මැඩගස්කරය හෙවත් මැඩගස්කර් ජනරජය, අප්‍රිකාවේ ගිනිකොණ වෙරලට ඔබ්බෙහි ඉන්දියන් සාගරයේ පිහිටා ඇති දිවයිනක් වේ. මැඩගස්කරය නමින් ද හඳුන්වනු ලබන ප්‍රධාන දූපත, ලොව පිහිටි විශාලත්වයෙන් සිව්වන ස්ථානය ගන්නා වූ දූපතක් වන අතර ලෝකයේ ශාක සහ සත්ව විශේෂයන් ගෙන් සියයට 5% ක පමණ ප්‍රමාණයකට නිවහන ද වේ. මින් සියයට 80% ක පමණ ප්‍රතිශතයක් මැඩගස්කරයට පමණක් ආවේනික වෙති.

ප්‍රයිමේතාවන්ගේ උනහපුළු අව‍ගෝත්‍රය (Lemur infraorder of primates) මාංශ භක්ෂක ෆෙපාසා (Carnivorous Fossa) පක්ෂීන් කුල තුනක්,  (Three birds families) සහ බා - ඩ- බාබ් වෘක්ෂ විශේෂ හයක්  (Six baobab species) යනාදී මේ අතර වෙයි.

ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් දෙකක්ම ජාත්‍යන්තර දෛනික අවම ආදායම් මට්ටම වූ ඇමෙරිකන් ඩොලර් 1.25 කටත් වඩා පහල ආදායම් ලබමින් දිවිගෙවන්නෝ වෙති.

References

අප්‍රිකාව තුළ රටවල්
African Union member states
ඉන්දියන් සාගරයේ රටවල්
East Africa
French-speaking countries
දූපත් රටවල්
අප්‍රිකානු දූපත්
Islands of Madagascar
Least Developed Countries
Member states of La Francophonie
Physiographic provinces
Southern Africa
States and territories established in 1960
Former colonies of ප්‍රංශය

මැඩගස්කරය


Suručka (lat. Aruncus), rod trajnica iz poroodice ružovki smješten u tribus Spiraeeae, dio potporodice Amygdaloideae.

Postoje 4 priznate vrste u Europi, Aziji i Sjevernoj Americi.. U Hrvatskoj je prisutna jedna vrsta, šumska suručka ili šumska kozja brada (Aruncus dioicus), koja i je najrasprostranjenija unutar svoga roda

Vrste
 Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald
 Aruncus gombalanus Hand.-Mazz.
 Aruncus parvulus Kom.
 Aruncus sylvester Kostel.

Izvori

Amygdaloideae

Suručka


Cavalões Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Famalicão belediyesine bağlı olan, 4,33 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.465 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova de Famalicão

Cavalões


Gato Fedorento (dt.: "Stinkende Katze") ist eine portugiesische Comedy-Fernsehserie.

Vorgeschichte
Die vier Freunde begannen, in einem Internet-Blog Sketche zu zeigen. Den Namen Gato Fedorento (dt.: "Stinkende Katze") wählten sie in Anlehnung an einen Musiktitel aus der US-amerikanischen Fernsehserie Friends namens Smelly Cat.

Erfolgsgeschichte
Der Fernsehsender SIC ließ daraufhin Sketche von ihnen im Rahmen anderer Sendungen produzieren und bot ihnen dann eine eigene Sendung an. Die vier Staffeln nummerierten sie nicht, sondern benannten sie nach typischen, einfachen portugiesischen Familiennamen. Dies war Teil der Parodien ihrer Sketche, die sie oft als naive, ungebildete Landbewohner oder einfältige Städter zeigte, die in der jeweiligen Staffel stets alle die gleichen Nachnamen hatten, was auf leichte Kritik an den gleichförmigen Massen abzielte. Die erste (Série Fonseca) und die zweite Staffel (Série Meireles) waren große Publikumserfolge und wurden in der Folge als DVDs veröffentlicht. Nach Differenzen mit dem Sender über den Szenenschnitt, die schlechte Vergütung und die Sendezeiten der Folgen, verließen sie die SIC, und nahmen das Angebot der RTP für die nächsten beiden Staffeln (Série Barbosa und Série Lopes da Silva) an.

Nach den vier Staffeln änderten die vier ihr Konzept grundlegend. Sie produzierten nun eine Sendung, die sich Gato Fedorento - Diz Que É Uma Espécie de Magazine (Sag einfach, es sei so eine Art Magazin) nannte. Dabei saßen die vier in Sesseln auf einer Bühne vor Publikum und unterhielten sich über aktuelle Themen aus Politik, Sport und Gesellschaft, mit Einspielern von Sketchen. Es tauchten dabei aus den vorherigen Staffeln bekannte Figuren auf, und auch Sprache, Wortspiele und die vier Darsteller blieben die Gewohnten. Hinzu kamen sehr populäre Parodien bekannter Politiker aller Parteien, besonders Ministerpräsident José Sócrates und Oppositionsführerin Manuela Ferreira Leite. Auch dieses Format war sehr erfolgreich und wurde als DVD veröffentlicht.

Nachdem der zuständige Programmdirektor der RTP (Nuno Santos) zur SIC wechselte, wechselten 2008 auch die vier von Gato Fedorento zurück zur SIC. Dort lief eine fünfte Staffel (Zé Carlos).

2009 kam mit Gato Fedorento Esmiúça os Sufrágios (dt. in etwa: Stinkende Katze zerstückelt die Wahlen) ein neues Format. Zu den Parlaments- und Kommunal-Wahlen im September respektive Oktober des Jahres befassten sie sich in täglichen 25-Minuten-Sendungen mit den Kandidaten, den Wählern und den Wahlen. Beeinflusst von der US-amerikanischen The Daily Show, karikierten sie den Politikbetrieb in Interviews, Parodien und überspitzten Darstellungen.

Inhalt und Rezeption
In allen vier Staffeln blieb das Konzept gleich. Die vier Hauptdarsteller, die im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch und den Medien schnell selbst als Gato Fedorento bezeichnet wurden, stellten in wechselndenen Figuren überspitze Alltags-Situationen dar, in denen sie beispielsweise alltägliche Floskeln ad absurdum führten, oder Medienskandale oder die Art der Prominenten-Berichterstattung ins Lächerliche zogen. Neben der Mimik und Gestik war es vor allem der Ideenreichtum und der Wortwitz, der Publikum und Fernsehkritik überzeugte. Dabei kam die Serie weitgehend ohne unflätige Ausdrücke oder Fäkalsprache aus, und ihre Darsteller sprachen gutes Portugiesisch. Sie verzichteten auf allzu platte und vordergründige Gags, und nahmen keinen direkten Bezug auf lebende Personen.

In der Folge erhielten die vier Darsteller des Gato Fedorento eine Reihe Werbeverträge (u. a. mit eigenen Sketch-Produktionen), und sie erlangten einen großen Bekanntheitsgrad in Portugal, insbesondere der hochgewachsene Ricardo Araújo Pereira, gleichwohl die vier meist zusammen auftraten. Die DVD-Veröffentlichungen der Serie erreichten hohe Verkaufszahlen. So war die Box der ersten Staffel im Weihnachtsgeschäft 2004 die meistverkaufte DVD in Portugal

Weblinks
  (1. Staffel / Série Fonseca)
  (2. Staffel / Série Meireles)
  (3. Staffel / Série Barbosa)
  (4. Staffel / Série Lopes da Silva)
  (Série Zé Carlos)
  (Diz que é uma espécie de magazine)
  (Esmiuça os sufrágios)
 Offizielle Webseite
 Website mit allen Sketchen

Einzelnachweise

Comedy-Fernsehserie
Fernsehserie (Portugal)
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal
Fernsehsendung der 2000er Jahre

Gato Fedorento


ඉන්දියවේ සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික තාරකාශාස්ත්‍රය ජ්‍යෝතිෂ්ශාස්ත්‍රය හෙවත් ජ්‍යෝතිෂය නමිවේ.

මූලික අංග

නැකැත් (නක්ෂත්‍ර) 27

නැකත් යනු ද පෘථිවිය වටා අහස බෙදා ඇති එක් ක්‍රමයකි. නමුත් මෙය වැඩියෙන්ම සලකනු ලබන්නේ චන්ද්‍රයා සඳහාය. යම් අවස්ථාවක ලබා ඇති නැකත යනු එම අවස්ථාවේ චන්ද්‍රයා පිහිටා ඇති නැකත් කොටුවයි.

දසා

ග්‍රහයෝ

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 තාරකාශාස්ත්‍ර

වැඩිදුර කියවීම්

ජ්‍යෝතිෂ්ශාස්ත්‍රය
නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප

ජ්‍යෝතිෂ්ශාස්ත්‍රය


كلية بورتسودان التقانية هي إحدى كليات جامعة السودان التقانية التابعة لوزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي السودانية وتعنى بتخريج التقنين المؤهلين علمياً وعملياً في مختلف الاختصاصات الهندسية والإدارية والمحاسبية.

نبذة
الدراسة في هذه الكلية تتكون من ستة فصول دراسية على مدار ثلاثة سنوات والقبول فيها حصراً للطلبة الحاصلين على الشهادة السودانية أو ما يعادلها، والفصل الدراسي الأخير فيها هو التدريب على رأس العمل في المواقع التدريبية المناظرة لاختصاص الطالب.

يتضمن البرنامج الأكاديمي للفصل الدراسي السادس تدريباً عملياً في مواقع العمل لمدة خمسة عشرة إسبوعاً يلتحق خلالها الطالب بالمؤسسات الصناعية والإنتاجية والخدمية كلٌ ضمن تخصصه ليتدرب على العمل الفعلي ضمن الواقع الحقيقي لبيئة العمل واختبار مدى استيفائه للمقررات التي درسها في الفصول الخمسة السابقة حيث يؤدون الأعمال التي يكلفون بها من قبل المؤسسات التي يلتحقون بها، ويخضعون للتعليمات والقوانين التي تعمل بها تلك المؤسسات وبإشراف إحدى المختصين المخلفين من قبلها.

التاريخ
تأسست كلية بورسودان التقنية في 12 يونيو 2006 وهي إحدى كليات هيئة التعليم التقني التابعة إلى وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العالمي السودانية وتقع في ولاية البحر الأحمر معتمديةبورسودان منطقة الثورة مربع13 وتم تكليف د.حسين محمد أحمد المشهداني أول عميد لها منذ تأريخ تأسيسها ولحد الآن.

استحدثت الكلية في العام 2006م وتم تعيين أول عميد للكلية عراقي الجنسية هو الدكتور حسين محمد احمد المشهداني، وأول امين شؤون علمية الدكتورة هدى سيد محمد، وأول وكيل للكلية هو الاستاذ الخزين محمد الحسن،

بدأت الكلية مسيرتها بستة أقسام علمية هي هندسة الكهرباء، هندسة السيارات، هندسة الإنتاج، أنظمة الحاسوب، نظم المعلومات المحاسبية، الفندقية والسياحة ، ترأس هذه الأقسام بالترتيب الاستاذ معاوية عبد القادر علي، الدكتور عادل محمد عيسى الدليمي، الاستاذ أبو عبيدة حسن موسى، الدكتور حسين عباس محمد احمد ، الاستاذ علاء الدين عبد الرحمن عثمان الشيخ، الاستاذ طلال محمود شنقراي.

في عام 2009، احتفلت كلية بورتسودان التقنية، بتخريج أول دفعة من طلابها في مجالات الهندسة والحاسوب والفندقة والسياحة.

في العام 2010 تم تكليف الدكتور عادل الدليمي بعمادة الكلية، وبعده كلف الدكتور محجوب علي بابكر بعمادة الكلية

الأهداف

 إعداد كوادر تقنية مؤهلة تساهم في عملية التنمية .
 المحافظة علي هيئة تدريبية متميزة .
 استحداث تخصصات علمية تتناسب مع متطلبات التنمية بالبلاد .
 خدمة المجتمع من خلال تمليك المهن والمهارات للفئات التي لم تنل حظا من التعليم النظامي عبر الدورات التدريبية التيتقدمها الكلية .

المساقات التعليمية

برنامج الدبلوم التقنى
برنامج الدبلوم التقنى للحاصلين على الشهادة السودانية أو مايعادلها (نجاح)، بالنسبة للتقنيات الهندسية يشترط النجاح في الرياضيات التخصصية، أما تقنية أنظمة الحاسوب فيشترط فيها النجاح في ستة مواد فقط للمساقات العلمية والأدبية والفنية.
=تتميز الدراسة بالجانب العملى والتطبيقى حيث تتراوح الساعات العملية من 60 إلى 70% والساعات النظرية من 30 إلى 40% من إجمالي الساعات الاسبوعية.
=مدة الدراسة ثلاثة سنوات تقسم إلى ستة فصول دراسية، حيث يتضمن الفصل الأخير مشروع التخرج إضافة للتدريب على رأس العمل، وربما يحصل المتخرج على شهادة الدبلوم التقنى في حقل الاختصاص ان وجدت شهادة اصلا علي حد العلم فالخريجين الجدد لم يصدر لهم أي شهادة حتي الآن والسبب غير معروف وذلك منذ عام 2017 .

برنامج البكلاريوس التقاني
قيد الدراسة...
كم نسبة الدخول لا يوجد معلومات

إمكانات وقدرات الكلية
تضم الكلية نخبة من هيئة تدريس متمثلة في أساتذة مشاركون ومحاضرين ومساعدى التدريس والتقنيين والمدربين

الكوادر البشرية

تضم الكلية أكثر من مائة من أعضاء هيئة التدريس والتقنيين والفنيين والمدربين والإداريين.

التجهيزات
الكلية مجهزة الي حد ما من حيث القاعات والمعامل والورش والوسائل التعليمية تقريبًا لجميع التخصصات الموجودة.

مساحة الكلية
مساحة الكلية 30.800 متر مربع.

 مساحة الورش 3900 متر مربع.
 مساحة القاعات والمعامل 1080 متر مربع.
 مساحة مبانى الخدمات 1270 متر مربع.
 مساحة مبانى الإدارة 208 متر مربع.

المكتبة
تمتلك الكلية مكتبة علمية تحتوى على كتب متعدده ومختلفة من أحدث الإصدارات في كل المجالات الهندسية والإدارية والمحاسبية وغيرها مما يتيح لطلاب الكلية فرصة واسعه للاطلاع على المعلومات التي يريدونها. تفتح المكتبة أبوابها من الساعة الثامنة صباحاً وحتى الواحدة ظهرا يومياً

البرامج التدريبية
توجد بالكلية برامج تدريبية بالتخصصات المذكورة أعلاه، كما توجد برامج تدريبية خاصة وبمواصفات معينة تقع خارج محتوى البرامج التدريبية المذكورة آنفاً، حيث تتراوح مدة البرامج والدورات التدريبية من إسبوع إلى أربعة أشهر حسب نوع البرنامج.

الفعاليات الإنتاجية
تقوم الكلية بجانب المهام التقنية الهندسية بخدمات إنتاجية للمجتمع مقابل عائد مادى، وذلك كاستقلال لقدرات الكلية من عاملين وطلاب وأجهزة وورش ومعدات وغيرها.

مراجع

جامعات وكليات في السودان

كلية بورتسودان التقانية


Vognmagergade er en gade i Indre By, i København, der går fra Møntergade til Landemærket. Gadenavnet kendes fra 1568 i formen Wogenmand gade og senere med andre varianter af vognmændenes gade. Fra 1764 kendes betegnelsen Vogenmager Gade, der formentlig er inspireret af den nærliggende Købmagergade, men som næppe har noget med vognbygning at gøre.

Området, som gaden ligger i, gennemgik en kraftig sanering i begyndelsen af 1900-tallet, hvor et slumkvarter, Brøndstræde-kvarteret, der var opstået her, blev revet ned. I stedet blev der opført flere store erhvervsejendomme langs gaden. Det mest karakteristiske indslag er imidlertid den toetages skyway, der forbinder nr. 10 og 11. Den blev opført i 1936-1937 efter tegninger af Alf Cock-Clausen for forlaget Gutenberghus, nu Egmont, der dengang holdt til i begge bygninger. På de to glasdækkede sider mod gaden er der opsat store ure.

Bygninger

På den nordlige side af gaden ligger først bagsiden af det firlængede kompleks Møntergården med adresserne Vognmagergade 2 / Møntergade 19-21 / Gothersgade 49 / Sjæleboderne 2-4. Det blev opført i 1915-1916 efter tegninger af H.P. Jacobsen for grosserer A.C. Illum. Det blev overtaget af ATP i 1995.

Karréen Vognmagergade 8 / Lønporten 2 / Gothersgade 53 blev opført i 1912-1913 efter tegninger af G.B. Hagen og Rolf Schroeder for Københavns Belysningsvæsen, der brugte den som kontorbygning. Bygningen er opført i røde teglsten på en sokkel af grå sten. I soklen er der indmuret nogle kampesten fra tidligere bygninger på grunden. På fløjene langs med Sjæleboderne og Lønporten afsluttes tagetagerne med bindingsværk ud mod Vognmagergade. Midt på siden mod Vognmagergade ligger bygningens hovedindgang, der er udformet som Københavns byvåben. Bygningen blev benyttet af Belysningsvæsenet, fra 1999 Københavns Energi, til 2005. Fra 2007 har voksenundervisningscentret KVUC holdt til her.

Tredje og sidste bygning på den nordlige side er den firefløjede ejendom Vognmagergade 8B-10 / Gothersgade 55 / Landemærket 26. De tre fløje blev opført i 1912-1914 efter tegninger af Bernhard Ingemann for Egmont H. Petersen, der havde brug for ekstra plads til sin voksende forlagsvirksomhed Gutenberghus. Den fjerde fløj mod Gothersgade blev af ukendte årsager først opført i 1929 under ledelse af Alf Cock-Clausen. Ejendommen blev ombygget til Filmhuset i 1995-1996 efter tegninger af Lars Frank Nielsen. Bygningen huser i dag Det Danske Filminstitut med Cinemateket, bibliotek og videotek.

På den sydlige side af gaden ligger et kompleks, der blev opført for Gutenberghus over flere omgange. Langs med Vognmagergade fremstår den som en aflang bygning med sort stueetage med fem etager grå facader ovenover og to tilbagetrukne tagetager. Forskellige arkitektoniske indslag afslører dog, at den ikke er opført på en gang. Ældste del er nr. 11, der blev opført i 1934 efter tegninger af Alfred Cock-Clausen. I 1938 udvidede han den med nr. 9, der er udsmykket med et toetages søjlerelief over indgangen. I 1964 udvidede han den yderligere med nr. 7 sammen med sin søn Søren Cock-Clausen. Her er den ene tagetage trukket frem til gaden. Ved Møntergade ligger en bygning, der blev opført under ledelse af Preben Hansen og Poul Andresen. De stod desuden for en fireetages glasbeklædt skyway, der forbinder bygningen med Cock-Clausens.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Vognmagergade på Indenforvoldene.dk

Noter

Gader i Indre By (København)

Vognmagergade


97631 Kentrobinson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
97631 Kentrobinson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Larry H. Wasserman. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,12 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 9,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 97001-98000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

97631 Kentrobinson


The Dark Queen of Krynn ist ein Computer-Rollenspiel von SSI auf Grundlage des Rollenspiel-Regelwerks Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. Es ist der abschließende dritte Teil in der Dragonlance Fantasy Role-Playing Epic, einer Unterreihe der Gold-Box-Reihe, und der Nachfolger zu Death Knights of Krynn. Das von MicroMagic entwickelte Spiel erschien 1992 für Amiga, DOS und Mac OS.

Handlung

Die Heldengruppe wird in der Fortsetzung ihrer Abenteuerreise von General Laurana Kanan beauftragt, den Gerüchten über Monstersichtungen im Umland der Stadt Caergoth nachzugehen. Die Truppe verschlägt es dadurch auf den Kontinent Taladas, wo die namensgebende Dark Queen Takhisis, die oberste Göttin des Bösen, im Hintergrund die Fäden zieht und von den Abenteurern besiegt werden muss.

Rezeption

Bei Erscheinen von The Dark Queen of Krynn hatten die Gold-Box-Spiele ihren Höhepunkt bereits seit längerem überstiegen. Dementsprechend gemischt vielen die Bewertungen aus.

The Dark Queen of Krynn verkaufte rund 40.600 Kopien und damit 1/3 weniger als der Vorgänger Death Knights of Krynn (62.000 Kopien). Die Gold-Box-Engine kam danach nur noch einmal zum Einsatz, im ebenfalls von MicroMagic entwickelten Unlimited Adventures, das Spielern die Möglichkeit bot, ihre eigenen Abenteuer mit Hilfe eines Baukastensystems in der Gold-Box-Engine zu erstellen.

Laut einer Retrospektive von Allen Rausch und Miguel Lopez für Gamespy fiel das Spiel vor allem durch eine Reihe von Bugs auf. Daher sein "Dark Queen of Krynn ein wenig schwer zu lieben, aber das Ausmaß, in dem es Elemente des DragonLance-Universums einbezog, machte es die Mühen für viele Fans lohnenswert".

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Computerspiel 1992
Computer-Rollenspiel
Amiga-Spiel
DOS-Spiel
Mac-OS-Spiel
Dungeons & Dragons

The Dark Queen of Krynn


A jar is a rigid, cylindrical or slightly conical container, typically made of glass, ceramic, or plastic, with a wide mouth or opening that can be closed with a lid,  screw cap, lug cap, cork stopper,  roll-on cap, crimp-on cap, press-on cap, plastic shrink, heat sealed lidding film, an inner seal, a tamper-evident band, or other suitable means. The English word "jar" originates from the Arabic word jarra, which means an earthen pot or vessel.

Background
Jars can be used to hold solids too large to be removed from, or liquids too viscous to be poured through a bottle's neck; these may be foods, cosmetics, medications, or chemicals. Glass jars—among which the most popular is the mason jar—can be used for storing and preserving items as diverse as jam, pickled gherkin, other pickles, marmalade, sun-dried tomatoes, olives, jalapeño peppers, chutneys, pickled eggs, honey, and many others.

Types
 Bell jar - typically used in scientific laboratories to produce a vacuum; also used in Victorian times for display purposes
 Cookie jar - typically ceramic or glass, common in the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom
 Killing jar - used to kill captured insects
 Leyden jar - a historical electrical capacitor
 Specimen jar - an instrument used in anatomy to preserve specimens
 Apothecary jar - historically for storage of medicines; made of ceramics or more typically in modern centuries, clear glass. Typically cylindrical or with rotationally symmetric decorative curves, sometimes with a glass disc foot separated from the main body. Modern glass versions are also used for artistic display of the contents.

Modern glass food storage jars come in a variety of shapes, all of which have a circular opening on top for screwing on a lid
 Economy round or wide mouth jars - tall but rotund cylinder slightly rounded at the top and bottom, relatively wide with a wide mouth, commonly used for sauces like a mayonnaise
 Paragon jars - tall and narrow cylinder, commonly used for pickled foods like olives
 French square or Victorian jars - roughly a small cube
 Spice jars - small cylinder or rectangular cuboid
 Hexagon or hex jars - regular hexagonal prism
 Mason jars - moderately tall cylinder typically used in home canning, sealed with a metal lid
 Kilner jar - similar to a Mason jar but sealed with rubber
 Straight-sided jars - cylinders with no neck. Squat straight-sided jars are suitable for creams which can be scooped out.

Ancient ceramic types include
 Amphora - large, but typically holding under 50 L
 Pithos - very large, typically the size of a person and holding hundreds of liters
 canopic jar

Utility
Jars are sterilised by putting them in a pressure cooker with boiling water or an oven for a number of minutes. Glass jars are considered microwavable.

Some regions have a legally mandated deposit refundable upon return of the jar to its retailer, after which the jar is recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material.

Gallery

See also
 Canning
 Home canning
 Child-resistant packaging
 Hu (vessel)
 Jar opener
 Tamper-evident
 Tamper resistant
 The asterism Water Jar in the constellation Aquarius

References

External links

Storage vessels
Glass jars
Utility vessels
ja:瓶

Jar


De tyske mesterskaber i landevejscykling er et cykelløb, der organiseres hvert år af Tysk Cykel Union. Konkurrencen blev etableret i 1910 for mænd, og siden 1968 også for kvinder.  Ingen konkurrencer blev afholdt i perioderne 1914–1918, 1926/1927, 1929–1933, 1942–1945 og 1973.
Vinderne af hvert løb hædres med en symbolsk cykeltrøje.

Mænd

U23

Kvinder

Landevejsløb

(1) Christiane Soeder deltog for Østrig fra 2003.

Referencer

Mesterskaber i landevejscykling

Tyske mesterskaber i landevejscykling


Ertuğ Tüfekçioğlu, Türk yönetmen.

1976 yılında Ankara'da doğdu. İstanbul'da liseyi bitirdi. Daha sonra Kaliforniya'daki (SMC) Santa Monica Halk Okulu'nda önlisans derecesini alırken, İtalya'ya dil ve İtalyan kültürü öğrenmeye gitti. Geri geldiğinde USC yani Güney Amerika Evrenkenti'nde Sinema-Televizyon Okulunda yapım bölümüne kabul edidi. 2000-2002 yıllarında bu okulda okurken, bir takım kısa filmler, deneme reklamları yaptı ve yönetti. Öğrenci filmi Zarpa!, 2001 yılında Ann Arbor Film Festivali'nde oynadı.

2003 yılından beri, Jason E. Baldwin'in Los Angeles'ta açtığı Califa Yapımcılık 'ta çalışmakta ve 2004 yılında kurulan TurksInEntertainment Birliği'nde de gönüllü olarak yöneticilik yapmaktadır.

Filmleri
Love is Blind yani Direkt Aşk

 32 Film Şenliği
 10 Ödül

Well Sooted yani Gönlümün İşi

 dağıtımcı Big Film Shorts
 6. Uluslararası İzmir Kısa Film Festivali
 ION International Animation Games And Film Festival
 Hisar Kısa Seçkisi '06
 25. Uluslararası İstanbul Film Festivali
 1st Annual Cross Cultural Film Festival
 18. Uluslararası Ankara Film Festivali

What If It Could Happen? yani Ya Tutarsa?
 6. Uluslararası İzmir Kısa Film Festivali
 11. Türkiye/Almanya Film Festivali
 İZ Tv
 DocuTurk, New York '08

Dig Comics yani Çizgi Roman Sevin

dağıtımcı Olmos Productions
 CCI:IFF En İyi Belgesel Ödülü '09
 Los Angeles Downtown Film Şenliği '09
 Vancouver International Film Şenliği '09
 Royal Flush Film Şenliği '09

Türk film yönetmenleri
1976 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar

Ertuğ Tüfekçioğlu


ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ 1995-96 තරගවාරයේ ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා තරග සංචාරය ටෙස්ට් තරග 3 කින් සමන්විත විය. ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව තරගමාලාව 3-0 ලෙස ජය ගත්තේය.

දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරගය විනිසුරු ඩැරල් හෙයාර් විසින් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මුත්තයියා මුරලිදරන් පන්දුව දමා ගැසීමක් සිදු කරන බවට තීරණය කිරීම මතභේදයට තුඩු දුන්නේය.

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාවේ සාරාංශය

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

3 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

බාහිර ප්‍රභවයන්

 ඊඑස්පීඑන් ක්‍රිකින්ෆෝ

යොමුව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා තරග සංචාරය 1995–96


Bilim ve Buluşlar Tarihi ya da özgün adıyla Asimov's Chronology of Science & Discovery Isaac Asimov'un 1989 yılında basılan kitabı, yaşanan tüm önemli olayları anlatırken, uygarlığımızın köklerine ışık tutar. Bilimsel gelişmelerin arka planını dünya tarihi üzerine yerleştirerek, aynı zamanda bilimsel ve kültürel, toplumsal ve politik olayların birbirlerini nasıl etkilediğini de gösterir.

Asimov, okurun, dünyanın binlerce yıllık tarihi içinde bilimin, ateşin keşfinden teknolojideki son gelişmelere kadar varan serüvenine tanık olmasını sağlar. Kendine özgü kolay anlatımıyla okuru, bu serüvenin, gezegenlerin, yıldızların ve galaksilerin keşfi; buharlı gemilerin, asansörün, ilk otomobilin, ilk televizyonun, teleskopların ve uzay gemilerinin icadı; virüslerin, kan dolaşımının, hastalıkların ve onların tedavilerinin keşfi gibi önemli duraklarında misafir olmaya davet eder.

Isaac Asimov kitapları
Tarih kitapları
1989 kitapları
Amerikan kitapları
İngilizce kitaplar

Bilim ve Buluşlar Tarihi


!Artigos com hCards

Udo J. Keppler (4 de abril de 1872 - 4 de julho de 1956), conhecido desde 1894 como Joseph Keppler Jr., foi um cartunista político estadunidense, editor e defensor dos indígenas norte-americanos. Filho do cartunista Joseph Keppler (1838–1894), que fundou a revista Puck, o jovem Keppler também contribuiu com cartuns e tornou-se coproprietário da revista após a morte de seu pai, quando mudou seu nome para Joseph Keppler. Ele também era um colecionador de artefatos indígenas norte-americanos e foi adotado pela nação Seneca de Nova Iorque, onde se tornou chefe honorário e recebeu o nome de Gyantwaka.

Keppler nasceu em St. Louis, Missouri. Ele se formou no Columbia Institute em 1888 e estudou na Alemanha em 1890 e 1891. Esteve à frente da Puck de 1890 a 1914. Ele se casou com Louise (Lulu) Eva Bechtel, filha do rico cervejeiro George Bechtel, em 4 de abril de 1895, um casamento que contou com a oposição de sua mãe e irmãs. Keppler vendeu a revista Puck em dezembro de 1913, permanecendo como diretor de arte por mais quatro meses. Mais tarde, ele contribuiu para o Judge e Leslie's Weekly até 1915. Keppler se aposentou em 1920 e em 1946 mudou-se para La Jolla, Califórnia, onde morreu em 4 de julho de 1956.

Galeria de ilustrações

Referências

Ligação externa

 Joseph Keppler, Jr. documentos no Autry National Center

Naturais de St. Louis (Missouri)
Nascidos em 1872
Mortos em 1956
Cartunistas dos Estados Unidos
Ativistas dos direitos indígenas

Udo Keppler


El río San Isidro río amazónico boliviano, que parte de la confluencia del río Moco Moco y río Cabra Cancha en el municipio de Comarapa en la provincia de Caballero del departamento de Santa Cruz. La cuenca del río San Isidro tiene una superficie aproximada de 75 km², en los cuales se asientan 18 comunidades con 8.265 habitantes, de los cuales el 80% se dedica a la agricultura. Este río es importante por estar ubicado dentro del parque nacional Amboró, motivo por el cual se han llevado a cabo varios proyectos para el manejo sustentable de los recursos y la conservación de estos para preservar la biodiversidad.

Geografía
El río San Isidro nace de las confluencias de los ríos Moco Moco y Cabra Cancha a una altura de 3.050  (). Desde este punto el río discurre en dirección sur hasta confluir con el río Pulquina () a 1.350  El río tiene una longitud aproximada de 90 km.

Véase también
 Comarapa

Referencias

Surutu

Río San Isidro (Bolivia)


An Stenospermation maguirei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A.M.E.Jonker ngan Fredrik Pieter Jonker. An Stenospermation maguirei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stenospermation, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stenospermation

Stenospermation maguirei


Molash es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Ashford, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Molash tiene una superficie de 6,38 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Molash tenía 249 habitantes (55,42% varones, 44,58% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 39,03 hab/km². El 20,88% eran menores de 16 años, el 73,9% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 5,22% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 38,74 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 26,4% estaban solteros, el 56,85% casados y el 16,75% divorciados o viudos.

El 93,57% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 3,61% de la población, mientras que el 2,81% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,79% eran blancos y el 1,21% negros. El cristianismo era profesado por el 78,49% y el budismo por el 1,2%, mientras que el 7,97% no eran religiosos y el 12,35% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

118 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 115 de ellos (97,46%) empleados y 3 (2,54%) desempleados. Había 91 hogares con residentes, 3 vacíos y 3 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Molash


La fosfoglicerato cinasa (EC 126.96.36.199) (PGK, 3-PGK) es una enzima transferasa que cataliza la segunda etapa de la segunda fase de la glucólisis, la conversión reversible de 1,3-difosfo-glicerato a 3-fosfoglicerato con la generación de una molécula de ATP. Mediante esta reacción se transfiere un grupo fosfato desde el 1,3-difosfo-glicerato al ADP.

Esta reacción es esencial en muchas células para la generación de ATP en condiciones aeróbicas, para la fermentación en condiciones anaeróbicas y para la fijación de carbono en las plantas.

La fosfoglicerato cinasa se encuentra en todos los organismos vivos y su secuencia de aminoácidos ha sido conservada durante la evolución. Es una proteína con dos dominios; cada dominio se compone de seis repeticiones de un motivo estructural α/β.

En los humanos existen dos isozimas de la fosfoglicerato cinasa, la PGK1 y la PGK2 encontrándose sus genes en el cromosoma X y en el cromosoma 6 respectivamente.

La deficiencia en fosfoglicerato cinasa se asocia con la anemia hemolítica y con enfermedades mentales en los humanos.

Fosfoglicerato cinasa (GTP)

En la naturaleza existe otra enzima fosfoglicerato cinasa pero que actúa con nucleótidos de guanosina GDP/GTP. Esta enzima se encuentra en el parásito Entamoeba histolytica.

Enlaces externos

Enlaces para la enzima que utiliza ADP/ATP.

 ExPASy PROSITE

 Wikipedia inglesa

Enlaces para la enzima que utiliza GDP/GTP.

 Brenda

Cinasas
EC 2.7.2

Fosfoglicerato cinasa


L'hôtel d'Anvers est un édifice situé à Dieppe, en France.

Localisation
L'édifice est situé dans le département français de la Seine-Maritime, sur la commune de Dieppe, au 47-51 quai Henri-IV.

Historique
Les façades et les toitures sur rue et sur cour, ainsi que le bas-relief sont inscrits au titre des monuments historiques le .

Description

Notes et références

 Le patrimoine des communes de Seine-Maritime

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Seine-Maritime
 Liste des monuments historiques de Dieppe

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Monument historique à Dieppe
Monument historique inscrit en 1991
Maison dans la Seine-Maritime
Maison monument historique (France)

Hôtel d'Anvers (Dieppe)


Vinarija Čitluk je najveća bosanskohercegovačka vinarija. Smještajni i prerađivački kapacitet joj iznosi 11,5 milijuna litara.

Za vrijeme Jugoslavije vinarija je bila dio poljoprivrednog kombinata Hepok iz Mostara. Poslovala je i tijekom rata, a nakon rata je privatizirana. Na oko 250 hektara vinograda zasađeno je tridesetak vinskih sorti. Zastupljene su domaće sorte blatina, žilavka, trnjak, vranac, ali i svjetske sorte cabernet sauvignon, chardonnay, merlot i druge. Osim vlastitog grožđa prerađuje i grožđe iz vinograda Hercegovina vina s kojim je vlasnički i ugovorno povezana. Također, vinarija otkupljuje tržišne viškove žilavke i blatine s čitavog područja Hercegovine.

Vinarija posjeduje najveću plantažu u državi, Kamene vinograde, površine 100 hektara. Kameni vinogradi se nalaze na krševitoj visoravni Brotnjo na oko 200 metara nadmorske visine. Vinogradi su podignuti u razdoblju od 1981. do 1984., a zastupljene su autohtone bijele sorte - žilavka (90%) i bena (10%).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Vinarija Čitluk  na hercegovinavino.com
 Vinarija Čitluk  na vinskacesta.ba

Enologija
Gospodarstvo Bosne i Hercegovine
Čitluk
Proizvođači pića

Vinarija Čitluk


El Ministerio de Telecomunicaciones y la Sociedad de la Información es el órgano rector de las telecomunicaciones y de la sociedad de la información, informática, tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones y de la seguridad de la información. Le corresponde el establecimiento de políticas, directrices y planes aplicables en tales áreas para el desarrollo de la sociedad de la información. En la actualidad este ministerio forma parte del Consejo Sectorial de Infraestructura y Recursos No Renovables.

Misión:

Ser el órgano rector del desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el Ecuador, que incluyen las telecomunicaciones, el espectro radioeléctrico, gobierno electrónico, simplificación de trámites y sociedad de la información, que emite normativa, políticas, planes y realiza el seguimiento y evaluación de su implementación, que regula y controla el sector postal, coordinando acciones con los actores de los sectores estratégicos para garantizar el acceso igualitario a los servicios y promover su uso efectivo, eficiente y eficaz, que asegure el avance hacia la sociedad de la información para el desarrollo de la población ecuatoriana.

Visión:

Constituirse en la entidad, referente de la gestión pública, que lidere y gobierne todos los procesos necesarios para que los ciudadanos accedan y generen información y conocimiento, mediante el uso efectivo de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación; además de fortalecer el gobierno electrónico, la simplificación de trámites, el sector postal y sociedad de la información, en beneficio de los ciudadanos y del desarrollo socio económico del país.

Ministra

Vianna Maino ==
Maino es especialista en el asesoramiento en materia de participaciones público-privadas. Ha participado en concesiones de infraestructura y servicios públicos en transporte, portuario, aeroportuario, energía, telecomunicaciones, entre otros. Ha dirigido importantes negociaciones con corporaciones internacionales. Además, se desempeñaba como asesora de sectores de Infraestructura, Tecnología, Servicios Públicos y Transporte; y como especialista en el Ecuador para publicaciones BID y Banco Mundial.

De profesión abogada, graduada en la Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Maino cuenta con varios premios por excelencia académica, un M.B.A. con especialización en Negocios Internacionales y un Doctorado en Jurisprudencia. Antes de la designación se desempeñaba como la responsable en Ecuador de las publicaciones del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y del Banco Mundial.

Cuenta con varios cursos internacionales sobre modelos de modernización de gobierno y colaboración público-privada: Programa Estrategias para una implementación efectiva de la Colaboración Público-Privada, Harvard Kennedy School- Real Colegio Complutense – IIEE; IWF International Women´s Forum- Fellowship Program, Harvard Business School / Insead – The Business School of the World; Programa de Gobernabilidad, Gerencia Política y Gestión Pública, CAF/George Washington University/ESPOL.

Vianna Maino, quien también fue docente de Derecho en posgrados de la Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, asume la responsabilidad de lograr total cobertura de internet y celular en todo el Ecuador, una de las principales promesas de campaña del Presidente Lasso. Así mismo destacó que trabajará para que la tecnología sea una oportunidad para alcanzar un proyecto de desarrollo nacional incluyente.

La Ministra Vianna Maino será responsable de emitir políticas públicas y planes generales orientados a cerrar la brecha de la desigualdad, asegurando a todos los ecuatorianos oportunidades justas para el éxito. Para este propósito, se encargará de liderar la transformación digital para la telemedicina y teleducación, apoyando la oferta académica con la utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) para garantizar a todos los ecuatorianos el acceso igualitario a los servicios, promoviendo su uso efectivo, eficiente y eficaz.

Liderará la digitalización de los servicios gubernamentales, que permitirá acercar el Estado a los ciudadanos a través de la tecnología. El propósito será digitalizar todos los trámites del sector.

El gran objetivo de Maino como Ministra de Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la Información, es el crear nuevos caminos hacia la movilidad socioeconómica que contribuya con el desarrollo y la integración de la población ecuatoriana para convertirla en una sociedad más justa y equitativa.

Listado de ministros

Referencias
Ley Orgánica de Telecomunicaciones

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial Ministerio de Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la Información

Telecomunicaciones


Aleksander Głowacki (20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), better known by his pen name Bolesław Prus (), was a Polish novelist, a leading figure in the history of Polish literature and philosophy, as well as a distinctive voice in world literature.

As a 15-year-old, Aleksander Głowacki joined the Polish 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia. Shortly after his 16th birthday, he suffered severe battle injuries.  Five months later, he was imprisoned for his part in the Uprising.  These early experiences may have precipitated the panic disorder and agoraphobia that dogged him through life, and shaped his opposition to attempting to regain Poland's independence by force of arms.

In 1872, at the age of 25, in Warsaw, he settled into a 40-year journalistic career that highlighted science, technology, education, and economic and cultural development.  These societal enterprises were essential to the endurance of a people who had in the 18th century been partitioned out of political existence by Russia, Prussia and Austria. Głowacki took his pen name "Prus" from the appellation of his family's coat-of-arms.

As a sideline, he wrote short stories.  Succeeding with these, he went on to employ a larger canvas; over the decade between 1884 and 1895, he completed four major novels: The Outpost, The Doll, The New Woman and Pharaoh.  The Doll depicts the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by his country's backwardness.  Pharaoh, Prus's only historical novel, is a study of political power and of the fates of nations, set in ancient Egypt at the fall of the 20th Dynasty and New Kingdom.

Life

Early years

Aleksander Głowacki was born 20 August 1847 in Hrubieszów, now in southeastern Poland, very near the present-day border with Ukraine.  The town was then in the Russian-controlled sector of partitioned Poland, known as the "Congress Kingdom".  Aleksander was the younger son of Antoni Głowacki, an estate steward at the village of Żabcze, in Hrubieszów County, and Apolonia Głowacka (née Trembińska).

In 1850, when the future Bolesław Prus was three years old, his mother died; the child was placed in the care of his maternal grandmother, Marcjanna Trembińska of Puławy, and, four years later, in the care of his aunt, Domicela Olszewska of Lublin. In 1856 Prus was orphaned by his father's death and, aged 9, began attending a Lublin primary school whose principal, Józef Skłodowski, grandfather of the future double Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie, administered canings (a customary mode of disciplining) to wayward pupils, including the spirited Aleksander.

In 1862, Prus's brother, Leon, a teacher thirteen years his senior, took him to Siedlce, then to Kielce.

Soon after the outbreak of the Polish January 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia, 15-year-old Prus ran away from school to join the insurgents.  He may have been influenced by his brother Leon, one of the Uprising's leaders. Leon, during a June 1863 mission to Wilno (now Vilnius) in Lithuania for the Polish insurgent government, developed a debilitating mental illness that would end only with his death in 1907.

On 1 September 1863, twelve days after his sixteenth birthday, Prus took part in a battle against Russian forces at a village called Białka, four kilometers south of Siedlce. He suffered contusions to the neck and gunpowder injuries to his eyes, and was captured unconscious on the battlefield and taken to hospital in Siedlce. This experience may have caused his subsequent lifelong agoraphobia.

Five months later, in early February 1864, Prus was arrested and imprisoned at Lublin Castle for his role in the Uprising. In early April a military court sentenced him to forfeiture of his nobleman's status and resettlement on imperial lands.  On 30 April, however, the Lublin District military head credited Prus's time spent under arrest and, on account of the 16-year-old's youth, decided to place him in the custody of his uncle Klemens Olszewski.  On 7 May, Prus was released and entered the household of Katarzyna Trembińska, a relative and the mother of his future wife, Oktawia Trembińska.

Prus enrolled at a Lublin gymnasium (secondary school), the still functioning prestigious Stanisław Staszic School, founded in 1586. Graduating on 30 June 1866, at nineteen he matriculated in the Warsaw University Department of Mathematics and Physics.  In 1868, poverty forced him to break off his university studies.

In 1869, he enrolled in the Forestry Department at the newly opened Agriculture and Forestry Institute in Puławy, a historic town where he had spent some of his childhood and which, 15 years later, was the setting for his striking 1884 micro-story, "Mold of the Earth", comparing human history with the mutual aggressions of blind, mindless colonies of molds that cover a boulder adjacent to the Temple of the Sibyl. In January 1870, after only three months at the Institute, Prus was expelled for his insufficient deference toward the martinet Russian-language instructor.

Henceforth he studied on his own while supporting himself mainly as a tutor.  As part of his program of self-education, he translated and summarized John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic.

In 1872, he embarked on a career as a newspaper columnist, while working several months at the Evans, Lilpop and Rau Machine and Agricultural Implement Works in Warsaw. In 1873, Prus delivered two public lectures which illustrate the breadth of his scientific interests: "On the Structure of the Universe", and "On Discoveries and Inventions."

Columnist

As a newspaper columnist, Prus commented on the achievements of scholars and scientists such as John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Alexander Bain, Herbert Spencer and Henry Thomas Buckle; urged Poles to study science and technology and to develop industry and commerce; encouraged the establishment of charitable institutions to benefit the underprivileged; described the fiction and nonfiction works of fellow writers such as H.G. Wells; and extolled man-made and natural wonders such as the Wieliczka Salt Mine, an 1887 solar eclipse that he witnessed at Mława, planned building of the Eiffel Tower for the 1889 Paris Exposition, and Nałęczów, where he vacationed for 30 years.

His "Weekly Chronicles" spanned forty years (they have since been reprinted in twenty volumes) and helped prepare the ground for the 20th-century blossoming of Polish science and especially mathematics. "Our national life," wrote Prus, "will take a normal course only when we have become a useful, indispensable element of civilization, when we have become able to give nothing for free and to demand nothing for free." The social importance of science and technology recurred as a theme in his novels The Doll (1889) and Pharaoh (1895).

Of contemporary thinkers, the one who most influenced Prus and other writers of the Polish "Positivist" period (roughly 1864–1900) was Herbert Spencer, the English sociologist who coined the phrase, "survival of the fittest." Prus called Spencer "the Aristotle of the 19th century" and wrote: "I grew up under the influence of Spencerian evolutionary philosophy and heeded its counsels, not those of Idealist or Comtean philosophy." Prus interpreted "survival of the fittest," in the societal sphere, as involving not only competition but also cooperation; and he adopted Spencer's metaphor of society as organism.  He used this metaphor to striking effect in his 1884 micro-story "Mold of the Earth", and in the introduction to his 1895 historical novel, Pharaoh.

After Prus began writing regular weekly newspaper columns, his finances stabilized, permitting him on 14 January 1875 to marry a distant cousin on his mother's side, Oktawia Trembińska.  She was the daughter of Katarzyna Trembińska, in whose home he had lived, after release from prison, for two years from 1864 to 1866 while completing secondary school. The couple adopted a boy, Emil Trembiński (born 11 September 1886, the son of Prus's brother-in-law Michał Trembiński, who had died on 10 November 1888).  Emil was the model for Rascal in chapter 48 of Prus's 1895 novel, Pharaoh. On 18 February 1904, aged seventeen, Emil fatally shot himself in the chest on the doorstep of an unrequited love.

It has been alleged that in 1906, aged 59, Prus had a son, Jan Bogusz Sacewicz.  The boy's mother was Alina Sacewicz, widow of Dr. Kazimierz Sacewicz, a socially conscious physician whom Prus had known at Nałęczów.  Dr. Sacewicz may have been the model for Stefan Żeromski's Dr. Judym in the novel, Ludzie bezdomni (Homeless People)—a character resembling Dr. Stockman in Henrik Ibsen's play, An Enemy of the People.  Prus, known for his affection for children, took a lively interest in little Jan, as attested by a prolific correspondence with Jan's mother (whom Prus attempted to interest in writing). Jan Sacewicz became one of Prus's major legatees and an engineer, and died in a German camp after the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of August–October 1944.

Though Prus was a gifted writer, initially best known as a humorist, he early on thought little of his journalistic and literary work. Hence at the inception of his career in 1872, at the age of 25, he adopted for his newspaper columns and fiction the pen name "Prus" ("Prus I" was his family coat-of-arms), reserving his actual name, Aleksander Głowacki, for "serious" writing.

An 1878 incident illustrates the strong feelings that can be aroused in susceptible readers of newspaper columns. Prus had criticized the rowdy behavior of some Warsaw university students at a lecture about the poet Wincenty Pol. The students demanded that Prus retract what he had written.  He refused, and, on 26 March 1878, several of them surrounded him outside his home, where he had returned shortly before in the company (for his safety) of two fellow writers; one of the students, Jan Sawicki, slapped Prus's face. Police were summoned, but Prus declined to press charges.  Seventeen years later, during his 1895 visit to Paris, Prus's memory of the incident was still so painful that he may have refused (accounts vary) to meet with one of his assailants, Kazimierz Dłuski, and his wife Bronisława Dłuska (Marie Skłodowska Curie's sister who 19 years later, in 1914, scolded Joseph Conrad for writing his novels and stories in English, rather than in Polish for the benefit of Polish culture).  These curiously interlinked incidents involving the Dłuskis and the two authors perhaps illustrate the contemporary intensity of aggrieved Polish national pride.

In 1882, on the recommendation of an earlier editor-in-chief, the prophet of Polish Positivism, Aleksander Świętochowski, Prus succeeded to the editorship of the Warsaw daily Nowiny (News). The newspaper had been bought in June 1882 by financier Stanisław Kronenberg.  Prus resolved, in the best Positivist fashion, to make it "an observatory of societal facts"—an instrument for advancing the development of his country. After less than a year, however, Nowiny—which had had a history of financial instability since changing in July 1878 from a Sunday paper to a daily—folded, and Prus resumed writing columns.  He continued working as a journalist to the end of his life, well after he had achieved success as an author of short stories and novels.

In an 1884 newspaper column, published two decades before the Wright brothers flew, Prus anticipated that powered flight would not bring humanity closer to universal comity:  "Are there among flying creatures only doves, and no hawks?  Will tomorrow's flying machine obey only the honest and the wise, and not fools and knaves?...  The expected societal changes may come down to a new form of chase and combat in which the man who is vanquished on high will fall and smash the skull of the peaceable man down below."

In a January 1909 column, Prus discussed H.G. Wells's 1901 book, Anticipations, including Wells's prediction that by the year 2000, following the defeat of German imperialism "on land and at sea," there would be a European Union that would reach eastward to include the western Slavs—the Poles, Czechs and Slovaks. The latter peoples, along with the Hungarians and six other countries, did in fact join the European Union in 2004.

Fiction

In time, Prus adopted the French Positivist critic Hippolyte Taine's concept of the arts, including literature, as a second means, alongside the sciences, of studying reality, and he devoted more attention to his sideline of short-story writer. Prus's stories, which met with great acclaim, owed much to the literary influence of Polish novelist Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and, among English-language writers, to Charles Dickens and Mark Twain. His fiction was also influenced by French writers Victor Hugo, Gustave Flaubert, Alphonse Daudet and Émile Zola.

Prus wrote several dozen stories, originally published in newspapers and ranging in length from micro-story to novella.  Characteristic of them are Prus's keen observation of everyday life and sense of humor, which he had early honed as a contributor to humor magazines. The prevalence of themes from everyday life is consistent with the Polish Positivist artistic program, which sought to portray the circumstances of the populace rather than those of the Romantic heroes of an earlier generation.  The literary period in which Prus wrote was ostensibly a prosaic one, by contrast with the poetry of the Romantics; but Prus's prose is often a poetic prose.  His stories also often contain elements of fantasy or whimsy.  A fair number originally appeared in New Year's issues of newspapers.

Prus long eschewed writing historical fiction, arguing that it must inevitably distort history.  He criticized contemporary historical novelists for their lapses in historical accuracy, including Henryk Sienkiewicz's failure, in the military scenes in his Trilogy portraying 17th-century Polish history, to describe the logistics of warfare.  It was only in 1888, when Prus was forty, that he wrote his first historical fiction, the stunning short story, "A Legend of Old Egypt."  This story, a few years later, served as a preliminary sketch for his only historical novel, Pharaoh (1895).

Eventually Prus composed four novels on what he had referred to in an 1884 letter as "great questions of our age": The Outpost (Placówka, 1886) on the Polish peasant; The Doll (Lalka, 1889) on the aristocracy and townspeople and on idealists struggling to bring about social reforms; The New Woman (Emancypantki, 1893) on feminist concerns; and his only historical novel, Pharaoh (Faraon, 1895), on mechanisms of political power.  The work of greatest sweep and most universal appeal is Pharaoh.  Prus's novels, like his stories, were originally published in newspaper serialization.

After having sold Pharaoh to the publishing firm of Gebethner and Wolff, Prus embarked, on 16 May 1895, on a four-month journey abroad. He visited Berlin, Dresden, Karlsbad, Nuremberg, Stuttgart and Rapperswil. At the latter Swiss town he stayed two months (July–August), nursing his agoraphobia and spending much time with his friends, the promising young writer Stefan Żeromski and his wife Oktawia. The couple sought Prus's help for the Polish National Museum, housed in the Rapperswil Castle, where Żeromski was librarian.

The final stage of Prus's journey took him to Paris, where he was prevented by his agoraphobia from crossing the Seine River to visit the city's southern Left Bank. He was nevertheless pleased to find that his descriptions of Paris in The Doll had been on the mark (he had based them mainly on French-language publications). From Paris, he hurried home to recuperate at Nałęczów from his journey, the last that he made abroad.

Later years

Over the years, Prus lent his support to many charitable and social causes, but there was one event he came to rue for the broad criticism it brought him:  his participation in welcoming Russia's tsar during Nicholas II's 1897 visit to Warsaw.  As a rule, Prus did not affiliate himself with political parties, as this might compromise his journalistic objectivity.  His associations, by design and temperament, were with individuals and select worthy causes rather than with large groups.

The disastrous January 1863 Uprising had persuaded Prus that society must advance through learning, work and commerce rather than through risky social upheavals. He departed from this stance, however, in 1905, when Imperial Russia experienced defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and Poles demanded autonomy and reforms. On 20 December 1905, in the first issue of a short-lived periodical, Młodość (Youth), he published an article, "Oda do młodości" ("Ode to Youth"), whose title harked back to an 1820 poem by Adam Mickiewicz. Prus wrote, in reference to his earlier position on revolution and strikes: "with the greatest pleasure, I admit it—I was wrong!"

In 1908, Prus serialized, in the Warsaw Tygodnik Ilustrowany (Illustrated Weekly), his novel Dzieci (Children), depicting the young revolutionaries, terrorists and anarchists of the day — an uncharacteristically humorless work. Three years later a final novel, Przemiany (Changes), was to have been, like The Doll, a panorama of society and its vital concerns. However, in 1911 and 1912, the novel had barely begun serialization in the Illustrated Weekly when its composition was cut short by Prus's death.

Neither of the two late novels, Children or Changes, is generally regarded as part of the essential Prus canon, and Czesław Miłosz has called Children one of Prus's weakest works.

Prus's last novel to meet with popular acclaim was Pharaoh, completed in 1895.  Depicting the demise of ancient Egypt's Twentieth Dynasty and New Kingdom three thousand years earlier, Pharaoh had also reflected Poland's loss of independence a century before in 1795—an independence whose post-World War I restoration Prus did not live to see.

On 19 May 1912, in his Warsaw apartment at 12 Wolf Street (ulica Wilcza 12), near Triple Cross Square, his forty-year journalistic and literary career came to an end when the 64-year-old author died.

The beloved agoraphobic writer was mourned by the nation that he had striven, as soldier, thinker, and writer, to rescue from oblivion. Thousands attended his 22 May 1912 funeral service at St. Alexander's Church on nearby Triple Cross Square (Plac Trzech Krzyży) and his interment at Powązki Cemetery.

Prus's tomb was designed by his nephew, the noted sculptor Stanisław Jackowski. On three sides it bears, respectively, the novelist's name, Aleksander Głowacki, his years of birth and death, and his pen name, Bolesław Prus. The epitaph on the fourth side, "Serce Serc" ("Heart of Hearts"), was deliberately borrowed from the Latin "Cor Cordium" on the grave of the English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in Rome's Protestant Cemetery. Below the epitaph stands the figure of a little girl embracing the tomb — a figure emblematic of Prus's well-known empathy and affection for children.

Prus's widow, Oktawia Głowacka, survived him by twenty-four years, dying on 25 October 1936.

In 1902 the editor of the Warsaw Kurier Codzienny (Daily Courier) had opined that, if Prus's writings had been well known abroad, he should have received one of the recently created Nobel Prizes.

Legacy

On 3 December 1961, nearly half a century after Prus's death, a museum devoted to him was opened in the 18th-century Małachowski Palace at Nałęczów, near Lublin in eastern Poland. Outside the palace is a sculpture of Prus seated on a bench.  Another statuary monument to Prus at Nałęczów, sculpted by Alina Ślesińska, was unveiled on 8 May 1966.  It was at Nałęczów that Prus vacationed for thirty years from 1882 until his death, and that he met the young Stefan Żeromski. Prus stood witness at Żeromski's 1892 wedding and generously helped foster the younger man's literary career.

While Prus espoused a positivist and realist outlook, much in his fiction shows qualities compatible with pre-1863-Uprising Polish Romantic literature.  Indeed, he held the Polish Romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz in high regard. Prus's novels in turn, especially The Doll and Pharaoh, with their innovative composition techniques, blazed the way for the 20th-century Polish novel.

Prus's novel The Doll, with its rich realistic detail and simple, functional language, was considered by Czesław Miłosz to be the great Polish novel.

Joseph Conrad, during his 1914 visit to Poland just as World War I was breaking out, "delighted in his beloved Prus" and read everything by the ten-years-older, recently deceased author that he could get his hands on.  He pronounced The New Woman (the first novel by Prus that he read) "better than Dickens"—Dickens being a favorite author of Conrad's. Miłosz, however, thought The New Woman "as a whole... an artistic failure..." Zygmunt Szweykowski similarly faulted The New Woman'''s loose, tangential construction; but this, in his view, was partly redeemed by Prus's humor and by some superb episodes, while "The tragedy of Mrs. Latter and the picture of [the town of] Iksinów are among the peak achievements of [Polish] novel-writing."
 Pharaoh, a study of political power, became the favorite novel of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, prefigured the fate of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, and continues to point analogies to more recent times.  Pharaoh is often described as Prus's "best-composed novel"—indeed, "one of the best-composed [of all] Polish novels."  This was due in part to Pharaoh having been composed complete prior to newspaper serialization, rather than being written in installments just before printing, as was the case with Prus's earlier major novels.The Doll and Pharaoh are available in English versions. The Doll has been translated into twenty-eight languages, and Pharaoh into twenty-three. In addition, The Doll has been filmed several times (including a 1968 film directed by Wojciech Jerzy Has) and been produced as a 1977 television miniseries (Lalka, directed by Ryszard Ber). Pharaoh was adapted into a 1966 feature film.

Between 1897 and 1899 Prus serialized in the Warsaw Daily Courier (Kurier Codzienny) a monograph on The Most General Life Ideals (Najogólniejsze ideały życiowe), which systematized ethical ideas that he had developed over his career regarding happiness, utility and perfection in the lives of individuals and societies. In it he returned to the society-organizing (i.e., political) interests that had been frustrated during his Nowiny editorship fifteen years earlier. A book edition appeared in 1901 (2nd, revised edition, 1905). This work, rooted in Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian philosophy and Herbert Spencer's view of society-as-organism, retains interest especially for philosophers and social scientists.

Another of Prus's learned projects remained incomplete at his death. He had sought, over his writing career, to develop a coherent theory of literary composition.  Notes of his from 1886 to 1912 were never put together into a finished book as he had intended.  His precepts included the maxim, "Nouns, nouns and more nouns." Some particularly intriguing fragments describe Prus's combinatorial calculations of the millions of potential "individual types" of human characters, given a stated number of "individual traits."

A curious comparative-literature aspect has been noted to Prus's career, which paralleled that of his American contemporary, Ambrose Bierce (1842–1914). Each was born and reared in a rural area and had a "Polish" connection (Bierce, born five years before Prus, was reared in Kosciusko County, Indiana, and attended high school at the county seat, Warsaw, Indiana). Each became a war casualty with combat head trauma—Prus in 1863 in the Polish 1863–65 Uprising; Bierce in 1864 in the American Civil War. Each experienced false starts in other occupations, and at twenty-five became a journalist for the next forty years; failed to sustain a career as editor-in-chief; achieved celebrity as a short-story writer; lost a son in tragic circumstances (Prus, an adopted son; Bierce, both his sons); attained superb humorous effects by portraying human egoism (Prus especially in Pharaoh, Bierce in The Devil's Dictionary); was dogged from early adulthood by a health problem (Prus, agoraphobia; Bierce, asthma); and died within two years of the other (Prus in 1912; Bierce presumably in 1914). Prus, however, unlike Bierce, went on from short stories to write novels.

In Prus' lifetime and since, his contributions to Polish literature and culture have been memorialized without regard to the nature of the political system prevailing at the time.  His 50th birthday, in 1897, was marked by special newspaper issues celebrating his 25 years as a journalist and fiction writer, and a portrait of him was commissioned from artist Antoni Kamieński.

The town where Prus was born, Hrubieszów, near the present Polish–Ukrainian border, is graced by an outdoor sculpture of him.

A 1982 plaque on Warsaw University's administration building, the historic Kazimierz Palace, commemorates Prus' years at the University in 1866–68.  Across the street (Krakowskie Przedmieście) from the University, in Holy Cross Church, adjacent to the pillar that holds Chopin's heart, a 1936 plaque by Prus' nephew Stanisław Jackowski, featuring Prus' profile, is dedicated to the memory of the "great writer and teacher of the nation."

On the front of Warsaw's present-day ulica Wilcza 12, the site of Prus' last home, is a plaque commemorating the earlier, now-nonexistent building's most famous resident.  A few hundred meters from there, ulica Bolesława Prusa (Bolesław Prus Street) debouches into the southeast corner of Warsaw's Triple Cross Square.  In this square stands St. Alexander's Church, where Prus' funeral was held.

In 1937, plaques were installed at Warsaw's Krakowskie Przedmieście 4 and 7, where the two chief characters of Prus' novel The Doll, Stanisław Wokulski and Ignacy Rzecki, respectively, were deduced to have resided.  On the same street, in a park adjacent to the Hotel Bristol, near the site of a newspaper for which Prus wrote, stands a twice-life-size statue of Prus, sculpted in 1977 by Anna Kamieńska-Łapińska; it is some 12 feet tall, on a minimal pedestal as befits an author who walked the same ground with his fellow men.

Consonant with Prus' interest in commerce and technology, a Polish Ocean Lines freighter has been named for him.

For 10 years, from 1975 to 1984, Poles honored Prus' memory with a 10-zloty coin featuring his profile.  In 2012, to mark the 100th anniversary of his death, the Polish mint produced three coins with individual designs:  in gold, silver, and an aluminum-zinc alloy.

Prus' fiction and nonfiction writings continue relevant in our time.

 Works
Following is a chronological list of notable works by Bolesław Prus. Translated titles are given, followed by original titles and dates of publication.

 Novels
 Souls in Bondage (Dusze w niewoli, written 1876, serialized 1877)
 Fame (Sława, begun 1885, never finished)
 The Outpost (Placówka, 1885–86)
 The Doll (Lalka, 1887–89)
 The New Woman (Emancypantki, 1890–93)
 Pharaoh (Faraon, written 1894–95; serialized  1895–96; published in book form 1897)
 Children (Dzieci, 1908; approximately the first nine chapters had originally appeared, in a somewhat different form, in 1907 as Dawn [Świt])
 Changes (Przemiany, begun 1911–12; unfinished)

 Stories
 "Granny's Troubles" ("Kłopoty babuni," 1874)
 "The Palace and the Hovel" ("Pałac i rudera," 1875)
 "The Ball Gown" ("Sukienka balowa," 1876)
 "An Orphan's Lot" ("Sieroca dola," 1876)
 "Eddy's Adventures" ("Przygody Edzia," 1876)
 "Damnable Happiness" ("Przeklęte szczęście," 1876)
 "The Honeymoon" ("Miesiąc nektarowy", 1876)
 "In the Struggle with Life" ("W walce z życiem", 1877)
 "Christmas Eve" ("Na gwiazdkę", 1877)
 "Grandmother's Box" ("Szkatułka babki," 1878)
 "Little Stan's Adventure" ("Przygoda Stasia," 1879)
 "New Year" ("Nowy rok," 1880)
 "The Returning Wave" ("Powracająca fala," 1880)
 "Michałko" (1880)
 "Antek" (1880)
 "The Convert" ("Nawrócony," 1880)
 "The Barrel Organ" ("Katarynka," 1880)
 "One of Many" ("Jeden z wielu," 1882)
 "The Waistcoat" ("Kamizelka," 1882)
 "Him" ("On," 1882)
 "Fading Voices" ("Milknące głosy," 1883)
 "Sins of Childhood" ("Grzechy dzieciństwa," 1883)
 "Mold of the Earth" ("Pleśń świata," 1884:  a brilliant micro-story portraying human history as an endless series of conflicts among mold colonies inhabiting a common boulder)
 "The Living Telegraph" ("Żywy telegraf," 1884)
 "Orestes and Pylades" ("Orestes i Pylades," 1884)
 "She Loves Me?... She Loves Me Not?..." ("Kocha—nie kocha?...", a micro-story, 1884)
 "The Mirror" ("Zwierciadło," 1884)
 "On Vacation" ("Na wakacjach," 1884)
 "An Old Tale" ("Stara bajka," 1884)
 "In the Light of the Moon" ("Przy księżycu," 1884)
 "A Mistake" ("Omyłka," 1884)
 "Mr. Dutkowski and His Farm" ("Pan Dutkowski i jego folwark," 1884)
 "Musical Echoes" ("Echa muzyczne," 1884)
 "In the Mountains" ("W górach," 1885)
 "Shades" ("Ciene," 1885:  an evocative micro-story on existential themes)
 "Anielka" (1885)
 "A Strange Story" ("Dziwna historia," 1887)
 "A Legend of Old Egypt" ("Z legend dawnego Egiptu," 1888:  Prus's stunning first piece of historical fiction; a preliminary sketch for his only historical novel, Pharaoh, which he wrote in 1894–95)
 "The Dream" ("Sen," 1890)
 "Lives of Saints" ("Z żywotów świętych," 1891–92)
 "Reconciled" ("Pojednani," 1892)
 "A Composition by Little Frank: About Mercy" ("Z wypracowań małego Frania.  O miłosierdziu," 1898)
 "The Doctor's Story" ("Opowiadanie lekarza," 1902)
 "Memoirs of a Cyclist" ("Ze wspomnień cyklisty," 1903)
 "Revenge" ("Zemsta," 1908)
 "Phantoms" ("Widziadła," 1911, first published 1936)

 Nonfiction
 "Letters from the Old Camp" ("Listy ze starego obozu"), 1872:  Prus's first composition signed with the pseudonym Bolesław Prus.
 "On the Structure of the Universe" ("O budowie wszechświata"), public lecture, 23 February 1873.
 "On Discoveries and Inventions" ("O odkryciach i wynalazkach"):  A Public Lecture Delivered on 23 March 1873 by Aleksander Głowacki [Bolesław Prus], Passed by the [Russian] Censor (Warsaw, 21 April 1873), Warsaw, Printed by F. Krokoszyńska, 1873. Translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek.
 "Travel Notes (Wieliczka)" ["Kartki z podróży (Wieliczka)," 1878—Prus's impressions of the Wieliczka Salt Mine; these helped inform the conception of the Egyptian Labyrinth in Prus's 1895 novel, Pharaoh]
 "A Word to the Public" ("Słówko do publiczności," 11 June 1882 — Prus's inaugural address to readers as the new editor-in-chief of the daily, Nowiny [News], famously proposing to make it "an observatory of societal facts, just as there are observatories that study the movements of heavenly bodies, or—climatic changes.")
 "Sketch for a Program under the Conditions of the Present Development of Society" ("Szkic programu w warunkach obecnego rozwoju społeczeństwa," 23–30 March 1883—swan song of Prus's editorship of Nowiny)
 "With Sword and Fire—Henryk Sienkiewicz's Novel of Olden Times" ("Ogniem i mieczem—powieść z dawnych lat Henryka Sienkiewicza," 1884—Prus's review of Sienkiewicz's historical novel, and essay on historical novels)
 "The Paris Tower" ("Wieża paryska," 1887—whimsical divagations involving the Eiffel Tower, the world's tallest structure, then yet to be constructed for the 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle)
 "Travels on Earth and in Heaven" ("Wędrówka po ziemi i niebie," 1887—Prus's impressions of a solar eclipse that he observed at Mława; these helped inspire the solar-eclipse scenes in his 1895 novel, Pharaoh)
 "A Word about Positive Criticism" ("Słówko o krytyce pozytywnej," 1890—Prus's part of a polemic with Positivist guru Aleksander Świętochowski)
 "Eusapia Palladino" (1893—a newspaper column about mediumistic séances held in Warsaw by the Italian Spiritualist, Eusapia Palladino; these helped inspire similar scenes in Prus's 1895 novel, Pharaoh)
 "From Nałęczów" ("Z Nałęczowa," 1894—Prus's paean to the salubrious waters and natural and social environment of his favorite vacation spot, Nałęczów)
 The Most General Life Ideals (Najogólniejsze ideały życiowe, 1905—Prus's system of pragmatic ethics)
 "Ode to Youth" ("Oda do młodości," 1905—Prus's admission that, before the Russian Empire's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, he had held too cautious a view of the chances for an improvement in Poland's political situation)
 "Visions of the Future" ("Wizje przyszłości," 1909—a discussion of H.G. Wells' 1901 futurological book, Anticipations, which predicted, among other things, the defeat of German imperialism, the ascendancy of the English language, and the existence, by the year 2000, of a "European Union" that included the Slavic peoples of Central Europe)
 "The Poet, Educator of the Nation" ("Poeta wychowawca narodu," 1910—a discussion of the cultural and political principles imparted by the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz)
 "What We... Never Learned from the History of Napoleon" ("Czego nas... nie nauczyły dzieje Napoleona"—Prus's contribution to the 16 December 1911 issue of the Warsaw Illustrated Weekly, devoted entirely to Napoleon)

Translations

Prus's writings have been translated into many languages — his historical novel Pharaoh, into twenty; his contemporary novel The Doll, into at least sixteen. Works by Prus have been rendered into Croatian by a member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Stjepan Musulin.

Film versions
 1966:  Faraon (Pharaoh), adapted from the novel Pharaoh, directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz .
 1968:  Lalka (The Doll), adapted from the novel The Doll, directed by Wojciech Jerzy Has .
 1977:  Lalka (TV serial, The Doll), adapted from the novel The Doll, directed by Ryszard Ber.
 1979:  Placówka (The Outpost), adapted from the novel The Outpost, directed by Zygmunt Skonieczny.
 1982:  Pensja pani Latter (Mrs. Latter's Boarding School), adapted from the novel The New Woman, directed by Stanisław Różewicz.

See also

 Flash fiction
 History of philosophy in Poland
 List of coupled cousins
 List of newspaper columnists
 List of Poles—Philosophy
 List of Poles—Prose literature
 Logology (science of science)—Discoveries and inventions
 Positivism in Poland
 Zakopane

 Notes

 References
 Citations

 Bibliography

 Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed., Literatura polska od średniowiecza do pozytywizmu (Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to Positivism), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1979.
 Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh: the Creation of a Historical Novel", The Polish Review, vol. XXXIX, no. 1, 1994, pp. 45–50.
 Christopher Kasparek, "Two Micro-stories by Bolesław Prus", The Polish Review, vol. XL, no. 1, 1995, pp. 99–103.
 Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh: Primer on Power", The Polish Review, vol. XL, no. 3, 1995, pp. 331–34.
 Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh and the Wieliczka Salt Mine", The Polish Review, vol. XLII, no. 3, 1997, pp. 349–55.
 Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' Pharaoh and the Solar Eclipse", The Polish Review, vol. XLII, no. 4, 1997, pp. 471–78.
 Christopher Kasparek, "A Futurological Note: Prus on H.G. Wells and the Year 2000," The Polish Review, vol. XLVIII, no. 1, 2003, pp. 89–100.

 Miłosz, Czesław (1983), The History of Polish Literature, second edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, .
 Zdzisław Najder, Conrad under Familial Eyes, Cambridge University Press, 1984, .
 Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad:  A Life, translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, Camden House, 2007, .

 Monika Piątkowska, Prus:  Śledztwo biograficzne (Prus:  A Biographical Investigation), Kraków, Wydawnictwo Znak, 2017, .

 Bolesław Prus, On Discoveries and Inventions:  A Public Lecture Delivered on 23 March 1873 by Aleksander Głowacki [Bolesław Prus], Passed by the [Russian] Censor (Warsaw, 21 April 1873), Warsaw, Printed by F. Krokoszyńska, 1873.
  (This book contains twelve stories by Prus, including the volume's title story, in inaccurate, clunky translations.)

 Robert Reid, Marie Curie, New York, New American Library, 1974.

 Tokarzówna, Krystyna (1981), Młodość Bolesława Prusa'' (Bolesław Prus's Youth), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, .

External links

 Works by Bolesław Prus at Polish Wikisource
 Józef Bachórz, Bolesław Prus in the Virtual Library of Polish Literature
 Bolesław Prus collected works (Polish)

1847 births
1912 deaths
People from Hrubieszów
People from Lublin Governorate
January Uprising participants
University of Warsaw alumni
19th-century Polish male writers
20th-century Polish male writers
Polish journalists
Polish essayists
Male essayists
19th-century essayists
20th-century essayists
Polish literary critics
Polish male short story writers
19th-century short story writers
20th-century short story writers
Polish male novelists
19th-century Polish novelists
20th-century Polish novelists
Polish historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
19th-century Polish philosophers
20th-century Polish philosophers
Polish positivists

Bolesław Prus


Nachlese bezeichnet
 eine nachträgliche Auswahl
 eine Erntemethode ärmerer sozialer Schichten, siehe Ährenlesen bzw. das nachträgliche Aufsammeln der bei der Weinernte übersehenen oder erst später gereiften Trauben.
 eine Zeitschrift des ORF, siehe ORF nachlese
 im Bergbau den Nachlesebergbau

Nachlese


Kandhamal (en oriya: କନ୍ଧମାଳ ଜିଲା) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Orissa. Código ISO: IN.OR.KN.

Comprende una superficie de 6004 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Phulbani.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 731952 habitantes, de los cuales 372 551 eran mujeres y 359 401 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Kandhamal

Distrito de Kandhamal


Thericleidae es una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos. Se distribuye por África y el Próximo Oriente.

Géneros
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
 Chromothericleinae Descamps, 1977
 Acanthothericles Descamps, 1977
 Chromothericles Descamps, 1977
 Dimorphothericles Descamps, 1977
 Thericleinae Burr, 1899
 Bunkeyini Descamps, 1977
 Bunkeya Bolívar, 1914
 Lophothericleini Descamps, 1977
 Acrothericles Descamps, 1977
 Lophothericles Descamps, 1977
 Paurothericles Descamps, 1977
 Whitea Descamps, 1977
 Microthericleini Descamps, 1977
 Athlithericles Descamps, 1977
 Dysidiothericles Descamps, 1977
 Microthericles Descamps, 1977
 Xenothericles Descamps, 1977
 Pseudothericleini Descamps, 1977
 Bufothericles Descamps, 1977
 Icmalides Descamps, 1977
 Mistothericles Descamps, 1977
 Nepiothericles Descamps, 1977
 Ophthalmothericles Descamps, 1977
 Pseudothericles Burr, 1899
 Stenothericles Descamps, 1977
 Raphithericleini Descamps, 1977
 Harpethericles Descamps, 1977
 Pseudharpethericles Descamps, 1977
 Raphithericles Descamps, 1977
 Schulthessiellini Descamps, 1977
 Hollisia Descamps, 1977
 Oncothericles Descamps, 1977
 Pseudoschulthessiella Descamps, 1977
 Schulthessiella Bolívar, 1914
 Uvaroviobia Descamps, 1977
 Thericleini Burr, 1899
 Henicothericles Descamps, 1977
 Kibariania Descamps, 1977
 Thericles Stål, 1875
 Afromastacinae Descamps, 1977
 Afromastacini Descamps, 1977
 Adelothericles Descamps, 1977
 Afromastax Descamps, 1977
 Dichromothericles Descamps, 1977
 Meiothericles Descamps, 1977
 Thamithericles Descamps, 1977
 Clerithesini Descamps, 1977
 Clerithes Bolívar, 1914
 Galeicleini Descamps, 1977
 Callithericles Descamps, 1977
 Calothericles Descamps, 1977
 Galeicles Descamps, 1977
 Litothericles Descamps, 1977
 Lygothericleini Descamps, 1977
 Caenothericles Descamps, 1977
 Lygothericles Descamps, 1977
 Pissothericles Descamps, 1977
 Parathericleini Descamps, 1977
 Parathericles Burr, 1899
 Thericlella Bolívar, 1914
 Thericlesiellini Descamps, 1977
 Megalithericles Descamps, 1977
 Thericlesiella Descamps, 1964
 Barythericleinae Descamps, 1977
 Barythericles Descamps, 1977
 Loxicephalinae Descamps, 1977
 Loxicephala Descamps, 1977
 Plagiotriptinae Bolívar, 1914
 Phaulotypini Descamps, 1977
 Phaulotypus Burr, 1899
 Urrutia Ramme, 1925
 Pieltainidini Descamps, 1977
 Mastarammea Descamps, 1977
 Pieltainidia Ramme, 1925
 Plagiotriptini Bolívar, 1914
 Cymatopsygma Karsch, 1896
 Plagiotriptus Karsch, 1889
 Socotrellini Popov, 1957
 Socotrella Popov, 1957
 subfamilia indeterminada
 Smilethericles Baccetti, 1997

Referencias

 Burr, 1899 : Essai sur les Eumastacides. Anales de la Sociedad española de Historia natural, vol. 28, 75-112.

Enlaces externos

 Thericleidae en TolWeb

Familias de insectos
Eumastacoidea

Thericleidae


Druga liga FBiH – Centar 2 je bila regionalno ligaško natjecanje trećeg stupnja u ligaškom sustavu BiH.

Natjecanje je obuhvaćalo klubove iz tri županijska saveza: NS Zapadno-hercegovačke županije, NS Hercegovačko-neretvanske županije i NS Hercegbosanske županije koji su se ranije natjecali u Drugoj ligi Herceg-Bosne – Centar 2. Prvoplasirani klub je igrao u doigravanju za ulazak u Prvu ligu FBiH.

Liga je postojala dvije sezone, a od sezone 2004./05. klubovi iz ove lige nastavljaju se natjecati u Drugoj ligi FBiH – Jug.

Sudionici

Osvajači

 2003./04. – HNK Čapljina, Čapljina
 2002./03. – NK GOŠK, Gabela

Izvori

Bosanskohercegovačka nogometna natjecanja

Druga liga FBiH – Centar 2


En motionscykel, også kendt som kondicykel, er et redskab med sadel, pedaler, og en eller anden form styr, arrangeret som på en almindelig cykel, men bruges som træningsredskab snarere end transport.

En motionscykel er under normale omstændigheder et specialbygget træningsredskab, der ligner en cykel uden hjul. Det er dog også muligt at benytte en almindelig cykel som motionscykel ved at placere den på cykelruller eller en cykeltræner. Rullerne og trænerne benyttes ofte af cykelryttere til at varme op før et cykelløb, eller til at træne på sine egne cykler indendørs.

Cykeltyper
Træningsudstyr

Motionscykel


Küçükçekmecespor, İstanbul'un Küçükçekmece ilçesi merkezli Türk futbol kulübü. İstanbul Süper Amatör Lig'de mücadele etmektedir.

Tarihçe

Vefa İdadisi ile Mercan İdadisi tarafından 1911'de, Süleymaniye Sirkeci adıyla ve lacivert-turuncu renklerle kuruldu. Daha sonraları, Fenerbahçe'yle karışmaması adına renklerini siyah-beyaz olarak değiştiren kulüp, 1914-1924 ve 1926-1949 dönemlerinde İstanbul Futbol Ligi'nde oynadı.

1970'e kadar amatör statüde oynayan kulüp, 1970-71 sezonunda 3. Lig'e dahil olsa da 1976-77 sezonunda yeniden amatör lige düştü. 1981-82 sezonunda 2. Lig'e çıkan kulüp, 1984-85 sezonunda yeniden 3. Lig'e düştü. 1990-91 sezonu başında, İstanbul 1. Amatör Lig'de mücadele eden Küçükçekmece merkezli Küçükçekmecespor ile birleşti ve renkleri yeşil-beyaz oldu. 1990-91'de 2. Lig'e çıkan kulüp, 1991-1993 arasında 2. ligde, 1993-1999 arasında 3. Lig'de oynadıktan sonra, 2003-04 sezonuna kadar amatörde oynadı. 2008-09 sezonunda amatör lige düşen kulüp, 2010-11 sezonu sonunda Bölgesel Amatör Lig 12. Grup'ta şampiyon olarak tekrar 3. Lig'e çıktı. 2011-2012 sezonunda 3. Lig 2. Grubu 19 takım arasından 17. bitirerek tekrar Bölgesel Amatör Lig'e düşmüştür. 2012-13 sezonunda BAL 9. Grubu 10. bitirip play out oynadı ve Selimiyespor'a 4-0 yenilerek Süper Amatör'e düşmüştür. 2013-14 sezonunda İstanbul Süper Amatör Lig 5. Grubu 11. bitirerek İstanbul 1. Amatör Lig'e düşen Küçükçekmecespor, 2014-15 sezonunda 1. Amatör 6. Grupta şampiyon olarak Süper Amatör Lig'e dönmüştür. 2 yıl sonra tekrar 1. Amatöre düşen takım, 2018-19 sezonunda 1. Amatörde yenilgisiz Şampiyon olarak tekrar Süper Amatör Lig'e yükseldi. 2019-20 sezonunda İstanbul Süper Amatör Lig 5. grubu 11. sırada tamamlayarak İstanbul 1. Amatör Lige düştü.

Başarıları

 3. Lig

Şampiyonluk (1) : 1990-1991

 Bölgesel Amatör Lig

Şampiyonluk (1): 2010-2011

 Amatör Lig

2. Lige Yükselme (1): 1981-1982

3. Lige Yükselme (2): 1969-1970, 2004-2005

İstanbul SAL İkincilik (1): 2009-2010

İstanbul 1. Amatör Şampiyonluk (1): 2014-2015, 2018-2019

Lig mücadeleleri

 1. Lig: 5 sezon

1982-1985, 1991-1993

 2. Lig: 19 sezon

1970-1977, 1985-1991, 1993-1999

 3. Lig: 4 sezon

2005-2008, 2011-2012

 Bölgesel Amatör Lig: 2 Sezon

2010-2011, 2012-2013

 Amatör Lig: 82 sezon

1911-1970, 1977-1982, 1999-2005, 2008-2010, 2013-

Geçmiş Sezonlardaki Performansı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 TFF Resmi Site - Küçükçekmecespor AŞ

Türkiye'deki futbol kulüpleri

1911'de kurulan futbol kulüpleri

Küçükçekmecespor


The Bell X-5 was the first aircraft capable of changing the sweep of its wings in flight. It was inspired by the untested wartime P.1101 design of the German Messerschmitt company. In contrast with the German design, which could only have its wing sweepback angle adjusted on the ground, the Bell engineers devised a system of electric motors to adjust the sweep in flight.

Design and development
The incomplete Messerschmitt P.1101 fighter prototype recovered by United States troops in 1945 from the experimental facility at Oberammergau, Germany, was brought back to the United States. Although damaged in transit, the innovative fighter prototype was delivered to the Bell factory at Buffalo, New York where company engineering staff studied the design closely, and, led by Chief Designer Robert J. Woods, submitted a proposal for a similar design.

Although superficially similar, the X-5 was much more complex than the P.1101, with three sweep positions: 20°, 40° and 60°, creating an inflight "variable-geometry" platform. A jackscrew assembly moved the wing's hinge along a set of short horizontal rails, using disc brakes to lock the wing into its inflight positions. Moving from full extension to full sweep took less than 30 seconds. The articulation of the hinge and pivots partly compensated for the shifts in center of gravity and center of pressure as the wings moved.

Even so, the X-5 had vicious spin characteristics arising from the aircraft's flawed aerodynamic layout, particularly a poorly positioned tail and vertical stabilizer which, in some wing positions, could lead to an irrecoverable spin. This violent stall / spin instability would eventually cause the destruction of the second aircraft and the death of its Air Force test pilot in 1953.

The unfavorable spin characteristics also led to the cancellation of tentative plans by the United States Air Force to modify the X-5's design into a low-cost tactical fighter for NATO and other foreign countries.

Operational history
Two X-5s were built (serial numbers 50-1838 and 50-1839). The first was completed 15 February 1951, and the two aircraft made their first flights on 20 June and 10 December 1951. Almost 200 flights were made at speeds up to Mach 0.9 and altitudes of . One aircraft was lost on 14 October 1953, when it failed to recover from a spin at 60° sweepback. Air Force Captain Ray Popson died in the crash at Edwards Air Force Base. The other X-5 remained at Edwards and continued active testing  until 1955, and remained in service as a chase plane until 1958.

The X-5 successfully demonstrated the advantage of a swing-wing design for aircraft intended to fly at a wide range of speeds. Despite the X-5's stability problems, the concept was developed to an outboard rather than inboard hinge, and was later successfully implemented in such aircraft as the General Dynamics F-111 and Grumman F-14 Tomcat, the Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-23 and MiG-27, the Sukhoi Su-17/20/22 and Su-24, the Tupolev Tu-22M and Tu-160, the Panavia Tornado and the Rockwell B-1 Lancer.

Survivors
The sole surviving X-5 is now at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. It was delivered to the museum in March 1958. It is displayed in the museum's Research & Development Hangar.

Specifications (Bell X-5)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Hallion, Richard P. On The Frontier: Flight Research At Dryden 1946–1981 (NASA SP4303). Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1984 (revised 2003 in Smithsonian edition). .
 Winchester, Jim. "Bell X-5." Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. .

External links

  American X-Vehicles: An Inventory X-1 to X-50, SP-2000-4531 – June 2003; NASA online PDF Monograph

Edwards Air Force Base
Variable-sweep-wing aircraft
X-05, Bell
Single-engined jet aircraft
X-5
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951

Bell X-5


بلدية إسبلوغيس دي يوبريغات (بالكاتالانية: Esplugues de Llobregat) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 46.286 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

توأمة
لإسبلوغيس دي يوبريغات اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 ماكايل
 آرينسبورغ

أعلام

 ناتاليا أرويو
 داني تورتولرو
 أوسكار خاينادا
 أليكس لوركا
 خافيير أوروتيكويتشيا
 فيكتور رويز

مراجع

إسبلوغيس دي يوبريغات
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة
أماكن مأهولة في باش ليوبريغات

إسبلوغيس دي يوبريغات


සංකලිත මෝටර් සහායක (Integrated Motor Assist  -IMA ලෙස බහුලව හදුන්වන ) යනු හොන්ඩා මොටර් රථ සමාගම විසින් 1999 දී හොන්ඩා ඉන්සයිට් මොටර් රථය සදහා  හදුන්වා දෙනු ලැබූ විද්‍යුත් දෙමුහුම් ප්‍රචලන පද්ධතියයි. හොන්ඩා මොටර් රථ සමාගම සිය මෝටර් රථ සදහා භාව්තා කරන    විද්‍යුත් දෙමුහුම් තාක්ෂනය මෙයයි.

දෙමුහුම් විද්‍යුත් වාහන

සංකලිත මෝටර් සහායක විද්‍යුත් දෙමුහුම් පද්ධතිය


مسعود سعد سلمان من شعراء الفرس. كان من أهالي جرجان في إيران. كان في خدمة ملوك الزياريين. والمعروف أن وفاته حدثت في سنة 515 هجرية.

المصدر
 مسعود بن سعد بن سلمان اللاهوري - أبجد العلوم

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من لاهور
إيرانيون في القرن 11
إيرانيون في القرن 12
شعراء العصور الوسطى
شعراء فرس
شعراء فرس في القرن 11
شعراء فرس في القرن 12
كتاب القرن 11
كتاب القرن 12
مواليد 1046
مواليد في لاهور
وفيات 1121
وفيات 515 هـ

مسعود سعد سلمان


දකුණු කොරියාවේ හංගුල් දිනය ලෙසින්ද,  උතුරු කොරියාවේ  චුසංගුල් දිනය ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන, කොරියානු අක්ෂර මාලා දිනය යනු, මහා සෙජොං රජ විසින්,  කොරියානු භාෂාවේ දේශීය  අක්ෂර මාලාව වන, කොරියානු අක්ෂර මාලාව (한글; 조선글), සොයාගැනුම සහ ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීම සිහිකෙරෙන කොරියානු ජාතික දිනයකි. දකුණු කොරියාවේ එය ඔක්තොම්බර් 9 දිනදීද උතුරු කොරියාවේ එය ජනවාරි 15 දිනදීද සිහිපත් කෙරෙයි.

හංගුල් දිනය


NGC 4, Balıklar takımyıldızı yönünde yaklaşık olarak  uzaklıkta bulunan bir merceksi galaksidir. 29 Kasım 1864 tarihinde Albert Marth tarafından keşfedilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Balıklar takımyıldızı
Merceksi galaksiler
0004
Albert Marth'ın keşifleri
1864'te keşfedilen astronomik cisimler

NGC 4


An Carex laricetorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Yi Liang Chou. An Carex laricetorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex laricetorum


L'ambassade d'Angola en Guinée est la principale représentation diplomatique de la république d'Angola en Guinée.

Histoire

Références

Guinée
Angola
Relations de l'Angola et de la Guinée

Ambassade d'Angola en Guinée


L'équipe de Guinée équatoriale de football participe à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2021 organisée au Cameroun du  au . Il s'agit de la  du Nzalang national, emmené par Juan Micha. Elle est  éliminée en quart de finale par le Sénégal (1-3).

Qualifications

La Guinée équatoriale est placée dans le groupe J des qualifications qui se déroulent de  à . Ces éliminatoires sont perturbés par l'épidémie de covid-19. Elle se qualifie à la cinquième journée en prenant la deuxième place du groupe.

Statistiques

Matchs joués

Buteurs

Préparation

Compétition

Tirage au sort
Le tirage au sort de la CAN 2021 est effectué le  à Yaoundé. La Guinée équatoriale,  au classement FIFA, est placée dans le chapeau 4. Le tirage la place dans le groupe E, avec l'Algérie (chapeau 1,  au classement Fifa), la Côte d'Ivoire (chapeau 2, ) et la Sierra Leone, (chapeau 3, ).

Effectif
Juan Micha annonce la liste des 28 joueurs retenus le .

Premier tour

La Guinée équatoriale dispute son premier match face à la Côte d'Ivoire. Combative mais impuissante, elle s'incline sur un but de Gradel en début de match (0-1).

Lors de la deuxième journée, les équato-guinéens créent la surprise en battant l'Algérie (1-0). Ils remportent également leur dernier match face à la Sierra Leone (1-0), ce qui leur permet de terminer à la deuxième place du groupe et de se qualifier pour les huitièmes de finale .

Phase à élimination directe
La Guinée équatoriale affronte le Mali,  du groupe F, en huitième de finale. Après un match plutôt dominé par les Maliens mais sans but, les équato-guinéens s'imposent aux tirs au but (6-5).

Statistiques

Buteurs

Notes et références

Guinée équatoriale

Équipe de Guinée équatoriale de football à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2021


Sebastiano Sanguinetti (Lula, 29 de março de 1945) - padre católico italiano, bispo de Tempio-Ampurias desde 2006.

Foi ordenado sacerdote em 2 de agosto de 1970. Trabalhou principalmente como pároco e pároco de várias seções da Ação Católica. Nos anos de 1991-1997 foi o assistente nacional da secção educativa daquela organização.

Em 27 de março de 1997, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Ordinário da Diocese de Ozieri. Foi ordenado bispo em 17 de maio de 1997 pelo Card. Eduardo Francisco Pirônio.

Em 22 de abril de 2006, tornou-se bispo da diocese de Tempio-Ampurias.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Itália

Sebastiano Sanguinetti


En værdig mand er en dansk prisvindende kortfilm, instrueret af Kristian Håskjold efter manuskript af Marianne Lentz, med Troels Lyby i hovedrollen. Filmen blev spået til at blive nomineret til en Oscar, fordi den havde vundet "Bedste Kortfilm" på Odense International Film Festival  samt prisen "Bedste Europæiske Kortfilm" ved "Leuven International Short Film Festival". Det fik filmen til at blive kvalificeret til en Oscar til Oscaruddelingen 2020 og longlisted til European Film Awards 2019.

Handling
Nat efter nat arbejder Erik (Troels Lyby) alene i sit bageri. Hans eneste selskab er "Radio Møllen" som er et natte radioprogram, som han hele tiden forsøger at komme igennem til via hans telefon for at blive koret som "Ugens Joker". Han er gradvist blevet mere og mere fjern fra sin familie, og alle hans bestræbelser på at genskabe forbindelsen virker forgæves. En voksende depression smider Erik ind i modvind, der til sidst kulminerer i et desperat råb om hjælp.

Priser/Nomineringer

Medvirkende

 Troels Lyby som Erik

 Marina Bouras som Hanne

 Milo Campanale som Rune

 Sofya rose Johnson

 Annika Rössler

 Mads Minik Christensen

 Christine Hansen

 Ditlev Ulriksen

 Kate Henriques

 Astrid Yde Kammersgaard

 Zafinia vang Piculell

 Justin Geertsen som Mads

 Teddy

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 En værdig mand på Facebook
 En værdig mand  på Filmmagasinet Ekko

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2018
Dramafilm fra Danmark

En værdig mand


An Hapaline in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Hapaline in nahilalakip ha familia nga Araceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hapaline

Hapaline


السطح السرجي  هو سطح أملس يحتوي على نقطة مقعرة أو أكثر. أتت التسمية من شبهه بسرج الفرس والذي ينحني صعودا وهبوطا.

وصلات خارجية

 الهندسة على الكرة (geometria sulla sfera)

تفاضل متعدد المتحولات
سطوح
نظرية الاستقرار
هندسة تحليلية

سطح سرجي


Friedrich Wilhelm Lübke-Kog (dansk) eller Friedrich-Wilhelm-Lübke-Koog (tysk) er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland under Kreis Nordfriesland i det nordvestlige Sydslesvig i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Kommunen er lokaliseret i og navngivet efter kogen, der blev færdiggjort i 1954 og navngivet efter Slesvig-Holstens tidligere ministerpræsident Friedrich-Wilhem Lübke, der døde samme år. Kogen blev i efterkrigstiden boområde for mange fordrevne fra de tidligere tyske østområder.

Kommunen samarbejder på administrativt plan med andre kommuner i Sydtønder kommunefællesskab (Amt Südtondern).

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Kreis Nordfriesland
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten

Friedrich Wilhelm Lübke Kog


Le révérend Hugh Boswell Chapman ( - ) est un homme politique libéral au Royaume-Uni, qui est également un prêtre anglican notable. Il est membre progressiste du London County Council de 1889 à 1892.

Jeunesse
Chapman est né à Londres en 1853 , le fils de Henry Chapman et de sa femme Priscilla (née Wakefield). Il est le frère de Sir Edward Francis Chapman (1840-1926) et Sir Arthur Wakefield Chapman (1849-1926) et le petit-fils du philanthrope et statisticien Edward Wakefield et l'arrière-petit-fils de la philanthrope quaker Priscilla Wakefield.

Il fait ses études à la Tonbridge School  et au Keble College d'Oxford (BA, 1875).

Carrière ecclésiastique
Il est ordonné diacre en 1878 et prêtre en 1881 . Il travaille avec le révérend l'honorable Adelbert Anson (par la suite évêque au Canada) à St Mary Magdalene, Woolwich (1878-1880) puis à St Paul's, Newington (également connu sous le nom de St Paul's, Lorrimore Square) (1881-1885)  arrivant à ce dernier poste peu de temps après que l'évêque de Rochester, le Dr Thorold, ait imposé un vicaire évangélique à la paroisse anglo-catholique, provoquant l'exode massif de la congrégation vers la paroisse proche de St Agnes, Kennington Park . Pendant son séjour à Lorrimore Square, il est aumônier des forces en Égypte pendant la guerre anglo-égyptienne de 1882 . Il est vicaire de St Luke's, Camberwell (1885-1909) puis aumônier de la chapelle Savoy (1909-1933) .

Chapman est un soutien actif de la léproserie du Père Damien à Hawaï . Il établit une loge "Hugh Boswell" de l'Ordre indépendant des Odd Fellows à St Luke's; l'évêque de Rochester, le Rt Rev Edward Talbot est initié en tant que membre en 1901 . St Luke a une réputation notable sous Chapman : la princesse Mary, la duchesse de Teck (la mère de la reine Mary) y vient régulièrement, et il est responsable des décorations installées par la Century Guild of Artists de John Ruskin, Herbert Horne, , Selwyn Image et Edward Burne-Jones . (L'église est bombardée en 1941 et reconstruite) .

La chapelle Savoy est largement connue pendant le mandat de Chapman comme un lieu où les personnes divorcées sont autorisées à se marier ou à faire bénir leurs mariages civils . Il y célèbre le mariage de Consuelo, duchesse de Marlborough et du lieutenant-colonel Jacques Balsan en 1921  et d'Edith Stuyvesant Vanderbilt et du sénateur Peter Goelet Gerry en 1925 . L'une des conditions de ces services de « bénédictions » est qu'il n'y ait pas de publicité . Néanmoins, en 1926, Chapman refuse de marier Lord Sholto Douglas et Mme Mendelssohn Pickles, au motif qu'ils sont responsables de leurs divorces respectifs . Le successeur de Chapman comme aumônier, le révérend Cyril Cresswell, met immédiatement fin au mariage des personnes divorcées dans la chapelle .

Conseil du comté de Londres
Chapman est élu au conseil du comté de Londres nouvellement formé pour Camberwell North (dans lequel St Luke's est situé) en 1889 en tant que progressiste . Il ne se représente pas en 1892. Son frère, Cecil Maurice Chapman, est un élu du Parti modéré pour Chelsea de 1895 à 1898 .

Œuvres
Chapman est l'auteur de plusieurs livres.

 Les sept dernières paroles d'amour (1885 : Griffith Farran & Co)
 Sermons en symboles (1888: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co)
 Où est le Christ ? (1890 : Swan Sonnenschein & Co)
 Étapes vers la vie supérieure (1897: Swan Sonnenschein & Co)
 Proverbes en pratique (1909: FH Morland)
 À l'arrière des choses (1911: Duckworth & Co)
 L'âme du droit de vote des femmes (1912 : Corrigan & Wilson)
 Home Truths about the War (1917: G. Allen & Unwin)

Vie privée
Chapman est célibataire . Pendant son mandat à la Chapelle du Savoy, il vit au National Club, au 12 Queen Anne's Gate . Il est décédé dans une maison de retraite en 1933, à l'âge de 79 ans .

Références

Décès en avril 1933
Naissance en novembre 1853
Étudiant de Keble College
Élève de Tonbridge School
Décès à 79 ans

Hugh Chapman


භුවනේශ්වරී (සංස්කෘත: भुवनेश्वरी, IAST: Bhuvaneśvarī) දේවිය යනු දස මහාවිද්‍යාවන් අතර සිව්වැන්නිය මෙන්ම මහාදේවියගේ අග්‍රගණ්‍ය ස්වරූපයන්ගෙන් එකකි. විශ්වයට ආකරයක් දුන් භුවනේශ්වරී දේවිය ආදි පරාශක්තිය ලෙසින් දේවී භාගවත පුරාණය තුළ දක්වා ඇත..

නිරුක්තිය

බුවනේශ්වරී යන වචනය බුවන ඊශ්වරී යන වචනවල සංයෝගයකි. එයි අරුත වන්නේ "ලෝකයට අධිපති දෙවඟන" හෝ "විශ්වයට අධිපති දෙවඟන" යන්නයි.

උපාඛ්‍යාන

කල්ප ආරම්භයේ දී  බ්‍රහ්මා, විෂ්ණු හා රුද්‍ර ඔවුන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණ කුමක්ද සිටි දැන සිටියේ නැත. මේ අවස්ථාවේදී දිව්‍ය විමානයක් ඔවුන් ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිටි අතර, ස්වර්ගීය හඬක් ඔවුන් රථයට නැඟීමට යොමු කළේය.  ත්‍රිදේවයන් විමානයට ගොඩ වූ විට ඔවුන්ව සුධා සමුද්‍ර අමෘත සාගරයකින් සහ වනාන්තරවලින් වට වූ  අද්භූත ස්ථානයකට රැගෙන ගියේය. එය විශ්වයේ සර්වබලධාරී දෙවඟනගේ ස්ථානය වන මණිද්වීපයයි. ඔවුන් විමානයෙන් බැස යන විට, ත්‍රිදේවයන් ස්ත්‍රීන් බවට පරිවර්තනය වීය, ඔවුන් පුදුමයට පත් විය. ඔවුන් දිවයින ගවේෂණය කරන විට, ප්‍රාකාර දහ නවයකින් ආරක්ෂා වූ සහ දරුණු භෛරවයන්, මාත්‍රිකාවන්, ක්ෂේත්‍රපාල සහ දික්පාලයන් විසින් ආරක්ෂා කරන ලද අධිරාජ්‍ය නගරයක් ඔවුන්ට හමු විය.  ඔවුන් නගරයට ඇතුළු වූ විට එහි සමෘද්ධිය සහ ඉහළ යන යටිතල පහසුකම් ගැන විස්මයට පත් වූ අතර අවසානයේ ද්වීපයේ මධ්‍යයේ පිහිටා ඇති, යෝගිනියන් විසින් ආරක්ෂා කරන ලද චින්තාමණිග්‍රහය නම් අධිරාජ්‍ය මාලිගය වෙත ළඟා වූහ. ඔවුන් මාලිගාවට ඇතුළු වූ විට ඔවුන් දුටුවේ සියලු විශ්වයන්හි අධිරාජිනිය වන භුවනෙශ්වරි දේවිය  ය.

ඇගේ ශරීරය රත් පැහැ විය. ඇය ඇස් තුනකින්, අත් සතරකින්, ගෙතූ හිසකෙස් සහ ආභරණවලින් සැරසී සිටියාය. ඇය නෙළුම් මල් මාලයක් පැළඳ සිටි අතර ඇගේ සිරුර රතු සඳුන් තලපයකින් ආලේප කර ඇත.  ඇය වම් අතින් පාශයක්  සහ අංකුශයක් අල්ලාගෙන සිටි අතර ඇගේ දකුණු දෑතින් අභය සහ වරද මුද්‍රා විදහා දැක්වීය. ඇය ආභරණවලින් සැරසී සිටි අතර ලාංඡනය ලෙස අඩ සඳ සහිත ඔටුන්නක් පැළඳ සිටියාය. බොහෝ යෝගිනියන් විසින් ඇයට සේවය කරන ලදී, ඇතැමෙක් චාමර සලමින්, ඇතැමෙක් කැඩපතක් අල්ලාගෙන, ඇතැමෙක් කපුරු රස ගැන්වූ දැහැත් පූජා කළහ, සමහරු මී පැණි, ගිතෙල්, සෝම පානය සහ පොල් වතුර මිශ්‍ර කර සාදන ලද පානයක් පිරිනැමූහ. ඇතැමෙක් බුවනේශ්වරී දේවියගේ හිසකෙස් සැරසීමටද, ඇතැමෙක් වේශ නිරූපණ කිරීමටද, ඇතැමුන් කාර්යබහුලව මල්මාලා දමමින්ද, ඇතැමුන් දේවියට සංග්‍රහ කිරීමට ගායනයෙන් සහ නර්ථනයේ යෙදෙමින් සිටියහ. දේවිය නිරන්තරයෙන් වැඩ සිටින්නේ භුවනේශ්වර මහාදේවගේ වම් උකුල මතයි. මහා විශ්වය නිර්මාණය කිරීමට පෙර, භගවතී දේවිය ඇගේ ශරීරය කොටස් දෙකකට වෙන් කොට දකුණු කොටසින් බුවනේශ්වර මහාදේව නිර්මාණය කළාය.

ත්‍රිදේවයන් ඔවුන් හා සමාන ත්‍රිදේවයන් සමඟින් අනන්ත විශ්වයන් ප්‍රමාණයක්, බුවනේශ්වරී දේවියගේ පාද පද්මයේ නිය තුළින් දුටුවේය. සමහරක් බ්‍රහ්ම විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, සමහරක් විෂ්ණු  විසින් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර අනෙක් ඒවා රුද්‍ර  විසින් විනාශ කරනු ලැබේ.

බුවනේශ්වරී  ත්‍රිදේවයන් ට ඇගේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨත්වයෙන් පහදා දුන්නාය. භුවනේශ්වර බ්‍රහ්මන් වන අතර බුවනේශ්වරී බ්‍රහ්මශක්ති වේ. ඒවා එකිනෙකට වෙනස් ලෙස පෙනුනද, දෙකම එකිනෙකාගේ ස්වභාවයයි. ත්‍ර්‍යම්භක ආදිපුරුෂ වන අතර බුවනේශ්වරී මූල ප්‍රක්‍රිති වේ. ත්‍රයම්භක හට ඔහුගේ ත්‍රි ගුණ ලීලාව ඉටු කිරීමට උපකාර කිරීම සඳහා, බුවනේශ්වරී දේවිය ඔහුගේ ආකාර තුනක් නිර්මාණය කෙරූ අතර එනම් බ්‍රහ්ම, විෂ්ණු සහ රුද්‍ර ය. මේ අනුව, ත්‍රිදේවයන් යනු ත්‍ර්‍යම්භකගේ ස්වරූපයන් ය. ඉන්පසු භුවනේශ්වරී  ඔවුන්ට ශක්තීන් ලබා දුන්නාය. පළමුව සරස්වතී බ්‍රහ්ම වෙතයි.  තව දුරටත් දේවි පැවසුවේ. "බ්‍රහ්මා, මේ සරස්වතී ගන්න, ඇය ඔබේ සහකාරිය වනු ඇත. ඇගේ ශක්තියෙන් නව විශ්වයක් නිර්මාණය කරන්න." ඉන්පසු ඇය ලක්ෂ්මී දේවිය විෂ්ණු හට ලබා දී "ලක්ෂ්මී ඔබේ සදාකාලික භාර්යාව වන අතර ඔබේ ස්වරූපයන් සමඟ පැමිණෙනු ඇත" යැයි පැවසීමෙන් පසුවය. "රුද්‍ර, මෙම සුන්දර මහාකාලි ගන්න. ඇය විශ්ව සංහාරයේදි ඔබට සහය වනු ඇත. ඉන්පසු ත්‍රිදේවයන් තම තමන්ගේ ස්ථාන කරා පිටත් විය.

පංච ප්‍රකෘතිය
ප්‍රකෘති යනු "ඕනෑම දෙයක, මුල් හෝ ප්‍රාථමික ද්‍රව්‍යයක මුල් ස්වභාවය, ස්වභාවික ස්වරූපය හෝ තත්ත්වයයි. හින්දු ආගමේ ප්‍රකෘති සංකල්පය තරයේ සඳහන් වේ. බ්‍රහ්ම වෛවර්ත පුරාණය, දේවී භාගවත පුරාණය ආදි ග්‍රන්ථයන්ට අනුව හින්දු දෙවඟනන් පස් දෙනෙකු ප්‍රකෘතියේ ස්ත්‍රී පුද්ගල නිරූපණයන් ලෙස සැලකේ. දේවී භාගවත පුරාණයට අනුව මෙම පංච ප්‍රකෘතීන් ප්‍රකට වන්නේ මූලප්‍රකෘතිය හෙවත් භුවනේශ්වරී දේවියගෙනි. එම පංච ප්‍රකෘතීන් වන්නේ:

 දුර්ගා
 ලක්ෂ්මී
 සරස්වතී
 සාවිත්‍රී
 රාධා

මේවාත් බලන්න
 දේවී
 මහාවිද්‍යා
 පට්ටාම්බලම්
 ලිංගරාජ් දේවාලය
 භුවනේශ්වරී දේවාලය සිද්දපුර, උත්‍තරකන්නඩ

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට
 Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses: David Frawley
Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions () by David Kinsley

හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
පාර්වතීගේ ස්වරූප
නිර්මාණකාරී දෙවඟනෝ
මහාවිද්‍යාවෝ

භුවනේශ්වරී දේවිය