Mid-Levels is an affluent residential area on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It is located between Victoria Peak and Central. Residents are predominantly more affluent Hong Kong locals and expatriate professionals.

It has a population of 49,320 people. 62.4% being Chinese. The largest ethnic minority groups include Filipinos (15%) and white (10.1%) .

The Mid-Levels is further divided into four areas (From the below, Mid-Levels of Central District can be subdivided into two Mid-Levels. Included: Mid-Levels West and Mid-Levels Central):
Mid-Levels West (near Central, Sheung Wan and Sai Wan including Bonham Road, Caine Road, and Conduit Road etc.
Mid-Levels Central (near Central, Admiralty and Wan Chai, above the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens and Hong Kong Park. Including MacDonnell Road, Kennedy Road, Old Peak Road and Bowen Road) etc.
 Mid-Levels East (near Causeway Bay, including Jardine's Lookout, Stubbs Road and Mount Butler),
 Mid-Levels North (near North Point including Braemar Hill).

Aside from the panoramic views of Victoria Harbour and the rest of the city, it is also close to Central and Admiralty, which are both significant business areas, thus providing easy and convenient access for the business people living in Mid-Levels. An added attraction of the Mid-Levels is its close proximity to nature and comparatively better air quality than many parts of Hong Kong Island. Many wealthy people in Hong Kong are willing to pay higher residential property prices for a residence that is further away from pollution and yet remains close to the centre of the city.

Many streets are named after former governors of Hong Kong. Examples include Bonham Road (after George Bonham, 1848–1854) and Kennedy Road (after Arthur Edward Kennedy, 1872–1877). Many of the roads in this area are within walking distance of the Central Business District, which is accessible by the Mid-Levels escalator from Central.

Many choices for housing are available, from ultra-luxurious apartments to compact, near-luxury apartments. The costs of these apartments vary considerably according to the size, location, and age of the building. The cost ranges from the high ten million dollars to over five hundred million Hong Kong dollars for an apartment in a Frank Gehry-designed building.

Many prestigious colleges and schools are located in Mid-Levels, including the University of Hong Kong, St Francis' Canossian College, Island School, King's College, Ying Wa Girls' School, St. Paul's Co-educational College and St. Joseph's College, to name a few.

History
The first houses in Mid-Levels were often large mansions, with gardens built out on terraces on the steep hillside, with names such as "Rose Hill" and "Cringleford", and "Idlewild". Sara Roosevelt, the mother of Franklin D. Roosevelt, lived with her family on Rose Hill from 1862 to 1865 during the American Civil War.

Central–Mid-Levels escalator

The Central–Mid-Levels escalator cuts through the Mid-Levels, from Central to Conduit Road. It allows people to travel quickly between these two places, compared with travelling by the winding roads up the mountain. At , it is the longest outdoor escalator in the world. It was opened on 15 October 1993. The escalator runs downhill from 6 am to 10 am and uphill from 10:30 am to midnight every day. Pedestrians travelling in the opposite direction make use of the adjacent stairs and footpaths. Apart from its transportation function, it is a tourist attraction. Sections of the escalator had been under renovation in 2018 and 2019, with some sections closed for maintenance.

Streets
Street in Mid-Levels include:

 Arbuthnot Road
 Babington Path
 Bonham Road
 Bowen Road
 Breezy Path
 Caine Road
 Castle Road
 Conduit Road
 Cotton Tree Drive
 Kennedy Road
 Kotewall Road
 Lyttleton Road
 MacDonnell Road
 Magazine Gap Road
 May Road
 Park Road
 Rednaxela Terrace
 Robinson Road, Hong Kong
 Seymour Road

Recreation

Hong Kong Park

Hong Kong Park, which is 80,000 m2 in area, is located next to Cotton Tree Drive in Central. There are modern facilities surrounded by a natural landscape.

Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens

The Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens is one of the oldest Zoological and Botanical centres in the world. It is located on the northern slope of Victoria Peak and has been opened to the public since 1862. In 1871, it was officially renamed to Botanical Gardens, and in 1975, the name was changed again to Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens. This venerable park was previously named Bing Tao Garden, meaning the Chief Commander's Garden. It was then linked to the garden of the Government House. In 1941, a bronze statue of King George VI was erected in the garden to mark the centenary year in which Hong Kong became a British Colony.

Keeping wild animals in the garden can be traced as early as 1876. At that time, animals were kept merely for entertainment. From the 1970s, the emphasis changed to techniques in captive breeding and conservation breeding programmes for zoological collection. Today, the garden has a collection of over 600 birds, 70 mammals, and 40 reptiles which are housed in about 40 enclosures. The collection includes orangutans, gibbons and other primates; the American flamingo, jaguar and Burmese python can be found here as well. There is an active breeding programme for many of these species, notably the orangutans, gibbons, and lemurs which rarely breed in captivity.

The garden keeps for more than 1000 species of inland plant such as conifer, fig, palm, gum trees, and magnolia. Besides, a greenhouse at the eastern boundary of the garden houses over 150 native and exotic species including orchids, ferns, bromeliads, climbers and house plants.

Lung Fu Shan Country Park

Lung Fu Shan Country Park covers the densely vegetated slopes of Lung Fu Shan, including the disused Pinewood Battery and the Pinewood Garden picnic area, providing a scenic backdrop to the residential and commercial districts of Hong Kong Island. It is situated at the north of Pok Fu Lam Country Park. Towards the east of Lung Fu Shan Country Park is Hatton Road, to the south is Harlech Road whereas to the north and west is a covered conduit constructed by the Water Supplies Department. This country park covers an area of about 470,000 m2 and also commands an excellent vista of the western part of the territory and the Victoria Harbour.

Wan Chai Nature Trail
Wan Chai Nature Trail is a short footpath and it only takes about 2 hours to complete. Along the way, one can gain knowledge about nature, mainly concerning biological, geological and geographical aspects.

Art and culture

Flagstaff House Museum

Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware (), a branch museum of the Hong Kong Museum of Art, is located at the Hong Kong Park. The building was built in the 1840s, and originally served as the office and residence of the Commander of the British Forces in Hong Kong. It was converted to the Museum of Tea Ware in 1984, with a new wing, the K.S. Lo Gallery, constructed in 1995.

Flagstaff House Museum of Tea Ware specialises in the collection, study, and display of teaware. The museum promotes Chinese tea drinking culture through many exhibitions. There are video programmes and audio guides conducted in Cantonese and Japanese, regular presentations and lecture programmes, and free guided tours for the visiting tourists.

The Chinese Teahouse, which is a part of the museum, holds serving tea demonstrations regularly.

Hong Kong Visual Arts Centre

The Hong Kong Visual Arts Centre is located at Kennedy Road in Central, with the main aim of supporting local art creation. The centre was restructured from an early 20th-century building (Cassels Block, former barracks for married British officers) to provide an arena and facilities for local artists.

University Museum and Art Gallery

The University Museum and Art Gallery (UMAG) is located inside the University of Hong Kong, with an aim to promote Chinese art and culture to college students and the entire community. The UMAG usually holds some exhibitions and art educational activities to promote the art education in Hong Kong. The museum is located in the Fung Ping Shan Building, which is situated next to the main entrance of the university. In addition, the Art Gallery is located in the three lower stories of the T T Tsui Building.

Kom Tong Hall
The Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum is located in the Kom Tong Hall, an old mansion in Castle Road. It contains exhibitions on the life of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and history of the building.

Previously, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints owned the Kom Tong Hall. The building was converted to a church building on the lower floors and served as an office for the Asia Area on the upper floors. It was then donated back to the government of Hong Kong. The building was replaced by the church in June 2005 with the newly constructed Wan Chi Church Building on Gloucester Road in Wan Chai.

During World War II this building was supposedly used as the Japanese Headquarters in Hong Kong.

Education
Many schools and colleges can be found in the Mid-Levels. The most famous is the University of Hong Kong. Many famous secondary schools such as St. Joseph's College, St. Paul's College, Hong Kong, St. Paul's Co-Educational College, King's College, St. Stephen's Girls' College and Raimondi College (高主教書院) are also located here.

University of Hong Kong
The Main Building of the University of Hong Kong is the oldest of all the university's structures. Donated by Sir H.N. Mody, this building's construction began in 1910 and was completed in 1912 at Pok Fu Lam Road. It is made of red bricks and granite and has four turrets with a central clock tower. The clock tower was donated by Sir Paul Chater.

The central Great Hall of Main Building is named after the wealthy businessman Lok Yew. During the Second World War, the entire building was damaged but was later repaired. In 1952, two more courtyards were built south of the building and an additional one was completed in 1958. At present, the building houses various departments of the Arts Faculty.

In 1919, Sir Paul Chater and Professor G P Jordan donated money for the construction of the Hung Hing Ying Building, located near the Main Building. This building was designed to house the student union. After the Second World War, it became the Administrative Building. In 1960, the east wing was added and it was made to the Senior Common Room for Staff in 1974. The name of the building remains unchanged until today and it houses the Department of Music at the present.

Old Hall is used to be a residence hall for students. It is divided into three blocks: Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall, and May Hall, which were built in 1913, 1914 and 1915 respectively. All buildings were made of red bricks, three storeys high, with interconnecting stairs and corridors. The university combined the three halls and renamed it Old Hall in 1969. The Lugard Hall was demolished in 1991, the Eliot Hall became the Administrative Building and the May Hall is used for the Office for General Education Unit.

Primary and secondary schools

St. Paul's College is the oldest school in Hong Kong. It was established in 1851 and celebrated its 155th anniversary in 2006. It was merged with St. Paul's Girls' School and formed St. Paul's Co-educational College, and later returned to being a boys-only college.

Ying Wa Girls' School () is a girls' secondary school under The Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China () and located at 76 Robinson Road. It was founded by the London Missionary Society in 1900.

Island School is the flagship ESF school. It counts among its students many of the expatriate children living in Mid-Levels.

King's College, Hong Kong (), Previously the school had been known as Saiyingpun Anglo-Chinese School in 1879. The British used the school as the quarters and hospital for the British Shanghai Defence Force soon after it opened. In 1928, it was reverted to a school but was turned into a stable in 1941 by the Japanese. It became a school again in 1950 and has remained a Government School since then. King's College has been a 'declared monument' of Hong Kong since 2011.

Raimondi College is a co-educational English-medium secondary school, named after Bishop Timoleon Raimondi, the first Vicar Apostolic of Hong Kong.

Established in 1875, St. Joseph's College () is the first Catholic boys' secondary school in Hong Kong. It is a Lasallian institution. Together with a primary school, St. Joseph's Primary School, the St. Joseph's population now exceeds 4200. The north and west blocks of the college are declared monuments of Hong Kong since August 2000.

St. Margaret's Girls' College H.K. is a girls college in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1964.

St. Paul's Co-educational College was established in 1915 as St. Paul's Girls College. After temporarily merging with St. Paul's College, the school retained its co-educational status. It is one of the first schools to convert to the Direct Subsidy Scheme in 2002, and is introducing an International Baccalaureate curriculum. Currently, the primary school section is no longer housed in the same campus as the secondary school, and has moved to a new campus in Wong Chuk Hang.

Religious buildings

Temples
Man Mo Temple is a popular site of worship that is important to Hong Kong culture. The Man Mo Temple was founded in the 1850s at the start of British Occupation of Hong Kong and contains a copper bell made during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–1850) in the Qing dynasty. Man Mo Temple is located at the intersection of Hollywood Road and Ladder Street which is in the area known as Tai Ping Shan rather than the Mid-Levels. In addition, there are many small traditional shrines, often adjacent to old large strangler fig trees.

St John's Cathedral
St John's Cathedral, an Anglican / Episcopalian church located on Garden Road, is one of the oldest and most active places of worship in Hong Kong. It hosts a counselling service, an HIV centre and two advisory centres for migrant workers who form about 5% of Hong Kong's population. St John's operates an "open altar" policy of welcoming to Holy Communion all Christians in good standing. Hong Kong's lands have a set period of grant on them, and St John's Cathedral's land is the only exception.

Roman Catholic Cathedral

The Immaculate Conception Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral at 16 Caine Road. The first Roman Catholic cathedral of Hong Kong was built in 1843 and destroyed in a fire in 1859. The cathedral was designed by Crawlwey and Company of London. Construction of the new one started in 1883 and the first Mass was celebrated on 7 December 1888.

Union Church Hong Kong
The 4th generation building of Union Church Hong Kong was located at Kennedy Road, up the hill from Central and Admiralty, and next to where the Peak Tram bridge intersects with Kennedy Road. Union Church is an international, interdenominational church which was established in 1844. The first Union Church was built in 1845 on Hollywood Road. And then, in 1866, the church relocated to a new site on Staunton Street. Until 1888, due to the church on the Staunton Street had become very crowded, it was moved to the current site on Kennedy Road. Union Church has a long history and during World War II, it was forced to be closed owing to the invasion of the Japanese. On 16 March 2014, the members decided to demolish the church and redevelop its prime real-estate site. The church was finally demolished in 2017. The new Church building should be finished towards the end of 2022.

Hop Yat Church

To Tsai Church (道濟會堂, also known as Daoji Mission House) was founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888 and was located at 75 Hollywood Road. Sun Yat-sen attended this church while he studied medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (). Fung-Chi Au (區鳳墀, 1847–1914), who was Sun's teacher of Chinese literature and secretary of the Hong Kong Department of Chinese Affairs (), was an elder of this church. Due to its growth, this church erected a large building at 2 Bonham Road in 1926 and was renamed Hop Yat Church ().

Jamiah Mosque
Jamia Mosque is an elegant old mosque dating from the early days of Hong Kong's history is located on the corner of Mosque Street and Shelley Street. It is easily accessible by the Mid-Levels escalator.

Ohel Leah Synagogue and Jewish Cultural Centre

The Ohel Leah Synagogue located on Robinson Road dates from 1901.

Hong Kong Baptist Church
The Hong Kong Baptist Church is on 50 Caine Road and has about 2,200 regular worshipers. It was established in 1901. It acquired 97 Caine Road in February 2015 for expansion purposes.

Missionaries
The  is at 78–80 Robinson Road.

Housing

Private housing
39 Conduit Road is a residential property developed by Henderson Land Development. Soon after the development was launched in October 2009, the developer claimed to have sold a five-bedroom duplex flat, on the "68th floor" of the 46-storey building for HK$439 million (US$57m). The price, US$9,200 per square foot, set a new world record for the most expensive apartment.

Mid-Levels moratorium
A moratorium to restrict development in Mid-Levels was established in 1972 to limit traffic. Of the 420 plots of land in Mid-Levels, 4 government sites and 43 private sites are subject to the moratorium. 26 sites are reserved for government and community use, and the remaining 347 plots are not subject to the moratorium.

Height restrictions
In 2008, new restrictions were imposed in the area, capping residential buildings at a maximum of 115 meters in height. Several residential buildings were pre-approved to escape the restriction, including Alassio, Arezzo, the Merry Terrace redevelopment, and the Seymour building.

See also
 List of places in Hong Kong

References

Central and Western District, Hong Kong
Places in Hong Kong
Restricted areas of Hong Kong red public minibus
Wan Chai District

Mid-Levels


Papatya, papatyagiller (Asteraceae) familyasında sınıflandırılan Anthemis, Matricaria, Bellis, Leucanthemum ve Tripleurospermum gibi farklı cinslerden bitki türlerine verilen ortak ad.

Çeşitleri
Anthemis altissima — kel papatya
Anthemis chia — beyaz papatya, sarı papatya
Anthemis cotula — köpek papatyası
Anthemis nobilis — Alman papatyası
Anthemis pauciloba — dağ papatyası
Bellis perennis — çayır papatyası, İngiliz papatyası
Chrysantemum maximum — Margrit papatya veya Alman papatyası
Leucanthemum vulgare — büyük papatya, beyaz ay papatyası, öküzgözü papatyası
Matricaria chamomilla — bayağı papatya, adi papatya, mayıs papatyası, tıbbi papatya
Tripleurospermum perforatum — yalancı papatya

Tıbbi kullanımı

Papatyanın spazm çözülmesinde, gaz ve âdet sancılarının giderilmesinde faydalı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Papatyada bulunan Alfa bisabolol maddesi ülsere iyi gelmektedir; Azulene ise mide yanmasına karşı etkilidir. Gastrit ve ülseratif kolit tedavisinde kullanılır. Ayrıca ağız iltihaplarını iyileştirir.

Zehirlenme; Ege Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Bijen Kıvçak'ın ifadelerine göre papatya çayının ilaçlarla etkileşimi bulunmakta ve papatyaların bazı türleri ciddi zehirlenmelere yol açabilmektedir. Ayrıca Papatya Türkiye'de zehir danışma merkezlerine gelen vakaların başında gelir ve bazı türleri böcek ilacı yapımında kullanılmaktadır.

Klinik ortamda tekrarlanmamış, sadece hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar, papatyaların belirli gastrointestinal hastalık risklerini azaltarak, daha sağlıklı bir sindirime yardımcı olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Örneğin; fareler üzerinde yapılan birkaç çalışmada, papatya özütünün ishale karşı koruma potansiyeline sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu yararın, papatyanın sahip olduğu antienflamatuar özelliklerden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Sıçanlarda yapılan bir başka çalışmada ise, papatya mide ülserlerini önlemeye yardım etmede etkili bulmuştur. Papatya mide asitliğini azaltarak, ülser gelişimine katkıda bulunan bakterilerin büyümesini engelleyebilir. Bu bulgulara rağmen, papatyanın sindirim sistemindeki rolünü doğrulamak için daha fazla klinik araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Kullanıldığı yerler
Çiçek durumu başları, çiçek açmadan önce toplanarak gölgede kurutulur. Bileşiminde uçucu yağlar, rezin, acı maddeler ve fenolik bileşikler bulunur. % 1'lik çay halinde sabahları aç karnına bir bardak içilebilir. İdrar çoğaltıcı, iştah açıcı, yatıştırıcı ve gaz söktürücü etkilere sahiptir. Basur memelerinde ağrı kesici, tedavi edici etkiye sahiptir. Boyar madde olarak da kullanılır.

Alman papatyası (Anthemis nobilis) Orta Avrupa'da yetişir ve kültürü de yapılır. Dişli çiçekleri beyazımsı renklidir. Türkiye'de 50 kadar Anthemis türü bulunmakta bunlar İzmir papatyası, yabani papatya, beyaz papatya gibi isimlerle bilinmektedir.

Kaynakça

Anthemideae
Şifalı bitkiler
Bitki çayları
Yenilebilir papatyagiller
1753'te tanımlanan bitkiler

Papatya


An Maxillaria reichenheimiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Endres ngan Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Maxillaria reichenheimiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Maxillaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Maxillaria

Maxillaria reichenheimiana


Litholepis, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz porodice Corallinaceae. Rod taksonomski nije priznat (smatra se sinonimom za Titanoderma) i sve vrste osim L. sonorensis prebačene su u druge rodove: Lithoporella, Lithothamnion, Lithophyllum, Titanoderma, Melobesia i Fosliella.

Vrsta Litholepis sonorensis E.Y.Dawson, morska je alga uz pacifičku obalu Meksika.

Izvori

Koralinske alge

Litholepis sonorensis


بلدة المراح قرية من قرى المنطقة الشرقية في المملكة العربية السعودية. تقع ما بين مدينة العيون ومصنع الإسمنت شرق السعودية.

تاريخ
شاع عند الناس أن المراح قد تأسست في عام 1320 هجرية والواقع أن هذا هو تاريخ استقرار أهلها بها، أما بلدة المراح كأرض يعيش بها أناس فقد كانت موجودة قبل ذلك حيث كانت محطة ومراحاً للبدو الرحل بقطعانهم ومواشيهم، ولذلك سميت بالمراح.

جميع أهالي بلدة المراح من أبناء السنة والجماعة وهم ينتمون إلى أسر متعددة تنتسب إلى قبائل متنوعة، كان أهالي بلدة المراح في القرن الثالث عشر الهجري وهو مانقصد به ما بعد 1200 هجرية يقيمون في بلدة العيون وهي الحي المعروف الآن في مدينة العيون باسم الديرة حيث كانت تلك البلدة مكونة من حارتين سكنيتين هما: الحارة الجنوبية(الجنيدة) والحارة الشمالية، وأما الحارة الجنوبية وتسمى (الفريج الجنوبي) التي كان يسكنها أهالي بلدة المراح. ولقد اتسعت البلدة خارج حدودها القديمة وكثر سكانها بل وانتقل قسم كبير منهم إلى الحي الجديد المعروف بـ (حي العوضية) الذي أنشأته الدولة لهم هناك وهذا أدى إلى كبر حي العوضية بحيث أصبحت العوضية القديمة نواة لها.

وقد جاء هذا الاتساع لبلدة المراح تبعاً للتزايد السكاني فيها، وحسب المسح السكاني للمركز الصحي بالمراح لعام 1428 هجرية المعلن في 1428/12/30 هجرية فإن عدد سكان بلدة المراح الكلي من السعوديين وغير سعوديين يبلغ 5936 نسمة يبلغ عدد السعوديين منهم 5670 نسمة بواقع 2774 (ذكور) و 2896 (إناث) بعدد من الأسر يبلغ 597 أسرة، أما غير السعوديين فيبلغ عددهم 266 نسمة بواقع 72 (ذكور) و 194 (إناث) وعدد الأسر واحدة.

يوجد في بلدة المراح جامعان إضافة إلى جامع في العوضية كما يوجد بها مدرسة ابتدائية ومتوسطة وثانوية للبنين وأخرى للبنات، ومدرسة ابتدائية لتحفيظ القرآن الكريم للبنات، وجمعية خيرية باسم جميعة المراح الخيرية في حي العوضية وروضة للأطفال أنشأتها وتشرف عليها جمعية المراح الخيرية، ومدرسة مسائية لتحفيظ القرآن الكريم أنشأتها وتشرف عليها الجمعية الخيرية بالمراح أيضاً، كما يوجد ببلدة المراح مكتبة خيرية باسم مكتبة الحسن البصري الخيرية، ومكتب بريد، ومصليان للعيد، ومركز صحي حكومي، وسوق شعبي يقام يومي الأحد والأربعاء من كل أسبوع، وتشهد بلدة المراح تطوراً ملحوظاً في كافة المجالات تبعاً للتطور الشامل الذي تشهدة الدولة بشكل عام.

مصادر

قرى المنطقة الشرقية

المراح (الأحساء)


Alberto Luiz de Souza (født 27. april 1975) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Alberto Luiz de Souza


El Molino Mornau (molí d'en Mornau o molí de Ca l'Estruch)  es un molino de agua que está situado junto al río Ripoll cerca del puente de la carretera de Sabadell a Castellar, en el sector noreste y en las afueras de la ciudad de Sabadell.

En el 2009 fue declarado Bien Cultural de Interés Nacional por la Generalidad de Cataluña.

Historia
Está documentado desde el 1554 como molino papelero y trapero mediante un contrato de arrendamiento del mercader de Barcelona Alonso Cabeza de Ribera al trapero Joan Mitena. Se fabricaba papel para exportar a Génova y también había fragua de clavos y de cobres.

El molino cambió varias veces de propiedad hasta que en 1776 fue adquirido por Anna M. Ferrer, que construyó el nuevo edificio del molino destinado a fábrica de papel de fumar. Continuaron los cambios de propiedad hasta que en el año 1883 pasó a manos de Delfí d'Arnós i Mornau, hijo de Mariana Mornau. Coexistieron la fábrica de papel con la producción de trapos de lana y de algodón con dos saltos de agua diferenciados. El molino Mornau era considerado el molino papelero más grande de Cataluña.

El año 1836 el molino Mornau estaba dividido entre 8 arrendatarios. Este hecho distintivo viene motivado por la necesidad de energía en el proceso de industrialización de la producción textil, para aprovechar la energía hidráulica y revender la energía que les sobraba. La actividad papelera se mantuvo hasta 1905. Pasó a ser propiedad de la empresa textil Estruch, S.A., que hizo varias obras de ampliación. Hace unos años la fábrica quedó en desuso y actualmente es de propiedad privada.

Descripción

El molino Mornau tiene forma rectangular con dos cuerpos anexos en los extremos y consta de 4 plantas y sótano, está cubierto a dos aguas y dispone de muros de mampostería de piedra y mortero de cal y cantoneras de piedra tosca. Las tres plantas superiores eran los secaderos del papel, mientras que el sótano y la primera planta alojaron la maquinaria productiva.

A pesar de aprovechar las estructuras anteriores que quedan en la planta sótano, el edificio tiene las características de las construcciones de finales del . Fue modificado a finales del  y principios del . El edificio conserva una parte importante de las instalaciones de producción de papel que, con el riego y las construcciones hidráulicas, hacen del molino Mornau una de las piezas más singulares del inicio de la industrialización de Cataluña.

Valor Histórico

El valor más relevante de este elemento, más que su arquitectura, forma o decoración, es ser un testimonio único de la etapa inicial de la industrialización a gran escala de Cataluña junto con la antigua fábrica de Can Miralda-Els Panyos de Manresa, la Igualadina Cotonera (1842) y el Vapor Vell de Sants (1848), estas últimas ya declaradas Bienes Culturales de Interés Nacional, en la categoría de monumento histórico.

Hay que subrayar que el edificio de la antigua fábrica del molino Mornau es un testimonio único del paso de una instalación protoindustrial medieval a la etapa inicial de la industrialización a gran escala de Cataluña hasta llegar a finales del .

Se considera monumento el edificio llamado molino Mornau incluyendo el subsuelo configurado por el sótano y los elementos que forman parte del antiguo sistema energético.

La situación de este monumento es un hito que configura una imagen paisajística de interés dentro del marco urbano y rural que le da soporte. Al mismo tiempo, la relación entre este monumento y el espacio físico donde está situado ha establecido un diálogo ambiental que a lo largo del tiempo ha dado una gran entidad arquitectónica, económica, comercial, emblemática y cultural a la población de Sabadell.

Véase también
 Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Barcelona

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Bienes culturales de interés nacional de la provincia de Barcelona

Molino Mornau


Muzeul "Casa Colecțiilor", adăpostit de Farmacia Ținc, o clădire monument istoric din Galați, este un muzeu aflat în administrarea Muzeului de Istorie "Paul Păltănea". Clădirea monument istoric este înscrisă în lista monumentelor istorice la .

Intrată în conștiința gălățenilor ca Farmacia Ținc, clădirea a fost construită la 1900, având inițial destinația de farmacie și locuință. Ea s-a impus în peisajul arhitectural al orașului Galați - specific începutului de secol XX - prin elemente stilistice definitorii.

Proprietarul, Constantin Ținc,  și-a desfășurat activitatea profesională în Galați, din anul 1887, în cadrul Farmaciei Române, recunoscută pe plan internațional, premiată la expozițiile internaționale de la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea. S-a născut și a urmat studiile gimnaziale la Giurgiu (1857) după care se înscrie la farmacia Friederich Brus din București (1876) obținând diploma de asistent în farmacie. Studiile superioare le urmează la Universitatea din București devenind licențiat în farmacie (1883). În anul 1886 obține concesia pentru orașul Galați. A fost membru al Societății farmaciștilor din țară, precum și al Consiliului de Igienă al orașului. Implicat în mișcarea politică liberală din Galați, a fost de mai multe ori ales consilier comunal și primar al orașului (1898, 1904 - 1905, 1914 -1917), precum și senator de Covurlui (1907 - 1911). A primit titlul de ofițer al ordinului "Coroana României".

La 5 mai 1899, Constantin Ținc primea din partea Serviciului Technic al Primăriei orașului Galați autorizația de a construi o clădire cu parter și etaj pe strada Traian-Codreanu-Spitalului, care avea să servească drept farmacie. În autorizație se mai menționa că zidăria trebuia executată din mortar de var și nisip. Edificiul, situat la intersecția actualelor străzi Traian, Eroilor și Dr. Carnabel, se dezvoltă pe subsol, parter, etaj și mansardă. Farmacia a funcționat la parter, alături de laborator, în timp ce la nivelele superioare a fost locuința farmacistului și spațiul alocat personalului de serviciu. Oficina sa era una din cele mai bine aranjate, iar preparatele laboratorului său au obținut la Expoziția de Științe din anul 1903 medalia de aur; de asemenea, și la Expoziția Generală din anul 1906. Premii a mai primit și la Expoziția Universală de la Paris în anul 1869 și din partea Academiei Naționale de agricultură, manufactură și comerț în anul 1890. Arhitectura clădirii este de influență vieneză, cu bogate decorații florale realizate în stuc, pe fațadă, îmbinate cu cărămidă aparentă. Aceste decorații florale în stuc se reiau în registrul superior, extrem de ornamentat, la brâul care desparte cele două nivele; ancadramentul ferestrelor și ușa principală sunt flancate de imitații de coloane. Clădirea apare menționată, într-un dosar de arhivă din anul 1908, pe strada Codreanu, numărul 50 și pe strada Traian, numărul 36, proprietar fiind Constantin Ținc.

Ultimul locatar a fost Wolf Stratman până în 1949, anul în care clădirea a intrat în proprietatea statului în urma naționalizării.

Imobilul și-a păstrat destinația de farmacie până în anul 1989, când o expertiză tehnică a dispus evacuarea din motive de siguranță. În perioada 1994 - 2006 clădirea a fost restaurată cu finanțare din partea Ministerului Culturii și Cultelor și a Consiliului Județean Galați. În anul 2002, imobilul a fost transferat de la Consiliul Local Galați în administrarea Consiliului Județean Galați reprezentat prin Muzeul de Istorie "Paul Păltănea". Tot atunci, se solicită de către Consiliul Județean Galați și se aprobă de către Ministerul Culturii și Cultelor schimbarea destinației monumentului istoric "Farmacia Ținc", din Farmacie în Muzeu.

Muzeul găzduiește expoziții de ambient interior și colecții memoriale, dintre care cele mai importante sunt colecțiile "George Maksay" - furnizor al Curții Regale și fotograf de lux al Galațiului,     și "Smaranda Brăescu" - prima femeie parașutist cu brevet din România, născută în comuna Buciumeni din actualul județ Galați.

Deși nu au trecut nici zece ani de la restaurarea anterioară, începând din 2017 clădirea monument reintră într-un proces de restaurare și amenajare prin POR 2014-2020.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Galați
Muzee din județul Galați

Muzeul „Casa Colecțiilor” din Galați


This is a list giving breakdowns of the European Parliamentary session from 1994 to 1999.

MEPs for Austria 1996–1999
MEPs for Belgium 1994–1999
MEPs for Denmark 1994–1999
MEPs for Finland 1994–1999
MEPs for France 1994–1999
MEPs for Greece 1994–1999
MEPs for Germany 1994–1999
MEPs for Ireland 1994–1999
MEPs for Italy 1994–1999
MEPs for Luxembourg 1994–1999
List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 1994–1999
MEPs for Portugal 1994–1999
MEPs for Spain 1994–1999
MEPs for Sweden 1995
MEPs for Sweden 1995–1999
MEPs for the UK 1994–1999

Members of the European Parliament (1994–1999)


Villanovaforru (sardisk: Biddanòa de Fòrru) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sud Sardegna i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 324 meters højde og har 672 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 10,93 km² og grænser til kommunerne Collinas, Lunamatrona, Sanluri og Sardara.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sud Sardegna

Villanovaforru


{{Ficha de taxón
| name = Pometon
| image         =
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum        = Animalia
| phylum        = Arthropoda
| subphylum     = Hexapoda
| classis       = Insecta
| ordo          = Coleoptera
| subordo       = Adephaga
| familia       = Carabidae
| subfamilia = Cicindelinae
| tribus = Cicindelini
| subtribus = Prothymina
| genus         = Pometon
| genus_authority = Fleutiaux, 1899
| subdivision_ranks = Especies
| subdivision = Ver texto
| synonyms      =
Metopon Fleutiaux, 1899
}}Pometon es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.
 Especies
Contiene las siguientes especies:

 Pometon bolivianus Huber, 1999
 Pometon singularis'' Fleutiaux, 1899

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Prothymina

Pometon


El Cerro de Andévalo, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden en çok nüfusa sahip olan, ülkenin güneybatı köşesindeki Endülüs otonom bölgesinin 8 eyaletinden Portekiz ve Atlas Okyanusu'na kıyısı bulunan Huelva eyaletine bağlı belediyesi. El Cerro de Andévalo belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 2.636 kişidir.

El Cerro de Andévalo


راية الأرض  هي راية (علم) ذو خلفية زرقاء داكنة تتوضع على الراية صورة لكوكب الأرض من الفضاء الخارجي وهي صورة ملتقطة عن طريق وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية ناسا. الراية ليست رسمية ولكن تم تصيميها من أجل الاحتفال بيوم الأرض ومصمم الراية هو جون ماكوننل.

راية أخرى تم تصميمها لكوكب الأرض في نفس الفترة الزمنية أي في العام 1970 من قبل مزارع في ولاية إيلينوس الأمريكية اسمه جيمس كادل.
الراية المصممة من قبل كادل تحوي على قوس اصفر كبير يمثل الشمس، ودائرة صغيرة بيضاء تمثل القمر، ودائرة زرقاء أكبر حجماً تمثل كوكب الأرض تتوضع قرب القمر.

المراجع

الأرض
الأرض في الثقافة
أعلام غير رسمية
أعلام في الفن
أعلام وطنية
علم الرايات
كوسموبوليتية

راية الأرض


مزرع ناجي هي إحدى قرى ولاية قبلي وتتبع إداريا معتمدية قبلي الشمالية تبعد حوالي 06 كلم شمال قرية سعيدان. يسكنها عدة عروش أمثال الغياليف والفراعين والشهبان. تعتمد على الفلاحة الكلاسيكية وأهم إنتاجها دقلة النور، كذلك بها زراعة الباكورات .

قرى ولاية قبلي

مزرع ناجي


An Pterichis weberbaueriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Pterichis weberbaueriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pterichis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pterichis

Pterichis weberbaueriana


"Salutul vulcanian" ("The Vulcan Hello") este primul episod al serialului TV Star Trek: Discovery. A avut premiera pe CBS  la 24 septembrie 2017, în aceeași zi cu al doilea episod. Este regizat de David Semel. Star Trek: Discovery continuă franciza Star Trek, noul serial având loc înaintea acțiunii din serialul original din 1966–69 și descrie războiul dintre Federația Unită a Planetelor și klingonieni.  Serialul prezintă echipajul navei spațiale USS Discovery și misiunile sale. Episodul a avut parte de recenzii pozitive care au lăudat în special interpretarea rolului locotenent-comandor Michael Burnham de către Sonequa Martin-Green precum și efectele vizuale.

Prezentare

Serialul începe cu discursul unui klingonian neidentificat care se adresează unei largi adunări despre o viitoare amenințare - el vorbește despre "pornirea unui balize" și intenționează să unească cele 24 de case klingoniene pentru a lupta împotriva celor care spun că "venim în pace."

Căpitanul Philippa Georgiou și primul ofițer Michael Burnham de pe  lucrează în secret pe o planetă relativ primitivă. Ele folosesc tehnologie avansată pentru a deschide un puț de apă care să permită locuitorilor nativi să supraviețuiască unei secete de 89 de ani.

La data stelară 1207.3 (11 mai 2256), echipajul investighează un releu interstelar deteriorat în spațiul îndepărtat și descoperă un obiect neidentificat într-o zonă inaccesibilă senzorilor. Deoarece echipajul de pe Shenzhou nu poate obține date clare datorită unui câmp de difuzie, prudentul ofițer științific Kelpien  Saru este de părere ca nava să părăsească zona, dar primul ofițer Michael Burnham iese într-un costum spațial pentru a cerceta în ciuda radiației periculoase. După ce pierde contactul cu nava ei din cauza interferențelor de comunicare, ea găsește o colecție a ceea ce pare a fi sculpturi de dimensiunea unei nave împreună cu un klingonian. Când klingonianul se îndreaptă spre ea, cu o armă, ea îl ucide. Ea este teleportată înapoi la navă pentru a i se trata radiația severă.

Adunarea klingoniană ține o slujbă în memoria tovarășului lor decedat Rejac, pe care-l numesc "purtător de torță" și jură răzbunare.

În timp ce Burnham este tratată, ea are o retrospectivă a copilăriei sale, în care tatăl ei adoptiv, vulcanianul Sarek, o consiliază în studiile sale despre culturile extraterestre. Acest lucru o face să se trezească și să întrerupă prematur tratamentul ei medical pentru a-o avertiza pe Georgiou dar și pe restul echipajului că a întâlnit un klingonian.  Ofițerul științific Saru sugerează că este confuză din cauza unei contuzii și îi spune să se întoarcă la compartimentul medical al navei. Georgiou o crede și fixează armele pe obiectul necunoscut ceea ce face să apară o navă klingoniană care se afla în stare de invizibilitate. Nava este de câteva ori mai mare decât Shenzhou. Klingonienii dezbat dacă să atace nava mai mică și dacă este în concordanța cu o profeție. Un nou purtător de torță, Voq, este ales de grup.

Flota Stelară  ordonă navei Shenzhou să mențină poziția și să nu ia niciun fel de măsuri până când nu sosesc întăriri - Shenzhou este singura linie de apărare dintre klingonieni și o colonie andoriană. Burnham deschide un canal prin subspațiu către tatăl ei. Cei doi discută despre comportamentul neobișnuit al klingonienilor și ajung la concluzia că un nou conducător a adu schimbări în cadrul Imperiului Klingonian. Acest lucru o determină pe Burnham să recomande căpitanului că nava Shenzhou să o atace pe cea klingoniană pentru a le câștiga respectul. Cele două discută despre standardele Federației și care ar fi modul corect de  a acționa. După ce Georgiou îi ordonă lui Burnham să renunțe la atac, Burnham o oprește pe Georgiou lăsând-o inconștientă printr-o metodă vulcaniană (cu mâna pe umăr). Apoi preia comanda navei și ordonă un atac asupra navei klingoniene, în timp ce echipajul este îngrijorat în privința căpitanului și a ierarhiei de comandă.  Căpitanul Georgiou  apare pe punte înainte de atac. Nava detectează o serie de semnături warp și câteva nave kingoniene mari apar înainte de terminarea episodului.

Producție
Titlul episodului și un scurt rezumat au fost dezvăluite de către Paramount Television la 16 septembrie 2017, împreună cu un teaser trailer.

Primire
Maureen Ryan de la revista Variety a considerat ca fiind slabe primele două episoade ale serialului, spunând că serialul "încă mai trebuie să dovedească că este un succesor demn al Generației următoare sau al Deep Space Nine. Dar există motive să sperăm că Discovery va fi o adăugire promițătoare la canonul 'Trek'... Primele trei ore ale Star Trek: Discovery au oferit o operă spațială și o bătălie interstelară rezonabile." Patrick Cooley de la cleveland.com a caracterizat primele două episoade ca fiind "dincolo de dezamăgire" și ca "o dezamăgire amară, afectată de dialog slab, povestire proastă și personaje de lemn, uimitor de stupide."

Referințe și note

Legături externe

 Streaming from CBS All Access

Discoverys World Premiere at StarTrek.com

Episoade pilot
Episoade de televiziune din 2017
Episoade din Star Trek: Discovery

Salutul vulcanian


An Agropyron tallonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Marc Simonet. An Agropyron tallonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agropyron, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agropyron

Agropyron tallonii


San Jacinto hace referencia a varios artículos:

Divisiones administrativas
San Jacinto (Buenos Aires), ciudad del partido de Mercedes, provincia de Buenos Aires.
San Jacinto (Bolívar), municipio del departamento de Bolívar, Colombia.
San Jacinto del Cauca, municipio del departamento de Bolívar, Colombia.
Yaguachi, ciudad de la provincia del Guayas, Ecuador.
San Jacinto (California), ciudad del estado de California, Estados Unidos.
San Jacinto (Nevada), es un área no incorporada del estado de Nevada, Estados Unidos.
San Jacinto (Texas), en Houston;
San Jacinto de Pangasinán, municipio de la provincia de Pangasinán en Luzón, Filipinas;
San Jacinto, municipio de la provincia de Masbate, Filipinas;
San Jacinto (Chiquimula), municipio del departamento de Chiquimula, Guatemala.
San Jacinto (Perú), centro poblado del distrito de Nepeña, provincia del Santa, Región Áncash.
San Jacinto (Lima), centro poblado del distrito de San Luis en Lima Metropolitana.
San Jacinto (Uruguay), localidad del departamento de Canelones, Uruguay.

Religión
 Jacinto de Cesarea, mártir del .
 Jacinto de Roma, mártir del , junto con Proto (Proto y Jacinto).
 Jacinto de Amastris, mártir del .
 Jacinto de Cracovia, dominico del .

Geografía
 Serranía de San Jacinto
 Sierra de San Jacinto

Además

 Batalla de San Jacinto (1836)
 Hacienda San Jacinto, monumento histórico y memorial nacional en Tipitapa, Nicaragua.
 Hervideros de San Jacinto en Telica, Nicaragua.
 San Jacinto (estación del Tren Ligero de Guadalajara)

San Jacinto


Tromba Trem: O Filme é um filme de animação brasileiro de 2022, dirigido e criado por Zé Brandão, escrito por Débora Guimarães e Pedro Vieira, e produzido pela Copa Studio. Derivado da série de televisão Tromba Trem, o elenco de vozes conta com Roberto Rodrigues, Luca de Castro, Maíra Kesten, Elisa Lucinda, Caíto Mainier, Ed Gama e Marisa Orth.

Sinopse
Gajah é um elefante desmemoriado que é alçado do anonimato para o status de celebridade da noite para o dia. Ele acaba se afastando de seus antigos companheiros de viagem no Tromba Trem. Sua fama possui um curto tempo, pois ele se torna o principal suspeito de uma série de raptos misteriosos. Para desvendar esse mistério, ele terá que contar com a ajuda de seus antigos amigos de antes da fama: um grupo de cupins obstinados que moram em uma colônia e Duda, uma tamanduá vegetariana.

Elenco

Produção
A produção de um longa-metragem da franquia Tromba Trem foi anunciada em 2014 quando a primeira versão do roteiro já estava escrita, juntamente com o anúncio da terceira temporada da série de televisão, e a previsão de lançamento era para 2016. Em janeiro de 2021, a Copa Studio anunciou em suas redes sociais os trabalhos de finalização da produção.

Lançamento
Em outubro de 2021, foi divulgado o primeiro trailer do filme. Após uma série de adiamentos por conta dos protocolos de segurança contra a pandemia de COVID-19, a data de lançamento do filme finalmente foi marcada para 3 de fevereiro de 2022 com distribuição nacional da Vitrine Filmes, a qual usa seu novo selo, Manequim Filmes.

Em março de 2022, O filme foi adiado em 9 de junho de 2022 devido a pandemia de COVID-19 pela Manequim Filmes. Foi lançado em 8 de setembro de 2022.

Ver também

 Lista de filmes de animação do Brasil

Ligações externas

Filmes do Brasil de 2022
Filmes de animação do Brasil
Filmes da Universal Pictures
Filmes da DreamWorks
Filmes em língua portuguesa

Tromba Trem: O Filme


Okrug Jarabulus () je okrug u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), okrug je imao 58.889 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Jarabulus.

Nahije
Okrug je podijeljen u nahije (broj stanovnika se odnosi na popis iz 2004.):

Izvori

Sirijski okruzi
Pokrajina Alep

Jarabulus (okrug)


La SP48 Unica est une voiture de sport du constructeur automobile italien Ferrari produite en un exemplaire unique en 2022 par le département spécial « One-Off » de la marque.

Présentation
La Ferrari SP48 Unica est présentée le .

Caractéristiques techniques

La SP48 Unica repose sur la plateforme technique de la Ferrari F8 Tributo. Elle en reprend le châssis et le moteur mais la carrosserie est entièrement nouvelle.

Design

Si la base repose sur la F8 Tributo, le design est totalement différent avec des optiques avant et des jantes spécifiques. On retrouve le design de Ferrari Roma dans la calandre et des airs de la récente 296 GTB dans la découpe des vitrages.

L'arrière s'inspire de la 812 Competizione et l'on retrouve la bande lumineuse entre les feux arrière inaugurée sur les derniers modèles de la série Icona du constructeur (Monza SP1 ou SP2, Daytona SP3). La lunette arrière est remplacée par un capot moteur en carbone couleur carrosserie.

Motorisation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des automobiles Ferrari
 Ferrari F8 Tributo

Liens externes
  Le site officiel de Ferrari

SP48 Unica
Automobile des années 2020
Coupé GT

Ferrari SP48 Unica


Cordyline australis, commonly known as the cabbage tree, is a widely branched monocot tree endemic to New Zealand.

It grows up to  tall with a stout trunk and sword-like leaves, which are clustered at the tips of the branches and can be up to  long. With its tall, straight trunk and dense, rounded heads, it is a characteristic feature of the New Zealand landscape. Its fruit is a favourite food source for the kererū and other native birds. It is common over a wide latitudinal range from the far north of the North Island at 34° 25′S to the south of the South Island at 46° 30′S. Absent from much of Fiordland, it was probably introduced by Māori to the Chatham Islands at 44° 00′S and to Stewart Island / Rakiura at 46° 50′S. It grows in a broad range of habitats, including forest margins, river banks and open places, and is abundant near swamps. The largest known tree with a single trunk is growing at Pakawau, Golden Bay / Mohua. It is estimated to be 400 or 500 years old, and stands  tall with a circumference of  at the base.

Known to Māori as , the tree was used as a source of food, particularly in the South Island, where it was cultivated in areas where other crops would not grow. It provided durable fibre for textiles, anchor ropes, fishing lines, baskets, waterproof rain capes and cloaks, and sandals. Hardy and fast growing, it is widely planted in New Zealand gardens, parks and streets, and numerous cultivars are available. The tree can also be found in large numbers in island restoration projects such as Tiritiri Matangi Island, where it was among the first seedling trees to be planted.

It is also grown as an ornamental tree in higher latitude Northern Hemisphere countries with maritime climates, including parts of the upper West Coast of the United States, Canada and the British Isles, where its common names include Torbay palm and Torquay palm.

Description

Cordyline australis grows up to  tall with a stout trunk  in diameter. Before it flowers, it has a slender unbranched stem. The first flowers typically appear at 6 to 10 years old, in spring. The right conditions can reduce the first flowering age to 3 years (Havelock North, 2015 mast year). After the first flowering, it divides to form a much-branched crown with tufts of leaves at the tips of the branches. Each branch may fork after producing a flowering stem. The pale to dark grey bark is corky, persistent and fissured, and feels spongy to the touch.

The long narrow leaves are sword-shaped, erect, dark to light green,  long and  wide at the base, with numerous parallel veins. The leaves grow in crowded clusters at the ends of the branches, and may droop slightly at the tips and bend down from the bases when old. They are thick and have an indistinct midrib. The fine nerves are more or less equal and parallel. The upper and lower leaf surfaces are similar.

In spring and early summer, sweetly perfumed flowers are produced in large, dense panicles (flower spikes)  long, bearing well-spaced to somewhat crowded, almost sessile to sessile flowers and axes. The flowers are crowded along the ultimate branches of the panicles. The bracts which protect the developing flowers often have a distinct pink tinge before the flowers open. In south Canterbury and North Otago the bracts are green.

The individual flowers are  in diameter, the tepals are free almost to the base, and reflexed. The stamens are about the same length as the tepals. The stigmas are short and trifid. The fruit is a white berry  in diameter which is greedily eaten by birds. The nectar attracts great numbers of insects to the flowers.

Large, peg-like rhizomes, covered with soft, purplish bark, up to  long in old plants, grow vertically down beneath the ground. They serve to anchor the plant and to store fructose in the form of fructan. When young, the rhizomes are mostly fleshy and are made up of thin-walled storage cells. They grow from a layer called the secondary thickening meristem.

Regional diversity

New Zealand's native Cordyline species are relics of an influx of tropical plants that arrived from the north 15 million years ago in the warm Miocene era. Because it has evolved in response to the local climate, geology and other factors, C. australis varies in appearance from place to place. This variation can alter the overall appearance of the tree, canopy shape and branch size, the relative shape and size of the leaves, and their colour and stiffness. There may also be invisible adaptations for resistance to disease or insect attack. Some of these regional provenances are different enough to have been named by North Island Māori:  in the north,  in the central uplands,  in the east and  in the west.
In Northland, C. australis shows a great deal of genetic diversity—suggesting it is where old genetic lines have endured. Some trees in the far north have floppy, narrow leaves, which botanist Philip Simpson attributes to hybridisation with C. pumilio, the dwarf cabbage tree. In eastern Northland, C. australis generally has narrow, straight dark green leaves, but some trees have much broader leaves than normal and may have hybridised with the Three Kings cabbage tree, C. obtecta, which grows at North Cape and on nearby islands. These obtecta-like characteristics appear in populations of C. australis along parts of the eastern coastline from the Karikari Peninsula to the Coromandel Peninsula. In western Northland and Auckland, a form often called  grows. When young,  are generally very spindly, and are common in young kauri forests. When growing in the open,  can become massive trees with numerous, long thin branches and relatively short, broad leaves.

In the central Volcanic Plateau, cabbage trees are tall, with stout, relatively unbranched stems and large stiff straight leaves. Fine specimens are found along the upper Whanganui River. On old trees, the leaves tend to be relatively broad. The leaves radiate strongly, suggesting that tī manu is adapted to the cold winters of the upland central plateau. It may have originated in the open country created by lava, volcanic ash, and pumice. Trees of the tī manu type are also found in northern Taranaki, the King Country and the Bay of Plenty lowlands.

Tarariki are found in the east of the North Island from East Cape to the Wairarapa. Māori valued the narrow spiky leaves as a source of particularly tough, durable fibre. Tarariki's strong leaf fibres may be an adaptation to the region's hot, dry summers. In parts of the Wairarapa, the trees are particularly spiky, with stiff leaves and partially rolled leaf-blades. The trees near East Cape, by contrast, have leaves that hang laxly on the tree. In Hawke's Bay, some trees have greener, broader leaves, and this may be because of wharanui characteristics brought in across the main divide through the Manawatū Gorge.

Wharanui grow to the west of the North Island's main divide. They have long, broad flaccid leaves, which may be an adaptation to persistent westerly winds. The wharanui type occurs in Wellington, Horowhenua and Whanganui, and extends with some modifications to the southern Taranaki coast. In Taranaki, cabbage trees generally have a compact canopy with broad straight leaves. In the South Island, wharanui is the most common form, but it is variable. The typical form grows, with little variation, from Cape Campbell to the northern Catlins, and from the eastern coast to the foothills of the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. In Marlborough's Wairau Valley, cabbage trees tend to retain their old, dead leaves, lending them an untidy appearance. The climate there is an extreme one, with hot, dry summers and cold winters.

In north-west Nelson, there are three ecotypes defined by soil and exposure. Trees growing on limestone bluffs have stiff, blue-green leaves. On the river flats, the trees are tall with narrow, lax, dark green leaves, and an uneven canopy. They resemble the cabbage trees of the North Island's East Cape. Along the coast to the far west, the trees are robust with broad, bluish leaves. The latter two forms extend down the West Coast, with the lax-leaved forms growing in moist, fertile, sheltered river valleys while the bluish-leaved forms prefer rocky slopes exposed to the full force of the salt-laden coastal winds.

 In Otago, cabbage trees gradually become less common towards the south until they come to an end in the northern Catlins. They reappear on the south coast at Waikawa, Southland, but they are not the wharanui type. Rather they are vigorous trees with broad, green leaves and broad canopies. They extend along the coast towards Fiordland, and inland to the margins of some of the glacier-fed lakes. Very vigorous when they are young, these trees seem well adapted to the very cold winters of the south.

A study of seedlings grown from seed collected in 28 areas showed a north-south change in leaf shape and dimensions. Seedling leaves get longer and narrower southwards. Seedlings often have leaves with red-brown pigmentation which disappears in older plants, and this coloration becomes increasingly common towards the south. The changes in shape—leaves getting narrower and more robust from north to south and from lowland to montane—suggest adaptations to colder weather.

Taxonomy and names

Cordyline australis was collected in 1769 by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the Endeavour during Lieutenant James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific. The type locality is Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui. It was named Dracaena australis by Georg Forster who published it as entry 151 in his Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus of 1786. It is sometimes still sold as a Dracaena, particularly for the house plant market in Northern Hemisphere countries. In 1833, Stephan Endlicher reassigned the species to the genus,Cordyline.

The genus name Cordyline derives from an Ancient Greek word for a club (kordyle), a reference to the enlarged underground stems or rhizomes, while the species name australis is Latin for "southern". The common name cabbage tree is attributed by some sources to early settlers having used the young leaves as a substitute for cabbage. However the name probably predates the settlement of New Zealand — Georg Forster, writing in his Voyage round the World of 1777 about the events of Friday, April 23, 1773, refers on page 114 to the discovery of a related species in Fiordland as "not the true cabbage palm" and says "the central shoot, when quite tender, tastes something like an almond's kernel, with a little of the flavour of cabbage." Forster may have been referring to the cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto) of Florida, which resembles the Cordyline somewhat, and was named for the cabbage-like appearance of its terminal bud.

Cordyline australis is the tallest of New Zealand's five native Cordyline species. Of these, the commonest are C. banksii, which has a slender, sweeping trunk, and C. indivisa, a handsome plant with a trunk up to  tall bearing a massive head of broad leaves up to  long. In the far north of New Zealand, C. australis can be distinguished by its larger heavily branched tree form, narrower leaves and smaller seeds from C. obtecta, the Three Kings cabbage tree, its closest relative. C. australis is rather variable, and forms from the northern offshore islands may be hybrids with C. obtecta. Hybrids with C. pumilio and C. banksii also occur often where the plants are in close vicinity, because they flower at about the same time and share the chromosome number 2n=38, with C. australis.

The tree was well known to Māori before its scientific discovery. The generic Māori language term for plants in the genus Cordyline is tī, cognate with Tongan sī and Hawaiian kī (from Proto-Austronesian *siRi, C. fruticosa or C. terminalis). Names recorded as specific to C. australis include tī kōuka, tī kāuka, tī rākau, tī awe, tī pua, and tī whanake. Each tribe had names for the tree depending on its local uses and characteristics. Simpson reports that the names highlight the characteristics of the tree that were important to Māori. These include what the plant looked like—whether it was a large tree (tī rākau, tī pua), the whiteness of its flowers (tī puatea), whether its leaves were broad (tī wharanui), twisted along the edges (tī tahanui), or spiky (tī tarariki). Other names refer to its uses—whether its fruit attracted birds (tī manu), or the leaves were particularly suitable for making ropes (tī whanake) and nets (tī kupenga). The most widely used name, tī kōuka, refers to the use of the leaf hearts as food.

Ecology

Habitat
A quote from Philip Simpson sums up the wide range of habitats the cabbage tree occupied in early New Zealand, and how much its abundance and distinctive form shaped the impression travellers received of the country:
"In primeval New Zealand cabbage trees occupied a range of habitats, anywhere open, moist, fertile and warm enough for them to establish and mature: with forest; around the rocky coast; in lowland swamps, around the lakes and along the lower rivers; and perched on isolated rocks. Approaching the land from the sea would have reminded a Polynesian traveller of home, and for a European traveller, conjured up images of the tropical Pacific".

Cordyline australis occurs from North Cape to the very south of the South Island, where it becomes less and less common, until it reaches its southernmost natural limits at Sandy Point (46° 30' S), west of Invercargill near Oreti Beach. It is absent from much of Fiordland, probably because there is no suitable habitat, and is unknown on the subantarctic islands to the south of New Zealand, probably because it is too cold. It occurs on some offshore islands—Poor Knights, Stewart and the Chathams—but was probably introduced by Māori. In the Stewart Island region, it is rare, growing only on certain islands, headlands and former settlement sites where it may have been introduced by muttonbird collectors, while on the Chatham Islands it is also largely "a notable absentee".

Generally a lowland species, it grows from sea level to about , reaching its upper limits on the volcanoes of the central North Island, where eruptions have created open spaces for it to exploit, and in the foothills of the Southern Alps in the South Island, where deforestation may have played a part in giving it room to grow. In the central North Island, it has evolved a much sturdier form (with the Māori name tī manu, meaning "with branches bearing broad, straight upright leaves"). This form resembles that found in the far south of the South Island, suggesting that they are both adapted to cold conditions.

Cordyline australis is a light-demanding pioneer species, and seedlings die when overtopped by other trees. To grow well, young plants require open space so they are not shaded out by other vegetation. Another requirement is water during the seedling stage. Although adult trees can store water and are drought resistant, seedlings need a good supply of water to survive. This stops the species from growing in sand dunes unless there are wet depressions present, and from hillsides unless there is a seepage area. The fertility of the soil is another factor—settlers in Canterbury used the presence of the species to situate their homesteads and gardens. The fallen leaves of the tree also help to raise the fertility of the soil when they break down. Another factor is temperature, especially the degree of frost. Young trees are killed by frost, and even old trees can be cut back. This is why C. australis is absent from upland areas and from very frosty inland areas.

Early European explorers of New Zealand described "jungles of cabbage trees" along the banks of streams and rivers, in huge swamps and lowland valleys. Few examples of this former abundance survive today—such areas were the first to be cleared by farmers looking for flat land and fertile soil. In modern New Zealand, cabbage trees usually grow as isolated individuals rather than as parts of a healthy ecosystem.

Reproduction

The cabbage tree's year begins in autumn among the tight spike of unopened leaves projecting from the centre of each tuft of leaves. Some of the growing tips have changed from making leaves to producing inflorescences for the coming spring, and around these, two or three buds begin to produce leaves. The inflorescence and the leaf buds pass the winter protected by the enveloping spike of unopened leaves. Months later in spring or early summer, it bears its flowers on the outside of the tree, exposed to insects and birds.

Flowering takes place over a period of four to six weeks, giving maximum exposure to pollinating insects. The flowers produce a sweet perfume which attracts large numbers of insects. The nectar produced by the flowers contains aromatic compounds, mainly esters and terpenes, which are particularly attractive to moths. Bees use the nectar to produce a light honey to feed their young and increase the size of the hive in the early summer. It takes about two months for the fruit to ripen, and by the end of summer a cabbage tree can have thousands of small fruits available for birds to eat and disperse. The strong framework of the inflorescence can easily bear the weight of heavy birds like the New Zealand pigeon, which was formerly the major disperser of the seeds.

Each fruit contains three to six shiny, black seeds which are coated in a charcoal-like substance called phytomelan. The latter may serve to protect the seeds from the digestive process in the gut of a bird. The seeds are also rich in linoleic acid as a food source for the developing embryo plant, a compound which is also important in the egg-laying cycle of birds. Because it takes about two years for a particular stem to produce an inflorescence, cabbage trees tend to flower heavily in alternative years, with a bumper flowering every three to five years. Each inflorescence bears 5,000 to 10,000 flowers, so a large inflorescence may carry about 40,000 seeds, or one million seeds for the whole tree in a good flowering year—hundreds of millions for a healthy grove of trees.

Response to fire
Cordyline australis is one of the few New Zealand forest trees that can recover from fire. It can renew its trunk from buds on the protected rhizomes under the ground. This gives the tree an advantage because it can regenerate itself quickly and the fire has eliminated competing plants. Cabbage tree leaves contain oils which make them burn readily. The same oils may also slow down the decay of fallen leaves, so that they build up a dense mat that prevents the seeds of other plants from germinating. When the leaves do break down, they form a fertile soil around the tree. Cabbage tree seed also has a store of oil, which means it remains viable for several years. When a bushfire has cleared the land of vegetation, cabbage tree seeds germinate in great numbers to make the most of the light and space opened up by the flames.

Older trees sometimes grow epicormic shoots directly from their trunks after storm or fire damage. Aerial rhizomes can also be produced from the trunk if it sustains damage or has become hollow, and grow down into the soil to regenerate the plant. Such regeneration can lead to trees of great age with multiple trunks.

Biodiversity

Many plants and animals are associated with C. australis in healthy ecosystems. The most common epiphytes are ferns, astelias and orchids. Old trees often carry large clumps of the climbing fern Asplenium, and in moist places, filmy ferns and kidney ferns cling to the branches. Astelia species and Collospermum often establish in the main fork of the tree, and one tree can host several species of native orchid. Other common epiphytes include Griselinia lucida, as well as a range of mosses, liverworts, lichens and fungi. Two fungus species which infect living tissue—Phanaerochaeta cordylines and Sphaeropsis cordylines—occur almost exclusively on C. australis.

Animals and birds associated with C. australis include lizards which forage among the flowers, including the gold-striped gecko which is well camouflaged for life among the leaves of the tree. New Zealand bellbirds like to nest under the dead leaves or among the flower stalks, and paradise shelducks commonly build their nests in the base of an old cabbage tree standing in the middle of a field. Red-crowned parakeets are often seen foraging in cabbage trees. In South Canterbury, long-tailed bats shelter during the day in the hollow branches, which would once have provided nesting holes for many birds.

The berries of C. australis are enjoyed by bellbirds, tūī, and kererū. Māori sometimes planted groves of cabbage trees () to attract kererū which could be snared when they came to eat the berries. Reminiscing in 1903 about life in New Zealand sixty or more years earlier, George Clarke describes how such a tapu grove of cabbage trees would attract huge numbers of pigeons: "About four miles from our house, there was a great preserve of wood pigeons, that was made as tapu as the native chiefs could devise. At a certain season, the pigeons came in vast flocks to feed on the white berries of the Ti tree (bracœna) [sic] and got so heavy with fat that they could hardly fly from one tree to another. No gun was allowed in the place. The Māoris, with a long slender rod and a slip noose at the end, squatted under the leaves and noiselessly slipped the noose over the necks of the stupid pigeons as they were feeding." As the native birds have vanished from much of New Zealand with the clearing of forests, it is now flocks of starlings which descend upon the fruit.

The nectar of the flowers is sought after by insects, bellbirds, tūī, and stitchbirds. The leaves and the rough bark provide excellent homes for insects such as caterpillars and moths, small beetles, fly larvae, wētā, snails and slugs. Many of these are then eaten by birds such as saddlebacks and robins. The rough bark also provides opportunities for epiphytes to cling and grow, and lizards hide amongst the dead leaves, coming out to drink the nectar and to eat the insects. Good flowering seasons occur every few years only. While it is said that they foretell dry summers, it has been observed that they tend to follow dry seasons.

Insects, including beetles, moths, wasps and flies, use the bark, leaves and flowers of the tree in various ways. Some feed or hide camouflaged in the skirt of dead leaves, a favourite dry place for wētā to hide in winter. Many of the insect companions of the tree have followed it into the domesticated surroundings of parks and home gardens. If the leaves are left to decay, the soil underneath cabbage trees becomes a black humus that supports a rich array of amphipods, earthworms and millipedes.

There are nine species of insect only found on C. australis, of which the best known is Epiphryne verriculata, the cabbage tree moth, which is perfectly adapted to hide on a dead leaf. Its caterpillars eat large holes and wedges in the leaves. The moth lays its eggs at the base of the central spike of unopened leaves. The caterpillars eat holes in the surface of the leaves and leave characteristic notches in the leaf margins. They can infest young trees but seldom damage older trees, which lack the skirt of dead leaves where the parent moths like to hide.

Threats, pests and diseases

Sudden decline

Cases of sick and dying trees of C. australis were first reported in the northern part of the North Island in 1987. The syndrome, eventually called Sudden Decline, soon reached epidemic proportions in Northland and Auckland. Affected trees usually suffer total defoliation within 2 to 12 months. The foliage turns yellow, and the oldest leaves wither and fall off. Growth of leaves ceases, and eventually all the leaves fall, leaving dead branches, often with the dried-out flowering panicles still attached. At the same time, the bark on the trunk becomes loose and detaches easily. The greatest number of dead trees (18 to 26 percent) was recorded around Auckland.

For some years, the cause of the disease was unknown, and hypotheses included tree ageing, fungi, viruses, and environmental factors such as an increase in ultra-violet light. Another hypothesis was that a genetic problem may have been induced in Northland and Auckland by the thousands of cabbage trees brought into the area from elsewhere and planted in gardens and parks. The Lands and Survey Department had a native plant nursery at Taupō in the central North Island, which was used to grow plants for use in parks, reserves and carparks. In many Northland parks, cabbage trees from the central North Island were growing and flowering within metres of natural forms. Any offspring produced might have been poorly adapted to local conditions. After nearly five years of work, scientists found the cause was a bacterium Phytoplasma australiense, which may be spread from tree to tree by a tiny sap-sucking insect, the introduced passion vine hopper.

Populations of C. australis were decimated in some parts of New Zealand because of Sudden Decline. In some areas, particularly in the north, no big trees are left. Although Sudden Decline often affects cabbage trees in farmland and open areas, trees in natural forest patches continue to do well. Trees in the southern North Island and northern South Island are generally unaffected with few dead branches and no symptoms of Sudden Decline. By 2010, there was evidence to suggest the severity of the disease was lessening.

Rural decline
The plight of Cordyline australis in the Sudden Decline epidemic drew attention to another widespread threat to the tree in rural areas throughout New Zealand. Rural Decline was the name proposed by botanists to refer to a decline in health of older trees in pasture and grazed shrubland, leading over many years to the loss of upper branches and eventual death.

Often farmers would leave a solitary cabbage tree—or even groves of trees—standing after the swamps were drained. Most of these trees will slowly die out because livestock eat the seedlings and damage the trunks and roots of adult trees. When a cabbage tree is the only shade in a field, stock will shelter underneath it, damaging the bark by rubbing against it, and compacting the soil around the tree. Cows, sheep, goats, and deer eat the nutritious tissue under the bark of cabbage trees. Once the trunk has been damaged by animals, it seldom heals and the wounds get bigger over time. Eventually the tissue in the centre of the stem rots away and a cavity forms along its entire length. The trunk becomes misshapen or completely ring-barked for a metre above the ground. Often the growth layer dies and the injuries may lead to bacterial or fungal infections that spread into the branches until the canopy too begins to die. Other factors thought to contribute to Rural Decline include wood-rotting fungi like Phanerochaete cordylines, micro-organisms which cause saprobic decay and leaf-feeding caterpillars.

Other mammals can be destructive. Possums tend not to eat the leaves of the tree, but are very fond of eating the sugar-rich flowering stalks as they emerge. They also like using the tree as a sleeping place. Rabbits can be more destructive, especially during periods of drought, when they have been seen to eat through the base until a tree falls, and then eating the fallen tree completely. Horses can also fell a tree by eating through the trunk.

Māori cultural uses

In traditional times, Māori had a rich knowledge of the cabbage tree, including spiritual, ecological and many practical aspects of its use. While much of that specialised knowledge was lost after the European settlement of New Zealand, the use of the tree as food and medicine has persisted, and the use of its fibres for weaving is becoming more common.

Food
The stems and fleshy rhizomes of C. australis are high in natural sugars and were steam-cooked in earth ovens (umu tī, a large type of hāngi) to produce kāuru, a carbohydrate-rich food used to sweeten other foods. The growing tips or leaf hearts were stripped of leaves and eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable, when they were called kōuka—the origin of the Māori name of the tree. The southern limit of kūmara (sweet potato) cultivation was at Banks Peninsula at 43°S, and south of there a culture developed around C. australis. Natural and planted groves of the cabbage tree were harvested.

Large parties trimmed the cut stems, and left them to dry for days or weeks. As well as stems, the rhizomes—extensions of the trunk below the surface of the ground shaped like enormous carrots—were also dug up to be cooked. In the early 1840s, Edward Shortland said Māori preferred rhizomes from trees growing in deep rich soil. They dug them in spring or early summer just before the flowering of the plant, when they were at their sweetest. November was the favourite month for preparing kāuru in the South Island.

After drying, the harvested stems or rhizomes were steamed for 24 hours or more in the umu tī pit. Steaming converted the carbohydrate fructan in the stems to very sweet fructose. The cooked stems or rhizomes were then flattened by beating and carried back to villages for storage. Kāuru could be stored dry until the time came to add it to fern root and other foods to improve their palatability. The sugar in the stems or rhizomes would be partially crystallised, and could be found mixed in a sugary pulp with other matter between the fibres of the root, which were easily separated by tearing them apart. Kāuru could also be dipped in water and chewed, and was said to smell and taste like molasses.

Evidence of large cooking pits (umu tī) can still be found in the hills of South Canterbury and North Otago, where large groves of cabbage trees still stand. Europeans used the plant to make alcohol, and the often fearsome brews were relished by whalers and sealers.

The kōata, the growing tip of the plant, was eaten raw as medicine. When cooked, it was called the kōuka. If the spike of unopened leaves and a few outer leaves is gripped firmly at the base and bent, it will snap off. The leaves can be removed, and what remains is like a small artichoke heart that can be steamed, roasted or boiled to make kōuka, a bitter vegetable available at any time of the year. Kōuka is delicious as a relish with fatty foods like eel, muttonbirds, or pigeons, or in modern times, pork, mutton and beef. Different trees were selected for their degree of bitterness, which should be strong for medicinal use, but less so when used as a vegetable.

Fibre
A tough fibre was extracted from the leaves of C. australis, and was valued for its strength and durability especially in seawater. The leaves are suitable for weaving in its raw state, without any need to further process the fibres. The leaves were used for making anchor ropes and fishing lines, cooking mats, baskets, sandals and leggings for protection when travelling in the South Island high country, home of the prickly speargrasses (Aciphylla) and tūmatakuru or matagouri (Discaria toumatou). Because of the water-resistant properties of the plant, the leaves were traditionally used for cooking baskets.

Morere swings provided a source of amusement for Māori children. The ropes had to be strong, so they were often made from the leaves or fibre of C. australis, which were much tougher than the fibres of New Zealand flax. The leaves were also used for rain capes, although the mountain cabbage tree C. indivisa, was preferred. The fibre made from cabbage tree leaves is stronger than that made from New Zealand flax.

Medicine
The Māori used various parts of Cordyline australis to treat injuries and illnesses, either boiled up into a drink or pounded into a paste. The kōata, the growing tip of the plant, was eaten raw as a blood tonic or cleanser. Juice from the leaves was used for cuts, cracks and sores. An infusion of the leaves was taken internally for diarrhoea and used externally for bathing cuts. The leaves were rubbed until soft and applied either directly or as an ointment to cuts, skin cracks and cracked or sore hands. The young shoot was eaten by nursing mothers and given to children for colic. The liquid from boiled shoots was taken for other stomach pains. The seeds of Cordyline australis are high in linoleic acid, one of the essential fatty acids.

Cultivation today

Cordyline australis is one of the most widely cultivated New Zealand native trees. In Northwest Europe and other cool oceanic climates, it is very popular as an ornamental tree because it looks like a palm tree. Hardy forms from the coldest areas of the southern or inland South Island tolerate Northern Hemisphere conditions best, while North Island forms are much more tender. It can also be grown successfully in Mediterranean climates. It is easily grown from fresh seed — seedlings often spontaneously appear in gardens from bird-dispersed seed — and can be grown very easily from shoot, stem and even trunk cuttings. It does well in pots and tubs.

It grows well as far north as the eastern coast of Scotland, including the village of Portgower. It is more common in Southern England and in Ireland where it is grown all over the island. Although not a palm, it is locally named Cornish palm, Manx palm or Torbay palm. The last name is due to its extensive use in Torbay, it being the official symbol of that area, used in tourist posters promoting South Devon as the English Riviera. It also grows in southern Europe, California and Japan. Even though its natural distribution ranges from 34° S to 46°S, and despite its ultimately subtropical origins, it also grows at about five degrees from the Arctic Circle in Masfjorden, Norway, latitude 61ºN, in a microclimate protected from arctic winds and moderated by the Gulf Stream.

Cultivars

In the North Island, Māori cultivated selected forms of C. australis for food. One of these, called tī para or tī tāwhiti, was grown because it suckers readily and forms multiple fleshy rhizomes. A dwarf non-flowering selection of C. australis, it has a rubbery, pulpy stem, and thick green leaves. Although it was recorded by the early naturalists, botanists only rediscovered it in the 1990s, being grown by gardeners as the cultivar Cordyline 'Thomas Kirk'. Recent and unpublished DNA work suggests it derives from C. australis of the central North Island.

Cordyline 'Ti Tawhiti' was "the subject of an intense discussion amongst the leading botanists of New Zealand at a meeting of the Royal Society ... in Wellington 100 years ago. It was saved from extinction because its dwarf form found favour with gardeners and it came to be known as Cordyline 'Kirkii' recording the interest Thomas Kirk had in the plant. Its origin as a Māori selection was forgotten until rediscovered in 1991. The name 'Tawhiti' is equivalent to 'Hawaiki' and indicates the traditional belief that the plant was introduced to Aotearoa by the ancestral canoes of Māori. However, it is more probable that the name arose from it being moved around its native land as a domesticated plant."

Numerous cultivars of C. australis are sold within New Zealand and around the world. Like other Cordyline species, C. australis can produce sports which have very attractive colouration, including pink stripes and leaves in various shades of green, yellow or red. An early cultivar was published in France and England in 1870: Cordyline australis 'Lentiginosa' was described as having tinted leaves with brownish red spots. Other early cultivars included 'Veitchii' (1871) with crimson midribs, 'Atrosanguinea' (1882) with bronze leaves infused with red, 'Atropurpurea' (1886) and 'Purpurea' (1890) with purple leaves, and a range of variegated forms: 'Doucetiana' (1878), 'Argento-striata' (1888) and 'Dalleriana' (1890). In New Zealand and overseas, hybrids with other Cordyline species feature prominently in the range of cultivars available. New Plymouth plant breeders Duncan and Davies included hybrids of C. australis and C. banksii in their 1925 catalogue, and have produced many new cultivars since. In New Zealand, some of the coloured forms and hybrids seem to be more susceptible to attacks from the cabbage tree moth.

Immature forms have become a popular annual house or ornamental plant under the name 'Spikes', or Dracaena 'Spikes'.
 To add to the confusion, these may be misidentified as Cordyline indivisa (syn. Dracaena indivisa).

C. australis is hardy to USDA zones 8–11.

AGM cultivars
In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

C. australis
'Albertii'
'Sundance'
'Torbay Dazzler',
'Torbay Red' (confirmed 2017)

See also
 Barry L. Frankhauser, an archaeologist and anthropologist, whose Ph.D. thesis (published 1986) was a study of historical uses of the cabbage tree

Notes

Bibliography

Scheele, S. (2007). The 2006 Banks Memorial Lecture: Cultural uses of New Zealand native plants. New Zealand Garden Journal 1:10–16. Retrieved 2010-04-04.

Further reading

Arkins, A. (2003). The Cabbage Tree. Auckland. Reed Publishing.
Harris, W. (2001). Horticultural and conservation significance of the genetic variation of cabbage trees (Cordyline spp.). In: Oates, M. R. ed. New Zealand plants and their story: proceedings of a conference held in Wellington 1–3 October 1999. Lincoln, Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture. pp. 87–91.
Harris, W. (2002). The cabbage tree. Journal of the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture, 5, 3–9.
Harris, W. (2003). Genotypic variation of height growth and trunk diameter of Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) grown at three locations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 41, 637–652.
Harris, W. (2004). Genotypic variation of dead leaf retention by Cordyline australis (Lomandraceae) populations and influence on trunk surface. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 42, 833–844.

australis
Trees of New Zealand
Ornamental trees
Trees of mild maritime climate
Root vegetables
Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher
Plants described in 1786
Endemic flora of New Zealand

Cordyline australis


أحمد سلامة (10 مايو 1960 -)، ممثل مصري.

عن حياته

حصل على شهادة البكالوريوس في الفنون المسرحية، ولقد بدأ حياته الفنية وهو صغير في بداية عقد السبعينيات ثم ظهر بدور بارز في عام 1977 في السينما في فيلم إسكندرية... ليه؟ وكذلك في الإذاعة، وعمل في العديد من المسلسلات التلفازية ومنها: لن أعيش في جلباب أبي، وفي السينما تنوعت أدواره من الولد الشقي العربيد إلى الأستاذ الجامعي، ومن أصدقائه المقربين الفنانين الٓراحلين عبد الله محمود ووائل نور.لقد زار فلسطين وسكنها ثلاث سنين

أعماله

المسلسلات

من الأفلام

سهرة تليفزيونية

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
مواليد 1379 هـ
مواليد 1960
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون
ممثلو مسرح مصريون

أحمد سلامة


Sproget er det hus vi bor i er en eksperimentalfilm fra 2002 instrueret af Jesper Fabricius efter manuskript af Jesper Fabricius.

Handling
Billedkunstneren og filmskaberen Jesper Fabricius er ophavsmand til en række filmeksperimenter, hvor han går til mediets fysiske materiale med en mekanisk og næsten videnskabeligt undersøgende attitude. Snarere end den klassiske fortælling interesserer han sig for selve celluloiden. Og for den magi, der ligger gemt i de levende billeders illusionsnummer. Det gælder også »Sproget er det hus vi bor i«, som primært udgøres af en række optagelser af byggepladser og islandske landskaber - set igennem diverse farvefiltre og tilsat tidsmanipulerende effekter. Såvel byggepladser som landskaber fremstår i øjeblikket som statiske. Men begge er - set over en længere periode - under stadig transformation.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2002

Sproget er det hus vi bor i


Sophie Boegner, née en 1952, est une membre de la famille Wendel, qui est à l'origine de l'affaire Wendel qui a conduit à la condamnation au pénal en 2022  de quatorze anciens cadres et dirigeants de Wendel, dont Jean-Bernard Lafonta et Ernest-Antoine Seillière.

Famille
Elle est la fille de Jean-Marc Boegner, conseiller du général de Gaulle, ambassadeur de France, et de Odilie de Moustier, l'une des héritières de la fortune familiale des Wendel. Elle est la petite-fille du pasteur Marc Boegner, président de la Fédération protestante de France, membre de l'Académie française. Elle est la belle-sœur du sénateur et président du conseil régional de Bretagne Josselin de Rohan-Chabot. Elle est la cousine de Françoise de Panafieu.

Par sa mère, elle est aussi en parenté avec Ernest-Antoine Seillière, président jusqu'en 2008 de la holding familiale Société lorraine de participations sidérurgiques (SLPS) devenue Wendel-Participations (WP) et président jusqu'en 2013 de Wendel Investissement devenu Wendel. Elle est aussi en parenté avec Priscilla de Moustier (née Celier), présidente depuis 2018 du conseil d'administration de la holding Wendel Participations et membre du conseil d'administration de Wendel.

Elle est mariée avec Pierre Levine, qui a dirigé un groupe de sociétés saoudiennes et a été chargé de cours en droit fiscal international à l'université Paris V. Ils ont deux fils.

Études
Diplômée de l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1974), Sophie Boegner se spécialise dans l'aménagement du territoire et l'urbanisme. Licence d'urbanisme (université Paris-VIII, 1977, devenu Institut d'urbanisme de Paris) et diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées (DESS) « Collectivités locales, équipements, travaux publics » (université Paris-I, 1983).

Carrière
Sophie Boegner intègre le ministère de l'Equipement, direction de l'aménagement foncier et de l'urbanisme (DAFU, 1974-1979) et, en qualité de commissaire du Gouvernement, participe à l'élaboration de la loi dite Galley portant réforme de la politique foncière du 31 décembre 1975 et de la loi portant réforme de l'urbanisme du 31 décembre 1976. Puis elle rejoint l'agence d'urbanisme du Mantois (1979 à 1983). Simultanément, elle conduit une opération programmée d'amélioration de l'habitat (OPAH) à Chanteloup les Vignes.

Après avoir été (1983-1990) directrice du cabinet du maire du XVème arrondissement, René Galy Dejean, député de la 13ème circonscription de Paris, elle est nommée (1990-2001) directrice générale de la société d'économie mixte d'équipement et d'aménagement du 15e arrondissement (SEMEA XV), devenue SEMPARISEINE.

Elle est ensuite nommée (2002-2004) directrice de la fédération nationale des conseils d' architecture, d'urbanisme et d'environnement (FNCAUE).

Puis elle rejoint le ministère de la Défense, direction des patrimoines, de la mémoire et des archives (DPMA) comme directrice de projets (2004 à 2013), où elle traite de la modernisation du parc des logements ainsi que de projets immobiliers tels que le transfert de l'Ecole nationale supérieure de techniques avancées (ENSTA) à Palaiseau, la rénovation du Centre national des sports de la défense (CNSD), le regroupement des États-Majors et services centraux du ministère sur l'Hexagone Balard.

Rôle dans l'affaire Wendel
En mars 2006, elle devient l'un des 18 membres du conseil d'administration de la Société lorraine de participations sidérurgiques (SLPS, devenu Wendel-Participations), une holding familiale qui contrôle Wendel. En 2008, elle dénonce une opération qu'elle considère comme une malversation de son cousin Ernest-Antoine Seillière et de Jean-Bernard Lafonta, qui a permis à ces derniers accompagnés de quelques cadres de l'entreprise de s'approprier pour 315 millions d'euros d'actions du groupe, soit 4,5% du capital, qu'ils avaient acheté 4,5 fois moins cher. Elle les attaque en justice pour  et prend comme avocat Patrick Maisonneuve.

Écœuré par cette attitude, Ernest-Antoine Seillière demande à Sophie Boegner de démissionner du conseil de SLPS. Devant son refus, il fait révoquer son mandat d'administrateur par une Assemblée générale du , avec une majorité de 82% des voix exprimées.

Malgré les efforts de Sophie Boegner, Ernest-Antoine Seillière obtient un non-lieu du juge Renaud Van Ruymbeke du pôle financier du TGI de Paris le 4 août 2011. Non-lieu confirmé en appel en 2012 et en cassation en 2014.

En parallèle, Sophie Boegner sollicite en octobre 2010 l'appui de la député PS Aurélie Filippetti puis de Jérôme Cahuzac, qui est alors président de la commission des finances de l'Assemblée nationale. Celui-ci presse l'Etat de porter plainte pour fraude fiscale contre les dirigeants de Wendel.
En décembre 2010, le fisc notifie un redressement, qui porte sur une fraude de 240 millions d'euros, à l'égard des mêmes cadres supérieurs qui n'ont pas déclaré leurs plus-values, qu'ils avaient dissimulées par des montages astucieux. La procédure judiciaire qui s'ensuit à partir de 2012 aboutit à des condamnations importantes de Jean-Bernard Lafonta et de Ernest-Antoine Seillière en avril 2022.

Mandats
 The University of Chicago Center in Paris : membre du visiting committee (2000-2013)
 Wendel-Participations : administrateur (2006-2008)
 Proxinvest : membre du comité d'orientation (2011-2013)
 Foyer des Israélites Réfugiés (FIR) : administrateur (2010-2013)

Décorations

  (2002).

Publications
 Documents d'urbanisme et permis de construire après le transfert de compétences, éditions du Moniteur ( édition 1985 -  édition 1988).

Notes et références

Famille de Wendel
Naissance en 1952
Élève du lycée Victor-Duruy
Étudiant de l'université Paris-VIII
Étudiant de l'université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne

Sophie Boegner


Green Lantern: The Animated Series ist eine US-amerikanische CGI-Fernsehserie, welche auf den Superhelden Green Lantern basiert.

Handlung
Der Fokus der Handlung liegt auf Hal Jordan, dem Green Lantern von Sektor 2814 sowie Kilowog, einem weiteren Green Lantern, die gemeinsam gegen die von Atrocitus angeführten Red Lanterns und die Manhunters kämpfen. Atrocitus versucht dabei Rache an den Wächtern des Universums für die Zerstörung seiner Heimatwelt zu nehmen.

Produktion
Nachdem Phil Kent, Vorsitzender und CEO von Time Warner's Turner Networks, bekannt gab, dass es eine Green Lantern: The Animated Series geben wird, wurden die ersten Berichte, Testaufnahmen und Charakterstudien von Bruce Timm während der 2010 New York Comic Con vorgestellt. Zu der Zeit waren bereits 13 Episoden fertiggestellt, fünf weitere in Planung und insgesamt 26 Episoden einer kompletten ersten Staffel bestellt. Die Serie selbst stellt nicht den Anspruch, eine Nacherzählung der Comics zu sein, sondern eine eigene Geschichte zu erzählen.
In der deutschen Synchronisation wurde Aya im Gegensatz zum Original mit einer technisch verfremdeten Stimme ausgestattet, damit sie sich wie eine Computerstimme anhört.

Ausstrahlung
Die Pilotfolge wurde vorab im November 2011 bei Cartoon Network im Programmblock DC Nation gezeigt. Vom 17. März bis zum 26. Mai 2012 wurden elf weitere Episoden gezeigt. Ab dem 29. September 2012 sollten ursprünglich die weiteren Episoden gezeigt werden, jedoch wurde die Ausstrahlung am 6. Oktober 2012 nach zwei Episoden vorzeitig beendet und erst am 5. Januar 2013 mit der 16. Episode fortgesetzt. Die letzte Episode lief am 16. März 2013.

In Deutschland strahlt Kabel eins die Serie seit dem 6. Januar 2013 ab ca. 06:49 Uhr aus. Seit Dezember 2013 zeigt ProSieben Maxx eine Wiederholung der Serie.

Episodenliste
Staffel 1

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie (Vereinigte Staaten)
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Zeichentrickserie
Actionfernsehserie
DC-Comics-Verfilmung

Green Lantern: The Animated Series


Antalya Kemer ilçesi yakınlarında bulunmaktadır.

Tekirova sahillerinde ve isimleri Martı, Mağara, Piknik ve Küçük Ada olan dört ada vardır. Küçük Ada, Piknik Adası'nın arkasında kaldığı için sahilden görünmez. Üç Adalar, Antalya'nın batısında yer alıp, dünya kriterlerine uygun nadir dalış merkezlerinden birisidir. Bu dalış merkezi su altının zenginliklerini keşfetmek isteyen insanların uğrak yeri olmuştur. Tekirova'nın tatil köylerinde ve otellerinde amatör dalgıçlar için eğitim veren dalış merkezleri bulunmaktadır. Dalış bölgelerine en fazla 30 dakikalık bir tekne yolculuğu ile varılır.

Üç Adalar, 9 adet resifin ve 2 adet su altı mağarasının bulunduğu oldukça geniş bir dalış bölgesidir. Su altındaki resiflerin yüzeyleri çeşitli deniz bitkileri ile kaplı kayalardan oluşur. Bu duvarların yüzeylerinde çeşitli büyüklüklerde kovuklar bulunur. En büyük resiflerden birisi, adını dik iki kayanın tıpkı bir kanyon gibi geçit vermesinden alan Kanyon resifidir. Resif, Piknik Adası'nın kuzey doğusunda yer alır ve en sığ noktası 7 metredir.

Görülebilen bazı canlılar;
 Papaz balığı
 Orfoz
 Akya
 Trompet balığı
 Akdeniz Müreni (ufak ve normal boylarda)
 Barakuda (yalniz halde)
 Trakunya
 Ahtapot (gece dalışında)
 Deniz Tavşanı (gece dalışında)
 Kalamar (sürü halinde)
 Akdeniz foku (çok seyrek)

Antalya iline bağlı adalar

Üç Adalar


Henry Francis Fynn (29 de marzo de 1803, Grosvenor Square de Londres, Inglaterra - 20 de septiembre de 1861, Durban, Natal, Sudáfrica) fue un viajero y comerciante inglés.

Su diario abarca el período que va desde 1824 hasta 1836, y es la historia del primer colono blanco en Natal y el primer relato de la vida en esa zona africana. Es además la mejor crónica contemporánea de los hechos de Shaka, de la nación zulú en su tiempo y del reino fundado por él.

Referencias
James Stuart y D. McK. Malcom: The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn. Shuter & Shooter. Malcolm (eds.) Pietermaritzburg. 1950.

Dan Wylie: "Proprietor of Natal". Henry Francis Fynn and the Mythography of Shaka History in Africa, Vol 22, 1995 (1995), pp. 409–437

Julie Pridmore: "Diaries and Despatches: The life and writing of Henry Francis Fynn (1803–1861) and Henry Francis Fynn Junior (1846–1915) 'Kleio. A journal of historical studies from Africa 36/2004.

Enlaces externos
A rough genealogy of Henry Francis Fynn (Aproximación a la genealogía de Henry Francis Fynn). En inglés.

 Sobre Henry Francis Fynn. En inglés.

 Sobre Henry Francis Fynn. En inglés.

Historia de Sudáfrica
Historia de KwaZulu-Natal
Nacidos en Londres

Henry Francis Fynn


Carol Everett ist eine US-amerikanische Aktivistin für den Schutz des ungeborenen menschlichen Lebens und setzt sich für ein Verbot der Abtreibung ein. Sie hat mehrere Bücher verfasst und tritt häufig als Rednerin auf. Da sie jahrelang Besitzerin von mehreren Abtreibungskliniken war, ist ihr Zeugnis besonders dramatisch.

Erfahrungen mit der Abtreibung
Carol Everett war verheiratet und zweifache Mutter, als sie sich 1973 für eine Abtreibung entschied. Bald darauf ließ sie sich scheiden und fand Arbeit im Vertreib medizinischer Produkte. Trotz einer anfänglichen Abneigung gegenüber der Abtreibung wechselte sie nun in eine Abtreibungsklinik im Bundesstaat Texas als Mitarbeiterin; sie stieg zur Verantwortungsträgerin auf. Im Jahr 1983 wurde sie überzeugter Christ und wandte sich von der Arbeit in den Abtreibungskliniken ab. Inzwischen hatte sie selbst drei Kinder abgetrieben und viele persönliche Krisen durchlaufen. Sie widmet sich seither dem politischen Einsatz gegen die legale Fristenregelung.

Leiterin von Abtreibungskliniken
Nach eigenen Angaben hat Everett sich für die Abtreibungskliniken als Geldanlage entschieden. In den sechs Jahren ihrer Tätigkeit verstand sie sich vor allem als Verkäuferin, die ihre Profite maximieren wollte und darauf zielte, bald Millionärin zu werden. Insgesamt habe sie in vier Kliniken 35.000 Abtreibungen vermittelt, dabei ist eine Frau an den Folgen der Abtreibung gestorben, viele nichtschwangere Frauen wurden operiert, und – so die Überzeugung Everetts – vielen Frauen wurde Schaden zugefügt, nicht geholfen.

In mehreren Büchern und Videos, aber auch vor legislativen Gremien gibt sie Augenzeugenberichte über den Alltag in einer Abtreibungsklinik, die Verkaufsstrategien der dort wirkenden Telefonistinnen und Telefonisten, das berufliche Verhalten der Ärzte und die Begegnungen mit hilfesuchenden Frauen und Mädchen. 1995 gründete sie die The Heidi Group, um schwangere Frauen davon zu überzeugen, ihr Kind auszutragen.

Bücher
 (mit Valerie Riches): Die Drahtzieher hinter der Sexualerziehung: Sexualerziehung und Manipulation der Gesellschaft. Wie die Abtreibungsindustrie in die Schulen eindringt. Abtsteinach, Aktion Leben, 3. Auflage 2000.
 (mit Jack Shaw): The Scarlet Lady: Confessions of a Successful Abortionist, ISBN 1561210730.

Video
 An Inside View of the Abortion Industry. Boston, Daughters of St. Paul, 1990.
 Blood Money – Getting Rich off a Woman's Right to Choose. Nashville, Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1993.

Weblinks
 The Heidi Group, die von Everett betriebene Informationsseite über die Gefahr der Abtreibung

Einzelnachweise

Lebensrechtsaktivist
US-Amerikaner
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Frau

Carol Everett