Ontario Hydro, established in 1906 as the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, was a publicly owned electricity utility in the Province of Ontario. It was formed to build transmission lines to supply municipal utilities with electricity generated by private companies already operating at Niagara Falls, and soon developed its own generation resources by buying private generation stations and becoming a major designer and builder of new stations. As most of the readily developed hydroelectric sites became exploited, the corporation expanded into building coal-fired generation and then nuclear-powered facilities. Renamed as "Ontario Hydro" in 1974, by the 1990s it had become one of the largest, fully integrated electricity corporations in North America.

Origins

The notion of generating electric power on the Niagara River was first entertained in 1888, when the Niagara Parks Commission solicited proposals for the construction of an electric scenic railway from Queenston to Chippawa. The Niagara Falls Park & River Railway was granted the privilege in 1892, and by 1900 it was using a dynamo of  which was the largest in Canada. Starting in 1899, several private syndicates sought privileges from the commission for generating power for sale, including:

 the Canadian Niagara Power Company, backed by British investors
 the Ontario Power Company, backed by American investors
 the Electrical Development Company, backed by the Toronto Street Railway and the Toronto Electric Light Company (controlled by William Mackenzie, Frederic Thomas Nicholls and Henry Mill Pellatt)

By 1900, a total capacity of  was in development at Niagara, and concern was expressed as to whether such natural resources were being best exploited for the public welfare. In June 1902, an informal convention was held at Berlin, (now Kitchener) which commissioned a report by Daniel B. Detweiler, Elias W.B. Snider and F.S. Spence, who recommended in February 1903 that authority be sought from the Ontario Legislature to allow municipal councils to organize a cooperative to develop, transmit, buy and sell electrical energy. The provincial government of George William Ross refused to allow this, and it was only after its loss in the 1905 election that work began on creating a public utility. During that election campaign, James Pliny Whitney (who would become Premier) declared:

Creation of Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario

In May 1906, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario ("Hydro" or "HEPCO") was formed and its first commissioners were Adam Beck, John S. Hendrie, and Cecil B. Smith, HEPCO was a unique hybrid of a government department, crown corporation and municipal cooperative that coexisted with the existing private companies. It was a "politically rational" rather than a "technically efficient" solution that depended on the watershed election of 1905.

On January 1, 1907, referendums in Toronto and 18 other municipalities approved the provisional contracts that their councils had concluded with HEPC, and subsequent referendums one year later authorized utility bond issues for the construction of local distribution systems. The victories in Toronto were in large part due to the leadership and commitment of Adam Beck's ally, William Peyton Hubbard. The first transmission lines began providing power to southwestern Ontario in 1910. Berlin (Kitchener) would be the first city in Ontario to get hydroelectric power in long-distance transmission lines from Niagara Falls, on October 11, 1910.

The commission's process of expansion was from municipality to municipality, generally in the following manner:

 the municipal council would approach the commission, expressing its interest in establishing a local distribution system;
 Hydro engineers would then visit the municipality to assess current facilities and probable total load, before producing estimates as to the total cost of extending transmission lines to the municipal boundary, the delivered price of power, and building or upgrading the community's distribution system;
 if the council agreed, a provisional contract would be negotiated between the council and the commission, subject to ratification by the voters;
 upon successful ratification, thirty-year debentures would be issued by the municipality to cover construction and equipment expenses, and Hydro would then build a tie line to the nearest point in its network.

During the 1920s, Hydro's network expanded significantly:

 In September 1921, Hydro acquired the Toronto Electric Light Company and various railway interests,  making it the largest electric power system in the world, and legislation passed in 1922 provided that any claims arising before December 1920 against the acquired companies or their properties, if not notified to the Commission in prescribed manner and pursued on or before October 1, 1923, would "be forever barred."
 In 1921 and 1924, legislative amendments authorized grant-in-aid programs that encouraged rural electrification in Ontario by reducing unit rates in the areas to be served.
 By the end of the 1920s, most remaining private power producers were unable to withstand any expansion by Hydro into their service area, and some survived only because Hydro did not see the need to enter their markets.

In 1926, the Ferguson government gave its approval for Abitibi Power and Paper Company to develop the Abitibi Canyon, the largest such development since the Niagara River, in preference to incurring more debt for Ontario Hydro. The development was encouraged through secret commitments for long-term purchases of electricity and indemnification of Hydro against any losses. Questions were asked at the time as to how the additional  in capacity would be used, as there were virtually no customers for it. When Abitibi was placed in receivership in 1932, legislation was passed over the following years to allow Ontario Hydro to take control of several Abitibi power developments. Certain dealings relating to the 1933 acquisition came to be known as the "great Abitibi swindle," which resulted in the fall of the Henry government in the 1934 Ontario election, to be succeeded by that of Mitchell Hepburn.

In 1939, the commission was given authority to regulate all other electricity generators, thus bringing all private utilities in the province under its supervision. It also received authority to acquire any utility that was not producing at its capacity.

In 1948, HEPCO changed most of its system from 25 Hz to 60 Hz. However, the Fort Erie area south of Niagara Falls stayed on the remaining 25 Hz generators until 1966, and this area had electricity throughout the 1965 Eastern Seaboard Blackout.

By the 1950s the commission was operating as a single integrated system. As demand rose in the post-war period, Ontario Hydro started expanding its generation system bringing on line many new hydroelectric stations. In 1953, Ontario Hydro began to interconnect with other utilities, the first interconnection being the Keith-Waterman line in Windsor which crosses the Detroit River to Detroit, Michigan interconnecting with Detroit Edison in the United States. This line was originally constructed at 120,000 volts and was later upgraded to 230,000 volts in 1973. Shortly thereafter, other interconnections with New York State were built. The first coal-fired generating stations in the system were also built in this period. The expansion of coal continued during the 1960s and 1970s but was overtaken by the development of nuclear power.

Hydro-Electric Railways

In 1912, Adam Beck began to promote the creation and operation of electric interurban railways in the territory served by the commission, and the Legislative Assembly granted authority to do so in The Hydro-Electric Railway Act, 1914. Changes in government policy and public sentiment in the 1920s restricted their development, and all such operations ceased in the 1930s (with the exception of the Hamilton Street Railway streetcar system, which continued until 1946).

Expansion
In the 1960s, HEPCO was the first utility in North America to utilize ultra-high voltage transmission lines. Planning for the UHV lines began in 1960 and in 1967, HEPCO put into service transmission lines carrying 500,000 volts that carry power from hydroelectric sources in remote Northern Ontario to high load areas in southern Ontario such as Toronto, London, and Ottawa. By 1970 all but the most remote municipal power systems in Ontario were organized into a single grid. During the 1970s and 1980s, Ontario Hydro gradually expanded the 500 kV transmission system into what it is today.

Before its own nuclear power stations started coming onstream, Ontario Hydro had the following capacity and output:

HEPCO becomes Ontario Hydro
In 1974, the commission was reconstituted as a crown corporation known as Ontario Hydro, which had been the commission's nickname. In many Canadian provinces, including Ontario, hydroelectric power is so common that "hydro" has become synonymous with electric power regardless of the actual source of the electricity.

Nuclear power stations

In the late 1950s, the corporation became involved in development, design and construction of CANDU nuclear power stations.

In 1965, the first commercial sized station came on line at Douglas Point.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Ontario Hydro's nuclear generating program expanded with the building of the first four units of the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station followed by stations at Bruce Nuclear Generating Station and a second four units at Pickering. By the late 1980s, Ontario Hydro operated one of the largest fleets of nuclear-powered generating stations in the world.

The Bruce Nuclear Generating Station became the largest nuclear generating station in the world in 2011 (and has remained the largest) by net electrical power rating, total reactor count, and number of operational reactors.

The last nuclear plant to be built in Ontario, Darlington Nuclear Generating Station, was planned in the 1970s. Construction started in 1981, but because of a series of political decision to delay construction, construction took an inordinately long time. Costs continued to mount during the delay and the plant was completed in 1993. This delay in the schedule caused the projected costs to increase tremendously, from an initial projected cost of $7.0 billion to $14.5 billion. The delay accounted for seventy percent of the cost increase.

Management, overcapacity and cost overruns
The quality of Hydro's management, given its size and scope of operations, had long been a concern. In 1922, Dougall Carmichael, then Minister without Portfolio, announced to the Legislature that he was quitting his position as Commissioner because Hydro "was either inefficient or dishonest." He was forced to retract the allegation of dishonesty.

In the 1970s, controversy arose relating to Hydro's expansion strategy, and several inquiries were held:

 in 19741975, the Solandt Commission issued reports with respect to transmission lines that were to be constructed between Nanticoke and Pickering, and from Lennox to Oshawa.
 in 1980, the Porter Commission recommended that Hydro change its focus from capacity expansion to demand management, but the report was ignored.

In the 1980s there were large increases in the rates charged, arising from:

 cost increases in the construction of Darlington (as noted in the previous section),
 cost overruns for the supply of boilers by Babcock & Wilcox Canada at the existing nuclear stations, the total for which had ballooned to $850 million and
 the negotiation of take-or-pay contracts with Rio Algom and Denison Mines for the supply of uranium, prior to the collapse of world prices, which were subsequently cancelled in 1991 at a cost of $717 million.

In 1989, Ontario Hydro published a four-volume study, forecasting up to the year 2014, entitled Providing the Balance of Power, with different scenarios attempting to address the need for additional facilities to replace aging electricity generation stations.  This was derailed when electricity consumption declined due to the recession of the early 1990s.

Break-up

In 1998, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed the Energy Competition Act, 1998, which:

 authorized the establishment of a market in electricity
 reorganized Ontario Hydro into five companies: Ontario Power Generation (OPG), the Ontario Hydro Services Company (later renamed Hydro One), the Independent Electricity Market Operator (later renamed the Independent Electricity System Operator), the Electrical Safety Authority, and Ontario Electricity Financial Corporation. (The two commercial companies, Ontario Power Generation and Hydro One, were intended to eventually operate as private businesses rather than as crown corporations.)

Ontario Hydro ceased operations on March 31, 1999. Its assets and functions were transferred by provincial statute to two commercial successor corporations, Ontario Power Generation Inc. and Ontario Hydro Services Company Inc., as well as to two not-for-profit agencies, the Independent Electricity Market Operator and the Electrical Safety Authority.

Stranded debt
On March 31, 1999, Ontario Hydro reported in its financial statements that it had long term debts of $26.2 billion and assets totalling $39.6 billion.

The fair value of its assets was substantially less than the $39.6 billion reported in the 1999 financial statements and therefore, in order to ensure the successor entities were financially solvent, the reorganization gave rise to $19.5 billion of stranded debt. The stranded debt was the shortfall between the fair value of Ontario Hydro's assets and the value of Ontario Hydro's total debt and other liabilities transferred to the new entities.

Since 2002, the stranded debt is being paid down through a Debt Retirement Charge levied upon Ontario ratepayers. The Debt Retirement Charge is 0.7 cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) of electricity consumed in Ontario.

As of March 31, 2014, the remaining stranded debt was $2.6 billion. Beginning in 2016, the Ontario government removed the Debt Retirement Charge from residential electricity users' electricity bills, and from all other electricity users' bills until April 1, 2018.

Further reading

  (Section 14: Business History)

 *

See also
 Toronto Power House
 Stranded debt
 Electricity policy of Ontario

Notes

References

External links

 Niagara Falls History of Power

Defunct electric power companies of Canada
Hydroelectric power companies of Canada
Nuclear power companies of Canada
Ontario electricity policy
Ontario Power Generation
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1906
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1999
1906 establishments in Ontario
1999 disestablishments in Ontario
Defunct companies of Ontario
Canadian companies established in 1906

Ontario Hydro


Stefan Wojtkowiak (* 9. August 1923 in Zalesie; † 12. März 2012 in Łódź) – war polnischer Historiker, Politologe, Professor und Hochschullehrer, Oberst in der Polnischen Volksarmee.

Sein Großvater, Jan Wojtkowiak, nahm am Januaraufstand teil; sein Vater, Marcin, war Teilnehmer des Posener Aufstandes und des Polnisch-Sowjetischen Krieges.

Kriegszeit
Freiwilliger in der Schlacht an der Bzura, Teilnehmer der Konspiration (Austräger des Bulletins Dla ciebie Polsko 1940–41); seit 1942 Linksaktivist (zahlreiche Sabotage-Aktionen während Zwangsarbeiten); Teilnehmer der Kämpfe gegen die UPA im Jahre 1946.

Wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter: zunächst in der Militärischen Medizin-Akademie, seit 1974 an der Universität Łódź. Absolvent der Geschichte an der UŁ 1957, Doktor der Geisteswissenschaften 1962, habilitierter Doktor 1969, außerordentlicher Professor 1990; Rezensent von zehn Doktorarbeiten und einer Habilitation. Sein wissenschaftliches Schaffen umfasst über 170 Publikationen im Bereich der Geschichte, historischen Geographie und Religionswissenschaft. Mitbegründer des Museums der Medizinischen Universität in Łódź (früher Museum des militärischen Gesundheitswesens).

Tätigkeit in akademischen Gesellschaften
Seit den 1940er Jahren Mitglied der Polnischen Geschichtsgesellschaft; 1959–1970 Mitglied der Polnischen Gesellschaft für Medizin- und Pharmaziegeschichte; 1959–1974 Mitglied der Kommission der Sozialwissenschaften beim Ministerium für Landesverteidigung. 1982–1986 Vorsitzender der Lodzer Abteilung der Polnischen Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaften. Der Initiator, Begründer und der erste Vorsitzende der Lodzer Abteilung der Gesellschaft für säkulare Kultur.

Auszeichnungen
Ausgezeichnet unter anderem mit dem Orden Polonia Restituta und mit zahlreichen Kriegsauszeichnungen.

Publikationen
 Szkolnictwo medyczne w Wojsku Polskim w latach 1918-1958, Łódź 1968
 Lancet i karabin. Dzieje szkolnictwa medycznego w Wojsku Polskim, Warszawa 1973
 Zarys dziejów wojskowej służby zdrowia, Warszawa 1974 (Zusammenarbeit mit Jan Talar, Witold Majewski, Feliks Piotrowski)
 Zarys polityczny społeczeństwa, Łódź 1981
 Rola propagandy w kształtowaniu świadomości historycznej, Łódź 1984 (Zusammenarbeit mit Jerzy Piontek)
 Wojskowe Sanatorium Uzdrowiskowe w Ciechocinku, Włocławek 1985 (Zusammenarbeit mit Szymon Kubiak)
 Prawosławie wczoraj i dziś. Zarys popularny, Warszawa 1995
 Narodowości i wyznania religijne w Łodzi, Łódź 1997 (Zusammenarbeit mit Andrzej Gałecki, Bogdan Bilecki, Oleg Grynsztajn)
 Jak przez wieki administracyjnie dzielono i jak ostatnio podzieliliśmy terytorium Polski. Państwowe, administracyjne, wojskowe i wyznaniowe podziały terytorialne na ziemiach polskich. Zarys popularny, Łódź 2000

Weblinks
 Stefan Wojtkowiak in der Datenbank der polnischen Wissenschaftler.

Historiker
Politikwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Universität Łódź)
Hochschullehrer (Medizinische Universität Łódź)
Träger des Ordens Polonia Restituta (Ritter)
Pole
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Stefan Wojtkowiak


La Virgen de la granada, también conocida como la Madonna Dreyfus, es una pequeña pintura al óleo del renacimiento italiano, ubicada en la Galería Nacional de Arte de Washington D.C.

No hay consenso sobre el autor de la obra, entre los que se especulan Leonardo da Vinci, Verrocchio o Lorenzo di Credi. Para la mayoría de los críticos, la anatomía del niño Jesús es tan pobre que desanima una posible atribución a Leonardo, mientras que otros creen que es un trabajo de su juventud.

Esta atribución fue hecha por Wilhelm Suida, en 1929. Otros historiadores de arte, como Shearman y Morelli lo atribuyen a Verrocchio. Daniel Arasse (1997) considera esta pintura como un trabajo de juventud de Leonardo.

Véase también
 Anexo:Cuadros de Leonardo da Vinci
 Virgen de la granada (Botticelli), pintura de Sandro Botticelli.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Colecciones de la Galería Nacional de Arte (Washington)
Pinturas representando a la Virgen con el Niño
Pintura de Italia del siglo XV

Madonna Dreyfus


Margaret Lorraine "Margalo" Gillmore (31 de mayo de 1897 – 30 de junio de 1986) fue una actriz teatral, cinematográfica y televisiva estadounidense de origen inglés.

Biografía
Nacida en Londres, Inglaterra, Gillmore era la hija del actor Frank Gillmore, antiguo presidente del sindicato de actores Actors' Equity, y de la actriz Laura MacGillivray, así como hermana de la también actriz Ruth Gillmore. Su tía abuela era la actriz y directora teatral británica Sarah Thorne, y sus tíos abuelos los intérpretes Thomas Thorne y George Thorne.

Actriz de cuarta generación por parte de su familia paterna, Gillmore estudió en la American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Su larga carrera teatral abarcó desde The Scrap of Paper en 1917 hasta el musical de Noël Coward Sail Away, representado en el circuito de Broadway en 1961, llamando por vez primera la atención de la crítica en 1919 con la obra The Famous Mrs. Fair, en la cual trabajaba en compañía de Henry Miller y Blanche Bates. También fue destacable su interpretación en 1921 de la tuberculosa Eileen Carmody en la pieza de Eugene O'Neill The Straw. A lo largo de su trayectoria, Gillmore actuó con regularidad con la sociedad teatral Theatre Guild.

Habiendo actuado como extra en una película muda para los Vitagraph Studios en 1913, con 16 años de edad, y en un corto, The Home Girl en 1928, Gillmore debutó con un papel de importancia en 1932 con Wayward, pero no volvió a trabajar para la gran pantalla hasta la década de 1950, en cintas como Cause for Alarm!, Perfect Strangers, Alta sociedad (1956) y Upstairs and Downstairs (1959).

En los años de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Gillmore tuvo un papel en la producción itinerante de The Barretts of Wimpole Street. En la misma trabajaba buena parte del reparto original de Broadway, encabezado por la actriz Katharine Cornell, y bajo la dirección del marido de Cornell, Guthrie McClintic. Esa obra sirvió para entretener a las tropas destacadas en Italia, Francia e Inglaterra, llegando incluso a representarse a pocas millas del frente en Holanda, aprovechando el reparto la situación para hacer visitas diarias a los hospitales militares.

Gillmore también intervino en televisión repitiendo el papel de Mrs. Darling que hizo en Broadway con el musical Peter Pan, el cual protagonizaba Mary Martin. Además, Gillmore formó parte del grupo de artistas denominado Algonquin Round Table.

Margalo Gillmore falleció a causa de un cáncer en 1986, en la ciudad de Nueva York. Tenía 89 años de edad. Fue enterrada en el Cementerio Aaron, en el Condado de Walker (Alabama).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Fotografías y biografía de Margalo Gillmore
 Miembros de la Algonquin Round Table
 "Margalo Gillmore, An Actress on the Stage and on Screen", The New York Times, 2 de julio de 1986

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de teatro de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Nueva York
Nacidos en Londres

Margalo Gillmore


Charles Waldstein, né le  et mort le , est un archéologue anglo-américain. Il participe également aux Jeux olympiques de 1896 à Athènes. Il est aussi connu sous le nom de Sir Charles Walston de 1918 à 1927.

Biographie
Waldstein naît dans une famille juive à New York, aux États-Unis, le 30 mars 1856. Il est le troisième fils d'Henry Waldstein, un marchand, et de Sophie, fille de L. Srisheim, de New York . Il est d'origine autrichienne.

Waldstein fait ses études à l'Université Columbia (AM, 1873) puis à Heidelberg (Ph.D., 1875). En 1880, il devient maître de conférences en archéologie classique à l'université de Cambridge.

De 1883 à 1889, il est directeur du Fitzwilliam Museum. En 1889, il est appelé à Athènes en tant que directeur de l'American School of Classical Studies, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 1893, date à laquelle il devint professeur dans la même institution. En 1894, il est nommé membre du King's College.

En 1895, il retourne en Angleterre en tant que professeur Slade de beaux-arts à Cambridge, poste qu'il occupe cette chaire jusqu'en 1901. Pendant son séjour à Athènes, il dirige les fouilles de l'Institut archéologique d'Amérique sur le site de l'ancienne Platées, en Érétrie. Il prétend alors avoir mis au jour le tombeau d'Aristote ou l'Héraion d'Argos, entre autres découvertes. Plus tard, il forme un comité international pour promouvoir les fouilles d'Herculanum.

Il a été fait chevalier en 1912, nommé Chevalier de l'Ordre danois de Dannebrog et nommé Commandeur de l'Ordre grec du Sauveur.

Il épouse Florence, fille de DL Einstein et veuve de Theodore Seligman, en 1909. Ils ont un fils, Henry Waltson, et une fille, Evelyn Sophie Alexandra, qui épouse ensuite le juge Sir Patrick Browne.

Il change son nom de famille en Walston en 1918 puis meurt en 1927, lors d'une croisière en Méditerranée.

Distinctions

Publications
Waldstein publie dans des revues de nombreux rapports sur ses fouilles. Il écrit et publie aussi trois nouvelles sous le pseudonyme de Gordon Seymour, qui sont ensuite publiées sous son propre nom avec le titre de The Surface of Things (1899).

Il publie les livres suivants :

 Balance of Emotion and Intellect (1878)
 Essays on the Art of Phidias (1885)
 The Jewish Question and the Mission of the Jews (1889, anon.; 2nd ed. 1900)
 The Work of John Ruskin (1894)
 The Study of Art in Universities (1895)
 The Expansion of Western Ideals and the World's Peace (1899)
 The Argive Heraeum (1902)
 Art in the Nineteenth Century (1903)
 Aristodemocracy: From the Great War back to Moses, Christ and Plato (1916)
 Harmonism and Conscious Evolution (1922)

Jeux olympiques
Waldstein participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1896 à Athènes dans une épreuve de carabine.

Son score final et sa place dans la compétition sont inconnus, et seuls ses scores lors des deux premières serières sont connues pour une somme de 508 points à mi-parcours.

Références

Liens externes

Chevalier de l'ordre de Dannebrog
Knight Bachelor
Tireur sportif américain
Tireur aux Jeux olympiques de 1896
Historien américain de l'Antiquité
Directeur britannique de musée
Étudiant de l'université de Heidelberg
Archéologue américain
Décès en mars 1927
Naissance en mars 1856

Charles Waldstein


José Joaquín Antonio Trejos Fernández (18 April 1916 10 February 2010) was 35th President of Costa Rica from 1966 to 1970.
His parents were Juan Trejos Quirós and Emilia Fernández Aguilar. As a student he obtained degrees in mathematics and economics from the University of Costa Rica. During Mario Echandi's administration he was part of Costa Rica's delegation in the United Nations.
Trejos defeated Daniel Oduber in the election that secured him the presidency.
Trejos died on 10 February 2010. In the months before his death he began to have problems, when he had an accident in December 2009.

Elected as president
Without any political experience he won the presidential election of 1966 as candidate of a "Unificación Nacional" coalition. His victory was a close win over Daniel Oduber Quirós, with less than 4000 votes in his favor. Voters elected 26 congressmen from his party and the opposition won 29 seats.
During the Trejos presidency, the aggregated tax (IV) was introduced and the government debts were virtually erased.

References

1916 births
2010 deaths
Politicians from San José, Costa Rica
Presidents of Costa Rica
University of Costa Rica alumni
National Unification Party (Costa Rica) politicians
20th-century Costa Rican politicians

José Joaquín Trejos Fernández


Hiroshi Katayama (født 28. maj 1940) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroshi Katayama


Robert Breckenridge Ware "Robin" MacNeil, OC (born January 19, 1931) is a Canadian-American journalist and writer. He is a retired television news anchor who partnered with Jim Lehrer to create The MacNeil/Lehrer Report in 1975.

Early life and education
MacNeil was born in Montreal, the son of Margaret Virginia (née Oxner) and Robert A. S. MacNeil. He grew up in Halifax, Nova Scotia, went to boarding school at Rothesay Collegiate School and Upper Canada College, then attended Dalhousie University and later graduated from Carleton University in Ottawa in 1955.

Career
MacNeil began working in the news field at ITV in London, then for Reuters, and then for NBC News as a correspondent in Washington, D.C., and New York City.

Kennedy assassination
On November 22, 1963, MacNeil was covering President John F. Kennedy's visit to Dallas for NBC News. After shots rang out in Dealey Plaza, MacNeil, who was with the presidential motorcade, followed crowds running onto the Grassy Knoll (he appears in a photo taken just moments after the assassination). He then headed toward the nearest building and encountered a young man leaving the Texas School Book Depository at around 12:33PM CST. He asked the man where the nearest telephone was and the man pointed and went on his way. MacNeil later learned the man he encountered might have been Lee Harvey Oswald. Historian William Manchester reached this conclusion in his book The Death of a President (1967). Recounting the day's events to the Dallas Police, Oswald may have mistaken MacNeil for a Secret Service agent because of his suit, blond crew cut, and press badge. MacNeil has said, "it was possible, but I had no way of confirming that either of the young men I had spoken to was Oswald."

MacNeil sprinted to the phone and dialed the NBC newsroom in New York before telephone lines became overloaded. But to his horror, an NBC employee who answered his call immediately put down the phone and never returned to the call (NBC tracked down the employee the next day and fired him).

By a matter of mere seconds, the first news bulletins about the assassination were delivered by Merriman Smith of United Press International, as Smith had been riding in the front row of the White House pool car, which was equipped with an AT&T radiotelephone (Smith won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the assassination).

MacNeil relayed by phone his report of the shooting to Jim Holton of NBC Radio, who recorded MacNeil's account of what had happened. He then headed to Parkland Hospital, where he arranged a phone connection with Frank McGee, who was anchoring continuous coverage with Bill Ryan and Chet Huntley of NBC-TV in New York. At approximately 1:40 pm CST, MacNeil relayed to McGee that White House acting press secretary Malcolm Kilduff had announced that Kennedy had died at 1:00 CST. That evening, MacNeil went to Dallas police headquarters and saw Oswald twice at close range, including when Oswald said, "[T]hey've taken me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy", but did not recognize Oswald. As he was reporting for NBC, MacNeil was at times in relatively close proximity to his future co-anchor and partner Jim Lehrer, also covering the Kennedy visit and assassination for the Dallas Times-Herald, but the two did not meet until several years later, covering the Senate Watergate hearings in Washington for PBS.

News anchor
In 1967, MacNeil began covering American and European politics for the BBC. From 1971 to 1974, he hosted the news discussion show Washington Week in Review on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).

MacNeil rose to fame during his coverage of the 1973 Senate Watergate hearings for PBS, for which he received an Emmy Award. This coverage helped lead to and inspire his most famous role, when he joined Lehrer in 1975 to create the PBS daily evening news program The Robert MacNeil Report, later renamed The MacNeil/Lehrer Report and then The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. After serving 20 years in the program, MacNeil retired from his nightly appearances on October 20, 1995; Lehrer anchored the program solo until 2011. The program continues as the PBS NewsHour.

Post-retirement work
In director Michael Almereyda's 2000 modern-day adaptation of Hamlet, MacNeil portrayed the Player King, reimagined as a TV news reporter.

On September 11, 2001, after the terrorist attacks in New York City and Arlington County, Virginia, MacNeil called PBS and offered to help. He joined PBS's coverage of the attacks and their aftermath, interviewing reporters and giving his thoughts on the events.

In 2007, MacNeil hosted the PBS television miniseries America at a Crossroads, which presented independently produced documentaries about the "War on Terrorism". The series initially ran from April 15–20, with further episodes later that year.

In a Sesame Street Special Report, The Muppet Show parody of the Iran-Contra scandal, MacNeil investigated a "Cookiegate" incident involving the Cookie Monster. In 1998, for Season 29's "Slimey to the Moon" story arc, MacNeil took the role of co-anchor with Kermit the Frog, as Slimey, Oscar the Grouch's pet worm, and four other worms made a landing on the Moon.

MacNeil chaired the MacDowell Colony's board of directors from 1993 to 2010. He was succeeded by Michael Chabon.

Awards and honors
 1979: LHD honorary degree from Bates College.
 1997: Officer of the Order of Canada, one of Canada's highest civilian honors, for being "one of the most respected journalists of our time".
 1990: Paul White Award, Radio Television Digital News Association.
 1999: Television Hall of Fame.
 2008: Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism.

Personal life
MacNeil became a naturalized American citizen in 1997. He is the father of award-winning theatre scenic designer Ian MacNeil.

Bibliography

MacNeil has also written several books, many about his career as a journalist. Since his retirement from NewsHour, MacNeil has also dabbled in writing novels. His books include:

 Breaking News (novel)
 Burden of Desire (novel)
 Eudora Welty: Seeing Black and White
 Looking for My Country: Finding Myself in America
 The People Machine: The Influence of Television on American Politics
 The Right Place at the Right Time
 The Voyage (novel)
 The Way We Were: 1963, The Year Kennedy Was Shot
 The Story of English with Robert McCrum (accompanied by a PBS documentary miniseries in 1986)
 Wordstruck: A Memoir (Published 1989)
 Do You Speak American? (accompanied by a PBS documentary miniseries in 2005)

References

External links

 A Tribute to Robert MacNeil (NewsHour with Jim Lehrer)
 Archive of American Television
 MacNeil/Lehrer Productions

1931 births
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Anglophone Quebec people
20th-century Canadian journalists
American people of Canadian descent
American television news anchors
Canadian expatriate journalists in the United States
Canadian expatriate writers in the United States
Canadian television news anchors
Carleton University alumni
Living people
NBC News people
Officers of the Order of Canada
PBS people
Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Writers from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Writers from Montreal

Robert MacNeil


Eiersdorf ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Eiersdorf (Hemau), Ortsteil der Stadt Hemau, Landkreis Regensburg, Bayern
 Eiersdorf (Gemeinde Poggersdorf), Ortschaft von Poggersdorf, Bezirk Klagenfurt-Land, Kärnten

Eiersdorf


Die Route nationale 735, kurz N 735 oder RN 735, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 auf der Île de Ré verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 30 Kilometer. 1988 wurde die abgestufte Straße an die neu erstellte Brücke angeschlossen, über welche die Nationalstraße 237 verläuft.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 735 auf WikiSara (französisch)

735

Route nationale 735


Džurdži Zajdan (arapski جرجي زيدان Jurjī Zaydān; 1861. – 1914.), književnik. Jedna od središnjih ličnosti arapskog preporoda (Nahda). Rođen je u pravoslavnoj obitelji, a 1881. je bio primljen na studij medicine na Sirijsko protestantsko sveučilište (danas Američko sveučilište u Bejrutu), gdje se susreo s idejama moderne ekonomije, sociologije, darvinizma i masonstva. Zbog jake cenzure osmanskih vlasti ubrzo je napustio Bejrut i trajno se nastanio u Kairu. Osnovao je (1892) i do smrti uređivao znanstveni i književni časopis Al-Hilāl (arapski: polumjesec), koji izlazi i danas. Prvi je u arapsku književnost uveo povijesni roman. Tijekom života napisao ih je 23, redovito ih svake godine serijalizirajući za objavljivanje u Al-Hilālu. Iako književna kritika o njima često nije imala visoko mišljenje zbog trivijalne fabule i plošno ocrtanih likova te autorova novinarskog stila, oni su u društvu raširene nepismenosti pružali objektivnu sliku važnih događaja klasične arapske i islamske povijesti.

Izvori

Libanonski književnici

Džurdži Zajdan


Ivan Bohumil "Ivo" Vesely (* 1. April 1926 in Prag, Tschechoslowakei; † 4. Dezember 2002 in Melbourne) war ein australischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Ivo Vesely nahm für die australische Nationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1960 in Squaw Valley teil. Mit seinem Team belegte er den neunten und somit letzten Platz. Er selbst kam im Turnierverlauf in drei Spielen zum Einsatz. Auf Vereinsebene spielte er für den Hakoah Ice Hockey Club in Melbourne.

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Australien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Australien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1960
Australier
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2002
Mann

Ivo Vesely


MHX steht für:
 Suzuki Ignis#Zweite Generation
 Manihiki Island Airport (IATA-Code), Flughafen auf dem Atoll Manihiki, Cook Islands

Abkürzung

MHX


O Retrato da Armada (em inglês: The Armada Portrait) é a denominação atribuída a qualquer uma das três versões reminiscentes de uma pintura sobre painel alegórica representando Isabel I de Inglaterra cercada por simbologias da monarquia inglesa sobre um pano de fundo que representa a derrota da Invencível Armada em 1588.

O painel possui três versões ainda conservadas: a maior delas mantida em Woburn Abbey, uma na National Portrait Gallery (cujas bordas são cortadas e o fundo é de fato menos visível) e uma última na Queen's House. Os dois primeiros retratos foram atribuídos ao pintor George Gower. Um detalhe alegórico da composição é a representação do embate entre os navios ingleses e espanhóis na janela esquerda e os navios espanhóis encalhados nas rochas na janela direita.

Iconografia
A combinação de um retrato em tamanho real de Isabel I com um formato de paisagem é "sem precedentes" na vasta coleção de retratos da monarca inglesa, apesar de retratos alegóricos neste formato, como Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession (1572) atribuído a Lucas de Heere ser anterior ao Retrato da Armada.

A arte inglesa neste período era relativamente isolada do restante da Europa, recebendo pouca influência das tendências católicas e renascentistas da Península Itálica e estando mais inclinada à iluminura manuscrita flamenga e à representação heráldica. O Retrato da Armada não é exceção neste contexto: a cadeira à direita é vista de dois ângulos diferentes, assim como as mesas à esquerda e o fundo que mostra dois eventos distintos na derrota da Armada. No pano de fundo à esquerda, os brulotes ingleses se aproximam da frota espanhola e, à direita, os navios espanhóis estão a colidir com uma costa rochosa em meio a águas tempestuosas. Sob uma interpretação secundária, Isabel I está de costas para o lado sombrio enquanto seu olhar mira a parte iluminada da pintura. Tal lógica seria repetida no Retrato Ditchley (1592), de Marcus Gheeraerts, o Jovem.

A mão da monarca repousa sobre uma esfera armilar na direção e abaixo de uma coroa (que provavelmente não é a Coroa Tudor), enquanto seus dedos cobrem especificamente o mapa das Américas. Este detalhe provavelmente indica o ideal inglês de dominar o comércio atlântico e expandir seu império colonial no Novo Mundo. A figura de Isabel I está ladeada por duas colunas, uma provável referência à representação heráldica das Colunas de Hércules - símbolo pessoal de Carlos I e Filipe II de Espanha e que compõe o brasão de armas de Espanha desde então.

Os historiadores de arte Andrew Belsey e Catherine Belsey destacam o impressionante equilíbrio geométrico da pintura incluindo padrões repetidos de círculos e arcos formados pela coroa, o globo e as mangas, o rufo e o vestido usado pela monarca. Os Belsey também contrastam a figura da "Rainha Virgem" portanto uma grande pérola simbolizando sua castidade sobre seu corpete. A sereia esculpida nos pés do trono seria, segundo estas fontes, uma representação da presença feminina em superioridade aos navios espanhóis ou até mesmo uma alusão à Maria Stuart. Esta segunda suposição é reforçada pelo fato de Isabel I estar completamente de costas para a figura da sereia, o que indicaria que as conspirações e a eventual execução de Maria Stuart - sua prima - haviam sido superadas pelos ingleses. A coroa também simboliza a monarquia inglesa.

Ver também
 Casa de Tudor
 Marinha Real Britânica

Bibliografia

Pinturas de 1588
Pintura do Renascimento
Isabel I de Inglaterra
Retratos de monarcas

Retrato da Armada


Iňačovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 763 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Iňačovce este atestată documentar din 1417.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Iňačovce


Mau Heymans (nacido en Veldhoven en 1961) es uno de los artistas más productivos y populares de la franquicia holandesa de Disney. Comenzó su carrera en 1987. Es un ilustrador, pero también ha escrito algunas historias con Kirsten de Graaf. Heyman se encarga del universo de Scrooge McDuck para la editorial Oberon. El hermano mayor de Mau, Bas, también es un artista de Disney, y los hermanos tienen estilos muy similares entre sí.

Referencias

Historietistas de los Países Bajos
Historietistas de Disney

Mau Heymans


Montjoux (auch: Montjoux-La Paillette genannt) ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Drôme in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes; sie gehört zum Kanton Dieulefit im Arrondissement Nyons.

Geografie
Montjoux besteht aus zwei Teilen: Montjoux und  La Paillette. Es liegt auf einer mittleren Höhe von 460 Metern über dem Meeresspiegel am Südrand des Départements Drôme im Tal des Lez, einem Zufluss der Rhone, mit seinen beiden Zuflüssen, dem Ruisseau de Combe Maret und der Veyssanne. Eingerahmt wird der Ort von den Bergzügen des Massif des Baronnies der Préalpes françaises.

Montjoux ist fünf Kilometer südöstlich von Dieulefit und 32 Kilometer östlich von Montélimar gelegen. Die Nachbarorte sind Dieulefit, Vesc, Teyssières und Roche-Saint-Secret-Béconne.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Geschichte
Der Name des Ortes leitet sich vom lateinischen Mons Jovis, Berg des Jupiter. Die Bewohner werden Montjevins (m) bzw. Montjevines (f) genannt.

Wie im überwiegenden Teil der Region hatte man sich auch in Montjoux dem protestantischen Glauben zugewandt. Während der Hugenottenkriege kam es auch hier zu Auseinandersetzungen, insbesondere im September 1688. Infolgedessen verließen viele Familien den Ort.

Die starke Entvölkerung von Montjoux im 19. Jahrhundert schreiben Historiker dem Umstand zu, dass die Kiefernholzbestände keine ausreichenden Brennstoffquellen mehr für das im Ort betriebene Töpferhandwerk boten und es daher zu starken arbeitsmarktbedingten Abwanderungen kam.

Im Sommer 1944 befand sich in Montjoux ein Befehlsstand der Forces françaises de l'intérieur, einer gemeinsamen Widerstandsarmee der gaullistischen Widerstandsarmee "Armée secrète" und der kommunistischen Francs-tireurs et partisans unter dem Kommando eines Capitain Alain, die den Versuch unternahmen, sich der deutschen Wehrmacht bzw. Waffen-SS entgegenzustellen, um Valréas und die Region von der deutschen Besatzung zu befreien, jedoch mit fatalem Ausgang.

Bildung
Eine öffentliche Schule befindet sich in der Ortslage La Paillette.

Verkehr
Durch Montjoux führen die Landstraßen (routes départementales) 538 von Dieulefit nach Nyons und 330, durch den Ortsteil La Paillette die routes départementales 130 und 330.

Wirtschaft
Haupterwerbszweig von Montjoux ist die Landwirtschaft, die Schaf- und Ziegenzucht und der Anbau von Lavendel und Kräutern. Im Jahr 2000 waren von 289 ha landwirtschaftlicher Nutzfläche 175 ha für Kräuterkulturen ausgewiesen.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Château de Montjoux, erbaut Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts, nach Verfall im 19. Jahrhundert wiederaufgebaut. Heute in Privatbesitz ist es während der "Journées du Patrimoine" im September für Besucher geöffnet.
 Tour des Catinoux (Catinoux-Turm): Rest der mittelalterlichen Höhenburg La Batie-la-Lance.
 Überreste einer mittelalterlichen Schlossanlage mit Kapelle.

Persönlichkeiten
A. Sambuc, protestantischer Theologe (La doctrine de rédemption d'après Saint Anselme. Toulouse 1868.)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Montjoux auf der Webseite des "Institut géographique national"
 Pays de Dieulefit – Kirchen und Schlösser
 Montjoux auf annuaire-mairie.fr

Ort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Montjoux


ප්රකාශන හිමිකම් උපුටා දැක්වීමේ නීතිය_විෂය පථය

ප්රකාශන හිමිකම් උපුටා ගැනීම නිර්මාණාත්මක, බුද්ධිමය දේපළ හෝ කළා කෘතීන් යනාදී වූ පුළුල් පරාසයකට අනුගත වේ. මේවායේ අන්තර්ගතය අධිකරණ බලය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, නමුත් කාව්ය කෘතීන්, සාහිත්ය කෘතීන්, චිත්රපට, නර්තනාංගයන්,ගීත රචනාවන්, ශ්රව්ය පටිගතකිරීම්, සිතුවම්, පින්තාරු සිත්තම්, මූර්ති කළාවන්, ඡයාරූප, මෘදුකාංග, රූපවාහිනී හෝ ගුවන්විදුලි වැඩසටහන්, චිත්රක නිර්මාණ, සහ කර්මාන්තමය නිර්මාණ සඳහා යෙදවෙන සමහරක් අධිකරණ බලතල සන්තුලනය හෝ අතිච්ඡාදනය විය හැක.

උපුටා ගැනීමේ ඓතිය ඒවා ප්රකාශ කර අති අකාරය මිස එම අදහස් හෝ තොරතුරු ආවරණය නොකරයි. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් මිකී මවුස් කාටූනය එය උපුටා දැක්වීම හෝ එහි මනුෂ්යත්වාරෝපිත ව්යුත්පන්නයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සීමා කරයි, නමුත් එය පොදුවේ මිකීමවුස් චරිතය උපුටා නොගත්තේ යයි සාමාන්යයෙන් හඟී යන බව විනිශ්චය කළ හැකිනම් මනුෂ්යත්වාරෝපිත වෙනත් මූසිකයන් නිර්මාණය කිරීම තහනම් නොකරයි.බොහෝ අධිකරණයන් වලදී උපුටාගැනීමේ එඓතිය පිළිබඳ නීතිය, එම කාර්යය පරිකතාවක් ලෙස හෝ සමහර සම්බන්දිත අවස්ථවලට  යොදා ගත් අවස්ථා වලදී ව්යාතිරේඛයක් ලෙස සකකනු ලබයි. මේ අතරම අනෙකුත් නීතීන් සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී (උදාහරණ ලෙස වෙළඳ නාම, සධාරණ ගනුදෙනු ) උපුටා ගැනීමේ නීතිය මගින් නොපනවන අමතර සීමාවන් පනවනු ලබයි.

උපුටා ගැනීමේ ඓතිවාසිකම් නීතිය බර්න් සම්මුතිය, සාර්වත්ර උපුටාගැනීමේ එඓතිවාඅසිකම් සම්මුතිය වැනි අන්තර්ජාතික සම්මුතීන් මගින් සම්මතකර්ණය කර ඇත.
මෙම බහුපාර්ශ්වික ගිවිසුම් සියලුම රටවල් මගින් බලාත්මක කර ඇති අතර යුරෝපා කොමිසම, ලෝක වෙළඳ සංවිදානය වැනි අන්තර්ජාතික සංවිදාන මගින් එය තම සාමාජික රටවල් වල අනුගත කිරීමට දක්වා ඇත.

ප්රකාශන හිමිකම් උපුටා දැක්වීමේ නීතිය විෂය පථය


الشَمَّاس أو الشدياق هو خادم الكنيسة المسيحية.

معنى كلمة شماس
شماس هي كلمة سريانية وتقال باليونانية (دياكونوس - diakonos) وفي القبطية (ريف شمشى), جميعها تعني (خادم) والفعل اليوناني منها هو(دياكونيو- diakoneo) معناه يخدم وقد استخدمت في اليونانية الكلاسيكة للدلالة على خدمة المعابد.

من هو الشماس
الشماس هو خادم الكنيسة وهو من يقوم بمعاونة الكاهن في أداء الخدمات الدينية والصلوات الكنسية، وقد ورد ذكر وظيفة الشماس لأول مرة في سفر أعمال الرسل (أعمال الرسل 6). حيث تم اختيار عدد من المؤمنين واشترطت فيهم اشتراطات معينة للقيام بعدد من الخدمات، وكانت الخدمة الاجتماعية هي أولى مسؤولياتهم للحد من انشغال الرسل الأوائل بالخدمة الدنيوية على حساب الخدمة الدينية الروحانية والخدمة الكرازية، ثم تحولت تلك الوظيفة إلى رتبة من رتب الخدمة الكهنوتية وهي (الشموسية).

رتبة الشماسية
 هي ادنى الرتب الكهنوتية الثلاث في الكنيسة وتعلوها على الترتيب رتبة (القسيسية- قس) ثم رتبة (الاسقفية-أسقف)، ويعرف أصحاب تلك الرتب بالإكليروس، وهي كلمة يونانية يقصد بها خدام الكنيسة من اساقفة وقساوسة وشمامسة.
 كما تنقسم رتبة الشماسية نفسها إلى خمسة درجات كل منها لها صلاحياتها ودورها في الخدمة، وهي بالترتيب التصاعدى كالتالى :
 الابصالتس (المرتل): وعمله الترتيل وحفظ الالحان.
 الاناغنوستيس (قارئ): وعمله تلاوة القراءات اليومية في الكنيسة، تلاوة أسماء الاباء البطاركة الذين رقدوا في الرب، التسبيح وترديد الالحان، الوعظ والتعليم.
 الايبودياكون (مساعد الشماس): وعمله ايقاد سرج الكنيسة، حفظ كتب الكنيسة وثياب الكهنة والخدام، تعمير المجامر، يساعد الشماس (الدياكون) وينوب عنه إذا دعت الحاجة، إلى جانب كل مهام الاغنسطس
 الشماس (الدياكون): إلى جانب الوظائف السابقة فيقوم الدياكون بالتنبيه على المصلين ببدء الصلوات وحفظ النظام والسكون أثناء الصلاة، تنظيف الهيكل وترتيب المذبح، قراءة الإنجيل في القداس الالهى، خدمة الارامل والمرضى والمحتاجين، الوعظ والتعليم، يتلو المردات من داخل الهيكل، يشترك مع الكاهن في جميع الصلوات الطقسية الأخرى كالعماد واللقان..
 الارشيدياكون (رئيس الشمامسة):لا يقل عمره عن 28 سنة وان يكون ملما بكل وظائف المرتل والاغنسطس والايبودياكون والدياكون وعمله يرأس جميع الرتب الشماسية ويدبر امورها ويحدد لها اعمالها، في حالة الضرورة يمكنه المساعدة في التناول بأذن من الكاهن.

صور

انظر أيضًا
 خادم المذبح
 قندلفت

مصادر ووصلات خارجية
 كتاب (خدمة الشماس) للدياكون إبراهيم عياد جرجس.
 كتاب روحانية طقوس الاسرار للأنبا متاؤس أسقف دير السريان.

مراجع

أدوار قيادية دينية
ألقاب كنسية
الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية في إسكتلندا
رتب كهنوتية مسيحية
عبارات مسيحية
مناصب الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية
مهن دينيون مسيحيون
مهن دينية مسيحية
ميثودية

شماس


3 libras fue una serie de televisión estadounidense que se emitió en la cadena CBS del 14 al 28 de noviembre de 2006, en sustitución de la cancelada serie Smith. El programa en sí fue cancelado tres semanas más tarde debido a la baja audiencia. El título se refiere al hecho de que el cerebro humano promedio pesa aproximadamente tres libras. La serie sigue las carreras de medicina del destacado neurocirujano Douglas Hanson (interpretado por Stanley Tucci) y su protegido, Jonathan Seger.

El programa fue promocionado como "El próximo gran drama médico". El tema es "Calling All Angels". Ocho episodios se hicieron, y los cinco episodios que originalmente no se emitieron en Estados Unidos están disponibles en Amazon Unbox.

El programa fue filmado en Nueva York a petición de Tucci, quien no quería estar lejos de casa para hacer la serie.

Cuando el piloto se rodó originalmente Dylan McDermott interpretó al Dr. Doug Hanson, y Reiko Aylesworth interpretó a la doctora Adrienne Holland.

Enlaces externos

Series de televisión de Estados Unidos
Series de televisión de CBS
Series de televisión rodadas en Nueva York
Series de televisión de drama médico de Estados Unidos
Series de televisión canceladas

3 lbs


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Stará Kremnička enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Stará Kremnička im Okres Žiar nad Hronom.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Stara Kremnicka


The Audacious-class aircraft carriers were a class of aircraft carriers proposed by the British government in the 1930s - 1940s and completed after the Second World War. The two ships built were heavily modified and diverged over their service lives.  They were in operation from 1951 until 1979.

History

The Audacious class was originally designed as an expansion of the  with double storied hangars. However, it was realised that the hangar height would not be sufficient for the new aircraft that were expected to enter service, so the design was considerably enlarged.

Four ships were laid down between 1942 and 1943 during World War II as part of the British naval buildup - Africa, Irresistible, Audacious and Eagle. At the end of hostilities Africa and Eagle  were cancelled. Work on the remaining two was suspended. They would be renamed and built to differing designs in the 1950s.

As the builds of Audacious (renamed Eagle) and Irresistible (renamed Ark Royal) progressed they differed so much that they effectively became the lead (and sole) ships of each of their own classes. They formed the backbone of the postwar carrier fleet, and were much modified.

Ships in class

References

Further reading
Ireland, Bernard. The Illustrated Guide to Aircraft Carriers of the World. Hermes House, London, 2005.
Johnstone-Bryden, Richard. Britain's Greatest Warship: HMS "Ark Royal IV". Sutton Publishing Ltd., Stroud, 2000.

External links

Aircraft carrier classes

 Audacious class aircraft carrier
Abandoned military projects of the United Kingdom
Ship classes of the Royal Navy

Audacious-class aircraft carrier


La Sala del Tricolore (en français : Salle du Tricolore) est la salle du conseil de commune de la ville de Reggio d'Émilie, chef-lieu de la province homonyme, en Émilie-Romagne. Elle se trouve dans le bâtiment du palais communal.

C'est dans cette salle, le , que le drapeau italien naquit, ce qui lui donna son nom. Adjacent à la salle se trouve le Museo del tricolore. La salle fait partie du circuit de l'.

Histoire

Les origines du salon
Les origines de ce salon remontent en , quand le duc de Modène, François III décida de faire réaliser un centre d'archive d'État qui aurait dû conserver tous les documents du duché émilien. Le choix de l'architecte pour ce projet se porta sur Lodovico Bolognini qui réalisa le bâtiment entre 1772 et 1785.

Durant la construction, Giovanni Benassi, menuisier de la cour, procéda à la fabrication d'un modèle pour la salle. Toujours sous la supervision de Bolognini, l'esquisse de Benassi ne comportait toutefois pas de balcons comme la version actuelle, mais des espaces pour le rangement des divers documents, accessible avec des échelles en bois.

Peu après la fin du chantier, l'objet de la salle changea en raison des risques d'incendie que pouvait provoquer un rassemblements de nombreux éléments inflammables au centre du conseil municipal. Une commission fut formée pour décider de l'emploi de la salle, et proposa de la fractionner en plusieurs bureaux, ce qui fut refusé par le duc.

Les années suivantes
L'invasion française de l'Italie marqua la fin du duché, l'exil du monarque et la création de la République régiane le . La garde civique de la ville de Reggio fut par conséquent mise en place. Cette formation militaire, aidée d'un petit groupe de grenadiers français, mirent en déroute plus de  soldats autrichiens près de la cité de Montechiarugolo le , dans l'actuelle province de Parme. Cette victoire fut si importante  que Napoléon Bonaparte émis un communiqué pour louer les soldats de la ville de Reggio ayant pris part à la bataille.

C'est durant cette bataille que tomba, ce que certains historiens comme Claudio Villa considèrent comme le premier martyr du Risorgimento, Andrea Rivasi. Ce sont en particulier les historiens qui considèrent le début du Risorgimento dans la campagne napoléonienne qui considèrent Rivasi comme le premier  du processus d'unification. Pour la bataille de Montechiarugolo, Napoléon définit ainsi la ville de Reggio d'Émilie :

Ugo Foscolo dédia l'ode  aux soldats reggiens. La page de titre de cette œuvre poétique contient les termes suivants:

Vincenzo Monti dédia ses vers de son cantique In morte di Lorenzo Mascheroni:

En août 1796, à Reggio dans l'Émilie, l'un des premiers arbre de la liberté fut planté. Il est décrit ainsi par un chroniqueur contemporain de l'événement:

Cet événement, qui prend naissance d'une révolte contre le gouvernement ducal survenu le  à Reggio avec à sa tête la patriote Rosa Manganelli, contribua, avec les événements de la , à la décision de choisir cette ville pour accueillir le premier siège du congrès cispadan, assemblée qui participa par la suite à la naissance du drapeau italien.

Les congrèsde la République Cispadane

L'adoption de la constitution

Comme reconnaissance symbolique de la participation à la bataille de Montechiarugolo et à l'événement de l'arbre de la liberté, Napoléon suggéra aux différents députés cispadans (Reggio, Modène, Bologne et Ferrare) de réunir leur premier congrès  à Reggio.

Les différentes villes précitées voulurent organiser l'assemblée en leurs sein et la proposition française ne fut pas reçue sans quelques polémiques. Le congrès du 27 décembre eut lieu dans le salon conçu par Bolognini et qui devait recevoir les archives de l'ancien duché. Dans cette salle,  délégués présidés par Carlo Facci approuvèrent la constitution de la République cispadane comprenant les territoires des villes citées plus haut. À la suite de cette assemblée, le salon fut renommée  ou encore .

La salle patriotique, pour l'événement, fut préparée en conséquence avec des attributs représentant les victoires napoléoniennes en Italie. Parmi ces représentations figura la victoire de Montechiarugolo présentée comme . La description des décorations de la voute du salon montre .

Au cours d'une autre session, le 30 décembre 1796, le congrès approuva une mention qui stipule que:

L'adoption du drapeau tricolore

Dans les assemblées successives, toujours tenues dans la , de nombreuses décisions furent prises et parmi elles le choix de l'emblème de la nouvelle république. Lors de la  session, le 7 janvier 1797, Giuseppe Compagnoni  fit la proposition d'un drapeau national vert, blanc et rouge. Le décret d'adoption proclame:

L'adoption de la bannière tricolore fut prise sous une pluie d'applaudissement par les députés. Pour la première fois depuis plusieurs siècles, des cités autrefois ennemies s'identifièrent comme un seul peuple avec un symbole commun : le drapeau tricolore.

Lors des précédentes sessions, les débats autour du drapeau ont vu de nombreuses positions s'afficher : au lieu du vert, les jacobins italiens préférèrent le bleu du drapeau français alors que les membres fidèles à la papauté privilégièrent le jaune du drapeau des États pontificaux. Sur le blanc et le rouge il n'y eut aucun débat. Le vert fut choisi en définitive comme une solution de compromis. Ce choix du vert fut probablement inspiré par le drapeau militaire de la légion lombarde.

Les caractéristiques du drapeau ne furent pas précisées lors de cette session comme par exemple la tonalité et la proportion des couleurs ou encore la place de chacune sur l'étendard. Sur le compte-rendu de la réunion tenue le 7 janvier 1797, nous pouvons lire:

Pour la première fois le tricolore devint officiellement le drapeau national d'un État souverain, se libérant d'une signification militaire et civile locale : avec cette adoption, le drapeau italien assume toutefois une importante valeur politique. À la suite de cet événement, la  de Reggio est rebaptisée .

Le drapeau utilisée par la République Cispadane se présenta avec un tiercé en fasce avec le rouge en haut, au centre l'emblème de la république avec à ses côtés les lettres  et , autrement dit les initiales de la nouvelle entité. Le sceau de la République contenait un carquois avec quatre flèches qui symbolisèrent les quatre cités du congrès cispadan.

Le premier centenaire du tricolore

En 1897, le drapeau italien fêta son centenaire. La célébration fut très suivie par la population tant et si bien que l'Italie fut envahie de tricolores; la manifestation la plus importante eut lieu à Reggio d'Émilie, la ville où naquit le drapeau un siècle auparavant. Dans l'entrée de l'hôtel de ville de Reggio d'Émilie fut apposée une plaque commémorative, avec l'inscription suivante de Naborre Campanini:

Lors de l'anniversaire dans la cité émilienne, Giosuè Carducci définit le drapeau comme  et l'embrassa à la fin du discours qu'il tint se jour là pour mettre en évidence le rôle du drapeau dans l'Histoire de l'Italie:

Bicentenaire

En , les législateurs italiens mettent en place une fête nationale pour la célébration du drapeau qui se déroule depuis lors tous les 7 janvier depuis 1997 avec la présence des plus hautes personnalités politiques à Reggio d'Émilie.

Description du salon

La salle se présente sous une forme elliptique, ceint de trois étages de balcons. Un grand lustre est présent dans la salle qui met en évidence un style architectural néoclassique. Ce dernier est caractérisé par des colonnes d'ordre corinthien.

Le salon a la fonction de salle des conseils de la ville de Reggio d'Émilie ; elle est donc utilisée pour les réunions du conseil municipal de la ville. La salle conserve en son sein le gonfalone de la ville de Reggio.

La salle accueille aussi des manifestations culturelles, des conférences, des mariages et la commémoration de l'anniversaire de la naissance du drapeau national italien, qui a lieu tous les 7 janvier lors de la Festa del Tricolore, en présence des plus hautes personnalités de la République.

Articles connexes

 Drapeau de l'Italie
 Festa del Tricolore
 Museo del tricolore
 Palais communal (Reggio d'Émilie)
 République cispadane
 Histoire du drapeau italien

Liens externes

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Note

Références

Architecture en Italie
Monument en Émilie-Romagne
Symbole de l'Italie

Sala del tricolore


Barsbek er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Probstei i den nordlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Barsbek er beliggende omkring 15 km nordøst for Kiel og omkring 3 km vest for Schönberg ved Bundesstraße 502 fra Kiel mod Lütjenburg.

I kommunen område ligger naturschutzgebiet Barsbeker See.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Barsbek


NGC 7417 je prečkasta spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Tukanu.

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7417

NGC 7417