ángulo alto. Estas estructuras del esmalte aparentemente son adaptaciones para proteger el diente de las roturas.

Relaciones

Bharattherium es identificable como un sudamerícido porque tiene molariformes hipsodontos con surcos rellenos con cemento dental. Entre los cuatro géneros conocidos de sudamerícidos —Gondwanatherium y Sudamerica de Argentina; Lavanify de Madagascar; y Bharattherium— comparte con Sudamerica y Lavanify la presencia de surcos que se extienden hacia la base del diente. Además comparte varias características con Lavanify, los que sugiere que están cercanamente emparentados. Wilson y su equipo enumeran tres características compartidas entre ambos: la presencia de un infundíbulo (encontrado solo en uno de los dos especímenes de Lavanify), matrices interprismáticas, y periquimas. Prasad y su equipo también interpretan la matriz interprismática como un carácter compartido, pero añaden la ausencia de esmalte en un lado de la corona dental. Wilson y su equipo identificaron la presencia de lagos de esmalte en forma de uve en las piezas mf4 y las tres capas de esmalte como las autoapomorfias (caracteres exclusivamente derivados) propias del sudamérido indio.

Distribución y ecología

Se han encontrado restos de gondwanaterios en tres en tres yacimientos muy separados del Cretácico superior de la India peninsular — Naskal, Andhra Pradesh; Gokak, Karnataka; y Kisalpuri, Madhya Pradesh. Todos los yacimientos están en depósitos intertrappeanos (parte de las Trampas del Decán) y de la época del Maastrichtiense (al final del Cretácico). Los depósitos intertrappeanos han conservado una gran diversidad de fósiles, entre los que se mamíferos euterios como Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, y Kharmerungulatum. Se ha encontrado un posible miembro del antiguo y enigmático grupo de mamíferos Haramiyida, el Avashishta, en el que quizás es el depósito intertrapeano ligeramente más antiguo. Los sudamerícidos de la India son un ejemplo de la fauna de Gondwana que indica la afinidad biogeográficas con otras masas de tierra procedentes del supercontinente de Gondwana como Madagascar y Sudamérica.

En los animales modernos los dientes hipsodontos se asocian a menudo con las dietas que incluyen vegetación abrasiva como la hierba. La presencia de dientes hipsodontos en los sudamerícidos se ha interpretado como un indicador de hábitos terrestres semiacuáticos y una dieta con elementos como raíces y cortezas, porque se pensaba que todavía no había aparecido la hierba en la época en la que vivieron los sudamerícidos. Sin embargo se han encontrado restos de hierba en los depósitos intertrapeanos coetáneos a los yacimientos donde se encontró a Bharattherium, lo que indica que los sudamercidos como Bharattherium serían los primeros animales que pastaron hierba.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Krause, D.W.; Prasad, G.V.R.; Koenigswald, W. von; Sahni, A.; Grine, F.E. (1997). "Cosmopolitanism among Gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals". Nature 390 (6659): 504–507. Bibcode 1997Natur.390..504K. doi:10.1038/37343.

 Prasad, G. V. R.; Sahni, A. (2009). "Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate fossil record from India: Palaeobiogeographical insights". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180 (4): 369–381. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.4.369.
 Prasad, V.; Strömberg, C.A.E.; Alimohammadian, H.; Sahni, A. (2005). "Dinosaur coprolites and the early evolution of grasses and grazers". Science 310 (5751): 1177–1180. Bibcode 2005Sci...310.1177P. doi:10.1126/science.1118806. PMID 16293759. edit

 Wilson, G.P.; Das Sarma, D.C.; Anantharaman, S. (2007). "Late Cretaceous sudamericid gondwanatherians from India with paleobiogeographic considerations of Gondwanan mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 521–531. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27(521:LCSGFI)2.0.CO;2

Mamíferos del Cretácico
Gondwanatheria
Fósiles del Cretáceo en América

Bharattherium