Artsakh (, ) was the tenth province (nahang) of the Kingdom of Armenia from c. 189 BC until 387 AD, when it was made part of Caucasian Albania, a subject principality of the Sasanian Empire, following the Peace of Acilisene. From the 7th to 9th centuries, it fell under Arab control. In 821, it formed the Armenian principality of Khachen and around the year 1000 was proclaimed the Kingdom of Artsakh, one of the last medieval eastern Armenian kingdoms and principalities to maintain its autonomy following the Turkic invasions of the 11th to 14th centuries.

Name
Cuneiform inscriptions left by Urartian kings mention a land or lands called "Ardakh/Adakh", "Urdekhe/Urtekhini", and "Atakhuni", which some scholars identify with Artsakh. When speaking about Armenia in his Geography, the classical historian Strabo refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is also believed to be a rendering of the name Artsakh. Some early Armenian sources spell the name as Ardzakh ().

Many different proposed etymologies and interpretations of the name Artsakh exist. The 19th-century Armenian scholar Ghevont Alishan writes of the name's origin that it "remains unknown, but perhaps it would not be out of place to think that it comes from the name of bushes and trees tsakh, in accordance with the land's forested character". David M. Lang connects Artsakh with the name of King Artaxias I of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the Artaxiad dynasty that ruled Greater Armenia. Another scholar proposed that Artsakh consists of the elements art ("field" in Armenian) and aght (a Classical Armenian word for "black").

Based on the putative attestations of Artsakh as Urtekhe and Orchistene, historian Babken Harutyunyan hypothesizes that the initial vowel in Artsakh was originally an "o" sound (the vowel sounds "o" and "u" are not distinguished in cuneiform) that later underwent a vowel shift to an "a" sound, which is typical of Indo-European languages. On the basis of this assumption, linguist Lusine Margaryan proposes a connection with the Armenian word vortʻ (ortʻ in classical pronunciation, ortʻs in the accusative case), meaning grapevine, and the Hurro-Urartian suffix -ekhe/-akh (indicating placenames). According to this hypothesis, the name Artsakh developed from the unattested form *Ortʻsakh and can be interpreted as meaning "place of grapevines, grape garden"․

In the Middle Ages, Artsakh was occasionally referred to as "Little Syunik" or "Second Syunik" after the neighboring province. Medieval Armenian authors also referred to it as Khachʻen(kʻ) or, together with neighboring Utik, Arewelkʻ ("East" in Armenian), Arewelitsʻ koghmankʻ ("the eastern regions"), or Aghuankʻ (the Armenian name for Caucasian Albania). The territory of Artsakh or part of it fell under the region known as Arran and, later, Karabagh. The name Artsakh was repopularized among Armenians in the modern era, particularly with the emergence of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Artsakh is used by Armenians as a synonym for Karabagh and is used in the official name of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh (also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic).

Geography

Artsakh was located on the easternmost edge of the Armenian Plateau (the eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus) and was mostly mountainous and forested.  Its area is estimated to have been 11,528 km2. It was bordered by the following Armenian provinces: Utik to the east, Gardman to the northeast, and Syunik to the southwest. The river Arax formed its southern boundary, while the Hakari/Aghavno River was its only clear boundary with Syunik. To its east and southeast laid the lowlands between the Kura and Arax rivers and the Mughan plain, which at one point formed the Paytakaran province of Armenia. Artsakh's two largest rivers were the Gargar and the Tartar (Trtu in Classical Armenian sources), which flow eastward and eventually join the Kura. The medieval Kingdom of Artsakh (1000–1261) encompassed the entire territory of the classical province and also included Gardman-Parisos to the north and the cantons of Sodk and Gegharkunik of Syunik, located on the shores of Lake Sevan.

Important places in Artsakh (mostly fortified towns) included Parisos, Tigranakert, Sodk, Tsar, Vaykunik, Asteghblur, Goroz and Berdaglukh. The city of Tigranakert, which was first excavated in 2005, is believed to have been founded by King Tigranes the Great of Armenia in the 1st century BC, although conceivably it could also have been founded by King Tigranes I (123–55 BC). Later, in the Caucasian Albanian period, the village of Gyutakan (Armenian: Գյուտական, known as the "Royal Village") became of great importance as the residence of Vachagan III the Pious (467–510 AD), the last King of Caucasian Albania. During early medieval times, the castle of Khachen served for a considerable time as the center of Artsakh.

Cantons
According to the anonymous 7th-century Armenian work Ashkharatsoyts ("Geography") Artsakh comprised 12 cantons (gavars, variations on spelling exist):

 Myus Haband
 Vaykunik
 Berdadzor
 Mets Arank
 Mets Kvenk
 Harchlank
 Mukhank
 Piank
 Parzkank
 Sisakan Vostan or Sisakan-i-Kotak
 Kust-i-Parnes
 Koght

The precise location of many of these cantons is not known for certain, and not all of these names are used by later Armenian authors. Some versions enumerate 13 or 14 cantons.

Status
It is not certain how Artsakh was administered as a sub-national political entity within Armenia. Ghevont Alishan believed that Artsakh was originally a part of Syunik that was later separated and regarded as its own province. According to some Armenian scholars, Artsakh formed a principality with the adjacent canton of Sodk. Conceivably it was royal land. Its northern part also comprised the principality of Koght and it is possible that the princes of Koght were the original owners of Artsakh.  Under the rule of Caucasian Albania, Artsakh, while often referred to, was not a recognized political entity. By the 9th century it comprised a number of small political units ruled by the Aranshahiks, including the principalities of Khachen in the center and Dizak in the south. Only in the 13th century did these two states merge into one – the Kingdom of Artsakh.

Population

Anthropological studies show that the current Artsakh (Karabakh) Armenians are the direct physical descendants of the indigenous population of the region. Following the modern consensus among western scholars concerning the origin of the Armenian people, they represent a fusion of the mostly Indo-European natives of the Armenian Plateau (including Artsakh) and the proto-Armenians, conventionally called the "Armens" of Armenian Plateau. According to this theory, from earliest times the Armenian Plateau was inhabited by many ethnic groups. The ethnic character of Artsakh may thus have been originally more diverse than it is now. It may have even been the homeland of the ancient tribes who lived in the region of Arran, although that is not certain. It is worth noting that Strabo described Armenia (which then included also Artsakh and Utik) in the 1st century BC as "monolingual", though this does not necessarily mean that its population consisted exclusively of ethnic Armenians.

According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, the proto-Armenians had settled as far north as the Kura River by the 7th century BC. In Robert Hewsen's view, until the 6th–5th centuries BC the proto-Armenians lived only in the western half of the Armenian Plateau (in areas between Cappadocia, the Tigris, the Euphrates, and Lake Van) and came to Artsakh and adjacent regions such as Syunik and Utik somewhat later than the central parts of the Armenian Plateau (as late as the 2nd century BC, as a result of Artaxias I's conquests). Although little is known of the people that lived in Artsakh and Utik prior to the putative 2nd-century BC arrival of the Armenians, Hewsen argues that the names of those tribes (mentioned by Greek, Roman and Armenian authors) demonstrate that they were not Armenian and mostly non-Indo-European, and that they assimilated into the Armenians over time.

By medieval times, from at least the 9th century, the population of Artsakh had a strong Armenian national identity. Its people spoke a local Eastern Armenian dialect, the Artsakhian dialect (today known as the Karabakh dialect), which was mentioned by 7th-century grammarian Stepanos Syunetsi in his earliest record of the Armenian dialects․

History

Traditional views
The early Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi tells of a certain Aran, a descendant of the legendary Armenian patriarch Hayk through Sisak, who inherited "the plain of Albania [Aghuankʻ] and the mountainous region of the same plain" from the Arax River up to the fortress of Hnarakert (located on the Kura), and was appointed governor (koghmnakal) by King Vagharsak the Parthian. Khorenatsi writes that Aran's descendants formed the ruling families of the lands of Utik, Gardman, Tsawdēkʻ and Gargar, and that Aghuankʻ (the Armenian name for Caucasian Albania/Arran) was named so after Aran, since he was called aghu (meaning "soft, tender, amiable" in Armenian) on account of his good manners. This story is repeated by later medieval Armenian historians, including Stephen Orbelian and Movses Kaghankatvatsi. The latter author identifies Aran as the founder of the original ruling dynasty of Caucasian Albania, the Aranshahiks. Armenian historians such as Bagrat Ulubabyan and Asatur Mnatsakanyan interpret Khorenatsi's story about Aran and his descendants as an allegorical reflection of the historical Armenianness of the lands between the Kura and Arax rivers, i.e. Utik and Artsakh.

Early history
In 1968, Soviet archaeologists discovered a fragment of a jawbone of a pre-Homo sapiens human dating back possibly to the Middle Acheulean culture in a cave complex near the village of Azokh in modern-day Nagorno-Karabakh. Other sites of archaeological interest are located in the vicinity of Stepanakert, Khojaly, and Astghashen, where ancient burial mounds containing human and animal remains, tools, pottery and other objects have been discovered. In general, archaeological remains in Artsakh reflect the competing influences from around 800 BC of the neighboring rival states of Urartu, Assyria, and Mannai. If Artsakh is to be identified with the Adakh/Urtekhini/Atakhuni of Urartian cuneiform inscriptions, then it was the target of military campaigns by two Urartian kings: Sarduri II and Rusa I.

Classical Era
After the fall of Urartu (6th century BC), most of the region south of the Kura River came under the domination of the Medes, followed by the Achaemenian Persians until 331 BC when Alexander the Great invaded the region during his wars with the Achaemenids, upsetting its balance of power. In Robert H. Hewsen's view, Artsakh and neighboring Utik became a part of the Kingdom of Armenia only after 189 BC, when the Artaxiad dynasty came to power in Armenia. Strabo reports that King Artaxias I of Armenia () expanded his state in all directions at the expense of his neighbors, conquering the lands of Caspiane (previously ruled by the Medes) and "Phaunitis" (supposedly a copyist error for Saunities, i.e. Syunik), as well as, presumably, the lands lying in between Syunik and the Caspian Sea, i.e. Artsakh and Utik. Many Armenian historians reject this view, arguing that Artsakh and Utik were ruled and populated by Armenians from the earliest days of the formation of the Armenian people. It is possible that Artsakh had earlier been part of Orontid Armenia in the 4th–2nd centuries BC rather than under Median rule.

Strabo mentions that the land of Orchistene, frequently identified with Artsakh, "furnishes the most cavalry" of the Armenian provinces. In the Classical Armenian sources, Artsakh is described as a strategic and fortified region. In the words of the historian Leo, judging from the Classical Armenian sources, Artsakh, along with Syunik, Utik, Sasun and other remote regions of Greater Armenia, was regarded as a "wild" or "barbarous" province when compared with the center of the kingdom, Ayrarat.

In 301, Armenia was converted to Christianity under the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia. The Armenian historian Agathangelos mentioned the princes of Utik and Sodk (which probably comprised Artsakh) among the sixteen Armenian princes who escorted Gregory the Illuminator to Caesarea, where he would be enthroned the Patriach of Armenia.

Artsakh became a major stronghold for Armenian missionaries to proclaim the Christian Gospel to neighboring countries. In 310 St Grigoris, the grandson of Grigor the Illuminator, was ordained bishop of Iberia and Caucasian Albania in the monastery of Amaras, being just 15 years old at the time. After his martyrdom by the Mazkutian king on the field of Vatnean (near Derbent), his disciples conveyed his body back to Artsakh and buried him in Amaras, which had been built by Gregory the Illuminator and Grigoris himself. Hence St Grigoris became a patron saint of Artsakh. The historian Pavstos Buzand wrote that "... every year the people of that places and cantons gathers there [in Amaras] for the festive commemoration of his valor".

In the 5th century, Christian culture flourished in Artsakh. Around 410 Mesrop Mashtots opened the first Armenian school at Amaras. Later, more schools were opened in Artsakh.

Loss to Caucasian Albania
The second half of the 4th century saw a series of wars between the Kingdom of Armenia and Sassanid Persia. After enduring 34 years of warfare, the Armenian nobility of Artsakh and most other provinces of Armenia revolted, refusing to support the Armenian king Arshak II anymore out of war-weariness. According to Pavstos Buzand, after bringing Arshak's son Pap to the Armenian throne and defeating the Sassanid invaders with Roman assistance, the Armenian sparapet (supreme commander) Mushegh Mamikonian severely punished the rebelling Armenian provinces, Artsakh included, and brought them back under the control of the Armenian monarchy. Then, in 372 he attacked the Caucasian Albanians and took back from them the neighboring province of Utik, in the process reestablishing the Kura River as the boundary between Armenia and Caucasian Albania.

In 387, according to the terms of the Peace of Acilisene, the Armenian kingdom was partitioned between the Roman and Sasanian empires. Caucasian Albania, as an ally of the Sassanids at the time, gained Armenian territories the right bank of the river Kura up to the Arax, including Artsakh, Gardman and Utik.

Following the Battle of Avarayr (451), in which a united Christian army consisting of Armenians, Georgians, and Caucasian Albanians clashed with the Sassanid army, many of the Armenian nobles retreated to impassable mountains and forests in several provinces, including Artsakh, which became a center for resistance against Sassanid Iran. From the 5th to the 7th centuries Artsakh was ruled by the Armenian noble family of Arranshahiks. Furthermore, the Armenian rulers of Artsakh began to play a considerable role in the affairs of Caucasian Albania. In 498 in the settlement named Aghuen (in present-day Mardakert region of Nagorno-Karabakh), an Albanian church assembly was held, in the presence of the nobility and princes (azgapetk) of Artsakh and the king Vachagan the Pious, to adopt the Constitution of Aghven, which would arrange relations between the nobility (landlords), clergy and village people.

Medieval Period

In the 7th–9th centuries, the South Caucasus was dominated by the Arab Caliphates. In the early 9th century two Armenian princes, Sahl Smbatian and Esayi Abu-Muse, revolted against Arab rule and established two independent principalities in Artsakh: Khachen and Dizak. At the time the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII addressed letters "to prince of Khachen – to Armenia", being the residence of the Armenian prince Sahl Smbatian. In 852–855 Sahl Smbatian and Esayi Abu-Muse fought against the Abbasid commander Bugha. The latter 28 times unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Ktich Castle (situated near modern-day Togh in Nagorno-Karabakh), the main stronghold of the Armenians of Artsakh. The descendants of Sahl Smbatian through his son Atrnerseh consolidated their rule over Artsakh over the years; Artsakh was politically unified for three-and-a-half centuries until Hasan the Great partitioned it between two of his sons in 1182. From c. 1000 to 1266 the rulers of Khachen styled themselves "Kings of Albania" or "Kings of Artsakh", but they stopped using the royal title after the death of Hasan Jalal Dawla in the 1260s. The principality eventually split into smaller parts known as the Khamsa Melikdoms of Karabakh, ruled by branches of the House of Hasan-Jalalyan. Subsequently, Artsakh existed as a vassal of the Kara Koyunlu, Ak Koyunlu, Iranian Safavids, Zands, Afsharids, and Qajars, until it was ceded to Imperial Russia following the outcome of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and the following Treaty of Gulistan.

See also

 Republic of Artsakh
 Nagorno-Karabakh
 Karabakh
 Principality of Khachen
 Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
 Caucasian Albania

Notes

Notes

References

Provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Caucasian Albania

Artsakh (historical province)


En náutica, la cuadra tiene varias acepciones y un compuesto:
Anchura de un buque tomada en la cuarta parte de su eslora, bien sea contando a partir de la popa, o de la proa, sin tener en cuenta la diferencia que puede haber entre ambos extremos, según el mayor o menor calado de cada uno de ellos.
La parte exterior de la mura en que coincide cada una de las mencionadas anchuras.
Las cuadernas denominadas en conjunto con este nombre, o también con el de redel de popa o de proa, según su situación.
La dirección perpendicular a la quilla o al rumbo que se hace.
Lo mismo que bandera cuadrada.
Vela cuadra.
Navegar a la cuadra o con viento a la cuadra: navegar a un largo de ocho cuartas, o en dirección perpendicular a la del viento que corre. Se dice del viento que incide en dirección perpendicular al plano longitudinal de un barco. Cuando un embarcación a vela|velero navega en tales condiciones se dice que navega a la cuadra. Es en estas circunstancias y con tiempo bonancible cuando un barco de vela obtiene más rendimiento de su aparejo, pues puede llevar todo él, tanto el de cruz como el de cuchillo, cazado y portando bien, esto es, todas las velas desplegadas y en cada una desarrollando el viento un efecto útil a la propulsión directa. El abatimiento, es decir, lo que el barco navega de través, es casi nulo, hasta el punto de que en la práctica no se tiene en cuenta.

Referencias

Partes de un barco

Cuadra (náutica)


Miho Fukumoto (født 2. oktober 1983) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Hun har tidligere spillet for Japans kvindefodboldlandshold.

Japans fodboldlandshold

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Japan

Miho Fukumoto


Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (3 Mart 1845, Sankt Petersburg, Rusya - 6 Ocak 1918, Halle an de Saale, Almanya), Alman matematikçi. Kümeler kuramının kurucusudur. Kümeler arasında birebir eşlemenin önemini ortaya koydu, "sonsuz küme" kavramına matematiksel bir tanım getirdi ve gerçel sayıların sonsuzluğunun doğal sayıların sonsuzluğundan "daha büyük" olduğunu ispatladı. Ayrıca kardinal sayı ve ordinal sayı kavramlarını ortaya atmış ve bu sayıların aritmetiğini tanımlamıştır. Cantor'un buluşlarının matematik ve felsefede önemli yeri vardır.

Cantor'un "sonsuzötesi sayılar" fikri sezgilerimizle ters düştüğü için, zamanın matematikçileri tarafından yoğun şekilde eleştirilmiştir. Henri Poincaré, Cantor'un fikirlerini "matematiği istila eden korkunç bir hastalık" olarak nitelendirmiş, Leopold Kronecker ise Cantor'u "şarlatan"lıkla suçlamıştır. Cantor'un 1884'ten hayatının sonuna kadar yaşadığı depresyon nöbetlerinin, kısmen bu saldırılardan kaynaklandığı iddia edilmişse de, nöbetlerin asıl sebebi muhtemelen bipolar bozukluktur.

Günümüzde, Cantor'un fikirleri matematikçilerin büyük çoğunluğu tarafından doğru kabul edilmekte ve matematik tarihinin en önemli paradigma değişimlerinden biri olarak tanınmaktadır. David Hilbert, "Cantor'un yarattığı cennetten bizi kimse kovamayacaktır" diyerek Cantor'un katkılarının önemini vurgulamıştır.

Hayatı

Çocukluğu ve gençliği
Cantor, 3 Mart 1845'te, Rusya'nın o zamanki başkenti Sankt-Peterburg'da dünyaya geldi. Babası Georg Waldemar Cantor, Danimarka kökenli bir tüccardı ve St. Petersburg borsasında simsarlık yapıyordu. Annesi Maria Anna Cantor ise Avusturya kökenliydi ve yetenekli bir müzisyendi.

Babanın sağlığı bozulunca, aile 1856'da Almanya'nın Frankfurt kentine taşındı. Cantor, Darmstadt'ta bir yatılı liseye yazıldı ve 1860'ta buradan yüksek başarıyla mezun oldu. 1862'de ise Zürih Politeknik Enstitüsü'ne (bugün ETH Zürih) girerek matematik okumaya başladı. Bir yıl sonra babası ölünce Almanya'ya döndü ve Berlin Üniversitesi'ne yazıldı. Burada, zamanın büyük matematikçileri Ernst Kummer, Karl Weierstrass ve Leopold Kronecker'den dersler aldı. 1867'de sayılar kuramı üzerine yazdığı tezini sunarak üniversiteden mezun oldu.

Bir süre Berlin'deki bir kız okulunda öğretmenlik yaptıktan sonra, 1869'da Halle Üniversitesi'nde doçent olarak çalışmaya başladı.

Orta Yaşları
Cantor, Halle Üniversitesi'ndeki meslekdaşı Eduard Heine'nin etkisiyle sayılar kuramından uzaklaşıp analizle ilgilenmeye başladı. 1870'te, bir fonksiyonun birden fazla trigonometrik seri açılımı olamayacağını kanıtlayarak adını duyurdu. Cantor'dan önce, Heine'nin yanı sıra Lejeune Dirichlet, Rudolph Lipschitz ve Bernhard Riemann gibi pek çok matematikçi bu problemle uğraşmış ama sonuca ulaşamamıştı. 1870-72 arasında Cantor trigonometrik serilere ilişkin bir dizi makale yayımladı ve 1872'de Sıradışı Profesör unvanını kazandı. Aynı sene yazışmaya başladığı meslekdaşı Richard Dedekind, gerçel sayıları "Dedekind kesitleri" olarak tanımladığı meşhur makalesinde, Cantor'un trigonometrik seri makalelerinden birini referans olarak gösterdi.

Cantor 1873'te rasyonel sayıların doğal sayılarla birebir eşlenebildiğini, bir başka deyişle rasyonel sayıların sayılabilir sonsuzlukta olduğunu kanıtladı. Aynı yıl, cebirsel sayıların (yani katsayıları tam sayı olan herhangi bir polinomun kökü olarak yazılabilen gerçel sayıların) da sayılabilir olduğunu kanıtladı. 1874'te ise gerçel sayıların tamamının sayılabilir olmadığını gösterdi. Böylece gerçel sayıların çok küçük bir kısmının cebirsel olduğu, neredeyse tamamının aşkın sayılar olduğu ortaya çıktı.

Cantor bundan sonra, boyut sayıları farklı olan kümelerin, mesela bir birim uzunluğundaki (tek boyutlu) bir doğru parçasıyla bir birimkare alana sahip (iki boyutlu) bir karenin, birebir eşlenip eşlenemeyeceğini araştırmaya başladı. 1877'de bulduğu sonuç oldukça şaşırtıcıydı: Bir birim uzunluğunda bir doğru parçasının üzerindeki noktalar, p boyutlu uzayın tüm noktalarıyla birebir eşlenebiliyordu. Arkadaşı Dedekind'e bu sonuçtan bahsederken "Je le vois, mais je ne le crois pas!" ("Görüyorum, ama inanmıyorum!") diye yazdı.

1878'te yazdığı bir makalede, birebir eşleme, sayılabilirlik ve boyut kavramlarına açıklık getirdi. Cantor, kendi fikirlerine açıkça karşı çıkan Kronecker'in muhalefetinden korktuğu için bu makaleyi yayımlanmadan önce geri çekmek istemiş, Dedekind ve Weierstrass'ın desteğiyle bundan vazgeçmişti.

1879 ve 1884 arasında yayımladığı altı makaleyle, kümeler kuramının temellerini attı, "sonsuzötesi" (kardinal ve ordinal) sayılar fikrini anlattı. Bu makaleleri yayımlayan Mathematische Annalen dergisinin editörleri, aslında büyük bir cesaret örneği sergiliyorlardı, çünkü Cantor'un fikirleri, Kronecker'un başını çektiği bir grup nüfuzlu matematikçi tarafından şiddetle eleştiriliyor ve hatalı bir düşünce şekli olarak yorumlanıyordu. Bu kuvvetli muhalefetin farkında olan Cantor, makalelerinde eleştirilere uzun uzun cevap vermeye özen gösteriyordu.

Mayıs 1884'te ilk ağır depresyon nöbetini geçiren Cantor, birkaç hafta içinde kendini toparladıysa da matematiğe dönmek için yeterli özgüveni bulamadığından, felsefe ve edebiyatla ilgilenmeye başladı. Sonsuzluk ve kümeler hakkında kendi geliştirdiği fikirlerin felsefi ve teolojik sonuçlarıyla ilgileniyor ve bu konuda pek çok filozofla yazışıyordu. Bu yazışmaların bir kısmını 1888'de yayımladı. Edebiyatta ise Shakespeare'in tiyatro eserlerini inceliyor, bunların aslında Shakespeare değil Francis Bacon tarafından yazıldığını kanıtlamaya çalışıyordu. Shakespeare ve Bacon konusundaki bu garip saplantısından hayatı boyunca vazgeçmeyecek, bu konuyla ilgili araştırmalarını 1896 ve 1897'de iki kitapçık halinde yayımlayacaktı. (Saplantının sebebi büyük ihtimalle bipolar bozukluk idi.)

1890'da, Alman Matematikçiler Cemiyeti'nin (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung) kurucularından biri oldu ve bu cemiyetin 1891'deki ilk toplantısına başkanlık etti. Bu toplantıya, bir türlü iyi geçinemediği Leopold Kronecker'i de davet ettiyse de, karısı bir dağcılık kazasında ciddi şekilde yaralanınca Kronecker toplantıya katılamadı. Bu toplantıda Cantor, yeni kurulan Cemiyet'in ilk başkanı seçildi.

Yaşlılığı ve ölümü
Cantor, son önemli makalesini 1895 ve 1897'de iki kısım halinde yayımladı. Bu makalede, kümeler kuramıyla ilgili bugün alışık olduğumuz bazı kavramları (altkümeler gibi) tanımlıyor, kardinal ve ordinal aritmetiği tekrar gözden geçiriyordu. Cantor bu makalesinde süreklilik hipotezinin de bir kanıtını sunmak istemiş, ama çok uğraştığı halde kanıtı bulamamıştı. (Süreklilik hipotezi, eleman sayısı olarak doğal sayılardan büyük, gerçel sayılardan küçük bir kümenin varolmadığını söyler. Kurt Gödel ve Paul Cohen 20. yüzyılda göstermişlerdir ki, geleneksel kümeler kuramı aksiyomlarından yola çıkılarak bu hipotezin doğruluğu da yanlışlığı da kanıtlanamaz.)

Aralık 1899'da en küçük oğlunun ani ölümüyle bir kez daha depresyona girdi ve bir daha asla tam anlamıyla toparlanamadı. Pek çok kez işinden izin alıp çeşitli senatoryumlarda tedavi gören Cantor, bu sancılı döneminde de bir taraftan matematikle uğraşmayı bırakmadı. Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung'un 1903'teki toplantısında, kümeler kuramının paradoksları üzerine bir dizi konuşma yaptı ve Heidelberg'deki 1904 Uluslararası Matematikçiler Kongresi'ne katıldı.

1911'de İskoçya'daki St. Andrews Üniversitesi'nin 500. kuruluş yıldönümü kutlamalarına davet edilince çok sevindi. Burada, kümeler kuramının yeni yıldızı Bertrand Russell ile tanışmayı umuyordu, ama sağlık problemleri sebebiyle Almanya'ya erken dönmek zorunda kalınca bu umudu gerçekleşmedi. 1912'de St. Andrews Üniversitesi Cantor'a fahri doktora verdi, fakat Cantor yine sağlık problemleri yüzünden İskoçya'ya gidip doktorasını alamadı.

Cantor 1913'te emekliye ayrıldı ve I. Dünya Savaşı koşulları yüzünden fakirlik içinde yaşamaya başladı. 1915'te, Halle'de Cantor'un 70. yaşgünü için planlanan kutlamalar savaş yüzünden iptal edilince Cantor yaşgününü evinde daha mütevazı koşullarda kutladı. Haziran 1917'de tekrar bir senatoryuma giren Cantor, burada 6 Ocak 1918'de (72 yaşında) geçirdiği bir kalp krizi sonucunda hayata gözlerini yumdu ve Halle'deki Giebichenstein Mezarlığı'na gömüldü.

Ailesi
Cantor, Ağustos 1874'te kızkardeşinin arkadaşı Vally Guttmann ile evlendi ve bu evlilikten altı çocuğu oldu. Üniversiteden aldığı maaşın çok düşük olmasına rağmen, babasından kalan miras sayesinde ailesini geçindirebildi.

Kaynakça
 MacTutor Matematik Tarihi Arşivi'ndeki Cantor biyografisi (İngilizce)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Cantor'un Diagonal Yöntemi
 Cantor paradoksu

1845 doğumlular
1918 yılında ölenler
Sankt Peterburg doğumlular
Alman matematikçiler
ETH Zürih'te öğrenim görenler

Georg Cantor


Fly High kan referere til flere artikler:

 Flight (2009 film), en sydkoreansk film også kendt som Fly High

Musik

Albums
 Fly High (album), et album fra 2001 af den danske duo Me & My
 Fly High (EP), en EP fra 2013 af Infinite H, eller nummeret af samme navn fra EP'en

Sange
 "Fly High", en single fra 1972 af Bridget St John
 "Fly High" (sang), en sang fra 2000 af 2000 Ayumi Hamasaki
 "Fly High", en sang af Mad Capsule Markets fra 010
 "Fly High", en sang af Shaggy
 "Flyhigh", en sang af Soulfly fra Primitive
 "Fly High", en sang af W-inds
 "Fly High", en sang fra soundtracket fra computerspillet Salamander
 "Fly High", en sang af Me & My fra albummet albummet af samme navn

Fly High


Petlja, matematički objekt iz teorije grafova. Vrsta je brida.

Graf je u gruboj definiciji skup objekata: vrhova, točaka ili čvorova koje povezuju bridovi odnosno crte (linije). Brid spaja dva čvora i to je odnos koji definira graf. Ako vrhove povezuje brid, grafove se prikazuje crtanjem točaka za svaki vrh i povlačenjem luka između dvaju vrhova.

Ako brid počinje i završava u istom vrhu tad je on petlja, odnosno to je brid koji je incidentan samo s jednim vrhom.

Ako je grana s jednim vrhom, onda je to petlja.

Stupanj vrha v u grafu G je broj bridova koji su incidencija s v, pri čemu se petlje broje dva puta. Konačan li je skup bridova E(G), tada je ukupni zbroj stupnjeva svih bridova jednak dvostrukom broju bridova. Ako postoji brid između vrhova u i v, vrhovi su susjedni.

Izvori

Teorija grafova

Petlja (teorija grafova)


Nectarinidele (Nectariniidae), numite și nectariniide, nectarinii, nectarine, sugătoare de nectar, păsări-nectar, este o familie de păsări de talie mică din ordinul paseriformelor, răspândite în regiunile calde ale Lumii Vechi, unde țin locul păsărilor colibri. Se hrănesc cu nectar, pe care-l sorb din flori, cu ciocul lor subțire. Familia nectarinidelor cuprinde 15 genuri și 147 de specii de păsări, răspândite în regiunile tropicale și subtropicale din Lumea Veche: în Africa Subsahariană, Madagascar, sud-estul Asiei, inclusiv Noua Guinee și insule adiacente; câteva specii ajung și în nord-estul Australiei. Jumătate din specii sunt răspândite în Africa, iar restul în Asia și Australia. Sunt păsări de talie mică sau foarte mică, au o lungime de 8-25 cm, și o greutate de 4-20 g. Unele specii sunt considerate printre cele mai mici paseriforme. Au un colorit viu, metalic, mai strălucitor la masculi. Dimorfismul sexual poate fi permanent sau sezonier. Se  hrănesc cu nectar, pe care îl sorb din flori, cu ciocul lor subțire, asemenea colibriilor. Zboară de la floare la floare și sug nectarul florilor, așezându-se pe ramurile din jurul lor. Uneori pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp sug nectarul, zburând vibrat în fața florilor cu bătăi dese din aripi, așa cum fac colibrii. Se hrănesc și cu insecte și păianjeni pe care îi ciugulesc din corolele florilor sau cățărîndu-se în jurul ramurilor, la fel ca pițigoii. Ca adaptare la hrana cu nectar, au limba accentuat protractilă, tubuloasă, despicată la vârf. Ciocul este fin, ascuțit și curbat în jos. Cuiburile  au formă de pungă, cu o intrare laterală, și sunt în general suspendate pe ramurile subțiri ale unui copac sau arbust și țesute artistic cu fire vegetale, mușchi etc. Femelele construiesc cuibul, clocesc și adesea hrănesc singure puii. Sunt păsări folositoare, deoarece hrănindu-se cu nectarul florilor, realizează și procesul de polenizare a lor.

Sistematica
Familia nectarinidelor include 15 genuri și 147 de specii de păsări:

 Genul  Arachnothera
 Arachnothera crassirostris
 Arachnothera robusta
 Arachnothera longirostra
 Arachnothera dilutior
 Arachnothera flammifera
 Arachnothera hypogrammica
 Arachnothera juliae
 Arachnothera clarae
 Arachnothera chrysogenys
 Arachnothera magna
 Arachnothera flavigaster
 Arachnothera affinis
 Arachnothera modesta
 Genul  Chalcoparia
 Chalcoparia singalensis
 Genul  Deleornis
 Deleornis fraseri
 Deleornis axillaris
 Genul  Anthreptes
 Anthreptes reichenowi
 Anthreptes anchietae
 Anthreptes simplex
 Anthreptes malacensis
 Anthreptes griseigularis
 Anthreptes rhodolaemus
 Anthreptes gabonicus
 Anthreptes longuemarei
 Anthreptes orientalis
 Anthreptes neglectus
 Anthreptes aurantius
 Anthreptes seimundi
 Anthreptes rectirostris
 Anthreptes tephrolaemus
 Anthreptes rubritorques
 Genul  Hedydipna
 Hedydipna collaris
 Hedydipna platura
 Hedydipna metallica
 Hedydipna pallidigaster
 Genul  Anabathmis
 Anabathmis reichenbachii
 Anabathmis hartlaubii
 Anabathmis newtonii
 Genul  Dreptes
 Dreptes thomensis
 Genul  Anthobaphes
 Anthobaphes violacea
 Genul  Cyanomitra
 Cyanomitra verticalis
 Cyanomitra bannermani
 Cyanomitra cyanolaema
 Cyanomitra oritis
 Cyanomitra alinae
 Cyanomitra olivacea
 Cyanomitra verreauxii
 Genul  Chalcomitra
 Chalcomitra adelberti
 Chalcomitra fuliginosa
 Chalcomitra rubescens
 Chalcomitra amethystina
 Chalcomitra senegalensis
 Chalcomitra hunteri
 Chalcomitra balfouri
 Genul  Leptocoma
 Leptocoma zeylonica
 Leptocoma minima
 Leptocoma brasiliana
 Leptocoma sperata
 Leptocoma juliae
 Leptocoma aspasia
 Leptocoma calcostetha
 Genul  Nectarinia
 Nectarinia bocagii
 Nectarinia purpureiventris
 Nectarinia tacazze
 Nectarinia kilimensis
 Nectarinia famosa
 Nectarinia johnstoni
 Genul  Drepanorhynchus
 Drepanorhynchus reichenowi
 Genul  Cinnyris
 Cinnyris chloropygius
 Cinnyris minullus
 Cinnyris gertrudis
 Cinnyris manoensis
 Cinnyris chalybeus
 Cinnyris neergaardi
 Cinnyris afer
 Cinnyris stuhlmanni
 Cinnyris prigoginei
 Cinnyris ludovicensis
 Cinnyris reichenowi
 Cinnyris regius
 Cinnyris rockefelleri
 Cinnyris mediocris
 Cinnyris usambaricus
 Cinnyris fuelleborni
 Cinnyris moreaui
 Cinnyris loveridgei
 Cinnyris pulchellus
 Cinnyris melanogastrus
 Cinnyris mariquensis
 Cinnyris shelleyi
 Cinnyris congensis
 Cinnyris erythrocercus
 Cinnyris nectarinioides
 Cinnyris bifasciatus
 Cinnyris tsavoensis
 Cinnyris chalcomelas
 Cinnyris pembae
 Cinnyris bouvieri
 Cinnyris osea
 Cinnyris habessinicus
 Cinnyris hellmayri
 Cinnyris coccinigastrus
 Cinnyris johannae
 Cinnyris superbus
 Cinnyris rufipennis
 Cinnyris oustaleti
 Cinnyris talatala
 Cinnyris venustus
 Cinnyris fuscus
 Cinnyris ursulae
 Cinnyris batesi
 Cinnyris cupreus
 Cinnyris asiaticus
 Cinnyris jugularis
 Cinnyris idenburgi
 Cinnyris buettikoferi
 Cinnyris solaris
 Cinnyris sovimanga
 Cinnyris humbloti
 Cinnyris comorensis
 Cinnyris coquerellii
 Cinnyris dussumieri
 Cinnyris moebii
 Cinnyris voeltzkowi
 Cinnyris notatus
 Cinnyris lotenius
 Genul  Aethopyga
 Aethopyga duyvenbodei
 Aethopyga ignicauda
 Aethopyga saturata
 Aethopyga nipalensis
 Aethopyga gouldiae
 Aethopyga temminckii
 Aethopyga mystacalis
 Aethopyga shelleyi
 Aethopyga vigorsii
 Aethopyga siparaja
 Aethopyga magnifica
 Aethopyga pulcherrima
 Aethopyga flagrans
 Aethopyga guimarasensis
 Aethopyga bella
 Aethopyga eximia
 Aethopyga latouchii
 Aethopyga christinae
 Aethopyga linaraborae
 Aethopyga primigenia
 Aethopyga boltoni

Referințe

Nectariniidae
Păsări polenizatoare

Nectarinide


Le dicarbonyle de titanocène est un carbonyle de métallocène organotitane de formule chimique , où Cp représente un ligand cyclopentadiényle . Il s'agit d'un solide pyrophorique de couleur marron, soluble dans les solvants aliphatiques et aromatiques tels que le THF ou le benzène, et qui se dégrade au contact de l'air. On l'utilise pour la désoxygénation des sulfoxydes, le couplage réducteur des aldéhydes aromatiques et la réduction des aldéhydes.

On peut l'obtenir par réduction du dichlorure de titanocène  en présence de magnésium en suspension dans le THT sous atmosphère de monoxyde de carbone :
 + Mg + 2 CO ⟶  + .

Le dicarbonyle et le dichlorure de titanocène ont une géométrie tétraédrique à l'instar de leurs composés apparentés à base de zirconium et d'hafnium. Le dicarbonyle de titanocène a été préparé à partir du dichlorure de titanocène par réaction avec le cyclopentadiénure de sodium Na() sous atmosphère de monoxyde de carbone.

La structure du  a été confirmée par cristallographie aux rayons X.

Notes et références

Carbonyle de métal
Carbonyle
Métallocène

Dicarbonyle de titanocène


Brongniartiinae,  podtribus mahunarki iz potporodice iz potporodice Faboideae kojemu pripada ukupno 15 rodova.

Rodovi
 Haplormosia Harms (1 sp.)
 Poecilanthe Benth. (10 spp.)
 Amphiodon Huber (1 sp.)
 Tabaroa L. P. Queiroz, G. P. Lewis & M. F. Wojc. (1 sp.)
 Harpalyce Moc. & Sessé ex DC. (37 spp.)
 Limadendron Meireles & A. M. G. Azevedo (2 spp.)
 Behaimia Griseb. (1 sp.)
 Cyclolobium Benth. (1 sp.)
 Brongniartia Kunth (63 spp.)
 Templetonia R. Br. (13 spp.)
 Cristonia J. H. Ross (2 spp.)
 Plagiocarpus Benth. (7 spp.)
 Lamprolobium Benth. (2 spp.)
 Thinicola J. H. Ross (1 sp.)
 Hovea R. Br. (34 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Faboideae

Brongniartiinae


Fenikeliler (Rumca: Phoiníkē), Antik Çağ'da yaşamış Sami dillerine mensup bir dil konuşan Akdenizli kavimdir. Bereketli Hilal'in Akdeniz'e bakan kıyılarında gelişen bu uygarlık, talassokrasik bir yapıda şekillenmiştir. Fenikeliler, Doğu Akdeniz'den tüm Akdeniz kıyılarına hatta Atlas Okyanusuna yayılarak en bilineni Kartaca olan şehir devletleri kurmuştur.

Bir deniz kavmi olarak öncelikle ticaretle uğraşmışlar; gittikleri yerlere zeytin, zeytinyağı, incir, ceviz, badem, nar, erik, hurma, kayısı, kavun, balkabağı, şarap gibi gıda ürünleri; bakır, demir, gümüş, altın gibi madenler; Sedir ağacından kereste; fildişi ve camdan sanatsal nesneler; yün, keten, pamuk ve ipek gibi kumaşlar götürmüşlerdir. Mısırlılardan öğrendikleri cam işleme sanatını ilerleterek, Sayda, Sur ve Sarepta gibi şehirlerde saydam camlar üretmişlerdir. Asıl şöhretlerini ise farklı farklı renklendirdikleri kumaşlar sayesinde edinmişlerdir. MÖ 1570'te bir tür kabuklu deniz canlısı olan Murex sayesinde mor renkli kumaşlar elde etmeyi başarmışlar ve sonraki zamanlarda Antik Yunanlar tarafından getirdikleri bu renk kumaşa atfen mor rengin vatanı (Yunanca: Phoiníkē) insanları yani Fenikeliler olarak anılmaya başlanmışlardır. Antik Çağ'ın şairi Homeros, Troya'lı Paris'in Helen'e kendisiyle birlikte kaçması için Fenike kumaşı hediye ettiğini söylemiştir.

Fenikelilerin en çok bilinen buluşu alfabedir. Fenike alfabesi, günümüz tüm modern alfabelerinin temelini oluşturmaktadır  Alfabeleri, önce Anadolu ve Antik Yunan Uygarlıklarında; sonra Kenan bölgesinde ve Antik Roma'da yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Tarihçe
Fenikelilere ait ilk kayıtlar, Kenan toprakları olarak adlandırılan günümüzde Lübnan, İsrail, Suriye, Ürdün, Gazze ve Türkiye'nin güney kıyılarını içine alan bölgede milattan önce üç bin yıllarına kadar gitmektedir. Arvad, Zemar (Simyra), Trablus, Biblos, Beyrut, Sayda, Sur, Akka liman şehirlerini kuran Fenikeliler, milattan önce 2500 yıllarından itibaren Mısırlılarla ticari münasebete başlamışlardır. Bu ülkeye ağaç ve nebati koku maddesi, zeytinyağı ve reçine ihraç ederlerdi. Ancak siyasi bakımdan iyi teşkilatlanamadıklarından kısa zamanda Mısır'ın nüfuzu altına girdiler. İki bin yıllarının başında Hiksosların istilalarına uğradılar. Mısırlılar istilacılara karşı korumak bahanesiyle Fenike topraklarını tamamen askeri işgal altına aldılar.

Uzun süren karışıklıklardan sonra Fenike, MÖ 14. yüzyılın sonunda Mısır'ın işgalinden kurtuldu. MÖ 9. yüzyılda ise, Fenike için Asurlular büyük bir tehdit unsuru oldu. Zaman zaman Fenike üzerine seferler düzenleyen Asurlular bölgeyi kısa aralıklarla hakimiyetleri altına aldılar. Fenike MÖ 6. yüzyılda Perslerin istilasına uğradı. Daha sonra Büyük İskender tarafından zapt edildi.

Fenikelilerin Sur kentinden kovulan bir grup asi Fenikeli MÖ 800 yılında Tunus sahillerinde Kartaca'yı kurdular. Kartaca kendi statüsüne rağmen Fenike kentlerinden olan Sur (Tyros)'a bağlılığını sürdürdü ve ticari karının %10'unu tanrı Melkart'ın tapınağına bağışladı. Kartaca, Roma'ya karşı Hannibal isimli komutanı ile girdiği savaşı kaybetti ve bu sayede Roma, Akdeniz ticareti ve hakimiyetini ele geçirdi.

Fenikeliler, yaşadıkları dönemde Akdeniz'in her noktasına yayılmış, günümüzde Britanya olarak bilinen adaya kadar ulaşmış, o dönemde dünyadaki ilk büyük ticaret ağını oluşturmuştur. Hem başka dil konuşan insanlarla anlaşmayı, hem de kayıt tutmayı kolaylaştırmak amacıyla o zamana kadar sadece resimlerden oluşan yazı sistemlerini devrimsel bir buluş olan basit formlarda çizilebilen sembollere dönüştürmüşlerdir. Oluşturdukları Fenike alfabesiyle günümüz çağdaş yazı sisteminin temellerini atmışlardır. O dönemde Deniz Kavimleri'nden Fenikeliler ve Mikenler uygarlığın ulaştırma memurlarıydı, uygarlığı taşıma görevini gerçekleştirmişler; Avrupa'da Yunan, Minoan ve Roma uygarlıklarının şekillenmesine yardımcı olmuşlardır. Madenleri arama çabası, kâşif ve madencileri daha uzaklara, hatta Kuzey ve Batı Avrupa'nın bilinmeyen barbar bölgelerine kadar götürmüştür. Burada ticaret her zaman çalışmasını sürdürmüş, izolasyonu zayıflamış, insanların birbirleriyle ilişkilerini değiştirmiş, dünyaya yeni biçimleri kabul etmeye zorlamıştır.

Fenike adı

Fenikelilere bu ismi veren Yunanlar olmuştur ve Fenikeliler ismini ilk olarak Yunan tarihçi Heredot kullanmıştır. Fenikelilerin kendi dillerinde kendilerine ne ad verildiği tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Kendilerini Kenaniler adıyla zikrettikleri sanılmaktadır. Kenani adı bazı araştırmacılara göre Hurrice olan bir sözcük iken bazı araştırmacılara göre de Samice bir sözcüktür ve kırmızı anlamına gelen Kenanigi'den gelmektedir. Fenikeliler adı da benzer şekilde Yunancada, Sur moruna atfen 'kızıl insanlar' anlamına gelen Phonikes kelimesinden gelmektedir. Kısaca bu etnik topluluğa Helenler Fenikeliler adını verirken Doğu kavimleri Kenaniler adını kullanmıştır.

Uğraştıkları zanaat

Doğusunda Lübnan Dağları, batısında Doğu Akdeniz kıyıları, güneyinde Ras Nakura Burnu, kuzeyinde Asi Irmağı bulunan alanda merkez şehirlerini kuran Fenikeliler, denizci olduklarından Orta Doğudan Batı Akdeniz kıyılarına kadar yayılmışlardır ve deniz ticareti ile uğraşmışlardır. Fenikeliler Akdeniz civarında birçok koloni kurmuşlardır. Ticarette çok ileriydiler, gemileri de gelişmişti. Ham madde kaynaklarına ulaşmak için koloni kuruyorlardı ve gelişen Yunan uygarlığının en büyük rakipleriydi. Akdeniz çevresinde birçok ticaret merkezleri ve koloniler kuran Fenikeliler, çöl kervanlarının uğrak noktaları olan Şam, Hama, Dibre şehirlerinden ticaret malları alıp satıyorlardı. Batı ile doğu arasındaki ticarete aracılık ve komisyonculuk edip, ithalat ve ihracattan büyük gelir sağladılar. Sur moru olarak bilinen boyalı Kumaşlar; tahıl ve yemiş; metal, ahşap, toprak, cam ve fildişi eşya, keten ihracatı yapıyorlardı. Dokuma, işlenmiş deri, mor boya ve koku maddeleri ticaret dallarının başta gelenleriydi. Ürettikleri camdan şişeler içinde kokular; amforalar içinde şarap, zeytinyağı ve gıdalar taşınıyordu. Şarap kültürünün batıya doğru yayılması Fenikeliler sayesinde olmuştur .

Mimarlıkta en çok kullandıkları malzeme, taş olmuştur. Evleri tek katlı olup, salonu, hamamı ve su kuyusu vardı. Tapınakları dikdörtgen şeklinde olup, koridorla avludan ve adak yerlerinden meydana gelir.

Fenike gemileri ve Deniz Yolculukları
Fenikeliler, gemilerinde çoğunlukla dayanıklı bir ağaç olan Lübnan Sediri kullanırlardı. Grekler, hippoi ve galloi olarak isimlendirdikleri iki tür Fenike ticaret gemisi olduğunu söylerler. At figürlü gemiler, hippoi olarak anılır ve Asur rölyeflerinde de betimlenmiştir. Galloi ise daha sade teknelerdir, tekne baş ve/veya kıçında at başı figürleri yer almaz. Grek mitolojisinde deniz tanrısı olarak görülen ve at terbiyecisi olarak anılan Poseidon'un, Fenike at figürlü gemilerinden etkilenen bir algının Fenike deniz tanrısı Yam'ın bir eşdeğeri olması isteğinin sonucu olduğu açıktır.

Antik yazarlar Strabon ve Aratus'a göre Fenikelilerin ustalıklı seyirleri, gökyüzüne hakim olmalarından kaynaklanıyordu. Kenan ve Fenike kültürlerinde görülen birçok tanrının Güneş ve Ay dışında ayrıca gezegenler, takımyıldızları ve hava durumuyla ilişkisi bulunmaktaydı. Bu bulgular, Fenikelilerin ve Kenanlıların en azından temel bir gözlemsel astronomi uyguladıklarını göstermektedir .

Din

Mezopotamya kavimlerinde olduğu gibi, Fenikeliler de politeisttiler. Tanrıları erkek ve dişi olmak üzere ikiye ayrılırdı. Ayrıca her şehrin bir tanrı ve tanrıçası vardı. Bereket tanrıçası Astart, tarım tanrıçası Atargatis en büyük tanrılarındandı. Dağlar ve tepelere tapınak yapıp, ilk doğan erkek çocuklarını tanrılarına kurban edip, oturarak taparlardı. Fenikeliler, kolonilerle yayılmaya başladıkça inançlarını da yaymışlardır. Fenikelilerin baş tanrı ve tanrıçası olan Baal ve Astarte Kıbrıs, Sardunya, Malta, Sicilya, İspanya, Portekiz ve özellikle modern Tunus'ta bulunan Kartaca'da tapılmaya başlanmıştır. Fenikelilerin tanrıları, Kenan bölgesi tanrılarından gelmektedir. Bu tanrılar, daha sonra isimleri değişerek Yunan tanrıları olacak ve Yunan mitolojisinin kaynağını oluşturacaktı.

Dil ve edebiyat

Fenikelilerin dili, Sami dilinin Kenan grubundandır. Geliştirdikleri yazı sistemi, ticaret ağları sayesinde Akdeniz dünyasının dört bir tarafına yayılmıştır. Alfabenin mükemmel hale getirilmesi ticaret işlerini kolaylaştırmıştı. Fenikelilerden önce yazı, resimlerden oluşmaktaydı ve her kelimeye karşılık bir resim çizilirdi. Fenikeliler, her ses için bir sembol kullanarak bu sesleri birleştirip kelimeler oluşturdular. Bu sayede cümleler, artık resimlerin birleştirilmesiyle değil; seslerin birlikteliğini içerir kelimelerin birleştirilmesiyle kuruluyordu. Papiruslara yazmayı seçtiklerinden yazılı eserlerinin çoğunluğu yok olmuştur. MÖ 14. yüzyılda yaşamış Sankhuniathon olarak bilinen ve Fenike mitolojisi hakkında eserler veren Fenikeli bir yazarın metinlerine ise ancak M.S. 100'de Philon'un aktardıkları sayesinde ulaşılabilmiştir. Ulaşılan Fenike yazılı metinlerinin çoğu ticari mahiyettedir.

Fenike şehir ve kolonileri

MÖ 10. yüzyılla birlikte Fenikeliler o zamanki bilinen deniz sahillerinde yayılarak tüm Akdeniz havzasında şehir devletleri ve koloniler kurmuşlardır. Bu şehir devletleri politik olarak bağımsız yapılardı; Eski Yunan demokrasisinden önce başa seçimle gelen merkezden yöneten bir kralları bulunmaktaydı. MÖ 9. yüzyıla gelindiğinde zayıflamaya başlayan merkez Fenike şehirlerin aksine Kartaca güçleniyor ve parlak bir döneme giriyordu. Kent içinde iki büyük ve yapay liman inşa edilmişti. Bu limanlardan biri, Kartaca'nın 220 savaş gemisinden oluşan donanması için, diğer ise deniz ticaret filosu içindi. Şehir çoğunlukla Etrüks ve Yunanlarla ticaret yapıyordu. Kraliçe Dido tarafından kurulan ve döneminin süper gücü olan kent, MÖ 146'da Roma ile yaptıkları üçüncü Pön savaşlarını kaybederek yıkılmış ve böylece Roma tüm Akdeniz hakimiyetini ele geçirmiştir.

Önemli Fenike şehirleri listesi

Modern Cezayir
 Cirta (modern Constantine)
 Malaca (modern Guelma)
 Igigili (modern Jijel)
 Hippo Regius (modern Annâbe)
 [cosium (modern Cezayir)
 Iol (modern Cherchell)
 Tipasa (modern Tipaza)
 Timgad (modern Timgad)
Modern  Kıbrıs
 Kition (modern Larnaka)
 Dali (modern Dali, Kıbrıs)
 Marion (modern Polis, Kıbrıs)
Modern İtalya
 Modern Sardinya
 Karalis (modern Cagliari)
 Nora
 Olbia
 Sulci
 Tharros
 Sicilya
 Zyz (modern Palermo)
 Lilybaeaum (modern Marsala)
 Motya
 Solus (modern Solunto)
Modern Libya
 Leptis Magna
 Oea (modern Trablusgarp)
 Sabratha
Malta Adaları
 Maleth (modern Mdina)
 Tas-Silġ
 Mtarfa
 Qallilija
 Ras il-Wardija Gozo
Modern Moritanya
 Cerne
Modern Portekiz
 Baal Saphon veya Baal Shamen, (modern Tavira, Algarve)
Modern İspanya
 Abder] (modern Adra) ve MÖ. 3. yüzyıldaki kolonileri
 Abyla (modern Ceuta), (Fas içinde enklav)
 Akra Leuke (modern Alicante)
 Gadir (modern Cádiz)
 Ibossim (modern Ibiza)
 Malaka or mlk (modern Málaga
 Onoba (modern Huelva)
 Qart Hadašt (modern Cartagena
 Rusadir (modern Melilla) (Fas içinde enklav)
 Sexi (modern Almuñécar)
Modern Tunus
 Qart Hadašt (modern Kartaca)
 Hadrumetum (modern Susat)
 Hippo Diarrhytus (modern Bizerte)
 Kerkouane
 Sicca (modern El Kef)
 Thapsus (modern Bekalta)
 Utica
Modern Türkiye
 Phoenicus (modern Finike)
 Myriandos
 Zincirli Höyük
 Karatepe
 Bafra
Modern Fas
 Acra
 Arambys (Mogador)
 Caricus Murus
 Gytta
 Lixus (modern Larache)
 Tingis (modern Tanca)
 Volubilis
Diğer koloniler
 Callista (modern Santorini)
 Calpe (modern Cebelitarık)
 Gunugu
 Thenae
 Tipassa
 Sundar
 Surya
 Shobina
 Tara

Buluntular

Gelidonya Burnu Batığı

MÖ 1200'lere Bronz Çağı'na tarihlenen bir gemi batığı olarak 1960 yılında Gelidonya Burnundan çıkarılmıştır. Uluburun batığı çıkarılana kadar tarihin en eski gemi batığı olarak bilindi. Buluntular, önceleri düşünüldüğü gibi Akdeniz ticaretini Mikenlilerin değil; ön-Fenikelilerin yönetmesinin daha olası olduğunu gösterdi.

Uluburun Batığı
Batık, güney batı Türkiye kıyılarında Kaş'ın 6 deniz mili güneyinde 1982 yazında Bodrum yakınlarındaki bir köy olan Yalıkavak'tan yerel bir sünger dalgıç Mehmed Çakır tarafından keşfedildi. 1984-1994 yılları arasında 3-4 ay süren toplam 22.413 dalıştan, MÖ 14. yüzyıla tarihlenen Akdenizin en muhteşem Son Tunç Çağı batıklarından en eskisi günyüzüne çıkarıldı. Geminin Lübnan sediri ve meşe kullanılarak Suriye-Filistin veya Kıbrıs'ta inşa edildiği tahmin edilmektedir. Geminin kargosunu çoğunlukla ham bakır külçeleri, cam ve altın, gümüş eşyalar, tahıl, yemiş ve zeytin oluşturmaktadır. Kazı başkanı Cemal Pulak'ın devam eden araştırmaları, George Bass'ın Gelidonya batığı ile kurduğu tezi kanıtlıyor ve 3 bin yıl önce ön-Fenikelilerin domine ettiği kompleks ve oldukça gelişmiş bir deniz ticareti ağının varlığına işaret ediyordu. Buluntular, Bodrum Sualtı Arkeoloji Müzesinde sergilenmektedir.

Amerika Kıtasının keşfi iddiası
Brezilya'nın Rio de Janeiro kenti yakınındaki Pedra da Gavea dağının zirvesinde Fenike alfabesiyle kazınmış bir yazıt bulunmuştur. International Fortean Organization tarafından dağda bir Fenike mezarı olduğu iddiası da buna eklenmiştir. Bu gerekçelerle MÖ 10. yy. da Fenikelilerin Amerika'ya ayak bastıkları iddia edilmiş ve konu arkeolojik ilgi odağı olmuştur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Bursalı, A. 2015. Gelmiş Geçmiş En Önemli 10 Gemi Batığı, arkeofili Arkeoloji Dergisi  (14 Ocak 2015)
 "Encyclopedia Phoeniciana" websitesi Genis kapsamli "Fenikeliler" hakkinda websitesi
 "Lost Civilizatrions (Kayip Uygarliklar)"  websitesinde Fenikeliler maddesi

Fenikeliler


Hargreaves ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite, südwestlich des Mare Spumans, südöstlich des Kraters Webb und westlich von Maclaurin.
Der unregelmäßig geformte Krater überdeckt den südlichen Wall des Nebenkraters Maclaurin H.

Der Krater wurde 1979 von der IAU nach dem britischen Astronomen Frederick James Hargreaves offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Hargreaves auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Hargreaves (Mondkrater)


Cadillac Man ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 1990.

Handlung
Joey O'Brien ist ein skrupelloser Autoverkäufer, der selbst vor dem Versuch, Witwen bei der Beerdigung ihres Mannes ein Auto zu verkaufen, nicht zurückschreckt. Er arbeitet im Autohaus Turgeon, welches neben einigen Umstrukturierungsmaßnahmen nach über 35 Jahren umzieht. Daher findet am Sonntag ein Abverkauf statt, bei dem Joey mindestens zwölf Fahrzeuge verkaufen muss, um nicht seinen Job zu verlieren. Das käme ihm gerade jetzt äußerst ungelegen, denn er ist mit 20.000 US-Dollar bei dem skrupellosen Mafioso Frankie verschuldet, will seiner anspruchsvollen Geliebten Joy Munchack Luxus bieten und schafft es kaum, den Unterhalt für seine Exfrau Tina und die gemeinsame Tochter Lisa, geschweige denn deren College-Ausbildung zu bezahlen. Die einzigen Personen, die ihm aktuell keine Sorgen bereiten, sind seine Mutter und seine zweite Geliebte, die angehende Modedesignerin Lila.

Joey hofft nur noch, dass der Verkaufssonntag reibungslos über die Bühne geht. Mit dem Spruch, dass er selbst "Legende, Liebhaber, Verkäufer" sei, beginnt Joey einen erfolgreichen Tag. Doch schon bald stellen sich die ersten Probleme ein. Joy erscheint mit ihrem Ehemann Harry. Joey erfährt von Tina, dass Lisa verschwunden ist und er muss teilweise bis zu drei Kunden gleichzeitig bedienen. Und als wäre das noch nicht schlimm genug, stürmt plötzlich der Mechaniker Larry mit seinem Motorrad, Sprengstoff und einer Kalaschnikow das Autohaus, wo er alle Anwesenden als Geiseln nimmt. Er will endlich herausfinden, mit wem seine Ehefrau Donna an ihrem Arbeitsplatz schläft. Es ist Jackie, Joeys Boss, der schnell versucht, sich aus dem Staub zu machen. Larry ist aber so aufgebracht, dass er wild um sich schießt und niemanden flüchten lässt. Er wird allerdings von Joey überrascht, der zum Schein zugibt, dass er der einzige sei, der mit Donna schläft, und alle anderen doch gehen könnten, bevor die Polizei erscheint.

Doch diese ist schnell da und umstellt das Gebäude. Joey erkennt, wie gestresst und verwirrt Larry ist, und schaltet sich als Vermittler ein. Aber dadurch erscheint er im Fernsehen, und seine beiden Geliebten Joy und Lila sowie seine Exfrau Tina erfahren voneinander. Während der angespannten Lage freunden sich Joey und Larry an. Daher nutzt Joey die Gunst der Stunde und setzt sein ganzes psychologisches Talent ein, das ihm als Autoverkäufer zu eigen ist. Er kann Larry dazu überreden, nach und nach alle Geiseln freizulassen, um sich anschließend zu ergeben und später auf Unzurechnungsfähigkeit plädieren zu können. Auch würde er ihm den besten Anwalt besorgen. Larry stimmt dem widerwillig zu, entlädt sogar die Kalaschnikow, stellt aber die Bedingung, entgegen Joeys Rat nicht die Waffe niederzulegen, weil er wenigstens nach außen hin als Mann aufgeben möchte und nicht als Waschlappen. Larry verlässt also mit Joey als Geisel das Autohaus, wird aber draußen nach wenigen Metern nervös und kurz, bevor er sich stellen will, von einem Polizeischarfschützen, der ihn noch immer für einen gefährlichen Geiselnehmer hält, angeschossen. Er wird anschließend in ein Krankenhaus gebracht; seine Frau Donna, die ihn immer noch liebt, begleitet ihn.  Da sich unter den unversehrten Geiseln auch der Sohn von Frankie befindet, erlässt der dankbare Mafioso Joeys Schulden. So ist dieser plötzlich aller finanziellen Sorgen ledig, darf seinen Job behalten und wird als Held des Tages gefeiert. Joey ruft Larry noch nach, dass er ihn, wie versprochen, nicht im Stich lassen wird. Nun gilt sein ganzes Interesse aber nur noch seiner Exfrau Tina, in der Hoffnung, bei ihr eine zweite Chance zu bekommen. Tina stellt sie ihm in Aussicht, und Joey fährt glücklich in den Feierabend, aber nicht ohne den Versuch, dem Geiselverhandlungsführer der Polizei, dem er eine Visitenkarte in die Hand drückt, ein Auto verkaufen zu wollen.

Kritik

Veröffentlichung
Der Film startete am 28. Mai 1990 in den US-Kinos und konnte dabei 27,6 Mio. US-Dollar einspielen. In Deutschland startete er am 20. September 1990 und konnte 113.403 Kinobesucher verzeichnen. Ab dem 9. April 1991 war er auf VHS erhältlich.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1990
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmkomödie

Cadillac Man


Onthophagus planicollis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Harold em 1880.

Referências

Ligações externas

planicollis
Coleópteros descritos em 1880

Onthophagus planicollis


نتائج مباريات المجموعة الرابعة من بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008.

إسبانيا وروسيا

اليونان والسويد

السويد وإسبانيا

اليونان وروسيا

اليونان وإسبانيا

روسيا والسويد

مراجع

السويد في بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
اليونان في بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
إسبانيا في بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
روسيا في بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008

بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008 المجموعة د


Loma's Sport o simplemente Loma's, es una empresa multinacional de textiles originaria de Perú. Fundada en 1993, es reconocida como una de las principales manufactureras de implementos deportivos de Perú, ya que provee a clubes de la Primera División del Perú, Segunda División del Perú y Copa Perú, siendo uno de ellos a Sport Boys. Además, es la marca deportiva que se encarga de vestir a los competidores del reality Esto es Guerra en Perú.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Web oficial de Loma's

Empresas textiles de Perú
Marcas de indumentaria deportiva
Fabricantes de indumentaria deportiva de Perú
Empresas fundadas en 1993

Loma's Sport


ඔවාගිරිය පුරාවිද්‍යා භූමිය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නැගෙනහිර පළාතේ අම්පාර පිහිටි එෙතිහාසික වශයෙන් ඉතා වැදගත් වූ පෞරාණික නටඹුන් සහිත පුරාවිද්‍යා භූමියක් වේ.

පිහිටීම
අම්පාර-ඉඟිණියාගල මාර්ගයේ අම්පාර සිට කිලෝ මීටර 19ක් පමණ දුරින් පිහිටි පොල්වත්ත ප්‍රදේශයේ මෙම පුරාවිද්‍යා භූමිය පිහිටා තිබේ.

ඉතිහාසය

ඔවාගිරිය පුරාවිද්‍යා භූමියෙහි ඉතිහාසය ක්‍රි.ව. 5වන සියවස හෝ ඊට පෙර අතීතය දක්වා දිවයන බැව් විශ්වාස කෙරේ. කාලයත් සමග නටබුන් තත්වයට පත්ව තුබූ මෙම ස්ථානය, පසුකාලීනව ගල් ඔය නිම්න සංවර්ධන මණ්ඩලයේ ඉල්ලීමක් අනුව පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව මගින් 1956 වර්ෂයේ දී ගවේෂණය කොට අනාවරණය කරගන්නා ලදි.

නටඹුන්

ඔවාගිරිය නටබුන්වලින් බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් ගල් ඔය නිම්න සංවර්ධන වැඩසටහන ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ අවධියේ භාවිත කල ට්‍රැක්ටර් ආදියෙන් විනාශ වී ගොස් තිබේ. මෙහි වූ නටඹුන් අතර අටපට්ටම් හැඩයෙන් යුතු අසාමාන්‍ය පාදමක් සහිත පැරණි දාගැබක්, පිළිම ගෙයක් හා ඊට සම්බන්ධ ගල් කුළුණු හිස්, මුරගල්, කොරවක් ගල්, පැතලි උළු වැනි දෑ දැකගත හැකිය. මේ අතරින් අඩි 11.5 ක් පමණ උස් වූ ස්ථටික හුණු ගලින් නෙළන ලද කවන්ධ ඉුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාව සුවිශේෂී වේ. දෙඅත් කැඩී තිබෙන මෙම ප්‍රතිමාවෙහි වූ චන්ද්‍රකාන්ති පාෂාණ හේතුවෙන් රාත්‍රී කාලයේ බැබලෙන බැව් සඳහන් වේ. 2008 වර්ෂයේදී පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ රසායන සංරක්‍ෂණ අංශය මගින් මෙම ප්‍රථිමාවේ සංරක්‍ෂණය කටයුතු ආරම්භ කොට තිබේ. ඒ වන විට බිම පතිත වී උරහිස් කොටස් කැඩී තිබූ පිළිමය, දැව රාමුවක සහ කප්පියක ආධාරයෙන් යලි ඔසවා ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කොට තිබේ. අක්කර 7-8ක පමණ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් පුරා ඔවාගිරිය පුරාවස්තු දැකගැනීමට හැකිවේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

ඔවාගිරිය පුරාවිද්‍යා භූමිය


Le championnat CJ Korea Express   Superrace 2022 est la  du Superrace, elle se déroulera en 8 manches sur 4 tracés différents. Après 2 ans sans spectateurs, l'organisation a annoncé un potentiel retour de ces derniers cette saison. La catégorie Super 6000 intègre cette année un nouveau système de qualification et un championnat pour les fournisseurs des pneumatiques.

Calendrier

La 4e épreuve accueillera le Festival du sport automobile d'Asie.

Repères en début de saison (Super 6000)

Transferts
Lee Chanjoon quitte LOAR Racing pour ECSTA Racing
Jung Euichul quitte ECSTA Racing avec qui il a remporté le titre en 2016 et 2020 pour Volgas Motorsport.
Hwang Jinwoo quitte ASA&Jun-Fitted pour N'Fera Racing
Seo Joo-Won quitte LOAR Racing pour L&K Motors.

Débutants
Lee Chang-wook quitte la catégorie Kumho GT1 pour la catégorie reine avec ECSTA Racing.

Départ
Noh Donggi quitte ECSTA Racing et le championnat à cause du service militaire.
Choi Gwang-Bin quitte CJ Logistics Racing et le championnat à cause du service militaire.

Retour
Jeong Yeon-il revient dans la catégorie avec le CJ Logistics Racing.

Écuries et Pilotes

Super 6000
La catégorie étant monomarque, toutes les équipes possèdent au moins une Toyota GR Supra équipé d'un V8 de 6,2L produit par Général Motors pouvant produire 460ch.

Note:

Kumho GT

Cadillac CT4

Kolon Motors (BMW) M

Résultats et classement

Résumé de la Saison (Super 6000)

Super 6000

Système de points

Les points de la course sont attribués aux 10 premiers pilotes classés et 1 point supplémentaire est donnés aux pilotes réalisant plus de 75% de la course. Des points sont attribués aux trois premiers classés des qualifications. Ce système d'attribution des points est utilisé pour chaque course du championnat.

Annexes

Liens externes

Sport automobile en 2022

Championnat CJ Logistics Superrace 2022


Kneeboarding is an aquatic sport where the participant is towed on a buoyant, convex, and hydrodynamically shaped board at a planing speed, most often behind a motorboat. Kneeboarding on a surf style board with fin(s) is also done in waves at the beach. In the usual configuration of a tow-sport kneeboard, riders kneel on their heels on the board, and secure themselves to the deck with an adjustable Velcro strap over their thighs. Most water ski kneeboards do not have fins to allow for easier surface spins. As in wakeboarding or water skiing, the rider hangs onto a tow-rope. The advantages of kneeboarding versus other tow-sports seems to be an easier learning curve and a sense of being closer to the water when falls occur.

History
Kneeboards were first produced commercially in the 1970s. While they were not widely popular at first, kneeboarding had become widespread by the mid-1970s. Today, kneeboarding remains popular, with sales of about 100,000 units per year.

As waterskiing gained popularity, riders also experimented with kneeling down on round plywood discs. Others tried kneeling on surfboards and some used purpose-built kneeboards designed specifically for riding waves, but the water ski kneeboard did not emerge as a product until the 1970s.

The first commercially available water ski kneeboard was Knee Ski, co-invented by Mike Murphy and Bud Hulst in 1972. Hulst had a background in surfing, manufacturing kneeboards for wave riding under the name of El Paipo. Murphy had been a professional show skier. The original Knee Ski was made from molded fiberglass, like a boat hull, and was neutrally buoyant. Each Knee Ski had a flat neoprene pad covering the entire deck, and a Velcro strap.

In 1973, John Taylor, a former Knee Ski employee, decided to make and sell his own boards under the name of Glide Slide. Taylor took a new approach, blow molding a plastic shell and filling it with foam. Unfortunately the teardrop design was unstable, and Glide Slide faltered as the 1973 oil crisis slowed the water sports industry.

Danny Churchill, quarter mile speed ski record holder in 1974 and former Glide Slide employee, bought the company in the wake of the oil crisis. Churchill redesigned the Glide Slide, in conjunction with fellow employee and engineer John Tanner, to make it more stable, and renamed the product Hydroslide in 1976. Churchill is most commonly known for popularizing the sport through advertising and promotions in the newly released full color water ski publications of the late 1970s and early 1980s.

In the early 1980s the very first association for competition was formed called the International Kneeboard Association (IKA). Founded by Roland Hillier of Maitland, Florida, a former World Overall and Slalom Champion; National Slalom and Trick Champion; Masters Overall Water Ski Champion and three time Intercollegiate Overall Champion. Hillier created the rules and regulations for kneeboarding not only for boat towing method but also cableway towing.  In boat towing the three competition events were tricks, slalom and wake crossing.  A special event was also included to be called the "Flip-off" to see how many flips could be completed in twenty seconds.   This proved to be quite popular with the spectators.  In cableway competition, Roland designed the trick event which also included the use of  small ramps for doing spins and flips.  Calculations were needed to adjust for cableway towline length when the water levels changed.   Roland Hillier also wrote and published the first book on kneeboarding called "Kneeboarding A - Z". After several National Championships, he produced and broadcast on ABC and, later, PBS of "The International Kneeboard  Championships". This broadcast was the very first of its kind.  The next year, Sea World of Orlando approached the IKA to hold a National Championship at their park, however, the original sponsors to the IKA would not be allowed to participate and Hillier felt strongly that supporters should be included and did not accept. The American Kneeboarding Association (AKA) was founded by another group of people after the International Kneeboard Association rejected the Sea World offer, and created their own form of competition.   Eventually the AKA merged with USA WaterSki as one of its designated towable sports. ¹ Kneeboarding History

One of the earliest types of kneeboarding is 'tourist kneeboarding'. In this type of kneeboarding, the rider begins on land, already strapped to the board. This type of kneeboarding is far easier than normal kneeboarding, usually done in a river or on a lake. Regular kneeboarding is far superior to "tourist kneeboarding" because you are already in the water and can take off faster.

Description
Required equipment includes a tow rope, a kneeboard and a boat that can go about 15-20 mph (28–32 km/h). Also, most importantly, a certified life vest for safety. Kneeboarding starts are relatively simple, and the rider does not need to travel very quickly.

There are two basic grips – the palms-down grip and the baseball bat grip. For the palms-down grip the hands facing downward while holding the ski rope. For the Baseball Bat grip kneeboarders hold the handle just like a baseball bat.

Tricks
Here is a list of kneeboarding tricks:

 Riding - Ride with your arms at full extension (this keeps your arms from tiring,) your knees in the divits, and the strap on relatively tight.
 Turning - While riding, hold on tightly to the tow rope, and lean your body to one side. This should put the kneeboard on its edge, and take you outside of the boat's wake. To come back straight behind the boat, lean in the other direction. To turn more aggressively, pull in on the rope with your arms (the handle should be close to the hip, the opposite side from the side your turning to) and lean harder.
 Side Slide/Butter Slide - Position yourself directly behind the boat with a palms-down grip. Rotate the board sideways without turning on edge - the board should slide. As you slide sideways, lean back so the boat doesn't pull you forward. It makes it much easier if you pull the handle and place it on your hip while you turn sideways. You should lean away from the boat just a little.
 "Jumping the wake"- To jump the wake while on a kneeboard, simply cut hard out of the wake, get as far away from the boat as possible (to one side,) then use a progressively harder cut back toward the wake. Lean back slightly, and you will launch off the wake of the boat, sending you into the air. Make sure you hold the board flat by using your stomach muscles.
 The ole - To perform this trick, you must combine the skills of balance and riding one-handed. You pull in the tow rope, pulling in hand-over-hand, until you are holding the rope roughly  beyond the handle. From there, you hold the rope in one hand, near your hip, and then swing the remainder of the rope, along with the handle, above your head
 Surface 360 - This trick is very similar to the side slide. Slightly rotate to one side to build momentum, and then fully rotate in the opposite direction. If you are spinning to the right, release the rope with your right hand, spin, grab the rope again behind your back, and then pull yourself through to finish the 360.
 Riding Backwards - You go through exactly the same motion as a 360, but instead of pulling yourself through the 360, you pause while both hands are behind your back. You must lean forward while riding backwards - leaning what is forward to the rider will push the nose down and the tail up. Otherwise, the tail could go under the water and flip the rider.
 Wake Front-to-Back - Make a hard cut from outside the wake, using the palms-down grip. Right before you hit the wake, stop cutting and pop up in a jump, focusing on pushing your knees away from your chest to give you added height. As soon as you are airborne, rotate your body to the right and pull the handle to your hip. As you spin, keep a tight grip on the rope, and lean forward slightly. Keep leaning forward (away from the boat) as you hit the water. Once you have landed, you should be riding backwards, and can continue to ride with both hands at your hip.
 Wake 360 front-to-front (wrapped) - While in the middle of the wake, pull yourself towards the boat, collecting the rope in one hand. Then, wrap the rope around your back, and hold onto the handle. Let go of the rope, and the friction of the rope straightening will spin you around.
 Air (Ollie) - similar to the skateboarding trick of the same name, or a bunny hop in BMX, it is possible to jump without utilizing the wake. By pushing down against the water with your knees and simultaneously pulling the handle in provides more tension on the rope. Then pulling upwards with your legs, you can make the entire board leave the water. If this is combined with 'jumping' the wake, much greater heights can be achieved.
 Back Roll - Make a hard cut toward the wake. One millisecond before you hit the wake, flatten out. Ride up the wake while resisting it (see wake jump). At the top of the wake, and not before, throw your shoulders sideways in the direction of your roll. At the same time, look back over your shoulder and pull the handle to your waist. Your momentum will take you around and then you just need to land. If you are coming up short, you are most likely throwing the trick too soon, letting your arms out, or not throwing the trick sideways. If you lean forward at all, you will lose your rotation momentum.
 Switch 3 - The switch 3 is basically a wake 360 back except that you change the direction of rotation after 180 degrees. Make a hard cut toward the wake with a palms down grip. When you reach the trough, spin around 180 degrees. Rotate to the left if you're cutting to the right and rotate to the right if you're cutting to the left. Tuck the handle into your hip. Ride up the wake while resisting it to get a good pop. Once you are in the air and not sooner, spin back to the front. As you come around, keep the handle low and let your arms extend out. Once you reach the forward position, pull the handle to your waist again and spin backward in the opposite direction. Land backwards and use your second pop to spin back to the front. It's very important to keep the handle at your waist and your head up when landing.
 Frontflip - Edge in hard, flatten out, pop off the wake and immediately throw your body straight down, keeping both hands on the handle and close to your hip. This will help with rotation and control.

See also
 Aquaplaning (sport)

External links
 Kneeboarding's History

Towed water sports
Boardsports
Articles containing video clips
Kneeling

Kneeboarding (towsport)


Groß Niendorf, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bir yerleşim yeri. 10,68 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2010 itibarıyla 665 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Claus Fahrenkrog tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-leezen.de

Kaynakça

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Groß Niendorf


The 74th (Yeomanry) Division was a Territorial Force infantry division formed in Palestine in early 1917 from three dismounted yeomanry brigades. It served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War, mostly as part of XX Corps. In May 1918 it was sent to the Western Front where it remained until the end of the war.

The division's insignia was a broken spur to signify that its units were once mounted but now served as infantry.

History

Formation
On 14 January 1917, Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) Order No. 26 instructed that the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Dismounted Brigades (then with the Suez Canal Defences) be reorganized as the 229th, 230th and 231st Brigades.

On 23 February 1917, Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray, the General Officer Commanding EEF, sought permission from the War Office to form the 229th, 230th and 231st Brigades into a new division. On 25 February, the War Office granted permission and the new 74th (Yeomanry) Division started to form. It was acknowledged that it would take some time for artillery, engineers and auxiliary services to complete the division.

The division began to assemble from 4 March at el Arish. The 229th Brigade joined at el Arish by 9 March, the 231st Brigade joined at Khan Yunis by 6 April and the 230th Brigade joined by 13 April at Deir el Balah. The other divisional units (cavalry squadron, engineer field companies, veterinary section, and the train), had joined by April. The artillery did not become a part of the division until July and August (after the division had already fought in the Second Battle of Gaza).

Palestine 1917–18
The 74th Division took part in the invasion of Palestine in 1917 and 1918.

The division was not fully formed when it participated in the Second Battle of Gaza between 17 and 19 April 1917. It acted as reserve to the Eastern Force and was not engaged. Thereafter, the division was assigned to XX Corps where it remained for the rest of its time in Palestine.

In October and November 1917, the division took part in the Third Battle of Gaza (including the capture of Beersheba on 31 October and the Sheria Position on 6 November). At the end of 1917, it took part in the capture and defence of Jerusalem and in March 1918 in the Battle of Tell 'Asur. On 3 April 1918, the division was warned that it would move to France and by 30 April 1918 had completed embarkation at Alexandria.

Before departure for France, the 4th (of 229th Brigade), 209th (of 230th Brigade), 210th (of 231st Brigade) and 261st MG Companies formed 74th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps. It concentrated at Alexandria between 17 and 30 April and departed for France with the division on the latter date.

The artillery was also restructured in March and April 1918 before departing for France. On 21 March, 'A' Battery of CCLXVIII Brigade, RFA (A/CCLXVIII) returned to 60th (2/2nd London) Division where it resumed its original identity as B/CCCI. It was replaced by 425 Battery which was redesignated A/CCLXVIII.  Then, between 11 and 21 April, the artillery was reorganized as two brigades at Lydda:

Each brigade now consisted of three batteries of six 18-pounders and a battery of four 4.5" howitzers. Each of the howitzer batteries were later made up to six 4.5" howitzers in France (on 21 May 1918 at Noulette).

France and Flanders 1918
In May 1918, the 74th (Yeomanry) Division landed at Marseilles, France. It served in France and Flanders for the rest of the war. By 18 May, the division had concentrated around Rue in the Abbeville area. Here the dismounted Yeomanry underwent training for service on the Western Front, particularly gas defence.

Due to a lack of replacements, British infantry divisions on the Western Front had been reduced from 12 to nine battalions in January and February 1918. To conform with this new structure, on 21 June, 12th Royal Scots Fusiliers (of 229th Brigade), 12th Norfolk Regiment (of 230th Brigade) and 24th Royal Welsh Fusiliers (of 231st Brigade) left the 74th (Yeomanry) Division. They were used to reconstitute 94th Brigade of 31st Division which was renamed the 94th (Yeomanry) Brigade on that date. On 16 May, the Pioneer Battalion, 1/12th Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, was reduced from a 4-company to a 3-company organization.

On 14 July 1918 the 74th (Yeomanry) Division went into the line for the first time, near Merville on the right of XI Corps. From September 1918, as part of III Corps of Fourth Army, it took part in the Hundred Days Offensive including the Second Battle of the Somme (Second Battle of Bapaume) and the Battles of the Hindenburg Line (Battle of Épehy). In October and November 1918, it took part in the 'Final Advance' on Artois and Flanders. By the Armistice it was in the area of Tournai, Belgium.

With the end of the war, the troops of 74th Division were engaged in railway repair work and education was undertaken while demobilisation began. The division and its subformations were disbanded on 10 July 1919.

Commanders
74th (Yeomanry) Division was commanded throughout its existence by Major General E.S. Girdwood.

Battles
 Second Battle of Gaza
 Battle of Beersheba
 Third Battle of Gaza
 Battle of Jerusalem
 Battle of Tell 'Asur
 Second Battle of Bapaume
 Battle of Épehy

See also

 List of British divisions in World War I
 British yeomanry during the First World War

Notes

References

External links
 The British Army in the Great War: The 74th (Yeomanry) Division

Bibliography

 }

Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War I
Military units and formations established in 1917
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Yeomanry regiments of the British Army

74th (Yeomanry) Division


පවතින කිසිඳු දේශපාලන කණ්ඩායමක(පක්ෂයකට) ගැතී නොවී නිදහස් අදහස් දරණ දේශපාලනඥයා.

ස්වාධීන දේශපාලනඥයා


Masvingo, originally known as Fort Victoria, is a city in south-eastern Zimbabwe and the capital of Masvingo Province. The city is situated close to Great Zimbabwe, the national monument from which the country takes its name and close to Lake Mutirikwi, its recreational park, the Kyle dam and the Kyle National Reserve where there are many different animal species. It is mostly populated by the Karanga people who form the biggest branch of the various Shona tribes in Zimbabwe.

History
The city was known as Fort Victoria until 1982, when its name was briefly changed to Nyanda, after a mountain about 10 kilometres south of the town, on the Masvingo to Beitbridge Road. That led to protests, because "nyanda" means "one who has lice", and public sentiment was that Masvingo would be more reflective of the history of the city. Within a few months, the name was changed to Masvingo, which means "fort" in Shona, and the Great Zimbabwe, which is essentially a walled fort, is often referred to as "Masvingo eZimbabwe" or sometimes "Masvingo eVitori", a translation of the original name.

Masvingo is the oldest colonial settlement in Zimbabwe which developed around an encampment established in 1890, when the British South Africa Company "Pioneer Column" of the first European colonists passed through on their way to what became Salisbury, now Harare. The Old Fort national monument is located in the centre of town, and was erected in 1891 as one of a series of fortifications to guard the route from Salisbury to the south. The very first cricket match in Zimbabwe is said to have taken place close by, in 1890.

Demographics
The population was approximately 15,000 in 1970; 30,523 in 1982 and rose to 51,743 in 1992. It had a population of approximately 58,000 in 2002. Masvingo is located  south of Harare. Most of the local population belongs to the Karanga Shona ethnic group. The city is divided into suburbs including Mucheke, Rujeko, Rhodene, Target Kopje and Eastvale. The suburbs are divided into high-density, middle-density and low-density suburbs. Mucheke, the oldest township and Rujeko are the most populous high-density suburbs. Mucheke is also the site of the city's main bus rank as well as the stadium which is named after the ghetto. KMP and Runyararo suburbs are relatively new high and medium density suburbs beyond Mucheke. The middle-density suburbs are Eastvale located close to Zimuto Police Camp and Target Kopje located on the southern part of town on a small hill close to Flamboyant Hotel. Rhodene, a low-density suburb on the northern part of the city centre, is the most affluent suburb in Masvingo. A new suburban development, Zimre Park, is also taking shape to the north east of the town along Bulawayo Road. Another suburban development is taking place close to the affluent Clipsham Park and is aptly named Clipsham Heights as it straddles the hills running parallel to the Beitbridge-Masvingo road. Masvingo also has peri-urban plots such as Morningside, Glenlivet, and Bushmead.

Education
Masvingo Polytechnic, Great Zimbabwe University, Bondolfi Teachers College, Morgenster Teachers College and Masvingo Teachers College are the main centres of higher education in the city. The three institutes are run by the government, while Bondolfi and Morgenster are privately owned. Great Zimbabwe University grew out of what was once Masvingo State University. Reformed Church University (RCU) is another university  south of Masvingo run by the Reformed Church of Zimbabwe. It was formerly the Great Zimbabwe University. Masvingo Teachers' College is one of the government run colleges from which Great Zimbabwe devolved. The college has still remained at the campus and the university has a new site. Other teachers' colleges around Masvingo include the Reformed Church of Zimbabwe run Morgenster Teachers' College and the Catholic run Bondolfi Teachers' College. High schools in the city include Victoria High School, located just north of the city centre. Kyle College, Masvingo Christian High School, Ndarama High School and Mucheke High School. There are also privately run high schools commonly referred to as colleges around the city. Pamushana High School, Zimuto High school, Gokomere High School are some of the highly esteemed mission boarding schools in Masvingo Province and are all located few kilometres outside town.

Geography
The landscape in southern Zimbabwe is relatively flat, interspersed with rounded granite mountains. Known as kopjes (Dutch: little heads), they are often quite smooth. Msasa trees dominate the savannah landscape, with the occasional baobab tree. The weather is hot and dry throughout the year, except during the summer when the rains come. There is a range of small hills to the south of the city centre. Mucheke and Shagashe rivers run close to the centre and both of them act as de facto boundaries of the central business district. Robert Mugabe way, one of the city's main streets, is lined with pine trees adjacent to some of the oldest buildings in Zimbabwe such as The victoria hotel and the building opposite to it that now houses The High Court of Zimbabwe. The tallest building is the 9-storey Zimre center located in the CBD. The Bell Tower is a historical building and formed part of the fort erected by the British South African Company in 1892 to protect settlers around Fort Victoria.

The town lies near Lake Mutirikwi and is home to a nine-hole golf course and a freight railway line. It lies on the Mucheke River, with a civic centre at the town centre. Shagashe Game Park and an Italian memorial church built during World War II are nearby. Masvingo also has an airstrip. The national airline, Air Zimbabwe, has reintroduced a domestic flight connecting Masvingo to Harare in the north and Buffalo Range in the south starting on 5 December 2014.

Masvingo is situated in a drought-prone area, with average rainfall of 600 mm/a. The raw water source for the city is Lake Mutirikwi. Apart from providing water for the city, Lake Mutirikwi supports water supply schemes for several riparian farmers and large sugar cane irrigation schemes in the Triangle, Zimbabwe and Hippo Valley areas. The storage capacity of the lake, which was completed in 1960, is .

Industry and transport

The town used to have large cattle ranches, but the country's Land Reform Programme is sometimes blamed for decimating that industry. Small scale farmers now make up the majority of suppliers of agricultural produce. Masvingo is mainly a residential city. The informal sector also dominates industry in town.

Tourism

There are a variety of tourist attractions within a  radius of the town. Within   of Masvingo are the Great Zimbabwe National Monument, old ruins where the country derives its name and the Lake Mutirikwi Recreational Park and Kyle game resort with 12 different species, including the white rhino.

Film and theatre

Masvingo is known in the country for producing film and theatre productions that compete with those from Harare and Bulawayo. The city's film and theatre hub is located at the Charles Austin Theatre found at the city's Civic Centre gardens. It was run by the Masvingo Drama Circle from 1971 until its decline in 2015. Young artists took over the running of the facility under the name Masvingo Theatre and Arts Clubs and that resulted in film and theatre productions that have put Masvingo on the map in the arts industry. One notable play that came from Masvingo was a stage play by playwright Charles Munganasa titled Operation Restore Regasi which made international headlines and told the story of Robert Mugabe's fall from power. In 2017, a short film titled Seiko directed by Sydney Taivavashe won the outstanding short film production at the National Arts Merit Awards, Zimbabwe's top entertainment award ceremony making it the first film award to be won by a Masvingo artist. Sabhuku Vharazipi is a comedian from Masvingo who rose to fame in 2013 with his famous drama comedy titled Sabhuku Vharazipi which won the hearts of many locals. He is known for his signature rural folk dressing, a shiny bald head as well as an unmistakable Karanga tone which distinguishes his productions from the others.

Culture and recreation
The major soccer club in the town is Masvingo United, whose home ground is Mucheke Stadium in the suburb of Mucheke. There are many amateur social football clubs in the city and they usually play their games at the various grounds around the city. Annually, a Miss Masvingo Province pageant is held. The city is host to the Charles Austin Theatre located at the civic center, a venue synonymous to many theatre enthusiasts in the country. The film and television industry is growing in the city with the up-and-coming generation at the forefront of the development.

The Southern Rocks, one of the five first-class cricket teams in Zimbabwe until its disbandment after the 2013–14 season, played its home games at the Masvingo Sports Club.

Africa Talent Publishers is a publishing company based in Masvingo. The company was started in 2018 by two Great Zimbabwe University lecturers, Munyaradzi Mawere and Tapuwa Rubaya, to promote indigenous stories and encourage the growth of a reading culture. It is the first such establishment to be founded in Masvingo.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Masvingo is twinned with:

  Kernen, Germany.
The twinning was signed by the town mayors in 1990. This led to the forming of the Kernen-Masvingo association by Kernens Mayor Mr. Haussmann, the school headmaster Franz Miller and its board manager D. Kaiser for 7 years. This organisation has led many projects in Masvingo, including school partnerships, such as that between Karl-Mauch-Schule in Kernen and Bondolfi primary school (25 km), building of a dining room at the old peoples' home in Mucheke, the Runyararo-Frieden day clinic and the construction of 4 buildings at Alpha cottages orphanage. Many other projects have been realised: cholera medicine, water treatment chemicals, many containers with helping goods, introduction of the medicine Viramune/Nevirapin in 2001 to all hospitals in Zimbabwe by D. Kaiser, given free of charge by the German pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim.

 Middlesbrough, England.

Notable people
Bruce Makovah, cricketer
Nelson Chamisa, politician
Brian Vitori, Cricketer
Simon Muzenda, first Vice President of Zimbabwe
Eddison Zvobgo, politician
Elias Mudzuri, politician

Paul Matavire, musician
Walter Mzembi, politician
Stanislaus Mudenge, politician
Nox Guni, Musician
Charles Manyuchi, boxer
Ashley Burdett, women's cricketer

See also
 Chiredzi
 Beitbridge

References

External links

 Kernen-Masvingo Association

Populated places in Masvingo Province
Provincial capitals in Zimbabwe
Populated places established in 1890

Masvingo


Banffshire (; ; ) is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. The county town is Banff, although the largest settlement is Buckie to the west. It borders the Moray Firth to the north, Morayshire and Inverness-shire to the west, and Aberdeenshire to the east and south.

Local government council

Between 1890 and 1975 the County of Banff, also known as Banffshire, had its own county council. Banffshire County Council was based at the Sheriff Court and County Hall.

In 1975 Banffshire was abolished for the purpose of local government and its territory divided between the local government districts of Moray and Banff and Buchan, which lay within the Grampian region. In 1996, the Grampian region was abolished, and the area now lies within the council areas of Moray and Aberdeenshire (note that both these polities have different boundaries to the historic counties of the same names).

Geography

Banffshire consists of a 30-mile stretch of coast along the Moray Firth from Spey Bay to Cullaykhan Bay, the immediate hinterland, plus a long, tapering 'tail' stretching inland some 55 or so miles, thus giving the county an elongated shape.

History

Considerable evidence of prehistoric human habitation exists particularly near the coastal area. For example, the Longman Hill cairn and Cairn Lee are situated in the northern portion of Banffshire in the vicinity of the Burn of Myrehouse.

Located in the area are the ruins of several medieval castles and the 12th century kirk of Gamrie.

Until 1891 the county contained various exclaves which were locally situated in Aberdeenshire, the biggest being the parish and village of St. Fergus.

Civil parishes

Civil parishes are still used for some statistical purposes, and separate census figures are published for them. As their areas have been largely unchanged since the 19th century this allows for comparison of population figures over an extended period of time.

From 1845 to 1930, parishes formed part of the local government system of Scotland, having parochial boards from 1845 to 1894.

 Aberlour
 Alvah
 Banff
 Bellie (probably now all in Moray)
 Boharm
 Botriphnie Drummuir
 Boyndie
 Cabrach
 Cullen
 Deskford
 Fordyce
 Forglen
 Gamrie
 Glass
 Grange
 Inveraven or Inveravon
 Inverkeithny
 Keith
 Kirkmichael (possibly all in Banffshire)
 Marlach or Marnoch
 Mortlach   (Mortlach distillery)
 Rathven
 Rothiemay Milltown of Rothiemay
 Rothnie
 Ontiquhill or Ordiquhill

Settlements

Aberchirder
Banff
Bogmuir
Buckie
Charlestown of Aberlour
Cornhill
Craigellachie
Cullen
Dufftown
Findochty
Fordyce
Gardenstown
Glenlivet
Ianstown
Keith
Kirktown of Alvah
Kirktown of Mortlach
Ladysbridge
Lintmill
Macduff
Marypark
Milltown of Rothiemay
Newmill
Portessie
Portgordon
Portknockie
Portsoy
Rathven
Sandend
Spey Bay
Tomintoul
Upper Dallachy
Whitehills

Transport
The Aberdeen–Inverness railway line runs through the town of Keith in the north of the county.

Architecture

Principal mansions
Principal mansions in Banffshire c. 1854 The Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland (1854) Vol. I. by the Rev. John Marius Wilson lists the following :

Auchintoul
Auchlunkart House  (A. Steuart)
Balveny Castle  or Balvenie Castle
Cairfield House  (John Gordon)
Cullen House  (Earl of Seafield)
Duff House
Edingight House  (Major A.F. Innes Taylor)
Forglen House and Birkenbog  (Sir Robert Abercrombie)
Gordon Castle  (Duke of Richmond)
Letterfourie  (Sir William Gordon)
Mayen House  (William Duff)
Mount-coffer House (Earl of Fife)
Park House  (Colonel Thomas Gordon)
Rothiemay

Castles in Banffshire

Auchindune  Auchindoun Castle
Balveny or Balvenie
Banff
Cullen (near Cullen)
Deskford
Edinglassie
Findochty
Galval or Gouldwell Castle (Boharm Civil Parish)
Grange
Inchdrewer, Banff Parish
Park
Scuth

Notable residents
 James Abercromby, (1706–1781), born in Glassaugh, British general in the French and Indian War
 Francis George Cumming (1861–1941), salvation army officer, chaplain, social worker and probation officer
 Captain George Duff RN (c. 1 February 1764 – 21 October 1805) was a Royal Navy officer during the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, who was killed by a cannonball at the Battle of Trafalgar. Born in Banff
 James Ferguson, FRS (1710–1776), born Rothiemay, astronomer and instrument maker
 George Gauld (surveyor)
 James Grant (1706–1778) Roman Catholic priest who served as an underground missionary on the Isle of Barra and later as the vicar apostolic of the Lowland District of Scotland
 Saint John Ogilvie, (1579–1615), born in Keith was a Scottish Catholic martyr.
 George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, 1829–1921, Canadian railway executive who named Banff, Alberta, after his birthplace; Banff National Park and Banff Springs Hotel are linked to Stephen back to Banffshire.

Surnames
Most common surnames in Banffshire at the time of the United Kingdom Census of 1881:

 Smith
 Grant
 Wilson
 Reid
 Watt
 Stuart
 Morrison
 Murray
 Cowie
 McDonald

See also
Lord Lieutenant of Banffshire
Banffshire (UK Parliament constituency)
List of counties of Scotland 1890–1975

References

External links

Lieutenancy areas of Scotland
Former counties of Scotland
Counties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)

Banffshire