Almondsbury () is a large village near junction 16 of the M5 motorway, in South Gloucestershire, England, and a civil parish which also includes the villages of Hortham, Gaunt's Earthcott, Over, Easter Compton, Compton Greenfield, Hallen and Berwick.

Governance
Almondsbury is in the South Gloucestershire unitary authority area. The electoral ward of Almondsbury covers the same area as the civil parish, stretching from Gaunt's Earthcott east of the M5 motorway south-west to Hallen on the boundary with Bristol.

Jack Lopresti is the Member of Parliament for the village.

Description

The village is split by a steep hill, part of the escarpment overlooking the Severn floodplain. At the bottom of the hill is Lower Almondsbury where a pub and hotel, The Bowl Inn, is situated. South Wales, the Forest of Dean, the River Severn and both Severn Bridges are visible from the higher parts of the village. The other part of the village consists mainly of ribbon development along the A38, which has more of an urban characteristic.

The place-name 'Almondsbury' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Almodesberie. The name means 'Æthelmod's or Ealhmund's burgh or fortified place'.

The pub takes its name from the bowl shape of the land surrounding the estuary. Parts of this whitewashed-stone inn were originally the three cottages erected in 1146 to house the monks building the adjacent church of St Mary the Virgin. The present building became a licensed inn in 1550.

Also at the bottom of the hill is the local church, dedicated to Saint Mary the Virgin.

The church and tower were built in 1140 AD. The lead-covered spire was added some time before 1619.

In 1817, a woman purporting to be Princess Caraboo was found in the town, in what was to become one of the more elaborate deceptions of the period.

The village is located next to the Almondsbury Interchange motorway junction, where the M4 and M5 cross.

Amenities
Another pub, The Swan Inn, is located on the A38, in the upper part of the village, almost opposite an open space known as Almondsbury Tump.

In March 2009 a community shop was opened in the village by the not-for-profit Almondsbury Community Services Association, situated opposite the Old School Hall at 14 Church Road. The community shop is staffed entirely by unpaid volunteers. The aim of the project goes beyond a village shop, being a service for the village, to support local suppliers wherever possible, and to be another focal point where people in the village can meet. A proportion of the surplus generated by the shop is returned to community projects and organisations in the village. In 2018, the village community purchased the premises from the church through a Community Share issue. The chairman of the shop committee is John Mclevy.

The village also has an ambulance station, a motorway police station, a garden centre, and a restaurant/pub. A helicopter base is present next to the Almondsbury Interchange as a new home for National Police Air Service Filton and the Great Western Air Ambulance.

Sport and leisure

Almondsbury is home to non-League football club Almondsbury F.C. who play at Almondsbury Sports & Social Complex on Gloucester Road. Almondbury Cricket Club and Almondsbury Tennis club are also based at the same site.

Gloucestershire FA are also based in Almondsbury at Oakland Park. North Bristol RFC play next door.

Almondsbury is home to St Nick's Gaelic Athletic Association club.

Education
Education is provided by Almondsbury Church of England Primary School. This is a state maintained school. The most recent Ofsted report has been rated outstanding. For secondary education, Almondsbury is served by Patchway Community School.

Notable residents

 Cattelena (died 1625), an African woman, kept a small dairy business in Almondsbury during the early 17th century.
 Alex Kapranos (born 1972), the lead singer of Franz Ferdinand.
 Reginald Crompton (1870–1945), stage and silent film actor.
 Sir Miles Partridge (1488-1551), Courtier to King Henry VIII, Head of Court entertainment which included gambling evenings, infamous for winning a bet with Henry VIII, a gift of St. Paul's Jesus Bells. He removed and broke them as a defiant gesture and publicity stunt for the reformation. (Cite: Sir Miles Partridge of Bristol and Almondsbury, a Royal Servant, by N.A. Deas 2000, MS, Bristol Libraries).

Civil parish
The civil parish of Almondsbury is much larger than the village.  It includes the villages of Hortham, Gaunt's Earthcott, Over, Easter Compton, Compton Greenfield, Catbrain and Hallen.  It also includes Cribbs Causeway and the site of the village of Charlton, now the western end of Filton Airfield.

When it was originally created in 1866 the civil parish also included Patchway, but not Easter Compton, Compton Greenfield, Hallen, Cribbs Causeway or Charlton, all of which were transferred from the parish of Henbury in 1935.  The parish of Patchway was separated from Almondsbury in 1953.

Notes and references

External links

Almondsbury Parish Council website

Villages in South Gloucestershire District
Civil parishes in Gloucestershire

Almondsbury


Hrid je nenaseljeni otočić koji zatvara malu uvalu uz zapadnu obalu otoka Molata. Od obale Molata je udaljen oko 50 metara.

Površina otoka je 2.662 m2.

Izvori

Sjevernodalmatinski otoci

Hrid (Molat)


La noche de la iguana es una obra de teatro escrita por el escritor estadounidense Tennessee Williams, basado en su cuento corto de 1948. La obra se estrenó en Broadway en 1961. Existen dos adaptaciones cinematográficas, incluyendo la película del mismo título ganadora del Oscar de 1964.

Argumento
En 1940 en México, un exministro, el reverendo T. Lawrence Shannon ha sido encerrado en su iglesia después de caricaturizar la imagen de Dios como un "delincuente senil" durante uno de sus sermones. Algún tiempo después de su liberación, Shannon consigue un empleo como guía turístico de una agencia de viajes de segunda clase. Poco antes del inicio de la obra, Shannon es acusado de un delito de estupro contra una chica de dieciséis años de edad, llamada Charlotte Goodall, que está acompañando a su actual grupo de turistas.

Cuando se levanta el telón, Shannon llega con un grupo de mujeres en un hotel barato en la costa de México, que había sido gestionado por sus amigos, Fred y Maxine Faulk. El primero había fallecido recientemente, y Maxine Faulk asumió en solitario la gestión del establecimiento.

Shannon intenta hacer frente a sus conflictos emocionales, atrapado entre el grupo de turistas, que se ha vuelto en su contra por haber mantenido relaciones sexuales con la menor, y Maxine, que está interesada en él por razones puramente carnales.

Sumado a esta situación caótica, Hannah Jelka, una mujer soltera, aparece con su abuelo moribundo, Nonno, que a pesar de su estado, aspira a componer su último poema. Jelka, pintora y dibujante, queda pronto a merced de Maxine. Shannon, que ejerce una influencia considerable sobre Maxine, ofrece refugio a Hannah Jelka por la noche. El eje principal de la obra se centra en el vínculo profundamente humano que nace entre Hannah Jelka y Shannon Lawrence.

Al igual que la iguana, capturada y atada a un poste por los mexicanos en la obra, Hannah y ellos han llegado al final de su cuerda.

Representaciones

En inglés
La obra se estrenó en el Teatro Royale de Broadway el 28 de diciembre de 1961, y se mantuvo durante para 316 representaciones. Fue interpretada por Patrick O'Neal como el Rev. Shannon, Bette Davis como Maxine y Margaret Leighton como Hannah. Davis salió de la producción después de cuatro meses y fue sustituida por Shelley Winters.

Volvió a representarse en Broadway en 1976 en el Circle in the Square Theatre. El espectáculo fue dirigido por Joseph Hardy, con vestuario de Noel Taylor, e interpretación de Richard Chamberlain (Rev. Shannon), Gary Tacon (Pedro), William Paulson (Pancho), Jennifer Savidge (Hilda), John Rose (Sr. Fahrenkopf), Laurenson Amelia (Frau Fahrenkopf), Matthew Bennett (Hank), Barbara Caruso (Fellows Judith), Allison Argo (Charlotte Goodall), William Roerick (Nonno), Benjamin Stewart (Jake Latta), Dorothy McGuire (Hannah), y Sylvia Miles (Maxine).

De nuevo se puso en escena en Broadway en 1988 con Nicolas Surovy como el Rev. Shannon, Maria Tucci como Maxine y Jane Alexander como Hannah y en 1996,  dirigida por Robert Falls y con William Petersen como el Rev. Shannon, Marsha Mason como Maxine y Cherry Jones como Hannah.

En español
En España se estrenó el 28 de febrero de 1964 en el Teatro Cómico de Madrid, con dirección de Alberto González Vergel e interpretación de Andrés Mejuto, Lina Rosales, María Luisa Ponte, Antonio Martelo, Charo Baeza y Enrique Navarro.

En 2009 se montó en una nueva versión teatral due dirigida por María Ruiz y protagonizada por Ana Marzoa, Pilar Velázquez, Tomás Gayo, Sara Casasnovas, Geli Albaladejo y Juan Antonio Quintana.

En otros idiomas
EL estreno en Alemania, con el título de Die Nacht des Leguan, se realizó simultáneamente en Colonia y Hamburgo en octubre de 1962. En el primer caso en el Schauspiel Köln, con dirección de Charles Régnier e interpretación de Grete Mosheim, Wolfgang Kieling y Gisela Holzinger. En el segundo escenario en el Teatro Thalia de Hamburgo, dirigida por Willy Maertens e interpretada por Heinz Bennent, Gisela Mattishent e Inge Meysel.

En Francia, con el título de La Nuit de l'iguane se representó en el Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord, de París en 1977. La adaptación corrió a cargo de Sophie Becker y la interpretación de Catherine Sauvage, Pierre Vaneck, Michèle Simonnet, Anne-Marie Philipe y Natasha Parry.

Referencias
 Sueño y tragedia en el teatro norteamericano. Isaac E. Chocrón, 1984

Obras de teatro de Tennessee Williams
Obras de teatro de 1961
Obras de teatro ambientadas en Estados Unidos

La noche de la iguana (obra de teatro)


Sorkikápolna é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 205 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Sorkikápolna


Ángel Galíndez Celayeta (Abadiano, 4 de noviembre de 1918 - Algorta, 8 de agosto de 2003) fue un ingeniero agrónomo que empezó su carrera profesional en Iberduero con la construcción de los saltos del Duero. Tuvo un papel determinante en la solución de los problemas del suministro de agua a Bilbao y su comarca y en la constitución de su Consorcio de Aguas. En 1967 fue nombrado miembro del Consejo de Administración del Banco de Vizcaya (BV) y en 1975 Presidente de la entidad, cargo que ocupó hasta 1987.

Biografía
Ángel Galíndez nació en Abadiano, Vizcaya. Su madre, M.ª Soledad Celayeta y Bengoechea, era natural de dicha localidad, cuyos apellidos en vascuence dan nombre a Zeletabe, la casa donde nació Ángel (Zelaieta eta Bengoetxea). Construida en 1913, Zeletabe es patrimonio de Abadiano y mediateca, conocida popularmente como Palacio Galíndez. Su padre, D. Pablo Galíndez Eguillor, era natural de Bilbao.

Ángel Galíndez estudió el bachillerato en la ciudad natal de su padre, en el Colegio Nuestra Señora de Begoña de los P. P. Jesuitas. En 1935 se trasladó a Madrid para preparar el ingreso en la Escuela de Ingenieros Agrónomos. Después de finalizada la Guerra Civil regresó a la capital de España donde terminó sus estudios con excelencia el año 1945.

Iberduero
Ingresó en Iberduero en 1946, en el Departamento de Estudios y Proyectos que dirigía D. Pedro Martínez Artola.

Su primer cometido consistió en el proyecto de la central térmica de Burceña, en la ría del Nervión, cargo que aceptó aconsejado por su compañero (y después cuñado) Luis Mª de Ybarra, entonces consejero de Iberduero y del BV. Sin embargo, a los pocos meses le encargaron, para cubrir la baja de un ingeniero de caminos, el estudio general del aprovechamiento hidráulico de la presa de Villalcampo, en el río Duero. La central de Villalcampo fue la primera de una serie de grandes presas en las que intervino directamente como proyectista, y como responsable máximo de la ejecución de la obra civil.

Galíndez perteneció a la tercera generación de constructores de grandes presas del río Duero, uno de los cauces hidráulicos más comprometidos de la geografía española.

Desde 1946 y hasta 1970, año en el que la central de Villarino se conecta a la red eléctrica, Galíndez participó en la construcción de la central citada de Villalcampo (Zamora), seguidamente la de Castro (Cantabria) y a continuación Saucelle (Salamanca). Paralelamente a esta última, coordinó la gran presa y central de Aldeadávila, una auténtica aventura humana en la vanguardia de la técnica de su tiempo.

A mediados de la década de los sesenta del siglo XX se puso en marcha la construcción de la central de bombeo de Villarino (Salamanca) con su magna presa-bóveda de doscientos metros de altura, Almendra, en el río Tormes, afluente del Duero. La presa y aprovechamiento de bombeo del Tormes fue dirigida por Galíndez, como máximo responsable de la división de Estudios, Proyectos y Construcción de Iberduero. En reconocimiento a su trayectoria como proyectista en semejantes obras y como Director de las dos últimas, fue nombrado miembro del Comité Nacional de Grandes Presas.

Consorcio de Aguas de Bilbao
En los inicios de los años sesenta fue llamado al Ayuntamiento de Bilbao por el entonces Alcalde, D. Lorenzo Hurtado de Saracho para solucionar los graves problemas del abastecimiento de aguas a la Villa. Su aportación a las soluciones técnicas implantadas en esa década, y a la constitución del Consorcio de Aguas de Bilbao fueron determinantes. El Consorcio se desarrolló a partir de entonces convirtiéndose en una institución modélica en su género, bajo la dirección de D. José Miguel Eizaguirre. Entre 1960 y 1967 también fue miembro de la Diputación de Vizcaya en representación de los intereses del Ayuntamiento siempre en relación con la gestión de la traída de aguas.

Banco de Vizcaya
Fue nombrado miembro del Consejo de Administración del BV en 1967. Al año siguiente fue designado miembro de su Comisión Delegada Permanente

Ángel Galíndez compaginó su posición en el Consejo del Banco con la Secretaría General Técnica de Iberduero, responsabilidad que ejerció desde poco después de sufrir un gravísimo infarto de miocardio.

Formó parte de los Consejos de Administración de Finsa, Altos Hornos de Vizcaya y de la sociedad titular de la Autopista Vasco-Aragonesa, en todos ellos en representación del BV, y en el Consejo de Administración de Cementos Hontoria en representación de Iberduero.

En 1975 accedió a la Presidencia del Consejo de Administración del BV, en la que sucedió a D. Pedro Careaga, Conde de Cadagua. En 1987 traspasa el mando del BV a D. Pedro Toledo.

Durante su mandato, el BV pasó de tener un valor en bolsa de 26.000 millones de pesetas en diciembre de 1977 a 366.000 millones de pesetas al final de 1987. El beneficio por acción del banco creció entre 1977 y 1986 a una tasa media anual del 21,4%, contra una media de la banca española del 14,5%. El BV se fusionó con el Banco de Bilbao (BB) para formar el BBV en 1989, en una fusión paritaria.

Sus 12 años de presidencia se caracterizaron por la modernización y profesionalización de la gestión del banco, hasta entonces regida por descendientes de sus fundadores, así como por el desarrollo técnico y gerencial de sus ejecutivos, a los que encargó la absorción e integración de numerosos bancos en crisis. La integración más significativa fue la de Banca Catalana en 1984. El BV formó durante ese periodo a una de las generaciones más brillantes de profesionales, que aún, en 2011, ocupaban posiciones muy destacadas en la banca española.

En la primera Junta de Accionistas tras su despedida, el entonces Presidente del Banco, D. Pedro Toledo, le dedicó las siguientes palabras:

Tras la inesperada muerte de Toledo, en diciembre de 1989, se produjo un enfrentamiento en el Consejo de Administración del BBV entre los consejeros provenientes de los dos bancos fusionados. Las partes discrepaban sobre el nombramiento de un copresidente proveniente del Vizcaya para sustituir al fallecido copresidente. Tras varias semanas sin alcanzar una solución, un laudo ministerial resolvió la crisis tras el cual Galíndez dejó el Consejo de Administración del BBV. Mantuvo, no obstante, la representación del banco en el Consejo de Administración de Hidroeléctrica Española, desde donde facilitó la integración de esa compañía con Iberduero en 1991, que daría lugar a Iberdrola, el primer grupo eléctrico español.

Vida personal
Ángel Galíndez contrajo matrimonio con Mª Victoria Zubiría, con quien tuvo 9 hijos, que a su vez les han dado 33 nietos y 30 bisnietos. Sus alegados y conocidos destacaron siempre la personalidad austera e íntegra de Galíndez, así como su importante fuerza de voluntad. Además de la consideración estas virtudes, diversos sectores empresariales lo tomaron como uno de los referentes de la economía vasca.

Galíndez profesó la fe católica. De estudiante en Madrid conoció a Monseñor Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer, fundador del Opus Dei, en una residencia de la Calle Ferraz (1935). Entabló amistad con él, con quien además convivió los años 1935, 1936 y parte del curso académico 1939-40, amén de residir siete años en centros universitarios creados por Escrivá. Sin embargo, Galíndez jamás formó parte de su prelatura. A su muerte, en 1975, Galíndez dedicó a Escrivá una afectuosa carta en El Correo Español - El Pueblo Vasco (13 de julio), donde declara los datos aquí expuestos y que queda recogida en el libro de testimonios Así le Vieron.

Condecoraciones
Galíndez posee la Encomienda de número de la Orden de Isabel la Católica, la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil y la Encomienda de la Orden de Don Enrique de Portugal. Fue nombrado Ilustre de Vizcaya el año 1996.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Obituario ABC agosto de 2003.
 Las ingenierías de Ángel Galíndez - José Manuel Morán.

Agrónomos de España del siglo XX
Ingenieros de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en Abadiano

Ángel Galíndez Celayeta


Die Kolonie Kirdorf – auch Kirdorf-Siedlung und Siedlung Gitschiner Straße genannt – ist eine Bergbausiedlung im Dortmunder Stadtteil Eving. Sie wurde von der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG (GBAG) 1912–13 im Stil einer Gartenstadt für Arbeiter und Angestellte der Zeche Minister Stein errichtet und nach ihrem Generaldirektor Emil Kirdorf benannt. 1935 erfolgte eine architektonisch angepasste Erweiterung im westlichen Bereich. Die Siedlung besteht heute aus 119 Wohnungen in abwechslungsreich gegliederten 70 Ein- und Zweifamilienhäusern sowie aus 89 Wohnungen in zweigeschossigen, ungegliederten Mehrfamilienhäusern, die als Ersatz für kriegszerstörte Siedlungshäuser errichtet worden waren. Der Gesamteindruck der Siedlung ist seit 2004 durch eine Erhaltungssatzung geschützt. Seit 2002 privatisierte die Eigentümerin Viterra Wohnen, heute Vonovia, die Ein- und Zweifamilienhäuser an die Mieter.

Erhaltungssatzung
1984/85 beauftragte der Rat der Stadt Dortmund die Verwaltung, die Aufnahme der Kolonie Kirdorf in die Denkmalliste vorzubereiten. Zu einer Eintragung kam es aber nicht. Der Vorgang markiert den häufigen Interessenkonflikt zwischen Modernisierung, Privatisierung und Denkmalschutz. Bereits 1982–85 waren die Gebäude der westlichen Erweiterung umfassend modernisiert worden (farbiger Putz, neue Dacheindeckung, Heizungseinbau und Isolierverglasung). Die seinerzeit noch als VEBA Wohnen firmierende Eigentümerin kündigte 1985 auch für die Ein- und Zweifamilienhäuser im Kernbereich eine Vollmodernisierung an, die aber erst 1991–92 erfolgte (u. a. wurde die Beheizung mit Kohleöfen durch Wärme und Warmwasser aus einem Kohle-Heizkraftwerk in der Siedlung ersetzt). Erst mit der Ankündigung der Mieterprivatisierung setzten die städtischen Bemühungen um einen baulichen Siedlungsschutz wieder ein, "um bei anstehenden Modernisierungs- und Umbaumaßnahmen (Anm. durch die Hauskäufer) die Unverwechselbarkeit des Ortsbildes der Kolonie zu bewahren", wie es in der Begründung der Erhaltungssatzung heißt, die am 15. Juni 2004 vom Rat der Stadt beschlossen wurde. An die Stelle des weitergehenden Denkmalschutzes der Häuser ist der Schutz des Gesamtbildes der Kolonie getreten, das "trotz getätigter Modernisierung in den 90er-Jahren erhalten werden (solle)." In die Liste der Baudenkmale im Stadtbezirk Eving eingetragen wurde 2008 das "Wahrzeichen" der Kolonie Kirdorf, der Kiosk auf dem zentralen Wrangelplatz, ein ehemaliges Trafohäuschen der Zeche Minister Stein.

Privatisierung
Seit 1998 betrieb die VEBA Wohnen und nach einer Umbenennung die Viterra Wohnen ein umfangreiches Privatisierungs- und Verkaufsprogramm. Der Verkauf der Ein- und Zweifamilienhäuser erfolgte nach den Grundsätzen der "GSB Gesellschaft zur Sicherung von Bergmannswohnungen" mbH (GSB). Es ist eine der Besonderheiten des Ruhrbergbaus, dass die Belegungsrechte des Bergbaus bzw. der 1987 stillgelegten Zeche Minister Stein fortbestehen und Bergleute weiterhin bevorzugt und ihre Wohnrechte besonders geschützt werden. Häuser dürfen darum an die Mieter, nahe Angehörige oder Vertrauenspersonen verkauft werden, was die befürchtete Mieterverdrängung erschwert. Zudem entstand unter Moderation des Planungsdezernenten Ullrich Sierau und des städtischen Wohnungsamtes die Vereinbarung "Eckpunkte zur zukünftigen Entwicklung der Kolonie Kirdorf", die sowohl den hohen Kündigungsschutz für Nichtkäufer als auch das Ziel, das attraktive Erscheinungsbild der Siedlung zu erhalten, bekräftigte und von der Stadt, der Viterra Wohnen, den Dortmunder Mietervereinen und der Interessengemeinschaft der Kirdorf-Mieter, die sich 1993 wegen hoher Kosten des neuen Heizkraftwerkes gebildet hatte, unterzeichnet wurde. (Aus der Mietervertretung wird im Zuge der Privatisierung die "Interessengemeinschaft der Kirdorf-Siedler", die im Juli 2012 eine Festschrift zur 100-Jahrfeier herausgibt.)

Namensstreit
2009 setzte ein öffentlicher Streit um den Siedlungsnamen "Kirdorf" ein, weil der Industriemanager ein Förderer Hitlers gewesen war. Es wurden andere, "demokratisch legitimierte" Namensgeber vorgeschlagen. Den Kritikern wurde entgegengehalten, dass Emil Kirdorf erst im hohen Alter und lange nach der Namensstiftung Hitler und der NSDAP Zugang zu großindustriellen Kreisen verschafft hatte. Weiterhin sei der Siedlungsname so stark im Sprachgebrauch verankert, dass eine Umbenennung, auch wenn sie aus politischen Gründen als angemessen erachtet werde, nicht durchsetzbar sei. Als Kompromiss wurde die Aufstellung einer erläuternden Gedenktafel vorgeschlagen, was bislang aber nicht realisiert ist.

Einzelnachweise

Siedlung (Städtebau) in Dortmund
Werkssiedlung
Gartenstadt in Deutschland

Kolonie Kirdorf


Marie Maxime Cornu (n. 16 iulie 1843, Orléans – d. 3 aprilie 1901, Paris) a fost un botanist și micolog francez, profesor pentru agricultură la Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Muzeul de Historie Naturală) precum președinte al Société botanique de France (Asociația Botanică a Franței). Abrevierea numelui său în cărți științifice este Cornu.

Biografie

Maxime Cornu a studiat la École normale supérieure (un tip de scoală elitară în țările francofone) și în anul 1872 a obținut doctoratul în științe naturale. În același an a publicat teza lu,i Monographie des Saprolégniées, în jurnalul Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique cu genul de ciuperci Rozella care conține 22 de specii. După acea a fost angajat ca asistent științific la Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Datorită abilităților sale dovedite, a devenit acolo deja în 1876 profesor suplinitor pentru biologie. Cornu a dezvoltat metode pentru cercetări criptogamice, s-a ocupat cu problematica mucegaiul pufos (Plasmopara viticola) pe frunze de vii, și a participat în comisia pentru combaterea filoxerei care a pustiit podgoriile franceze pe acest timp, iar în 1884 a fost numit profesor titular de horticultură, funcție pe care a întreținut-o până la moartea sa în 1901. În această perioadă a reorganizat grădinile și serele ale Jardin des Plantes (grădina de plante) și a dezvoltat tehnici de conservare a semințelor de grâu pentru păstrarea lor mai efectivă.

Cornu a mai fost președinte al Société botanique de France (Asociația Botanică a Franței) din 1897, inspector general al viticulturii și a bolilor parazitare. precum inspector general de agricultură.

Cunoscutul și apreciatul savant, fratele renumitului fizician Alfred Cornu (n. 6. martie 1841, Orléans – d. 12 aprilie 1902, Romorantin-Lanthenay), este înmormântat în Cimitirul Père-Lachaise din Paris.

Onoruri
Cornu a fost membru sau atașat mai multor asociații științifice, ca de exemplu:
 Secretar al Comitetului Academic de Filoxeră
 Membru și președinte (1897) al Société botanique de France
 Membru corespondent al Societății Italiene de Criptogamie
 Membru titular al Académie d'agriculture de France (1882)
 Delegat al Academiei Franceze de Științe

Publicații (selecție)

 Des préparations microscopiques tirées du règne végétal et des différents procédés à employer pour en assurer la conservation, Editura F. Savy, Paris 1872
 Monographie des Saprolégniées, cu 7 p. plăci, Editura E. Martinet , Paris 1872
 Études sur la nouvelle maladie de la vigne, Editura Imprimerie Nationale, Paris 1876
 Études sur le phylloxera vastatrix, Editura Imprimerie Nationale, Paris 1878, cu 27 de plăci colorate
 Note sur quelques champignons de la flore de France, în: Bulletin de la Société botanique de France, vol. XXV, nr. 6, Editura E. Martinet, Paris 1878, p. 210-214
 Champignons rares ou nouveaux pour la flore des environs de Paris, în: Bulletin de la Société botanique de France, vol. XXV, Editura E. Martinet, Paris 1879, p. 173-182
 Anatomie des lésions déterminées sur la vigne par l'anthracnose, în: Bulletin de la Société botanique de France, vol. XXV, Editura E. Martinet, Paris 1879, p. 227-230
 Sur quelques champignons de France, în: Bulletin de la Société botanique de France,vol. XXVIII, nr. 6, Editura E. Martinet, Paris 1881
 Champignon observé sur un insecte. Du rôle des champignons dans la nature, referat la: Association française pour l'avancement des sciences. Congrès d'Alger, 15 aprilie 1881, Editura Chaix , Paris 1882, 8 p. (împreună cu Charles Brongniart)
 Études sur les Péronosporées I & II, Editura Gauthier-Villars, Paris 1881
 Observations sur le Phyloxera et sur le parasitaires de la vigne, Editura Gauthier-Villars, Paris 1882
 Rapport sur le dépérissement et la mort des mûriers, Editura Imprimerie Nationale, Paris 1883
 Dictionnaire d'horticulture, vol. 1, Editura P. Klincksieck, Paris 1899 (împreună cu Désiré Bois, la vol. 2 nu a mai contribuit)

Note

Bibliografie
 P. Magnus: "Maxime Cornu", în: Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, vol. 19, 1901

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1834
Nașteri pe 16 iulie
Decese în 1901
Decese pe 3 aprilie
Botaniști cu abreviere de autor
Biologi din secolul al XIX-lea
Botaniști francezi
Micologi francezi
Profesori francezi

Maxime Cornu


Marguerite Long, (d. 13 Kasım 1874, Nîmes – ö. 13 Şubat 1966, Paris). Fransız piyanist, pedagog.

1906'dan 1940'a kadar Paris Konservatuvarı'nda ve 1921'den itibaren École Normale de Musique'de öğretmenlik yapmıştır. Öğrencileri arasında Cemal Reşit Rey de vardır.

Fransız piyanistler
Fransız pedagoglar
1874 doğumlular
1966 yılında ölenler

Marguerite Long


Gerhard Wieser (* 27. Mai 1968 in Bruneck, Südtirol) ist ein italienischer Koch und Fachbuchautor.

Werdegang
Gerhard Wieser machte seine Ausbildung zum Koch von 1983 bis 1986 in Südtirol. Daran anschließend durchlief er mehrere Stationen im Ausland, darunter am Hotel Bayrischer Hof in München, am Grand Hotel Viktoria Jungfrau in Interlaken, und am Restaurant Giggeto in Treviso. 1993 erhielt er den Meisterbrief als jüngster Küchenmeister Südtirols. Weitere Erfahrungen sammelte er bei einigen der besten Köche Deutschlands, darunter bei Harald Wohlfahrt in der Schwarzwaldstube, bei Dieter Müller im Schlosshotel Lerbach, bei Joachim Wissler im Vendôme und bei Klaus Erfort im Gästehaus Erfort.

1992 wechselte er ins "Hotel Castel" in Dorf Tirol, wo er seit 1994 Chefkoch ist. 2001 eröffnete er im Hotel Castel das Gourmetrestaurant "Trenkerstube", das im Jahr 2006 mit dem ersten und im Jahr 2010 mit dem zweiten Michelinstern ausgezeichnet wurde.

Seit 2000 ist er auch als Referent, Fachexperte und Prüfungsmitglied bei den Südtiroler Gesellen- und Meisterprüfungen im Bereich Kochen tätig.

Auszeichnungen
 1992 Silbermedaille bei der Olympiade der Köche in Frankfurt
 1993 Goldmedaille beim Salon Culinaire Mondial IGEHO in Basel
 2 Sterne im Guide Michelin (2010)
 5 Hauben und 19 Punkte im Gault Millau (2020)
 4 F im Der Feinschmecker
 4,5 Bestecke im Schlemmer Atlas
 86 Punkte im Gambero Rosso
 5 Hauben im Der Große Restaurant & Hotel Guide

Publikationen
Zusammen mit Heinrich Gasteiger und Helmut Bachmann schrieb er bereits über 70 Kochbücher über die Südtiroler und mediterrane Küche, die im Athesia-Verlag in Bozen sowohl in deutscher als auch italienischer Sprache erschienen sind und zum Teil in die englische Sprache übersetzt wurden.

 So kocht Südtirol, 2001, ISBN 978-88-8266-015-4
 So kocht Italien, 2004, ISBN 978-88-8266-202-8
 Feine Küche Für alle Tage, 2004, ISBN 978-88-8266-227-1
 So backt Südtirol, 2007, ISBN 978-88-8266-341-4
 So kocht Südtirol – Menüs, 2013, ISBN 978-88-8266-905-8
 So schnell kocht Südtirol, 2014, ISBN 978-88-6839-036-5
 Kochbuchserie: So genießt Südtirol

Familie
Gerhard Wieser hat mit seiner Lebensgefährtin Karin zwei Söhne.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Porträt über Gerhard Wieser

Person (Südtirol)
Person (Rasen-Antholz)
Person (Tirol, Südtirol)
Italiener
Geboren 1968
Mann
Koch (Italien)
Sachbuchautor (Essen und Trinken)

Gerhard Wieser


Moshe Reuven Asman (en , en ), né le  à Léningrad (URSS), est un rabbin ukrainien. Il a été désigné grand-rabbin d'Ukraine.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1966
Naissance à Léningrad
Grand-rabbin d'Ukraine
Rabbin du XXe siècle
Rabbin du XXIe siècle
Rabbin hassidique

Moshe Reuven Asman


عبد العزيز بن خليفة بن حمد بن عبد الله بن جاسم بن محمد بن ثاني (12 ديسمبر 1948 - )؛ من الأسرة الحاكمة في قطر، يعيش في المنفى في فرنسا منذ تولي أخيه حمد التغيير الوزاري عام 1992م.

عنه وعن حياته
هو عبد العزيز بن خليفة بن حمد بن عبد الله بن جاسم بن محمد بن ثاني؛ ولد في 12 ديسمبر 1948م في الريان في قطر، وهو مقيم في فرنسا منذ عام 1992م.

والدته هي الشيخة آمنه بنت حسن بن عبد الله آل ثاني، ثاني زوجات الشيخ خليفة بن حمد آل ثاني أمير قطر الأسبق، وأخوه هو حمد بن خليفة آل ثاني أمير قطر السابق. تلقى دراسته الابتدائية والإعدادية والثانوية في مدارس الدولة؛ حيث عرف بحسن الأخلاق، ثم التحق بأكاديمية جامعة شمال إنديانا الأمريكية 1967-1971م.

مسيرته
أصبح القائد العام للقوات المسلحة القطرية برتبة "فريق"، وقد نجح في المفاوضات لجعل البترول القطري 100%؛ أي قطريًّا بالكامل.

وفي عام 1977م أصبح الشيخ حمد وليًّا للعهد ووزيرًا للدفاع، وجعل الشيخ خليفة ابنه الثاني عبد العزيز وزيرًا للمالية والنفط، وفي يونيو 1989م أنشأ الشيخ خليفة المجلس الأعلى للتخطيط تحت رئاسته وبسلطات واسعة، مما حد بشكل كبير من سلطات عبد العزيز وباقي المتنافسين على العرش.
منذ عام 1990م ترك الشيخ عبد العزيز وزارتي النفط والمالية، وسافر لاحقًا ليعيش في فرنسا عام 1991م. وقد انتقل الشيخ عبد العزيز إلى السعودية، ولم يعد منذ ذلك الحين إلى قطر. وقد كان مع والده في أوروبا، عندما قام الشيخ حمد بانقلابه في 27 يونيو 1995م.

مناصب ومهام
 تولى وزارة المالية والبترول 1972-1992م
 رأس منظمة أوبك للبترول 1977-1979م
 رأس اللجنة العليا للتنسيق والمتابعة 1973-1988م
 رأس المجلس الأعلى للاستثمار 1972-1989م
 شغل منصب رئيس المجلس الأعلى للتخطيط 1977-1990م

حياته الأسرية

عائلته

متزوج من
الشيخة لولوة بنت جاسم بن حمد آل ثاني، وأبناؤه منها:
 الشيخ جاسم بن عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني؛ متزوج ولديه 4 أنجال، هم: عبد العزيز وخليفة ومحمد وسعود.
 الشيخة منى بنت عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني
 الشيخة العنود بنت عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني
 الشيخة الجازي بنت عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني (متوفاة)
 الشيخة آمنة بنت عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني
 الشيخة مريم بنت عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني

الشيخة عائشة بنت ناصر السويدي (الزوجة الثانية)، وأبناؤه منها:
 الشيخ فيصل بن عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني
 الشيخة مها بنت عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني
 الشيخة عالية بنت عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني

المصادر

 قطرنت.
 جريدة الراية القطرية.
 موقع قناة الجزيرة.

وصلات خارجية
 السيرة الذاتية للشيخ عبد العزيز بن خليفة بن حمد آل ثاني.

آل ثاني
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على وسام القديس ميخائيل والقديس جرجس
قطريون مغتربون في فرنسا
مسلمون قطريون
مقصون سياسياً
منفيون
مواليد 1368 هـ
مواليد 1948
مواليد 1950
مواليد في الدوحة
وزراء قطريون
وزراء مالية قطر

عبد العزيز بن خليفة آل ثاني


Uden ord er en dansk kortfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Katrine Philp efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En fortælling om overgreb. Krop og begær. Om en kvinde og hendes erindring.
Uden Ord er en film om et mysterium.
Martine har mistet sin stemme, og hun har været stum i 11 måneder.
Sammen med sin søster Erika prøver hun at finde ud af, hvorfor hendes stemme er forsvundet. Hun forsøger desperat på at få den tilbage.
Hvis det lykkedes, vil stemmen da være forandret? Vil Martine?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003

Uden ord (film fra 2003)


Seeth (Danca: Sæd, Frizce: Seet), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 13,56 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2003 itibarıyla 680 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Peter Dirks tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-friedrichstadt.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Seeth


La coupe de Tunisie 2021-2022 est la  de la coupe de Tunisie masculine de basket-ball, compétition à élimination directe mettant aux prises des clubs de basket-ball amateurs et professionnels affiliés à la Fédération tunisienne de basket-ball.

Huitièmes de finale
Les résultats des huitièmes de finale sont les suivants :

Quarts de finale
Les résultats des quarts de finale sont les suivants :

Demi-finales
Les résultats de demi-finales sont les suivants :

Finale

Match
Le résultat de la finale est le suivant :

Statistiques

Autres
 Meilleur joueur de la finale : Radhouane Slimane

Champion
 Union sportive monastirienne
 Président : Ahmed Belli
 Entraîneur :
 Joueurs : Neji Jaziri, Oussama Marnaoui, Radhouane Slimane, Mohamed Adam Rassil, Firas Lahyani, Mohamed Abbassi, Wassef Methnani, Mokhtar Ghayaza, Michael Dixon, Souleymane Diabate, Houssem Mhamli

Notes et références

2021
Tunisie, Coupe M
Basket-ball

Coupe de Tunisie masculine de basket-ball 2021-2022


Kauno diena (dt. "Der Tag in Kaunas") ist eine der führenden Tageszeitung auf dem stark von Nachrichtenwebsites dominierten Medienmarkt Litauens. Sie erscheint in Kaunas.

Kauna diena ist die Nachfolgerin der Sowjetzeitung Kauno tiesa, die 1945 gegründet wurde. Seit 1998 gehörte sie dem norwegischen Konzern Orkla Media, wurde aber im Dezember 2006 verkauft an die Investmentgesellschaft Hermis Capital. Die tägliche Auflage erreichte im Jahr 2005 38 000 Exemplare.
Zu Sowjetzeiten hieß die Zeitung Tarybų Lietuva (Sowjetlitauen, 1945–1950) und Kauno Tiesa (Kaunasser Wahrheit bzw. Kaunasser Prawda, 1950–1992).

Chefredakteure
 1945: Jonas Šimkus
 1945–1950: Donatas Roda
 1950: Juozas Chlivickas
 1951–1953: Povilas Putrimas
 1954–1956: Julius Čygas
 1956–1958: V. Norvaiša
 1958–1960: Juozas Leonavičius
 1960–1987: Zenonas Baltušnikas
 1987–1998: Teklė Mačiulienė
 1999–2007: Aušra Lėka
 2007: Kęstutis Jauniškis
 2007–2011: Žilvinė Petrauskaitė-Taranda
 seit 2011: Jūratė Kuzmickaitė

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Kauno diena online

Zeitung (Litauen)
Litauischsprachige Tageszeitung
Ersterscheinung 1945
Medien (Kaunas)

Kauno diena


وعاد الحب هو فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1960، من إخراج فطين عبد الوهاب، وبطولة سامية جمال وأحمد مظهر ومحمود المليجي.

تمثيل

 سامية جمال
 أحمد مظهر
 محمود المليجي
 محمد توفيق
 ثريا فخري
 محمد رضا

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام أحمد مظهر
أفلام محمود المليجي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1960
أفلام سامية جمال

وعاد الحب (فيلم)


Karen M. McManus (1969) é uma escritora norte-americana de ficção para jovens adultos. Ela é mais conhecida por seu primeiro romance, One of Us Is Lying, que passou mais de 200 semanas  na lista de best-sellers do New York Times. Ele recebeu uma crítica com estrela da Publishers Weekly.

Biografia
McManus frequentou o College of the Holy Cross, obtendo um bacharelado em inglês e a Northeastern University, obtendo um mestrado em jornalismo. Ela mora em Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Os trabalhos da escritora foram traduzidos para mais de 40 idiomas. Quando não está trabalhando ou escrevendo ela adora viajar com o filho.

Obras

Série Um de Nós

Adaptação
 One of Us Is Lying (2021) Peacock/Netflix

Em setembro de 2017, a Universal Content Productions anunciou que havia adquirido os direitos do romance e produziria uma adaptação para série de televisão a ser lançada no E!.  Em agosto de 2019, o projeto foi transferido para a NBCUniversal , que deu ao então inédito serviço de streaming Peacock seu primeiro pedido de piloto com a série.

Em uma entrevista, showrunner da série Darío Madrona foi questionado se a série permaneceria fiel ao seu material de origem; ele respondeu dizendo: "Fomos fiéis ao espírito da história, aos temas e aos personagens, mas também tentamos adicionar algumas pequenas reviravoltas aqui e ali para que possamos surpreender os leitores do livro."

A primeira temporada estreou em 7 de outubro de 2021 e em 14 de janeiro de 2022, Peacock renovou a série para uma segunda temporada, com Erica Saleh substituindo Madrona como showrunner. A segunda temporada estreou em 20 de outubro de 2022. Ela é distribuida internacionalmente pela Netflix e no EUA pelo streaming Peacock.

Nascidos em 1969
Mulheres romancistas dos Estados Unidos
Alunos da Universidade do Nordeste
Pessoas vivas
Escritoras de literatura policial

Karen M. McManus


Ang, ANG or Äng may refer to:

Initials
 Air National Guard, part of the United States National Guard
 Angiogenin, a protein encoded by the ANG gene
 Angmering railway station, National Rail code for a station in the United Kingdom
 Australian National Gallery, now the National Gallery of Australia
 Adsorbed natural gas, a methane storage technique
 Animated Network Graphics, properly APNG, a variant of PNG
 Netherlands Antillean guilder, the currency of Curaçao and Sint Maarten
 Union of Agriculture, Food and Allied Industries, a former Austrian trade union

Codes
 ANG, Angola's IOC and licence plate country codes
 Netherlands Antillean guilder by ISO 4217 currency code
 Ang, the ISO 639 language code for Old English, or Anglo-Saxon (Ænglisc)

Companies
 ANG Newspapers, a newspaper publisher

Names
 Ang (surname), a common Hokkien and Teochew surname
 Kings of Cambodia
Ponhea Chan, reign name Ang Chan I (r. 1516–1566)
Ang Chan II, reign name Outey Reachea III (r. 1796–1806 under regency; 1806–1835)
Ang Tong Reachea, born Ponhea Nou (r. 1631–1640)
Batom Reachea, born Ang Non (r. 1640–1642)
Barom Reachea V, born Ang So (r. 1658–1672)
Preah Keo II, born Ang Chee (r. 1673–1674)
Batom Reachea III, born Ang Nan (r. 1674)
Chey Chettha IV, born Ang Sor (r. 1675–1695, 1696–1699, 1700–1702, 1703–1706)
Outey I, born Ang Yong (r. 1695–1696)
Barom Reameathiptei, born Ang Em (r. 1699–1700, 1710–1722)
Thommo Reachea III, born Ang Tham (r. 1702–1703, 1706–1709, 1736–1747)
Satha II, born  Ang Chey (r. 1722–1736, 1749)
Thommo Reachea IV, born Ang Em (r. 1747)
Reameathiptei III, born Ang Tong (r. 1748–1749, 1755–1758)
Chey Chettha V, born Ang Snguon (r. 1749–1755)
Outey Reachea II, born Ang Ton (r. 1758–1775)
Ream Reachea, born Ang Non II (r. 1775–1779)
Neareay Reachea III, born Ang Eng (r. 1779–1782, 1794–1796)
Ang Mey, born Ksat Trey (r. 1834–1841)
Harihak Reamea Issarathiptei, born Ang Duong (r. 1841–1860)

Popular culture
 Ang 5.0, Angela Chang's fifth Chinese album
 Big Ang (TV series), an American reality television program starring Angela "Big Ang" Raiola
 Mr. Ang, the protagonist of The Alien
 ANG, Mexican DJ duo published mainly by Revealed Recordings and Maxximize Records

Others
 Used for the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib meaning limb instead of the referral of page numbers.
 Anga, Ang Desh or Ang Mahajanapada, one of the 16 Mahajanapada of Ancient India
 Angiopoietin, in biochemistry
 Ang, the abbreviation for the orchid genus Anguloa
 Äng, a locality in Nässjö Municipality, Sweden

See also
 Aang (), main character of Avatar: The Last Airbender, an animated television series on Nickelodeon

ANG


Hanne Trangeled Nielsen (født 16. december 1987 i Frederikshavn) er en tidligere dansk håndboldspiller. Hun har tidligere optrådt for Frederikshavn FOX, Team Tvis Holstebro, Silkeborg-Voel KFUM, Skive fH og Ringkøbing Håndbold.

Eksterne henvisninger
 EHF - Hanne Trangeled
 Handball - Hanne Trangeled
 DHDb - Hanne Trangeled

Håndboldspillere fra Team Tvis Holstebro
Håndboldspillere fra Ringkøbing Håndbold
Håndboldspillere fra Skive fH
Håndboldspillere fra Silkeborg-Voel KFUM
Håndboldspillere fra Frederikshavn FOX
Håndboldspillere fra Danmark

Hanne Trangeled


An Gomesa sessilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni João Barbosa Rodrigues. An Gomesa sessilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gomesa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Gomesa

Gomesa sessilis


Graham County is the name of three counties in the United States:
Graham County, Arizona
Graham County, Kansas
Graham County, North Carolina
Graham County is the name of the USS GRAHAM COUNTY LST-1176.

Graham County


Nonan je linearni alkan s kemijskom formulom C9H20. To je bezbojna, zapaljiva tekućina, koja se prvenstveno javlja u komponenti frakcije naftnog destilata koja se obično naziva kerozin, koja se koristi kao gorivo za grijanje, traktor i mlazno gorivo. Nonan se također koristi kao otapalo, sredstvo za destilaciju, aditiv za gorivo i komponenta u biorazgradivim deterdžentima.

Nonan ima 35 strukturnih izomera .

Njegov supstituentski oblik je nonil. Njegov cikloalkanski pandan je ciklononan (C9H18).

Za razliku od većine alkana, brojčani prefiks u njegovom nazivu je iz latinskog, a ne grčkog (Ime koje koristi grčki prefiks bilo bi enneane).

Reakcije izgaranja
Nonan prolazi kroz reakcije izgaranja koje su slične drugim alkanima. U prisutnosti dovoljno kisika, nonan gori da nastanu voda i ugljični dioksid.

 C9H20 + 14 O2 → 9 CO2 + 10 H2O

Kada nema dovoljno kisika za potpuno izgaranje, produkti gorenja uključuju ugljični monoksid.

 2 C9H20 + 19 O2 → 18 CO + 20 H2O

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 MSDS at Oxford University
 List of isomers of nonane
Alkani

Nonan


est le huitième album studio du groupe américain The Doobie Brothers, sorti le  décembre 1978 sous le label Warner Bros. Records. C'était le dernier album avec les membres John Hartman (avant de revenir sur Cycles) et Jeff "Skunk" Baxter.

L'album a passé 87 semaines sur le hit-parade américain Billboard 200 et a passé deux semaines à la première place. Au printemps 1979, Minute by Minute est l'album le plus vendu aux États-Unis pendant cinq semaines non consécutives. Il a été certifié triple platine par la RIAA.

La chanson What a Fool Believes a atteint la première place du Billboard Hot 100 en avril 1979 et est devenue le plus grand succès du groupe. Les titres Minute by Minute et Dependin' on You sont également sortis en single et ont atteint le top 30.

Minute by Minute a fait des Doobie Brothers l'un des grands gagnants des  Grammy Awards. L'album a reçu le trophée de la meilleure prestation vocale pop d'un duo ou groupe et a reçu une nomination pour l'album de l'année ; le single What a Fool Believes leur a valu trois Grammys, dont celui de chanson et d'enregistrement de l'année.

Le magazine Cash Box a dit du single Dependin' on You qu'« il a des fleurs de cuivres », « un rythme contagieux de piano et de bass boogie ».

Liste des titres

Crédits
 The Doobie Brothers
 Patrick Simmons – guitares solo et rythmique, chant et chœurs
 Michael McDonald – piano, piano électrique, orgue, synthétiseur, chant et chœurs
 Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – guitares solo et rythmique
  – basse, chœurs
  – batterie, percussions
 Keith Knudsen – batterie, percussions, chœurs

 Musiciens additionnels
 Ted Templeman – batterie (avec Keith Knudsen) (2)
 Bobby LaKind – congas, chœurs
 Tom Johnston – chœurs (5)
 Nicolette Larson – chant en duo (7), chœurs (4)
 Rosemary Butler – chœurs (1, 4)
 Norton Buffalo – harmonica (5, 8)
 Herb Pedersen – banjo (8)
 Byron Berline – violon (8)
 Lester Abrams – piano électrique (10)
 Bill Payne – synthétiseur (avec Michael McDonald) (2, 3)
 Novi Novog – solo de synthétiseur (6)
 Sumner Mering – guitare (6)
 Andrew Love – saxophone (1, 4, 10)
 Ben Cauley – trompette (1, 4, 10)

 Production
 Producteur : Ted Templeman
 Coordination de production : Beth Naranjo
 Ingénieur du son : Donn Landee
 Ingénieur supplémentaire : Loyd Clifft
 Ingénieur supplémentaire : Steve Malcolm
 Conception de la couverture et coordinateur : Bruce Steinberg
 Photographie : David Alexander
 Gestion : Bruce Cohn
Enregistré aux studios d'enregistrement Warner Bros., North Hollywood ; Mixé au Sunset Sound, Los Angeles

Classements et certifications

Classements hebdomadaires

Classements de fin d'année

Certifications

Notes et références

Album des Doobie Brothers
Album musical sorti en 1978
Album produit par Ted Templeman
Album publié par Warner Records
Album enregistré aux Sunset Sound Recorders
Album numéro un au Billboard 200
Album numéro un au Canada
Album certifié triple disque de platine aux États-Unis
Album certifié disque de platine au Canada
Album de pop rock
Album de soft rock

Minute by Minute


Marijan Pasarić (Zagreb, 1. rujna 1932. – 19. rujna 2016.), hrvatski košarkaški trener i košarkaški sudac. Vodio košarkaški klub Industromontažu (poslije Monting) iz Zagreba i državnu reprezentaciju. Veliki košarkaški stručnjak i košarkaška legenda.

Životopis
Košarkom se bavio od 1946., a prvi put nastupio 1947. godine na prvenstvu Hrvatske. Igrao u KK Jedinstvo. Već kao srednjoškolac bio je drugi strijelac savezne lige i nadomak nastupa za reprezentaciju. Isticao je da ako za nečim žali u karijeri, to je izostanak s reprezentativne turneje u Kini. Razmišljao je o trenerskom poslu u ženskoj košarci. Pokazao se uspješnim. Kao pomoćnik trenera Branka Tkalčića, ženska omladinska generacija Klasične gimnazije 1951. godine osvojila je prvenstvo, a 1957. godine nova generacija prvenstvo Hrvatske i Jugoslavije (Ružica i Kornelija Meglaj, Ljubić, Strmški, Mayer, Jasić, Bartol, Skenderović, Cej...). Diplomirao 1980. na Fakultetu fizičke kulture u Zagrebu. Bio je viši košarkaški trener, instruktor Hrvatskog košarkaškog saveza za žensku košarku, član stručnog savjeta za žensku košarku HKS-a. Višedesetljetni izbornik mladih selekcija ženske košarkaške reprezentacije Jugoslavije (1971., 1975., 1981.). 24 je godine bio izbornikom A ženske košarkaške reprezentacije Jugoslavije. S njim je ŽKK Monting (ŽKK Montmontaža, Jedinstvo, Monter, Montažno, Jugomontaža, Trešnjevka, Industromontaža) osvojio dva Kupa Jugoslavije i prekinuo dominaciju beogradskih klubova i 1975./76. doveo ga do finala Kupa Liliane Ronchetti. Umješno je prepoznavao igračice koje su bile kapaciteti. Tvorac je vrhunskih mladih košarkašica, među ostalim igrački je obrazovao Ružicu i Korneliju Meglaj, Sanju Ožegović, Jasnu Pepeunik, Maju Mazić i Miru Bjedov. Do 1978. vodio je "montažerke". Vodio je sjajnu generaciju igračica koje su igrale za reprezentaciju te sjajne igračice koje nisu okusile predstavničke vrste: sestre Meglaj, Ružicu i Korneliju, Biserku Strmški, sestre Miru i Nadu Nebojan, Kaću Buljan, Jadranku Brković, Zeinu Juranić, Marjanu Bušljetu, Miru Bjedov, Sanju Ožegović, Jasnu Pepeunik, Maju Mavrović, Dubravku Kerep, Nenu Pađen i ostale. U mirovinu je otišao krajem 1998. godine, ali nikad nije mirovao. Igrački je stvorio Koraljku Hlede, Moniku Kovač, Mirnu Deak, Marinu Mazić, Gordanu Bedalov, Jasenku Marohnić, Deu Klein Šumanovac i Anđu Radoš Jelavić.

Ugledan i kao košarkaški sudac, dobitnik brojnih priznanja. U Zagrebu je prvi uveo košarku u programe osnovnih škola. Godine 2012. dobio je Nagradu HOO-a Matija Ljubek za životno djelo. Umro 19. rujna 2016. od posljedica prometne nesreće. Pokopan na zagrebačkom groblju Mirogoj.

Izvori

Hrvatski košarkaški treneri
Hrvatski košarkaški suci
Životopisi, Zagreb

Marijan Pasarić


Birni Lallé (auch: Birnin Lallé) ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Dakoro in Niger.

Geographie
Birni Lallé liegt in der Sahelzone. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Azagor, Bermo, Dakoro und Roumbou I im Norden, Bader Goula im Osten, Adjékoria, Korahane und Kornaka im Süden sowie Azèye und Babankatami im Westen. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 45 Dörfer, 17 Weiler und 9 Lager. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Birni Lallé. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von .

Die Forêt classée de Birni Lallé ist ein 48 Hektar großes unter Naturschutz stehendes Waldgebiet, das sich unmittelbar östlich des Hauptorts befindet. Die Unterschutzstellung erfolgte 1951.

Geschichte
Der Name Birni Lallé kommt aus der Sprache Hausa und bedeutet "Zitadelle des Glücks". Birni Lallé war die erste namentlich bekannte Hauptstadt Gobirs, später zog das Volk von Gobir weiter in den Süden. Die Ruinen des alten Birni Lallé sind noch heute vorhanden. In den 1920er Jahren siedelten sich einige Familien aus Tibiri im Ort an. 1947 richtete die französische Kolonialverwaltung einen Kanton in Birni Lallé ein und löste den Ort damit aus dem bereits bestehenden Kanton Kornaka heraus. Im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform 2002 wurde das Gebiet des Kantons Birni Lallé auf die Landgemeinden Birni Lallé sowie Azagor, Korahane und Roumbou I aufgeteilt. Teile des Kantons fielen außerdem an die Departementshauptstadt Dakoro.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 30.846 Einwohner, die in 3971 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 22.477 in 3148 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 888 Einwohner in 138 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 510 in 72 und bei der Volkszählung 1988 420 in 71 Haushalten.

In ethnischer Hinsicht ist die Gemeinde ein Siedlungsgebiet von Gobirawa und Tuareg.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 12 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 5 MPR-Jamhuriya, 5 PNDS-Tarayya, 1 ADD-Zakara und 1 CPR-Inganci.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze von 40 Dörfern in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Birni Lallé liegt in einer Zone, in der Agropastoralismus betrieben wird. Landnutzungskonflikte zwischen Viehzüchtern, die das Gemeindegebiet zwischen Norden und Süden durchwandern, und sesshaften Ackerbauern sind häufig. Es gibt nur einen einzigen, vergleichsweise kleinen Markt in der Gemeinde. Durch Birni Lallé verläuft die Nationalstraße 30, die den Ort mit den Nachbargemeinden Dakoro und Kornaka verbindet. Die Anziehungskraft der nahen Stadt Dakoro wirkt sich negativ auf Bestrebungen aus, eine funktionierende dezentrale Verwaltung in Birni Lallé aufzubauen. Im Hauptort ist ein Gesundheitszentrum des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) vorhanden. Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Birni Lallé (CFM Birni Lallé) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Observations for location Birnin Lallé. In: West African Bird DataBase (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Maradi (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Birni Lallé


Ion Dongorozi () a fost un prozator român.

Biografie
S-a născut la Tecuci în familia lui Dionisie Dongorozi și al soției sale, Ecaterina. După ce a absolvit cursurile preuniversitare la Liceul Vasile Alecsandri din Galați, a studiat la Facultatea de Litere și Filozofie a Universității din București, precum și la institutul pedagogic din același oraș. A debutat ca scriitor după Primul Război Mondial în revista Convorbiri Literare, apoi a colaborat la revistele Ramuri, Universul literar, Scrisul românesc, Rampa și Adevărul literar și artistic. A lucrat ca profesor de geografie și filozofie la câteva licee din Craiova și București, apoi a condus Teatrul Național din Craiova în perioada 15 aprilie 1926 – 15 august 1927. În timpul mandatului său de director, Dongorozi a introdus reprezentațiile teatrale duminicale în școli, închisori și cazărmi, a organizat conferințe cu invitați de prestigiu și a organizat turnee prin întreaga Oltenie. El a îndeplinit funcția de prefect al județului Caraș în 1931. A fost coautor de manuale, împreună cu Simion Mehedinți.

Proza sa scurtă, scrisă într-un stil sămănătorist pitoresc, a apărut în mai multe volume: Cum s-a despărțit tanti Veronica, Filimon Hâncu (1924), La hotarul dobrogean (1924), Signor Berthelotty (1926), Socoteli greșite (1926), Examen de bacalaureat (1928), Ancheta (1930), Țucu (1931), Reprezentație de adio (1932) și Belfer îndrăgostit (1934). El a scris, de asemenea, Castelul preutesei (1943) și Chipuri de copii (1944). Timp de peste un deceniu nu a mai scris, după care a revenit cu o nouă perspectivă ideologică care s-a conformat cerințelor regimului comunist care preluase puterea, așa cum reiese din volumele A deraiat un expres (1957), Vâltori (vol. I, 1958) și Stea de cinema (1971).

Opera
 Cum s-a despărțit tanti Veronica, Craiova, f.a.;
 Filimon Hâncu, București, 1924;
 La hotarul dobrogean, Craiova, 1924;
 Surpriză, București, f.a.;
 Însăilări, Craiova, 1925;
 Povestirile lui Dinu Costaki Stupcan, Craiova, 1925;
 Signor Berthelotty, Arad, 1926;
 Socoteli greșite, Craiova, 1926;
 Examen de bacalaureat, Craiova, 1928;
 Împăcare, București, f.a.;
 Amintiri, București, f.a.;
 Ancheta, Craiova, 1930;
 Monumentul eroilor, București, 1931;
 Țucu, Craiova, 1931;
 Românii de peste hotare, Craiova, f.a.;
 Reprezentație de adio, Craiova, 1932;
 Belfer îndrăgostit, Craiova, 1934;
 Castelul preutesei, Craiova, 1943;
 Chipuri de copii, București, 1944;
 A deraiat un expres, București, 1957;
 Vâltori, I, București, 1958;
 Escapada, Craiova, f.a. (ed. nouă, București, 1968);
 Stea de cinema, postfață de George Muntean, București, 1971.

Traduceri
 L. Davîdov, Uriașul din Ural, în colab. cu Paul Verbițchi, București, 1956;
 Boris Galin, O forță minunată, în colab. cu M. Friedman, București, 1957.

Note

Nașteri în 1894
Decese în 1975
Tecuceni
Prefecți români
Învățători și profesori români
Autori de manuale români
Absolvenți ai Universității din București
Directori de teatre români

Ion Dongorozi


المهبط (أو حرفياً الكاثود) هو قطب الدائرة الكهربائية الذي يحدث عنده عملية اختزال الإلكترونات، واتفق العلماء على جعل إشارة المهبط موجبة في الخلية الكهربائية حيث يكتسب المهبط إلكترونات خلال عملية الاختزال الكيميائي، وعادة ما يتكون المهبط من معدن على هيئة لوح أو قضيب يـُغمس في محلول موصل للتيار يسمى كهرل كما في حالة خلية دانيال حيث يتكون المهبط من لوح نحاس منغمس في محلول كبريتات النحاس.

في الشكل يكتسب أيون النحاس ذو شحنة كهربية موجبة القادم من المحلول إلى المهبط فيكتسب أيون النحاس إلكترونين قادمين من نصف الدائرة الخارجية ويتعادل ويترسب على لوح النحاس. هذان الإلكترونان قادمان من المصعد (Anode)، ويكون المصعد من معدن الزنك الذي يشكل نصف الخلية الثاني في الخلية الجلفانية.

انظر أيضا
 مصعد
 خلية جلفانية
 بطارية
 بطارية السيارة
 مصباح نيون

مراجع

أقطاب
كيمياء

مهبط (كيمياء)


Musculi intercostales er en gruppe muskler der befinder sig imellem ribbenene der ved deres afslapning og kontraktion hjælper med udvidelse og sammenpresning af lungerne. De er derfor med til at facilitere åndedræt, og betegnes en sekundær åndedrætsmuskel. De findes i tre lag, med nerver og kar imellem disse lag.

Struktur
Imellem hvert ægte ribben befindes der 3 lag af musculi intercostales, hvorimellem der befinder sig vasa intercostales og nervus intercostales. De tre lag er:

 Musculi intercostales externi, som er den yderste af lagene. De tilhæfter sig langs hele forreste underkant af de første 11 ribben, og forløber så ned til forreste overkant af 2. til 12. ribben. De er i nær kontakt med en anden muskelgruppe, musculi levatores costarum, som de desuden har lignende funktion som. Fibrene forløber nedad og fremad.
 Musculi intercostales interni er lige ummidelbart profundt for intercostales externi, men har en lignende udspring og insertion. De befinder sig dog ikke hele vejen langst ribbene og man finder dorsalt kun membrana intercostalis interna indad mod hvirvlerne i stedet. Fibrene forløber nedad og bagud og krydser dermed externi's fiberretning.
 Musculi intercostales intimi er den inderste af musklerne, som har samme fiberretning og insertion som intercostales interni, men som udspringer længere bagud på ribbenskanten. Der dannes et rum imellem intercostales interni og intimi, hvori nerver og kar forløber.

Funktion
Den yderste gruppe, intercostales externi, hæver ribbenene og øger dermed brysthulens volumen og kapacitet, hvilket gør det lettere at trække vejret. Intercostales interni og intimi er antagonister til denne bevægelser, og sænker ribbenene, som sænker brysthulens volumen og hjælper med at ekshalere luften i lungerne.

Kildehenvisninger

Muskelsystemet

Musculi intercostales


Raymond Bonheur peut désigner :

 Raymond Bonheur (1796-1849), peintre français ;
 Raymond Bonheur (1861-1939), compositeur français, petit-fils du précédent.

Raymond Bonheur


Green Drop Award é um prêmio concedido pelo Festival Internacional de Cinema de Veneza.

Criado em 2012 é atribuído ao filme - entre os concorrentes na seleção oficial - que "melhor representa os valores da ecologia e do desenvolvimento sustentável, com particular atenção para a conservação do planeta e dos seus ecossistemas para as gerações futuras, para os estilos de vida e cooperação entre povos".

Premiados
 A Quinta Temporada (La cinquième saison), dirigido por Jessica Woodworth (2012)
 Ana Arabia, regia de Amos Gitai (2013)
 As Noites Brancas do Carteiro (Belye noči počtal'on Aleksej Trjapicyn), dirigido por Andrei Konchalovsky (2014)
 Bēixī móshòu, dirigido por Zhao Liang (2015)
 Spira mirabilis, regia di Massimo D'Anolfi e Martina Parenti (2016)
 Voyage of Time, dirigido por Terrence Malick (2016)
 First Reformed, dirigido por Paul Schrader (2017);
 Nausicaa l'altra Odissea de Bepi Vigna (prêmio especial de animação). (2017)
 At Eternity's Gate, de Paul Schrader (2018).
 J'accuse (filme), de Roman Polański (2019).
 Noturno de Gianfranco Rosi (2020).
 Il buco de Michelangelo Frammartino (2021).
 Ruído Branco de Noah Baumbach (2022).
 Prêmio especial para Siccita por Paolo Virzì (2022)

Festival de Veneza

Green Drop Award


الريشة هي أداة للكتابة مصنعة من ريش الأجنحة للطيور وخاصة الكبيرة. وكانت تستخدم الريشة للكتابة باستخدام الحبر السائل قبل اختراع الأقلام الحديثة بنوعيها السائلة والجافة. ولا زالت الريشة تستخدم كأداة لأعمال الخط العربي لأنها توفر مزيد من المرونة وقوة في التحكم أكثر من الأقلام العادية.

وتأخذ أقوى أنواع الريش من أجنحة الطيور الحية خلال فصل الربيع. ويفضل الخطاطون الريش المأخوذ من الجناح الأيسر لأن ميلان الريش يكون على الجهة اليمنى، والعكس صحيح بالنسبة للخطاطين الأعسرين.

وريش الأوز هو الأكثر استخداماً، وهو أيضا الأكثر قيمة والأجمل شكلا وفخامة. ويستخدم في أحيان خاصة ريش الغراب، العقاب، البومة، الصقر والديك الرومي.

و لابد من ذكر الأدوات المستخدمة مع الريشة في العصور الوسطى وهي المحبرة والورق البردي.

انظر أيضا
 ريش

مراجع

ريش (تشريح)
أدوات مكتبية
قرطاسية

ريشة (أداة)


Legal aid is the provision of assistance to people who are unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system. Legal aid is regarded as central in providing access to justice by ensuring equality before the law, the right to counsel and the right to a fair trial. This article describes the development of legal aid and its principles, primarily as known in Europe, the Commonwealth of Nations and in the United States.

Legal aid is essential to guaranteeing equal access to justice for all, as provided for by Article 6.3 of the European Convention on Human Rights regarding criminal law cases and Article 6.1 of the same Convention both for civil and criminal cases. Especially for citizens who do not have sufficient financial means, the provision of legal aid to clients by governments increases the likelihood, within court proceedings, of being assisted by legal professionals for free or at a lower cost, or of receiving financial aid.

A number of delivery models for legal aid have emerged, including duty lawyers, community legal clinics, and the payment of lawyers to deal with cases for individuals who are entitled to legal aid. More informal or general legal advice and assistance may also be provided for free or at low cost through such means as law centres (UK), community legal centres (Australia) or a variety of other organisations which provide various forms of legal aid in and outside of court.

History
Legal aid has a close relationship with the welfare state, and the provision of legal aid by a state is influenced by attitudes towards welfare. Legal aid is a welfare provision by the state to people who could otherwise not afford counsel from the legal system. Legal aid also helps to ensure that welfare provisions are enforced by providing people entitled to welfare provisions, such as social housing, with access to legal advice and the courts.

Historically, legal aid has played a strong role in ensuring respect for economic, social and cultural rights which are engaged in relation to social security, housing, social care, health, and education service provision, which may be provided publicly or privately, as well as employment law and anti-discrimination legislation. Jurists such as Mauro Cappelletti argue that legal aid is essential in providing individuals with access to justice, by allowing the individual legal enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights. His views developed in the second half of the 20th century, when democracies with capitalist economies established liberal welfare states that focused on the individual. States acted as contractors and service providers within a market-based philosophy that emphasised the citizen as consumer. This led to an emphasis on individual enforcement to achieve the realisation of rights for all.

Prior to the mid-20th century, literature on legal aid emphasised collective enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights. As classic welfare states were built in the 1940s and following World War II, an underlying principle was that citizens had collective responsibility for economic, social and cultural rights; and the state assumed responsibility for those unable to provide for themselves through illness and unemployment. The enforcement of economic, social and cultural rights was to be collective, through policies rather than individual legal action. Laws were enacted to support welfare provisions, though these were regarded as laws for planners, not lawyers. Legal aid schemes were established, as it was assumed that the state had a responsibility to assist those engaged in legal disputes, but they initially focused primarily on family law and divorce.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the role of the welfare state changed, and social goals were no longer assumed to be common goals. Individuals were free to pursue their own goals. The welfare state in this time expanded, along with legal aid provisions, as concerns emerged over the power of welfare providers and professionals. In the 1960s and 1970s, demand rose for the right of individuals to legally enforce economic, social and cultural rights and the welfare provisions they as individuals were entitled to. Mechanisms emerged through which citizens could legally enforce their economic, social, and cultural rights, and welfare lawyers used legal aid to advise those on low income when dealing with state officials. Legal aid was extended from family law to a wide range of economic, social, and cultural rights.

In the 1980s, the role of the classic welfare state was no longer regarded as necessarily positive, and welfare was increasingly provided by private entities. Legal aid was increasingly provided through private providers, but they remained focused on providing assistance in court cases. Citizens were increasingly regarded as consumers, who should be able to choose among services. Where it was not possible to provide such a choice, citizens were given the right to voice their dissatisfaction through administrative complaints processes. This resulted in tension, as legal aid was not designed to offer advice to those seeking redress through administrative complaints processes. Tensions also began to emerge as states which emphasised individual enforcement of economic, social, and cultural rights, rather than collective enforcement through policies, reduced funding for legal aid as a welfare state provision. Individual enforcement of welfare entitlement requires the kind of legal aid funding states emphasising collective enforcement were more likely to provide.

Legal aid movements
Historically legal aid has its roots in the right to counsel and right to a fair trial movement of the 19th-century continental European countries. "Poor man's laws" waived court fees for the poor and provided for the appointment of duty solicitors for those who could not afford to pay for a solicitor. Initially the expectation was that duty solicitors would act on a pro bono basis. In the early 20th century, many European countries had no formal approach to legal aid, and the poor relied on the charity of lawyers. Most countries went on to establish laws that provided for the payment of a moderate fee to duty solicitors. To curb demand, legal aid was restricted to lawyer costs in judicial proceedings requiring a lawyer. Countries with a civil law legal system and common law legal systems take different approaches to the right to counsel in civil and criminal proceedings. Civil law countries are more likely to emphasise the right to counsel in civil proceedings, and therefore provide legal aid where a lawyer is required. Common law countries emphasise the right to counsel and provide legal aid primarily in relation to criminal proceedings.

In response to rapid industrialisation in the late 19th-century Europe, trade union and workers' parties emerged that challenged the social policies of governments. They gained passage of laws to provide workers with legal rights in the event of illness or accidents, in an attempt to prevent industrial action by industrial workers. Workers unions in turn started to provide workers with legal advice on their new economic, social and cultural rights. Demand for these services was high and in an attempt to provide workers with non-partisan advice, many governments started to provide legal aid by the early 20th century.

Recent times
In the 20th century, legal aid developed together with progressive principles; it has often been supported by those members of the legal profession who felt that it was their responsibility to care for those on low income. Legal aid became driven by what lawyers could offer to meet the "legal needs" of those they have identified as poor, marginalised or discriminated against. According to Francis Regan in 1999, legal aid provision is supply driven, not demand driven, leading to wide gaps between provisions that meet perceived needs and actual demand. Legal service initiatives, such as neighbourhood mediation and legal services, frequently have to close due to lack of demand, while others are overwhelmed with clients.

Though legal aid aims to create more equity in the sphere of legal practices, according to an 1985 article, aid offered is often limited in its quality or its social impact by economic constraints that dictate who can access these services and where the aforementioned services are geographically located.

By country

Asia
Most developmental legal aid services are provided by grassroots organizations, human rights-based non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or are stipulated by constitutional laws by some Asian governments.

Hong Kong
A unitary jurisdiction, Hong Kong provides legal aid solely provided through the Legal Aid Department, which is in turn overseen by the Legal Aid Services Council.

Administratively the Legal Aid Department was under the Administration Wing of the Chief Secretary's Office. In 2007, it was moved to the Home Affairs Bureau, which chiefly oversees cultural matters and local administration. This was heavily criticized by the opposition pro-democracy camp for jeopardising neutrality of the provision of legal aid. They voted en bloc against the whole package of reorganisation of policy bureaus, of which the transfer of the Legal Aid Department was part.

India
Article 39A of the Constitution of India, provides for equal justice and free legal aid:
The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
This Article emphasises that free legal service is an inalienable element of 'reasonable, fair and just' procedure, for without it a person suffering from economic or other disabilities would be deprived of the opportunity for securing justice.

In the civil side, Order XXXIII. R.18 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 provided that the state and central governments may make supplementary provisions as it thinks fit for providing free legal services to those who have been permitted to sue as an indigent person.  The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 made drastic changes in the field of legal services. It is an Act to constitute legal services authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities, and to organize Lok Adalats to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity.

Philippines

Developmental legal assistance or developmental legal aid, as it is often called in the Philippines, has come a long way since the Marcos dictatorship. During martial law, the father of human rights Sen. Jose W. Diokno was sent to prison when Ferdinand Marcos arrested all political dissidents. Once Diokno was released 718 days later, the attorney and former senator founded the Free Legal Assistance Group, the oldest and largest human rights firm since 1974. It was through FLAG's innovative use of developmental legal aid, which included pro-bono legal service as well as free allowances to clients who were financially incapacitated, that free legal service became standard practice in the country. Later on, laws were introduced that would require newly licensed barristers to give free legal service to the poor for a stipulated and fixed duration of time. The most famous law on developmental legal aid is called the Community Legal Aid Service (CLAS) Rule. The CLAS Rule applies to lawyers who are in their first year of practice. Many developmental legal services are provided by most law firms and NGOs in the Philippines.

In 2019 FLAG freely represented Time Person of the Year Maria Ressa during her libel case against the 16th president, Rodrigo Duterte, as it was her exposés on Duterte's War on Drugs that have sparked worldwide debates on the potential legal repercussions of Duterte's actions.

In 2020, Duterte created a new law called the Anti-Terror Law, which would arrest any dissident due to loose definitions in the law on who might be marked as "terrorists". This has incited protests from the masses as well as from FLAG chairman Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno. FLAG, alongside fellow columnists, statesmen, and political detainees responded with issuing the legal challenge G.R. No. 252741 against Duterte's Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea on the grounds and rationality of the law. Among the provisions that is being questioned is Section 29 on detention without judicial warrant of arrest in which a suspect can be arrested even without a warrant of arrest and detained for up to 24 days, which echoed back to the days of martial law under Marcos that allowed the proliferation of developmental legal aid in the first place.

Europe
Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union provides that legal aid will be made available to those who lack sufficient resources, in so far as such aid is necessary to ensure effective access to justice.

Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia
According to PILnet: the Global Network for Public Interest Law,
for over a decade, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia have been in the process of reforming and restructuring their legal systems. While many critical justice sector reforms have been undertaken throughout the region, the mechanisms to ensure individuals' access to legal information and assistance often remain inadequate and ineffective. Consequently, many people—especially those who are poor or otherwise disadvantaged—are left without any real access to legal counsel in both criminal and non-criminal matters.

In the Czech Republic, qualifying persons (usually those who evidence inadequacy of funds) can apply to the courts or the Czech Bar Association to have an attorney appointed to them.

Denmark
In Denmark, applicants must satisfy the following criteria to receive legal aid for civil cases: The applicant must not earn more than kr. 289,000 ($50,000) a year and the claims of the party must seem reasonable. In respect to criminal cases, the convicted will only have to cover the costs if he or she has a considerable fixed income – this is to prevent recidivism.

Germany

In civil cases including employment, administrative, constitutional, and social cases, assistance under the Legal Advice Scheme Act (in the form of advice and, where necessary, representation) is given. In criminal cases, the defendant has a right to counsel, and in certain cases when the penalty is at least one year of confinement, the defendant can be given counsel even against his or her wishes.

Italy
Known as Patrocinio a spese dello Stato, legal aid is provided by the Italian Law DPR n. 115/2002 – Articles. 74–141. It is intended to implement Article 24 of the Italian Constitution and ensure access to the right of defense (in civil, administrative and criminal cases) to persons not able to independently obtain the services of a lawyer due to the inability to pay for them from their income (less than €10,776.33 per capita).

The Constitution of the Italian Republic, Clause 24 states:
Everyone is allowed to take legal action for the protection of her/his rights and legitimate interests. Defence is an inviolable right at any grade of the proceedings. The means of action and defence before all Courts are guaranteed to the indigent by public institutions. The law determines the conditions and legal means to remedy miscarriages of justice.

Legal aid in Italy is a service to allow everyone to be assisted by a lawyer or by an expert witness free of any legal fees or costs in all criminal, civil, administrative, accounting or fiscal proceeding and "voluntary jurisdiction" and whenever the presence of a lawyer or expert witness is required by law. Legal aid is granted for all grades or stages of the trial, including all further connected incidental and contingent proceedings. It is granted before Tribunals, Courts of Appeal, the Supreme Court, surveillance courts and judges, Regional Administrative Tribunals, Judicial Review Committees, Provincial and Regional Fiscal Commissions and the State Auditors' Court.

United Kingdom

England and Wales

Introduction
Legal aid was originally established by the Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949. In 2009, legal aid in England and Wales cost the taxpayer £2bn a year – a higher per capita spend than anywhere else in the world – and was available to around 29% of adults. However, availability and level of provision of legal aid have greatly decreased since 2012 as a result of austerity measures in the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012.

Legal aid in England and Wales is administered by the Legal Aid Agency (until 31 March 2013 by the Legal Services Commission), and is available for most criminal cases, and many types of civil cases. Exceptions include libel, most personal injury cases (which are now dealt with under Conditional Fee Agreements, a species of contingent fee), and corporate cases. Family cases are also sometimes covered. Depending on the type of case, legal aid may or may not be means tested and in some cases legal aid can be free to those on benefits, out of work and have no savings or assets.

Criminal legal aid is generally provided through private firms of solicitors and barristers in private practice. A limited number of public defenders are directly employed by the Legal Aid Agency in Public Defender Service offices; they provide advice in police stations and advocacy in magistrates and crown courts. Civil legal aid is provided through solicitors and barristers in private practice but also by lawyers working in Law Centres and not-for-profit advice agencies.

LASPO
The provision of legal aid is governed by the Access to Justice Act 1999 and supplementary legislation, most recently the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO), which came into force in 2013. LASPO triggered an immediate 46% plunge in the number of cases in which legal aid was granted, from 925,000 in 2012 to just 497,000 cases in the following year. The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) stopped aid for areas of law that include family, welfare, housing, and debt. There are complaints that cuts to legal aid from LASPO have prevented the poorest people getting justice.

Disabled people disputing benefit claims are usually denied legal aid forcing them to deal with complex and distressing cases without help.  The numbers disputing when benefits are denied have fallen drastically and it is feared the most vulnerable are losing out.

The government's rationale for introducing LASPO was because people who could clearly afford their own legal fees were abusing the system, and cases which could clearly be settled with alternative dispute resolution were unnecessarily being taken to court. This can be seen in the government's response to legal aid reforms in 2011, where Kenneth Clarke, Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, said funding was being provided for "unnecessary litigation", something which he viewed as "unaffordable" and "spiralling legal costs". He also noted that before the introduction of LASPO, England and Wales were spending £39 per head of the population on legal aid compared with only £8 per head in New Zealand. Experts maintain the burden of cost has just been transferred to the courts, NHS and social care, which in the end costs the state more.

The effects of LASPO on legal aid in England and Wales
Supreme Court justice Lord Wilson of Culworth fears the effectiveness of legal aid is being reduced. Wilson said cuts to legal aid prevent the disadvantaged from exercising their human rights. He also says that even in areas were legal aid is allowed, the payment to lawyers is so low that many of them stop providing legal aid. The Law Society maintains restrictions to legal aid are preventing defendants getting a fair trial.

BBC analysis found up to a million people are in areas without legal aid for housing, and 15 million are in areas with one provider. Liberty maintained ability to get justice had been "significantly undermined". There were roughly 1,000 fewer civil legal aid providers in 2018 since 2011–12, with most of the providers being based in London. Richard Miller of the Law society said it can be very difficult to find legal aid providers willing to take on a case. Lord Dyson said this has led to vulnerable people representing themselves in court, with many defendants paying towards their defence (sometimes nearly as expensive as paying for a private lawyer).

Furthermore, Ben Tovey says he has to turn away people from legal aid every day.

Law centres have also closed due to funding cuts adding to the problems of people needing legal aid. Nimrod Ben-Cnaan of the Law Centres Network, maintained the legal aid market was, "failing" since cuts, "shattered local ecologies of advice," and that it is vital law centres are rebuilt. Malcolm Richardson, retired magistrate said legal advisers must increasingly guide litigant in person through court proceedings.  He said, "It puts all the judiciary in a difficult position but also burdens the whole court system."

Tom McNally said, "If we really wanted to make substantial reforms to the criminal justice system, it was almost impossible with the continuation of austerity." Litigants in person do not know what evidence to bring or what questions to ask. During divorce and separation cases far fewer couples take up mediation. Without lawyers no one is around to point out less confrontational ways of settling matters. Philip Alston said that legal aid had become considerably less available in England and Wales from 2012, which had, "overwhelmingly affected the poor and people with disabilities, many of whom cannot otherwise afford to challenge benefit denials or reductions and are thus effectively deprived of their human rights to a remedy".

LASPO has also had an impact on legal aid providers, who say they are "dismay[ed] at...such deep and arbitrary cuts" to legal aid. There have been 37 legal aid providers which have collapsed since April 2020, which is more than 70 offices. This has caused barristers who offer legal aid to feel their role has been "driven to extinction" due to job losses. For example, in Exeter there are now no legal aid providers for immigration or asylum, with the closest provider being  away (Plymouth) from the city centre. It has been revealed that these providers receive a median net annual income of £27,000, which is less than the starting salary for a graduate manager at Aldi. The Law Society believe that this level of pay should be made fairer. Whilst legal aid lawyers are funded by the legal aid agency, it can sometimes take years for payments to come through to them. This is due to cashflow problems with the legal aid agency, something the Law Society is pushing for guidance and clarification from.

Scotland
Legal aid is in principle available for all civil actions in the Court of Session and Sheriff Court in Scotland, with the significant exception of actions of defamation. It is also available for some statutory tribunals, such as the Immigration Appeal Adjudicator and the Social Security Commissioners. There is a separate system of criminal legal aid, and legal aid is also available for legal advice.

Legal aid is means-tested. In practice it is available only to less than one-quarter of the population. It is administered by the Scottish Legal Aid Board. Legal Aid in Scotland is also available in Criminal Cases, where more than 90% of Summary applications are granted. An Interests of Justice test is applied, as well as a means test. In Solemn case (Jury Trials) the Court assesses Legal Aid.

Africa

South Africa
South Africa is a country that has reconstructed its legal systems in an attempt to mimic Western democratic countries, creating an arguably more just and fair justice system.

South Africa has a national judiciary as well as, in some areas, a tribal form of administration of justice. This is described as "legal pluralism". The informal "indigenous laws" are substantially different from the rest of the nation's laws and customs, hindering the provision of legal advice. However, the indigenous justice system in South Africa does not require representation, thus essentially eliminating the need for accessible legal aid.

Mimicking the British legal system, South Africa has barristers, which work in the senior courts, and solicitors, which provide out-of-court advice and work in the lower courts.

In 1969 the government of South Africa recognized a need for legal aid, and responded by creating the South African Legal Aid Board which began its work in 1971 and now provides the majority of legal aid throughout the country. The Board has autonomy and is independent from government in its decision-making, and has sole jurisdiction over determining the provision of legal aid. The Board provides legal aid to all "qualifying indigent individuals" with an income of R600.00 or less. If individuals do not meet this qualification they are provided other methods of obtaining a lawyer, such as hiring one or, if this is not within their means, finding one who will work pro bono.

In a reflection of the history of apartheid in South Africa, nearly 85% of all lawyers in South Africa are white. The government has determined greater racial diversity in the field of law is a priority and there are travelling "clinics" to help provide education on South African law throughout the country, with the aim of spreading knowledge as wide as possible, though especially in poorer areas.

More than 80% of the Legal Aid Board's funding is directed towards provision of defence advocates in criminal cases. This is generally explained in South Africa as being the result of two causes: the majority of crimes being committed by those who are poor, and the provision of defence in criminal cases being a priority compared to civil suits. Prior to the enactment of the 1994 Constitution, 80% of all people tried as criminals went unrepresented, as there was no right to a defence and no obligation on the government to provide that defence. Upon adoption of the 1994 Constitution the South African government was obliged to create organizations such as the Legal Aid Board to help facilitate access to legal aid.

For those who seek assistance and are aware of their own role in the justice system, legal aid in South Africa is available through:

Uncompensated private counsel (pro bono work)
Candidate attorneys in rural law firms funded by the state
Private counsel funded by the state (judiciary)
Independent university law clinics
State funded law clinics
State funded justice centers (one stop legal aid centers)
Private specialist law firms
Paralegal advice offices
Legal insurance schemes

All of these services exist and are protected by subsidies and incentives. However, these services have been open to criticism, with some saying that these extensive services that are unique to South Africa do not matter if there is no adequate education that these options are available to people. In response, the South African government has encouraged South African law schools to expand their reach and establish travelling "legal clinics" and encouraging schools to add a "legal literacy curriculum" to spread knowledge of this area.

Nigeria
Legal Aid Council, Nigeria was established to provide legal services and access to justice to poor and marginalized Nigerians whose rights have been breached and who cannot afford the services of legal practitioners or who do not have the financial means to seek redress through the judicial system. The council is a government agency under the supervision of the Nigerian Ministry of Justice. The council was set up through Decree 56 of 1976, and was adopted into the 1979 constitution as Section 42 (40)(b). It was amended to Legal Aid (Amendment) Decree No.10 of 1986, to add civil matters to the council's jurisdiction. This was further amended to Decree 22 of 1994 to include damages for breach of fundamental human rights as guaranteed under the 1979 Constitution; The Decree was later codified into the Legal Aid Council Act Cap L9 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004 and the Legal Aid Act Cap L9, 2004 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), and all these amendments were consolidated in the 2011 Legal Aid Act.

The main objective of the constitutional amendments was to enhance access to justice for as many as seek redress by expanding the scope of free legal advice, assistance, representation and to provide Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as a means of speedy pathway to getting justice. The mandate of the Council covers legal representation for indigent Nigerians in case of murder of any degree, manslaughter, malicious or grievous hurt, common assault or assault with bodily harm, affray, stealing, rape and armed robbery. The Council mostly assists persons whose earning is below the national minimum wage although exceptions can be made in rare instances. It also provides free legal services to those in custodial centres.

The council had initiated the Police Duty Solicitors Scheme (PDSS) in 2004 in partnership with the Open Society for Justice Initiative (OSJI) and the Nigeria Police Force to curtail long excessive pretrial detention and associated human rights abuses by providing free legal advice to suspects. The council has also led the charge in the certification of curriculum for Paralegal Studies in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria.

The council has a governing board which is made up of 15 members who are appointed by the President and drawn from the office of the Attorney General of the Federation, the Federal Ministry of Finance, the Inspector General of Police, the National Youth Service Corp, Nigeria Correctional Service, Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ), Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC), International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) and the Nigerian Bar Association.

The Council formulates policies while the management committee headed by the Director-General is in charge of the day-to-day operation of the organization. It works mainly through 7 departments headed by Directors namely; Criminal Justice, Civil Justice, Prison Decongestion, Human Resource Management, Finance and Accounts, International Operations and Corporate Affairs and Planning, Research and Statistics departments. The council has offices in all the 36 States of Nigeria and the Federal capital territory headed by State coordinators who report to the zonal officers in the 6 geopolitical of the country.

North America

Canada
In Canada, the modern system of legal aid developed after the federal government instituted a system of cost-sharing between the federal and provincial governments in the early 1970s.  The federal financial contribution was originally set at 50% of the cost of the legal aid system, but that level of funding has fluctuated over the years.

The actual delivery of legal aid is by the provincial level of government, as part of provincial jurisdiction over the administration of justice. For example, Legal Aid Ontario provides legal services for residents of Ontario, the Legal Services Society provides it to residents of British Columbia, and Commission des Services Juridiques does the same in the province of Quebec.

United States

Legal aid in criminal cases is a universal right guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. A number of delivery models for legal aid have emerged in the United States. The Legal Services Corporation was authorized at the federal level to oversee these programs. In a "staff attorney" model, lawyers are employed by levels of government on salary solely to provide legal assistance to qualifying low-income clients, similar to staff doctors in a public hospital. In a "judicare" model, private lawyers and law firms are paid to handle cases from eligible clients alongside cases from fee-paying clients, much like doctors are paid to handle Medicare patients in the U.S.  The "community legal clinic" model comprises non-profit clinics serving a particular community through a broad range of legal services (e.g. representation, education, law reform) and provided by both lawyers and non-lawyers, similar to community health clinics.

Defendants under criminal prosecution who cannot afford to hire an attorney are not only guaranteed legal aid related to the charges, but they are guaranteed legal representation, either in the form of public defenders, or in absence of provisions for such or due to case overloads, a court-appointed attorney.

The discussion surrounding legal aid and who is privileged to such a service has been criticized by law academics who assert that those who dominate and write the narratives of people who seek legal aid are individuals who benefit from the client narrative being one of inescapable poverty and desperation of an individual. Critiques assert that these asymmetrical, schematically constructed client profiles are required of civic legal aid programs in the capitalist framework of the United States as a tool to appeal to donors and other sources of funding. These representations and assessments of who seeks and deserves legal aid are argued to contribute to a culture of blaming the victims of poverty, as the narratives exclude the role the state and other civic stakeholders play in the creation of these client circumstances.
However, legal aid is not provided in civil suits, nor deportation procedures, as these are not criminal proceedings.

Oceania

Australia
Australia has a federal system of government comprising federal, state and territory jurisdictions. The Australian (Commonwealth) and state and territory governments are each responsible for the provision of legal aid for matters arising under their laws. In addition there is a network of approximately 200 independent, not for profit, community legal centres.

Legal aid for both Commonwealth and state matters is primarily delivered through state and territory legal aid commissions (LACs), which are independent statutory agencies established under state and territory legislation. The Australian Government funds the provision of legal aid for Commonwealth family, civil and criminal law matters under agreements with state and territory governments and LACs. The majority of Commonwealth matters fall within the family law jurisdiction.

Legal aid commissions use a mixed model to deliver legal representation services. A grant of assistance legal representation may be assigned to either a salaried in-house lawyer or referred to a private legal practitioner. The mixed model is particularly advantageous for providing services to clients in regional areas and in cases where a conflict of interest means the same lawyer cannot represent both parties.

The Australian Government and most state and territory governments also fund community legal centres, which are independent, non-profit organisations which provide referral, advice and assistance to people with legal problems. Additionally, the Australian Government funds financial assistance for legal services under certain statutory schemes and legal services for Indigenous Australians.

By way of history, the Australian Government established the Legal Services Bureaux in 1942 to develop a national system. In 1973 the Attorney-General in the Whitlam Labor government, Lionel Murphy, established the Australian Legal Aid Office. Murphy recognised the urgent need for legal aid in order for justice to be equally available for all. Murphy recognised that: "one of the basic causes of the inequality of citizens before the laws is the absence of adequate and comprehensive legal aid arrangements throughout Australia ... The ultimate object of the Government is that legal aid be readily and equally available to citizens everywhere in Australia and that aid be extended for advice and assistance of litigation as well as for litigation in all legal categories and in all courts." (Senator the Hon Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) The establishment of the Australian Legal Aid Office in 1973 was followed by the establishment of state-based Legal Aid Commissions. These offices now provide the majority of free or lowcost legal assistance to those in need. In 1977, the Australian Government enacted the Commonwealth Legal Aid Commission Act 1977 (LAC Act), which established cooperative arrangements between the Australian Government and state and territory governments, under which legal aid would be provided by independent legal aid commissions to be established under state and territory legislation. The process of establishing the LACs took more than a decade. It commenced in 1976 with the establishment of the Legal Aid Commission of Western Australia, followed in 1978 the Legal Aid Commission of Victoria (LACV), and ended in 1990 with the establishment of the Legal Aid Commission of Tasmania. The cooperative arrangements that were established by the LAC Act provided for Commonwealth and state and territory legal aid funding agreements, which began in 1987.

In July 1997, the Australian Government changed its arrangements to directly fund legal aid services for Commonwealth law matters. Under this arrangement, the states and territories fund assistance in respect of their own laws. In 2013, a murder trial in the Supreme Court of Victoria was delayed because legal aid was unavailable. This has been cited as the effect of a reduction in government-funding for legal aid agencies in Australia and led to an increase in popularity for online legal aid resources such as the Law Handbook and LawAnswers.

Legal aid in Australia was discussed in the case of Dietrich v The Queen (1992). It was found that although there is no absolute right to have publicly funded counsel, in most circumstances a judge should grant any request for an adjournment or stay when an accused is unrepresented.

New Zealand

The legal aid system in New Zealand provides Government-funded legal assistance to those who are unable to afford a lawyer. Legal aid is available for almost all court actions across all levels of the court system. This includes criminal charges, civil issues, family disputes, appeals and Waitangi Tribunal claims.

See also
 Access to Justice Initiatives
 Avocats Sans Frontières
 Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund
 Legal awareness
 Legal clinic
 Pro Bono Net
 Public defender
 West Coast Environmental Law

References

Further reading

External links

 Legal aid in Scotland (www.mygov.scot)
 Legal Aid Program Ontario

Human rights by issue
Standard of living

Legal aid