Sergei Olegowitsch Sirotkin, auch Sergey Sirotkin (; * 27. August 1995 in Moskau), ist ein russischer Automobilrennfahrer. Er gewann 2011 die europäische Wertung der Formel Abarth. Er startete von 2012 bis 2014 in der Formel Renault 3.5. 2015 und 2016 fuhr er in der GP2-Serie. 2018 fuhr er für Williams in der Formel 1.

Karriere
Sirotkin begann seine Motorsportkarriere 2008 im Kartsport, in dem er bis 2010 aktiv war. 2010 debütierte er zudem im Formelsport und stieg während der Saison für Jenzer Motorsport in die Formel Abarth ein. Er erzielte regelmäßig Punkte und wurde 18. in der Fahrerwertung. 2011 blieb Sirotkin zunächst bei Jenzer Motorsport in der Formel Abarth. Nach der ersten Saisonhälfte wechselte er innerhalb der Serie zu Euronova Racing by Fortec. Er gewann fünf Rennen. In der europäischen Wertung setzte er sich mit zehn Podest-Platzierungen und 175 Punkten gegen Patric Niederhauser, der 138 Punkte erzielt hatte, durch. In der italienischen Wertung stand er neunmal auf dem Podest. In dieser Wertung unterlag er mit 136 zu 149 Punkten Niederhauser und wurde Vizemeister.

2012 ging Sirotkin sowohl in der Auto GP World Series, als auch in der italienischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft für Euronova Racing an den Start. In der Auto GP World Series erzielte er in den ersten vier Rennen die schnellste Rennrunde. Im zweiten Rennen verbesserte er sich vom 14. Platz startend auf den vierten Platz. Beim zweiten Rennwochenende in Valencia gewann Sirotkin das erste Rennen und erreichte den dritten Platz beim zweiten Lauf. Mit insgesamt neun Podest-Platzierungen und zwei Siegen wurde er Gesamtdritter. In der italienischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft lag er mit zwei Siegen auf dem fünften Rang in der Fahrerwertung. Da die Auto GP World Series und die italienische Formel-3-Meisterschaft an zwei Wochenenden ihre Läufe parallel austrugen, nahm Sirotkin an diesen Wochenenden an je fünf Rennen teil. Außerdem trat Sirotkin zu einer Veranstaltung der Formel Renault 3.5 für BVM Target an.

2013 wechselte Sirotkin vollständig in die Formel Renault 3.5. Er erhielt ein Cockpit bei ISR Racing. Bereits beim vierten Rennen im Motorland Aragón stand er als Zweiter auf dem Podest. Im weiteren Saisonverlauf erreichte er mit einem dritten Platz eine weitere Podest-Platzierung. Sirotkin schloss die Saison auf dem neunten Rang ab. Mit 61 zu 25 Punkten setzte er sich teamintern gegen Christopher Zanella durch.

2014 wechselte Sirotkin innerhalb der Formel Renault 3.5 zu Fortec Motorsport. In Wolokolamsk gelang ihm sein erster Sieg. Intern unterlag er Oliver Rowland mit 132 zu 181 Punkte und wurde Fünfter in der Fahrerwertung. Darüber hinaus übernahm Sirotkin 2014 für Sauber in der Formel 1 die Rolle des Test- und Ersatzfahrers. In dieser Funktion nahm er am ersten freien Training beim Großen Preis von Russland teil.

2015 trat Sirotkin für Rapax in der GP2-Serie an. Beim Sprintrennen in Monte Carlo erzielte er mit Platz drei seine erste Podest-Platzierung. Im Hauptrennen von Silverstone gelang ihm der erste Sieg. Sirotkin stand insgesamt fünfmal auf dem Podium und beendete die Saison auf dem dritten Gesamtrang.

2016 wechselte Sirotkin innerhalb der GP2-Serie zu ART Grand Prix, dem Meisterteam des Vorjahres. In Mogyoród und Hockenheim gewann er je ein Rennen. In der Meisterschaft erreichte er wie im Vorjahr den dritten Platz im Gesamtklassement.

2017 vertrat er den verletzten ART Grand Prix Fahrer Alexander Albon im Rennwochenende in Baku.

Für die Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2018 erhielt Sirotkin ein Cockpit bei Williams. Er wählte als seine permanente Startnummer die #35. Bei seinem Debütrennen schied er aus. Am Saisonende belegte er mit einem WM-Punkt den 20. und damit letzten Gesamtrang. Für die Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2019 erhielt er kein Cockpit als Stammpilot mehr, wurde jedoch offizieller Ersatzfahrer bei Renault. Auch 2020 übernimmt Sirotkin die Rolle als Ersatzfahrer bei Renault.

Sonstiges
Sirotkin wird vom russischen Unternehmen Lukoil gefördert.

Statistik

Karrierestationen

Einzelergebnisse in der Formel Renault 3.5

Einzelergebnisse in der GP2-Serie / FIA-Formel-2-Meisterschaft

Statistik in der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft
Diese Statistik umfasst alle Teilnahmen des Fahrers an der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft.

Gesamtübersicht
Stand: Saisonende 2018

Einzelergebnisse

Le-Mans-Ergebnisse

Weblinks

 Karrierestatistik von Sergei Sirotkin (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

GP2-Rennfahrer
Formel-1-Rennfahrer (Russland)
Russe
Geboren 1995
Mann
Rennfahrer des 24-Stunden-Rennens von Le Mans
Langstrecken-WM-Rennfahrer

Sergei Olegowitsch Sirotkin


රෙඩ් බ්‍රිගේඩ්ස් (, සමහරවිට  BR ලෙසින් ලුහුඞුකරණය කෙරෙන) යනු, ඉතාලියෙහි පදනම්ව තිබූ,  මාක්ස්වාදී-ලෙනින්වාදී පෙරටුගාමී සටන්කාමී සංවිධානයක් වූ අතර, ඊනියා "මුඛ්‍ය වර්ෂයන්හිදී" බොහෝ ප්‍රචණ්ඩ සිද්ධින්, ඝාතන සහ සොරකම් වලට වගකිය යුතු වෙති. 1970 දී පිහිටවුනු මෙම සංවිධානයයේ අරමුණ වූයේ, සන්නද්ධ අරගලයක් ඔස්සේ, "විප්ලවීය " රාජ්‍යයක්  බිහිකිරීම සහ උතුරු අත්ලාන්තික් ගිවිසුම් සංවිධානය වෙතින් ඉතාලිය බැහැර කර ගැනීම විය. කඩාකප්පල් කිරීම්, බැංකු කොල්ලයන් සහ, පැහැරගෙන යෑම්  ක්‍රියාවන් ඔස්සේ ඉතාලිය අස්ථාවර කිරීමට ඔවුන් සිදු කල ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ව්‍යර්ථයන් නිසා 1970ගණන් වල මුල් භාගයේදී රෙඩ් බ්‍රිගේඩ්ස්  කුප්‍රකටභාවයට පත්විය.

ඔවුන් සඳහා භූමිකා ආකෘතීන් ලෙසින් රෙඩ් බ්‍රිගේඩ්ස් තෝරාගත් දේ අතර ලතින් ඇමරිකානු නාගරික ගරිල්ලා ව්‍යාපාර වූහ. ටුපාමරොස් පිළිබඳ  ෆෙල්ට්‍රිනෙල්ලි විසින් ප්‍රකාශිත කාණ්ඩ  වැදගත් "මුල් රෙඩ් බ්‍රිගේඩ්වරුන්ට ගුරු අත්පොත් වැනි" වූ අතර 1943–45 අතරතුර  ඉතාලියානු  පක්ෂවාදි ව්‍යාපාරය පිළිබඳ කරුණුද, සාධාරණ දේවල් ඉටු කර ගැනුමට තරුණ සුළුතරයක් විසින්  ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ක්‍රම  භාවිතා කිරීම ලෙසින් අර්ථදක්වන ලදි.

කණ්ඩායමෙහි මහත් කුප්‍රකට ක්‍රියාව 1978දී සිදුවූ අතර, එහිදී BR සංවිධානයෙහි දෙවන පෙළ කණ්ඩායම මෙහෙයවූ මාරියෝ මෙරෙට්ටි විසින්,  හිටපු ක්‍රිස්තියානු ඩෙමොක්‍රැට් අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවර  අල්ඩො මෝරො පැහැර ගෙන ගියේ, කොමියුනිස්ට්වරුන් හා සමගින්  කොම්ප්‍රොමේසො ස්ටොරිකෝ, හෝ "ඓතිහාසික එකඟතාවයක්" වෙත එළඹීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ දරමින් සිටි විටය. පැහැරගෙන යෑම  සිදු කල වුන් විසින් මෝරොගේ පිරිවර පිරිසෙහි සාමාජිකයන් පස් දෙනෙකු මරා දැමූ අතර, දින 54 කට පසුව මෝරො මරා දැමූහ.

සටහන්

රෙඩ් බ්‍රිගේඩ්ස්


JB's All Stars war eine britisch-jamaikanische Band des Northern Soul und Funk. Sie wurde 1983 gegründet und bestand etwas mehr als zwei Jahre. Benannt war sie nach ihrem Gründer, dem Specials-Schlagzeuger John Bradbury, der unter den Spitznamen "Brad" und "JB" bekannt war.

Geschichte
Bradbury, der neben seinem Engagement für die Reggaemusik eine Vorliebe für den Northern Soul entwickelt hatte, gründete JB's All Stars 1983 nach dem Ende der Specials, während er noch immer für die Nachfolgeband The Special a.k.a. aktiv war. Zu den All Stars zählten unter anderem Reggae- und Funksänger Dee Sharp und Steve Nieve von Elvis Costellos Begleitband The Attractions. JB's All Stars erhielten einen Vertrag bei RCA Records, wo ihre Schallplatten auf dem RCA-Victor-Label veröffentlicht wurden. Die Single One Minute Every Hour verpasste 1983 knapp eine Platzierung in den Top 75. Backfield in Motion – die Coverversion eines US-Top-Ten-Hits von Mel and Tim aus dem Jahre 1969 – kam im Februar 1984 auf Platz 48 der offiziellen britischen Singlecharts; die Schallplatte wurde auch als 12-Zoll-Version mit einem Club Mix auf der A-Seite veröffentlicht. Sign on the Dotted Line erreichte im selben Jahr noch Platz 97. Die fünfte und letzte Single der Band, Alphabet Army mit der B-Seite Al. Arm, erschien 1985 auf dem 2-Tone-Label. Beide Titel wurden 1998 auf dem CD-Sampler The Compact 2 Tone Story wiederveröffentlicht.

Mitglieder
 JB (John) Bradbury – Schlagzeug, Drum Machine, Hintergrundgesang
 Dee Sharp – Gesang, Perkussion
 Steve Nieve – Klavier, Synthesizer
 Big George Webley – Bassgitarre
 Mark Hughes – Harmonika
 Jason Votier – Trompete, Flügelhorn
 Robert Amalhi – Rhythmusgitarre

Diskografie
Von JB's All Stars in Großbritannien veröffentlichte Singles:
 One Minute Every Hour (RCA, 1983)
 Backfield in Motion (RCA, 1984)
 Sign on the Dotted Line (RCA, 1984)
 Ready, Willing and Able (RCA, 1984)
 Alphabet Army (2 Tone, 1985)

Weblinks
 JB's All Stars bei 2 Tone Info

Einzelnachweise

Britische Band
Soulband
Funkband

JB’s All Stars


More Monsters And Sprites (pronunciado  en inglés estadounidense) es el tercer extended play del productor y disc-jockey estadounidense Skrillex, lanzado el 7 de junio de 2011 bajo los sellos discográficos Big Beat Records y Atlantic Records. El EP posee 3 canciones originales del artista y 4 remezclas de la canción «Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites», realizadas por el grupo francés Dirtyphonics, el productor italiano Phonat, el dúo estadounidense The Juggernaut y el productor estadounidense Kaskade.

Este fue el primer extended play de Skrillex lanzado en 2011. Unos meses más tarde, el 23 de diciembre lanzó su segundo y último extended play de ese año, titulado Bangarang —ganador a mejor álbum de dance/electrónica en los Premios Grammy de 2013—.

Historia

Antecedentes y lanzamiento
Exactamente 1 año antes de More Monsters and Sprites, Skrillex había publicado su extended play debut My Name Is Skrillex, lanzado de forma gratuita e independiente. El proyecto llegó a los oídos del sello discográfico Mau5trap —fundado en 2007 por deadmau5— y, tan solo 4 meses después de su primer EP, lanzaría Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites con dicha compañía.

El 7 de junio de 2011, fue publicado el extended play More Monsters and Sprites. Según David Jeffries de AllMusic, este proyecto es el "compañero de remezclas de Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites". More Monsters and Sprites contó con la participación del ingeniero de masterización Masterpiece. El sencillo «First of the Year (Equinox)» fue publicado en YouTube el 9 de junio de ese año y, en 2 meses, este consiguió 2 000 000 de reproducciones, número que para febebro de 2012 aumentó a 10 400 000. Además, «First of the Year (Equinox)» hizo aparición en el primer episodio de la octava temporada de Beavis and Butt-Head, titulado «Werewolves of Highland».

Videos musicales

«First of the Year (Equinox)»

El 17 de agosto fue publicado el videoclip de la canción «First of the Year (Equinox)» en YouTube. Trata sobre un pedófilo que persigue a una niña a un sótano con intenciones de sedarla y, posteriormente, violarla. Sin embargo, este descubre que esa niña es un demonio con poderes sobrenaturales y termina siendo asesinado por este. Este es un homenaje al videoclip de la canción «Come to Daddy» de Aphex Twin.

«Ruffneck (FULL Flex)»
El 23 de diciembre fue publicado el vídeo musical de la canción «Ruffneck (FULL Flex)» a través del canal oficial de Skrillex en YouTube. Trata sobre como un hombre adicto a las drogas trabajando en un centro comercial como Papá Noel, huye y enfrenta a guardias de seguridad. El vídeo fue dirigido por el parisino Tony T. Datis —perteneciente a la empresa HK Corp— y contó con Morgan Dalibert como director de fotografía. El videoclip consiguió superar la cantidad de 1 500 000 visitas en menos de 1 semana. En diciembre de 2018, este consiguió superar las 100 000 000 de visitas en YouTube.

Recepción

Comentarios de la crítica

En AllMusic, el extended play consiguió una nota de 3,5 estrellas basado en 67 reseñas de los usuarios, misma nota que le otorgó el reseñador David Jeffries. Trebor, de Sputnikmusic, comentó lo siguiente sobre el álbum: «No es que las canciones sean malas, es que no están bien ubicadas o son del todo necesarias. No muchos artistas sienten que necesitan seis remixes totales de la misma canción de ocho meses, pero creo que Skrillex sintió lo contrario. Todo en este álbum grita "promedio y sin rumbo", pero More Monsters And Sprites sigue siendo una escucha divertida».

Listado de canciones
 Edición estándar

Posicionamiento en listas

Listas semanales

Véase también

 Anexo:Discografía de Skrillex

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 More Monsters And Sprites en Discogs

Álbumes de 2011
Álbumes de música electrónica
Álbumes de remezclas
Álbumes de Skrillex
EP de 2011
Álbumes en inglés

More Monsters and Sprites


Das ehemalige Priorat Saint-Michel de Grandmont wurde Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts vom Grammontenserorden gegründet. Es liegt sieben Kilometer östlich von Lodève auf einer von Wald umgebenen Anhöhe und gehört zur Gemeinde Saint-Privat im Département Hérault in der französischen Region Okzitanien. Saint-Michel de Grandmont gilt als die am besten erhaltene Anlage des Ordens und besitzt noch ihre Kirche, die Konventsgebäude und den Kreuzgang. 1981 wurde das Priorat als Monument historique in die Liste der Baudenkmäler (Base Mérimée) in Frankreich aufgenommen.

Geschichte

Saint-Michel de Grandmont wurde im letzten Viertel des 12. Jahrhunderts als Priorat des Ordens von Grandmont gegründet. Der Ort lag, entsprechend den Vorschriften der Ordensregel, in einem Wald, auf nicht zum Ackerbau geeignetem Boden, entfernt von Ortschaften, aber in der Nähe einer Verkehrsachse. Das Patrozinium des heiligen Michael lässt vermuten, dass es an der Stelle bereits eine dem Erzengel geweihte Kapelle gab. Wie die Dolmen auf dem Gelände belegen, war die Gegend bereits früh besiedelt. Der Orden geht auf Stephan von Muret zurück, der sich um 1076 in Ambazac, in der Nähe von Limoges, als Einsiedler zurückgezogen hatte. Um ihn scharten sich andere Eremiten, die sich nach seinem Tod in Grandmont, in der Gemeinde Saint-Sylvestre, fünf Kilometer von Ambazac entfernt, niederließen. Der Ordensgründer wurde 1189 heiliggesprochen. Im Mittelalter entstanden 150 Priorate des Ordens.

Im 13. Jahrhundert erhielt Saint-Michel de Grandmont reiche Schenkungen von Guillaume de Cazoul, dem Bischof von Lodève. Er wurde 1259 in der Klosterkirche beigesetzt. 1471 wurde das Priorat zur Kommende und es setzte der Niedergang des Klosters ein. Im 16. Jahrhundert lebten dort nur noch vier Grammontenser und im 17. Jahrhundert existierte die Gemeinschaft nicht mehr. 1771 wurde der Orden unter dem französischen König Ludwig XV. aufgelöst. Während der Französischen Revolution von 1789 wurden die Gebäude als Nationalgut verkauft und in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zu einem Weingut umgebaut. Nach einem weiteren Besitzerwechsel wurden die Klostergebäude 1957 wieder restauriert.

Kirche

Die Prioratskirche wurde um 1200 errichtet und entspricht in ihrer Schlichtheit und Strenge den Vorschriften des Ordens, die denen der Zisterzienser vergleichbar sind. Die Kirche ist einschiffig und mit einer Spitztonne ohne Gurtbögen gedeckt. Die halbrunde Apsis wird von drei schmalen, stark abgeschrägten Fenstern durchbrochen. Ein weiteres Fenster befindet sich über dem Westportal. Den einzigen Wandschmuck bildet ein Gesims, das am Ansatz des Tonnengewölbes verläuft. Der Dachreiter, eine achteckige Laterne mit einer Kuppel, wurde im 13. oder 14. Jahrhundert hinzugefügt.

Aus dem 14. Jahrhundert stammt die kleine, kreuzrippengewölbte Kapelle an der Nordseite der Kirche, die dem Erzengel Michael geweiht war. Sie lag außerhalb der Klausur und hatte keinen Zugang zur Kirche. Die Kapelle war den Frauen vorbehalten, die in der Kirche nicht zugelassen waren.

Kreuzgang

Der Kreuzgang stammt aus dem 13. Jahrhundert. Er ist der einzige erhaltene Kreuzgang des Ordens. Seine vier Flügel bilden nahezu ein Quadrat. Drei Seiten besitzen ein Kreuzrippengewölbe mit Schlusssteinen, die östliche Galerie ist flachgedeckt. Rechteckige Pfeiler wechseln mit Doppelsäulen, deren schlichte Kapitelle teilweise mit geometrischen Motiven oder Blattdekor versehen sind.

Klostergebäude
Eine rundbogige Tür, die auf beiden Seiten von Arkaden flankiert wird, bildet den Eingang zum ursprünglich quadratischen Kapitelsaal. Die Rippen des Gewölbes setzen knapp über dem Boden an. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurde die Wand zum zweijochigen Arbeitssaal abgerissen und der Raum verlängert. Vom Kreuzgang führt eine Treppe zum Schlafsaal der Mönche, der sich über dem Kapitel- und Arbeitssaal befindet und dessen Kreuzstockfenster im 16. Jahrhundert durchgebrochen wurden. Im Südflügel des Erdgeschosses waren im Osten das Refektorium und im Westen die Küche untergebracht. Das darüberliegende Geschoss, das in mehrere Räume unterteilt ist, hat seine ursprüngliche Spitztonne bewahrt. Auch der Westflügel, in dem der Gästeschlafsaal untergebracht war, ist noch mit einer Spitztonne eingewölbt.

Literatur
 Birgitt Legrand: Die Klosteranlagen der Grammontenser – Studien zur französischen Ordensbaukunst des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts. Dissertation, Universität Freiburg im Breisgau 2006.
 Jacques Lugand, Jean Nougaret, Robert Saint-Jean: Languedoc Roman. 2. Auflage, Éditions Zodiaque, Abbaye de la Pierre-Qui-Vire 1985, ISBN 2-7369-0017-0, S. 47–48.

Weblinks

 Saint-Michel de Grandmont. (französischer Text)

Einzelnachweise

Monument historique im Département Hérault
Kirchengebäude im Département Hérault
Baugruppe (Städtebau) der Romanik
Kloster in Okzitanien
Ehemaliges Kloster in Frankreich
Kloster (12. Jahrhundert)
Erbaut im 12. Jahrhundert
Grammontenserorden
Michaeliskirche
Klosteranlage
Baugruppe (Städtebau) in Okzitanien
Baugruppe (Städtebau) in Europa
Monument historique (Kloster)
Klosterbau in Okzitanien
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Klosterbau in Europa
Monument historique seit 1981
Stmichel
Geschichte (Okzitanien)

St-Michel de Grandmont


Édouard Eugène Joseph Ghislain Debongnie (* 16. November 1893 in Tourcoing; † 21. September 1956 in Forest) war ein französisch-belgischer Radrennfahrer, Flugpionier und Unternehmer.

Eugène Debongnie war gebürtiger Franzose. 1905 wurde er französischer Meister im Sprint der Amateure. Bei den Bahnweltmeisterschaften in Antwerpen im selben Jahr belegte er den dritten Platz im Sprint. Anschließend nahm er die belgische Staatsbürgerschaft an und startete in Athen bei den Olympischen Zwischenspielen. Er trat in drei Disziplinen an, errang Bronze im Sprint und wurde Fünfter im Zeitfahren.

Debongnie war von Beruf Ingenieur. Er gründete in Oostduinkerke ein Unternehmen zur Montage von Eindeckern und zur Produktion von Propellern. 2009 wurde ein Platz im Koksijder Stadtteil Nieuwport-aan-Zee nach ihm benannt.

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Weblinks

Radsportler (Frankreich)
Radsportler (Belgien)
Französischer Meister (Radsport)
Olympiateilnehmer (Belgien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Zwischenspiele 1906
Unternehmer (Flandern)
Unternehmer (20. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (Luftfahrt)
Person (Provinz Westflandern)
Koksijde
Belgier
Franzose
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1956
Mann

Eugène Debongnie


An Bambusa dissemulator in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mcclure. An Bambusa dissemulator in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa dissemulator


අස්මක (IAST: ), අශ්මක හෙවත් අස්සක (පාලි) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ බෞද්ධ මූලාශ්‍රයක් වන අංගුත්තර නිකාය සහ පුරාණ ග්‍රන්ථ අනුව ක්‍රි.පූ. 700 සහ ක්‍රි.පූ. 425 හෝ 344 අතර කාලයේ පුරාතන ඉන්දියාවේ පැවති සොළොස් මහාජනපදවලින් එකකි. මෙය පිහිටා තිබූයේ වර්තමාන ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ්, තෙලංගානා, සහ මහාරාෂ්ට්‍ර ප්‍රදේශවලට අයත් ගෝදාවරී ගංගාව අවට සහ අතර භූමියේ ය. මෙහි අගනුවර පෝතලී හෝ පෝදනා ලෙස විවිධ අයුරින් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. එය වර්තමාන තෙලංගානාවේ බෝධාන් නගරය යැයි හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.

මේවාත් බලන්න
පුරාතන ඉන්දියාවේ රාජධානි
මහාජනපද
ඉන්දියාවේ ඉතිහාසය
මහාරාෂ්ට්‍රයේ ඉතිහාසය
ජනපද

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

මහාජනපද

අස්මක


Mountaintop removal mining (auch mountaintop mining, , im weiteren MTR) ist eine spezielle Form des Tagebaus in den USA. Angewandt wird dieses Verfahren vor allem in den Appalachen, einem großflächigen Mittelgebirge im Osten der Vereinigten Staaten – hier vorwiegend im Bereich des Appalachen-Plateaus; betroffen sind die Bundesstaaten Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia und West Virginia. Bedingt durch die Lagerungsverhältnisse der Steinkohle besteht der Abraum aus Bergkuppen, die die Steinkohlenflöze überdecken.

Wegen der ökologischen Auswirkungen des mountaintop removal minings ist dieses Bergbauverfahren umstritten.

Geschichte
Seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wird in den Appalachen Kohle im Tiefbau gewonnen. Einen Höhepunkt erreichte die Kohleförderung in der Region zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkriegs – in bis zu 12.000 Bergwerken wurden rund 700.000 Arbeiter beschäftigt. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ging wegen zunehmender Energiegewinnung aus Erdöl und Gas der zu teure Bergbau in den Appalachen stark zurück. Erst mit der Möglichkeit, Berggipfel abzutragen, konnte ab den 1960er Jahren – zunächst nur vereinzelt – wieder konkurrenzfähig Kohle gewonnen werden. Mountaintop removal wurde 1977 unter Jimmy Carter vom Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA, 30 U.S.C. §1201) reguliert. 1988 wurde mittels einer umstrittenen Ergänzung zum Clean Water Act (CWA, 33 U.S.C. §1252) die Möglichkeit geschaffen, sämtlichen beim Tagebau anfallenden Abraum in Täler zu verfüllen. Diese Gesetzesänderung, steigender Energiebedarf, Erschöpfung oberflächennaher Flöze im Tiefbau sowie die technische Entwicklung (besonders bei Schürfkübelbaggern) führten zu vermehrtem Abbau per mountaintop removal mining. Seit den 1990er-Jahren ist das Gipfelabsprengen die verbreitetste Kohlegewinnungsart in den Appalachen.

Abbautechnik
Das wenige Meter bis zu etwa 120 Meter mächtige Hangende bzw. Deckgebirge der Lagerstätte wird gesprengt und anschließend mit Baggern und Groß-Muldenkippern abgeräumt. Die beim Abbau der oberen Flözgruppe durch die Zwischenmittel anfallenden Berge werden in der Regel in einem benachbarten Tal aufgehaldet. Danach wird die Kohle des unteren Flözes abgebaut. Der zwischen oberer Flözgruppe und tiefem Flöz anfallende Abraum wird auf dem Liegenden des unteren Flözes abgekippt. Bereits während des Abbaues kann mit der Rekultivierung (Ausbringung von Dünger und Buschklee-Saatgut) begonnen werden. Ist die Kohle eines Gebietes abgebaut, bleibt ein künstliches Bergplateau zurück, das renaturiert oder anderen Nutzungen zugeführt werden kann.

Abbauverluste
Durch die geringe Überdeckung bei vergleichsweise hohen Kohlemächtigkeiten ist die Gewinnung im Tagebau kostengünstiger als ein Abbau im Tiefbau. Es entstehen kaum Abbauverluste, die beim untertägigen Abbau (beispielsweise im room-and-pillar-Verfahren) bis zu 50 % betragen können. Der Einsatz von Tagebaugeräten senkt den Personaleinsatz erheblich und steigert somit die Förderleistung pro Beschäftigtem.

Bergschäden
Untertägiger Abbau ist bei diesen Lagerungsverhältnissen oftmals geomechanisch nicht beherrschbar. Würde die Kohle abgebaut werden, ginge die Bergkuppe darüber zu Bruch. Ein solches Bruchfeld würde eine Gefahr für Mensch und Tier darstellen und müsste somit gegen Betreten gesichert werden. Rutschungen wären nicht auszuschließen. Bergschäden im engeren Sinne entstehen nicht, da Veränderungen in der Substanz des Abbaugebietes nur den Besitz des abbauenden Unternehmens betreffen.

Umweltauswirkungen
Der MTR-Kohleabbau führt zu erheblichen Eingriffen in Ökologie, Natur und Landschaft. Sie manifestieren sich vor allem in einer Veränderung des Landschaftsbildes – mit einhergehenden Auswirkungen für Flora und Fauna – sowie der Grundwasserqualität.

Landschaftsveränderungen
Nach einer Studie der US-Umweltbehörde Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sollen in den Appalachen bis zum Jahr 2012 rund 5.700 Quadratkilometer Land (überwiegend Waldflächen) betroffen sein. Seit dem Beginn des mountaintop removal minings wurden in den Appalachen von den 1970er Jahren bis 2008 rund 500 Bergkuppen abgetragen. Die Landschaft werde großflächig zerstört und durch das Abtragen der Bergspitzen in ihrem Charakter tiefgreifend verändert. Im Wise County in Virginia sind die MTR-Tagebaue nach den Wäldern bereits zweitgrößter Flächennutzer des Countys. Laut Vorgaben der EPA sollen die abgeflachten Berge nach dem Abbau der Kohle renaturiert werden. Die getroffenen Renaturierungsmaßnahmen sind jedoch nicht geeignet, die vormals auf den Bergspitzen vorhandenen Wälder zu ersetzen.

Wasserhaushalt
Durch die Verkippung des Abraums in die angrenzenden Täler (), die häufig Flussläufe führen, kann es zu massiven Eingriffen in den Wasserhaushalt kommen. Diese Eingriffe führen zu einer Beschädigung der biologischen Qualität der betroffenen Gewässer. Nach Angaben der EPA wurden von 1992 bis 2014 etwa 1200 Meilen (entspricht rund 1900 Kilometern) Flussläufe von Abraum verschüttet. Das Verkippen der Täler ist genehmigungspflichtig und unterliegt verschiedenen amerikanischen Gesetzen wie dem "Clean Water Act" (CWA) und dem "Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act" von 1977 (SMCRA). Mit dem Abraum können Substanzen wie Selen, Quecksilber, Arsen und Aluminium in Oberflächen- und Grundgewässer gelangen.

Gesundheit
Umweltschützer und Mediziner verweisen auf die vom mountaintop removal mining ausgehenden Gefahren für die Gesundheit der Bewohner angrenzender Gebiete. So weisen verschiedene medizinische Studien eine starke Zunahme von Fehlbildungen an Säuglingen sowie Herz-, Lungen- und Nierenerkrankungen nach.

2017 stoppte die Regierung Trump eine von der National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine durchgeführte Review-Studie, die die Gesundheitsgefahren des Mountaintop removal minings systematisch untersuchen sollte. Der Abbruch der Studie wurde damit begründet, sie sei eine Verschwendung von Steuergeldern. Zuvor hatte sich Donald Trump im Wahlkampf und den ersten Regierungsmonaten immer als Freund der Kohleindustrie dargestellt und versprochen, mehr Arbeitsplätze im Kohlebergbau zu schaffen.

Flora und Fauna
Die Appalachen sind zu 80 % bewaldet. Die Wälder sind von globaler Bedeutung; sie haben eine der höchsten Biodiversitäten in der gemäßigten Klimazone. Sie enthalten rund 40 kommerziell verwertbare Baumarten. Der zu bewirtschaftende Baumbestand ist durch das MTR erheblich zurückgegangen. Die durch den Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) verpflichtend vorzunehmenden Renaturierungsmaßnahmen erschöpfen sich zumeist in der Schaffung dichter, krautiger Vegetationen auf den vormaligen Abbauflächen; eine spätere Kolonisierung durch einheimische Bäume wird dadurch erschwert.

Klimawandel
Durch die negativen Auswirkungen auf Waldflächen und Böden ergibt sich durch Mountaintop-Mining ein erhöhter Ausstoß des Treibhausgases Kohlenstoffdioxid. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen ergaben, dass unter Berücksichtigung dieser Faktoren der Kohlendioxidausstoß von Kohle aus Mountaintop Mining um bis zu 17 % höher liegt als bei Kohle, die im Untertagebau gewonnen wurde.

Kritik
Die starken Umweltauswirkungen des MTR-Bergbaus führen seit Jahren in den Vereinigten Staaten und zunehmend auch in Europa zu Kritik an Betreibern, deren Geschäftspartnern und Aufsichtsbehörden.

Auch die Bevölkerung steht dem Kohleabbauverfahren skeptisch gegenüber. So lehnte bei einer im Jahr 2011 im Auftrag von CNN durchgeführten Umfrage die Mehrheit der US-Amerikaner MTR ab. Immer wieder kommt es zu Protestaktionen gegen den Abbau.

Verstromung von Appalachenkohle in Deutschland
Die Organisationen Urgewald und FIAN kritisieren in Zusammenarbeit mit "Keepers of the Mountains" den Steinkohleimport aus den Vereinigten Staaten und anderen Ländern durch deutsche Energieunternehmen. Gefordert werden unter anderem Transparenz sowie verbindliche und überprüfbare Sozial- und Umweltstandards.

Finanzierung von MTR-Investitionen
Zunehmend werden auch Banken für ihre Finanzierung des MTR kritisiert. Die Organisation BankTrack hat hierzu Informationen bereitgestellt. Die UBS wird bereits seit dem Jahr 2010 von Aktivisten angeprangert. Sie gehört zu den wichtigsten Geldgebern der Branche. Die Credit Suisse schloss dagegen bereits im Jahr 2010 gemäß den eigenen Richtlinien eine Finanzierung von Unternehmen aus, die in der MTR-Industrie tätig sind. In einer Presseerklärung stellte die Deutsche Bank im Sommer 2015 fest, dass sie nicht in die Finanzierung des Kohleabbaus eingebunden sei, sondern allenfalls Kredite zur Rekultivierung bzw. zur Finanzierung entsprechender Anleihen bereitstellen würde.

Klage von Mingo Logan gegen EPA

Von 2009 bis 2014 beschäftigte eine juristische Auseinandersetzung um den Widerruf einer bereits erteilten Abbaugenehmigung im MTR-Verfahren mehrere Gerichte in Washington, D.C. Der mehrjährige Streit, in dem die Verschmutzung von Wasserressourcen zu beurteilen war, wurde zugunsten der Beklagten (EPA) entschieden. Medien und Umweltschutzorganisationen werteten den Ausgang als richtungsweisend für die Zukunft des MTR-Bergbaus.

Trivia
Im Jahr 2014 erschien der Roman Gray Mountain von John Grisham, dessen Handlung im Umfeld des MTR-Kohlebergbaus in den Appalachen spielt. Sowohl die kohleabbauenden Unternehmen wie auch deren Rechtsvertreter werden in dem Bestseller negativ dargestellt; die Umweltzerstörung durch das Abbauverfahren wird hervorgehoben.

Auch der 2010 erschienene Roman Freiheit von Jonathan Franzen thematisiert beiläufig dieses Abbauverfahren. Die Romanfigur Walther, ein Vogelschützer, gerät ins Spannungsfeld zwischen ideologisch motiviertem Boykott des Verfahrens und Zusammenarbeit mit den Kohlefirmen, um wenigstens bei der Renaturierung mitreden zu können.

Weblinks

 The Land of Mountaintop Removal, Bericht des Smithsonian Channel, in: YouTube
 Claudia Copeland, Mountaintop Mining: Background on Current Controversies, Congressional Research Service, 20. April 2015 (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Kohlebergbau
Tagebautechnik
Umweltschäden

Mountaintop Removal Mining


Mazhar Kerem Özyeğen, (d. 26 Eylül 1977, İstanbul), Türk gitarist ve mor ve ötesi grubunun üyesidir.

Ortaokulu İSTEK Vakfı Tarabya Kemal Atatürk Lisesinde okudu. O zamanlar Michael Jackson dinleyip piyano çalarken sonraki yıllarda gitar ve de rock müziğe yönelmiştir. 1993-1996 yılları arasında Etiler Lisesinde kurulan Spark adlı punk rock grubunda gitar ve vokal yaptı. Yoğun bir şekilde Nirvana, Sex Pistols, Soundgarden ve Rage Against the Machine etkisindeki (ama kendi bestelerini üreten) bu grupla birçok konser verdi, bazı demolar kaydetti. 1994-1998 arasında zaman zaman "Siddhartha" grubuyla birlikte çaldı. Siddartha'nın 1996'da 1.Roxy Müzik Günleri'nde ikinciliği paylaştığı kadroda yer aldı. 1998'de çıkan grubun ilk albümünde yer aldı. 1996-1998 arası "Crusiana" adlı jazz-rock grubunda bas çaldı ve şarkı söyledi. Bu grupla 1996'da Tuborg Rock Festivali'ne finalist olarak katıldı. Bu yarışmada bir diğer finalist olan Düberni grubunda Kerem Kabadayı ve Harun Tekin ile tanıştı. 1998'in uzunca bir bölümünde Beatles, Jimi Hendrix ve Rolling Stones gibi grupların bestelerini çalan Taxi adlı rock'n'roll grubuyla İstanbul'daki Üst ve Alt Kemancı barlarında gitar çalıp vokal yaptı. Aynı yılın sonlarında mor ve ötesi'ne katıldı. Bu grubun bir parçası olarak çalışmalarını sürdürüyor.

Kerem Özyeğen 1985'te Ferdi Tayfur'un başrol oynadığı Herşeyim Sensin filminde "Murat" rolünde oynamıştır.

2010 yılında Sırbistan vatandaşı Maria Ciric ile evlendi. 5 Haziran 2013 tarihinde kızları Ayla dünyaya geldi.

2015 yılında ikamet ettiği İstanbul'dan taşınarak ve Sırbistan'ın Kikinda şehrinde yaşamaya başlamıştır.

Kaynakça

1977 doğumlular
Türk söz yazarları
DMC sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar
Türk gitaristler
Mor ve Ötesi üyeleri

Kerem Özyeğen


Le raïon de Nadvirna (en ) est un raïon (district) dans l'oblast d'Ivano-Frankivsk en Ukraine.
Avec le réforme administrative de 2020, le raïon a été agrandi.

Lieux d'intérêt
La gare de Tatariv de 1894 qui est classée.

Références

Nadvirna

Raïon de Nadvirna


Leningrader Rajon () ist der Name von Stadtbezirken russischer Städte:
 Leningrader Rajon (Kaliningrad), in der Stadt Kaliningrad, Oblast Kaliningrad
 Leningrader Rajon (Moskau), 1939 bis 1991 in der Stadt Moskau, Oblast Moskau

Leningrader Rajon


Kate Alexandra Lundy (born 15 December 1967) is a former Labor Party member of the Australian Senate, representing the Australian Capital Territory. Lundy served as the Minister for Multicultural Affairs and the Minister Assisting for the Digital Economy in the Second Rudd Ministry; having previously served as the Minister for Sport and the Minister Assisting the Minister for Industry and Innovation.

Background and early career
Born in Sydney, Lundy left school without completing Year 11 and did not tell her parents. She went to work on a construction site. She became the trade union representative and began her career in the Building Workers' Industrial Union.

Political career

In 1996, aged 28, Lundy became the youngest woman from the Australian Labor Party to be elected to the federal parliament; since superseded by Kate Ellis. She replaced Bob McMullan in the Senate when he moved to a lower house seat in that year's election.

After the 1998 election, Lundy was made Shadow Minister for Sport and Youth Affairs and Shadow Minister Assisting the Shadow Minister for Industry and Technology on Information Technology. In 2001 she became Shadow Minister for Information Technology and Sport. She added the Arts and Recreation to her responsibilities in 2003 after Mark Latham became federal Labor leader. She was Shadow Minister for Manufacturing and Consumer Affairs from October 2004 to June 2005, when she was appointed Shadow Minister for Sport and Recreation. With the election of Kevin Rudd as Leader of the Parliamentary Labor Party in December 2006, the responsibilities of Health Promotion and Local Government were added to Lundy's responsibilities for Sport and Recreation.

Following the 2007 federal election, Lundy was replaced by Kate Ellis, who was appointed as Minister for Sport and Minister for Youth.

On 11 September 2010, Lundy was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Immigration and Citizenship as well as Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister and Cabinet as part of the original Second Gillard Ministry. In a subsequent reshuffle in March 2012, Lundy was appointed as the Minister for Sport following the retirement of Senator Mark Arbib, and she was also made Minister for Multicultural Affairs, and Minister Assisting the Minister for Industry and Innovation. On 1 July 2013, as part of the Second Rudd Ministry, Lundy retained the portfolio of Multicultural Affairs and gained the portfolio of Minister Assisting for the Digital Economy. Don Farrell was appointed as Minister for Sport.

Lundy is a member of the Socialist Left faction of Labor. She has been highly active on the issue of internet regulation, arguing against both the Howard government's and her own party's policy in that area. Lundy is also patron of the Canberra Rowing Club and the Pearcey Foundation.

On 26 November 2014, Lundy announced that she would not stand for re-election at the 2016 federal election. She resigned from the Senate on 24 March 2015, and the next day former ACT Chief Minister Katy Gallagher was appointed as her replacement by the ACT Legislative Assembly.

Awards
In 2010 Lundy won the International Top 10 People Changing the World of Internet and Politics at the 11th World eDemocracy Forum which was held in Paris, France.

See also
 First Gillard Ministry
 Second Gillard Ministry
 Second Rudd Ministry

References

External links

Kate Lundy, Senate Biography
The Big Read: ACT Senator Kate Lundy talks divorce, dismay and drugs in sport Courier Mail 13 June 2013
 Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Kate Lundy on TheyVoteForYou.org.au

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Left politicians
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for the Australian Capital Territory
Australian bloggers
Women members of the Australian Senate
1967 births
Living people
Delegates to the Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
20th-century Australian politicians
Women government ministers of Australia
Australian women bloggers
20th-century Australian women politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Government ministers of Australia

Kate Lundy


Obična visibaba (lat. Galanthus nivalis), trajnica u rodu visibaba, porodica zvanikovki. Jedna je od dviju vrsta visibaba koja raste u Hrvatskoj. Raširena je po cijeloj Europi, osim što je naturalizirana po Skandinaviji, Belgiji, otoku Velika Britanija i Nizozemskoj.

Njezino ime nivalis znači snježno bijel, po boji njezinih pognutih cvjetova koji se pojavljuju već topljenjem snijega. Biljka raste iz lukovice, a naraste do 20cm visine. Iz lukovice visibabe izdvojen je alkaloid galantamin koji usporava alzheimerovu bolest i staračku demenciju

Narodni nazivi

 visibaba (Hr), Domac, R., 1994 4,
 babji klimpač (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 cinglica (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 debeloglavka (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 deklica (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 dremavka (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 dremenka (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 dremovac (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 dremuljka (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 drimovac (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 podremak (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 pedremun (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 podremušak (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 rigelčiki (Hr), Šulek, B., 1879 1256,
 snowdrop (En)

Izvori

Visibaba
Flora Albanije
Flora Austrije
Flora Bjelorusije
Flora Bosne i Hercegovine
Flora Bugarske
Flora Crne Gore
Flora Češke
Flora Francuske
Flora Grčke
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Italije
Flora Makedonije
Flora Njemačke
Flora Poljske
Flora Rumunjske
Flora Sicilije
Flora Slovačke
Flora Slovenije
Flora Srbije
Flora Španjolske
Flora Švicarske
Flora Turske
Flora Ukrajine

Obična visibaba


Valpolicella (, , ) is a viticultural zone of the province of Verona, Italy, east of Lake Garda. The hilly agricultural and marble-quarrying region of small holdings north of the Adige is famous for wine production. Valpolicella ranks just after Chianti in total Italian  (DOC) wine production.

The red wine known as Valpolicella is typically made from three grape varieties: Corvina Veronese, Rondinella, and Molinara.<ref>Wine Intro "Valpolicella Accessed: 28 December 2009.</ref> A variety of wine styles are produced in the area, including a recioto dessert wine and Amarone, a strong wine made from dried grapes. Most basic Valpolicellas are light, fragrant table wines produced in a novello style, similar to Beaujolais nouveau and released only a few weeks after harvest. Valpolicella Classico is made from grapes grown in the original Valpolicella production zone. Valpolicella Superiore is aged at least one year and has an alcohol content of at least 12 percent. Valpolicella Ripasso is a form of Valpolicella Superiore made with partially dried grape skins that have been left over from fermentation of Amarone or recioto.

Winemaking in the region has existed since at least the time of the ancient Greeks. The name "Valpolicella" appeared in charters of the mid-12th century, combining two valleys previously thought of independently. Its etymology is likely from the Latin vallis pulicellae ("valley of river deposits"). Today Valpolicella's economy is heavily based on wine production. The region, colloquially called the "pearl of Verona", has also been a preferred location for rural vacation villas. Seven comuni compose Valpolicella: Pescantina, San Pietro in Cariano, Negrar, Marano di Valpolicella, Fumane, Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella and Sant'Anna d'Alfaedo. The Valpolicella production zone was enlarged to include regions of the surrounding plains when Valpolicella achieved DOC status in 1968. In December 2009, the production of Amarone and recioto dessert wines within the Valpolicella DOC received their own separate Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) status.VinoWire News "Amarone and Recioto DOCG approved by Italian government" 1 December 2009.

History

Viticulture has been used in the Veneto region since at least the time of the ancient Greeks, though the exact period of cultivation for the Valpolicella area is not precisely known. The tradition of using partially dried-grapes (seen today in the modern Valpolicella wines of Amarone) was known as the "Greco" or "Greek style" of winemaking, with its origins likely dating back to this period. In the 6th century AD, the Roman writer Cassiodorus notes that the sweet wines of the area were favorites in the courts of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. Since the 8th century AD, the Republic of Venice was long a vital trading port in the Mediterranean, linking the Byzantine Empire with the rest of Europe. Merchants records shows that one of the items regularly traded through Venice was local wines produced in Verona province in the hills west of Venice. During the 15th and 16th century, struggles with the Ottoman Turks led to frequent blockades of the Venetian ports, limiting the amount of available export wines from the Greek isles and abroad. This further stimulated the development of domestic vineyards for the Venetians, who pushed even further into the hills of the Verona and the Valpolicella region.

The 19th century brought a series of calamities to most wine producing regions of Italy-including the phylloxera epidemic, oidium, downy mildew and the political upheaval of the Risorgimento. According to the 1889 writings of the French wine historian Dr. C. B. Cerletti, one of the few Italian wine regions to emerge from this period relatively unscathed was Valpolicella. In the 1950s, the "Amarone" style of winemaking was rediscovered. In 1968, the Valpolicella region received official recognition for quality wine production when it was granted its own DOC. However, with DOC recognition also came a large expansion of vineyard areas that were permitted to produce Valpolicella DOC wine, including land in the fertile plains of the Po River, which tend to produce excessively large yields of grapes with varying qualities. Additionally the grape composition for Valpolicella wines were expanded to include varieties of lower potential quality such as Molinara and Rondinella. This led to a general drop in quality, which had a detrimental impact on not only the area's reputation on the international wine market but also on sales and prices. As winemaking became less profitable, the vineyards in the most labor-intensive areas (such as the hillsides in the classico zone) were uprooted and abandoned. This shifted the source of grape production even further away from the better quality producing hillside regions down to the fertile plains.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the Amarone wines of Valpolicella experienced a spike in popularity on the world's wine market. Production of Amarone jumped from 522,320 US gallons (19,772 hectoliters) in 1972 to 1.2 million gallons (46,500 hl) by 1990. By 2000 Amarone production grew to over 3.9 million gallons (148,000 hl). By this point, the price for grapes destined for Amarone production was nearly three times higher than what a comparable quantity of grapes would fetch for basic Valpolicella production. This sparked renewed interest in planting vineyards in the high altitude hillside locations that produced lower yields of grapes better suited for Amarone production. In the 21st century, the reputation of Valpolicella wines continued to expand on the world's wine market, as ambitious winemakers began to invest more in advanced viticultural and winemaking techniques that produce higher quality wines. In 2003, the DOC regulations were adjusted to eliminate mandatory blending requirements for sub-quality grapes such as Molinara. At the end of 2009, the production of both Amarone and recioto dessert wines in the Valpolicella zone received Italy's highest quality wine designation as a DOCG zones.

Climate and geography

The Valpolicella region has mostly a mild to cool continental climate that is influenced by its proximity to two sizable bodies of water-Lake Garda to the west and the Adriatic Sea to the southeast. The coolest regions are in the Monti Lessini foothills to the north, where cool winds blow southward from the Alps. This area is traditionally classified as the classico zone. Towards the south and east, the climate gets warmer in the fertile plains of the Adige river. The mean temperature in the growing season is usually around 74.5 °F (23.6 °C), with average rainfall around 34 inches (860 mm).

The vineyard soils of the region range from morainic gravel near Lake Garda to more dolomite residual gravel with alluvial deposits in the fertile central plains. Towards the east and near the Soave DOC are several areas featuring volcanic soils. The most favorably situated vineyards are located in the Monti Lessini foothills in the classico zone where the grapes ripen at altitudes between .

Wine regions

The Valpolicella zone is bordered to the west by the Bardolino DOC, located along the banks of Lake Garda, which produces similar wines to basic Valpolicella using many of the same grapes. The historical "heart" of Valpolicella winemaking is in the Monti Lessini hills located northwest of the town of Verona. In 1968, the boundaries of the region were extended far eastward towards the DOC production zone of Soave and south to the plains of the northern bank of the Po river and its tributary the Adige.

Today the original zone is known as Valpolicella Classico zone and may duly noted on the wine labels of wines produced completely from grapes grown in this area. Today over 40% of all wine production in Valpolicella takes place in the classico zone, with an estimated yearly production of 12.2 million gallons (460,000 hl). Another sub-zone that is permitted to attach its name to the wine is the Valpolicella Valpantena located in the valley located just east of Verona.

Grapes and wine styles

Most of the wines produced under the Valpolicella DOC are red and usually contain a sizable amount of the area's most distinguished grape, Corvina. Other grapes used in the production of Valpolicella wine most often include Rondinella and Corvinone, but also Molinara, Rossignola, Negrara, Barbera, Sangiovese and Bigolona. A few producers are experimenting with reviving the indigenous grape Oseleta in Valpolicella. The wines are produced in a wide variety of styles ranging from basic nouveau table wines, full-bodied red wines, sweet dessert wines and even sparkling spumante. The most basic Valpolicella are light-bodied and often served slightly chilled. They have many characteristics similar to a Beaujolais wine and are often noted for their sour cherry flavor. While full-bodied recioto and Amarone styles reach alcohol levels of 15–16%, most Valpolicellas have more moderate alcohol levels around 11%. For wines labeled Valpolicella Superiore the wines must be aged a minimum of one year in wood and reach a minimum alcohol level of 12%.

 Recioto

The sweet red dessert wine Recioto della Valpolicella was awarded its own separate DOCG status in 2010 and has been the style historically associated with the region. The name recioto, also made in neighbouring Soave and Gambellara regions with their own DOCG designations, comes from the local dialect recie meaning ears, and refers to the extending lobes that appear as "ears" at the top of a grape cluster. The exposed grapes on the "ears" usually receive the most direct sunlight and become the ripest grapes on the cluster. Historically these very ripe "ears" were picked separately and used to make very rich, sweet wines. Today the method for making recioto has evolved to include the use of whole grape clusters. Grapes destined for Recioto della Valpolicella are often grown in the most ideally situated hillside vineyards. Recioto can trace its origins to winemaking techniques of the ancient Greeks; the grapes are taken to special drying rooms where they are allowed to desiccate, concentrating the sugars inside the grape.

While recioto is typically sweet, with high levels of residual sugar, the must can be allowed to ferment completely dry. Often producers will label this wine as Amarone, but they may also choose to produce it as Valpolicella DOC wine or even an Indicazione geografica tipica (IGT) table wine if they choose to use grape blends outside the DOC requirement. Some producers are experimenting with international varieties and producing dry Amarone style wines from grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon.

Ripasso

In the late 20th century, a new style of wine known as ripasso (meaning "repassed") emerged. With this technique, the pomace of leftover grape skins and seeds from the fermentation of recioto and Amarone are added to the batch of Valpolicella wines for a period of extended maceration. The additional food source for the remaining fermenting yeast helps boost the alcohol level and body of the wines while also leaching additional tannins, glycerine and some phenolic compounds that contribute to a wine's complexity, flavor and color. As the production of Amarone has increased in the 21st century, so too has the prevalence of ripasso style wines appearing in the wine market, with most Amarone producers also producing a ripasso as a type of "second wine". An alternative method is to use partially dried grapes, instead of leftover pomace, which contain less bitter tannins and even more phenolic compounds.T. Wernstrom "Valpolicella's Treasures - Modern yet distinctly Italian" The Wine News Accessed: 28 December 2009.

The first Valpolicella producer to commercially market a ripasso wine was Masi in the early 1980s. When the style first became popular in the late 20th century, it was rarely noted on the wine label. There was also debate about whether it was even permitted to be included under DOC regulations. If it was mentioned at all it was relegated to the back label wine description notes. Today the term ripasso is freely permitted to be used, with several examples on the wine market labeled as being made in the ripasso style. In late 2009, Ripasso della Valpolicella received its own DOC designation.

Amarone

While the style of Amarone has existed in the region for centuries, it was very rarely made as a deliberate wine style. Mostly it was produced in warm vintages when batches of wines destined for sweet recioto were unintentionally allowed to ferment completely dry. The modern concept of Amarone has its roots in the early 1950s when producers "rediscovered" the style and began deliberately using yeast strains that could ferment the high levels of sugars in the wine completely into alcohol. The first completely dry Amarones that were commercially marketed were the 1953 vintages produced by Bolla and Bertani. In 2009, the production of Amarone wine in the Valpolicella zone achieved DOCG status. During the petitioning process, the wine producers in the region established several quality control regulations including quotas on the amount of grapes grown in the fertile plains that could be used in Amarone production. Another measure was the 2003 removal of Molinara from the list of mandatory blending grapes.

Amarone is unique in the wine world. Typically very alcoholic, full-bodied and ripe-tasting wines are produced in very warm climate regions, where the grapes are able to build up large amounts of sugar while ripening on the vine. Examples of warm climate regions include parts of Australia, California and southern Italy. The Valpolicella region is characterized as a "cool climate region" where acid levels are usually maintained and sugar build occurs more slowly in the vine. Grapes destined for Amarone are the last grapes in Valpolicella to be harvested, getting as ripe as they can before mold and rot set in. The sugars in the grapes are then concentrated by a process of desiccation where they are kept in special drying rooms for anywhere from three to four months. During this time over a third of the water is removed as the grapes shrivel into raisins. This method (known as passito) produces more concentrated grapes that still maintain the acid balance of a cool-climate grape. Amarones differ from other late harvest wines in that the presence of Botrytis cinerea'' is actively discouraged, as winemakers attempt to avoid the smoky, mouldy flavors that come with botrytized wine. Extra care is taken in the vineyard to ensure that the grapes are kept dry and harvested before rot can develop.

The Amarones are then aged for several years, with many premium examples being aged for at least five years prior to release. They are often aged in large wooden barrels of either Slavonian or French oak. Traditionally the barrels are older and essentially "neutral", in that they do not impart much flavor or wood tannins, but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries more Amarone producers have been experimenting with the use of smaller new oak barrels that introduce more oak flavoring to the wine.

Amarones are rich, full-bodied wines with flavor and aroma notes that are often compared to the flavors of Port wine. The wines often have notes of mocha, bitter-sweet dark chocolate, raisin, dried fig and earthy flavors. At restaurants sommeliers will often recommend food and wine pairings for Amarone with hearty, heavy dishes such as meat roasts. A classic after-dinner assortment is Amarone paired with walnuts and Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese. Master of wine Mary Ewing-Mulligan notes that well-made examples of Amarone from favorable vintages usually need about ten years of bottle aging for the flavors to mature, and have the potential to continue developing for twenty years or more.

See also

 Parish Church of San Giorgio di Valpolicella

References

External links

 Official portal for the Valpolicella region: Wine
 Key facts about Valpolicella wines

Italian DOC
Wine regions of Italy
Wines of Veneto

ja:ヴァルポリチェッラ

Valpolicella


Knjige u 2007. godini.

Stranica obuhvaća samo važne odnosno značajne umjetničke, znanstvene, kronike, zakonske i sl. knjige.
Obuhvaća i ako je objavljen prijevod i/ili pretisak nakon više desetljeća, stoljeća i tisućljeća.
Može se posebno navesti kad je napisana i kad je objavljena, jer nije rijetko veliko vremensko odstupanje dok je važna knjiga bila samo u rukopisu do vremena tiskane objave.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

A
 Anastasia, Dalibor Šimpraga. Nakladnik: Durieux. Broj stranica: 329. Beletristika.
 Anđeli naši svagdašnji, Michal Vieweg. hNakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 163.  Beletristika.

B
 Blato, Milana Vlaović. Nakladnik: V.B.Z. Broj stranica: 184. Beletristika.
 Brain Gym, Paul E. Dennison, Gail E. Dennison. Prevoditelji: Tatjana Novosel-Herceg i Davor Stančić. Nakladnik: Ostvarenje. Broj stranica: 120. Roditeljstvo i odgoj djece.
 Budizam za majke, Sarah Napthali. Prevoditelj: Gordana Visković. Nakladnik: Planetopija. Broj stranica: 272. Duhovna literatura i Self-Help, Roditeljstvo i odgoj djece.

E
 Enciklopedija lovstva, Pascal Durantel. Izdavač: Leo Commerce. Broj stranica: 607.

F
 Filološke dvoumice, Inoslav Bešker. Nakladnik: Jesenski i Turk. Broj stranica: 263. Književna teorija i kritika.
 Funkcijska anatomija lokomotornog sustava, Predrag Keros, Marko Pećina. Izdavač: Naklada Ljevak. Broj stranica: 587.

J
 Jesen, Jadranka Boban Pejić. Izdavač: Planetopija. Broj stranica: 64. Kuharice.

K
 Književni leksikon, Milivoj Solar. Nakladnik: Matica hrvatska. Broj stranica: 421. Enciklopedije i leksikoni, Književna teorija i kritika.

R
 Renesansa, Milan Pelc. Izdavač: Naklada Ljevak. Broj stranica: 640.

S
 Stanko Abadžić, Stanko Abadžić, Nataša Šegota Lah. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 252. Fotografija.

U
 Umjetnost i ljepota u srednjovjekovnoj estetici, Umberto Eco. Prevoditeljica: Željka Čorak. Nakladnik: Institut za povijest umjetnosti. Broj stranica: 183. Društvene znanosti.

Z
 Za bebe i djecu, Jadranka Boban Pejić. Izdavač: Planetopija. Broj stranica: 167. Zdravlje i ljepota.
 Zima, Jadranka Boban Pejić. Izdavač: Planetopija. Broj stranica: 64. Kuharice.

Svijet

Izvori

Godine 21. stoljeća
2007.

Knjige u 2007.


Le Fou es una opera en tres actos de Marcel Landowski sobre un libreto del compositor aumentada por un extracto de une somme de poésie ("un sueño de poesía") de Patrice de la Tour du Pin. Se estrenó en Nancy el 1 de febrero de 1956 sobre Jane Rhodes bajo la dirección de Jésus Etcheverry.

Argumento
Los habitantes de una ciudad asediada sufren la guerra. Entre ellos, el sabio Peter Bell vive un drama interior pues él ha descubierto un arma absoluta que puede salvar la villa, pero se cree que esta arma posee un poder destructivo.

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Marcel Landowski
Óperas en francés
Óperas de 1956
Óperas estrenadas en Francia

Le Fou


Jeff Mensah (* 10. August 1992) ist ein dänischer Fußballspieler ghanaischer Abstammung.

Karriere
Er wurde als Sohn einer ghanaischen Familie in Dänemark geboren. Sein älterer Bruder Kevin Mensah ist ebenfalls Profifußballer und spielt für Brøndby IF.

Verein
Jeff Mensah spielt derzeit für den dänischen Zweitligisten Viborg FF, dessen Jugendabteilung er auch entstammt. 2009 kam er mehrmals in der ersten Mannschaft des Klubs zum Einsatz. 2013 und 2015 konnte er mit Viborg den Aufstieg in die Superliga feiern. 2016 wechselte er zum norwegischen Zweitligisten IL Hødd, 2017 zum dänischen Zweitligisten Thisted FC. 2018 kehrte er zu Viborg FF zurück.

Nationalmannschaft
Mensah kam in mehreren dänischen U-Nationalmannschaften zum Einsatz.

Weblinks

 Jeff Mensah auf der Webpräsenz des dänischen Fußballverbandes
 Jeff Mensah auf der Webpräsenz von Viborg FF

Fußballspieler (Viborg FF)
Fußballspieler (Thisted FC)
Ghanaer
Däne
Geboren 1992
Mann
Fußballspieler (IL Hødd)

Jeff Mensah


بروتوكول وقت الشبكة أو بروتوكول وقت الشبكة  هو بروتوكول يقوم بتوزيع التوقيت العالمي المنسق عن طريق مزامنة ساعات الحواسب الآلية المرتبطة معا بشبكة واحدة. يستخدم بروتوكول وقت الشبكة المنفذ رقم 123 من بروتوكول وحدة بيانات المستخدم .

يعد بروتوكول وقت الشبكة واحدًا من أقدم بروتوكولات الإنترنت التي لا زالت تستخدم حتى الآن (منذ ما قبل عام 1985). وقد قام بتصميمه ديفيد ميلز  من جامعة ديلاوير، والتي لا تزال تقوم بصيانته بالتعاون مع فريق من المتطوعين.

لا يرتبط بروتوكول وقت الشبكة ببروتوكول DAYTIME (المذكور في مقالة ) ولا ببروتوكول TIME (المذكور بالمقالة )، وهما بروتوكولان أبسط بكثير من بروتوكول وقت الشبكة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مجموعة إنترنت ملقمات الإنترنت
 نتب خادم اختبار أداة على الانترنت

برمجيات متعلقة بالشبكات
بروتوكولات طبقة التطبيق
معايير الإنترنت

بروتوكول وقت الشبكة


Safranin je biološko bojilo koja se koristi u histologiji i citologiji. Safranin se koristi kao kontrabojilo u nekim metodama bojenja, bojeći jezgre stanica u crveno. Ovo je klasično kontrabojilo i u Gramovim i u endospornim metodama bojenja. Također se može koristiti za otkrivanje hrskavice, mucina i granula mastocita.
Safranin tipično ima kemijsku strukturu prikazanu zdesna (ponekad opisanu kao dimetil safranin). Tu je i trimetil safranin, koji ima dodanu metilnu skupinu u orto-položaju donjeg prstena. Oba spoja ponašaju se u osnovi jednako u primjenama biološkog bojenja, a većina proizvođača safranina ne razlikuje ih. Tržišni pripravci safranina često sadrže mješavinu obje vrste. Safranin se također koristi kao redoks pokazatelj u analitičkoj kemiji.

Azinska bojila

Azinska bojila imaju pirazinski prsten koji kondenziran s aromatskim jezgrama daje kromofor, fenazin. Supstitucijom amino-grupa i hidroksi-grupa u aromatske jezgre u p-položaju prema N-atomu u prstenu dobivaju se bojila. Prvo sintetičko bojilo koje se proizvodilo za komercijalne potrebe spada u ovu grupu. To je mauvein, što ga je pripremio 1856. W. H. Perkin oksidacijom sirovog anilina (koji je sadržavao smjesu izomernih toluidina) natrijevim dikromatom u hladnoj razrijeđenoj sumpornoj kiselini. Danas se više ne upotrebljava.

Bezbojni ili slabo obojeni azinski spojevi s kiselinama tvore snažno obojene soli. Azinska su bojila bazna bojila koja proteinska vlakna bojaju direktno a pamuk tek nakon močenja taninom. Daju obojenja crvena, modra i ljubičasta. Iz ove je grupe tehnički važan safranin T, C.I. 50240, koji se priprema djelovanjem natrijeva nitrita na orto-toluidin-hidroklorid, redukcijom nastalog aminoazotoluena željeznom piljevinom i oksidacijom natrijevim bikromatom uz dodatak anilina, sve u jednom slijedu bez izolacije intermedijara. Spomenuti treba iz ove grupe i Wollechtblau BL, C.I. 50315, koji se dobiva kondenzacijom l,3-dianilino-naftalin-8-sulfonske kiseline s 4-aminodifenilamin-2-sulfonskom kiselinom i naknadnom oksidacijom; upotrebljavaju se i neka druga slično građena bojila.

U ovu grupu spadaju također nigrozini i indulini. To su ljubičasta do modrocrna bojila koja nastaju kondenzacijom nitrobenzena ili aminoazobenzena s anilinom i anilinklorhidratom. Upotrebljavaju se za bojenje papira, kože, plastičnih masa, zatim u proizvodnji hektografskih masa, laštila za kožu i grafičkih boja. Takav je produkt na primjer Indulinbase NF, C.I. 50400; priprema se kratkim grijanjem p-aminoazobenzena sa smjesom anilina i hidroklorida anilina. Iz anilina i hidroklorida anilina uz nitrobenzen priprema se grijanjem na 180 - 200 °C u prisutnosti bakarnih soli; Nigrosinbase N, C.I. 50415, bojilo netopljivo u vodi, a topljivo u uljima, mastima i mnogim otapalima. Iz ovog se bojila nakon sulfuriranja i prevođenja sulfonskih grupa u natrijeve soli priprema u vodi topljivi Nigrosin GF (Indulin WL), C.I. 50420.

U ovu grupu bojila spada i postojano anilinsko crnilo, C.I. 50440, koje nastaje oksidacijom anilina na vlaknu u prisutnosti bakarnih ili vanadijevih soli kao katalizatora. Kao sredstvo za oksidaciju upotrebljava se najčešće kalijev dikromat ili kalijev klorat.

Slike

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pigmenti

Safranin


Alfonso de Bolaños (Burgos?, Couronne de Castille - 1478, Menceyato de Güímar, île de Ténérife) était un frère et missionnaire franciscain du . Il est surnommé l'« Apôtre de Tenerife » car il a entamé un processus d'évangélisation sur cette île environ 30 ans avant sa conquête.

C'est un personnage historique dont on sait peu de choses dans ses premières années de vie. Au milieu du , Alfonso s'installe avec deux autres moines au sud-est de l'île de Tenerife, dans le Menceyato de Güímar à l'époque des Guanches (anciens aborigènes de l'île). À cet endroit, il a construit un ermitage dans ce qui est actuellement la ville de Candelaria, un lieu où les indigènes adoraient l'image de la Vierge de Candelaria. Cependant, son projet missionnaire ne se limitait pas à l'île de Tenerife mais avait pour objectif principal la côte africaine.

Ces religieux vivaient parmi les aborigènes, parlant leur langue et en baptisant nombre d'entre eux. Après avoir été nommé Sixte IV comme nouveau Pape, Alfonso de Bolaños se rend à Rome pour présenter les fruits de son projet évangélisateur.

Cependant, ce projet missionnaire a disparu après la mort de Bolaños en 1478 dans l'ermitage. En tous cas, lorsque la conquête de Tenerife entre 1494 et 1496 eut lieu quelques décennies après sa mort, pratiquement tout le sud de l'île était déjà évangélisé.

Notes et références

Date de naissance non renseignée (XVe siècle)
Naissance à Burgos
Franciscain espagnol
Missionnaire catholique espagnol
Personnalité liée à Tenerife
Conquête des îles Canaries
Histoire de Tenerife
Religieux des Espagnes médiévales
Décès en 1478

Alfonso de Bolaños


Frederic René Coudert Jr. (May 7, 1898 – May 21, 1972) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1947 to 1959, and a member of the New York State Senate from 1939 to 1946. Prior to serving in Congress, he was best known for his role with New York's Rapp-Coudert Committee, which attempted to identify the extent of communist influence in the state of New York's public education system. The committee's inquiries lead to the dismissal of more than 40 instructors and staff members at the City College of New York, actions the committee's critics regarded as a political "witch-hunt."

Background
Coudert was born in New York City on May 7, 1898, the son of Frederic René Coudert II (1871–1955) and Alice T. (Wilmerding) Coudert. He attended the Browning and Morristown Schools in New York City, then entered Harvard College in 1916, but when the US entered World War I, Coudert joined the Army. He served in France as a first lieutenant assigned to the 105th Infantry Regiment, a unit of the 27th Division. In 1918, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia College as part of a program that awarded degrees to military members through a combination of academic study and military service.

Coudert was discharged from the army in 1919 and began attending Columbia Law School. He received his LL.B. degree in 1922, was admitted to the bar in 1923, and commenced practice in New York City. He served as an assistant United States attorney for the Southern District of New York in 1924 and 1925.

Politics
Coudert was a member of The New York Young Republican Club. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for New York County District Attorney in 1929. He was a delegate to the Republican state conventions every two years from 1930 to 1948, and the Republican National Conventions every four years from 1936 to 1948.

From 1939 to 1946, Coudert was a member of the New York State Senate, sitting in the 162nd, 163rd, 164th and 165th New York State Legislatures.

He was elected as a Republican to the 80th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th and 85th United States Congresses, holding office from January 3, 1947, to January 3, 1959. Coudert voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

Post-congressional career
He continued his practice of law in New York City, and was also a member of the State Commission on Governmental Operations of New York City from 1959 to 1961. Coudert was an outspoken conservative and endorsed William F. Buckley's 1965 Conservative campaign for the New York City mayoralty over liberal Republican Congressman John Lindsay.

Retirement and death
He retired due to ill health, and died in New York City on May 21, 1972. He was buried at Memorial Cemetery in Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

Awards
In 1941, Coudert received the Columbia University Medal for Distinguished Public Service. In addition, he was a recipient of the French Legion of Honor (Chevalier) to recognize his efforts on behalf of the French people, including serving as president of the federation of French Alliances In the United States.

Family
In June 1923, Coudert married sculptor Mary Callery. The marriage ended in divorce in May 1931, and in October of that year he married Paula Murray. With his first wife, Coudert was the father of daughter Catherine. With his second, he was the father of son R. Frederic and daughter Paula.

Coudert was the great-grandson of Benjamin F. Tracy, who served as United States Secretary of the Navy from 1889 to 1893.

See also
 Frederic René Coudert Sr.
 Rapp-Coudert Committee
 Lusk Committee

References

External links

1898 births
1972 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War I
Columbia Law School alumni
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
20th-century American politicians
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Morristown-Beard School alumni
Browning School alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni

Frederic Coudert Jr.


Pletara je jedna od starijih oblika košnica, a svojstvena je bila za dinarsko i panonsko područje, a to su bile zvonolike košnice od pletenoga pruća ili slame. Pletara je košnica koja ima saće koje ne možemo mijenjati po želji. Vađenje meda iz takve košnice je teško i više se uglavnom ne radi. Danas se upotrebljava više iz povjesnih razloga, zbog hvatanja ili proizvodnje rojeva i proizvodnju pčelinjeg voska. Odlike pletare su i da u njima za razliku od "modernijih" košnica koje su preuzele njezino mjesto mali broj pčela može vrlo uspješno preživjeti zimsko razdoblje.

Kako je pletara rađena od prirodnog materijala pčele se u njoj vrlo ugodno osjećaju i brzo napreduju. Pletara bi svakako trebala biti prisutna u svakom pčelinjaku ako ništa drugo toliko da je ne zaboravimo. Nažalost u današnje se "moderno vrijeme" premali broj ljudi bavi proizvodnjom ove stare vrste košnica iako ona u kombinaciji s nastavljačama može predstavljati odličan izvor legla za pravljenje novih pčelinjih zajednica. Kombiniranjem košnica koje se otvaraju odozgo i pletare riješen je problem kontrole i zamjene matica što u radu sa samom pletarom nije bilo moguće. Pletara se kod pčelara koji je upotrebljavaju osim kod proizvodnje pomoćnih društava, pokazala u povijesti kao odličan izvor pčelinjeg voska.

Povijest

U nekadašnjim nepreglednim prašumama pčele su nalazile bogatu pašu, a u mnogobrojnim šupljinama stabala i stijena udobna mjesta za leglo i skladištenje dodatne hrane, tako da su se pčelinje zajednice u divljini dosta umnožavale, i pored štete koju im je nanosio čovjek svojom krađom meda. Međutim, nestankom velikih prašuma nestali su mnogobrojni povoljni uvjeti za razvoj pčela, a potrebe čovjeka za pčelinjim proizvodima su rasle. Ljudi su u međuvremenu naučili sami da uzgajaju i umnožavaju pčelinje zajednice, tako da su mogli zadovoljiti svoje potrebe za medom, voskom i drugim pčelinjim proizvodima. Na početku čovjek je pratio pčele koje su se vraćale s paše do njihovog gnijezda, zatim je pazio kada se roje, pa rojeve privlačio u šuplja stabla ili druga pristupačnija mjesta, premazujući ih medom. Kasnije je, da bi mu pčele bile što bliže, a njihovi proizvodi što pristupačniji, sam je počeo da pravi prostrane šupljine u krošnjama živih stabala, stavljajući na njih vrata s otvorom za leto (mjesto gdje pčele ulaze u košnicu), a potom označavajući ih svojim znakom (križom najčešće) da ih drugi ne bi prisvojili. Šupljine iskopane u drveću ljudi su neposredno pred samo rojenje premazivali zapaljenim saćem kako bi miris primamio pčele, pa su rojevi rado naseljavali tako pripremljene prostore. Na ovaj način ostvaren je prvi bliži obostrano korisni dodir u odnosu čovjeka i pčela, to jest bio je pripremljen "smještaj" za pčele i počelo se razvijati šumsko pčelarenje. Takvo pčelarenje je bilo najrazvijenije na prostoru današnje Rusije, jer su tu vjerojatno i uslovi bili najpovoljniji.

Najstariji dokaz o odnosu između čovjeka i pčele dolazi iz mlađeg kamenog doba ili neolitika (5 000 do 7.000 pr.Kr.) iz pećine Cuevas de la Araña koje se nalazi u Španjolskoj u blizini Valencije. Slika iz špilje prikazuje čovjeka s posudom koji iz pukotine u stijeni rukom uzima saće. Pčele lete oko njega u koncentričnim krugovima i udaljavaju se jer on koristi dim kojim ih tjera. On je lovac na med, lik koji postoji još i danas u nekim starijim narodima. Vjerojatno čovjek sa slike skuplja pčelinja društva iz šupljina te ih na taj način prenosi i postavlja u neposrednoj blizini kuće.

Kada su iskrčene stare šume i stvorena prva stalna ljudska naselja, pčele su prenesene iz šuma i uzgajane u izdubljenim panjevima - dubina. Kasnije, čovjek je počeo da pravi pletene košnice od pruća (pletara), obljepljujući ih mješavinom izmeta, gline i piljevine, ili samo od slame, dok je u kamenitim krajevima pravio primitivne košnice u stijenama. U Sudanu, Egiptu, u zemljama Bliskog istoka i Male Azije, gdje nema šuma ni pogodnih pećina, pčele su prvobitno živjele u izdubljenoj zemlji, a ljudi su kasnije počeli da prave košnice od ilovače. Tako su stvoreni prvi primitivni pčelinjaci, a čovjek je sve više koristio proizvode pčela, ali uz stalnu brigu da svojim djelovanjem što manje naškodi pčelinjoj zajednici.

Slike

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sestrinski projekti

Mrežna mjesta
 Udruga pčelara ULIŠĆE: Vrste košnica
  www.agroklub.ba – Pčelarstvo: Pletare - stare košnice u kojima su pčele zdravije i daju kvalitetniji med

Pčelarstvo

Pletara


David Pintado fue un dirigente del fútbol argentino. Entre 1993 y 1997, fue vicepresidente de Alfredo Davicce, mientras que durante la gestión de José María Aguilar, ocupó un cargo en la FIFA.

Desde 1997 a 2001, se desempeñó como presidente del Club Atlético River Plate.

Resultados electorales

1997

2005

Palmarés

Como presidente

Referencias

Dirigentes de fútbol de Argentina
Presidentes del Club Atlético River Plate

David Pintado


La route régionale 378 () est une route régionale allant de Taavetti dans la commune de  Luumäki jusqu'à Savitaipale  en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 378 est une route régionale de Carélie du Sud qui va de la route nationale 6 au centre de Luumäki jusqu'à la route nationale 13 à Savitaipale.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Cartes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

378
Transport à Luumäki
Transport à Savitaipale

Seututie 378


An Kefersteinia trullata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Kefersteinia trullata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kefersteinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kefersteinia (Orchidaceae)

Kefersteinia trullata


Fetullah Gülen (Pasinler, Erzurum, 27. travnja 1941.) je turski propovjednik, bivši imam i islamski politički vođa. On je osnivač Pokreta Gülen (ponekad poznatog i kao Hizmet). Trenutno živi u dobrovoljnom egzilu u Saylorsburgu u Pennsylvaniji, u SAD-u.

Gülen zastupa anadolijsku (hanefijsku) verziju islama, koja proizilazi iz učenja sunitskog muslimanskog učenjaka Saida Nursîja. Gülen je izjavio da vjeruje u znanost, međuvjerski dijalog i višestranačku demokraciju. Započeo je dijalog s Vatikanom  i nekim židovskim organizacijama.

Gülen je aktivno uključen u socijalne debate, koje se tiču budućnosti Turske i islama u modernom svijetu. U medijima na engleskom jeziku, opisan je kao "jedna od najvažnijih muslimanskih ličnosti".  Njegov pokret opisan je kao da "ima karakteristike kulta", a njegova tajnovitost i utjecaj u turskoj politici uspoređuje se s "islamskim ''Opus Dei".

U turskom kontekstu, Gülen se čini religijski konzervativnim.

Bio je saveznik turskog predsjednika Erdoğana do 2013., nakon čega ga je Erdoğan optužio za korupciju. Turska ga smatra najopasnijim teroristom i traži njegovo izručenje od SAD-a, što SAD odbija. Erdoğan ga optužuje, da stoji iza neuspješnog puča 2016. godine.

Gülen se zalaže za ulazak Turske u EU i protivi se turskom anganžmanu u ratu u Siriji.

Pokret Gülen danas raspolaže sa stotinama fakulteta i tisućama škola i drugih obrazovnih institucija u preko 100 zemalja svijeta. Također raspolaže i bankama, nevladinim udrugama i medijima.

Izvori

Turski političari

Fethullah Gülen


Ernst Lau (* 7. März 1893 in Brünn; † 17. Februar 1978) war ein deutscher Optiker. Er gilt als Erfinder der Gleitsichtbrille.

Leben
Lau studierte in Berlin und Tübingen Philosophie, Physik und Psychologie. Nach der Promotion über Probleme des stereoskopischen Sehens begann er 1920 mit seiner Tätigkeit in der Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt in Berlin. Hier leitete er bis 1946 das Strahlungslaboratorium. Im Jahre Jahr 1927 entwickelte er zuvor mit Ernst Gehrcke das Multiplex-Interferenzspektroskop.

1946 gründete er ein Institut für Optik und Feinmechanik, das 1948 von der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR übernommen wurde. Zusammen mit G. Jaeckel und Rolf Riekher meldete er 1953 das erste Patent für Gleitsichtgläser an.

Lau veröffentlichte viele Arbeiten über Stereoskopie, Interferenzspektroskopie und -mikroskopie, Anregungsspannung von Spektrallinien, künstlerische Porträtfotografie und Anwendung der Doppelraster.

Ihm zu Ehren ist die Ernst-Lau-Straße im Berliner Wissenschafts- und Wirtschaftsstandort Adlershof benannt.

Werke
 Die Äquidensitometrie. Grundlagen, Verfahren und Anwendungsgebiete. Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1957.

Einzelnachweise

Optiker
Physiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1978
Mann

Ernst Lau


Et mærkeligt lille eventyr er en dansk animationsfilm fra 2006 med instruktion og manuskript af Jacob Polack.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2006

Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Et mærkeligt lille eventyr


Vegrið er öryggisbúnaður sem notast er við meðfram vegum og er til að hindra eða draga úr hættu á útafakstri ökutækja. Við hliðarsvæði vega geta verið ýmsar hættur fyrir ökutæki á  ferð, má þar nefna steina, skiltastólpa, tré, byggingar, bratta fláar eða djúpt vatn. Vegrið eiga að halda ökutækjum frá þessum hættum og eru því einungis sett upp í þeim tilfellum. Einnig er oft notast við vegrið á milli  tveggja akbrauta, þá sérstaklega þ.s. hár hámarkshraði er leyfilegur, til þess að hindra árekstur ökutækja úr gagnstæðri átt.

Vegasnið
Vegir
Umferð
Umferðaröryggi

Vegrið


YINSH is an abstract strategy board game by game designer Kris Burm. It is the fifth game to be released in the GIPF Project. At the time of its release in 2003, Burm stated that he intended it to be considered as the sixth and last game of the project, and that the game which he had not yet released, PÜNCT, would be logically the fifth game. However, the series was later expanded to seven games with the release of LYNGK.

Gameplay consists of moving rings to flip Reversi-like discs.

Rules

Equipment

YINSH is played on a board shaped like a truncated six-pointed star with a triangular grid and 85 spaces (referring to the nodes or intersections), including those along the perimeter. The board is oriented so the lines with the letter labels run between the two players. Each space in the game is available for placement of rings and markers

The game pieces are:
 5 black and 5 white rings
 51 reversible round disc markers which are black on one side and white on the other, similar to Reversi pieces

The rings are given to the players, while the markers are accessible to both as a common pool.

Object
The object of the game is to remove three of one's own rings from the game. Since this is the goal of the game, getting closer to winning necessitates weakening oneself, which considerably complicates strategy as a move which brings one closer to winning the game may end up being a very poor move.

Gameplay
The game starts with an empty board, and proceeds in two phases, placement followed by movement.

Placement
During the first phase the players, take turns placing one of their rings on the board on any unoccupied space, beginning with white. Once both players each have placed all five of their rings, this phase is over.

Movement
The second phase involves forming lines, defined as five adjacent markers in a straight line with a single color. Once a line is formed in one player's color (on either player's turn), that player removes the five markers, and also one of their rings. Once a player has removed three of their rings, they win the game.

A turn consists of the following:

The player chooses one of their own rings to move.
The player places a marker, with their own color face-up, in the middle of that ring on the space it occupies.
The player then moves the ring to another unoccupied space, along a straight line from the originating node. The marker never moves. In general, there are six directions from any node, with exceptions along the perimeter of the game board.

When moving a ring, the following rules apply:

The moving ring may not move over other rings.
The moving ring may pass over any number of markers in a row. If it does so, it must stop on the blank space immediately following the last marker moved over.
All markers moved over like this are flipped over after moving the ring, reversing their color.
A moving ring may not end on a space already occupied by a marker.

It is possible, and not uncommon, to make a move which results in the opposing player having a line of five markers in a row. When more than one line is made in the same turn, the player who just moved resolves their own lines (if any) first, and then the other player resolves their lines (if any) before making their next move. Lines are resolved one at a time, so if a single marker is shared by two lines, only one of those lines may be resolved (but the player chooses which).

If all of the markers are placed on the board before either player has won, the game ends, with the winner being the player who has removed more rings. If both players have removed the same number of rings at this point, the game ends in a draw.

Video games
No official online versions of Yinsh exist, but there are number of unofficial implementations. Notably the web-based biskai.de  and Boardspace.net. On mobile, there is Shyring for iOS, published in December 2014.

References

External links

 Web YINSH
 code

Board games introduced in 2003
Abstract strategy games
Mensa Select winners
Kris Burm games

YINSH


An Agropyron acutiforme in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georges Rouy. An Agropyron acutiforme in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agropyron, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agropyron

Agropyron acutiforme


St. Jakob ist eine Ansiedlung von Leutenberg im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Die Kreisstraße 166 führt durch das Lemnitztal und verbindet das Hochplateau um das Dorf St. Jakob mit dem westlich nach dem Dorfende liegenden Ortsteil Munschwitz und mit der Bundesstraße 90 im westlich liegenden Sormitztal. Auch diese Hochfläche wird von Wald umrahmt. Die Gemarkungen von St. Jakob und Munschwitz gehören dem Südostthüringer Schiefergebirge an und weisen die gleichen Qualitäten vor wie in den Nachbarorten.

Geschichte
Für St. Jakob wurde das Jahr 1436 als urkundliche Ersterwähnung ermittelt. St. Jakob und Munschwitz haben ein gemeinsames Ortssiegel, weil sie immer schon eine Gemeinde bildeten. Beide Orte gehörten zur Grafschaft Schwarzburg-Leutenberg und nach dessen Erlöschen von 1564 bis 1918 zur Oberherrschaft der Grafschaft bzw. des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Auf dem Siegel sind das Pfarrhaus und das Schulhaus sowie drei Linden dargestellt. Die landwirtschaftlich geprägten Orte gingen zur Zeit der DDR den Weg der ostdeutschen Agrarpolitik und setzten auch auf den Tourismus.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Leutenberg)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ersterwähnung 1436

St. Jakob (Leutenberg)


În astrologie, cuspida reprezintă granița între o casă astrală și alta sau între un semn astrologic și altul. În vechime se considera o planetă aflată la mai puțin de 5° de cuspida următoarei case ca fiind în acea casă astrală. Din acest motiv, la câteva minute după răsărit, Soarele rămâne în prima casă astrală.

Astrologie

Cuspidă


Los Pufflegs son los colibríes del género Eriocnemis y Haplophaedia.

Distribución
Se encuentran en la selva húmeda, bosques y arbustos en altitudes de 1000 a 4800 m. sobre el nivel del mar en los Andes de Argentina, Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia y Venezuela.

Descripción
Los machos tienen un plumaje de colores verde, cobrizo o azul, y las hembras son generalmente un poco más opacas. La característica más llamativa de ambos sexos son sus densas patas blancas como la nieve que consisten en penachos de plumas que se asemejan a las bragas de lana. Una de las especies - el zamarrito muslinegro - se caracteriza por la pierna de color negro, y otro - el calzadito verdoso sureño - es ligeramente de matiz brillante en las patas. Otras características comunes de todas las especies son el pico recto y negro, y la cola es algo profunda y bifurcada. El miembro del género Haplophaedia es generalmente más opaco que los del miembro Eriocnemis.

Aunque la mayoría de pufflegs son bastante común, tres especies (El esmeraldita patiblanca de Munchique, el calzadito pechinegro y el zamarrito del Pinche) están en peligro crítico y una (el calzadito turquesa) esta posiblemente extinguida.

Especies de Puffleg

 Género Eriocnemis
 Eriocnemis nigrivestis, calzadito pechinegro
 Eriocnemis isabellae, zamarrito del Pinche
 Eriocnemis vestitus, zamarrito brillante
 Eriocnemis derbyi, zamarrito muslinegro
 Eriocnemis godini, calzadito turquesa - posiblemente extintas (?)
 Eriocnemis cupreoventris, colibrí pantalón cobrizo
 Eriocnemis luciani, colibrí pantalón de frente azul
 Eriocnemis luciani sapphiropygia, colibrí nuca de cobre
 Eriocnemis mosquera, calzadito de mosquera
 Eriocnemis glaucopoides, erion de frente azul
 Eriocnemis mirabilis, esmeraldita patiblanca de Munchique
 Eriocnemis alinae, esmeraldita de vientre del Pinche

 Género Haplophaedia
 Haplophaedia aureliae, calzadito verdoso norteño
 Haplophaedia assimilis, calzadito verdoso sureño
 Haplophaedia lugens, calzadito canoso

Además, no se agregaron las especies controversiales: Eriocnemis söderströmi, E. isaacsoni y E. dyselius que fueron cada una sólo conocida por un espécimen. En el caso de E. söderströmi podría haber sido cualquier hembra del E. godini o un híbrido entre E. luciani y E. nigrivestris. El E. dyselius no era más que un individuo menalismico del E. cupreoventris. Hoy en día estas especies son consideradas válidas.

Referencias
 Heynen, I. (1999). Eriocnemis and Haplophaedia (pufflegs). Pp. 639-643 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds. (1999). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3

Nombres vernáculos de aves
Aves de América del Sur

Puffleg


إيزابيلا رومولا دي ميديشي (فلورنسا، 31 أغسطس 1542 - شريتو غويدي، 15 يوليو 1576) ابنة غراندوق توسكانا كوزيمو الأول دي ميديشي و إيليونورا توليدو.

قوبلت ولادته بفرح كبير في عائلة ميديشي ، كثالثة أبناء الزوجين الدوقييين . تربت بين قصر فيكيو و قصر بيتي الذي كان آنداك في طور التوسعة لذا فالبلاط الميديشي لم يكن قد انتقل بشكل كامل.

في سنة 1553 ، بعمر سبع سنوات فقط ، وقع الآباء عقداً في روما لزواجها من باولو أورسيني الأول جوردانو دوق براتشانو ، وهو عضو في عشيرة أورسيني القوية . تم حفل الزفاف سنة 1558.

مراجع

المرأة عصر النهضة
أشخاص من فلورنسا
إيطاليات في القرن 16
إيطاليون مغتالون
بنات ملكيون
ملكيون مغتالون
مواليد 1542
مواليد في فلورنسا
ميديشي
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 16
نبلاء من فلورنسا
وفيات 1576

إيزابيلا دي ميديشي


The year 1938 in architecture involved some significant events.

Events
 First woman elected to Royal Institute of British Architects, Josephine Miller.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened
 July – Saltdean Lido and Ocean Hotel, Saltdean, East Sussex, England, both designed by R.W.H. Jones.
 October 22 – Oxford Playhouse, Oxford, England, designed by Edward Maufe.
 October 29 – City Hall, Norwich, England, designed by C. H. James and S. R. Pierce.
 November 14 – Lions Gate Bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Buildings completed

 The Reich Chancellery in Berlin, designed by Albert Speer (rebuilt).
 Great Mosque of Asmara in Italian Eritrea, designed by Guido Ferrazza.
 Church of the Epiphany, Gipton, Leeds, England, designed by Nugent Cachemaille-Day.
 Metro Theatre (Toronto), designed by Kaplan and Sprachman.
 Finsbury Health Centre, London, designed by Berthold Lubetkin and the Tecton Group.
 Metropolitan Water Board Laboratories, London, designed by Howard Robertson.
 Palace of Fine and Decorative Arts, Treasure Island, San Francisco Bay, California, USA, designed by George W. Kelham and William Peyton Day.
 Palace of Justice, Lima, Peru.
 City Hall, Mar del Plata, Argentina, designed by Alejandro Bustillo.
 Manchester Town Hall Extension, England, designed by Vincent Harris in 1927.
 São Bento Palace, Lisbon, Portugal.
 Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands, designed by Henry van de Velde.
 Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Finland, designed by Yrjö Lindegren and Toivo Jäntti.
 Brackenfell (house), Brampton, Carlisle, England, designed by Leslie Martin and Sadie Speight.
 The Homewood (house) near Esher, Surrey, England, designed by Patrick Gwynne (for his parents).
 Charters House, Berkshire, England, designed by Adie, Button and Partners.
 Hamstone House, St George's Hill, Weybridge, Surrey, designed by Ian Forbes.
 Middleton Park, Oxfordshire, England, the last great country house designed by Edwin Lutyens (with his son Robert).
 Houses in Hampshire, Sussex and at Eton, Berkshire in England by Marcel Breuer and F. R. S. Yorke.
 Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, designed by Walter Gropius with Marcel Breuer.
 Belvedere Court (apartments) in East Finchley, London, designed by Ernst L. Freud.
 Josephine M. Hagerty House, Cohasset, Massachusetts, designed by Walter Gropius with Marcel Breuer.
 Luma Tower, built as British Luma Co-Operative Electric Lamp factory, Glasgow, designed by Cornelius Armour.
 Fiat Tagliero Building, Asmara, Italian Eritrea, designed by Giuseppe Pettazzi.

Other
 Construction work begins on
 Mark Keppel High School in Alhambra, California, designed by Marston & Maybury.
 Council House, Bristol, England, designed by Vincent Harris.

Publications
 Lewis Mumford – The Culture of Cities

Awards
 AIA Gold Medal – Paul Philippe Cret
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Ivar Tengbom
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Henry Bernard

Births
 April 16 – Wolf Hilbertz, German-born futurist architect, inventor and marine scientist (died 2007)
 May 12 – Terry Farrell, English architect, designer of the KK100 and SIS Building
 July 10 – Paul Andreu, French airport architect (died 2018)
 July 14 – Moshe Safdie, Israeli/Canadian architect, urban designer, educator, theorist and author
 September 3 – Richard MacCormac, British architect (died 2014)
 November 30 – Andrea Branzi, Italian architect and designer
 December 30 – Susan Maxman, née Abel, American architect

Deaths
 February 25 – W. D. Caröe, English-born ecclesiastical architect (born 1857)
 July 2 – John James Burnet, Scottish architect (born 1857)
 October 30 – Charles Klauder, American architect (born 1872)
 December 24 – Bruno Taut, German-born architect and urban planner (born 1880)
 December 25 – Theodor Fischer, German architect (born 1862)

References

1938 in architecture


කලනයේදී අවිනිශ්චිත ආකාර සහිත සීමා ගණනය කිරීමට ඉඩ සැලසෙන ලෙස ව්‍යුත්පන්න යොදා ගැනීම ලොස්පිටාල් නියමය මගින් සිදු කෙරේ. බොහෝවිට ලොස්පිටාල් නියමය මගින් සීමාව පහසුවෙන් ගණනය කළ හැකි පරිදි අවිනිශ්චිත ආකාරයන් නිශ්චය ආකාර බවට පරිවර්තනය වේ. මෙම නියමය 17 වැනි සියවසේ විසු ප්‍රංශ ගණිතඥ ගුලියම්සි ලොස්පිටාල් සිහිවීම පිණිස මෙසේ නම් කර ඇත. ඔහු සිය IAualyse tes intiniment petits pour Intelligence tes lignes courbes (වචනාර්ථය - වක්‍රයක් තේරුම් ගැනීම සදහා අත්‍යනුක ලෙස කුඩා දෑ පිළිිබඳව විශ්ලේෂණය) නම් ග්‍රන්ථය ඔස්සේ මෙම නියමය හදුන්වාදෙන ලද අතර 1696 වසරේ පළ වු මෙම ග්‍රන්ථය අවකලනය පිළිිබඳව පළමු ග්‍රන්ථයද විය.

හෝ  නම්  සහ  පවතියි නම්,

එවිට

ස්ටෝල්ස් සෙසෙරෝ ප්‍රමේයය අනුක්‍රම සීමා සම්බන්ධ ඉහත සමාන ප්‍රතිඵල ගෙන දෙන්නක් වන අතර එහිදී ව්‍යුත්පන්න වෙනුවට අන්තර්කාරක භාවිත වේ.

දළ විශ්ලේෂණය

විද්‍යාත්මක , කාර්මික හෝ සමාජමය ගැටලුුවක් සඳහා සංඛ්‍යාතය යෙදීමේ දී අධ්‍යයනය කළ යුතු ක්‍රියාවලියෙන් හෝ ගහනයෙන් ආරම්භ කළ යුතු ය. මෙවැනි ගහනයන් සඳහා රටක සිටින ජනගහනය, පාෂාණයක අඩංගු ස්ඵටික කැටිති හෝ කිසියම් කාල සීමාවක් තුළ කර්මාන්ත ශාලාවක සිදු කළ නිෂ්පාදනයන් උදාහරණ සේ ගත හැකි ය. විවිධ කාලයන් තුළ අධ්‍යයනයට ලක්වූ ක්‍රියාවලියක් මේ සඳහා උදාහරණ වෙයි.මේ ආකාර ගහනයක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් එකතු කරගත් තොරතුරු තුළ අඩංගු වන්නේ කාල ශ්‍රේණියකි. ප්‍රායෝගික හේතු නිසා බොහෝ විට සම්පූර්ණ ගහනයක් පිළිබඳව දත්ත එක් රැස් කිරීම වෙනුවට එම ගහනයෙන් තෝරාගත් උප කුලකයක් පිළිබඳ දත්ත රැස් කිරීම සිදුවේ. එම උප කුලකය නියැදියක් නම් වේ. නියැදිය සම්බන්ධව නිරීක්ෂණාත්මක හෝ පරීක්ෂණාත්මකව දත්ත රැස් කිරීම සිදු වේ. අනතුරුව එම දත්ත සංඛ්‍යාමය විශ්ලේෂණයකට භාජනය කෙරේ. මෙමඟින් විස්තර කිරීම සහ අනුමැතිය යන එකිනෙක සැබැඳි ඉලක්ක සපුරා ගත හැකිය.
විස්තරාත්මක සංඛ්‍යානය නියැදිය විස්තර කිරීම පිණිස දත්ත ප්‍රස්තාරිකව හෝ සංඛ්‍යාත්මකව  හෝ සංක්ෂිප්තව දැක්වීමට භාවිත කළ හැකිය. මේ සඳහා යොදා ගත හැකි සංඛ්‍යාමය සූචක සඳහා මධ්‍යන්‍යය සහ සම්මත අපගමනය මූලික උදාහරණ සේ දැක්විය හැකිය. ප්‍රස්තාරීය සංක්ෂේපණ සඳහා විවිධ ප්‍රස්තාර සහ ප්‍රස්තාරික සටහන් භාවිත වේ.
 අනුමිතීය සංඛ්‍යානය විශාල ගහන සඳහා අනුමිතීන් ලබා ගැනීමට ද සසම්භාවීත්‍ය  සලකමින් දත්ත තුළ අඩංගු රටා ආදර්ශනය සඳහා ද භාවිත වේ. මෙවැනි අනුමිතීන් අතරට ඔව්/නැත ආකාරයේ ප්‍රශ්න සඳහා ලබා ගත් පිළිතුරු (කල්පිත පරීක්ෂා කිරීම) , සංඛ්‍යාමය ගුණාංග පිළිබඳ ඇස්තමේන්තු (නිමානයන්), සම්බන්ධතා පිළිබඳ විස්තර (සහ සම්බන්ධතා) , සම්බන්ධතා ආදර්ශනය (ප්‍රතීපායනය) යනාදිය අයත් වේ. අනෙක් ආදර්ශන ක්‍රමවේද අතරට "ANOVA," කාල ශ්‍රේණි සහ දත්ත කැනීම් අයත් වේ.

පහත පද්‍ය කොටස "The Statistician" ප්‍රකාශනයේ 2000 වසරේ පළවූ "The Philosophy of Statistics" (සංඛ්‍යානයේ දර්ශනය) නම් පද්‍යයෙන් උපුටා ගත්තකි. ඩෙනිස් ලින්ඩ්ලි එහි නිර්මාතෘ වේ. "අප උනන්දු වන්නේ අවිනිශ්චය හැසිරවීම පිළිබඳ පමණි. අවිනිශ්චය කරුණු පිළිබඳ අප උනන්දු නොවෙමු. එනයින් අප වර්ෂාව ඇති වන ආකාරය අධ්‍යයනය නොකරමු. අප අධ්‍යයනය කරන්නේ වර්ෂාව ඇති වන්නේ  ය යන්න පිළිබඳවයි" සහසම්බන්ධතාවය පිළිබඳ සංකල්පය විශේෂයෙන් වැදගත් වේ. දත්ත සමූහයක් සංඛ්‍යානමය විශලේෂණයට භාජනය කරන විට විචල්‍යයන් යුගලක් (එනම් සලකනු ලබන ගහනයේ කිසියම් ගුණාංග යුගලක්) එකිනෙකට සම්බන්ධ වූ ආකාරයෙන් විචලනය වනු ඇතැම් විට දැකගත හැකිය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස පුද්ගලයන්ගේ වාර්ෂික ආදායම සහ ජීවත් වන කාලය පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනය කරන විට වඩාත් දුප්පත් පුද්ගලයන්ට සාපේක්ෂව පොහොසතුන් වැඩි කලක් දිවි ගෙවන බව අනාවරණය විය හැකිය. එවිට මෙම විචල්‍යයන් යුගල සහසම්බන්ධ වේ යැයි කියනු ලැබේ. (මේ අවස්ථාවේ දී එය ධන සහසම්බන්ධයකි) නමුත් යමෙකුට එකවරම විචල්‍යයන් යුගල අතර අහඹු සම්බන්ධතාවක් පවතී යැයි කිව නොහැකිය. ("සහසම්බන්ධතාව මඟින් කාර්යකාරණ සම්බන්ධතාවක් ඇති බව නොහැඟේ" බලන්න) මෙහි දී සහ සම්බන්ධතා සංසිද්ධියට මීට පෙර සලකා බලා නොමැති සංසිද්ධියක් හේතු විය හැකිය. එය ගුප්ත විචල්‍යය හෝ සමාකල්‍ය විචල්‍ය නම් වේ. මේ සඳහා පහත පරිදි පොදු උදාහරණයක් දිය හැකිය. අධ්‍යයනයක් මඟින් පුද්ගලයෙකු ගේ ශ්‍රේණි ලකුණු මධ්‍යන්‍යය සහ පසු කාලීන ජීවිතයේ ආදායම අතර ධන සහසම්බන්ධතාවයක් සොයා ගන්නා ලදැයි සිතන්න. හොඳ අධ්‍යාපනය පසුකාලීන ජීවිතයේ දී ඉහළ ආදායමක් ලබා ගැනීමට හේතු වේ යැයි පර්යේෂකයන්ට මතයක් ගොඩනැඟිය හැකිය. නමුත් ඉහත සම්බන්ධතාවය "අධිෂ්ඨානය" වැනි සමාකල්‍ය විචල්‍යයක් නිසා ඇති වූවක් ද විය හැකිය.

කිසියම් නියැදියක් එය ලබා ගත් ගහනය සඳහා නිරූප්‍ය වේ නම් එවිට එම නියැදිය යොදා ගෙන ලැබූ අනුමිතීන් හා නිගමන මුළු ගහනය සඳහාම වලංගු වන පරිදි විස්තාරණය කළ හැකිය. මෙහි දී මතු වන ප්‍රධාන ගැටලුවක් වන්නේ නියැදිය කොතෙක් දුරට ගහනය සඳහා නිරූප්‍ය වේදැයි නිර්ණය කිරීමයි. සංඛ්‍යානය ඇසුරින් තෝරාගත් නියැදියේ දත්ත රැස් කිරීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයේ සසම්භාවී බව ගණනය කිරීමත්, ඒ සඳහා සංශෝධන සිදු කිරීමත් කළ හැක. එමෙන්ම වඩාත් නිරවද්‍ය පරීක්ෂණ සැලසුම් කිරීම ද සංඛ්‍යානය ඇසුරින් කළ හැකිය. ("පර්යේෂණ සැලසුම්කරණය" බලන්න) මේ ආකාර සසම්භාවී තත්ත්ව තේරුම් ගැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා වන ප්‍රධානතම ගණිතමය සංකල්පය සම්භාවිතාවයි. ගණිතමය සංඛ්‍යානය (සංඛ්‍යානවාදය ලෙස ද හැඳින්වේ) යනු සංඛ්‍යානයේ සෛද්ධාන්තික පදනම පරික්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා සම්භාවිතාවාදය සහ විශ්ලේෂණය භාවිතා කෙරෙන ව්‍යවහාරික ගණිත ක්ෂේත්‍රයයි. ඕනෑම සංඛ්‍යාන ක්‍රමවේදයක භාවිතය වලංගු වන්නේ සලකනු ලබන පද්ධතිය හෝ ගහණය ගණිතමය ක්‍රමයේ මූලික උපකල්පනවලට අනුරූප වන විට පමණි. සංඛ්‍යානයේ අවභාවිත හේතුවෙන් විස්තර කිරීමේ සහ අර්ථ දැක්වීමේ සියුම් එහෙත් බරපතල ගැටලු ඇති විය හැකිය. මෙම වැරදි කෙතරම් සියුම් විය හැකි ද යත් ඇතැම් විට අත්දැකීම් සපිරි වෘත්තීය සංඛ්‍යානවේදීන් අතින් මෙවන් වැරදි සිදු විය හැකිය. එමෙන්ම සමාජ ප්‍රතිපත්ති වෛද්‍යමය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සහ එවැනි ව්‍යුහවල විශ්වාසනීයත්වය වැනි කරුණුවලට බලපෑම් කළ හැකි බැවින් මේවා බරපතල වැරදි ද විය හැක. සංඛ්‍යාන ක්‍රමවේද නිවැරදිව යොදා ඇති විට පවා ලැබෙන ප්‍රතිඵල අර්ථ දැක්වීම විශේෂඥ දැනුමක් නොමැති අයෙකුට ඉතා අපහසු කාර්යයක් විය හැකිය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස දත්ත තුළ අඩංගු කිසියම් රටාවක වැදගත්කම, එනම් එය කෙතරම් දුරට නියැදියේ ඇති සසම්භාවී විචල්‍ය නිසා ඇති වූවක් ද යන්න, සමාන පුද්ගලයෙකු සහජයෙන් නිර්ණය කළහොත් එය නිවැරදි අගය සමඟ එකඟ නොවීමේ ප්‍රවනතාවක්ය. එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේ දී පුද්ගලයෙකුට තොරතුරු සමඟ ගණුදෙණු කිරීමේ දී අවශ්‍ය වන සංඛ්‍යානමය හැකියාවක් (සහ සංශයවාදී බව) සංඛ්‍යානමය සාක්ෂරතාව ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

සටහන්

{|

ගණිතය
නියමයන්

ලොස්පිටාල් නියමය


, né le  à Tokyo au Japon, est un footballeur japonais qui évolue au poste de milieu central au Kawasaki Frontale.

Carrière

Yokohama FC
Né à Tokyo au Japon, Tatsuki Seko étudie à l'Université Meiji où il joue pour l'équipe de football et se démarque en étant l'un de ses meilleurs éléments. Il rejoint le Yokohama FC officiellement en 2020 en intégrant le groupe de l'équipe première.

Tatsuki Seko commence sa carrière professionnelle avec ce club, jouant son premier match le , lors d'une rencontre de coupe de la Ligue japonaise contre Sanfrecce Hiroshima. Il est titularisé et son équipe s'incline par deux buts à zéro. Il fait sa première apparition en J. League face au Vissel Kobe le . Il est titularisé et se fait remarquer en inscrivant également son premier but en ouvrant le score. Les deux équipes se neutralisent ce jour-là (1-1 score final).

Kawasaki Frontale
Le Yokohama FC étant relégué à l'issue de la saison 2021, Tatsuki Seko, alors capitaine de l'équipe, souhaite poursuivre sa carrière en première division et des clubs comme le Nagoya Grampus et le Sanfrecce Hiroshima s'intéressent à lui, mais il rejoint finalement le Kawasaki Frontale en janvier 2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur japonais
Joueur du Yokohama FC
Joueur du Kawasaki Frontale
Naissance en décembre 1997
Naissance à Tokyo

Tatsuki Seko


The Gathering, Hollandalı rock grubu
 The Gathering, thrash metal grubu Testament'in 8. stüdyo albümü
 Magic: The Gathering, ünlü stratejik kart oyunu

The Gathering


Kan De huske? Køge gennem 25 Aar er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1940. Nogle af optagelserne fra denne film kan også ses i filmene Badeanstalten Køge og Køge By 1921-1928.

Handling
Der er marked i Køge. Landboerne fra hele omegnen valfarter til Køge Torv. Et udpluk af byens butikker præsenteres, blandt andet Axel Kiels sengeudstyr, H. Langkildes herreekviperingsbutik og Johan Fursøes vinhandel. Også byens borgere præsenteres, blandt andet Køges egen original Reinhardt "Admiralen, der ordnede alt og alle" og læreren Niels Koefoed, der senere bliver Køges borgmester.

Optagelser fra den første stabelafløbning på Kjøge Værft d. 26. juli 1921 - S/S Nerma sættes i vandet. Optagelser fra Sydstranden, hvor mænd og kvinder bader hver for sig. Idrætsforeningens jubilæumsfest 24. juli 1921, hvor Køge Boldklub blandt andet skal spille "gammelmandskamp". Der trækkes tov om en biografbevilling. Christian Arhoff er dommer ved tovtrækningen. Fra en af turistforeningens fester d. 4.-5. august 1928, hvor der er blomsteroptog. Optagelser fra Køges gader og stræder med de idylliske bindingsværkshuse, Køge Å, Køge Havn og Vallø Slot. Biografteatret skal flyttes til nye, moderne lokaler. Ombygningen begynder hen på efteråret 1939 og afsluttes året efter. Ved rejsegildet bliver der holdt taler af forskellige borgmestre.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1940
Køge

Kan De huske? Køge gennem 25 Aar


Misofobia este o fobie/teamă patologică de murdărie sau de contaminare. Se mai numește verminofobie, germofobie, germafobie, bacilofobie sau bacteriofobie.

Termenul de misofobie a fost inventat de William A. Hammond în 1879 când a descris un caz de tulburare obsesiv-compulsivă (OCD) care se manifesta prin spălarea repetată și excesivă a mâinilor.

Misofobia este format din cuvintele în limba greacă veche μύσος (musos), "necurățenie" și  φόβος (phobos), "frică".

Note

Vezi și
Listă de fobii
Listă de tulburări psihice
Glosar de psihologie

Fobii

Misofobie