خديوي أو خديو هو لقب اختص به ولاة مصر العثمانية دون غيرهم من ولاة الدولة العثمانية منذ عام 1866 وحتى إعلان السلطنة المصرية في أعقاب فرض الحماية البريطانية على مصر عام 1914.

مكانة المنصب
يعد منصب الخديوي أرفع مناصب الحكومة المصرية في مصر العثمانية، ويخاطب صاحب هذا المنصب بلقب الصدارة العظمى «فخامتلو».

تاريخ المنصب
أول من حمل هذا اللقب الخديو إسماعيل، أما من قبله (من محمد علي باشا إلى سعيد باشا فلم يحملوا هذا اللقب، بل كانوا ولاة ممتازين يحمل الواحد منهم لقب «والي مصر» أو «عزيز مصر»). وقد حمل إسماعيل باشا نفسه لقب «والي مصر» في بداية حكمه، ولم ينل لقب «خديوي» إلا في عام 1866، أي بعد بضع سنوات من توليه حكم مصر، وبمقتضى ذلك نال حق توريث الخديوية إلى أكبر أبنائه الذكور، ومن هذا إلى أكبر أبنائه، وهكذا، أما قبل ذلك فكانت الولاية تنتقل من الوالي إلى أحد رجال أسرته، وكان للسلطان العثماني الحق المطلق في اختيار من يريد، وكان ذلك امتيازًا على سائر ولاة الدولة العثمانية في الولايات الأخرى خص به السلطان العثماني الوالي محمد علي باشا بموجب «خط شريف» صدر من الآستانة في 12 فبراير 1841.

أصل الكلمة
هذا اللقب حمله حصراً حكام مصر والسودان من أسرة محمد علي بدءا من إسماعيل باشا وهو كان أول خديوى لمصر، تم تسجيله بالإنجليزية في 1867، واستمدت عبر الفرنسية khédive وعبر التركية khidiv، ومن الفارسية خدیو khidiw أو أمير المشتق من «خُدا» khuda وتعني السيد أو الأمير، وقد درج بعض الكُتّاب الغربيون المعاصرون لحقبة الخديوية على ترجمة اللقب إلى Viceroy بالإنجليزية أو Vice-roi بالفرنسية.

انظر أيضًا
 خدا
 خنكار

المراجع

ألقاب حاكمية
ألقاب قيادية قومية أو عرقية
ألقاب ملكية مصرية
الحكومة العثمانية
حكام مصر
الأسرة العلوية
مناصب سلطة وطنية ثانوية
نبلاء مصريون

خديوي


Paracletus je peti studijski album francuskog avangardnog black metal-sastava Deathspell Omega. Album su 8. studenog 2010. godine objavile diskografske kuće Norma Evangelium Diaboli i Season of Mist.

O albumu
Ovo je treći i konačni nastavak metafizičke trilogije albuma sastava koji predstavljaju Boga, Vraga i Čovjeka (prethodni su dijelovi trilogije albumi Si Monvmentvm Reqvires, Circvmspice i Fas – Ite, Maledicti, in Ignem Aeternum).

Naziv paracletus latinizirani je oblik grčke riječi παράκλητος (parákletos), koja u prijevodu znači tješitelj te je drugi izraz za Duha Svetog.

Na Paracletusu sastav nastavlja eksperimentirati, kao što je to činio na svim prethodnim glazbenim radovima od 2004. godine. Skladbe se uglavnom nastavljaju jedna na drugu, zvučeći više kao stavci većeg djela nego kao pojedinačne pjesme, iako su prisutne kratke pauze između pjesama 3 i 4 te 5 i 6. Season of Mist oko tri je tjedna prije objave samog albuma objavio pjesmu "Devouring Famine" te je omogućio da se besplatno preuzima s interneta.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Phil Freeman, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu četiri i pol od pet zvjezdica te je izjavio: "Francuski su black metal mistici [pod imenom] Deathspell Omega vrlo tajnoviti. Ne odlaze na turneje, postava sastava čisto je teorijska (jer nikad nije bilo fotografija njegovih članova) i ne daju intervjue. Sve što žele reći kažu svojom glazbom, koju čini spoj agresivnosti black metala i kompozicijske složenosti stravičnih prog sastava iz 1970-ih kao što su Van der Graaf Generator i Univers Zero, pogotovo potonja grupa. Ovaj je album završetak trilogije koja je započela [albumom] iz 2004. godine pod imenom Si Monvmentvm Reqvires, Circvmspice (latinski: "Ako tražiš njegov spomenik, pogledaj oko sebe") te koja se nastavila na [albumu] iz 2007. godine Fas - Ite, Maledicti, in Ignem Aeternum (latinski: "Prema božanskom zakonu, idite, vi prokleti, u vječnu vatru"); svrha [trilogije] bila je ozbiljna rasprava o kršćanskoj teologiji -- Bog protiv Sotone -- uz pomoć dubokog znanja tekstova. Ovi momci ne samo da su pročitali svoje Biblije, već su pročitali i mnogogodišnju količinu teoloških interpretacija i rasprava; iako se rugaju kršćanstvu, to čine iz perspektive potpuno informiranog poštovanja, u konačnici naizgled zaključujući da je biti čovjekom istovjetno biti sotonistom i da Bog zahtijeva da se odreknemo vlastite urođene prirode. Naravno, ništa od ovoga nije bitno osim ako glazba ispunjava svoju svrhu. Ako zvukovi nisu zanimljivi, grupa bi slobodno mogla pretvoriti tekstove pjesama u pamflet tako da se o njemu može raspravljati i iščitavati ga. S glazbenog gledišta ovo je najkonvencionalniji album Deathspell Omege od njezinih ranih, predtrilogijskih izdanja. Vrlo je agresivan; gitare s vremena na vrijeme izvode post-punk disonance, ali ženski vokali i zborski interludiji koji su obilježili Si Monumentum nisu više prisutni, kao ni prijelazi stravične polutišine. Ritmička složenost i zapetljane skladbe s prethodna dva albuma još uvijek postoje, ali glazba je konstantno brza, deset je pjesama teološke rasprave prepuno bučnih rifova i kažnjavajućih bubnjeva s vokalima koji krešte na engleskom, francuskom, latinskom i možda tu i tamo na još kojem jeziku. Deathspell Omegu čine veliki mislioci black metala i ako ovo nije njihovo remek-djelo (to bi bio prvi ili drugi njegov prethodnik), izvanredna je kapa velikom višedijelnom umjetničkom djelu".

Osoblje
Deathspell Omega
 Hasjarl – gitara
 Khaos – bas-gitara
 Mikko Aspa – vokali
Dodatni glazbenici
 Spica – vokali (na francuskom jeziku)

Izvori

Albumi iz 2010.
Francuska glazba

Paracletus


Goodmanham (historically Godmundingaham, the home of the people of Godmund mentioned in the year 627 in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ) is a small village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately  to the north-east of Market Weighton. The village is situated on the Yorkshire Wolds Way National Trail, a long-distance footpath.
According to the 2011 UK Census, Goodmanham parish had a population of 244, an increase on the 2001 UK Census figure of 218.

The village is built in a favourable position on a south-facing slope of the Yorkshire Wolds between two streams. It has a copious supply of water from numerous springs and naturally occurring limestone for building. The land is extraordinarily fertile in this region and people have lived here since prehistoric times.

History

The earliest traces of settlement are from the Stone Age. There are many ancient burial sites. The boundaries of the village lie along the lines of ancient earthworks and these are evidence that it was a prehistoric place of worship. Near the western boundary of the village lies one of the most ancient roads of Britain, later adopted by the Romans. Settlement at this time is indicated by finds of Samian ware and coins of the period. Later in Saxon times, after the recall of the Roman legions, the village reached a position of great importance and fame. It became the site of the high shrine of Anglo Saxon Northumbria, a great temple. The dramatic overthrow of this temple in 627 AD by the high priest Coifi upon the conversion of King Edwin of Northumbria is related by St Bede in his History of the English Church and People (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum).

"I have known long since" [Coifi] said, "that there is nothing in this religion that we have professed...the more I sought the truth of it the less I found...this can give us life salvation and eternal happiness...I advise that we burn the useless sanctuary – and who better than myself as an example?"

So saying, he borrowed a war stallion and a spear ("and nom his spere on hond") both of which were forbidden to him as a priest. He galloped to the temple and flung the weapon into the temple; profaning and defiling it. The people witnessing this spectacle believed he was mad. He then ordered that the temple and all its enclosures be burned to the ground.

It is often said that Coifi rode from Edwin's council in York to destroy the temple at Goodmanham, a distance of around . Local tradition has it that the ride was from the king's summer camp at Londesborough, which is two miles from Goodmanham.

Although Goodmanham is very near to York, the capital of Viking England, we have no information about Goodmanham from that period. It is next found as a listing in the Domesday Book produced under William the Conqueror at the time of the Norman conquest. A few names of resident farmers are given: Colgri, Orm, Norman, William de Coleville. These names show the presence of Normans now occupying the land.

The church of All Hallows now stands on or near the site of the original pagan temple. This church dates from around 1130 AD and replaces an earlier one of wooden construction built in the Saxon period. The church was designated a Grade I listed building in 1986 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.
A tumulus, located to the south-west of the village, is also supposed to contain ruins. One of the many sacred wells in Britain dedicated to St Helena is located nearby.

In 1823 Baines' History, Directory and Gazetteer of the County of York gave an alternative Goodmanham name of "Godmundin Graham". The village was a parish in the Wapentake of Harthill, and partly in the Liberty of St Peter. Population at the time was 220, with occupations including fifteen farmers, a boot & shoe maker, a corn miller, a shoemaker, a wheelwright, a blacksmith who was also the parish clerk, and the licensed victualler of The Star public house. A carrier operated between the village and Market Weighton and Beverley once a week.

Notable people
 Richard Foster  (20 August 1856 – 5 January 1932). He emigrated to South Australia in 1880. Held various posts including Commissioner for Public Works, Minister for Industry, Minister for Works and Railways.
 William Featherby (18 August 1888 – 20 November 1958), county cricketer for Yorkshire, lived and worked locally to Goodmanham all his life. He is buried in the churchyard.

References

External links

  Goodmanham Parish Council's Website
 Goodmanham on Market Weighton's website

 History of the Kingdom of Northumbria – Edwin's conversion

Villages in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Civil parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire

Goodmanham


Unix System V (pronounced: "System Five") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. System V Release 4 (SVR4) was commercially the most successful version, being the result of an effort, marketed as Unix System Unification, which solicited the collaboration of the major Unix vendors. It was the source of several common commercial Unix features. System V is sometimes abbreviated to SysV.

, the AT&T-derived Unix market is divided between four System V variants: IBM's AIX, Hewlett Packard Enterprise's HP-UX and Oracle's Solaris, plus the free-software illumos forked from OpenSolaris.

Overview

Introduction

System V was the successor to 1982's UNIX System III. While AT&T developed and sold hardware that ran System V, most customers ran a version from a reseller, based on AT&T's reference implementation. A standards document called the System V Interface Definition outlined the default features and behavior of implementations.

AT&T support
During the formative years of AT&T's computer business, the division went through several phases of System V software groups, beginning with the Unix Support Group (USG), followed by Unix System Development Laboratory (USDL), followed by AT&T Information Systems (ATTIS), and finally Unix System Laboratories (USL).

Rivalry with BSD

In the 1980s and early-1990s, UNIX System V and the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) were the two major versions of UNIX. Historically, BSD was also commonly called "BSD Unix" or "Berkeley Unix". Eric S. Raymond summarizes the longstanding relationship and rivalry between System V and BSD during the early period:

While HP, IBM and others chose System V as the basis for their Unix offerings, other vendors such as Sun Microsystems and DEC extended BSD. Throughout its development, though, System V was infused with features from BSD, while BSD variants such as DEC's Ultrix received System V features. AT&T and Sun Microsystems worked together to merge System V with BSD-based SunOS to produce Solaris, one of the primary System V descendants still in use today. Since the early 1990s, due to standardization efforts such as POSIX and the success of Linux, the division between System V and BSD has become less important.

Releases

SVR1
System V, known inside Bell Labs as Unix 5.0, succeeded AT&T's previous commercial Unix called System III in January, 1983.
Unix 4.0 was never released externally, which would have been designated as System IV.
This first release of System V (called System V.0, System V Release 1, or SVR1) was developed by AT&T's UNIX Support Group (USG) and based on the Bell Labs internal USG UNIX 5.0.

System V also included features such as the vi editor and curses from 4.1 BSD, developed at the University of California, Berkeley; it also improved performance by adding buffer and inode caches. It also added support for inter-process communication using messages, semaphores, and shared memory, developed earlier for the Bell-internal CB UNIX.

SVR1 ran on DEC PDP-11 and VAX minicomputers.

SVR2

AT&T's UNIX Support Group (USG) transformed into the UNIX System Development Laboratory (USDL), which released System V Release 2 in 1984. SVR2 added shell functions and the SVID. SVR2.4 added demand paging, copy-on-write, shared memory, and record and file locking.

The concept of the "porting base" was formalized, and the DEC VAX-11/780 was chosen for this release. The "porting base" is the so-called original version of a release, from which all porting efforts for other machines emanate.

Educational source licenses for SVR2 were offered by AT&T for US$800 for the first CPU, and $400 for each additional CPU. A commercial source license was offered for $43,000, with three months of support, and a $16,000 price per additional CPU.

Apple Computer's A/UX operating system was initially based on this release. SCO XENIX also used SVR2 as its basis. The first release of HP-UX was also an SVR2 derivative.

Maurice J. Bach's book, The Design of the UNIX Operating System, is the definitive description of the SVR2 kernel.

SVR3

AT&T's UNIX System Development Laboratory (USDL) was succeeded by AT&T Information Systems (ATTIS), which distributed UNIX System V, Release 3, in 1987. SVR3 included STREAMS, Remote File Sharing (RFS), the File System Switch (FSS) virtual file system mechanism, a restricted form of shared libraries, and the Transport Layer Interface (TLI) network API. The final version was Release 3.2 in 1988, which added binary compatibility to Xenix on Intel platforms (see Intel Binary Compatibility Standard).

User interface improvements included the "layers" windowing system for the DMD 5620 graphics terminal, and the SVR3.2 curses libraries that offered eight or more color pairs and other at this time important features (forms, panels, menus, etc.). The AT&T 3B2 became the official "porting base."

SCO UNIX was based upon SVR3.2, as was ISC 386/ix. Among the more obscure distributions of SVR3.2 for the 386 were ESIX 3.2 by Everex and "System V, Release 3.2" sold by Intel themselves; these two shipped "plain vanilla" AT&T's codebase.

IBM's AIX operating system is an SVR3 derivative.

SVR4

System V Release 4.0 was announced on October 18, 1988 and was incorporated into a variety of commercial Unix products from early 1989 onwards.  A joint project of AT&T Unix System Laboratories and Sun Microsystems, it combined technology from:

 SVR3
 4.3BSD
 Xenix
 SunOS

New features included:

 From BSD:
 TCP/IP support
 Sockets
 UFS
 Support for multiple groups
 C shell
 From SunOS:
 Virtual file system interface (replacing File System Switch in System V Release 3)
 NFS
 New virtual memory system including support for memory mapped files
 Improved shared library system based on the SunOS 4.x model
 OpenWindows GUI environment
 External Data Representation (XDR) and ONC RPC
 From Xenix:
 x86 device drivers
 Binary compatibility with Xenix (in the x86 version of System V)
 KornShell
 ANSI X3J11 C compatibility
 Multi-National Language Support (MNLS)
 Better internationalization support
 An application binary interface (ABI) based on Executable and Linkable Format (ELF)
 Support for standards such as POSIX and X/Open

Many companies licensed SVR4 and bundled it with computer systems such as workstations and network servers. SVR4 systems vendors included Atari (Atari System V), Commodore (Amiga Unix), Data General (DG/UX), Fujitsu (UXP/DS), Hitachi (HI-UX), Hewlett-Packard (HP-UX), NCR (Unix/NS), NEC (EWS-UX, UP-UX, UX/4800, SUPER-UX), OKI (OKI System V), Pyramid Technology (DC/OSx), SGI (IRIX), Siemens (SINIX), Sony (NEWS-OS), Sumitomo Electric Industries (SEIUX), and Sun Microsystems (Solaris) with illumos in the 2010s as the only open-source platform.

Software porting houses also sold enhanced and supported Intel x86 versions. SVR4 software vendors included Dell (Dell UNIX), Everex (ESIX), Micro Station Technology (SVR4), Microport (SVR4), and UHC (SVR4).

The primary platforms for SVR4 were Intel x86 and SPARC; the SPARC version, called Solaris 2 (or, internally, SunOS 5.x), was developed by Sun. The relationship between Sun and AT&T was terminated after the release of SVR4, meaning that later versions of Solaris did not inherit features of later SVR4.x releases. Sun would in 2005 release most of the source code for Solaris 10 (SunOS 5.10) as the open-source OpenSolaris project, creating, with its forks, the only open-source (albeit heavily modified) System V implementation available. After Oracle took over Sun, Solaris was forked into proprietary release, but illumos as the continuation project is being developed in open-source.

A consortium of Intel-based resellers including Unisys, ICL, NCR Corporation, and Olivetti developed SVR4.0MP with multiprocessing capability (allowing system calls to be processed from any processor, but interrupt servicing only from a "master" processor).

Release 4.1 ES (Enhanced Security) added security features required for Orange Book B2 compliance and Access Control Lists and support for dynamic loading of kernel modules.

SVR4.2 / UnixWare
In 1992, AT&T USL engaged in a joint venture with Novell, called Univel. That year saw the release System V.4.2 as Univel UnixWare, featuring the Veritas File System. Other vendors included UHC and Consensys. Release 4.2MP, completed late 1993, added support for multiprocessing and it was released as UnixWare 2 in 1995.

Eric S. Raymond warned prospective buyers about SVR4.2 versions, as they often did not include on-line man pages. In his 1994 buyers guide, he attributes this change in policy to Unix System Laboratories.

SVR5 / UnixWare 7
The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), owners of Xenix, eventually acquired the UnixWare trademark and the distribution rights to the System V Release 4.2 codebase from Novell, while other vendors (Sun, IBM, HP) continued to use and extend System V Release 4. Novell transferred ownership of the Unix trademark to The Open Group.

System V Release 5 was developed in 1997 by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) as a merger of SCO OpenServer (an SVR3-derivative) and UnixWare, with a focus on large-scale servers. It was released as SCO UnixWare 7. SCO's successor, The SCO Group, also based SCO OpenServer 6 on SVR5, but the codebase is not used by any other major developer or reseller.

SVR6 (cancelled)
System V Release 6 was announced by SCO to be released by the end of 2004, but was apparently cancelled. It was supposed to support 64-bit systems. SCO also discontinued Smallfoot in 2004. The industry has coalesced around The Open Group's Single UNIX Specification version 3 (UNIX 03).

Market position

Availability during the 1990s on x86 platforms
In the 1980s and 1990s, a variety of SVR4 versions of Unix were available commercially for the x86 PC platform. However, the market for commercial Unix on PCs declined after Linux and BSD became widely available. In late 1994, Eric S. Raymond discontinued his PC-clone UNIX Software Buyer's Guide on USENET, stating, "The reason I am dropping this is that I run Linux now, and I no longer find the SVr4 market interesting or significant."

In 1998, a confidential memo at Microsoft stated, "Linux is on track to eventually own the x86 UNIX market", and further predicted, "I believe that Linux – moreso than NT – will be the biggest threat to SCO in the near future."

An InfoWorld article from 2001 characterized SCO UnixWare as having a "bleak outlook" due to being "trounced" in the market by Linux and Solaris, and IDC predicted that SCO would "continue to see a shrinking share of the market".

Project Monterey
Project Monterey was started in 1998 to combine major features of existing commercial Unix platforms, as a joint project of Compaq, IBM, Intel, SCO, and Sequent Computer Systems. The target platform was meant to be Intel's new IA-64 architecture and Itanium line of processors. However, the project was abruptly canceled in 2001 after little progress.

System V and the Unix market
By 2001, several major Unix variants such as SCO UnixWare, Compaq Tru64 UNIX, and SGI IRIX were all in decline. The three major Unix versions doing well in the market were IBM AIX, Hewlett-Packard's HP-UX, and Sun's Solaris.

In 2006, when SGI declared bankruptcy, analysts questioned whether Linux would replace proprietary Unix altogether. In a 2006 article written for Computerworld by Mark Hall, the economics of Linux were cited as a major factor driving the migration from Unix to Linux:

The article also cites trends in high-performance computing applications as evidence of a dramatic shift from Unix to Linux:

In a November 2015 survey of the top 500 supercomputers, Unix was used by only 1.2% (all running IBM AIX), while Linux was used by 98.8%; the same survey in November 2017 reports 100% of them using Linux.

System V derivatives continued to be deployed on some proprietary server platforms. The principal variants of System V that remain in commercial use are AIX (IBM), Solaris (Oracle), and HP-UX (HP). According to a study done by IDC, in 2012 the worldwide Unix market was divided between IBM (56%), Oracle (19.2%), and HP (18.6%). No other commercial Unix vendor had more than 2% of the market. Industry analysts generally characterize proprietary Unix as having entered a period of slow but permanent decline.

OpenSolaris and illumos distributions

OpenSolaris and its derivatives are the only SVR4 descendants that are open-source software.
Core system software continues to be developed as illumos used in illumos distributions such as SmartOS, Omniosce, OpenIndiana and others.

System V compatibility
The System V interprocess communication mechanisms are available in Unix-like operating systems not derived from System V; in particular, in Linux (a reimplementation of Unix) as well as the BSD derivative FreeBSD. POSIX 2008 specifies a replacement for these interfaces.

FreeBSD maintains a binary compatibility layer for the COFF format, which allows FreeBSD to execute binaries compiled for some SVR3.2 derivatives such as SCO UNIX and Interactive UNIX. Modern System V, Linux, and BSD platforms use the ELF file format for natively compiled binaries.

References

External links
 PC-clone UNIX Software Buyer's Guide by Eric S. Raymond (posted to USENET in 1994)
 Unix FAQ - history
 A Unix History Diagram - The original and continuously updated version of the Unix history, as published by O'Reilly

Unix distributions

1983 software

UNIX System V


I'm Real (engl. für: "Ich bin echt") ist der Titel zweier Lieder der US-amerikanischen Sängerin Jennifer Lopez. Eines erschien auf ihrem zweiten Musikalbum J.Lo (2001) und das andere Lied I'm Real (Murder Remix), in Zusammenarbeit mit dem amerikanischen Rapper Ja Rule erschien auf Lopez' Remixalbum J to tha L-O!: The Remixes (2002) sowie auf Ja Rules drittem Album Pain Is Love (2001). I'm Real (Murder Remix) erreichte am 8. September 2001 für fünf Wochen Platz eins der amerikanischen Billboard Hot 100. Nach dem kleinen Erfolg der Single Play wollte J.Lo beim Lied I'm Real mit Ja Rule zusammenarbeiten, damit das Lied in den Charts erfolgreicher wird. Die Sängerin Ashanti fungiert beim Murder Remix als Backgroundsängerin. Beide Lieder sind verschiedene Lieder mit demselben Titel.

Musikvideo
Im Musikvideo zu I'm Real fährt Lopez mit einem Motorrad über die Straßen. Es gibt auch einen Cameo-Auftritt vom Model Travis Fimmel und von Cris Judd, der im Musikvideo tanzt. Das Musikvideo zum Murder Remix von I'm Real zeigt zusätzlich Ja Rule und Irv Gotti. Jennifer Lopez sang das Lied bei den MTV Video Music Awards 2001 und gewann den Preis Best Hip-Hop Video bei den MTV Video Music Awards 2002.

Kontroverse
Neben dem Erfolg von I'm Real gab es auch Kontroverse, zum Beispiel über das Sample und die Struktur des Liedes. Das Lied enthält ein Sample von Yellow Magic Orchestras 1978er Hit Firecracker, und die Remixversion samplet Mary Jane Girls 1983er Hit All Night Long und leiht sich die Melodie von Rick James' Mary Jane. Es gab auch Gerüchte, dass das Firecracker-Sample ursprünglich für Mariah Careys Nummer-zwei-Hit Loverboy gedacht war. Laut einem Musiker von Firecracker fragte Carey nach einer Lizenz, um das Sample des Liedes zu nutzen, Monate zuvor tat J. Lopez bereits dasselbe. Carey hatte den Gedanken, dass ihr ehemaliger Ehemann und Chef von Sony Music (Columbia Records), Tommy Mottola, daran interessiert sei, Careys Karriere zu behindern, in dem er das Sample Jennifer Lopez persönlich überreichte.

Wegen Lopez und ihrem Ex-Mann referenzierte Carey das Lied in ihrer Single Loverboy, ihre erste Single, die sie bei ihrer neuen Plattenfirma Virgin Records veröffentlichte. Die Zeilen hört man in Da Brats Rapvers, wo Carey singt: "Hate on me, much as you want to, you can't do what the fuck I do, bitches be, emulating me daily" über die Melodie von Firecracker. Das Wort "bitch" wurde im Lied benutzt, aber als das Lied im Radio gespielt wurde, wurde das Wort gelöscht.

Irv Gotti, der die Remixversion von I'm Real feat. Ja Rule produzierte, gab in einem Interview mit dem XXL-Magazin bekannt, dass Mottola ihn kontaktierte und darum bat, ein Lied zu produzieren, das sich genauso anhört wie ein Lied aus Mariah Careys Album Glitter, mit dem Titel If We, an dem auch Ja Rule als Gastrapper mitwirkt.

Des Weiteren kritisierten Kritiker und die afroamerikanische Bevölkerung, dass Lopez im Murder Remix das Wort nigga singt.

Kommerzieller Erfolg
I'm Real debütierte in den USA am 7. Juli 2001 auf Platz 66 in den Billboard Hot 100. Aufgrund der starken Radioeinsätze erreichte das Lied schon nach seiner vierten Woche die Top-20. Am 8. September 2001 erreichte das Lied in den USA Platz eins und löste Alicia Keys Fallin' von der Spitze ab. I'm Real verbrachte die nächsten drei Wochen auf Platz eins. Danach erreichte Keys Fallin' wieder drei Wochen Platz eins, währenddessen verbrachte I'm Real drei Wochen auf Platz zwei und anschließend noch einmal zwei Wochen auf Platz eins. I'm Real (Murder Remix) wurde sehr oft vom Contemporary R&B/Hip Hop- und Pop-Radio im Sommer und Winter 2001 gespielt. Insgesamt verbrachte das Lied 15 Wochen in den amerikanischen Top-Five. Im Jahr 2009 wurde das Lied von Billboard als die 30.-erfolgreichste Single der 2000er-Dekade ausgezeichnet.

Lopez' Nachfolge-Single Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix), ebenfalls eine Zusammenarbeit mit Ja Rule, erreichte in den USA 2002 auch Platz eins für sechs Wochen.

Verkaufszahlen und Auszeichnungen

Einzelnachweise

Nummer-eins-Hit
Popsong
Contemporary-R&B-Lied
Rapsong
Jennifer-Lopez-Lied
Lied 2001

I’m Real (Lied)


Aline Laveen MacMahon (født 3. maj 1899, død 12. oktober 1991) var en amerikansk teater- og filmskuespiller. Hendes karriere begyndte på scenen i 1921. Hun arbejdede i udstrakt grad i film og tv indtil sin pensionering i 1975. Hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle for sin præstation i Dragon Seed fra 1944.

Opvækst
MacMahon blev født i McKeesport, Pennsylvania til William Marcus MacMahon (døde 6. september 1931) og Jennie (født Simon; døde 31. december 1984), der var født i Rusland af jødisk afstamning. Hendes far var redaktør med Associated Press og redaktør for Munsey's Magazine. Hendes forældre giftede sig den 14. juli 1898 i Columbus, Ohio.

MacMahon underholdte allerede i 1908, da en avisartikel rapporterede "en serie sange og danse af Aline MacMahon" i St. Jude's Church i Brooklyn.

Uddannelse
MacMahon voksede op i Brooklyn, New York City og fik sin uddannelse ved Public School 103, Erasmus Hall High School (Brooklyn) og Barnard College.

Karriere
MacMahon gjorde sin professionelle debut i 1914.

Hun begyndte at optræde på Broadway i 1921 i The Madras House. (En anden kilde siger, at hendes første Broadway-optræden var i The Mirage i 1921.) Hendes Broadway-titler omfatter 24 forstillinger. Hendes første filmrolle var Pre-Code Five Star Final (1931); hun vekslede mellem Broadway og Hollywood i hele sin karriere.

Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors siger om MacMahon (i uddrag): "Hun viste sig at være en fin, sympatisk skuespillerinde med en hurtig vittighed og syrlig tunge som derefter trådte ind i karakterroller med lethed som hun blev plumpet og mere moderlige i sin fremtræden".

Privatliv
Den 28. marts 1928 giftede MacMahon Clarence Stein, en arkitekt og byplanlægger, der grundlagde Regional Planning Association. Han døde i 1975. De havde ingen børn. MacMahon var formand for Equity Library Theatre i 1950. Hun organiserede produktioner til lokalsamfundenes teatre og var aktiv i velgørenhedsorganisationer.

Død
MacMahon døde i 1991, 92 år gammel, af lungebetændelse i New York City syv år efter sin moders død, Jennie, som døde i en alder af 106 år.

Dokumenter
New York Public Library har en samling af MacMahons dokumenter, der dokumenterer forskellige aspekter af hendes liv. De er placeret i bibliotekets Billy Rose Theatre Division.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Pennsylvania
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet

Aline MacMahon


Trešnjeva Glava je naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine Zenice, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH. Nalazi se istočno od Babine rijeke.

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu 1991. ovdje su živjeli:

 Muslimani - 291 (99,66%)
 ostali i nepoznato - 1 (0,34%)

Izvor

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Trešnjeva Glava


Pharming je vrsta udaljenog kibernetičkog napada. Ime je kovanica od dviju engleskih riječi, "farm" (hrv. farma) i "phishing" (eng. password fishing), riječi koji označava vrstu napada iz skupine napada socijalnog inženjeringa. Napadom se cilja doći do korisničkih vjerodostojnica kao što su zaporke i korisnička imena.

Pri ovoj vrsti napada preusmjerava se promet izvorno upravljen ka ranjivoj mrežnoj stranici na zloćudno oblikovanoj mrežnoj stranicistranici. Izvodi ga se izmjenama datoteke s informacijama o položaju računala unutar mreže (eng. hosts file) na napadnutom računalu. Drugi način je iskorištavanjem sigurnosnih nedostataka DNS (eng. Domain Name System) poslužitelja, poslužitelja koji povezuje imena sa stvarnim adresama na Internetu. Ako je DNS poslužitelj kompromitiran, kaže se da je "zatrovan" (eng. poisoned).

Pharming se kao i phishing koriste se za krađu identiteta. Pharming je uglavnom orijentiran na elektroničko poslovanje (eng. e-commerce) i bankovne mrežne stranice. Kriminalci objema metodama izvode prijevare iskorištavaju ranjivosti sustava u postupku lociranja i povezivanja korisnika na različite usluge na Internetu. Zajedničko im je što navode korisnika na posjećivanje zlonamjerno oblikovane web stranice, no razlikuju se u tehnikama, pa dok phishingom se obmanjuje korisnike, pharming manipulira raznim dijelovima sustava za imenovanje računala na internetu.

Napadi pharmingom izvode se na niskoj razini pa ih ne uočavaju uobičajene tehnike zaštite od phishinga.
Uobičajeni antivirusni alati ne sprječavaju ovu vrstu napada jer je napad pharmingom složen. Zbog toga se sprovodi posebne mjere protiv pharminga. Pharming zloupotrebljava mehanizme povezivanja imena usluga sa stvarnim adresama tih usluga, to jest tehnike razlučivanja imena (eng. host resolution, name resolution).

Vidi
 Razlučivanje imena
 Krivotvorenje
 Domena
 Rođendanski napad

Izvori

Računalna sigurnost

Pharming


, ou Soupçons au Québec, est une mini-série américaine en huit épisodes d'environ  créée et écrite par Antonio Campos et Maggie Cohn, basée sur le docu-série Soupçons de 2004 réalisé par Jean-Xavier de Lestrade et produite par Denis Poncet, documentant le procès de Michael Peterson, reconnu coupable du meurtre de sa femme, Kathleen Peterson. La série est diffusée entre le  et le  sur HBO Max et au Canada sur Crave.

En France, elle est diffusée à partir du  sur Canal+.

Synopsis
Le romancier policier Michael Peterson, devenu chroniqueur judiciaire, se présente à des élections locales, dans sa Caroline du Nord. Il est accusé du meurtre de son épouse Kathleen, après qu'elle ait été retrouvée morte au bas d'un escalier à leur domicile.

Distribution

Acteurs principaux
 Colin Firth  : Michael Peterson
 Toni Collette  : Kathleen Peterson
 Michael Stuhlbarg  : David Rudolf
 Dane DeHaan  : Clayton Peterson
 Olivia DeJonge  : Caitlin Atwater
 Patrick Schwarzenegger  : Todd Peterson
 Sophie Turner  : Margaret Ratliff
 Odessa Young  : Martha Ratliff
 Rosemarie DeWitt  : Candace Hunt Zamperini
 Tim Guinee  : Bill Peterson
 Parker Posey  : Freda Black
 Juliette Binoche  : Sophie Brunet
 Vincent Vermignon  : Jean-Xavier

Acteurs secondaires
 Joel McKinnon Miller : Larry Pollard
 Maria Dizzia : Lori Campbell
 Susan Pourfar  :
 Justice Leak : Tom Maher
 Robert Crayton : Ron Guerette
 Cullen Moss  : Jim Hardin
 Cory Scott Allen  : Art Holland
 Jason Davis : Fred Atwater
 Ryan Lewis : Bruce Campbell
 Hannah Pniewski : Becky
 Kevin Sizemore : Mark Zamperini
 Trini Alvarado  : Patricia Sue Peterson
 Daniela Lee : Devon
 Teri Wyble : Sonya Pfeiffer
 Frank Feys : Denis Poncet
 Andre Martin : Yves
 Jean-Luc McMurtry : Gaultier
 Monika Gossmann : Agnes

Production

Épisodes
 911

Accueil critique

Distinctions

Nominations
 Golden Globes 2023 : Meilleur acteur dans une mini-série ou un téléfilm pour Colin Firth

Notes et références

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2022
Série télévisée américaine des années 2020
Série télévisée de HBO Max
Série télévisée se déroulant dans les années 2000
Série télévisée en anglais américain

The Staircase


Der Dalslands Fotbollförbund (dt. Fußballverband von Dalsland) ist ein regionaler Fußballverband in Schweden. Er ist einer der 24 Mitgliedsverbände des Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Er hat seinen Sitz in Mellerud, Västra Götalands län und organisiert den Fußballspielbetrieb in der ehemaligen Provinz Dalslands. Der Verband besteht derzeit aus 35 Mitgliedern und wird durch Ingemar Carlsson geleitet.

Mitgliedsvereine

Ligabetrieb

Herren
 Division 4 – eine Liga (gemeinsam mit Bohusläns FF)
 Division 5 – eine Liga
 Division 6 – eine Liga
 Division 7 – eine Liga

Daneben organisiert der Verband auch eine Nachwuchsliga und eine Alt-Herren-Liga.

Damen
 Division 3 – eine Liga (gemeinsam mit Bohusläns FF)
 Division 4 – eine Liga (gemeinsam mit Bohusläns FF)
 Division 5 – eine Liga

Weblinks
 Dalslands FF Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Schwedischer Fußballverband
Sport (Västra Götalands län)
Gemeinde Mellerud
Regionaler Sportverband (Schweden)

Dalslands Fotbollförbund


Martínez de Irujo ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Carlos Martínez de Irujo (1802–1855), spanischer Politiker
 Cayetano Martínez de Irujo (* 1963), spanischer Springreiter

Martínez de Irujo


Diario El Mercurio es un periódico ecuatoriano fundado el 22 de octubre de 1924. Se edita en la ciudad de Cuenca.

Es miembro de la Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa (SIP) y de la Asociación Ecuatoriana de Editores de Periódicos (AEDEP).

El periódico tiene un formato tamaño normalizado de tres secciones.

Cuadernillos o revistas adicionales de El Mercurio

Junto con la edición de manera periódica circulan dos suplementos: los domingos y sábados.

El primero, denominado "Ellas y Ellos", dedicado especialmente a los jóvenes. Contiene temas de opinión, lectura amena, para la familia y demás elementos de interés para los jóvenes. En sus páginas aparecen varios nombres de periodistas y escritores de la región.

El segundo, es el suplemento "Mercurito", dedicado a los niños. Contiene entretenimientos, juegos, cuentos, ciencia, relatos históricos y actividades para los menores.

Portal de Internet
En el sitio web, , está la edición digital de El Mercurio.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web de El Mercurio

Periódicos de Ecuador
Periódicos de Cuenca
Cuenca (Ecuador)
Publicaciones fundadas en 1924

El Mercurio (Ecuador)


Gensyn med Østgrønland... Kirsten Bang er en dansk portrætfilm fra 1999 med instruktion og manuskript af Karen Littauer.

Handling
Kirsten Bang rejste overalt i verden og har skrevet om det i sine mange bøger. Hendes første lange rejse gik til Østgrønland, hvor hun var huslærer, indtil Anden Verdenskrig tvang hende til at rejse hjem. 60 år senere besluttede den nu 90-årige forfatterinde, at hun vil gense det sted og de mennesker, som hun skrev sine første bøger om. Filmen er Kirsten Bangs oplevelse af den ubegribelige forandring et lille folk har gennemgået i hendes egen levetid. Det særlige ved filmen er dog Kirsten Bang. Uanset hvor og hvornår i verden hun lærer mennesker at kende, Ammassalik, Holte eller Nepal, så er de først og fremmest netop mennesker.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1999

Film om Grønland
Portrætfilm fra Danmark

Gensyn med Østgrønland... Kirsten Bang


Dieser Artikel listet Erfolge und Mannschaft des Radsportteams Clube DataRo de Ciclismo-Foz do Iguaçu in der Saison 2011 auf.

Erfolge in der UCI America Tour
Bei den Rennen der  UCI America Tour im Jahr 2011 gelangen dem Team nachstehende Erfolge.

Mannschaft

Platzierungen in UCI-Ranglisten
UCI America Tour 2011

Radsportteam 2011

Clube DataRo de Ciclismo-Foz do Iguaçu/Saison 2011


Ian ist ein Einschlagkrater mit einem Durchmesser von 1,51 km auf der Mondvorderseite am südlichen Rand des Palus Putredinis, nördlich der kleinen Mondrille Rima Vladimir.

Die namentliche Bezeichnung geht auf eine ursprünglich inoffizielle Bezeichnung auf Blatt 41A3/S1 der Topophotomap-Kartenserie der NASA zurück, die von der IAU 1976 übernommen wurde.

Weblinks

 Ian auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Ian (Mondkrater)


බිහාරය යනු මධ්‍යම භාරතයේ ප්‍රාන්තයකි. එහි අගනුවර පැට්නා වෙයි.
ඉන්දියාව
ඉන්දියාවේ ප්‍රාන්ත

බිහාරය


Hacımusalı, Adana ilinin Karaisalı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 80 km, Karaisalı ilçesine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet

Karaisalı'nın mahalleleri

Hacımusalı, Karaisalı


Monster is a 2003 American biographical crime drama film written and directed by Patty Jenkins in her feature directorial debut. The film follows serial killer Aileen Wuornos, a street prostitute who murdered seven of her male clients between 1989 and 1990 and was executed in Florida in 2002. It stars Charlize Theron (who also produced) as Wuornos, and Christina Ricci as her semi-fictionalized lover, Selby Wall (based on Wuornos's real-life girlfriend, Tyria Moore).

Monster had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 16, 2003. On February 8, 2004, it premiered at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Bear, while Theron won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. The film was theatrically released in the United States on December 24, 2003, by Newmarket Films. Monster received positive reviews from critics and achieved box office success, grossing $64.2 million on an $1.5 million budget.

The film received numerous awards and nominations, particularly for Theron's performance, including the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama, the SAG Award for Outstanding Lead Actress, the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress, the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead, and also the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature (Patty Jenkins). Theron's acting has received critical acclaim; film critic Roger Ebert called Theron's role "one of the greatest performances in the history of the cinema". The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2003.

Plot
In 1989, after moving from Michigan to Daytona Beach, Florida, and on the verge of committing suicide, street prostitute Aileen Wuornos meets Selby Wall in a gay bar. Although she is initially hostile and declares that she is not gay, Aileen talks to Selby while drinking beer. Selby takes to Aileen almost immediately, as she likes that she is very protective of her. Selby invites Aileen to spend the night with her. The two women return to the house where Selby is staying (temporarily exiled by her parents following the accusation from another girl that Selby tried to kiss her). They later agree to meet at a roller skating rink, and they kiss for the first time. Aileen and Selby fall in love, but they have nowhere to go, so Selby goes back to her aunt's home.

After being brutally raped and beaten by a client, Vincent Corey, Aileen kills him in self-defense and decides to quit prostitution. She confesses her actions to Selby, who has been angry with her for her failure to support both of them. Aileen decides to find qualified work, but because of her lack of an education and work experience, potential employers reject her. Desperate for money, Aileen returns to prostitution. She robs and kills her johns, each killed in a more brutal way than the last, as she is convinced that they are all trying to rape her. She spares one man out of pity when he admits he has never had sex with a prostitute. She also shows a predisposition to spare another man who, instead of exploiting her, offers help, but finds herself forced to shoot him after he spots her gun. Aileen uses the money she stole from her victims to support Selby and herself.

However, Selby reads in the newspapers about the string of murders, and she begins to suspect that Aileen may have committed them. She confronts Aileen, who justifies her actions by claiming she had only been protecting herself. Selby returns to Ohio on a charter bus. The night of her arrest, Aileen is approached at the biker bar she frequents by two strangers, who unbeknownst to her are bounty hunters. Thomas, whom Aileen always referred to as the only friend she had, infers the men's intentions and offers to drive her off. Aileen declines, no longer trusting herself with the well-being of anyone dear to her. The two men eventually lure Aileen out of the bar and she is promptly arrested by the police. Aileen speaks to Selby one last time while in jail. Selby reveals some incriminating information over the telephone and Aileen realizes that the police are listening in. To protect Selby, Aileen admits that she committed the murders alone. During Aileen's trial, Selby testifies against her, with Aileen's loving consent. Aileen is convicted of the murders and sentenced to death. On October 9, 2002, Aileen is executed by lethal injection.

Cast

Music

Soundtrack

In 2004, BT released an official soundtrack to the film. Included with the release is a DVD featuring all fifteen original cues, and an additional nine cues that would not fit on the CD, as well as an interview with BT and Patty Jenkins, and remix files for "Ferris Wheel".

All music is composed by BT.

1. "Childhood Montage"
2. "Girls Kiss"
3. "The Bus Stop"
4. "Turning Tricks"
5. "First Kill"
6. "Job Hunt"
7. "Bad Cop"
8. "'Call Me Daddy' Killing"

9. "I Don't Like It Rough"
10. "Ferris Wheel (Love Theme)"
11. "Ditch the Car"
12. "Madman Speech"
13. "Cop Killing"
14. "News on TV"
15. "Courtroom"

Songs
Songs which appeared in the film, but not on the official soundtrack:

 "Don't Stop Believin'" – Journey
 "Where Do I Begin" – The Chemical Brothers
 "Crimson and Clover" – Tommy James & The Shondells
 "All She Wants Is" – Duran Duran
 "Space Age Love Song" – A Flock of Seagulls
 "Shake Your Groove Thing" – Peaches & Herb
 "Tide Is High" – Blondie
 "What You Need" – INXS

 "Sugar and Spice" – The Searchers
 "Secret Crush on You" – Pete Surdoval, Al Gross
 "Flirtin' With Disaster" – Molly Hatchet
 "Keep On Loving You" – REO Speedwagon
 "Crazy Girl" – Molly Pasutti
 "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" – Joan Jett & The Blackhearts
 "A Road Runner: Road Runner's 'G' Jam" – Humble Pie
 "Sweet Peace and Time" – Humble Pie

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 81%, based on 191 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Charlize Theron gives a searing, deglamorized performance as real life serial killer Aileen Wuornos in Monster, an intense, disquieting portrait of a profoundly damaged soul." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 40 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Monster received generally positive reviews from critics; most gave overwhelmingly high praise to Theron's performance as a mentally unstable woman – Wuornos had antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder. For the role, Theron gained , shaved her eyebrows, and wore prosthetic teeth. Critics called her performance, and her makeup, a "transformation". Film critic Roger Ebert named Monster ″the best film of the year″, gave it four stars out of four, and noted that Theron's role is "one of the greatest performances in the history of the cinema":

In 2009, Ebert named it the third-best film of the decade. Ricci's performance also drew some praise, but was not without criticism. In his review for the film, Ebert praised her performance, stating "Christina Ricci finds the right note for Selby Wall – so correct some critics have mistaken it for bad acting, when in fact it is sublime acting in its portrayal of a bad actor. She plays Selby as clueless, dim, in over her head, picking up cues from moment to moment, cobbling her behavior out of notions borrowed from bad movies, old songs, and barroom romances".

However, several people who knew Wuornos criticized the movie for portraying her as a victim and her victims as villains.

In culture
In 2005, a reference to Monster appeared in the series Arrested Development. Charlize Theron plays the role of Rita in the series, and in the episode ″The Ocean Walker″, a frame from Monster appears on the screen with the clarification that this is a photo of Rita a year ago before the plastic surgery.

In 2014, on Saturday Night Live, Charlize Theron made a self-reference to her role of Aileen Wuornos. In the sketch Pet Rescue Commercial, Kate McKinnon asked her to play a cat lady, whose image and behavior are based on Wuornos from Monster.

In 2018, comedian Willam released his third album with the song "Aileen" and the music video for the song, which are dedicated to Wuornos and this film.

Accolades

See also
 List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-related films by storyline

References

External links

2000s English-language films
2003 films
2003 biographical drama films
Biographical films about serial killers
2003 drama films
Drama films based on actual events
2003 crime drama films
2003 crime thriller films
Crime films based on actual events
2003 romantic drama films
2003 independent films
2003 directorial debut films
2000s serial killer films
2003 LGBT-related films
2000s American films
2000s female buddy films
American biographical drama films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
American independent films
American serial killer films
American LGBT-related films
American films about revenge
American female buddy films
Cultural depictions of Aileen Wuornos
Films about Aileen Wuornos
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films about rape in the United States
American rape and revenge films
Films about capital punishment
Girls with guns films
Women and death
Lesbian-related films
LGBT-related drama films
LGBT-related romantic drama films
LGBT-related films based on actual events
LGBT-related buddy drama films
Films directed by Patty Jenkins
Films with screenplays by Patty Jenkins
Films produced by Charlize Theron
Films produced by Donald Kushner
Films scored by BT (musician)
Films shot in Florida
Films set in Florida
Films set in 1989
Films set in the 1990s
Newmarket films
Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Biographical films about LGBT people
Crimes against sex workers in fiction

Monster (2003 film)


Antibiyotik, başka bir mikroorganizmayı öldürmek veya çoğalmasını durdurmak için üretilen her türlü maddeye verilen isimdir. Kelime anlamı "canlılık karşıtı" olarak tanımlanır. Antibiyotikler, bakteriyel enfeksiyon hastalıklarının tedavisinde kullanılır. Bu ilaç grubu; mikrobiyoloji ve enfeksiyon hastalıkları hekimleri tarafından etki mekanizmaları, etki ettiği canlı çeşitliliği veya tarihi kronolojiye göre tasnif edilir. Antibiyotikler ya hücre duvarında tahribat yapmak ya da ilgili canlının üreme/bölünme mekanizmasını bozmak suretiyle etki eder. İlk olarak penisilin türevleri icat edilmiştir ve bu tıp tarihinin önemli noktalarından biridir.

Etkileri
Antibiyotiklerin iki çeşidi vardır; Biyosidal, mikroorganizmaları öldüren antibiyotikler ve Biyostatik, mikroorganizmaların büyümesini ve çoğalmasını (üremesini) önleyen antibiyotikler. Her ne kadar sadece mikroorganizmaların (çoğunlukla bakteriler ve bazı Fungi) ürettiklerine "antibiyotik" tanımı verilebilse de bugün "antibiyotik" terimi patojenlere zarar veren her türlü kimyasal için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu durumda; mikroorganizmalar, hayvanlar ve bitkiler tarafından doğal olarak üretilen bu tür kimyasallara "antibiyotik" denmektedir. Aynı zamanda, doğal olarak üretilen birçok antibiyotik madde sûni yollardan daha etkili olmaları için modifiye edilmektedir. Örnek vermek gerekirse, doğal olarak üretilen penisilinlerin bugün kimyasal olarak modifiye edilmesiyle daha etkili olmaları sağlanmaktadır. Bir başka örnek de kloramfenikol isimli antibiyotiktir, eskiden tamamıyla doğal yollardan elde edilen bu antibiyotik bugün tamamıyla sentetiktir.

Etki mekanizmaları
Antibiyotikler etkili oldukları mikropların metabolik işlemlerine müdahale ederek çalışırlar. Antibiyotikler müdahale ettikleri metabolik işlemlere göre spesifiktir. Bu metabolik işlemlere örnek olarak; protein sentezi, hücre çeperi sentezi, nükleik asit sentezi veya hücre zarı fonksiyonları örnek verilebilir.

Penisilin, vankomisin, florokinolon ve sefalosporin gibi antibiyotikler bugün en çok kullanılan antibiyotiklerdendir. Bu antibiyotiklerin hepsi bakterilerin hücre çeperlerini zayıflatır. Bakterilerin hücre çeperleri uzun peptidoglikan zincirlerinden oluşur. Antibiyotikler bu molekülleri bir arada tutan peptit bağlantılarının sentezini önlerler. Böylece hücre çeperleri zayıflar ve bakteri patlar (lizis). Peptidoglikandan oluşan hücre çeperleri sadece bakterilerde bulunur, hayvan hücrelerinde çeper bulunmazken bitki hücrelerinde selülozdan oluşan hücre çeperleri bulunur. Böylece, antibiyotikler sadece bakterilere zarar vermektedir.

Streptomisin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin ve kloramfenikol, linezolid, diritromisin gibi antibiyotikler ise ya protein sentezini önler ya da anormal proteinlerin sentezlenmesine yol açar. Antibiyotikler bakterilerin ribozomlarına (daha doğrusu ribozomal RNA'nın alt birimlerine bağlanmak suretiyle) bağlanarak yapmaktadır. Bakteri ribozomları ökaryotik ribozomlardan (insan ribozomları gibi) daha küçük oldukları için, bu tür antibiyotikler sadece bakterileri etkilemektedir. Böylece bakterilerin saldırdığı canlıya zarar vermezler.

Rifampisin ve antrasiklin gibi antibiyotikler ise nükleik asit sentezine müdahale etmektedir. Antrasiklinler bunu DNA replikasyonunu önleyerek yaparken, rifampisin ise bakteriyel transkripsiyonu önlemektedir.

Bazı antibiyotikler ise patojenleri hücre zarlarına müdahale ederek yok etmektedir. Hücre zarına yapılan müdahaleler, hücre zarının yapısını değiştirerek onun birçok özelliğini de kaybetmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu hücre sitoplazmasının hücre dışına akması gibi hücrenin yıkımıyla sonuçlanacak olaylara yol açmaktadır.

Seçicilik  - Selektivite
Bugün, bakteriyel hastalıklarla savaşmakta kullanılan antibiyotikler selektif yani seçicidirler. Buna karşın doğada seçici olmayan birçok antibiyotik de bulunur. Seçici antibiyotikler, işleyişleri (mekanizmaları) dolayısıyla sadece bakteri (mikrop) hücrelerine zarar veren antibiyotiklerdir. Yukarıda verilen antibiyotik tiplerinin hepsi seçicidir. Seçici olmayan antibiyotikler ise mikroba zarar verirken, insanın vücut hücrelerine de zarar verebilirler. Aynı zamanda antibiyotiklerin yan etkileri de olabilir, bir hastalığı iyileştirirken başka sorunlara yol açabilmektedirler.

Direnç

Bilinçsiz ve aşırı antibiyotik kullanımı bakterilerin kullanılan antibiyotiğe karşı direnç kazanmasına neden olabilmektedir. Eğer bakteriler bir antibiyotiğe karşı direnç kazanırlarsa, artık o antibiyotiğin o bakteriye karşı etkisi kalmaz. Bu nedenle her bakteriye uygun olan antibiyotik kullanılmalıdır. Hastalığa neden olan etkenin bulunması ve bu etkene etkili olacak antibiyotiği bulmak için bir Kültür-Antibiyogram Testi denen laboratuvar testi yapılmalıdır. Bu test ile bakteri tanımlanır ve o bakteriye duyarlı antibiyotik seçilir. Antibiyotik grip, nezle gibi virüslerin neden olduğu hastalıklara karşı etkili değildir. Sadece ikincil enfeksiyonları önlemek amaçlı kullanılabilinir. Ateş düşürücü ya da ağrı kesici etkisi yoktur. Antibiyotikler mutlaka doktor tavsiyesiyle ve reçetesine uygun olarak kullanılmalıdır. Bilinçsiz kullanılan antibiyotik, hastalığı iyileştirmemenin yanı sıra o bakterinin antibiyotiğe karşı direnç kazanmasına da neden olabilmektedir.

Hamilelikte antibiyotik kullanımı için beş farklı sınıflama yapılmıştır. Gebelik durumunda hangi hallerde antibiyotik kullanılabileceği, tıbbi çalışmalar neticesinde belirlenmiştir. Şu hallerde hamileler doktor gözetiminde, belirlenen dozda antibiyotik kullanabilirler: Sistit, solunum yolu enfeksiyonu, pnomoni, diş ve diş eti iltihapları.

Kaynakça

Fransız icatları
Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Antibiyotik


Shift JIS (Shift Japanese Industrial Standards, also SJIS, MIME name Shift_JIS, known as PCK in Solaris contexts) is a character encoding for the Japanese language, originally developed by a Japanese company called ASCII Corporation in conjunction with Microsoft and standardized as JIS X 0208 Appendix 1. , 0.3% of all web pages used Shift JIS, a decline from 1.3% in July 2014.

Shift JIS is the second-most popular character encoding for Japanese websites, used by  5.8% of sites in the .jp domain. UTF-8 is used by 94.6% of Japanese websites.

Description
Shift JIS is based on character sets defined within JIS standards  (for the single-byte characters) and  (for the double-byte characters). The lead bytes for the double-byte characters are "shifted" around the 64 halfwidth katakana characters in the single-byte range 0xA1 to 0xDF. The single-byte characters 0x00 to 0x7F match the ASCII encoding, except for a yen sign (U+00A5) at 0x5C and an overline (U+203E) at 0x7E in place of the ASCII character set's backslash and tilde respectively.  The single-byte characters from 0xA1 to 0xDF map to the half-width katakana characters found in .

HTML written in Shift JIS can still be interpreted to some extent when incorrectly tagged as ASCII, and when the charset tag is in the top of the document itself, since the important start and end of HTML tags and fields, <, >, /, ", &, ; are coded by the same single bytes as in ASCII, and those bytes won't appear in two-byte sequences. Shift JIS is possible to use in string literals in programming languages such as C, but a few things must be taken into consideration. Firstly, that the escape character 0x5C, normally backslash, is the half-width yen sign (¥) in Shift JIS. If the programmer is aware of this, it would be possible to use printf("ハローワールド¥n"); (where ハローワールド is Hello, world and ¥n is an escape sequence), assuming the I/O system supports  output. Secondly, the 0x5C byte will cause problems when it appears as second byte of a two-byte character, because it will be interpreted as an escape sequence, which will mess up the interpretation, unless followed by another 0x5C.

Shift JIS requires an 8-bit clean medium for transmission. It is fully backwards compatible with the legacy  single-byte encoding, meaning it supports half-width katakana and that any valid  string is also a valid Shift JIS string. For two-byte characters, however, Shift JIS only guarantees that the first byte will be high bit set (0x80–0xFF); the value of the second byte can be either high or low. Appearance of byte values 0x40–0x7E as second bytes of code words makes reliable Shift JIS detection difficult, because same codes are used for ASCII characters. Since the same byte value can be either first or second byte, string searches are difficult, since simple searches can match the second byte of a character and the first byte of the next, which is not a real character. String search algorithms must be tailor-made for .

On the other hand, the competing 8-bit format EUC-JP, which does not support single-byte halfwidth katakana, allows for a much cleaner and direct conversion to and from JIS X 0208 code points, as all high bit set bytes are parts of a double-byte character and all codes from ASCII range represent single-byte characters.

Unicode also does not have some of the disadvantages of Shift JIS. Unicode does not have ambiguous versions: new characters are assigned to unused places by a single organization while private use areas are clearly designated, will never be used for standard characters, and are rarely needed due to the comprehensive nature of Unicode. For Shift JIS, companies work in parallel. UTF-8-encoded Unicode is backwards compatible with ASCII also for 0x5C, and does not have the string search problem.

For a double-byte JIS sequence , the transformation to the corresponding Shift JIS bytes  is:

Multiple versions

Many different versions of Shift JIS exist. There are two areas for expansion:

Firstly, JIS X 0208 does not fill the whole 94×94 space encoded for it in Shift JIS, therefore there is room for more characters here these are really extensions to JIS X 0208 rather than to Shift JIS itself.

Secondly, Shift JIS has more encoding space than is needed for  and  (see § Shift JIS byte map below), and this space can and is used for yet more characters.

Windows-932 / Windows-31J

The most popular extension is Windows code page 932 (a CCSID also used for IBM's extension to Shift JIS), which is registered with the IANA as "Windows-31J", separately from Shift JIS. This was popularized by Microsoft, although Microsoft itself does not recognize the Windows-31J name and instead calls that variation "shift_jis". IBM's code page 943 includes the same double-byte codes as Microsoft's code page 932, while IBM's code page 932 includes fewer extensions (excluding those which Microsoft incorporates from NEC), and retains the character order from the 1978 edition of JIS X 0208, rather than implementing the character variant swaps from the 1983 standard.

Windows-31J assigns 0x5C to U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS (the backslash), and 0x7E to U+007E TILDE, following US-ASCII. However, most localised fonts on Windows display U+005C as a Yen sign for  compatibility. It includes several extensions, namely "NEC special characters (Row 13), NEC selection of IBM extensions (Rows 89 to 92), and IBM extensions (Rows 115 to 119)", in addition to setting some encoding space aside for end user definition.

Windows codepage 932 is the version used in the W3C/WHATWG encoding standard used by HTML5, which includes the "formerly proprietary extensions from IBM and NEC" from Windows-31J in its table for JIS X 0208, and also treats the label "shift_jis" interchangeably with "windows-31j" with the intent of being "compatible with deployed content".

MacJapanese
The version of Shift-JIS originating from the classic Mac OS (known as x-mac-japanese, Code page 10001 or MacJapanese) assigned the tilde to 0x7E (following US-ASCII, not  which assigns the overline here), but the Yen sign to 0x5C (as in  and standard ). It also extended  by assigning the backslash to 0x80 (corresponding to 0x5C in US-ASCII), the non-breaking space to 0xA0, the copyright sign to 0xFD, the trademark symbol to 0xFE and the half-width horizontal ellipsis to 0xFF. It also added extended double byte characters; including 53 vertical presentation forms in the  range 0xEB41–0xED96, at 84 JIS rows down from their canonical forms, and 260 special characters in the Shift_JIS range 0x8540–0x886D. This variant was introduced in KanjiTalk version 7.

However, certain Mac OS typefaces used other variants. Sai Mincho and Chu Gothic use a "PostScript" variant of MacJapanese, which included additional vertical presentation forms and a different set of extended special characters, based on the NEC special characters, some of which were only available in the printer versions of the fonts. Older versions of Maru Gothic and Hon Mincho from System 7.1 encoded vertical presentation forms at 10 (not 84) JIS rows down from their canonical forms, and did not include the special character extensions, this was subsequently changed. The typical variant used with KanjiTalk version 6 placed the vertical presentation forms 10 rows down, and also used the NEC extension layout for row 13.

Shift_JISx0213 and Shift_JIS-2004

The newer JIS X 0213 standard defines an extended variant of Shift_JIS referred to as Shift_JISx0213 (in a previous version of the standard) or Shift_JIS-2004. It is a superset of standard Shift JIS.

In order to represent the allocated rows on both planes of JIS X 0213, Shift_JIS-2004 uses the following method of mapping codepoints.

In the above,  is a two-byte Shift_JIS-2004 sequence,  is the  number (1 or 2),  is the  number (1-94) and  is the  number (1-94). The ku and ten numbers are equivalent to  and  respectively, where  is a two-byte JIS sequence referencing a given plane.

The same set of characters can represented by EUC-JIS-2004, the EUC-JP based counterpart.

Some of the additions collide with popular Shift JIS extensions, including Windows codepage 932 which is used in web standards (see above). For example, compare plane 1 row 89 in  (beginning 硃, 硎, 硏...) to row 89 in the JIS X 0208 variant defined in web standards (beginning 纊, 褜, 鍈...). In addition, some of the characters map to Unicode characters beyond the BMP.

Other variants

The space with lead bytes 0xF5 to 0xF9 (beyond the region used for JIS X 0208) is used by Japanese mobile phone operators for pictographs for use in E-mail. KDDI goes further and defines hundreds more in the space with lead bytes 0xF3 and 0xF4.

Beyond even this, there have been numerous minor variations made on Shift JIS, with individual characters here and there altered. Most of these extensions and variants have no IANA registration, so there is much scope for confusion, if the extensions are used.

A variant is the one that must be used if wanting to encode Shift JIS in source code strings of C and similar programming languages. This variant doubles the byte 0x5C if it appears as second byte of a two-byte character, but not if it appears as a single "¥" (ASCII: "\") character, because 0x5C is the beginning of an escape sequence. The best way of handling this is a special editor which encodes  this way.

Shift JIS byte map

As defined in JIS X 0208:1997
The chart below gives the detailed meaning of each byte in a stream encoded in standard  (conforming to ).

With vendor or JIS X 0213 extensions
Some of the bytes which are not used for single-byte codes or initial bytes in  are used by certain extensions, resulting in the layout detailed in the chart below.

Footnotes

See also
 Japanese language and computers
 Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)
 Mojibake
 Shift JIS art

References

External links
 Shift-JIS Kanji Table a table of the non-ASCII part of the codeset
  Microsoft's definition
 Forms of Shift-JIS in ICU (International Components for Unicode)
  ibm-942 (sjis78)
  ibm-943 (contains the \u00A5 ↔ \x5C mapping)
  Shift JIS (contains the \u005C ↔ \x5C mapping)

Encodings of Japanese

Shift JIS


Die Herz-Jesu-Kirche in Węgierki bei Września wurde von 1904 bis 1907 als Dorfkirche für die deutschsprachige altpreußische evangelische Gemeinde Wilhelmsau, Kirchenprovinz Posen, gebaut. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg gehörte die Kirchengemeinde zur Unierten Evangelischen Kirche in Polen.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und der Vertreibung der deutschsprachigen meiste evangelischen Bevölkerung wurde sie am 16. Mai 1946 mit dem neuen Patrozinium Heiligstes Herz Jesu dem römisch-katholischen Gottesdienst übergeben und am 1. Oktober 1969 zur Pfarrkirche erhoben. Die Weihe der Kirche fand am 9. Oktober 1997 statt.

Die Kirche ist ein Saalbau mit Satteldach und einem neobarocken Ziergiebel. An die Seite des Altarraums ist ein massiver quadratischer Glockenturm mit Pyramidenhelm angefügt. An der Portalecke befindet sich ein niedriger runder Treppenturm mit neobarocker Haube. Neben der Kirche liegt der Friedhof.

Weblinks

 Obiekty sakralne – Kosciół pw. Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa
 Archidiecezja Gnieznienska – Kosciół pw. Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa

Gmina Września
Wegierki
Wegierki
Wegierki
Kulturdenkmal in der Woiwodschaft Großpolen

Herz-Jesu-Kirche (Węgierki)


Kakadu, kakadugiller (Cacatuidae) familyasını oluşturan doğal olarak Malay Yarımadası'ndan Solomon adalarına kadar uzanan bölgede ve Avustralya'da bulunan türlere verilen ad.

On yedi türe sahip bu ailenin üyelerinin çoğu vücutlarına serpilmiş kırmızı ya da sarı renklere sahiptir. Vücutları ise genellikle beyaz ya da siyahtır.

Kıvrık ve sağlam gagaları kabuklu yemişleri kırmaya, kökleri bulup çıkarmaya ya da ağaç kabuklarının altındaki böcek larvalarını avlamaya yarar. Solucana benzeyen dilleri beslenmelerine yardımcı olur.

Kakadular ağaç tepelerinde yaşar ve ağaç kovuklarında barınır. Gürültülü geniş sürüler halinde tarla ürünlerini yağmalayarak zarar verdikleri de olur.

Kakadular çok çeşitli sesler çıkarabilir. Islık çalarlar ve  telefon çalması,insan sesi gibi sesleri taklit edebilirler. İyi konuşabilme yeteneğine sahip olanlarına ender olarak rastlanır. Bazıları 50 yıldan fazla yaşar.

Sınıflandırma

 Altfamilya Microglossinae
 Palmiye kakadusu (Probosciger aterrimus)
 Altfamilya Calyptorhynchinae
 Kırmızı kuyruklu kara kakadu (Calyptorhynchus banksii)
 Kara kakadu (Calyptorhyncus lathami)
 Sarı kuyruklu kara kakadu (Calyptorhyncus funereus)
 Kısa gagalı kara kakadu (Calyptorhyncus latirostris)
 Uzun gagalı kara kakadu (Calyptorhyncus baudinii)
 Altfamilya Cacatuinae
 Callocephalon fimbriatum
 Galah (Eolophus roseicapilla)
 Uzun kuyruklu kakadu (Cacatua tenuirostris)
 Batı kakadusu (Cacatua pastinator)
 Küçük kakadu (Cacatua sanguinea)
 Pembe kakadu (Cacatua leadbeateri)
 Kükürt taçlı kakadu (Cacatua galerita)
 Sarı taçlı kakadu (Cacatua sulphurea)
 Mavi gözlü kakadu (Cacatua ophthalmica)
 Moluccan kakadusu (Cacatua moluccensis)
 Beyaz kakadu (Cacatua alba)
 Kırmızı kıçlı kakadu (Cacatua haematuropygia)
 Goffin kakadusu (Cacatua goffini)
 Ducorps kakadusu (Cacatua ducorpsii)
 Alt familya Nymphicinae
 Sultan papağanı (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Kakadu


Creată în decembrie 1949, Agenția Organizației Națiunilor Unite de Ajutorare și Lucrări pentru Refugiații Palestinieni din Orientul Apropiat (în , prescurtat UNRWA) este o agenție de ajutorare și dezvoltare umană care susține mai mult de 5 milioane de refugiați palestinieni și urmași ai acestora care au fugit sau au fost alungați din casele lor în timpul războiului din 1948, ori au fugit sau au fost alungați în timpul și ca urmare a Războiului de Șase Zile din 1967. Înființată inițial pentru a oferi ajutor direct sau pentru a crea locuri de muncă în proiecte de lucrări publice, UNRWA asigură în ziua de azi educație, servicii medicale și servicii sociale populației pe care o sprijină. Ajutorul este furnizat în cinci zone de operațiuni: Iordania, Liban, Siria, Fâșia Gaza și Cisiordania, inclusiv Ierusalimul de Est; ajutorul pentru refugiații palestinieni din afara acestor cinci zone este asigurat de Înaltul Comisariat al Națiunilor Unite pentru Refugiați.

De asemenea, agenția a furnizat ajutor evreilor și arabilor palestinieni din interiorul statului Israel refugiați ca urmare a conflictului din 1948, până când guvernul israelian a preluat responsabilitatea pentru refugiații evrei, în 1952.
În absența unei soluții la problema refugiaților palestinieni, Adunarea Generală a Națiunilor Unite a reînnoit în mod repetat mandatul UNRWA, cel mai recent extinzându-l până pe 30 iunie 2020.

UNRWA este singura agenție a ONU dedicată ajutorării refugiaților dintr-o regiune specifică și este o organizație separată de Înaltul Comisariat al Națiunilor Unite pentru Refugiați (UNHCR). Formată în 1950, UNHCR este principala agenție pentru refugiați a Națiunilor Unite și este responsabilă cu ajutorarea altor refugiați de pe tot globul. Spre deosebire de UNRWA, UNHCR are mandatul specific de a ajuta refugiații să-și elimine în final statutul de refugiați prin integrarea locală în țara de refugiere, prin reinstalare într-o țară terță sau prin repatriere, atunci când condițiile o permit. UNRWA permite moștenirea statutului de refugiat de către urmașii persoanei refugiate.

Istoric și mandat
UNRWA a fost înființată în urma războiului arabo-israelian din 1948, prin Rezoluția 302(IV) din 8 decembrie 1949 a Adunării Generale a Națiunilor Unite. Această rezoluție reafirma paragraful 11, privind refugiații, al Rezoluției 194 a Adunării Generale a ONU din 1948, paragraf adoptat fără nici un vot împotrivă, sprijinit și de Israel și de statele arabe, doar Blocul răsăritean și Africa de Sud abținându-se. UNRWA este un organ subsidiar al Adunării Generale a ONU, iar mandatul său este înnoit la fiecare trei ani.

UNRWA a trebuit să conceapă o definiție funcțională a termenului "refugiat" pentru a i se permite să furnizeze ajutor umanitar. Definiția sa nu acoperă statutul final.

Refugiații palestinieni sunt definiția ca "persoanele al căror domiciliu normal de rezidență a fost Palestina în timpul perioadei 1 iunie 1946 – 15 mai 1948 și care și-au pierdut atât casa, cât și mijloacele de viață ca urmare a conflictului din 1948".

Serviciile furnizate de UNRWA sunt disponibile tuturor celor care locuiesc în zona sa de operațiuni și care corespund acestei definiții, care sunt înregistrați de Agenție și care necesită ajutor. Urmașii pe linie paternă a refugiaților palestinieni, inclusiv copiii adoptați, sunt de asemenea eligibili pentru înregistrare ca refugiați. Când Agenția și-a început operațiunile, în 1950, a fost obligată să răspundă nevoilor a aproximativ 750.000 de refugiați palestinieni. Astăzi, circa 5 milioane de refugiați palestinieni sunt înregistrați ca eligibili pentru asistența UNRWA.

UNRWA oferă facilități în 59 de tabere de refugiați recunoscute din Iordania, Liban, Siria, Cisiordania și Fâșia Gaza, precum și în alte zone unde un număr mare de palestinieni înregistrați ca refugiați trăiește în afara taberelor recunoscute. Ca o tabără să fie recunoscută de UNRWA este nevoie de o înțelegere între guvernul gazdă și UNRWA privind gestionarea taberei. UNRWA nu gestionează direct tabăra, nu are puteri polițienești sau un rol administrativ, ci doar asigură servicii în tabără. Taberele de refugiați, care s-au dezvoltat din "orașe de corturi" în dense așezări asemănătoare vecinătăților lor urbane, găzduiesc circa o treime din numărul total al refugiaților palestinieni înregistrați.

Organizare
UNRWA este cea mai mare agenție a Națiunilor Unite, având peste 30.000 de angajați, din care 99% sunt palestinieni recrutați local.

Cartierele generale ale UNRWA sunt împărțite între Fâșia Gaza și Amman. Operațiunile sale sunt organizate în cinci regiuni – Iordania, Siria, Liban, Cisiordania și Gaza. Comisarul general al UNRWA este elvețianul Pierre Krähenbühl, care i-a succedat italianului Filippo Grandi pe 30 martie 2014. Comisarul general este responsabil cu gestionarea activităților generale ale UNRWA. În fiecare zonă unde operează UNRWA există câte un director care se ocupă cu distribuția ajutorului umanitar și care supraveghează activitățile UNRWA din regiunea sa. "Figura publică" a UNRWA este purtătorul său de cuvânt, Chris Gunness.

Comisia Consultativă
Rezoluția 302 (IV) a ONU, adoptată pe 8 decembrie 1949, a creat o Comisie Consultativă însărcinată cu consilierea și sprijinirea Comisarului general în ducerea la îndeplinire a mandatului Agenției. Acesta nu este un organism de conducere, așa cum există în cadrul multor altor agenții ale ONU, ci servește doar într-o capacitate pur consultativă. Alcătuită din doar 5 membri la data creării ei, Comisia Consultativă are în prezent 27 de membri și 3 observatori.

Comisia Consultativă se întrunește de două ori pe an, de obicei în iunie și noiembrie, pentru a discuta subiecte de importanță pentru UNRWA. Membrii și observatorii se întâlnesc însă în mod regulat la ședințele subcomisiilor.

Membrii Comisiei Consultative
Calitatea de membru al Comisiei Consultative se obține prin rezoluții ale Adunării Generale a ONU. Toate țările considerate gazde ale refugiaților palestinieni (Iordania, Siria și Liban) fac parte din Comisia Consultativă, la fel și 24 de țări care sunt sponsorii cei mai importanți ai UNRWA. În plus, Palestina, Uniunea Europeană și Liga Arabă dețin statut de observator începând din 2005.

Lista completă a membrilor Comisiei Consultative, inclusiv anul obținerii acestui statut, este următoarea: Arabia Saudită (2005), Australia (2005), Belgia (1953), Brazilia (2014), Canada (2005), Danemarca (2005), Egipt (1949), Elveția (2005), Emiratele Arabe Unite (2014), Finlanda (2008), Franța (1949), Germania (2005), Iordania (1949), Irlanda (2008), Italia (2005), Japonia (1973), Kazahstan (2013), Kuweit (2010), Liban (1953), Luxemburg (2012), Norvegia (2005), Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei de Nord (1949), Siria (1949), Spania (2005), Statele Unite ale Americii (1949), Suedia (2005), Turcia (1949), Țările de Jos (2005).

Finanțare
Majoritatea fondurilor UNRWA provin de la țările europene și de la Statele Unite.

În 2009, bugetul total calculat al UNRWA a fost de 1.2 miliarde US$, pentru care agenția a primit de la țările donatoare suma de 948 milioane US$. În 2009, Comisarul general de la acea vreme, care își încheia mandatul, a vorbit despre un deficit de 200 milioane US$ în bugetul UNRWA. Oficialii UNRWA din acel an au susținut că organizația se confruntă cu "o criză financiară severă".

În 2010, principalii donori pentru bugetul agenției au fost Statele Unite și Comisia Europeană, cu 248 milioane $, respectiv 165 milioane $. Suedia (47 milioane $), Regatul Unit (45 milioane $), Norvegia (40 milioane $) și Țările de Jos (29 milioane $) au fost alți donori importanți. În plus față de bugetul său obișnuit, UNRWA primește fonduri și pentru activități de urgență și proiecte speciale.

În 2011, Statele Unite au fost cel mai mare donator, având o contribuție totală de peste 239 milioane $, urmate de Comisia Europeană, cu o contribuție de 175 milioane $.

Conform datelor Băncii Mondiale, comparativ cu toate țările care au primit în 2012 ajutor internațional în valoare de peste 2  miliarde $, Gaza și Cisiordania au primit un buget pe cap de locuitor mai mult decât dublu față de cel primit de cel mai mare recipient, la o rată de 495 $.

În 2013, 1,1 miliarde $ au fost donate UNRWA, din care Statele Unite au contribuit cu 294 milioane $.

Statele Unite au donat agenției 368 milioane $ în 2016 și 350 milioane $ în 2017, dar au redus o treime din contribuție în 2018. În ianuarie 2018, Statele Unite au reținut 65 milioane $, circa jumătate din suma pe care se angajaseră să o plătească în acea lună, creând din nou o criză financiară pentru UNRWA. Belgia și Țările de Jos intenționează să-și sporească contribuțiile către agenție.

Note

Conflictul arabo-israelian
Tabere de refugiați palestinieni
Organe subsidiare ale Adunării Generale a Organizației Națiunilor Unite
Acronime de cinci litere

UNRWA


O Club de Fútbol Extremadura foi um clube de futebol espanhol com sede em Almendralejo, na comunidade autônoma Estremadura. Foi fundado em 1924 e disputou as temporadas de 1996–97 e 1998–99 da La Liga.

História
O Club de Fútbol Extremadura foi fundado em 1924, mas não participou de uma competição nacional até 1952, ano em que estreou na Tercera División. Nas décadas seguintes, o clube configurou nas divisões mais baixas do futebol espanhol até 1995, quando retornou para a segunda divisão. No ano seguinte, obteve o acesso à La Liga após vencer o Albacete nos playoffs.

O CF Extremadura terminou sua primeira temporada na principal divisão do futebol espanhol na 19.ª posição, o que resultou na despromoção para a segunda divisão. Logo, o clube retornou à elite e foi novamente despromovido em 1999. As temporadas posteriores marcaram a decadência do CF Extremadura, que voltou a competir na divisão regional em 2007. Dois anos depois, foi dissolvido e refundado como Extremadura Unión Deportiva.

Extremadura
Extremadura
Extremadura
Extremadura

Club de Fútbol Extremadura


The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

0–9

1975 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics
.pr – Internet country code top-level domain for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
1993 Central American and Caribbean Games
65th Infantry Regiment (United States)

A

Aerovías Nacionales de Puerto Rico
African immigration to Puerto Rico
Air Culebra
Airports in Puerto Rico
Alfredo Miguel Aguayo Sánchez
Ángel Ramos
Antiguo Casino de Ponce
Antiguo Cuartel Militar Español de Ponce
Antiguo Hospital Militar Español de Ponce
Antilles
Antonio (Nery) Juarbe Pol Airport
Antonio Rivera Rodríguez Airport
Architecture of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Buildings in Puerto Rico
Area code 787 & 939
Art in Puerto Rico
Atlas of Puerto Rico
Auditorio Juan Pachín Vicéns
Autopistas de Puerto Rico

B

Bairoa Gym
Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño
Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño (building)
Banco de Ponce
Banco de Ponce (building)
Baños de Coamo
Barrios of Ponce:
Anón
Bucaná
Canas
Canas Urbano
Capitanejo
Cerrillos
Coto Laurel
Cuarto
Guaraguao
Machuelo Abajo
Machuelo Arriba
Magueyes
Magueyes Urbano
Maragüez
Marueño
Montes Llanos
Playa
Portugués
Portugués Urbano
Primero
Quebrada Limón
Quinto
Real
Sabanetas
San Antón
San Patricio
Segundo
Sexto
Tercero
Tibes
Vayas
Bayamón City Hall
Birds of Puerto Rico
Black history in Puerto Rico
Bolera Caribe
Boricua
Buildings and structures in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Buildings and structures in Puerto Rico

C

Caballería
Cadets of the Republic
Café Rico
Caja de Muertos Light
Camp Las Casas
Campo Atlético Charles H. Terry
Cannabis in Puerto Rico
Capital of Puerto Rico:  San Juan
Caribbean
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Caribbean Sea
Cardona Island Light
Carnaval de Ponce
Casa Font-Ubides
Caribe Hilton Hotel
Casa Paoli
Casa Fernando Luis Toro
Casa Oppenheimer
Casa Salazar-Candal
Casa Wiechers-Villaronga
Casals Festival
Categories:
:Category:Puerto Rico
:Category:Buildings and structures in Puerto Rico
:Category:Communications in Puerto Rico
:Category:Economy of Puerto Rico
:Category:Education in Puerto Rico
:Category:Environment of Puerto Rico
:Category:Geography of Puerto Rico
:Category:Government of Puerto Rico
:Category:Health in Puerto Rico
:Category:History of Puerto Rico
:Category:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
:Category:Puerto Rican Jews
:Category:Law of Puerto Rico
:Category:Puerto Rican LGBT people
:Category:Members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
:Category:Military in Puerto Rico
:Category:Politics of Puerto Rico
:Category:Puerto Rican United States Air Force personnel
:Category:Puerto Rican Army personnel
:Category:Puerto Rican culture
:Category:Puerto Rican military officers
:Category:Puerto Rican military personnel
:Category:Puerto Rican United States Marines
:Category:Puerto Rican nationalists
:Category:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party politicians
:Category:Puerto Rican United States Navy personnel
:Category:Puerto Rican people
:Category:Puerto Rican people by occupation
:Category:Puerto Rican women in the military
:Category:Puerto Rico portal
:Category:Puerto Rico stubs
:Category:Puerto Rico-related lists
:Category:Puerto Rican Spanish Navy personnel
:Category:Society of Puerto Rico
:Category:Transportation in Puerto Rico
:Category:WikiProject Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Puerto Rico

Cementerio Católico San Vicente de Paul
Census statistical areas of Puerto Rico
Centro Cultural de Ponce Carmen Solá de Pereira
Centro de Bellas Artes Luis A. Ferre
Centro de Convenciones de Ponce
Centro Español de Ponce
Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico
Cinema of Puerto Rico
Cities of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Cities in Puerto Rico
Ciudad Deportiva Millito Navarro
Climate of Puerto Rico
Clásico del Caribe
Club Náutico de Ponce
Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Colleges and universities in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Universities and colleges in Puerto Rico
Cristoforo Colombo - Cristóbal Colón - Christopher Columbus
Colegio Ponceño
Colegio San Conrado
Common coquí
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico  (Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico) website
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
:Category:Government of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Government of Puerto Rico
Executive branch of the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Legislative branch of the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Legislative Assembly of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Judicial branch of the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Communications in Puerto Rico
:Category:Communications in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Communications in Puerto Rico
Companies of Puerto Rico
Concha Acústica de Ponce
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Coquí
Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico
Crime in Puerto Rico
Cruce a Nado Internacional
Cuerda
Cuisine of Puerto Rico
Culture of Puerto Rico
Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico

D

Demographics of Puerto Rico
Department of Agriculture of Puerto Rico
Destilería Serrallés
Día Mundial de Ponce
Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico
Dorado Airport
Dupont Plaza Hotel arson

E

Economy of Puerto Rico
:Category:Economy of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Economy of Puerto Rico
Education in Puerto Rico
:Category:Education in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Education in Puerto Rico
El Cañuelo
El Nuevo Dia
El Vocero
Elections in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
Endemic flora of Puerto Rico
Environment of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Environment of Puerto Rico
Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico)
Estadio Francisco Montaner
Eugenio María de Hostos Airport

F

Farmacias El Amal
Fauna of Puerto Rico
FC Leones
Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport
Festivals in Puerto Rico
Festival Nacional de la Quenepa
commons:Category:Festivals in Puerto Rico
Films set in Puerto Rico
Flag of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Flags of Puerto Rico
Flora of Puerto Rico
Forts in Puerto Rico
Camp Las Casas
Campamento Santiago
Fort Allen
Fort Buchanan
Fort San Cristóbal
Fort San Felipe del Morro
Fortín de San Gerónimo
Losey Field
:Category:Forts in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Forts in Puerto Rico
Francisco "Paquito" Montaner
Fraternities and sororities in Puerto Rico
French immigration to Puerto Rico

G

Gag Law (Puerto Rico)
Gardens in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Gardens in Puerto Rico
Geography of Puerto Rico
:Category:Geography of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Geography of Puerto Rico
Geology of Puerto Rico
German immigration to Puerto Rico
Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico  website
:Category:Government of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Government of Puerto Rico
Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
List of governors of Puerto Rico
Grand Prix de Ponce
Grito de Lares

H

Hacienda Buena Vista
Hacienda Mercedita
High schools of Puerto Rico
Higher education in Puerto Rico
Highway routes in Puerto Rico
Hinduism in Puerto Rico
Hiram Bithorn Stadium
History of Puerto Rico
Historical outline of Puerto Rico
:Category:History of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:History of Puerto Rico
Holidays in Puerto Rico
Hotel Ponce Intercontinental
Hotel Melia
Ponce Ramada Hotel
Hospital Tricoche
Hospital de Damas
Hospital Episcopal San Lucas
Hospital Metropolitano Dr. Pila
House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

I

Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad
Iglesia Metodista Unida de La Playa de Ponce
Iglesia Metodista Unida de Ponce
Industrias Vassallo
Intentona de Yauco
Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Ponce
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Puerto Rico: PR
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code for Puerto Rico: PRI
Internet in Puerto Rico
Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico
Irish immigration to Puerto Rico
Isla Nena Air
Islam in Puerto Rico
Islands of Puerto Rico:
Isla de Puerto Rico
Alcarraza (Puerto Rico)
Bajo Evelyn
Cabeza de Perro
Cayo Ahogado
Cayo Alfenique
Cayo Algodones
Cayo Arenas
Cayo Ballena
Cayo Batata
Cayo Bayo
Cayo Berberia
Cayo Botella
Cayo Cabritas
Cayo Caracoles
Cayo Caribe
Cayo Chiva
Cayo Collado
Cayo Corral
Cayo de Tierra
Cayo del Agua
Cayo Diablo
Cayo Don Luis
Cayo Enrique
Cayo Fanduca
Cayo Icacos
Cayo Jalova
Cayo Jalovita
Cayo Largo del Sur (Puerto Rico)
Cayo Lobito
Cayo Lobo
Cayo Lobos
Cayo Luis Peña
Cayo Maria Langa
Cayo Mata Seca
Cayo Mata - Guayanilla municipality
Cayo Mata - Salinas municipality
Cayo Matojo
Cayo Morrillo
Cayo Norte
Cayo Palomas
Cayo Parguera
Cayo Pinerito
Cayo Pirata
Cayo Puerca
Cayo Raton
Cayo Ratones - Cabo Rojo municipality
Cayo Ratones - Fajardo municipality
Cayo Real
Cayo Rio
Cayo Santiago
Cayo Sombrerito
Cayo Terremoto
Cayo Tiburon
Cayo Verde
Cayo Vieques
Cayo Yerba
Cayos Cabezazos
Cayos Caribes
Cayos de Barca
Cayos de Caña Gorda
Cayos de Caracoles
Cayos de Pajaros
Cayos de Ratones
Cayos Geniqui
El Ancon
El Mono
Isla Cabras
Isla Caja de Muertos
Isla Chiva
Isla Cueva
Isla Culebra
Isla Culebrita
Isla de Cabras
Isla de Cardona
Isla de Cerro Gordo
Isla de Gatas
Isla de Jueyes
Isla de las Palomas
Isla de Mona (Puerto Rico)
Isla de Ramos
Isla de Ratones (Ponce)
Isla de Vieques
Isla del Frío
Isla Desecheo (Puerto Rico)
Isla Guachinanga
Isla Guayacan
Isla La Cancora
Isla Magueyes
Isla Matei
Isla Monito (Puerto Rico)
Morrillito
Isla Palominitos
Isla Palominos
Isla Piedra
Isla Pineros
Isla Puerca
Isla San Juan
Isla Yallis
Isletas de Garzas
Islote de Juan Perez
Islote Numero dos
La Blanquilla
 La Cordillera
Las Cabritas
Las Cucarachas
Las Hermanas
Las Lavanderas del Este
Las Lavanderas del Oeste
Los Farallones
Los Gemelos
Los Negritos
Mata Redonda
Pela (Puerto Rico)
Pelaita
Penon Brusi
Penon de Afuera
Penon de San Jorge
Piedra del Norte
Piedra Stevens
Piragua de Adentro
Piragua de Afuera
Punta Larga (Puerto Rico)
Punta Mosquitos
Roca Alcatraz
Roca Cocinera
Roca Cucaracha
Roca Culumna
Roca Ola
Roca Resuello
Roca Speck
Roca Velasquez
Tres Hermanas
Tres Hermanos
Islands of the Caribbean

J

Jayuya Uprising
Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico
Jose Miguel Agrelot Coliseum
Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium

L

"La Borinqueña"
La Fortaleza
La Guancha
Lakes in Puerto Rico
:Category:Lakes of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Lakes of Puerto Rico
Landmarks in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Landmarks in Puerto Rico
Las Justas
Latin America
Law enforcement in Puerto Rico
Legislative Assembly of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Leonas de Ponce
Leones de Ponce (basketball)
Leones de Ponce (baseball)
LGBT rights in Puerto Rico
:Category:Puerto Rican LGBT people
Lists related to Puerto Rico:
Grasses of Puerto Rico
Historical outline of Puerto Rico
List of airports in Puerto Rico
List of amphibians and reptiles of Puerto Rico
List of barrios of Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of birds of Puerto Rico
List of buildings and structures in Puerto Rico
List of census statistical areas in Puerto Rico
List of cities in Puerto Rico
List of colleges and universities in Puerto Rico
List of companies of Puerto Rico
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of companies in Puerto Rico
List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico
List of events in Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of films set in Puerto Rico
List of forts in Puerto Rico
List of fraternities and sororities in Puerto Rico
List of governors of Puerto Rico
List of high schools in Puerto Rico
List of highway routes in Puerto Rico
List of islands of Puerto Rico
List of lakes in Puerto Rico
List of lighthouses in Puerto Rico
List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
List of mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of mountains in Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of mountains of Puerto Rico
List of municipalities of Puerto Rico
List of museums in Puerto Rico
List of newspapers in Puerto Rico
List of people from Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of players from Puerto Rico in Major League Baseball
List of political parties in Puerto Rico
List of Puerto Rican Academy Award winners and nominees
List of Puerto Rican comedians
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
List of Puerto Rican recipients of the Medal of Honor
List of Puerto Rican rums
List of Puerto Rican slang words and phrases
List of Puerto Rican writers
List of Puerto Ricans
List of Puerto Ricans of African descent
List of Puerto Rico Highways
List of Puerto Rican Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
List of Puerto Rico state forests
List of Puerto Rico-related topics
List of radio stations in Puerto Rico
List of Registered Historic Places in Puerto Rico
List of residents of San Juan, Puerto Rico
List of rivers of Ponce
List of rivers of Puerto Rico
List of Tainos
List of theaters in Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of television stations in Puerto Rico
List of universities and colleges in Puerto Rico
List of World Heritage Sites in Puerto Rico
Municipalities of Puerto Rico
National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross
Puerto Rican recipients of the Navy Cross
Literature of Puerto Rico
Lizzie Graham
Los Chinos de Ponce
Los Garcia
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
Luis A. Ferré
Luis A. Ferré United States Courthouse and Post Office Building

M

Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Maps of Puerto Rico
Mar Caribe
Mass media in Puerto Rico
Media of Puerto Rico
Menudo
Mercado de las Carnes
Mercedita Airport
Military history of Puerto Rico
Military of Puerto Rico
Military personnel of Puerto Rico
Miss Puerto Rico
Mona ground iguana
Monumento a la abolición de la exclavitud
Monumento a los heroes de El Polvorín (obelisk)
Monumento a los heroes de El Polvorín (tomb)
Monumento al Jíbaro Puertorriqueño
Mountains of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Mountains of Puerto Rico
Municipalities of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Municipalities in Puerto Rico
Museums in Puerto Rico
:Category:Museums in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Museums in Puerto Rico
Museo de Arte de Ponce
Museo de la Masacre de Ponce
Museo Francisco "Pancho" Coimbre
Music of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Music of Puerto Rico
:Category:Puerto Rican musical groups
:Category:Puerto Rican musicians

N

National anthem of Puerto Rico
National Forests of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:National Forests of Puerto Rico
Natural history of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Natural history of Puerto Rico
Navy-Culebra protests
Navy-Vieques protests
New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico
Newspapers of Puerto Rico
Nightlife in Ponce, Puerto Rico
Normandie Hotel
North Atlantic Ocean
Northern Hemisphere
Nuyorican Movement
Nuyorican Poets Cafe

O
Outline of Puerto Rico

P

Palmas Del Mar Beach Resort
Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro
Parque de Bombas
Parque de la Abolición
Parque de la Ceiba
Parque del Retiro
Parque del Tricentenario (Ponce, Puerto Rico)
Parque Ecológico Urbano
Parque Familiar Julio Enrique Monagas
Parque Lineal Veredas del Labrador
Parque Luis A. Wito Morales
Parque Pedro Albizu Campos
Parque Urbano Dora Colón Clavell
Paseo Atocha
Plaza Degetau
Plaza del Caribe
Plaza Las Delicias
Plaza Muñoz Rivera
Pedro Albizu Campos
People of Puerto Rico
List of Puerto Ricans
:Category:People by city in Puerto Rico
Piragua
Plaza del Mercado de Ponce
Political parties in Puerto Rico
Political status of Puerto Rico
Politics of Puerto Rico
:Category:Politics of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Politics of Puerto Rico
Ponce
Ponce Cathedral
Ponce Cement, Inc.
Ponce City Hall
Ponce Creole
Ponce Grand Prix
Ponce High School
Ponce Jazz Festival
Ponce massacre
Ponce Municipal Police
Ponce School of Medicine
Ponce Servicios
Ponce YMCA Building
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Architecture
Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law
Popular Democratic Party
Porta Caribe
Porta Coeli
PR – United States Postal Service postal code for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
PR-9
PR-12
PR-123
PR-132
PR-133
PR-139
PR-143
PR-163
PR-500
PR-501
PR-502
PR-503
PR-504
PR-505
PR-506
PR-511
PR-577
PR-578
PR-585
PR-591
President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status
Prinair Flight 191
Prominent Puerto Ricans
Proposed political status for Puerto Rico
Protestants in Puerto Rico
Public holidays in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (proposed state)
Puerto Rican people
Puerto Rican accents
Puerto Rican Academy Award winners and nominees
Puerto Ricans
Puerto Rican amazon parrot
Puerto Rican Athenaeum
Puerto Rican dry forests
Puerto Rican emerald hummingbird
Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii
Puerto Rican Independence Movement
Puerto Rican Independence Party
Puerto Rican migration to New York
Puerto Rican military personnel
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
Puerto Rican Operating Area
Puerto Rican phrases, words and slangs
Puerto Rican recipients of the Presidential Citizens Medal
Puerto Rican recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Puerto Rican recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross
Puerto Rican recipients of the Medal of Honor
Puerto Rican recipients of the Navy Cross
Puerto Rican scientists and inventors
Puerto Rican Spanish
Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
Puerto Rican tody
Puerto Rican women in the military
Puerto Ricans
People by city in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:People of Puerto Rico
Puerto Ricans in NASA
Puerto Ricans in the United States (Stateside Puerto Ricans)
Puerto Ricans Missing in Action - Korean War
Puerto Ricans Missing in Action - Vietnam War
Puerto Ricans in World War I
Puerto Ricans in World War II
Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War
Puerto Rico  website
:Category:Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Maps of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico at the Olympics
Puerto Rico Convention Center
Puerto Rico Media
Puerto Rico Tax and Customs Laws
Puerto Rico Statehood Students Association
Puerto Rico Trench
Puerto Rico Iron Works

Q
 Quebrada Limón

R

Radio stations in Puerto Rico
Rafael Carmoega
Rafael Hernández Airport
Rafael Hernández Colón
Rafael Cordero Santiago Port of the Americas
Rail transport in Puerto Rico
Ramon Power y Giralt
Registered historic places in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Registered Historic Places in Puerto Rico
Religion in Puerto Rico
:Category:Religion in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Religion in Puerto Rico
Residencia Armstrong-Poventud
Residencia Ermelindo Salazar
Residencia Subirá
Residencial Las Casas
Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico
Resorts in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Resorts in Puerto Rico
Rivers of Ponce
Rio Anón
Río Bayagán
Río Blanco
Río Bucaná
Río Cañas
Río Cerrillos
Río Chiquito
Río Inabón
Río Jacaguas
Río Matilde
Río Pastillo
Río Portugués
Río Prieto
Río San Patricio
Rivers of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Rivers of Puerto Rico
Roberto Clemente Coliseum
Roosevelt Roads Naval Station
Rosaly-Batiz House
Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
Ruben Berrios

S

San Juan Bay
San Juan – Capital of Puerto Rico since 1521
San Juan National Historic Site
San Juan ship dock
San Juan Uprising
School of Tropical Medicine
Scouting in Puerto Rico
Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
SITRAS
Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish language
Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico
Sports in Puerto Rico
:Category:Sports in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Sports in Puerto Rico
:Category:Sports venues in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Sports venues in Puerto Rico
Structures in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Buildings and structures in Puerto Rico
Statehood movement in Puerto Rico
Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Symbols of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

T

Taínos
Teatro Fox Delicias
Teatro Puerto Rico
Teatro Yagüez
Telecommunications in Puerto Rico
:Category:Communications in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Communications in Puerto Rico
Telemundo
Television shows set in Puerto Rico
Television stations in Puerto Rico
Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center
Theatres in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Theatres in Puerto Rico
Tourism in Puerto Rico  website
:Category:Tourism in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Tourism in Puerto Rico
Transportation in Puerto Rico
:Category:Transportation in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Transport in Puerto Rico
Tren Urbano
T.U.S.C.A.

U

United States Customs House (Ponce, Puerto Rico)
University of Puerto Rico at Ponce
Utuado Uprising

V

Vieques Air Link
Villa sin Miedo
Villa Pesquera
Voting rights in Puerto Rico

W

WAPA (AM)
Water parks in Puerto Rico
Western Hemisphere
Wikimedia
commons:Atlas of Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Puerto Rico
commons:Category:Maps of Puerto Rico
Wikinews:Category:Puerto Rico
Wikinews:Portal:Puerto Rico
Wikipedia Category:Puerto Rico
Wikipedia Portal:Puerto Rico
History of women in Puerto Rico
Wilfred Benítez
Wilfredo Gómez
Wilfredo Vazquez
World Heritage Sites in Puerto Rico
commons:Category:World Heritage Sites in Puerto Rico
WLEO
WPAB
WPRP
WPUC-FM

X
 Xander Zayas

See also

Topic overview:
Puerto Rico
Outline of Puerto Rico

References

External links

Puerto Rico

Index of Puerto Rico–related articles


Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Dithmarschen iline bağlı bölge. 13,06 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 360 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Ernst-Otto Wilkens tarafından yürütülmektedir.

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 www.kaiser-wilhelm-koog.de

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