ألكسندر فلاديميروفيش مين (بالروسية: Алекса́ндр Влади́мирович Мень) هو قسيس وكاتب روسي أرثوذكسي ولد بتاريخ 20 يناير/كانون الثاني 1935 واغتيل بتاريخ 9 سبتمبر/أيلول 1990. تربى خلال الحقبة السوفيتية في موسكو في عائلة ذات أصول يهودية، تعمد وهو طفل رضيع في نفس اليوم مع والدته في كنيسة مدافن. درس الكتاب المقدس وهو صغير وفي عمر التاسع عشر ألف نسخة أولى لكتابه حول حياة يسوع "ابن الإنسان". رسم كاهناً عام 1960، ومن عام 1970 حتى وفاته خدم في رعية تبعد 30 كم عن موسكو.

قضى معظم حياته في التبشير بالديانة المسيحية وسط تهديدات متعاظمة من قبل جهاز الاستخبارات السوفييتي كي جي بي. ألف كتب عديدة على مستوى عال من الروحانية ، بينها مؤلف من سبعة أجزاء حول ديانات العالم، وتنوعت مستويات كتاباته من الأكاديمية إلى البساطة الشعبية. أوجد أول مدرسة أحد (مدرسة تعليم ديني) بعد فترة القمع في الاتحاد السوفييتي، وأسس جامعة وفتح باب العمل الطوعي في مشافي الأطفال، وعمد الآلاف على المعتقد المسيحي.
نظم ابتداءً من نهاية عام 1988 مواعظ ومحاضرات دينية في صالات كبيرة وفي المعامل وفي النوادي ووسائل الإعلام من راديو وتلفزيون. وفي فصح عام 1990 أصبح أحد خطباء أكبر تجمع ديني في الستاد الأولمبي في موسكو.

في صباح يوم 9 سبتمبر/أيلول 1990 وبينما كان ألكسندر متوجهاً من بيته في قرية سيمخوز الروسية إلى محطة القطار قتل بضربة فأس من الخلف، وكانت وجهته في ذلك اليوم نوفايا ديريفنيا للاحتفال بالقداس. لمحت تحقيقات الشرطة إلى أن القاتل هو متطرف يهودي، ينما تحدثت اشاعات عن متطرف مسيحي وأخرى عن عملية انتقام من متعصب شيوعي، ولم يعلن بشكل رسمي عن المجرم الحقيقي. وبشكل عام يعزى لألكسندر مين القيام بدور رائد بإرجاع المسيحية إلى واجهة الحياة اليومية في روسيا بعد 70 سنة من الممارسات اللادينية للدولة.

مراجع
 Esprit & Vie - Alexandre Men Le christianisme ne fait que commencer

وصلات خارجية

 alexandermen.com
 Fr. Alexander Men: Russian Orthodox priest of fearless faith - BBC

أشخاص قتلوا في الاتحاد السوفيتي
جرائم قتل غير محلولة في الاتحاد السوفيتي
رجال دين مسيحيون
روس مغتالون
شخصيات مسيحية معاصرة
ضحايا قتل روس
علماء الكتاب المقدس روس
قتل بالفأس
كتاب مسيحيون
لاهوتيون أرثوذكس شرقيون
لاهوتيون روس
مبشرون
مسيحيون أرثوذكس روس
معارضون سوفيت
مواليد 1935
مواليد في موسكو
وفيات 1990
وفيات بالأسلحة البيضاء
وفيات في سرغيايف بوساد
يهود تحولوا إلى الأرثوذكسية الشرقية
يهود روس
يهود روس في القرن 20

ألكسندر مين


Elea Okulu, İtalya'nın batı kıyılarında yer alan Alento Irmağı'nın denize döküldüğü yerde kurulan ve bir Yunan kolonisi olan Elea (Elaia) kentinde kurulmuş bir felsefe okulu olduğu için bu adı alan ilk felsefe okullarının en önemlilerinden biridir.

Elea Okulunun, birçok öğrenci yetiştirmiş ve çok önemli felsefi düşüncelerin temsilciliğini yapmış olduğu bilinmekle birlikte, adları felsefe tarihinde her zaman gündeme gelen üç büyük filozofu vardır; bunlar Ksenophanes, Parmenides ve Zenon'dur. Felsefe tarihinde Sokrates öncesi olarak kabul edilen dönemin en önemli okullarından olmuştur. Varlık, varoluş, yanılsama, birlik gibi kavramlarla felsefi tezlerini yürütmüş, mantık ve diyalektik aracılığıyla, varlığın birliği ve bölünemezliği, değişme ve hareketin olanaksızlığını kanıtlama yoluna gitmişler, ilk önemli rasyonalist düşünürlerden olmuşlardır.

Parmanides, kendisinden sonra özellikle Sokrates, Platon ve Zenon üzerinde etkili olmuş ve bunlar üzerinden felsefe tarihinde en önemli yönelimlerin ilk halini şekillendirmiştir. Onun başlıca girişiminin Ksenophanes'in, değişen görüntüler ardındaki değişmeyen varlık düşüncesini temellendirmek yönünde olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Bunu da elbette ancak akıl sayesinde yapabiliriz. Parmanides'e göre "Varlık vardır ve yokluk yoktur"; tek gerçek,sonsuz ve bölünmez olan "Bir"dir. Bilgi konusunda da doğruluk ile sanıların birbirinden ayrıştırılmaya çalışıldığını görürüz.

Zenon da onun yolundan giderek çokluk ve değişim düşüncesinden hareket edenlere karşı Parmenides'in önermelerindeki çelişkilerden ya da zayıflıklardan arınmış bir şekilde değişmezliği ve Bir'liği savunur. Bu konuda geliştirdiği paradokslar felsefe içinde her zaman popüler olagelmiştir. Mantık ve diyalektik aracılığıyla Zenon evrenin madde ile dolu olduğunu ve hareketin olanaksız olduğunu kanıtlamakta zeki yollara başvurur. Onunla birlikte rasyonalizm düşüncesinin Elea Okulu'nda bir anlamda doruk noktasına ulaştığını söylemek mümkün.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Zenon'un paradoksları
 Rasyonalizm

Kaynakça
 Batı Felsefesi Tarihi, Bertrand Russell, Say Yayınları

Monizm
Felsefi okullar

Sokrates öncesi filozoflar
Cilento

Elea Okulu


Cicely Tyson (født 19. december 1924, død 28. januar 2021) var en amerikansk teater,- tv,- filmskuespiller og model. Hun blev Oscarnomineret for sin præstation i filmen Drømmen om et nyt liv og modtog i 2018 en Æres-Oscar for sit bidrag til den amerikanske filmindustri. Hun var i en periode gift med jazzmusikeren Miles Davis.

Opvækst
Hun voksede op i Harlem-distriktet, hvor hendes dybt religiøse forældre var flyttet fra øen Nevis i Caribien. Hendes far stod for indkøbsvogne i en købmand i området og hendes mor arbejdede som tjenestepige. Efter et par år separerede hendes forældre og Cicely blev tvunget til at tjene nogle ekstra penge ved at sælge indkøbsposer i nabolaget. Efter eksamen fra gymnasiet arbejdede hun som sekretær ved det amerikanske Røde Kors-division. Tyson arbejdede sort som model, hvilket var økonomisk ganske indbringende.

Karriere
Hun fik scendebut i en Harlem-opsætning af Dark of the Moon og fortsatte sin karriere i off-Broadway spil. Hun fik sin filmdebut i 1966 i A Man Called Adam og spillede derefter rollen som Portia i filmen Hjertet er en ensom vandrer  fra 1968, før hun fik sit store gennembrud i 1972 i filmen Drømmen om et nyt liv, som hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle for. Nogle af hendes mest berømte roller er som den 110-årige kvinde i tv-mini-serien The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman og i tv-serien Rødder. Hun medvirkede kun sporadisk i film, fordi hun ønskede roller som stærke, målbevidste sorte kvinder, som i Stegte grønne tomater og The Rosa Parks Story.

I 2016 tildelte præsident Barack Obama Tyson Presidential Medal of Freedom.
I 2018 modtog hun en Æres-Oscar for sine "uforglemmelige præstationer og personlig integritet der har inspireret generationer af filmskabere, skuespillere og publikum".

Filmografi (udvalg)
 1966 – A Man Called Adam
 1972 – Drømmen om et nyt liv
 1991 – Stegte grønne tomater
 2011 – Niceville

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Remembering Cicely Tyson, YouTube

Skuespillere fra USA
Modeller fra USA
Personer fra New York City
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet

Cicely Tyson


La educación en Castilla-La Mancha está actualmente regulada por la LOE (Ley Orgánica de Educación), siendo un derecho constitucional de los ciudadanos, y obligatoria y gratuita hasta los 16 años de edad.

El 1 de enero de 2000 la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha asumió las competencias en materia de educación, gestionando directamente mil centros docentes, en los que, en esa fecha, trabajaban 22.000 profesores y estudiaban 318.000 alumnos.

En el curso escolar 2010/2011 en estudios no universitarios estudiaban 368.408 alumnos (no se contabilizan el alumnado correspondiente a las enseñanzas de adultos), de los cuales el 18,12% cursaba sus estudios en un centro privado.

Durante ese mismo curso había abiertos en la Comunidad 1.531 centros escolares, de los que el 15,21% eran privados, con una plantilla de profesorado de 35.715 docentes. Castilla-La Mancha cuenta con un importante servicio de transporte escolar con 1.229 rutas (2009) que dan servicio diariamente a casi 36.000 alumnos.

Educación infantil y primaria

La educación infantil y la educación primaria constituyen la primera fase de la educación. La enseñanza básica es obligatoria y gratuita para todas las personas, comprende diez años de escolaridad y se desarrolla, de forma regular, entre los cinco y los dieciséis años de edad.

En el curso 2010/2011 Castilla-La Mancha contaba con 218.085 alumnos matriculados en los diferentes cursos de educación infantil y primaria (no se incluye E.S.O.).

Educación secundaria
La educación secundaria se divide en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y educación secundaria postobligatoria. Constituyen la educación secundaria postobligatoria el Bachillerato y la Formación Profesional (FP) de grado medio o FP I en sus distintas disciplinas incluyendo las artísticas, plásticas y deportivas. Estos estudios se cursan en Institutos de Enseñanza Secundaria (IES).

En el curso 2010/2011la Comunidad contaba con 87.727 alumnos matriculados en educación secundaria obligatoria, 31.050 en el bachillerato de las diferentes ramas, 13.540 en ciclos formativos de grado medio, y 10.755 en ciclos formativos de grado superior.

Educación Universitaria

Abarca los estudios universitarios (Actuales: Grado, Máster y Doctorado; en extinción: Diplomatura, Licenciatura y Doctorado), la Formación Profesional (FP) de grado superior, así como, las distintas enseñanzas artísticas, plásticas y deportivas superiores.

En Castilla-La Mancha han existido históricamente importantes instituciones de carácter universitario, destacando la Real Universidad de Toledo (1485), la Universidad de San Antonio Portaceli en Sigüenza fundada en el  por el Cardenal Mendoza, o la Real y Pontificia Universidad de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, de Almagro(1574).

Desde 1985, Castilla-La Mancha es sede de dos diferentes universidades públicas; una de carácter eminentemente autonómico, la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) y otra exterior, la de Alcalá de Henares, con campus en Guadalajara. No obstante, la Comunidad es la que presenta un mayor índice de movilidad académica universitaria del país (49,7%).

Este sistema universitario bicéfalo se diversifica por el territorio autonómico en cinco Campus(capitales de provincia), además de otros centros de carácter universitario (Talavera de la Reina y Almadén). Además, cuenta con 16 residencias universitarias que ofertan 2.100 plazas.

  UCLM

La Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha comenzó su andadura en el año 1985 aunque formalmente se creó mediante la ley de 30 de junio de 1982. Esta unificó los distintos centros provinciales dependientes de otras universidades. La UCLM ha ido evolucionando, pasando de los 5.570 alumnos con los que inició su recorrido, a los cerca de 30.000 con los que cuenta en la actualidad; de los 307 profesores del principio a los 2.396 que hoy en día imparten la docencia; de un presupuesto de algo más de 6 millones de euros para su primer curso de apertura, a los casi 250 millones de euros que gestiona 25 años después.

Con un total de 41 facultades y escuelas repartidas por sus campus, el abanico de titulaciones de la UCLM es amplio (45 grados y 24 másteres), encontrándose la mayor parte de los centros de la misma asociados al sistema ECTS (European Credit Transfer System).

  UAH

El campus de Guadalajara está adscrito a la Universidad de Alcalá, ofreciendo a sus alumnos en el campus alcarreño las titulaciones de Magisterio, Empresariales, Turismo, Arquitectura Técnica y Enfermería.  En dicho campus estudian cerca de 3.000 universitarios, existiendo 208 plazas en residencias.

 Otros centros universitarios

La Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia también ofrece sus estudios en la región a través de cinco centros adscritos, uno por cada provincia: Albacete, Valdepeñas, Cuenca, Guadalajara y Talavera de la Reina. También la Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo cuenta con una sede en la ciudad de Cuenca.

Véase también

Castilla-La Mancha
Educación en España

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Portal oficial de Castilla-La Mancha
 Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha
 Instituto de Estadística de Castilla-La Mancha
 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
 Portal de Innovación
 Portal de Educación
 Instituto Meteorológico de Castilla-La Mancha
 Superficies de municipios. INE

Educación en Castilla-La Mancha
Castilla-La Mancha

Educación en Castilla-La Mancha


Jean Jouzel (n. 1947) es un glaciólogo, y climatólogo francés. Es un renombrado especialista en los grandes cambios climáticos, sobre la base de su análisis de la masa de hielo de Antártica y de Groenlandia.

Ha desarrollado su carrera de investigación en la CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique) que es el organismo público francés nuclear. En 1991, pasó a ser vicepresidente del LMCE, que es el Laboratorio de la CEA, dedicado al ambiente y al clima; en 1995 director investigador; en 1998 director de estudios de clima del LSCE, que resultó en la fusión del LMCE con otro laboratorio de estudios ambientales; de 2001 a 2008 fue director del IPSL (Instituto Pierre Simon Laplace) que es el mayor laboratorio federativo en investigación del clima en la región de París, incluyendo al CEA LSCE.

Desde 1994, ha sido experto del IPCC, y su vicepresidente desde 2002. El IPCC comparte con Al Gore el Premio Nobel de la Paz 2007 "por sus esfuerzos para construir y diseminar un mayor conocimiento sobre el cambio climático de origen antropogénico, y sentar las bases de las medidas que son necesarias para contrarrestar ese cambio"

Honores

Galardones
 2010: medalla de oro del CNRS, con Claude Lorius, el más alto galardón científico francés

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Biography in French or English

Profesores de Francia
Climatólogos de Francia
Glaciólogos
Premio Vetlesen
Nacidos en Ille y Vilaine

Jean Jouzel


«Jane Eyre» hace referencia a varios artículos:

Novela: Jane Eyre
 Jane Eyre (1847), novela de Charlotte Brontë.
 Jane Eyre, personaje de la novela homónima.

Adaptaciones

Cine y televisión
 Jane Eyre (1934), protagonizada por Virginia Bruce.
 Jane Eyre (1944), protagonizada por Joan Fontaine.
 Sangdil/Jane Eyre (1952), protagonizada por Madhubala.
 Jane Eyre (1970), protagonizada por Susannah York.
 Jane Eyre (1973), protagonizada por Sorcha Cusack.
 Jane Eyre (1983), protagonizada por Zelah Clarke.
 Jane Eyre, protagonizada por Charlotte Gainsbourg.
 Jane Eyre (1997), protagonizada por Samantha Morton.
 Jane Eyre (2006), miniserie protagonizada por Ruth Wilson.
 Jane Eyre (2011), protagonizada por Mia Wasikowska.

Óperas y musicales
 Jane Eyre (1933), con música de Brian Knowles.
 Jane Eyre (1961), con música de Monty Stevens, que se inauguró en Windsor.
 Jane Eyre (1995), con música de Paul Gordon, que se inauguró en 2000 en Broadway.
 Jane Eyre (1997), ópera en tres actos, Op. 134, de John Joubert, en 1987-1997, para un libreto de Kenneth Birkin.
 Jane Eyre (2000), ópera de Michael Berkeley, con un libreto de David Malouf, estrenada en el Music Theatre Wales del Cheltenham Music Festival.

Miscelánea
 Jane Eyre, sketch de Saturday Night Live del 23 de octubre de 2004, protagonizado por Rachel Dratch.

Jane Eyre (desambiguación)


Islwyn Ffowc Elis (; 17 November 1924 – 22 January 2004) was one of Wales's most popular Welsh-language writers.

Born Islwyn Ffoulkes Ellis in Wrexham and raised in Glyn Ceiriog, Elis was educated at the University of Wales colleges of Bangor and Aberystwyth. During World War II he was a conscientious objector and he began writing poetry and prose, winning the prose medal at the 1951 National Eisteddfod. He became a Presbyterian minister in 1950, and his first pastorate was at Moreia Chapel in Llanfair Caereinion. He translated the Gospel of Matthew into Welsh as Efengyl Mathew - trosiad i gymraeg diweddar, which was published in Caernarfon in 1961.

He made his debut as a novelist in 1953 with Cysgod y Cryman (translated into English as Shadow of the Sickle), which would, in 1999, be chosen as the most significant Welsh language book of the 20th century.

As a novelist Elis showed a great willingness to try out different forms, including popular ones. Cysgod y Cryman was followed by a study of intellectual decadence, Ffenestri tua'r Gwyll (Windows to the Dusk 1955). Yn ôl i Leifior (1956; translated into English as Return to Lleifior) was a sequel to Cysgod y Cryman both set at the fictitious farming location Lleifior. In 1957, the Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru published his time-travel story Wythnos yng Nghymru Fydd (A Week in Future Wales), presenting an independent, utopian Wales and a dystopian "Western England" in alternative versions of 2033.  Blas y Cynfyd (A Taste of Prehistory 1958) was followed by the colonial satire Tabyrddau'r Babongo (Drums of the Babongo 1961). He thus pioneered the use of genres unfamiliar to Welsh-speaking readers,  provided them with a highly readable prose often set in contemporary settings, and did much to establish the position of the novel as a major genre in Welsh-language literature. For periods he set out to live off his writing, something hardly attempted before in modern Welsh.

Later works included Y Blaned Dirion (The Meek Planet 1968, another science fiction novel), Y Gromlech yn yr Haidd (The Dolmen in the Barley, 1971) and Eira Mawr (Great Snow, 1972). He also wrote a play, pamphlets, hundreds of articles and short stories as well as editing, with Gwyn Jones, Welsh Short Stories for the Oxford University Press (1956). His work has appeared in English, German, Italian and Irish translation. He was lecturer and reader at the University of Wales, Lampeter between 1975 and 1988.

From his schooldays to the mid-1970s, Elis devoted a vast amount of time to politics. He ran as Plaid Cymru's candidate in Montgomeryshire in the 1959 and 1964 general elections and in a 1962 byelection.  The so-called "Elvis Rock" graffito beside the A44 road in Ceredigion was originally written with the word "Elis" by two of his supporters in the 1962 by-election, and subsequently altered to read "Elvis".

In retirement, he received a DLitt from the University of Wales. In 1999 a biography of Elis by T Robin Chapman, published in both Welsh and in English, appeared.

In 2021, his novel Wythnos yng Nghymru Fydd that was translated into English by Stephen Morris (in 2019) was published as A Week in Future Wales by Cambria Futura.

References

1924 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of Bangor University
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Academics of the University of Wales, Lampeter
Calvinist pacifists
People from Wrexham
Plaid Cymru politicians
Welsh-language writers
Welsh novelists
Welsh science fiction writers
Welsh conscientious objectors
Welsh Christian pacifists
Welsh-speaking academics
Welsh Calvinist and Reformed Christians

Islwyn Ffowc Elis


Gesta Normannorum Ducum, kronika monaha Vilima od Jumiègea
 Girl Next Door (razdvojba)
 God's Not Dead (film)
 kracia za graduated neutral density filter, GND-Filter, vrsta optičkog filtera
 Green New Deal
 ground, engleski za masu, vidi uzemljenje
 Gemeinsame Normdatei, integrirana autoritetska datoteka kojom upravlja Njemačka nacionalna knjižnica
 IATA-ina kratica za međunarodnu zračnu luku Maurice Bishop u Grenadi
 ISOV-a kratica za jezik Zulgo-Gemzek kojim se govori u Kamerunu
 automobilska oznaka za Powiat Nowodworski (Pomeransko vojvodstvo)
 njemačka kratica za geologisches Naturdenkmal

GND


دميت هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء الشوف في محافظة جبل لبنان.
تبعد عن بيروت 40 كلم للوصول اليها عن طريق خلدة الدامور  مخرج بيت الدين للوصول إلى دميت تمر بجانب المشرف ملتقى النهرين دميت ترتفع دميت عن سطح البحر 400 متر يمر في دميت نهر ينبع في الصفا , يوجد على ضفه النهر منتجع سياحي بيئي eco village , عدد سكان بلدة دميت حوالى 1500 نسمه ......

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان
مدن لبنان

دميت


البيبل وكشف مصادره (بالإنكليزية The Bible with Sources Revealed) كتاب صدر في 2003 لعالم الكتاب الأمريكي ريتشارد إليت فريدمان. يناقش الكتاب عملية كتابة كتب التوراة الخمسة ويتبع نموذج الفرضية الوثائقية ذات المصادر الأربعة، لكنه يختلف عن نموذج يوليوس فلهاوزن بعدة أمور فبالرغم من موافقته على تاريخ المصدر التثنوي مع فلهاوزن (بلاط يوشيا في 621 أو 622 ق م) إلا أنه وضع المصدر الكهنوتي في بلاط حزقيا أي أن ترتيب مصادره يهوي ثم إلوهي ثم كهنوتي ثم تثنوي. ويرى مثل فلهاوزن وجود تحرير نهائي في عصر عزرا في 450 ق م تقريبا.

تلخيص
تؤلف ترجمة فريدمان الشخصية للتوراة معظم كتابه وتأخذ 300 صفحة من 380. ميز في الترجمة بين المصادر الأربعة المختلفة والمحررين الاثنين (محرر المصدرين المدمجين اليهوي والإلوهي ثم المحرر الأخير). وهناك مقدمة قصيرة توضح نظرية فريدمان من مجموعة أدلة وبيبلوغرافيا.

يمكن تلخيص نسخة فريدمان للفرضية الوثائقية بأن المصدر الأول هو اليهوي وكتب في مملكة يهوذا الجنوبية بين 922 و722 ق م. ألف المصدر الإلوهي في مملكة إسرائيل الشمالية في الوقت نفسه تقريبا لكن على الأرجح بعده بقليل. مع الفتح الأشوري لإسرائيل في 722 ق م وصل المصدر الإلوهي لمملكة يهوذا مع اللاجئين من المملكة الشمالية. بعد ذلك بقليل جمع محرر المصدرين في نص معياري واحد (يهوي إلوهي أو JE، يشار للمحرر RJE). وخلال حكم حزقيا حوالي 715 – 685 ق م أنتج كهنة القدس نصا اعتبروه بديلا للنص اليهوي الإلوهي الذي اعترضوا على عقيدته نتيجة لإصلاحهم الديني، وهذا هو النص الكهنوتي. فشل إصلاح حزقيا لكنه عاد مرة أخرى خلال حكم يوشيا في 640 – 609 ق م تقريبا مما أنتج المصدر الأخير أي التثنوي. وجدت المصادر الثلاثة (لأن اليهوي الإلوهي أصبحا مصدرا واحدا) بشكل مستقل حتى العودة من النفي البابلي وعندها قام المحرر الأخير بجمعها كلها معا.

في قسم «مجموعة الأدلة» يقدم فريدمان أدلته العامة للفرضية الوثائقية وأدلة عن نسخته الخاصة بها ويطرح سبعة أدلة:
 لغوية: يعكس كل مصدر (اليهوي الإلوهي مصدر واحد) لغة عبرية خاصة بعصره.
 مفردات: تظهر بعض الكلمات أو العبارات فقط في مصادر معينة أو بنسب مختلفة جدا.
 محتوى متسق: بعض الأفكار والأشياء والممارسات خاصة بمصادر معينة.
 تسلسل النصوص: بفصل النصوص بالاعتماد على المفردات واللغة والمحتوى يصبح كل مصدر رواية متسقة مستقلة بنفسها.
 العلاقة مع أقسام أخرى من الكتاب: لكل قسم تشابهات مباشرة مع أقسام معينة من الكتاب.
 علاقة المصادر مع بعضها البعض ومع التاريخ: لكل مصدر علاقات مع أحداث معينة في تاريخ إسرائيل ويهوذا ومع المصادر الأخرى.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

 Friedman's "Who Wrote the Bible?", pp. 26–27 of 1997 edition (original edition 1987).
 Review by Christof Levin, Review of Biblical Literature, RBL06/2006.
 Review of Biblical Literature

الدين في 2003
الفرضية الوثائقية
تفسير الكتاب المقدس
كتب 2003
كتب دراسات دينية
كتب غير خيالية 2003
كتب هاربر كولنز

الكتاب المقدس وكشف مصادره


Jankovac je zaštićena park-šuma na Papuku, u Hrvatskoj.

Zemljopisni položaj
Park šuma nalazi se na području Općine Čačinci i u sklopu je Geoparka Papuk i nalazi se na 475m nadmorske visine. Na Jankovcu je izgrađena "Grofova poučna staza" koja prolazi najljepšim dijelovima Park šume. Voda iz jezera pada na slapu "Skakavac" koji je visine oko 35 m.

U sklopu park šume nalazi se i Planinarski dom Jankovac koji je otvoren čitave godine, dok se na livadi ispred doma svake godine održavaju razne priredbe. Također na livadu uz dom postoji dječje igralište.

Područje Jankovca je dostupno planinarskim stazama iz više smjerova (Ivačka glava, Češljakovački vis, Nevoljaš, Mališćak), dok se asfaltiranom i makadamskom cestom može stići vozilima ili biciklom iz smjera gradova Čačinci, Slatina, Velika i Požega.

Zbog izuzetnih prirodnih ljepota Jankovac je 1955. godine proglašen zaštićenom Park - šumom i plaća se ulaznica od 2019. godine .

U sedrenim je stijenama potoka i kod izvora na Jankovcu otkrivena endemična vrsta puža (Graziana papukensis).

Galerija

Poveznice
 Park prirode Papuk
 Geopark Papuk
 Češljakovački vis
 Kožića hrast
 Grad

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Park Prirode Papuk
 [https://pp-papuk.hr/park-suma-jankovac/ Park šuma Jankovac na stranicama geoparka Papuk
 Hrvatski planinarski savez - Papuk
 Planinarski dom Jankovac

Park-šume u Hrvatskoj
Papuk

Park-šuma Jankovac


Universitatea din Poitiers (în ) este o universitate din Poitiers, Noua-Aquitania, Franța. Aceasta este în prezent prezidată de profesorul Yves Jean. Aceasta este membră din 2015 a Universității Consolidate Leonardo da Vinci. Universitatea din Poitiers este una dintre cele mai vechi din Franța. Ea a fost fondată în 1431 și a fost dorită de regele Carol al VII-lea pentru a recompensa fidelitatea pe care a arătat-o întotdeauna provincia Poitou.

Note

Legături externe

 ENT Université de Poitiers
 Portail du SCD de l'Université de Poitiers

Poitiers
Poitiers
Grupul Coimbra
Universitate publică
Fondări în 1431
hu:Université de Poitiers

Universitatea din Poitiers


Marek Bakoš (Nová Baňa, Eslovaquia, 15 de abril de 1983) es un exfutbolista y entrenador eslovaco. Jugaba de delantero y su último equipo fue el FC Viktoria Plzeň de República Checa, equipo en el que se retiró al finalizar la temporada 2018-19. Actualmentemente es entrenador adjunto del FC Viktoria Plzeň.

Selección nacional

Ha sido internacional con la .

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Eslovaquia
Futbolistas del Football Club Nitra
Futbolistas del Futbalový klub Púchov
Futbolistas del Shinnik Yaroslavl
Futbolistas del MFK Ružomberok
Futbolistas del Football Club Viktoria Pilsen
Futbolistas del Football Club Slovan Liberec
Futbolistas del Football Club Spartak Trnava
Entrenadores de fútbol de Eslovaquia

Marek Bakoš


Incineratorul (titlul original: în ) este un film dramatic cehoslovac, realizat în 1969 de regizorul slovac Juraj Herz, după romanul omonim a scriitorului Ladislav Fuks, protagoniști fiind actorii Rudolf Hrušínský, Vlasta Chramostová, Vladimír Menšík. Filmul a fost ales pentru a fi prezentat ca cel mai bun film străin la cel de-al 42-lea Festival Oscar dar nu a fost acceptat ca nominalizare. În 1972 a câștigat la
Festivalul de film de la Sitges premiul pentru cel mai bun film. Totodată au primit premii ca cel mai bun actor Rudolf Hrušínský și Stanislav Milota nominalizare pentru cel mai bun cameraman.

Conținut

Distribuție
 Rudolf Hrušínský - Karel Kopfrkingl
 Vlasta Chramostová - Lakmé; Dagmar
 Jana Stehnová - Zina
 Miloš Vognič - Mili
 Zora Božinová - Erna Reinkeová
 Ilja Prachař - Walter Reinke
 Eduard Kohout - Bettleheim
 Míla Myslíková - femeia cu pălărie
 Vladimír Menšík - soțul acesteia
 Jiří Menzel - Dvořák
 Jiří Lír - Strauss
 Václav Stekl
 Helena Anýzová

Premii și nominalizări
 1972 Sitges - Festivalul de film de la Sitges
 premiul pentru cel mai bun film
 premiul cel mai bun actor lui Rudolf Hrušínský

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Tudor Caranfil, Dicționar universal de lungmetraje cinematografice (filme de ficțiune), Ed. a 3-a revizuită, București: Litera internațional, 2008, pag. 834.

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1969
Filme de comedie
Filme dramatice
Filme în limba cehă
Filme regizate de Juraj Herz
Filme alb-negru
Filme cehe despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme cehoslovace despre Al Doilea Război Mondial

Incineratorul


محمد إسماعيل البرديسي، هو مفتى الديار المصرية الأسبق، ولد في برديس، وعائلته عائلة مشهورة بالعلم وحفظ القرآن، عين في البداية موظفًا قضائيًّا، ثم عين قاضيًا، ثم مفتشًا بالقضاء الشرعي، وبعد ذلك اختير نائبًا لمحكمة مصر الشرعية العليا، وعين في 17 شوال سنة 1338 هـ الموافق 4 من يوليو سنة 1920 مفتيًا للديار المصرية، وتوفي في 2 يناير سنة 1921م.

طالع أيضًا

 مصر.
 الإسلام.
 الإسلام في مصر.
 قائمة مفتي الديار المصرية.

المصادر والمرجع

خريجو جامعة الأزهر
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
مفتو الديار المصرية
وفيات 1925

محمد إسماعيل البرديسي


Ramaria abietina (Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1794 ex Lucien Quélet, 1888) din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Gomphaceae și de genul Ramaria, denumită în popor tocmăgelul bradului,, este o ciupercă necomestibilă care este în primul rând un saprofit uneori și simbiont, având de asemenea însușiri ale încrengăturii Ascomycota. În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord, se dezvoltă, de la câmpie la munte, crescând în grupuri mai mari sau mai mici în păduri de conifere pe mușchi și sol umed, preferat sub brazi, dar de asemenea pe lângă molizi. Timpul apariției este din (iunie) iulie până toamna târziu.

Taxonomie
Primul care a descris specia sub denumirea a fost renumitul savant (Christian Hendrik Persoon în publicația sa Neuer Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Schwämme, în jurnalul botanic Neues Magazin für die Botanik din 1794, un nume găsit în cărți micologice până în prezent (2019).

Micologul francez Lucien Quélet a transferat soiul la genul Ramaria sub păstrarea epitetului, de verificat în lucrarea sa Flore Mycologique de la France et des Pays Limitrophes din 1888.  Acest taxon este cel valabil actual.

Dintre celelalte sinonime acceptate se mai folosește taxonul Ramaria ochraceovirens al micologului olandez Marinus Anton Donk din 1933, chiar și în România.

Descriere

 Corpul fructifer:  are o înălțime de 2-7 (9) cm și un diametru de 2-5 cm, fiind netedă, dar pe vreme umedă unsuroasă. Se împarte dintr-o bază groasă în numeroase ramificații verticale și striate în lungime, tari și elastice, mai groase la bază și subțiate treptat către vârfurile zbârcite și dințate. Coloritul este ocru-gălbui, înverzind în sus, devenind la bătrânețe măsliniu până albastru-verzui. Se decolorează la atingere verde-măsliniu.
 Piciorul: este foarte scurt, subțire, flasc și la bază plin de micelii relativ groase și albe.
 Carnea: tare, elastică și străbătută de fibre longitudinale, este albicioasă până ocru-gălbuie, devenind după scurt timp măslinie. Mirosul este de anason, adesea cu nuanțe de pământ, gustul fiind în primul moment plăcut devenind însă repede foarte amar.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori ovoidali în formă de alună cu un capăt oblic, slab hialini (translucizi), fin verucoși și măsoară 6-8 x 4-4,5 microni. Pulberea lor este de colorit ocru-maroniu. Basidiile (celulele purtătoare de spori) în formă de măciucă cilindrică și cu o dimensiune de 40-45 x 10-12 microni, poartă de obicei 2 sterigme destul de lungi (până la 7 μm).
 Reacții chimice: nu sunt cunoscute.

Confuzii
Dacă nu se dea seama de mirosul de anason, tocmăgelul bradului ar putea fi confundat cu Cladonia cenotea (culinar neînsemnătoare), Clavulina cinerea (comestibilă), Clavulina coralloides (comestibilă), Clavulina rugosa (comestibilă, de valoare inferioară), Ramaria broomei (necomestibilă, amară), Ramaria eumophoria sin. Ramaria invalii (necomestibilă, amară), Ramaria flaccida (necomestibilă, tare și elastic), Ramaria flavescens (comestibilă), Ramaria flavobrunnescens (comestibilă), Ramaria formosa (otrăvitoare, elastică și puțin ațoasă, gustul devine în timpul dezvoltării din ce în ce mai amar), Ramaria gracilis (comestibilă),sau Ramaria stricta sin. Ramaria condensata (necomestibilă, gust slab de anason, dar piperat, destul de amar și astringent),

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Tocmăgelul bradului nu este comestibil, pe de o parte din caza cârnii elastice, pe de alta datorită gustului amar.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, vol. 1-7 (vezi sus)
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: "Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze", Editura  J. Springer, Berlin 1928
 Meinhard Michael Moser: " Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

Ramaria
Micoriză
Ciuperci saprofite
Ciuperci necomestibile
1794 în știință

Ramaria abietina


حركة الديمقراطية لمنغوليا الجنوبية هي حركة تأسست عام 1992 من أجل هدف حق تقرير المصير لمنغوليا الداخلية.

مراجع

أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1992
أحزاب سياسية محظورة في الصين
حركات سياسية
حركة الاستقلال المنغولية الداخلية
منغوليا الداخلية

حركة الديمقراطية لمنغوليا الجنوبية


Karantina ya da kapantı, bulaşıcı bir hastalığa maruz kalan şüpheli durumdaki insan ve hayvanları, hastalığın en uzun kuluçka evresine eşit bir süre kimse ile temas ettirmemek suretiyle alınan tedbirsel faaliyetlerin tümü, sağlık yalıtımı. Bilgisayarlarda veya telefonlarda kötü amaçlı yazılımların etki alanını kısıtlamak için de kullanılır.  Kelimenin kökeni İtalyancadır. Ekonomisi ticarete dayanan Venedik Cumhuriyetinde, başkent Venedik'e salgın hastalık bulaşmasın diye kente gelen gemiler 40 gün şehir açıklarında denizde beklermiş. Karantina kelimesi, 40 sayısının İtalyancası olan "quaranta" kelimesinden gelir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Enfeksiyon hastalıkları
Güvenlik
Önleme

Karantina


Andrei Zolotko er en moldovisk forretningsmand og tidligere fodboldagent. Han repræsenterer majoriteten af aktiekapitalen i VB Alliancen A/S, selskabet bag den traditionsrige danske fodboldklub Vejle Boldklub.

Han er tilknyttet HMP SPORT management som transferkonsulent under pseudonymet Andrew Zolotco. Han har stor tilknytning til det russiske marked, men har også repræsenteret spillere med tilknytning til den danske Superliga. Han har bl.a. fået Marco Ureña til FC Midtjylland fra FC Kuban Krasnodar og fået den tidligere FC Midtjylland spiller Izunna Uzochukwu til FC Amkar Perm.

Referencer

Fodboldagenter
Vejle Boldklub
Personer fra Moldova

Andrei Zolotko


Virgo ya da Başak takımyıldızı (sembolü: ), modern 88 takımyıldızdan biridir. Tutulum üzerinde yer alır. Virgo adı Latince'de bakire anlamına gelir. Batısında Aslan, doğusunda Terazi takımyıldızları vardır. En parlak yıldızı Spica sayesinde gökyüzünde kolaylıkla bulunabilir.

Konumu
Parlak Spica Başak takımyıldızının bulunmasını oldukça kolaylaştırır. Büyük kepçenin sapındaki yıldızlardan hayali bir yay geçtiği düşünülerek uzatılırsa, bu yay önce Çoban takımyıldızının en parlak yıldızı Arcturus'tan geçer, yay takip edilmeye devam edilirse Spica'ya ulaşılır ("Yayı izle Ark'ı bul, oradan Spica'ya ulaş").

Presesyon'un etkileri dolayısıyla Terazi'nin ilk noktası (sonbahar ılımı noktası olarak da bilinir) β Virginis yıldızına çok yakın bir konumda bu takımyıldız sınırları içinde bulunur. Bu nokta, gök ekvatorunun ekliptiği kestiği iki noktadan (diğeri Koç'un ilk noktası, günümüzde Balık takımyıldızı bölgesinde) biridir. Bu nokta yaklaşık 2440 yılında, Başak'ın komşusu Aslan takımyıldızı bölgesine geçecektir.

Dikkat çekici özellikleri

Yıldızlar
Spica'nın yanı sıra Başak takımyıldızındaki diğer parlak yıldızlar β Virginis (Zavijava), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Virginis (Auva) ve ε Virginis (Vindemiatrix) olarak sayılabilir. Daha belirsiz fakat isimlendirilmiş yıldızlar ise şunlardır: ζ Virginis (Heze), η Virginis (Zaniah), ι Virginis (Syrma) ve μ Virginis (Rijl al Awwa).

70 Virginis yıldızı, Jüpiter kütlesinin 7.5 katı kütleye sahip olduğu belirlenmiş bir gezegene sahiptir. Bu yıldız güneş dışı gezegen sistemine sahip olduğu bulunan ilk yıldızlardandır.

Derin uzay nesneleri
Bu takımyıldız, sınırları içinde ε Vir (Vindemiatrix) yıldızının 5° ilâ 10° batısında bir gökada kümesi (takımyıldızın isminden ötürü Başak kümesi olarak adlandırılır) bulunması sebebiyle özellikle gökada açısından oldukça zengindir.

Bazı örnekler şunlardır: Messier 49 (eliptik), Messier 58 (sarmal), Messier 59 (eliptik), Messier 60 (eliptik), Messier 61 (sarmal), Messier 84 (merceksi), Messier 86 (merceksi), Messier 87 (eliptik ve tanınmış bir radyo kaynağı), Messier 89 (eliptik) ve Messier 90 (sarmal). Bunların yanı sıra Başak kümesinin bir parçası olmayan Meksikalı Şapkası Gökadası da (M104) bu takımyıldız bölgesindedir. Bu gökada alışılmadık biçimli bir sarmal gökadadır. Spica'nın 10° kadar batısında yer alır.

Mitolojisi
Başak takımyıldızının kimi temsil ettiği belirsizdir; tarihte İsa'nın annesi Meryem'le (Bakire Meryem) olduğu kadar İştar, Isis, Kibele ve Athena gibi pek çok meşhur tanrıçayla da ilişkilendirilir. Bunun yanı sıra, Büyük Ayı ve Küçük Ayı takımyıldızlarıyla birlikte Başak Callisto efsanesinin kökenlerinin bir parçası (Callisto'nun kendisi ya da Hera'yı temsilen) olabilir. Başak esas olarak bahar aylarında yükselmeye başladığı için, ölüler diyarından çıkarak baharı getirdiğine inanılan Persephone'yi (ki bazı mitolojilerde, özellikle Eleusinian efsanelerinde, Demeter'in bir başka biçimi sayılır) temsil ettiğinden de sıklıkla bahsedilir.

Bir yoruma göre, bu takımyıldız tanrı Zeus ve tanrıça Themis'in bakire kızları Astraea'yı temsil eder. Astraea adalet tanrıçası olarak bilinir ve Başak takımyıldızı, adaletin terazisi Libra'nın yakınında bulunması sebebiyle bu tanrıçayla bağdaştırılır. İddiaya göre Astraea, insanoğlunun böylesine katı yürekli bir hale gelmesinin ardından bizar halde göklere geri dönmesine dek bir dönem dünyaya egemen olmuştur.

Tasvirleri

Başak sıklıkla, bir tanesi parlak yıldızı Spica'yla işaretlenmiş iki demet buğday taşırken resmedilir.

H.A. Rey Başak'ın tasviri için, bakirenin sırt üstü uzandığı alternatif bir yol önermiştir. γ Vir, η Vir, β Vir, ν Vir ve ο Vir bakirenin başını, γ Vir, δ Vir, ζ Vir, α Vir (Spica) ve θ Vir bluzunu, α Vir, ζ Vir, τ Vir, ι Vir ve κ Vir eteğini, 109 Vir ve μ Vir ayaklarını ve ε Vir elini temsil eder.

Kaynakça

 Ian Ridpath ve Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0007251209. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0691135564.

Dış bağlantılar

 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Virgo
 Star Tales – Virgo

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Vikipedi'deki Virgo maddesinin 26 Temmuz 2009, 16:35 tarihli sürümü

Virgo (takımyıldız)


Stanko Dujmušić (Tuzla, 7. svibnja 1904. – Zagreb, 24. veljače 1960.), hrvatski liječnik, ftizeolog.

Životopis
Dr. Dujmušić bio jr poznati stručnjak za plućnu tuberkulozu, specijalist operativne torakoskopije.

Rođen je u Tuzli. U Varaždinu išao u gimnaziju. Studirao medicinu u Leipzigu i Zagrebu. Promoviran u liječnika u Zagrebu 1927. godine. U lječilištu Klenovniku specijalizaciju ftizeologije dovršio 1930. godine. Radio kao ftizeolog u Beogradu. Ondje se usavršavao i u patološkoj anatomiji. Od 1933. je pet godina asistentom u lječilištu Brestovcu te istovremeno načelnikom Središnjeg ureda za osiguranje radnika u Zagrebu. Od 1938. do 1945. ravnateljem lječilišta Klenovnika. Nakon toga vodio je lječilište Brestovac. Od 1949. je u Zagrebu gdje je sve do smrti vodio Odjel za plućne bolesti Bolnice Dr Mladen Stojanović.  Uže područje kojim se bavio je kolapsoterapija pluća. Proučavao postanak priraslica u pleuralnoj šupljini, operativni način njihova uklanjanja. Pisao o torakoskopiji. Bavio se i medicinskom poviješću. Idejni tvorac i urednik biblioteke Temelji medicine. Među urednicima zbornika Iz hrvatske medicinske prošlosti. dr. Dujmušić kao stručnjak i entuzijast u povijesti medicinu, pokrenula objavljivanje klasičnih medicinskih knjiga. Objavio je svoju prvu knjigu pod nazivom Operativna torakoskopija 1941. godine, a dobio je široko priznanje za svoje djelo "Atlas operativne torakoskopije", objavljen na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku 1951. godine.

Izvori

Životopisi, Tuzla
Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski liječnici
Hrvatski povjesničari

Stanko Dujmušić


نهر رافان  هو نهر في لينينغراد أوبلاست في روسيا، وهو نهر رافد أيمن نهر تيغودا.
ينبع هذا النهر ويبدأ من بحيرة أوتليزينو ويبلغ طوله 76 كيلومتر.

طالع أيضاً
قائمة أنهار روسيا

مراجع

أنهار روسيا
أنهار مقاطعة لينينغراد

نهر رافان


Tanjurasta opruga je prstenasta ploča stožasta oblika, koja se slaže u stupove najčešće povezana kroz sredinu svornjakom. Upotreba tanjurastih opruga proteže se od steznih dijelova za valjne ležajeve, do elastičnog opruženja strojeva i temelja. Tanjuraste opruge osobito su prikladne za velike sile i male progibe.

Naziv tih opruga potječe od toga što su sastavljene od dijelova koji imaju oblik tanjura bez dna. Kut nagiba stožca tih opruga izvodi se u granicama od 4° do 7°, najviše do 10°. Izrađuju se najčešće od čelika a katkada i od fosforne ili berilijeve bronce. Vanjski promjer tih opruga izvodi se obično u veličini od 30 do 300 mm. Uzdužno (aksijalno) opterećenje koje djeluje na oprugu, smatra se da je jednolično raspodijeljeno po vanjskom i unutarnjem obodu tanjura. Visina opruge u neopterećenom stanju smanjuje se pod opterećenjem, a time opruga postane plosnatija. Naprezanja na rubovima tanjura nisu sukladna (proporcionalna) progibima, i zato karakteristika opruge nije pravac, već konkavna krivulja s obzirom na os x.

Opruge se slažu jedna na drugu u obliku stupa, a održavaju se u tom položaju vodilicom. To može biti svornjak provučen kroz središnje otvore tanjura (unutarnje vođenje) ili cijev, odnosno tuljak koji ih obuhvaća (vanjsko vođenje).

Progib (opruženje) stupa jednak je zbroju progiba pojedinih tanjura. Prednosti tanjurastih opruga jesu u tome što mogu preuzimati velika opterećenja uz male izmjere (dimenzije) i što im se opruženje može mijenjati s pomoću broja složenih dijelova. Zbog toga njihova isplatljivost (ekonomičnost) ne zaostaje za isplativosti drugih opruga. Kako i velika opterećenja tih opruga uzrokuju razmjerno male deformacije, karakteristika im je strma (kaže se tvrda).

Tanjuraste se opruge upotrebljavaju kod odbojnika, u alatima, za uzdužno (aksijalno) osiguranje kotrljajućih ležaja, u mehanizmima topova, kod tenkova, za opruženje strojeva i u različitim uređajima.

Proračun
Proračun tanjurastih opruga obuhvaća kontrolu njihovog progiba, nosivosti, naprezanja i mehaničkog rada. Izvođenje jednadžbi potrebnih za određivanje tih veličina vrlo je složeno. Od 3 poznata načina proračunavanja najviše se upotrebljava onaj približni od Almena i Laszloa, jer se donekle može pojednostaviti, a uz to potpuno je dovoljan za sve tehničke namjene.

Zavisnost opterećenja silom F od progiba f dana je jednadžbom (vrijedi za čelične opruge):

Maksimalno normalno naprezanje javlja se na unutarnjem rubu tanjura i iznosi:

gdje su: α, β i γ koeficijenti, koji se uzimaju iz posebnih dijagrama u priručnicima, a zavise od odnosa promjera du/dv, rv – vanjski polumjer opruge, s – debljina tanjura (ostale oznake prema slici).

Te su jednadžbe vrlo nepregledne, ali se mogu pojednostaviti i postati jasne i upotrebljive za prvo prethodno proračunavanje, ako se zanemari prvi član u uglatim zagradama kod oba izraza, jer je prema drugome malen. Tada se dobije za nosivost (silu):

i za naprezanje:

Iz tih jednadžbi slijedi jednostavan izraz za progib (deformaciju):

i dalje odnos naprezanja i sile (opterećenja):

Mehanički rad opruge iznosi:

Vrijednosti za izraze α/γ i α/2γ2 koji se nalaze u ovim jednadžbama, uzimaju se iz odgovarajućih dijagrama u priručnicima.

Često se izmjere (dimenzije) tanjurastih opruga biraju u priručnicima iz tablice izrađenih za proizvode s određenim veličinama modula elastičnosti E, gdje su navedene u zavisnosti od opterećenja. Pri tome opterećenje stupca ne smije biti toliko veliko da postane progib f = h0, jer bi tada tanjuri "sjeli" jedan na drugi, pa bi djelovanje opruge bi prestalo.

Podjela
Tanjuraste opruge dijelimo u 3 grupe:
 grupa 1: debljina tanjura manja od 1 mm. One su hladno oblikovane.
 grupa 2: debljina tanjura veća od 1 mm i manja od 4 mm. One su isto hladno oblikovane. Unutarnji i vanjski promjer obrađeni su skidanjem čestica, a na unutarnjem promjeru bridovi su zaobljeni.
 grupa 3: debljina tanjura veća od 4 mm i manja od 14 mm. One su tople oblikovane. Opruga je sa svih strana obrađena odvajanjem čestica. Bridovi su na unutarnjem i vanjskom promjeru zaobljeni. Tanjuri imaju naležne površine i time reduciranu debljinu.

Pri opterećenju se tanjur rasteže, a iznutra steže (stlačuje). Na donjoj strani tanjura javljaju se prskotine zbog zamora materijala. Kod promjenjivo opterećenih tanjurastih opruga preporučuje se očvršćivanje površine, na primjer sačmarenjem čeličnih kuglica. Na taj način opterećene opruge treba ugrađivati s prednaprezanjem koje daje deformacija od 15 do 20% visine tanjuraste opruge, kako bi se spriječilo nastajanje prskotina zbog zamora materijala.

Pri slaganju opruga u stupce dolaze do izražaja odstupanja mjera (tolerancija) pojedinih tanjura, pa se one moraju uzeti u obzir u konstrukciji.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Strojarstvo

Tanjurasta opruga


An Pteroceras philippinense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Pteroceras philippinense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pteroceras, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pteroceras

Pteroceras philippinense


Nahija Banan () je nahija u okrugu as-Safira, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 140,06 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 17.193 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Banan.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Banan (nahija)


Panyptila es un género de aves apodiformes de la familia de los vencejos (Apodidae). Se compone de dos
especies nativas de América.

Especies
Se distinguen las siguientes especies:
 Panyptila cayennensis (Gmelin, 1789) -- vencejo tijereta chico
 Panyptila sanctihieronymi Salvin, 1863 -- vencejo tijereta grande

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Apodidae

Géneros de aves
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis

Panyptila


بلدية مانريزا (بالكاتالانية: Manresa) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 73.140 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لمانريسا:

أعلام

 توني إلياس
 بيرطو روميرو
 نوريا ريال
 ديفيد غارسيا دي لا كروز
 جبريل مورا
 إجناسيو ساستورين

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

مانريسا
بلديات في باجس

مانريسا


Hardy Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Hardy Township (Lee County, Arkansas)
 Hardy Township (Sharp County, Arkansas)
 Hardy Township (Ohio)

Hardy Township


روبرت كوفاتش ، من مواليد 6 ابريل 1974 في برلين في ألمانيا، لاعب كرة قدم كرواتي.

بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي هيرتا زهليندورف في عام 1992، ولعب معهم حتى عام 1995، وشارك معهم في 85 مباراة وسجل 11 هدف، وفي موسم 1995/1996 انتقل إلى نادي نورمبيرغ الألماني، ولعب معهم 33 مباراة وسجل هدف واحد، وفي عام 1996 انتقل إلى نادي باير ليفركوزن الألماني، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2001، وشارك معهم في 134 مباراة وسجل هدف واحد، وفي عام 2001 انتقل إلى نادي بايرن ميونخ الألماني، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2005، وشارك معهم في 100 مباراة، وفي عام 2005 انتقل إلى نادي يوفنتوس الإيطالي، ولعب معهم حتى عام 2007، وشارك معهم في 35 مباراة وسجل هدف واحد، ومنذ عام 2007 وهو يلعب مع نادي بروسيا دورتموند الألماني.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب كرواتيا لكرة القدم في عام 1999.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب روبرت كوفاتش خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 7 أندية في عشرون موسمًا وسجل خلالها 15 هدفًا ضمن 453 مباراة. حيث فاز في ثلاثة مواسم بالكأس وفي أربعة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض روبرت كوفاتش مسيرته مع  في موسم 1991–92 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 112 مباراة سجل خلالها 12 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي نورنبرغ في موسم 1995–96 لمدة موسم واحد، حيث شارك في 33 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي باير 04 ليفركوزن في موسم 1996–97 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، مشاركًا في 127 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا أيضًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي بايرن ميونخ في موسم 2001–02 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 94 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي يوفنتوس في موسم 2005–06 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 35 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي بوروسيا دورتموند للفورميلا في موسم 2007–08 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 26 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ليعود وينتقل من جديد، لكن هذه المرة إلى نادي دينامو زغرب في موسم 2008–09 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 26 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية كروات مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من برلين
ألمان من أصل بوسني
ألمان من أصل كرواتي
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون كرواتيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون كرواتيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون كرواتيون مغتربون في موناكو
كروات البوسنة والهرسك
كرواتيون من أصل بوسني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الكرواتي الممتاز
لاعبو باير ليفركوزن
لاعبو بايرن ميونخ
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بوروسيا دورتموند
لاعبو دينامو زغرب
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية كرواتيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم كرواتيون
لاعبو كرة قدم كرواتيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من برلين
لاعبو منتخب كرواتيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نورمبرغ
لاعبو هيرتا 03 زيليندورف
لاعبو يوفنتوس
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1974
مواليد في برلين الغربية

روبرت كوفاتش


DB Cargo UK (formerly DB Schenker Rail UK and English, Welsh & Scottish Railway), is a British rail freight company headquartered in Doncaster, England.

The company was established in early 1995 as North & South Railways, successfully acquiring and merging five of the six freight companies that were sold during the privatisation of British Rail, On 25 April 1996, the English, Welsh & Scottish EWS brand was revealed and implemented over successive months. By the end of March 1997, it controlled 90% of the UK rail freight market, operated a fleet of 900 locomotives and 19,000 wagons, and had 7,000 employees. During the late 1990s, EWS invested heavily into rolling stock renewal, procuring a large number of British Rail Class 66 diesel locomotives, headcount was also reduced. It also acquired National Power's open-access freight operator in April 1998.

During January 2001, the Canadian National Railway acquired a 42.5% stake in the business via its purchase of Wisconsin Central. In 2003, EWS lost the Royal Mail contract to run mail trains. In October 2005, it launched a subsidiary, Euro Cargo Rail, to focus on the French market; that same year, the company acquired the wagon maintenance business Marcroft. During 2006, the Office of Rail Regulation fined EWS £4.1million for anti-competitive practices in the coal haulage sector. During November 2007, the company was sold to the German train operator Deutsche Bahn in exchange for £309 million. In January 2009, EWS was rebranded as DB Schenker. In November 2011, a weekly service using European sized swap bodies commenced between Barking, London and Wrocław, Poland using High Speed 1. During March 2016, the company was rebranded as DB Cargo UK.

In October 2016, DB Cargo announced plans to cut 893 jobs in response to a sharp downturn in coal and steel traffic. In the following year, it announced a loss after tax for the financial year of £57 million against a turnover of £325 million. Over the next two years, the company's fleet size was reduced somewhat, mainly through the disposal or sale of older elements. During 2019, DB Cargo signed an agreement with Maritime Transport Ltd to launch a new rail freight operation,  Maritime Intermodal.

History

Background
In 1988, British Rail's (BR) freight operations were split into two divisions Railfreight Distribution (RfD) and Trainload Freight (TLF). RfD took over BR's Freightliner and Speedlink services and general wagonload and trainload services, excluding coal, petroleum, aggregates and metals. BR's bulk trainload services were handled by the Trainload Freight division. During 1991, the Rail Express Systems brand was created to handle mail and postal services.

After the passing of the Railways Act 1993, five rail freight companies were formed from RfD and TLF. On 1 April 1994, TLF was split into three separate geographical businesses: Trainload Freight North East, Trainload Freight West and Trainload Freight South East, with each initially given existing contracts, based on the geographic origin of the traffic flow or in the case of power station coal the split was determined by the location of the power stations concerned. There were also some trainload services previously operated by the contract services business of RfD. The three new businesses were to be re-branded as Loadhaul, Mainline Freight and Transrail Freight for the short duration of their existence.

The remainder of RfD was split into two companies: Freightliner (container operations between ports), with the residual RfD company operating freight trains through the Channel Tunnel. The Mail and Parcels business were sold as Rail Express Systems and Red Star Parcels. These companies were subsequently put up for sale by competitive tender.

English, Welsh & Scottish Railway

A new company, North and South Railways Limited, was formed for the purpose of bidding for the ex-BR freight businesses being offered for sale. It was owned by a consortium, headed by Wisconsin Central, and financed by multiple investment firms, including Berkshire Partners, Goldman Sachs and Fay Richwhite.

On 9 December 1995, North and South Railways purchased Rail Express Systems for £24 million. With this purchase came the contract for the Royal Mail train service, including the Travelling Post Office trains, and the contract to haul the Royal Train. A fleet of 164 locomotives and 677 postal vans were included along with depots at Bristol Barton Hill, Cambridge, Crewe and London Euston.

Then, on 24 February 1996, British Rail's three trainload freight companies, Loadhaul, Mainline Freight and Transrail Freight were acquired for £225 million. The sale included 914 locomotives and 19,310 wagons.

All four companies were subsequently merged into North and South Railways, nullifying the government's effort to create multiple competitive rail freight firms through the privatisation; the decision to allow the creation of a rail freight company with a dominant market position was justified by the additional competition faced from other transport modes. At the time, rail had a 6% share of the freight market.

Initially, the four companies continued to trade under their existing names. However, on 25 April 1996, the English, Welsh & Scottish (EWS) brand was unveiled.

On 10 July 1996, in accordance with the new branding, the holding company's name was changed to English, Welsh & Scottish Railway Holdings Limited. In October 1996, Loadhaul and Mainline Freight were merged with Transrail Freight, and employees transferred to Transrail Freight, which was then renamed to English, Welsh & Scottish Railway Limited.

One of the first actions of the enlarged company was to seek volunteers for redundancy, as it sought to reduce staff numbers by around 3,000, from 7,600.

On 24 December 1996, EWS was announced as the preferred bidder for the loss-making Railfreight Distribution, for which it received grants and subsidies estimated to amount to £242 million over eight years . including subsidies for the use of the Channel Tunnel. Railfreight Distribution's businesses included international containerised freight, movement of cars and automotive components by rail, and freight services for the Ministry of Defence. The sale, which included 157 locomotives, was concluded on 12 March 1997. At this point, EWS controlled 90% of the rail freight market. Railfreight Distribution was renamed English  Welsh & Scottish Railway International on 1 December 1998.

The new company had a vast portfolio, comprising in excess of 900 locomotives, 19,000 freight wagons, and 7,000 employees. Track access charges were renegotiated and, following 1,800 job redundancies, the work force was involved in profit sharing and other incentivised working plans; as a consequence, shipping rates were reduced by over 30%. Many locomotives inherited on foundation were considered unreliable, and expensive to maintain; the company invested heavily in modernisation of its rolling stock; by 2002, £750 million had been invested in this manner, resulting in the delivery of 280 new locomotives and in excess of 2,000 new wagons.

Around this time, the company was represented by a logo that was colloquially known as the "Beasties", consisting of three heads: the lion of England, the dragon of Wales and the stag of Scotland. A larger version of the logo was called the "Big Beasties".

Services included mail, locomotive hire, wagonload traffic (branded 'Enterprise', founded by Transrail Freight), cross channel trains via the Channel Tunnel, trainload freight including oil, aggregates, cement and traffic related to the coal, electricity generation and steel industries, and infrastructure trains for Railtrack. Following privatisation EWS began to compete for Intermodal contracts, while it faced competition from Freightliner in its core markets. In 1999, the company's turnover was £533.7 million, representing an 80% market share in terms of value.

On 1 April 1998, open access operator National Power's rail division was taken over by EWS, along with its six Class 59 locomotives and 106 wagons.

During late January 2001, the Canadian National Railway announced it had agreed to purchase Wisconsin Central. The deal, which included Wisconsin Central's 42.5% stake in EWS, was concluded in October 2001.

During 2003, the Royal Mail terminated its mail train contract with EWS, this traffic was transferred to aircraft and road transport instead. EWS acquired the assets of wagon bogie company Probotec Limited in 2005, It was formed into a new subsidiary, Axiom Rail that also took over responsibility for some of the depots and leasing surplus locomotives overseas.

During October 2005, the company launched a new subsidiary, which traded as Euro Cargo Rail, based in the French market. Several Class 66 locomotives were transferred from EWS to Euro Cargo Rail.

In November 2005, EWS acquired the wagon maintenance business Marcroft. As a result of the potential of the acquisition to reduce competition in the UK wagon repair market, the acquisition was referred to the Competition Commission by the Office of Fair Trading, who required EWS to sell all or part of the business excluding Marcroft's works at Stoke on Trent. The Stoke on Trent works was instead incorporated into the Axiom business.

By 2006, company turnover was reportedly approaching £1 billion. In 2006, the Office of Rail Regulation fined EWS £4.1million for engaging in anti-competitive practices in the coal haulage business; at the time, the company held a virtual monopoly on such traffic; its practices had led to official complaints from both Enron and Freightliner Heavy Haul in the early 2000s.

DB Cargo UK

On 28 June 2007, Deutsche Bahn announced it had agreed to purchase EWS, subject to receiving regulatory approval, in exchange for £309 million. At the time of the acquisition, EWS had a market share of around 70% in the United Kingdom rail freight sector and had around 5,000 employees. After the transaction was approved by the European Commissioner for Competition, the transaction was completed on 13 November 2007.

At the time of the sale, it was announced that EWS would not be rebranded, however, on 1 January 2009, EWS was rebranded as DB Schenker along with Deutsche Bahn's Railion and DB Schenker divisions.

The first locomotive painted in DB Schenker livery was Class 59 59206 at Toton Depot in January 2009, being formally unveiled at the National Railway Museum, York on 21 January 2009.

During 2009, DB Schenker Rail began work to enable Class 92 hauled trains to operate freight services on the High Speed 1 by installing in cab TVM signalling. The project received funding from the European Commission and it was originally anticipated services would begin in early 2010. On 25 March 2011, a modified Class 92 locomotive travelled from Dollands Moor to Singlewell using the TVM430 signalling system for the first time. The first of five planned test trains ran as a loaded container train from Hams Hall, West Midlands to Novara, Italy on 27 May 2011. DB planned to upgrade an additional five Class 92 locomotives to allow them to run on High Speed 1, making a fleet of six.

In July 2011, a trial run of wagons carrying curtain walled swap bodies built to a larger European loading gauge was run from Dollands Moor, Folkestone to east London. From 11 November 2011, a weekly service using European sized swap bodies has run between Barking, London and Wroclaw, Poland using High Speed 1.

On 2 March 2016, DB Schenker was rebranded as DB Cargo UK. On 17 October 2016, new DB Cargo UK CEO Hans-Georg Werner announced plans to cut 893 jobs in a bid to counter 'unprecedented' market changes, these being a combination of factors, including changes in the British Government's energy policy that had resulted in the early closure of coal-fired power stations, hence DB Cargo UK ran 78% fewer coal trains compared to 2015, while UK steel volumes were also dropping as the industry had been impacted by high energy prices; this resulted in DB Cargo UK running 33% fewer steel trains from 2015. However, Werner recognised that "overall UK steel demand remains stable".

During 2017, DB Cargo UK announced an after-tax loss for the financial year of £57 million against a turnover of £325 million.

Maritime Intermodal
In early 2019, DB Cargo signed an agreement with Maritime Transport Ltd to create a new rail freight operation called Maritime Intermodal. From 1 April 2019, Maritime took over the running of DB's freight terminals at Trafford Park (Manchester), Birmingham (Birch Coppice) and Wakefield Europort. Seven British Rail Class 66 locomotives have been repainted in blue Maritime livery and named:
 66005 Maritime Intermodal One
 66047 Maritime Intermodal Two
 66142 Maritime Intermodal Three
 66051 Maritime Intermodal Four
 66162 Maritime Intermodal Five
 66090 Maritime Intermodal Six
 66148 Maritime Intermodal Seven

It is expected that up to ten locomotives will receive the blue livery.

Services and rolling stock

Rolling stock

EWS inherited a fleet of 1,231 locomotives from its British Rail acquisitions. This fleet, which was mainly diesel powered, had an average age in excess of 30 years; furthermore, roughly 300 were inoperable, having been cannibalised for spares. To enable the company to offer lower pricing to customers, EWS needed to reduce operating costs and increase availability, and quickly concluded that this goal would require new traction to be procured.

During May 1996, the company placed a £375 million order for 250 Class 66 and 30 Class 67 diesel-electric locomotives with the American locomotive manufacturer Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD); the deal was referred to as "the biggest British loco order since steam days". These replaced a large proportion of its original fleet, including all of the 20, 31, 33, 37, 47, 56, 58, 73 and 86 class locomotives. Through improved utilisation, they also replaced many of the newer 60 and 90 class locomotives as well.

During 1999, EWS gained the attention of the Rail Regulator for its practice of scrapping serviceable locomotives rather than making them available for sale to potential competitors; on future disposals, the company was compelled to make efforts to sell units before being allowed to scrap them.

Several of the firm's redundant locomotives saw further use on infrastructure trains in Europe, such as numerous Class 37s operated in France (40), Italy (2) and Spain (14), Class 56s in France (30), and Class 58s in France (26), the Netherlands (3) and Spain (8).

During September 2010, twenty Class 60s were offered for disposal by DB Schenker. Many had been marked for disposal had sustained catastrophic failures or were otherwise in a poor condition. During November 2010, the firm announced that a batch of 20 Class 60s would be overhauled. According to Rail Magazine, rumours that DB Schenker was interested in replacing the Class 60's engines were prevalent around this time. In January 2011, DB Schenker announced that seven units would undergo overhauls, along with an option to overhaul a further fourteen members of the class; this work reportedly extended the fleet's operational life by 15 years. During January 2013, the overhaul programme was described as an "upgrade" that created a new fleet of "Super 60's". The programme involved the complete overhaul, but not total replacement, of the locomotive's engine, as well as the refurbishment of various elements, including the traction motors, bogies, control gear, cabs, and electrical systems.

In 2018, DB Cargo sold ten Class 66 locomotives to GBRf for an undisclosed sum, comprising eight stored and two active locomotives many with significant engine defects. In 2019, it also sold all of its 59/2 fleet to Freightliner following the latter's takeover of the Mendip stone traffic. DB Cargo also sold five Class 60s to private sales/metal recyclers.

In 2023 in response to the UK Energy crisis DB Cargo UK's current managing director Andrea Rossi announced intentions to withdraw all of their Class 90s with the intention to sell or scrap the locomotives with Rossi stating that the running of electric hauled traction was no longer economically viable, the company instead decided that electric hauled traction would be replaced by diesel traction such as the Class 66 locomotive. The company also stated that they will pledge for further research and implementation of alternative EVO based fuels to meet their climate targets. In September 2023 12 Class 90s were offered for sale on DBs website the locomotives listed were; 90017,
90018, 90022, 90023, 90025, 90027, 90030, 90031, 90032, 90033, 90038 and 90040.

Current fleet in the UK

Exported locomotives

Former fleet

Carriages and wagons
As well as an extensive fleet of freight wagons, DB Schenker Rail operate a small fleet of Mark 2 and Mark 3 carriages, some of the latter form the DB Schenker Company Train.

Depots
DB Cargo's primary maintenance depot is Toton. The electric fleet is maintained at Crewe. With a modern fleet requiring less maintenance, many of the depots EWS inherited have closed. Some of its other facilities including Bristol Barton Hill, Cambridge, Eastleigh and Newcastle were transferred to fellow Deutsche Bahn subsidiary LNWR (now Arriva TrainCare).

During 2001, EWS commenced a contract to service Virgin CrossCountry's Class 220/221 fleets at Bristol Barton Hill, Eastleigh, Newcastle, Old Oak Common and Three Bridges.

Locomotive haulage for passenger services

Since its inception, EWS had provided locomotives for the  Caledonian Sleeper. It inherited the contract from Rail Express Systems to provide Class 37 and 47s north of Edinburgh Waverley. During March 1998, it also began hauling the services south from Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central to London Euston with Class 90s. Class 67s replaced the Class 37s and 47s in the early 2000s. This contract was taken over by GBRf in March 2015.

During April 2003, EWS purchased the Rail Charter Services business from William McAlpine along with its 70 Mark 1 carriages.

By October 2014, EWS Class 67s had started hauling passenger services on behalf of Arriva Trains Wales, Chiltern Railways and First ScotRail. Class 67s are also used as Thunderbird rescue locomotives for London North Eastern Railway. EWS also provides locomotives for the Venice-Simplon Orient Express.

EWS have previously hauled passenger trains for Anglia Railways,  Arriva Trains Northern, First Great Western First North Western, National Express East Anglia, Valley Lines, Virgin CrossCountry Virgin West Coast and Wrexham & Shropshire.

Since its inception, EWS has held the contract to operate the Royal Train. Initially, two Class 47s were dedicated to this work; these were replaced in 2004 by a pair of Class 67s.

From September 2016, Virgin Trains East Coast hired class 90 locomotives from DB Cargo for use on services to Leeds, York and Newcastle. Locomotives used have varied as demand required.

Liveries
During April 1996, EWS adopted a maroon and yellow livery. Initial repaints carried EW&S lettering, however, this was simplified to EWS in January 1997. In January 2009, the DB Schenker corporate red livery was adopted. A few locomotives have been repainted in other liveries including Class 90s in GNER, First ScotRail and Direct Rail Services liveries, and Class 67s in Royal Train, Wrexham & Shropshire and unbranded Arriva Trains Wales liveries.

Steam operations

Alongside DB Cargo's regular operations, a number of steam charters are operated in the UK by steam locomotives on DB Cargo's operating licence.

See also

 DB Cargo Company Train
 History of rail transport in Great Britain
 List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom
 Rail freight transport in Great Britain

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Deutsche Bahn
Companies based in Doncaster
Railway companies established in 1995
Rail freight companies in the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1995

DB Cargo UK


Amt Mitteldithmarschen er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i den centrale del af Kreis Dithmarschen. Kreis Dithmarschen ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Hovedadministrationen for amtet er beliggende i byen Meldorf, og en del i Albersdorf.

Kommuner i amtet
 Albersdorf
 Arkebek
 Bargenstedt
 Barlt
 Bunsoh
 Busenwurth
 Elpersbüttel
 Epenwöhrden
 Gudendorf
 Immenstedt
 Krumstedt
 Meldorf, Stadt
 Nindorf
 Nordermeldorf
 Odderade
 Offenbüttel
 Osterrade
 Sarzbüttel
 Schafstedt
 Schrum
 Tensbüttel-Röst
 Wennbüttel
 Windbergen
 Wolmersdorf

Geografi
Amtet grænser mod vest til Nordsøen og mod øst til Ejderen, Gieselau- og Kielerkanalen.

Historie
Amtet Mitteldithmarschen blev oprettet 25. maj 2008 af den amtsfrie by Meldorf og kommunerne i amterne Kirchspielslandgemeinde Albersdorf og Kirchspielslandgemeinde Meldorf-Land gebildet.

Seværdigheder
Seværdigheder i amtet er Naturschutzgebietet Speicherkoog med righoldige muligheder for vandsport, og Meldorfs havn, samt stenalderparken  i den østlige del af amtet og naturcenteret Naturerlebnisraum Gieselautal. Den historiske bykerne i Meldorf er hjemsted for Sankt-Johannis-Kirche in Meldorf der er den største kirke ved Nordsøkysten mellem Hamborg og Ribe.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Amt Mitteldithmarschen
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Mitteldithmarschen

Amt Mitteldithmarschen


O Festival do Moqueado é uma das fases da Festa da Menina-Moça do povo indígena Tenetehar-Tembé na território do Alto Rio Guamá. É o último momento desse ritual de passagem dos Tembé, em que rapazes e moças deixam a infância e tornam-se adultos, ou seja, em "gente verdadeira" na visão indígena.

Nesta fase são preparadas as carnes de certos animais silvestres, obtidos por caça, que serão consumidas pela comunidade após passarem pelo processo de moqueagem, o qual é feito pelas mulheres mais velhas. Este momento marca também o fim das restrições alimentares das moças.

Ligações externas

 Tenetehar-Tembé, por Instituto Sócio-ambiemtal
 Terra Indígena Alto Rio Guamá, por Instituto Terras indígenas

Povos indígenas da Amazônia
Pará

Culinária indígena do Brasil

Festival do Moqueado