Alp Arslan (Farsça: آلپ ارسلان ;  1029 - 24 Kasım 1072), Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu'nun ikinci sultanı olan ve Türklerin Orta Asya'dan Anadolu'ya gelişlerini ve mücadelesini yöneten askeri komutan ve hükümdardır. Doğum adı Muhammed bin Davud Çağrı'dır.  1071 yılında Bizans İmparatorluğu hükümdarı Romen Diyojen ile yaptığı Malazgirt Muharebesi'ndeki başarısından dolayı tanınmaktadır.

Hayatı
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin kurucularından Horasan Valisi Çağrı Bey'in oğlu ve Selçuklu Sultanı Tuğrul Bey'in yeğeni olan Alp Arslan, bu devletin kuruluş dönemindeki güç koşullarda yetişti. Doğum tarihini çeşitli kaynaklar 1029 ve 1032 yılları arasında gösterir. Tarih yazarlarının çok yiğit bir savaşçı olarak tanımladıkları hükümdar çok küçük yaşta ata binip ok atmayı öğrendi. İlk gençlik yıllarında arkadaşlarından oluşan kendi birliğiyle katıldığı Dandanakan vb. savaşlardaki başarısıyla dikkati çekti ve babasının ölümünden sonra Horasan valiliğini üstlendi.

Tuğrul Bey 1063'te ölünce Selçuklu ülkesinde taht kavgaları başladı. Oğlu olmayan Tuğrul Bey, vasiyetinde Çağrı Bey'in oğullarından Süleyman'ın tahta geçmesini vasiyet etmişti. Selçuklu veziri Amîdülmülk bu vasiyeti yerine getirdi ve Rey kentinde Süleyman'ı sultan olarak tahta çıkardı. Ancak Çağrı Bey'in öteki oğlu Alp Arslan ve Arslan Yabgu'nun oğlu Kutalmış ile bazı emir ve şehzadeler Süleyman'ın sultanlığını tanımadılar. Kazvin şehrinde Alp Arslan adına hutbe okundu. Kutalmış'ın Rey önüne gelerek şehri kuşatması üzerine, vezir Amid-ül Mülk, Alp Arslan'dan yardım istediği gibi, hutbeyi de onun adına okuttu. Kutalmış ise, Alp Arslan ile yaptığı Dameğan yakınlarındaki savaşta hayatını kaybetti. Alp Arslan Rey şehrinde Selçuklu Devleti tahtına çıktı. Daha sonra Amid ül-Mülk'ü azlederek, yerine Nizamülmülk'ü tayin etti.

İlk seferini Gürcistan ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'ne yaptı. Bu seferde oğlu Melikşah ve veziri Nizamülmülk de bulunuyordu. Bizans'ın elinde bulunan Kars ve Ani bölgesine kadar ilerleyerek buraları ele geçirdi. Bu fethi neticesinde Abbasi Halifesi Kaim bin Emrillah, Sultan'a "Ebu'-Feth" (Fetihlerin babası) lakabını vermiştir (1064).

1065 yılı sonlarında Üst-yurd ve Mangışlak taraflarına bir sefer düzenledi. Bölgedeki Kıpçaklarla Türkmenleri idaresi altına aldı. Dedesi Selçuk Bey'in Cend kentindeki mezarını ziyaret edip, Merv kentine döndü (Mayıs 1066). 1067 yılında Kirman meliki olan kardeşi Kavurd'un isyanı sebebiyle Kirman üzerine yürüdü. Melik Kavurd öncü kuvvetleri mağlup olduğu zaman kalesine çekildi ve bir elçi göndererek affedilmesini istedi. Sultan bu isteği kabul ederek. Hatasına rağmen Kavurd'u affetmiştir ve Kirman Meliki olarak kalmasına izin vermiştir. 1068 yılında tekrar isyan eden Kavurd'un üzerine sefer düzenlese de ordudaki askerler arasında Kavurd yandaşlarının olabileceği sezgisiyle geri çekilmiştir.

Anadolu'da ise Tuğrul Bey tarafından yöneltilen Türkmen akınları devam etmekteydi.

Emir Afşin 1067 yılında Kayseri'yi ele geçirdi ve yağmaladı. Bunun üzerine Bizans İmparatoru Romen Diyojen Türkleri Anadolu'dan çıkartmak için 1068 yılında sefer çıktı ve Halep'e kadar ilerledi. Ancak bu hareket Türklerin akınlarının ilerlemesinde engel olmadı, hatta Amorium kenti ele geçirildi. İmparator Diyojen ikinci bir sefere çıktı ve bu sefer Fırat Nehri kenarına kadar ilerledi. Selçuklu akıncıları başka kollardan akınlara devam ederek Malatya'ya hücum ettiler ve Konya'yı tahrip ettiler.

Sultan Alp Arslan 1067 yılında ikinci defa Gürcistan seferine çıkmak zorunda kaldı. Gürcü kralı IV. Bagrat; Alanlar ile birleşerek Müslüman devleti olan Şeddadiler arazisine girmiş Erran'ı istila ve yağma edip, Gence'ye kadar ilerlemişlerdi. Sultan Alp Arslan 1067 yılında Erran'a geldi Şeddâdî emiri Fazl ile Şîrvân emiri Ebu'l-Esvâr itaatlerini bildirdikten sonra Gürcistan'a girdi, Şekki bölgesini aldı. IV. Bagrat ise, Selçuklular ile savaşa cesaret edemeyerek kaçtı. Sultan, Gürcistan'ın her tarafına akıncılar gönderip Tiflis'i ele geçirdi. Sonuç olarak Bagrat aman dileyerek Alp Arslan'a tâbi oldu.

Mekke Şerifi Muhammed b. Ebî Hâşim 1070 yılında Alp Arslan'ın huzuruna gelerek, Mekke'de hutbenin Abbasi Halifesi ve Selçuklu Sultanı adına okunduğunu bildirdi.

Sultan Alp Arslan, Fatımi devleti veziri Nâsır ed-Devle b. Hamdân'dan aldığı bir davet üzerine adı geçen devleti ortadan kaldırmak ve Mısır'ı ele geçirmek maksadıyla bir sefer düzenledi ve önce Bizans topraklarına girdi. Sultan ilk olarak Malazgirt ve Erciş'i ele geçirdi. Diyarbakır bölgesinde Süveyda (Siverek) ve Tulhum başta olmak üzere birçok kaleleri ele geçirdi. Daha sonra 1071 yılında Bizans hakimiyetindeki Urfa'yı kuşattıysa da başarılı olamadı. Urfa'dan Haleb'e hareket eden Sultan burayı kuşatarak Mirdasoğullarından Mahmûd tarafından şehrin anahtarlarını teslim aldı ve onu affederek makamını bağışladı. Şam'a yönelen Sultan; Bizans imparatoru Romen Diyojen'in büyük bir ordu toplayarak Müslüman topraklarına sefere çıktığını haber aldı ve süratle geri döndü. İki ordu Malazgirt Ovasında karşılaştı. Sultan Alp Arslan komutasındaki Selçuklu ordusu kendinden sayıca üstün olan Bizans ordusunu hilal taktiğiyle mağlup etti ve Bizans imparatoru Romen Diyojen'i esir aldı.

Sultan Alp Arslan batıda olduğu kadar doğuda da topraklarını genişletmeye çalışmıştı. Nitekim o zaman anlaşmazlığa düştüğü Karahanlılar üzerine bir sefer düzenledi ve Ceyhun Nehri'ni geçti. Ancak onun ölümü ile bu sefer yarıda kaldı. Yusuf El Harezmi adlı bir kale kumandanı Sultan'ı hançerleyerek ölümüne sebep oldu.

Bizans'la Savaş

1068'de Bizans İmparatorluğu'na karşı savaş ilan ettikten sonra kazandıkları savaşlar Türkler'i Orta Doğu'ya doğru geri çevirmiş; bu başarılar Bizanslılar'ı, Türkler'i çıkarmak için Malazgirt'e kadar getirmiştir. Alp Arslan 1071 yılında, Türk tarihinin en önemli zaferlerinden biri olan Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi'ni kazanmıştır.

Bu dönemde Bizans bir nevi fetret devri yaşamıştır. Alp Arslan, Bizans İmparatoru Romen Diyojen'in canını bağışlamış, onu sadece yıllık vergiye bağlayıp bir süre esir tutmuştur. Fidyesi ödenen Romen Diyojen ülkesine döndüğünde, tahtından indirilmiş ve VII. Mihail'in yeni bir Bizans imparatoru olarak tahta çıkmış olduğunu görmüştür. Tahtını geri almak için yaptığı savaşlarda mağlup düşmüş; kaçtığı Kilikya'da küçük bir kalede yakalanarak gözlerine mil çekilmiş; İstanbul'a getirilmiş ve Proti Adasına (Kınalıada'da) sürgün edilmiştir. Gözlerinin kör edilmesinden dolayı oluşan yaranın enfeksiyonu sonucu ölmüştür. Bu nedenle Malazgirt Muharebesi sonunda esir düşen Romen Diyojen'in imzaladığı vergi ödeme vaadi geçersiz kalmıştır.

Türkistan seferi ve ölümü
Sultan Alp Arslan, Karahanlılar arasındaki iç mücadele ve Selçuklu topraklarına yaptıkları baskınları önlemek üzere 1072 yılının Eylül ayı sonlarında 200.000 kişilik büyük bir orduyla Türkistan bölgesine sefere çıktı. Seferde bir süre kuşatma altında tuttuğu Barzam (Berzem) kalesini teslim aldı. Huzuruna çıkan kale kumandanı Yusuf Hârizmi tarafından, çizmesine sakladığı küçük bir hançerle ağır şekilde yaralanan Alp Arslan dört gün sonra da hayatını kaybetti.

Türkmen takviminde 2002 yılından Temmuz 2008'e kadar Ağustos ayı Alp Arslan olarak adlandırılmıştır.

Merv şehrinde olduğu düşünülen mezarın tam yeri bilinmemektedir.

Popüler kültürdeki yeri
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 2020-2021 yılları arası TRT 1'de yayınlan Uyanış: Büyük Selçuklu dizisinin 1. bölümünde konuk oyuncu olarak Serdar Kılıç tarafından canlandırılmıştır.
 8 Kasım 2021'de TRT 1'de yayınlanmaya başlayan Alparslan: Büyük Selçuklu dizisinde Barış Arduç tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kafesoğlu, İbrahim (1989) "Alpaslan", TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi Cilt:2 Sayfa: 526-530. Online:
 Bookrags.com websitesinde "Alp-aslan" maddesinde biyografi Online:
 Köymen, Mehmet Altay, (2001), Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi. Cilt 3. Alp Arslan ve Zamanı, Ankara:Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları ISBN 9799751604797.

Tarihteki Türk liderler
11. yüzyılda Türkler
1029 doğumlular
1072 yılında ölenler
Büyük Selçuklu sultanları
Suikast sonucu ölen hükümdarlar
Bizans-Selçuklu savaşları

Alp Arslan


الأسطوانة الهيدروليكية (وتسمى أيضًا المحرك الهيدروليكي الخطي) مشغل ميكانيكي يستخدم لتوليد قوة في اتجاه واحد من خلال شوط أحادي الاتجاه. لها العديد من التطبيقات ، ولا سيما في معدات البناء (المركبات الهندسية) ، وتصنيع الآلات ، والهندسة المدنية.

يمكن تشبيه مبدأ عملها بالإبرة الطبية فكما في الإبرة يتكون المكبس الهيدروليكي من أسطوانة غير ملحومة (ماسورة) بها مكبس ويحاط هذا المكبس بموانع التسريب لكي يقسم حجرة الضغط إلى قسمين. تتم الحركة عن طريق مبدأ ضغط الموائع حيث يتدفق المائع في حجرة الضغط (غالبا ما يكون المائع زيت) فيضغط على المكبس مما يؤدي إلى حركته.الإبرة الطبية هي نظام عكسي حيث عند الضغط يخرج المائع.

الاستخدمات
تستخدم الأسطوانات الهيدروليكية بشكل أساسي في معدات الحفر الثقيلة. كما تستخدم على نطاق واسع لرفع الأشياء الثقيلة في الصناعة. هذا الجهاز هو جزء لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه في كل نظام هيدروليكي.

انظر أيضاً
 آلاتية هيدروليكية

مراجع

آلات هيدروليكية
مشغلات
علم حركة السوائل

إسطوانة هيدروليكية


Hrvatsko-ukrajinski odnosi (ukrajinski: Українсько-хорватські відносини) vanjski su odnosi između Hrvatske i Ukrajine. Države su uspostavile diplomatske odnose 18. veljače 1992. Hrvatska ima veleposlanstvo u Kijevu i počasni konzulat u Donjecku. Ukrajina ima veleposlanstvo u Zagrebu i počasne konzulate u Malinskoj i Splitu.

Povijest
Prije 1991. i Hrvatska i Ukrajina bile su dio multinacionalnih socijalističkih država, SFR Jugoslavije i Sovjetskog Saveza. Hrvatska je proglasila neovisnost od Jugoslavije 25. lipnja 1991., ali s obzirom na tromjesečni moratorij na odluku koju je donijela Europska zajednica, ona je stupila na snagu 8. listopada 1991. Ukrajina je 24. kolovoza 1991. proglasila neovisnost od Sovjetskog Saveza i priznala Hrvatsku 11. prosinca 1991. kao prva država članica Ujedinjenih naroda koja je to učinila. Diplomatski odnosi između dviju zemalja uspostavljeni su 18. veljače 1992. godine.

Iseljeništvo

Ukrajinci u Hrvatskoj
Prema popisu stanovništva Hrvatske 2011. godine, u Hrvatskoj je živjelo 1878 Ukrajinaca i 1936 Rusina. Ukrajinci i Rusini u Hrvatskoj otvorili su dvije glavne kulturno-prosvjetne organizacije u Slavonskom Brodu i Vukovaru, koje su se kasnije proširile na po deset manjih zajednica koje danas djeluju u raznim hrvatskim gradovima uključujući Zagreb i Rijeku. Hrvatska nastoji zadovoljiti potrebe manjina i promicati prijateljske veze između dvaju naroda, imajući središnju knjižnicu u Zagrebu od 1995. godine, Katedru za ukrajinski jezik i književnost na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu od 2001. godine i nastavu na ukrajinskom jeziku. Svake se godine obilježavaju različiti datumi važni za ukrajinsku povijest, praznici i manifestacije.

Hrvati u Ukrajini
Prema popisu stanovništva Ukrajine 2001. godine, u Ukrajini je živjelo 126 Hrvata.

Izvori

Vidite i:
 Veleposlanstvo Ukrajine u Zagrebu
 Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Ukrajini

Ukr

Hrvatsko-ukrajinski odnosi


Rika Masuya (født 14. september 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Hun spillede på Japans kvindefodboldlandshold fra 2014 til 2018.

Japans fodboldlandshold

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Japan

Rika Masuya


Steven Lee Lukather (born October 21, 1957) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, arranger and record producer, best known as the sole continuous founding member of the rock band Toto. His reputation as a skilled guitarist led to a steady flow of session work beginning in the 1970s that has since established him as a prolific session musician, recording guitar tracks for more than 1,500 albums spanning a broad array of artists and genres. He has also contributed to albums and hit singles as a songwriter, arranger and producer. Notably, Lukather played guitar on Boz Scaggs' albums Down Two Then Left (1977) and Middle Man (1980), and was a prominent contributor to several studio albums by Michael Jackson, including Thriller (1982). Lukather has released nine solo albums, the latest of which, Bridges, was released in June 2023.

Influenced by blues-rock guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Jimmy Page, and such jazz fusion players as Al Di Meola and John McLaughlin, Lukather is known for a "melodic and intense" playing style. He is also recognized for his efficiency in the studio, often recording tracks in one take using minimal sound processing. While he once used many guitar effects in the studio and on stage, he now frequently disparages such practice, and instead advocates cleaner tones and minimal studio processing. Lukather plays primarily a signature electric guitar manufactured by Ernie Ball Music Man bearing his nickname, Luke. He also plays Yamaha and Ovation Adamas series acoustic–electric guitars.

Early life
Steven Lee Lukather was born on October 21, 1957, in the San Fernando Valley, California. His father was an assistant director and production manager at Paramount Studios, and worked on shows such as The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet and I Dream of Jeannie. Lukather first played keyboards and drums, and then taught himself how to play the guitar starting at age seven, when his father bought him a Kay acoustic guitar and a copy of the Beatles album Meet the Beatles. Lukather has said that the album "changed his life" and that he was greatly influenced by the guitar playing of George Harrison in particular.

At Grant High School, Lukather met David Paich and the Porcaro brothers (Jeff, Steve, and Mike), all of whom eventually became members of Toto. Lukather, who had been a self-taught musician, began taking guitar lessons from Jimmy Wyble. With Wyble, Lukather expanded his knowledge of wider aspects of music, including orchestration. It was during this period in the early 1970s that Lukather became interested in the idea of becoming a session musician, a vocation that provided opportunities to play with a variety of famous musicians.

Jeff Porcaro, who had been playing drums with Steely Dan since 1973, became a mentor to Lukather and nurtured his interest in session work. Lukather's first job in the music industry was studio work with Boz Scaggs, after which Paich and Jeff Porcaro—who had become prominent session musicians in their own right—asked Lukather to join them in forming Toto in 1976 along with Bobby Kimball, David Hungate, and Steve Porcaro.

Toto

Lukather is the original lead guitarist for Toto, serving in that capacity for the band's entire history, as well as composer and lead and backing vocalist. Lukather won three of his five Grammy Awards for work with Toto, twice as an artist and once as a producer. David Paich led the band's songwriting efforts during the development of 1978's Toto—he penned all but two of the album's tracks, including all four of its singles. Lukather also credits Jeff Porcaro for his leadership within the band during that period. However, Lukather's role in Toto evolved over time owing to the changing needs of the band. In August 1992, Jeff Porcaro collapsed while doing yard work at home and subsequently died of heart failure. The death profoundly affected Toto and Lukather in particular, who felt that he needed to step up and make sure the band kept going. Thus, he began taking more of a leadership role.

Toto went through several lead vocalists over the years, including Bobby Kimball, Fergie Frederiksen, and Joseph Williams. After the 1990 dismissal of their fourth vocalist, Jean-Michel Byron, Toto was without a lead singer until around 1997; Lukather assumed most of the vocal duties for the band during that time. He performed lead vocals for every track on 1992's Kingdom of Desire and 1995's Tambu except for two instrumental tracks. The Tambu single "I Will Remember", co-written by Lukather and Stan Lynch, reached number 64 on UK charts. Some Tambu reviewers contrasted Lukather's vocals with those of former singers Kimball and Williams (and indeed, heavily criticized the entire album), some concert reviewers noted that he struggled vocally on certain songs, and a number of backup singers and guest vocalists accompanied the band's live shows during that period. It was not until Toto brought back Williams and Kimball to collaborate on 1998's Toto XX that Lukather returned primarily to the role of backup vocalist.

Lukather's songwriting contributions grew from a few tracks on early Toto albums to co-writing almost every track starting in the late 1980s. Lukather admitted that the reason why he has no songwriting contributions on the first two Toto albums was that he wasn't writing many songs at the time, being intimidated by the talent of the band's chief songwriter, David Paich. He credits Paich with encouraging him to contribute more songs to the band. He wrote very few of Toto's songs by himself, an exception being the hit single "I Won't Hold You Back" from Toto IV. Lukather has said that writing lyrics is not one of his strengths. Thus, he collaborated with other band members to complete song ideas and make them into viable album tracks. Lukather's official site claims he contributed to writing all the songs on Toto's 2006 album Falling in Between, even though "Spiritual Man" officially credits Paich as the sole writer.

By 2008, Lukather was the only original Toto member still performing with the band: Bobby Kimball was also in the band at the time, but had been absent from it for some time – whereas Lukather has been with Toto since its formation. However, in June of the same year, Lukather decided to leave Toto. This decision directly led to the official dissolution of the band. In a 2011 interview discussing his career with Toto, Lukather indicated that the band had evolved too far from its original incarnation and that he was dealing with the physical and mental toll of recording and performing. In February 2010, the band announced that they would reunite to support Toto bassist Mike Porcaro, who was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease. They continued to tour on a limited basis in 2011 and 2012.

Although Lukather indicated in April 2011 that the band would not record any further material, Toto announced an international tour schedule and new studio album in March 2014. In March 2015 Toto XIV was released. The band toured in celebration of its 40th anniversary from 2016 to 2019, when Lukather announced an indefinite hiatus. A new Toto lineup converged in 2020 to resume performances, featuring Lukather and Williams as the only members persisting from previous lineups, though Paich would still make guest appearances and is considered an official member. The group has virtual livestream performances and eventual live concerts planned for 2020 and 2021, with John Pierce on bass guitar, Robert "Sput" Searight on drums, Steve Maggiora on keyboards, Dominique "Xavier" Taplin on keyboards, and Warren Ham providing additional vocals.

Session work
Lukather achieved notability in the 1970s and 1980s as one of the most sought-after session guitarists in Los Angeles, playing with a wide range of artists from Aretha Franklin to Warren Zevon. He has performed on over 1,500 records spanning 36 years. Music journalist Jude Gold noted, "It's hard to name a guitarist who has had a more prolific and fulfilling career than Steve Lukather." Lukather credits fellow Toto members David Paich and Jeff Porcaro for getting him exposure in the industry—although he lamented in an April 2011 interview that opportunities for session musicians have curtailed in recent years: "There is no 'session guy' thing any more—not like it was. It's not like the old days when I was doing 25 sessions a week. All the studios are gone. The budgets are gone. The record companies are all gone." His own output as a session musician has slowed along with the rest of the industry—as of 2009, Lukather stated he was doing only a few sessions a year.

Named by Gibson Guitar Corporation as one of the Top 10 session guitarists of all time, Lukather has performed on many notable tracks, including Olivia Newton-John's Physical album Earth, Wind & Fire's Faces album, soloing on the tracks "Back on the Road" and "You Went Away", two tracks from the Lionel Richie album Can't Slow Down, and the Richard Marx album Repeat Offender. Lukather and Jeff Porcaro were heavily involved in the recording of virtually all of Michael Jackson's Thriller. In addition to recording guitar tracks, Lukather has also written or produced music for Lionel Richie, Richard Marx, Chicago, Donna Summer, and The Tubes. He won a Grammy award in 1982 for the George Benson song "Turn Your Love Around" (co-written with Jay Graydon and Bill Champlin).

Solo albums

Lukather has released nine solo studio albums: Lukather (1989), Candyman (1994), Luke (1997), Santamental (2003), Ever Changing Times (2008), All's Well That Ends Well (2010), Transition (2013), I Found the Sun Again (2021), and Bridges (2023).

1989–1997: Lukather, Candyman, and Luke
The 1989 album Lukather came about after Toto had been recording and playing for 11 years, and the consensus among the band members was to take a break. As Lukather had written a number of songs that did not appear on Toto albums, he decided to pursue a solo album, with the intention of presenting a dimension of his music that fans would be unfamiliar with. He collaborated with many notable musicians, including Eddie Van Halen, Richard Marx, Jan Hammer, Steve Stevens, and fellow Toto members Jeff Porcaro and David Paich. Lukather has said that the album was produced very simply, and that a lot of ambient studio noise—counting off on various tracks, for instance—is audible on it. He also credits bands Pink Floyd, Cream, Led Zeppelin, and guitarists Jimi Hendrix, David Gilmour, Jeff Beck, and Eric Clapton as influences on the album. The single "Swear Your Love" came from the album.

Candyman, recorded and mastered from March 1993 through November 1993, was a collaboration of musicians who were for the most part also in Lukather's band Los Lobotomys. Toto familiars Simon Phillips and David Paich participated as well as David Garfield, John Peña, Chris Trujillo, Lenny Castro, Larry Klimas, Fee Waybill, Richard Page, and Paul Rodgers. Lukather recorded the album in mostly live takes with little overdubbing. Some international fans were confused about whether Candyman was a Steve Lukather album or a Los Lobotomys album. The Japanese and US releases of Candyman were under the Los Lobotomys name rather than Lukather's; the Japanese release also featured a version of the Hendrix song "Red House". The European release of Candyman was credited to Lukather alone. Additionally, the touring band for the album was sometimes introduced as "Steve Lukather and Los Lobotomys" and sometimes as just "Los Lobotomys". The song "Borrowed Time" was released as a single in Europe and included "Red House" as a B-side.

Lukather describes 1997's Luke as a much different and more "introspective" album than his previous two solo efforts. The album is a concentrated collection of many of Lukather's musical influences, and he deliberately let those influences come out on the album. Luke is an experimental album, and like Candyman it was recorded mostly in live sessions with minimal overdubbing and processing afterwards. Luke also features instrumentation not heard on previous Lukather albums: pedal steel, harmonicas, Mellotrons, and experimental guitar, bass, and drum sounds. The US version of Luke includes a version of the Jeff Beck song "The Pump". The song "Hate Everything About U" was released as a single.

2003: Santamental

Santamental, released in October 2003, is a collaborative project featuring several prominent musicians such as guitarists Eddie Van Halen, Slash, Steve Vai, and drummer Gregg Bissonette. When Lukather's record company, Bop City Records, approached him about recording a Christmas album, he responded with a quip about his suitability for the project. The company wanted him to do the record knowing he would approach the project with a unique angle and produce something different from the typical Christmas album. Lukather recruited keyboardist Jeff Babko and guitarist Larry Carlton, who Lukather had worked with previously, to help arrange the songs. The project was a challenge to Lukather, who had to be creative to turn the traditionally simple songs into something interesting for listeners without altering the fundamental structures. He said of the album, "But I never dreamt in a million years that I'd do a Christmas record."

The musicians Lukather chose for Santamental, most of whom were involved in the hard-rock genre, lent a heavy feel to the album. Van Halen recorded guitar tracks for "Joy to the World" after not having been in the studio for some time but immediately made an impression on Lukather with his level of playing. Vai provided guitar work for "Carol of the Bells" along with Lukather's son Trevor, then 14 years old. Slash, who recorded his part in one take, played on the Lukather/Stan Lynch composition "Broken Heart for Christmas". Lukather spoke highly of Slash after the project, calling him the "Keith Richards of our generation". Well-known session guitarist Michael Landau played on the song "Look Out For Angels", and there is a version of "Jingle Bells" featuring a big band and sung by Sammy Davis, Jr. Santamental was recorded in six days, after which Lukather proclaimed it "his first and last Christmas album".

2008–2013: Ever Changing Times, All's Well That Ends Well, and Transition

Ever Changing Times, released on February 22, 2008, is a collection of songs Lukather recorded in 2007 between Toto tours. The album contains contributions from fellow session musicians Bill Champlin, Abe Laboriel, Jr., Leland Sklar, Steve Porcaro, and many others. Lukather's son Trevor contributed as well. Joseph Williams provides backing vocals on five of the tracks. Lukather wrote the songs for the album in a hotel room with his son and a handful of other musicians, using basic equipment. His song-writing philosophy is that if a song sounds good with only guitars and vocals, it will likely sound good after a full production. Lukather collaborated with Grammy Award-winning engineer and producer Steve MacMillan on the project, with the goal of introducing some new methods and techniques into the recording process. Lukather described the final tracks as "perfectly imperfect", preferring to record with the five-piece backing band in one room and in one take. MacMillan encouraged Lukather to use "organic, vintage tones". As a result, Lukather eschewed effects and played the guitar parts directly through tube amplifiers manufactured by Marshall, Vox, and some boutique brands. Lukather commented that MacMillan served as a valuable "second set of ears" in the studio, often encouraging him to keep parts that he normally would have discarded. As Toto had recently disbanded when Ever Changing Times was released, Lukather embarked on a solo tour to promote the album. The shows featured a mixture of songs from the album, songs written for other side projects, and "a few Toto obscurities".

Lukather's sixth studio album, All's Well That Ends Well, was released on October 11, 2010, in Europe and Japan, and November 16 as a digital download worldwide. The material was written predominantly in collaboration with longtime associate C. J. Vanston, and the album features stalwart musicians from Lukather's touring band. Songwriter Randy Goodrum, who has collaborated with Lukather many times over the years including on the 1986 Toto single "I'll Be over You", contributes to the track "Brody's". All's Well That Ends Well draws from Lukather's personal experiences in the two years since Ever Changing Times. Critic Arlene Weiss noted that the album features three distinct flavors of music: one that "bares [Lukather's] soul and emotional heartache", one that pans elements of popular culture like TMZ.com, and one that expresses optimism and enthusiasm about the future. While Lukather focused on instrumental writing and production on previous albums but collaborated with lyricists, he wrote much of the lyrics for All's Well That Ends Well himself. Lukather describes the album as being a "real" and "honest" reflection of the period between 2008 and 2010, when he experienced difficulties within his private life.

In December 2011, Lukather announced the beginning of work on Transition. The album was produced with songwriter and record producer C.J. Vanston and involved musicians Chad Smith, Gregg Bissonette, Leland Sklar, Steve Weingart, and others. Throughout 2012, Lukather released notes and news of the album development through his web site. The title was announced on October 12, 2012. The album was released January 21, 2013.

2020–present: I Found the Sun Again, Bridges
After seven years without the release of any solo material, Lukather released a single entitled "Run to Me" on August 19, 2020. Two months later, he announced that he would release solo albums simultaneously with longtime Toto collaborator Joseph Williams. Lukather's and Williams' albums, on which they mutually contributed, are entitled I Found the Sun Again and Denizen Tenant, respectively, and released on February 26, 2021. Lukather's new album is titled Bridges and was released on June 16, 2023. It is preceded by the first single, "When I See You Again." On Instagram, he said "My ninth solo album, Bridges, could not be more accurately titled. I see it as a bridge between my solo music and Toto music. This is as close as we will get to a new Toto record."

Side projects

When not working with Toto, Lukather has participated in numerous side projects including playing with jazz fusion band Los Lobotomys and with other session musicians, and touring with Larry Carlton, Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, and others.

Lukather was a long-time member of the band Los Lobotomys, a collaboration of session musicians including jazz and be-bop player David "Creatchy" Garfield and Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro, replaced after his death by Simon Phillips, who also replaced Porcaro in Toto. Los Lobotomys formed in the mid-1980s and played regular shows in the Los Angeles area, often inviting whatever session musicians happened to be available and in the area. They recorded an album under the Los Lobotomys name in 1989, and the band was heavily involved in the recording of Lukather's Candyman. Los Lobotomys recorded a live album in 2004 comprising several tracks from Candyman and from the 1989 album.

In 1998, Lukather received an invitation to tour Japan with fellow guitarist Larry Carlton after Japanese promoters requested that Carlton's annual tours each be different from the last. Lukather and Carlton exchanged some recorded material and decided that a collaboration would be interesting. Lukather was flattered by the invitation to tour with Carlton, citing him as his favorite guitarist. Lukather speaks highly of their stage efforts, although the two were admittedly outside their normal realm of work. He stated in an interview that "you can hear us having fun on the record—you can hear the smiles on our faces." After several shows, the duo realized that they should record their collaboration even if just for their own use. Guitarist and producer Steve Vai heard one of the subsequent recordings and expressed interest in releasing it under his Favored Nations label, also home to such artists as Eric Johnson and Dweezil Zappa. Vai and Lukather mixed and produced the recording, which is said to be a mixture of jazz, blues, and fusion music. The resulting album, No Substitutions: Live in Osaka, won a 2001 Grammy award for Best Pop Instrumental Album. Album reviewers described Lukather as having a heavier style than Carlton. Lukather and Carlton later did an international tour in support of the album.

In 2005, Lukather won critical praise for his rendition of the Jimi Hendrix song "Little Wing" at a gala 90th birthday celebration for jazz guitarist Les Paul. Returning after a five-year absence, the 2012 G3 Tour featured Lukather alongside Joe Satriani and Steve Vai.

In the autumn of 2006, Lukather contributed his cover-version of the Michael Landau-song "I'm Buzzed" (originally from Landau's Tales From The Bulge album) from a live recording of his side band project, El Grupo, to the album project Artists for Charity – Guitarists 4the Kids, produced by Slang Productions, to assist World Vision Canada in helping underprivileged kids in need.

In February 2012, Ringo Starr announced that Lukather would be the guitarist in his All Starr Band for their summer tour. Lukather has been touring with that ensemble since that time, performing three Toto songs ("Hold the Line," "Rosanna," and "Africa") nightly.

Lukather contributes material and expertise to instructional and educational enterprises. In 1985, he released the instructional "Star Licks" guitar video featuring many of the guitar parts from the first five Toto studio albums. It was released on DVD in 2005. The guitarist has also been participating in the Fermatta Master Class Series project, an educational cooperative organized by the Fermatta Music Academy in Mexico.

Lukather has periodically performed with a side band named Nerve Bundle at The Baked Potato in Studio City, CA around Christmas time. The band features Toss Panos on drums, Jeff Babko on keyboards, and Jorgen Carlsson on bass.

Musical style and equipment

Influenced by such blues-rock guitarists as Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Jimi Hendrix, and Jimmy Page, and such jazz fusion players as John McLaughlin, and Al Di Meola, Lukather is known for a "melodic and intense" playing style. He has also cited Steely Dan as a major long-time influence—one that emerges prominently in later solo work such as All's Well That Ends Well. Journalist Jude Gold notes that his vibrato is very pronounced and his "exaggerated wide bends" are distinctive and quickly recognizable. Well-versed in music theory, Lukather can follow chord charts and changes in a way typical of jazz musicians—this ability enhances his value as a session musician. In interviews, he has explained how he thinks of the guitar in a "chordal cluster" format, and not the typical "linear scale" format.

Lukather's approach to engineering his sound in the studio is usually simple. He is not known for doing a large number of takes or for incorporating much overdubbing—rather, he has a reputation for doing only single takes for many parts. He has said about this approach: "If a solo didn't work—either because I didn't have the right sound, or because I wasn't inspired at that moment—I'd just move on. A part either works or it doesn't. You can't batter it into submission, or force inspiration to save you. It's always better to just surrender, and then come back later to give it a go with fresh ears." Although he enjoys the technical mastery that is possible in the studio, Lukather prefers the dynamic of performing live on stage. He has stated that dynamics are the most important element of producing a recording with good sound quality.

Despite being known in the past for having an intricate set of effects units, Lukather now says he plays mostly free of such modifications after seeing some overdone commercial unit configurations named after him. Other than some delay, he has not used many effects in recent years. He has held a long association with Bob Bradshaw of Custom Audio Electronics, who designed and manufactured key elements of Lukather's effects rack. Lukather was one of the few official endorsers of EMG pickups, having collaborated on his own Lukather signature "SL20" pickup system, which is in essence a "loaded pickguard" system incorporating two single-coil EMG SLV pickups and an EMG 85 humbucker. The system also has single master volume and tone knobs. In December 2012, Lukather collaborated with DiMarzio pickups on a new set of signature pickups called "Transition". He has been using these pickups in his Music-Man Luke3 guitar.

Lukather endorses Music Man guitars and has a signature model named "Luke" that incorporated his signature EMG pickup system. The guitar started out with only MusicMan specifications (including a Floyd Rose locking vibrato, later replaced with a vintage-style fulcrum bridge), but in 1998, the manufacturer made several customizations to the model to better fit Lukather's playing style. Music Man also produces a Ball Family Reserve Steve Lukather Model that features an alder body with a mahogany "tone block" inlaid under the pickups, capped with a figured maple top and transparent finish. In 2012 a new version of the guitar called the LIII was introduced with a 3% larger but similarly contoured body, all-rosewood neck and passive pickup options (dual humbucker or single-single-humbucker) combined with an active preamp and 12-dB boost activated from a push/push tone pot. the LIII model also debuted Lukather's switch from EMG to custom DiMarzio "Transition" model pickups. In 2013 Lukather changed to a roasted maple neck with a rosewood fret board, citing the exceptional stability of roasted maple while touring as a factor in his decision. As a result, the LIII specification and production was changed to match Lukather's preference. Lukather has also been known to play Ibanez and Valley Arts guitars. His relationship with Ibanez and Valley Arts yielded an endorsement for a brief time in the 1980s with the release of the Ibanez Roadstar RS1010SL and Valley Arts Custom Pro Steve Lukather Signature guitars in 1984–85. He has played Ovation Adamas series acoustic–electric guitars. Starting before his 2010 All's Well That Ends Well tour, Lukather began playing and endorsing Yamaha Studio Response Technology acoustic–electric guitars.

Information about his current equipment can be found on Lukather's website.

Discography

Studio albums
 Lukather (1989)
 Candyman (1994)
 Luke (1997)
 Santamental (2003)
 Ever Changing Times (2008)
 All's Well That Ends Well (2010)
 Transition (2013)
 I Found the Sun Again (2021)
 Bridges (2023)

Collaborative albums
 Lotus Gem (with Carlos Santana and Jeff Beck) (1992)
No Substitutions: Live in Osaka (with Larry Carlton) (2001)
 An Odd Couple Live (with Edgar Winter) (2010)

With Toto
 Toto (1978)
 Hydra (1979)
 Turn Back (1981)
 Toto IV (1982)
 Isolation (1984)
 Fahrenheit (1986)
 The Seventh One (1988)
 Kingdom of Desire (1992)
 Tambu (1995)
 Toto XX (1998)
 Mindfields (1999)
 Through the Looking Glass (2002)
 Falling in Between (2006)
 Toto XIV (2015)
 Old Is New (2018)

With Los Lobotomys
 Los Lobotomys (1989)

With El Grupo
 El Grupo Live (2005)

Awards
 1982 – Grammy Award for Best R&B Song: Steve Lukather, Jay Graydon, Bill Champlin (for George Benson) – "Turn Your Love Around"
 1982 – Grammy Award for Producer of the Year: Toto – Toto IV
 1982 – Grammy Award for Album of the Year: Toto – Toto IV
 1982 – Grammy Award for Record of the Year: Toto – "Rosanna"
 2002 – Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Album: Larry Carlton & Steve Lukather – No Substitutions: Live in Osaka
 2009 – Musicians Hall Of Fame
 2010 – Eddy Christiani Award
 2015 – Guitar Player Magazine – Lifetime Achievement Award

Books
 The Gospel According to Luke (2018)

References

External links

Steve Lukather Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (March 12, 2015)

1957 births
Living people
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American music arrangers
American rock guitarists
Record producers from California
Singer-songwriters from California
American session musicians
Columbia Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Lead guitarists
Toto (band) members
Grant High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Favored Nations artists
Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band members
Jazz fusion guitarists

Steve Lukather


الحريشة أو أم أربعة وأربعين، أو مئوية الأرجل، أو المئينية أو عديدة الأرجل من اللاتينية (centi = مئة ) + (pedere = قدم ). هي طائفة من كثيرات الأرجل. وقد سميت بهذا الاسم نظرا لاحتوائها على 44 زائدة ولكنها في الواقع تحتوى على أرجل عديدة، يتراوح عددها بين 20 و 300. وهي حيوان يبلغ طوله في معظم الأحيان من 10 إلى 15 سنتيمترات، جسمه مفلطح من أعلى إلى أسفل يتألف من رأس وجذع والرأس مغطى بدرع رأسية ويحمل زائدتين طويليتين تسميان بالزبانين، ويعد الطرفان الخلفيان أطول من باقى الاطراف حيث تستخدمهم في الإمساك بفرائسها ومهاجمتهم. وتنتشر أم أربعة وأربعين في جميع أنحاء العالم وخصوصا قارتى أمريكا وأستراليا. وتوجد منها العديد من الألوان والاحجام.

و تعد أم أربعة وأربعين الأنثى أم مثالية حيث أنها تحتضن بيضها من أسبوعين لثلاثة أسابيع وذلك بأن تلف جسدها حولهم لحين الفقس ثم تظل تحميهم عدة أيام حتى يخرجوا للعيش بمفردهم، وتبيض الأنثى من 15 إلى 30 بيضة. وتصل أم أربعة وأربعين لسن التزاوج بعد ثلاث أو أربع سنوات وتعيش عشرة سنين تقريبا.

أماكن الوجود
تفضل أربعة وأربعين الأماكن الرطبة والندية مثل المبانى المبنية وقرب الشواطئ تحت الأحجار والبيوت وفي الحدائق أسفل أوراق الأشجار وفي مخلفات القمامة، ولا يتعرض هذا الحيوان للشمس ولا يخرج للصيد إلا في الليل لأنه يتعرض للجفاف الشديد عند خروجه في النهار، ولا يحتوى على طبقة شمعية تحمى جسدها من الجفاف وتمنع تسرب السوائل منه بالتبخر. ويتواجد بكثرة في البرارى في فصل الربيع تحت الصخور والنباتات الدائمة.

التغذية

يتغذى هذا الحيوان على الحشرات وديدان الأرض وما يكون أقل من حجمها من باقى الحشرات، والكبير منه على السحالى وذلك بتخديرها بمساعدة الزوج الأول من الأرجل والذي يحمل بدوره غددا سامة ومخدرة.

الخطورة

و أم أربعة وأربعين سامة لكن سميتها ضعيفة غير قاتلة كلسعة النحلة، ولكنها مؤلمة وينتج عنها تورم في مكان اللسع، ولكنها قد تكون قاتلة للأطفال وكبار السن وذلك إذا كانت من النوع كبير الحجم. ويقال أن جميع أرجلها تفرز السم وذلك عندما تستخدمهم في اللسع.

كيفية التعامل مع الحيوان
تجنب مسك الحيوان باليد والعبث غير المنظم في الأماكن المهجورة ولكن إذا رغبت في دراسة الحيوان أو كنت من الهواة للتعرف على الحيوانات في البيئة فأمسك الحيوان بشوكة جمع الزواحف من ناحية الرأس ثم أرفعه بالملقط بحذر وضعه في برطمان جمع الحيوان المحتوي على سائل تخدير مثل الكلوروفورم ثم انقله إلى سائل الحفظ 40% فورمالين بعد ذلك لدراسة الحيوان اجر الخطوات التالية :
- ضعه على ظهره وتعرف على فتحة الفم وأجزاء الفم وحلقات الجسم ثم انزعها واحدة واحدة بالملقط من الخلف إلى الأمام، افحصها بالمجهر الضوئي البسيط، أغسلها في محلول صودا كاوية 4% في كأس مختبر زجاجي ثم بردها واغسلها بالماء ثم عاود فحصها.

المراجع

 http://www.kenanaonline.com/ws/hanyembaby/blog/66271/page/4
 http://forum.stop55.com/81492.html
 Scolopendra

ديدان
شفويات الأرجل
كائنات باقية ظهرت خلال السيلوري
كثيرات الأرجل

حريشة (مفصليات)


නියම්ගම්පායස්ථානය යනු ගම්පොළ නගරය ආසන්නයේම පිහිටි ඉතා පැරණි විහාරස්ථානයකි. ලී කැටයම් බහුලව දකින්නට ඇති මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ නම, පැරණි විහාරවල නම් ලැයිස්තුවක් දැක්වෙන නම්පොත නම් ග්‍රන්ථයේ ද දක්නට ඇත. ගම්පොල නගරයේ ජයමාලපුර ප්‍රදේශය ට ආසන්නව පිහිටි මෙම පැරණි විහාරය තුල ගම්පොල යුගයේ පැරණි බිතු සිතුවම් ද දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙම විහාරය අතීත ගම්පොල යුගයේ ප්‍රතිභාව කියාපාන කැඩපතක් වැනිය.

ඉතිහාසය
චූලවංශයට අනුව මෙම විහාරය නියම්ගම්ප්‍රසාද නම් වේ.නම්පොත මෙය නියම්ගම්පායස්ථානය ලෙස දක්වයි.

සේයා රූ එකතුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

නියම්ගම්පායස්ථානය


George Charles Keidel  (* 1868; † 1942) war ein US-amerikanischer Romanist und Mediävist deutscher Abstammung.

Leben und Werk

Keidel, der von deutsch-lutheranischen Einwanderern abstammte, promovierte als Schüler von Aaron Marshall Elliott an der Johns Hopkins University mit der Arbeit  (Hrsg.) The "Évangile aux femmes". An old French satire on women (Baltimore 1895, Genf 1974; Romance and other studies 1). Er war Associate Professor für romanische Sprachen an der Johns Hopkins University und arbeitete später  als Experte in der Copyright-Abteilung der Library of Congress.

Weitere Werke

(Hrsg.) A manual of Æsopic fable literature first fascicule (with three facsimiles.). A first book of reference for the period ending A. D. 1500, Baltimore 1896, New York 1972, Genf 1974 (Romance and others studies 1)

Weblinks

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (Johns Hopkins University)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1868
Gestorben 1942
Mann

George Charles Keidel


Als Schädel von Hahnöfersand wird das Stirnbein eines mittelsteinzeitlichen Menschen (Homo sapiens) bezeichnet, das 1973 zwischen Hahnöfersand (Landkreis Stade) und Hamburg-Cranz im Spülsand der Elbe gefunden wurde. Das Schädel-Fragment wurde zunächst im Zuge eines Fälschungsskandals auf 36.000 BP datiert, was jedoch auf 5400 v. Chr. korrigiert werden musste. Dennoch gilt er als ältester menschlicher Knochenfund aus dem Großraum Hamburg. Das Stirnbein wird in der Dauerausstellung des Archäologischen Museums Hamburg in Hamburg-Harburg gezeigt.

Fundumstände
Der Schädelrest wurde 1973 zusammen mit weiteren Knochenfragmenten von dem archäologisch interessierten Laienforscher H. R. Labukt auf einem Spülfeld am südlichen Elbufer bei Cranz, nahe der Insel Hahnöfersand gefunden. Der vermutlich weichselzeitliche Spülsand wurde, zusammen mit dem Knochenstück, bei der Verlegung eines Deiches aus der Fahrrinne der Elbe dorthin gepumpt. Die mitgefundenen Knochenfragmente gingen vor der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung verloren. Das Stirnbein ist bis auf wenige Defekte vollständig erhalten und von dunkelbrauner Farbe. Auf der Oberseite zeigt es diverse Schürfspuren, die vom Transport im Strom der Elbe herrühren. Seine ursprüngliche Herkunft ist nicht bekannt.

Erste wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung

Die erste wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung erfolgte am Helms-Museum und dem Anthropologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg. Der Fund wurde durch Reiner Protsch am Institut der Anthropologie und Humangenetik für Biologen an der Universität Frankfurt mittels zweier 14C-Datierungen in die Zeit um 36.000 B. P. datiert.  Diese Datierung stellte sich jedoch später als wissenschaftliche Fälschung heraus. Aufgrund der von Protsch vorgelegten Datierungen sowie der ausgeprägten Überaugenwülste in Verbindung mit der relativ flachen Stirn wurde das Schädelteil in die Übergangszeit vom Neandertaler (Homo neanderthalensis) zum anatomisch modernen Menschen (Homo sapiens) datiert und als Stirnbein eines Neandertalers interpretiert. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden 1980 von Günter Bräuer vorgelegt. Danach enthielt das Knochenstück ungewöhnlich viel Kollagen, was gegen eine lange Verspülung im Strom der Elbe sprechen würde. Demnach wäre dieses Knochenstück der nördlichste Fund eines Neandertalers überhaupt. Diese Informationen fanden breiten Eingang in die Fachliteratur und nährten die Kontroversen um den zeitlichen Ablauf der Ablösung der Neandertaler durch den anatomisch modernen Menschen und einer genetischen Vermischung beider Spezies.

Neubearbeitung
Neuere Untersuchungen widerlegten jedoch die früheren Ergebnisse und deckten eine offensichtliche Falschdatierung durch Reiner Protsch auf. Zwei in Oxford durchgeführte Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen mittels Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometrie (AMS) aus den Jahren 1999 und 2001 datierten den Fund übereinstimmend in die Mittelsteinzeit (7470 ± 100 B.P. und 7500 ± 55 B.P.), also um 5400 v. Chr. Trotz dieser beträchtlich jüngeren Datierung gehört das Stirnbein weiterhin zu den ältesten, sicher datierten menschlichen Knochenfunden Norddeutschlands. Diese zuverlässigere Datierung machte eine neue Bewertung des Fundes notwendig. Anthropologische Untersuchungen des Stirnbeinfragments im Vergleich mit anderen humanen Knochenfunden dieser Zeit relativierten ebenso die postulierten, auffälligen Übereinstimmungen mit den für Neandertaler charakteristischen Schädelmerkmalen. Das Fragment gehörte offensichtlich einem sehr robusten anatomisch modernen Menschen, der eine markante, aber innerhalb der normalen genetischen Variabilitäten liegende, flache Stirn mit ausgeprägten Überaugenwülsten besaß. Ein morphologisch vergleichbarer Fund liegt aus dem etwas jüngeren, etwa auf 5170 v. Chr. datierten Schädelrest von Drigge aus dem Strelasund bei Rügen vor. Die Neudatierung, ebenso wie die daraufhin korrigierten Interpretationen sind jetzt wissenschaftlich allgemein akzeptiert. Nähere Lebens- oder Todesumstände ließen sich aus dem Knochenrest jedoch nicht ableiten.

2021 wurde an der Universität Tübingen eine digitale Rekonstruktion des restlichen, fehlenden Schädels um das Stirnbein erstellt. Daneben wird dort über eine DNA-Analyse versucht das biologische Geschlecht und die Herkunft des Individuums zu ermitteln.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Ein Fragment, das zu einem Skandal führte. Hamburger Abendblatt, 26. März 2012; abgerufen am 8. Mai 2012

Einzelnachweise

Archäologischer Fund (Niedersachsen)
Archäologischer Fund (Steinzeit)
Hominines Fossil aus Deutschland
Archäologisches Museum Hamburg
Jork
Wissenschaftliche Fälschung
6. Jahrtausend v. Chr.
Geschichte (Elbe)

Schädel von Hahnöfersand


إسحاق نافون (بالعبرية:יצחק נבון)،  مواليد (19 أبريل 1921 في القدس - 6 نوفمبر 2015) سياسي إسرائيلي. تولّى منصب الرئيس في 19 أبريل 1978 إلى 5 ماي 1983. يعود نسبه إلى عائلة من اليهود السفارديم، استقرت بالقدس منذ ثلاثة قرون. وقد شاع عنه أنه من نسب الحاخام المغربي اليهودي القبالاة حاييم بن عطار. درس في مدرسة دينية يهودية بالقدس ثم تابع دراسته العليا في الجامعة العبرية في القدس في قسم اللغة العربية.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص من القدس
أعضاء الكنيست التاسعة (1977–81)
أعضاء الكنيست الثامنة (1974–77)
أعضاء الكنيست الثانية عشرة (1988–92)
أعضاء الكنيست الحادية عشرة (1984–88)
أعضاء الكنيست السابعة (1969–74)
أعضاء الكنيست السادسة (1965–69)
أعضاء في هاجاناه
إسرائيليون من أصل مغربي يهودي
إسرائيليون من أصل يهودي تركي
خريجو الجامعة العبرية في القدس
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون إسرائيليون
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون يهود
رؤساء إسرائيل
سياسيو معراخ
سياسيون من القدس
كتاب باللغة اللادينو
كتاب دراما ومسرح ذكور إسرائيليون
مواليد 1339 هـ
مواليد 1921
مواليد في القدس
وزراء تعليم إسرائيل
وزراء حكومة إسرائيل
وفيات 1437 هـ
وفيات 2015
وفيات في القدس
يهود إسرائيليون سياسيون
يهود مزراحيون
يهود مغاربة

إسحاق نافون


Squander (written as "$QUANDER" on the box and in the rules) is an Avalon Hill board game published in 1965. It is based loosely on the game Monopoly, but in reverse. As in Monopoly, players roll dice and move around a board, encountering opportunities to make financial decisions. The object, however, is to lose money rather than gain it. Each player starts with a million "Squanderbucks" and the winner is the first player to become bankrupt.

External links

Avalon Hill games
Board games introduced in 1965

Squander


القهرمان هو القائم والوكيل والحافظ لما تحت يده، وهي كلمة فارسية تعني أمناء الملك، أو القائم بأمور الرجل. وقيل أنها مرادف لكلمة خازن باللغة العربية، والخازن هو متعهّد أو مسئول الخَزْن، الذي يتولى حفظ المال وغيره وإنفاقه، وبيده حفظ الطعام والمأكول. وتختلف وظيفة القهرمان بحسب ماوكل أليه، فأساس الوظيفة هي التدبير والأدارة لما تحت يده ، فقهرمانة الحرم هي مدبرة الحرم، وقهرمان الخيول هو سائسها وقهرمان البيت هو القيم والمدبر والناظر فيها ورئيس خدمها.

انظر أيضًا

 ناظورة أو قهرمانة

مراجع

دخيل فارسي
مهن جنسانية

قهرمان


تثبيت النيتروجين  هو العملية التي يتحول فيها النيتروجين (N2) الموجود في الجو إلى أمونيوم النيتروجين الجوي أو النيتروجين الجزيئي (N2) هو خامل نسبياً: فلا يتفاعل مع مواد كيميائية أخرى مولداً مركبات جديدة. تقوم عملية تثبيت النيتروجين على تحويله من الشكل الثنائي (N2) حتى يستخدم بطرق أخرى.

تثبيت النيتروجين الطبيعي والصناعي هو جوهري لجميع أشكال الحياة لأنه ضروري للتكوين البيولوجي لكتل البناء الأساسية في النباتات والحيوانات وغيرها من أشكال الحياة. مثلا: النوكليوتيدات والحمض النووي والحموض الأمينية للبروتينات. لذا فإن تثبيت النيتروجين هام للزراعة وصناعة الأسمدة. كما أنه هام في صناعة المتفجرات (مثل البارود والديناميت والتي إن تي). يحدث تثبيت النيتروجين بشكل طبيعي عند حدوث البرق.

كما يشير تثبيت النيتروجين إلى تحويلات حيوية أخرى للنيتروجين، كتحويله إلى ثنائي أكسيد النيتروجين. الميكروبات التي بإمكانها تثبيت النيتروجين هي بدائيات النوى (بكتيريا وعتائق معاً موزعين في ممالكهم الخاصة) تدعى دايازتروف. طورت بعض النباتات والحيوانات (مثل أرضة) علاقة تعايش مع الدايازتروف.

التثبيت الحيوي للنيتروجين

اكتشف التثبيت الحيوي للنيتروجين كل من المهندس الزراعي الألماني هيرمان هيلريغل وعالم الميكروبات الهولندي مارتينوس بايرينك. يحدث التثبيت الحيوي للنيتروجين (BNF) عندما يتحول النيتروجين الجوي إلى أمونيا عن طريق أنزيمات النيتروجيناز. وتفاعل التثبيت الحيوي للنيتروجين هو:
 N2 + 8 H+ + 8 e− → 2 NH3 + H2
العملية مقرونة بحلمهة 16 مكافئ من ثلاثي فوسفات الأدينوسين ويرافقها تشكل جزيء H2. في الدايازتروف التي تعيش بشكل حر تهضم الأمونيا التي ولدها النيتروجيناز إلى غلوتامات عن طريق أنزيم غلوتامين سينثيتاز.

الجينات الميكروبية المطلوبة لتثبيت النيتروجين موزعة على نطاق عريض في البيئات المتنوعة.

الأنزيمات المسئولة عن عمل النيتروجيناز حساسة جداً للتخريب بالأوكسيجين. كثير من البكتيريا تتوقف عن إنتاج الأنزيمات في وجود الأوكسيجين. توجد الكثير من أحياء تثبيت النيتروجين فقط في ظروف لا هوائية، وتتنفس لإنقاص معدلات الأوكسيجين، أو تربطة ببروتين مثل ليغيموغلوبين.

الميكروبات التي تثبت النيتروجين

الدايازتروفات هي زراقم مثل التريكوديزميوم والخضربيات والآزوتيات والريزوبيا والفرانكيا.

تعيش الزراقم تقريباً في جميع البيئات المضائة وتلعب دوراً رئيسياً في دورة الكربون والنيتروجين في غلاف الأرض الحيوي. بشكل عام فيمكن للزراقم الاستفادة من مصادر متنوعة عضوية وغير عضوية من مركبات النيتروجين، مقل النيترات أو النتريت أو الأمونيوم أو اليوريا أو بعض الحموض الأمينية. ويمكن لبعض سلالات الزراقم تحقيق نمو دايازتروفي، وهي إمكانية كانت موجودة في آخر الأسلاف المعروفين للعتائق

يمكن للزراقم في الشعاب المرجانية أن تثبت ضعف كمية النيتروجين على اليابسة، حيث يتم تثبيت حوالي 1.8 كغ من النيتروجين لكل هيكتار في اليوم. يعتقد أن الزراقم البحرية الاستعمارية التريكوديزميوم تثبت النيتروجين يعادل نصف النيتروجين المثبت في الأنظمة البحرية على مستوى العالم.

تعايش العقد الجذرية

فصيلة البقليات

فصيلة البقليات هي من النباتات التي تشارك في تثبيت النيتروجين – بقوليات - أصناف من النفل وفول الصويا والبرسيم الحجازي والترمس والفول السوداني وKudzu وRooibos. حيث تحتوي على بكتيريا تعايشية تسمى ريزوبيا في عقد على جذورها، تنتج مركبات نيتروجينية تساعد النبات على النمو منافسة النباتات الأخرى. يتحرر النيتروجين عندما يموت النبات، مما يجعله متوافراً للنباتات الأخرى ويساعد في تسميد التربة. معظم البقليات لديها هذا الارتباط، باستثناء بعض الأجناس مثل (Styphnolobium). في الزراعة العضوية والتقليدية يتم تدوير الحقول على عدة أنواع من المحاصيل، والتي عادة ما تتضمن النفل أو الحنطة السوداء (فصيلة البطباطية الغير بقلية) والتي تدعى أحياناً بالسماد الأخضر.

تعتمد الزراعة في أزقة الأنغا على الجنس البقولي إنغا، وهي شجرة استوائية صغيرة قاسية الأوراق مثبتة للنيتروجين.

غير البقليات

بالرغم من أن الغالبية العظمى من النباتات المثبتة للنيتروجين عن طريق العقد الجذرية هي من الفصيلة البقولية، إلا أنه يوجد بعض الاستثنائات:

 Parasponia، هي جنس استوائي من الفصيلة القنبية يمكنها التفاعل مع بكتيريا الريزوبيا مشكلة عقد مثبتة للنيتروجين
 النباتات شعاعية الجذر: مثل النغت والشمعاء (Myrica) يمكنها تشكيل عقد مثبتة للنيتروجين، بفضل العلاقة التعايشية مع بكتيريافرانكيا. تنتمي هذه النباتات إلى 25 جنس موزعة على 8 فصائل نباتية.

قابلية تثبيت النيتروجين نادرة الوجود في هذه الفصائل. فمثلاً، 4 فقط من بين 122 جنس في الفصيلة الوردية يمكنها صنع النيتروجين. كل هذه الفصائل تنتمي إلى رتبة القرعيات والتي تشكل مع البلوطيات والورديات والفوليات فرع (eurosids). وفي هذا الفرع فإن الفوليات هي أول نسل يتفرع.

كما أن هناك عدة علاقات تعايش مثبتة للنيتروجين تستخدم الزراقم (مثل نوستك):

 بعض الأشنات مثل Lobaria وPeltigera
 سرخس البعوض (أنواع أزولا)
 Cycads
 جونيرة
 نباتات زهقرنية

التثبيت الصناعي للنيتروجين

تم اكتشاف قابلية النيتروجين للتفاعل مع بعض المركبات للمرة الأولى على يد (Desfosses) في عام 1828. حيث لاحظ أن خليط الكربون مع أكاسيد المعادن القلوية يتفاعل مع النيتروجين عند درجات الحرارة العالية. في عام 1860 طور Margueritte وSourdeval العملية الأولى المستخدمة تجارياً باستخدام كربونات الباريوم كمادة بادئة. حيث يمكن مفاعلة سيانيد الباريوم الناتج مع البخار معطياً الأمونيا. في عام 1898 فصل Adolph Frank وNikodem Caro العملية حيث قاموا أولاً بإنتاج كربيد الكالسيوم ثم فاعلوه في خطوة لاحقة مع النيتروجين معطياً سياناميد الكالسيوم. اكتشفت عملية أوستوالد لإنتاج حمض الآزوت عام 1902. وسيطرت عملية فرانك-كارو وعملية أوستوالد على صناعة تثبيت النيتروجين حتى اكتشاف عملية هابر-بوش في عام 1909. قبل 1900، اختبر نيكولا تسلا الإنتاج الصناعي للنيتروجين «باستخدام تيارات كهربائية ذات ترددات عالية جداً».

انظر أيضاً

 عملية بيركلاند-إيد: عملية إنتاج للأسمدة الصناعية.
 نزع النيتروجين: عملية عضوية لتحرير النيتروجين.
 النترجة: الإنتاج البيولوجي للنيتروجين.
 دورة النيتروجين: سير وتحول النيتروجين في البيئة.
 نيتروجيناز: أنزيم تستخدم بعض الأحياء لتثبيت النيتروجين.
 جورج واشنطن كارفر: عالم النبات الأمريكي
 نيتروجيناز: إنزيمات تستخدمها الكائنات الحية لإصلاح النيتروجين
 عملية أوستفالد: عملية كيميائية لصنع حامض النيتريك HNO3

المراجع

أيض
تغذية النبات
دورة النيتروجين
علم التربة
فيزيولوجيا النبات

تثبيت النيتروجين


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ජර්සි
ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටාර්
ස්වැල්බාඩ්

යුරෝපයේ රටවල් සහ පරායත්ත භූමිප්රදේශ


O Ruhrstahl Ru 344 X-4 ou Ruhrstahl-Kramer RK 344 foi um míssil ar-ar guiado por fio projetado pela Alemanha durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O X-4 não entrou em serviço operacional e, portanto, não foi comprovado em combate, mas inspirou um considerável trabalho pós-guerra em todo o mundo e foi a base para o desenvolvimento de vários mísseis antitanque lançados do solo, incluindo o Malkara.

Ligações externas

 Ruhrstahl Kramer X4 - Royal Air Force Museum, Cosford (UK)
 X4: Aircraft Launched Antiaircraft Rocket

Mísseis ar-ar
Mísseis guiados da Alemanha na Segunda Guerra Mundial

Ruhrstahl X-4


Léopold Valentin François de Hauteclocque est un homme politique français né le  à Arras (Pas-de-Calais) et décédé le  à Roëllecourt (Pas-de-Calais).

Origines familiales

Lignée illustre
Les généalogistes représentent la maison de Hauteclocque comme une des plus anciennes de la province d'Artois. Elle possédait la terre seigneuriale de Hautecloque (Alta Cloca) au comté de Saint-Pol dès le  ; ses descendants ont siégé depuis 1414 dans le corps de la noblesse aux États de cette province et étaient reçus bourgeois d'Arras depuis 1475. Wallerand et Pierron de Hauteclocque suivirent le comte de Saint-Pol à la Croisade de Tunis où mourut Saint-Louis. Tassart assista au siège d'Oisy en 1254, et Jacques à la prise de Saint-Denis en 1430. Colart signa, en 1576, la pacification de Gand, si importante pour conserver la province dans la religion catholique, et l'acte de réconciliation de l'Artois en 1579. Cette famille eut des alliances avec les Berghes-Saint-Winoc, Bryas, Créquy, Renty, Ricametz, etc., et obtint en 1752 des lettres patentes de chevalier avec le droit de timbrer ses armes d'une couronne de comte et d'en prendre le titre quand elle aurait fait ériger une terre dans ce but.

Famille proche

Léopold, comme il est écrit, nait dans une famille noble et prestigieuse. Il est le fils de François Louis Joseph de Hauteclocque (1755-1829), chevalier, officier au bataillon provincial d'Artois, et maire du Wail en 1822, lui-même rejeton de Charles François (1715-1769), bourgeois d'Arras, député de la Noblesse des États d'Artois aux comptes généraux et ordinaires d'Artois. Sa mère, Catherine, est issue de la famille de Monet de Lamarck, souche picarde, faisant de Jean Baptiste de Lamack, grand scientifique français, le grand-oncle maternel de Léopold. Outre des oncles, cousins, et aïeul notables, maires de diverses communes, Léopold a 3 demi-frères, parfois important dans la politique locale arrageoise : César Louis (1787-1871) fut écuyer, commandant des volontaires royaux de la ville d'Arras, chef de bataillon, capitaine au  régiment de la garde royale, et Constantin Gabriel (1788-1884), comte de par le Pape, conseiller de Préfecture de 1823 à 1830, et commissaire de guerre à l'Armée du Nord. Enfin, Léopold de Hauteclocque est l'arrière, grand-oncle du Maréchal Leclerc.

Biographie
Léopold étudie au collège d'Arras, puis à Paris, à l'établissement d'un dénommé Lemoine. Il est traité en cadet de sa famille, mais sera le plus illustre de tous ses frères.

Après une carrière militaire sous l'Empire, Léopold vit avec joie la Restauration : ses sentiments sont sincèrement légitimistes, royalistes, catholiques. Il soutient le roi dès le premier retour de Louis XVIII, en envoyant une délégation d'accueil à Gand. Cette initiative lui vaudra la décoration du Lys dès 1814, à 17 ans. Il est nommé au  régiment de ligne, devient officier de la garde nationale en 1815, puis lieutenant de la légion du Pas-de-Calais en 1816. Sa carrière militaire s'arrêtera en 1822 par une mise à la retraite.

La politique s'ouvre alors à Léopold. Il est fait baron sans majorat le 16 janvier 1822. Sa première fonction est celle de conseiller municipal, en remplacement de Harlé, de 1824 à 1830. Membre de la commission des hospices en 1825, il prend en influence. Ainsi, en 1826, âgé à peine de 29 ans, Léopold est nommé maire d'Arras par le roi, le plus jeune de France. Amoureux de sa localité, il prêta le traditionnel serment des mayeurs d'Arras :

« Maires, vous flanchiez sur la sainte figure du précieux corps Jhûcrist que y chi vees en present que vo loyalement garderes et aideres à garder les drois Dieu et de sainte Église. Les drois et honneur du Roi de France nre Sre de madame la Royne et de nô droiturier seigneur le comte d'Artois, leur pais, leurs membres et leur honneur terrienne ; et les drois saint Vaast et du Chastellain d'Arras : et avec vous flanchiez que sur toutes choses garderes et aideres a garder toutes les coses contenues es-chartes et es-priviléges, le loy, les usages et les coutumez de la ville d'Arras. Et les eschins, toutes les fois qu'ils auront à faire de vre conseil et qu'ils le vous requerront a avoir a vre pôoir les conseillères loyalement. Le secre de leur conseil celeres et ne le reveleres à quelconque psonue que ce soit, le hon et l'estat du corps de le ville et de l'échevinage d'Arras à vre pôoir vous garderes et exaucheres. Et se vous saves aucune cose dite ou faite qui soit contre lonneur et au préjudice de le ville ou de l'eschevinage, à vre pôoir le destourberes et aux eschins sans delay au plus tost que vous pourres le noncheres et aideres à poursieure et soustenir le droit de la dite ville. Et ainsi que vous laves fianchié, vous le jures à tenir loyalement. Se Dieux vous ait et ehil saint et tout li aultre. »

Serment du mayeur d'Arras

1826 est véritablement sa grande année : il est fait chevalier de justice de l'ordre de Malte et membre honoraire de l'Académie d'Arras, à laquelle il contribuera à sa retraite. La Légion d'honneur lui est remise un an après. Son mandat est connu comme sage et fructueux, et les relations avec l'évêché sont toutes aussi bonnes que sous Maïoul de Sus-Saint-Léger, son prédécesseur.

Voici des actes notables de Léopold de Hauteclocque : la construction d'une salle des concerts, d'une église pour les faubourgs de Ronville et de Saint-Sauveur, d'une école gratuite de géométrie appliquée aux arts et métiers, d'un hospice destiné aux femmes pauvres ; à cette fondation, connue sous le nom de maternité, fut jointe une école pratique et théorique d'accouchement. Pensons aussi au pavage complet de la place de la Basse-ville et la création d'une structure pour le musée récemment créé.

Mais le mandat s'achève brutalement lors des Trois Glorieuses : Léopold de Hauteclocque, inaliénable blanc, démissionne et s'exile un temps à Ypres (ville de sa femme) sur conseil de ses proches afin de se protéger des violences révolutionnaires. Jamais l'homme ne fera plus de politique sous Juillet. Sa carrière précoce s'achève aussitôt. Un dernier mandant de conseiller municipal lui sera octroyé par la ville de 1848 à 1852, alors que l'homme fut fait chevalier de Charles III en 1840.

A sa retraite politique en 1822, Léopold de Hauteclocque verse dans l'histoire locale, et devient un généalogiste reconnu. Il fut fait membre de la société d'archéologie de la Somme en 1836, et rédigea nombre d'articles sur l'Artois et ses ancêtres, notamment dans les mémoires de l'Académie d'Arras.

L'homme s'éteindra en 1867 après une vie tumultueuse d'abord, puis apaisée dans les largesses de l'érudition et de la connaissance.

Notes et références

Maire d'Arras
Personnalité politique liée au Pas-de-Calais


الكنيسة الإنجيلية البروتستانتية الآشورية هي كنيسة تأسست من الآشوريين الذين تحولوا إلى البروتستانتية وهي مشيخية العقيدة لكنها تتميز بحفاظ أتباعها على هويتهم القومية فأسسوا كنيسة منفصلة تستخدم اللغة الآرامية في طقوسها, يتواجد أتباع هذه الكنيسة في إيران والعراق والمهجر.

الكنيسة في العراق
تأسست هذه الطائفة في العراق عام 1921 من الآشوريين المتحولين للبروتسانتية والفارين من أورميا في إيران والذين استقروا في العراق. يوجد لها كنيستان في العراق الأولى في بغداد والأخرى في الموصل.

مصادر

الكنيسة الإنجيلية البروتستانتية الآشورية
طوائف العراق
طوائف إيران
كنائس بروتستانتية
كنائس سريانية
تأسيسات سنة 1870 في إيران


Pedro Claro Meurice Estiú (San Luis, Cuba, 23 de fevereiro de 1932 - Miami, EUA, 21 de julho de 2011) foi o arcebispo católico romano de Santiago de Cuba.

Meurice estudou filosofia e teologia nos seminários de Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre e Havana e no St. Thomas Aquinas em Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. Depois de sua ordenação em 26 de junho de 1955, estudou espiritualidade com Joaquín Goicoecheaundía no seminário de Vitória, Espanha. De 1955 a 1958 concluiu o doutorado em direito canônico na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana de Roma. Depois de vários cursos de formação na França e na Bélgica, voltou a Santiago de Cuba e tornou-se vice-chanceler e secretário do arcebispo Enrique Pérez Serantes. Em 1963 foi nomeado chanceler e em 1966 pároco da Vista Alegre em Santiago de Cuba.

Papa Paulo VI nomeou-o em 1967 bispo titular de Teglata na Numídia e bispo auxiliar na arquidiocese de Santiago de Cuba. o arcebispo Enrique Pérez Serantes concedeu-lhe a consagração episcopal na Catedral de Santiago de Cuba; Os co-consagradores foram Adolfo Rodríguez Herrera, Bispo de Camagüey, e Alfredo Ignacio Llaguno Canals, Bispo Auxiliar de San Cristóbal de la Habana.

Após a morte do Arcebispo Pérez Serantes em 18 de abril de 1968, foi nomeado Vigário Geral e em 25 de junho do mesmo ano pelo Papa Paulo VI nomeado Administrador Apostólico de Santiago de Cuba.

Em 4 de julho de 1970, foi nomeado arcebispo de Santiago de Cuba, que também abriga o local de peregrinação mariana mais popular de Cuba, a Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre. Foi também Administrador da Arquidiocese de Havana em 1980/81. Em 1998, recebeu a visita do Papa João Paulo II.

Em 10 de fevereiro de 2007, o Papa Bento XVI aceitou sua aposentadoria por idade, seu sucessor foi Dionisio Guillermo García Ibáñez. Pedro Meurice sofria de diabetes e morreu de insuficiência renal em uma clínica em Miami, nos Estados Unidos.

O arcebispo Pedro Meurice Estiú foi considerado um pilar da Igreja Católica cubana e foi um crítico severo do regime de Fidel Castro.

"Durante a histórica visita do Papa João Paulo II a Cuba, ele atacou publicamente o então primeiro-ministro Fidel Castro no início de um serviço religioso em 24 de janeiro de 1998 com palavras duras. Na presença do irmão e posterior sucessor de Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro, Meurice declarou que os cubanos precisam "desmistificar os falsos messias" e lamentou o fato de o exílio dividir o povo. Após a morte de João Paulo II em 2005, Fidel Castro assistiu a uma missa fúnebre em Havana liderada por Meurice; ao mesmo tempo, ele declarou que não iria segurar o arcebispo contra o incidente da época."[3][2]

A crítica pública do arcebispo foi particularmente importante porque não só os meios de comunicação internacionais se interessaram pela visita do Papa, como também o serviço foi transmitido ao vivo pela televisão cubana. Pela primeira vez desde que Fidel Castro assumiu o controle total da mídia do país logo após a revolução, os cubanos viram um cubano criticar o presidente na frente de toda a nação pela primeira vez em todo o país. O sucessor de Meurice, García Ibáñez, teve a mesma oportunidade em março de 2012, quando também deu as boas-vindas ao Papa Bento XVI. no início de seu serviço em Santiago de Cuba: Quando García Ibáñez recordou as palavras históricas de Meurice durante seu discurso, os aplausos irromperam espontaneamente entre os mais de 200.000 participantes.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos de Cuba

Pedro Claro Meurice Estiu


Znanstveno predavanje, vrsta je znanstvenog djela,  predavanje za koja organizator znanstvenog skupa odredi prigodnu aktualnu temu predavanja i odabere afirmiranoga predavača. Srodni su znanstvenom članku.

Izvori

Znanost

Znanstveno predavanje


بوب الرقص  هو أسلوب لموسيقى الرقص الإليكترونية ونوع ثانوي من موسيقى البوب الذي تطور من الديسكو، تقريباً في عام 1981، والذي دمج رقصاتها مع موسيقى البوب والإيقاع الحزين.
كما اشتهر بهذا النوع كثير من الفنانين منهم مايكل جاكسون ومادونا وأشهر أغنية هي «بيلي جين» التي أداها مايكل جاكسون سنة 1983 ومن ذلك الحين اشتهر بوب الرقص.

مراجع

أنواع أنواع موسيقى الرقص
أنواع الموسيقى الشعبية
أنواع اندماج الموسيقى
أنواع موسيقى الرقص الإلكترونية
الرقص في الولايات المتحدة
رقص البوب (موسيقى)
رقص القرن 20
رقص القرن 21
الموسيقى في عقد 1980
الموسيقى في عقد 1990
الموسيقى في عقد 2000
الموسيقى في عقد 2010
موسيقى البوب

بوب الرقص


ماء الورد هو خلاصة تقطير بتلات الورد. وَهو أحد النواتج الجانبية لإنتاج زيت الورد المستخدم في العطور، ويستخدم ماء الورد كمنكه للطعام، وكأحد مكونات بعض مستحضرات التجميل والمستحضرات الطبية. كما يستخدم لأغراض دينية في جميع أنحاء أوروبا وآسيا.

تصنع عطور الورد من زيت الورد، وهي مزيج من الزيوت العطرية الطيارة التي يتم الحصول عليها باستخدام التقطير بالبخار لمسحوق بتلات الورد.

الاستخدام

استخدام ماء الورد في التجميل

يستخدم ماء الورد في التجميل والعناية بالبشرة بشكل واسع ومشتهر بين الأوساط النسائية بالتحديد بشكل كبير؛
فماء الورد عنصر أساسي يدخل في التركيبات العطرية، كما أنه يشكل جزءًا أساسياً في صناعة وتخليق المراهم التي لها أثر مهم ومفيد في ترطيب البشرة دونما ترك أية آثار جانبية على جلد الإنسان، ونسبة استخدامه في مستحضرات التجميل الطبيعية عالية وفي ارتفاع، ويسجل حالة من الإقبال متزايدة وذلك لصنع الكريمات الباردة.

الاعتقادات الدينية

على المستوى التاريخي للأديان، يستخدم ماء الورد وبالأخص في المراسم والطقوس والاحتفالات الدينية أو حتى الاحتفالات ذات الطابع الديني، كحفلات الزواج مثلاً، ويستخدمه كل من المسلمين وأصحاب الديانة الهندوسية وأيضاً الزرادشتية.

في الإسلام
يستخدمه المسلمون لتنظيف الكعبة المشرفة (والكعبة المشرفة هي القبلة المقدسة لدى المسلمين)، وتتم عملية تنظيف الكعبة المشرفة بخلط ماء الورد بماء زمزم والذي له أيضاً في قلوب المسلمين قداسة خاصة ومحبة كبيرة ؛ كما أن ماء الورد يستخدمه المسلمون في شبه القارة الهندية خلال مراسم دفن موتاهم والتي تستغرق دقائق واشتهر هنالك رش ماء الورد - أحياناً - في القبر بعد حفره وقبل وضع جثمان الميت فيه.
ويستخدم ماء الورد في بعض الطقوس الهندوسية وكذلك المسيحية، هذا باستثناء الكنيسة الشرقية الأرثوذكسية.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة الأطباق العربية.
 برتقال.
 حمضيات.
 هيل.
 فانيلا.

مراجع

شراب
عناصر غذائية
مطبخ أذربيجاني
مطبخ إفريقي
مطبخ الشرق الأوسط
مطبخ إيراني
مطبخ تركي
مطبخ عربي
مطبخ هندي
مطبخ يوناني
مطبخ يوناني قديم
مكونات العطور
مواد تجميل
ورد

ماء ورد


Le barillet (ou la noix, le système à barillet rotatif) est un mécanisme permettant d'abaisser la tessiture d'un cuivre en allongeant la colonne d'air , notamment d'une quarte sur les trombones ténor modernes en étant actionné par le pouce ou l'index du musicien au moyen d'une clé ou d'une palette.

Histoire
Le barillet rotatif a été développé en 1818, lorsque Friedrich Blühmel et Heinrich Stölzel ont été priés d'inclure également cette forme de construction dans le brevet de cor chromatique à pistons qu'ils avaient déposé. Ce dispositif a été amélioré à Prague par le corniste Joseph Kail en 1829. D'autres développements, notamment ceux apportés par le brevet de Joseph Riedl à Vienne en 1832 et de Leopold Uhlmann en 1843, ont finalement abouti à la forme utilisée jusqu'à aujourd'hui.

Le système à barillet rotatif en fa trouve son origine dans un instrument développé par le facteur d'instruments allemand Christian Friedrich Sattler de Leipzig à la fin des années 1830 et breveté en 1839. Il a gagné en popularité à une époque où les anciens trombones basse allemands en mi bémol et en fa étaient tombés en désuétude auprès des musiciens d'orchestre et étaient remplacés par un trombone ténor en si bémol à la perce large et aux grandes proportions de pavillon. Cet instrument était connu sous le nom de trombone ténor , c'était un trombone ténor en si bémol avec les dimensions de la perce et du pavillon d'un trombone basse, et était utilisé pour jouer les parties de trombone ténor et basse.

Jusqu'au milieu du 20e siècle, les trombonistes d'orchestre utilisaient des instruments dépourvus de barillet car ils n'en avaient pas besoin. Mais avec la popularité de compositeurs du 20e siècle tels que Mahler, les parties de trombone ténor ont commencé à s'étendre vers des notes plus graves qui nécessitaient une rallonge de tube. Bien que certains trombonistes préfèrent les modèles de trombone « droits » simples, la plupart d'entre eux  sont passés au modèle complet intégrant un barillet pour des raisons de commodité et de polyvalence.

Fonctionnement
Le trombone ténor complet dispose d'un seul barillet (descendant la tessiture d'une quarte, de sib vers fa) et le trombone basse de deux barillets (associés à une quarte et une tierce) utilisés pour augmenter la longueur de la perce de l'instrument (et donc étendre l'ambitus vers le grave) en dirigeant le flux d'air à travers des tubes supplémentaires. Cela permet d'utiliser d'autres positions de coulisse pour de nombreuses notes et de gagner en vélocité pour les notes graves requérant de longs déplacements de la coulisse.

La noix possède un boisseau cylindrique à deux canaux, qui tourne de 90° (quart de tour) autour de son axe vertical lorsque la vanne est actionnée. La boucle de la vanne et le tube principal débouchent à la même hauteur dans le corps.

L'actionnement se fait généralement à l'aide d'un levier à ressort, relié au corps du boisseau soit par des articulations mécaniques, soit par un mécanisme à câble.

Pour des raisons techniques de fabrication, le corps du barillet avec ses goupilles de palier est traditionnellement fabriqué de manière légèrement conique (rapport conique d'environ 1:40), mais depuis quelques années, grâce à l'utilisation de machines d'usinage plus précises, il est également cylindrique avec roulement à billes. Les matériaux utilisés pour la fabrication sont les suivants:
 pour le corps du boisseau cylindrique : soit traditionnellement en laiton, soit en bronze plus durable ou soit en plastique avec des goupilles de palier en acier inoxydable.
 pour le corps de la noix (traditionnellement appelée la « douille » ) : en laiton ou en maillechort.

Les barillets rotatifs (palettes) sont particulièrement utilisées sur le cor d'harmonie ainsi que sur les modèles allemands d'instruments à vent courants, comme la trompette de concert allemande et sur le trombone de concert allemand. On les trouve également sur les instruments à vent de la musique populaire d'Europe continentale, comme le cor ténor et le cor baryton. Grâce à la démultiplication du levier, la course du boisseau peut être réduite au prix d'une force d'actionnement plus élevée, raison pour laquelle les noix rotatives sont également très répandues sur les tubas allemands.

Différents modèles
Le design ergonomique et la course courte de la noix rotative ordinaire en font un modèle populaire. Son principal inconvénient est l'entrave au flux d'air à cause des courbes  lorsque la colonne d'air « se courbe » brusquement lorsqu'elle traverse le cylindre percé de la noix. Néanmoins, ses avantages sont sa durabilité et sa facilité d'entretien.

En réponse au problème de trajectoire de l'air avec des angles abrupts, il a été développé différents types de noix pour améliorer l'écoulement du flux d'air :
  inventée en 1976 par Orla Ed Thayer
  inventée par le genevois René Hagmann dans les années 1990
 Noix Open Flow Meinlschmidt
 etc.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .

Instrument à vent de la famille des cuivres
Facture instrumentale
Pièce d'instrument de musique
Technique de jeu instrumental

Barillet (trombone)


Kirsten Kjær og hendes museum er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2008 med instruktion og manuskript af Jørgen Vestergaard.

Handling
Kirsten Kjærs Museum i Langvad ved Frøstrup i Thy ligner ikke noget andet sted i Danmark, men kan minde om et selvgroet, lidt anarkistisk miljø på Christiania. I filmen fortæller Harald Fuglsang om den originale kunstner Kirsten Kjær (1893-1985) og hendes bevægede liv. Uden offentlig anerkendelse skabte hun en strøm af portrætmalerier, der fastholder både kendte og ukendte personligheder fra det 20. århundrede. Museets nyeste attraktion er en velskabt koncertsal for kammermusik skabt uden tilskud ved egen indsats.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Kirsten Kjær og hendes museum


Rieschengraben oder Röschengraben bezeichnet

 den Ludengraben, einen Abschnitt des Silberhütter Kunstgrabens
 fälschlich den Rödelbach
 fälschlich den Stollgraben

Rieschengraben


All Systems Go ist das 1988 veröffentlichte zweite Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Glam-Metal-Band Vinnie Vincent Invasion, die von dem ehemaligen Kiss-Gitarristen Vinnie Vincent gegründet worden war. Es ist das letzte Album der Band, die ursprünglich einen Plattenvertrag über acht Alben besessen hatte. Chrysalis Records kündigte den Vertrag 1989.

Hintergrund
Vinnie Vincent hatte mit seiner 1985 gegründeten Band ein Jahr später das Debütalbum der Gruppe veröffentlicht, das mit Sänger Robert Fleischmann (Ex-Journey) aufgenommen worden war. Fleischmann verließ die Band unmittelbar nach der Veröffentlichung des Albums und wurde durch Mark Slaughter ersetzt, der auch schon im Videoclip zur Single Boyz Are Gonna Rock zu sehen war, wo er zu Robert Fleischmanns Gesangsspur die Lippen bewegte. Das Debütalbum der Gruppe erreichte Platz 64 der Billboard 200 Charts und hielt sich dort 14 Wochen.

Für das zweite Album schrieb Vincent alle Songs selbst. Der Titel Love Kills wurde für den Soundtrack von A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 - The Dream Master zur Verfügung gestellt. Als Promo-Single wurde der Titel Ashes to Ashes veröffentlicht; ein Videoclip wurde für das Lied That Time of Year produziert. Auch Love Kills wurde ausgekoppelt und war letztlich die einzige tatsächliche Single des Albums; zu dem Lied wurde ebenfalls ein Videoclip gedreht, der Vinnie Vincent mit den typischen Freddie-Kruger-Requisiten (Rasiermesserhandschuh, Sweatshirt und Hut) zeigte.

Die Plattenfirma und das Management der Band bemühten sich zu dieser Zeit, das Image der Band zu verändern: Es wurde beschlossen, zukünftig Mark Slaughter die Interviews führen zu lassen, in einem Brief wurde die Presse gebeten, grundsätzlich Fotos der Band oder aller Einzelmitglieder abzudrucken, und es wurde versucht, die Band zukünftig als The Invasion zu präsentieren. Dies alles diente dem Zweck, die Gruppe als Einheit darzustellen und deutlich zu machen, dass die übrigen Mitglieder der Band nicht Vinnie Vincents Erfüllungsgehilfen waren.

Nach dem Erscheinen des Longplayers ging die Gruppe im Juli 1988 auf Tournee, trennte sich jedoch nach dem Konzert im Celebrity Theatre in Anaheim am 26. August 1988.

Titelliste
 5:04 – Ashes to Ashes (Vincent)
 3:39 – Dirty Rhythm (Vincent)
 5:35 – Love Kills (Vincent)
 3:31 – Naughty, Naughty (Vincent)
 4:38 – Burn (Vincent)
 5:32 – Let Freedom Rock (Vincent)
 4:43 – That Time of Year (Vincent)
 4:11 – Heavy Pettin' (Vincent)
 4:33 – Ecstacy (Vincent)
 3:57 – Deeper and Deeper (Vincent)
 4:05 – Breakout (Vincent)

Bonus-Tracks der CD-Version:
 2:01 – The Meltdown  Instrumental (Vincent)
 4:07 – Ya Know' I'm Pretty Shot  Instrumental (Vincent)

Rezeption
Wie das Debütalbum erreichte All Systems Go Platz 64 der Billboard 200 und konnte sich 16 Wochen in den Charts halten.

Götz Kühnemund vom Magazin Rock Hard schrieb über All Systems Go, das Debütalbum habe "noch sehr vielversprechende und vor allem originelle Ansätze" gezeigt, doch mit All Systems Go machten "Vinnie und seine Freunde keine zwei Jahre später genau das", was nach Kühnemunds Auffassung zu dieser Zeit "scheinbar alle" machten: "Sie kopieren Led Zeppelin". Die Band tue dies zwar "längst nicht so offensichtlich wie beispielsweise Kingdom Come", aber leider auch nicht so gut. Das Lied Ashes To Ashes basiere "ganz klar" auf dem Klassiker Immigrant Song, erreiche "dessen Klasse aber (natürlich) bei weitem" nicht. Danach werde es "noch flacher und ideenloser" - Stücke wie Love Kills bekämen "inzwischen selbst Poison auf die Reihe." Ein Pluspunkt sei "die gelungene Produktion", die All Systems Go als "Hintergrundmusik vertretbar erscheinen" lasse.

Metal Hammer schrieb, Vincent präsentiere auf dem Album "eine kernige Mischung aus Balladen und knallharten Songs." Die elf Songs der Langrille könnten sich "produktionstechnisch sehen lassen." Vinnie Vincent mache "einmal mehr deutlich, daß er auf der Gitarre nicht nur herumzocken" könne, sondern "das Handwerk der gefühlvollen Ton- und Soundsetzung von der Pike auf" beherrsche. Songs wie Ashes To Ashes oder Dirty Rhythm sind sehr gut arrangiert und gehen gut ab. Der Gesang erinnere "den geschockten Hörer" im ersten Moment "an eine kastrierte Version von Udo Dirkschneider. Aber auch nach zähem Aussitzen und wiederholtem Durchhören" wollten "die Trommelfelle nicht das rechte Hörerglück aufkommen lassen." Trotz dieses "vocaltechnischen Fehlgriffs" dürfe Vinnie Vincent "der Erfolg in den Staaten sicher sein." Welches Schicksal "seinem neuen Vinyl in good old Germany beschieden sein werde," bleibe abzuwarten.

Das Magazin Musikexpress meinte, All Systems Go biete "das alte Lied in neuer Auflage:" Da halte einer "eine Gitarre in den Händen," klettere "den Hals rauf und runter" und bilde sich dabei ein, er könne "mit seinem kleinkarierten Zauber die Welt aus den Angeln heben. Wie ein Berserker" furche Vincent durch die Songs, er sei immer bestrebt, sich "einen Platz im Panoptikum der Saitenakrobaten" zu sichern. Er leide "noch immer unter dem Yngwie-Syndrom," das da heiße: alle und alles für eine Gitarre. Dazu geselle sich "jener strenge Led Zep-Sound- und Drum-Geruch, der vor allem in Ashes To Ashes und Dirty Rhythm jede Eigeninitiative erbarmungslos" zuschütte. "Übertriebene Virtuosität auf der einen und mangelhaftes Material auf der anderen Seite" seien nicht das Holz, aus dem weltbewegende Hardrock-Alben geschnitzt seien.

Einzelnachweise

Album (Hard Rock)
Album 1988

All Systems Go (Album)


Vladislav Halilov (n. 30 octombrie, 1942, cătunul Cim-Kurgan, regiunea Kazahstanul de Sud, R.S.S. Kazahă- 20 decembrie 2020, Moscova) a fost un fizician-teoretician sovietic și rus de origine tătară.

Biografie
S-a născut într-o familie mixtă, tatăl de naționalitate tătară, originar din Crimeea, iar mama-rusoaică.Tatăl lui Halilov,Rustam Halilov, a făcut serviciul militar în Armata Sovietică în anii războiului A fost membru ULCT în anii 1956-1970 . În anul 1966 a absolvit facultatea de fizică a Universității Lomonosov din Moscova cu specializarea în fizica teoretică. În anul 1969 a susținut disertația de candidat în științe fizico-matematice sub îndrumarea prof. I.M. Ternov cu subiectul "Radiație indusă a electronilor în câmp magnetic". În anul 1978 a susținut disertația de doctor Hab. în științe fizico-matematice cu subiectul "Procese radiative ale electronilor în câmpuri magnetice și gravitaționale".Profesor la catedra de fizică teoretică din anul 1982. A fost căsătorit cu Fatima, de naționalitate tătară, fiziciană, doctor în fizică și matematică.

Activitatea didactică și științifică
În decursul anilor a predat și mai predă la facultatea de fizică cursurile generale: "Mecanică teoretică și mecanică a mediilor continui", precum și: "Mecanică cuantică", cursuri speciale:"Laseri cu electroni liberi", "Procese fizice în câmpul găurilor negre" (1975-977), "Problema stabilității vidului în câmp magnetic intens", "Efecte macroscopice cuantice în câmpuri intense", "Efecte de electrodinamica cuantica în câmpuri externe".  A publicat în colaborare circa 200 de lucrări științifice preponderent în domeniul electrodinamicii  cuantice în câmpuri externe electromagnetice,dar și cu aceeași problematică în câmpuri gravitaționale precum și 4 monografii, dintre care 3 în colaborare.

Distincții
Este decorat cu medaliile

 Veteran al muncii (1989)
 În amintirea a 850 de ani de la înființarea Moscovei (1997)
 Premiul pentru ce mai bună lucrare știinșifică a Ministerului învățământului din Federația rusă

Fotografii
 Printre membrii catedrei de teorie cuantică a Universității din Moscova, 1979, rîndul II, centru, la stânga de Ilia Lifșiț
Fizicieni ruși

Vladislav Halilov


Wataru Endo (Yokohama, 9. veljače 1993.) japanski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji veznog. Trenutačno igra za Liverpool.

Vanjske poveznice
National Football Teams

Japanski nogometaši
Nogometaši VfB Stuttgarta
Nogometaši Liverpoola
Aktivni nogometaši

Wataru Endo


Derek Anthony Hatton (born 17 January 1948) is a British former politician, later a broadcaster, property developer and businessman. He gained national prominence as deputy leader of Liverpool City Council in the 1980s and was a member of the Trotskyist Militant group.

Early life
Hatton attended the Liverpool Institute for Boys from 1959 to 1964. Notable names at the school included Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Peter Sissons, Bill Kenwright and Steven Norris. His subsequent academic success was limited, but he enjoyed sports and appeared on stage as Gratiano in a school production of The Merchant of Venice with future theatre producer Bill Kenwright.

Political career
Hatton became a firefighter and later joined the Labour Party and Militant, a Trotskyist organisation then following an entryist strategy within the Labour Party. As deputy leader of Liverpool City Council from 1983, Hatton was the most vocal and prominent member of the council's leadership. The then Leader of the Council was John Hamilton, a soft-spoken and widely admired local politician.

Hatton joined the rate-capping rebellion in 1985 as the council refused to make a rate increase. In June, the council changed tactics and set an illegal "deficit budget" which committed it to spending £30 million more than its income, claiming that the excess represented grant "stolen" by central government. Once adopted by the Liverpool District Labour Party and 49 councillors, this policy catapulted Hatton and the city council into massive media attention and conflict with the then Conservative government. In 1986, Hatton and 46 other councillors were subsequently found to have committed wilful misconduct by the district auditor, ordered to repay the costs incurred by the council due to the failure to set a rate as a surcharge, and disqualified from office.

Hatton was expelled from the Labour Party in 1986 for belonging to Militant, which had earlier been found to be in breach of the Labour Party's constitution. Hatton argued that Militant was a legitimate Marxist tendency within the Labour Party, but the National Executive Committee voted to expel him by twelve votes to six.

In 1993, Hatton was accused of corruption as deputy leader of Liverpool City Council. After a lengthy trial, at Mold Crown Court, he was found not guilty.

Hatton believes that he was the inspiration behind the character of Michael Murray in the G.B.H. series aired by Channel Four.

Media career
Hatton presented the lunchtime phone-in on 105.4 Century FM when it launched in 1998, titled "The Degsy Debate". The BBC Two fly-on-the-wall documentary Trouble at the Top followed the station's launch, and Hatton's training. In the 1990s, he worked as Talk Radio's morning phone-in presenter. He was the subject of a BBC documentary, My Brilliant Career in 1996.

In the 1990s, Hatton starred in a series of adverts for Sekonda watches. He also appeared on an episode of BBC panel show Have I Got News for You in 1993, alongside Conservative MP and panellist Edwina Currie, also a Liverpudlian.

In 2010, Hatton appeared in Channel 4's Alternative Election Night Special episode of Come Dine with Me alongside Brian Paddick, Edwina Currie and Rod Liddle.

Hatton was a director of Rippleffect Studios Limited from 1999 to 2008

Rejoining the Labour Party
It was reported in the Liverpool Daily Post in 2007 that Hatton had rejoined the Labour Party and intended to seek selection as a prospective parliamentary candidate in the North West. Hatton made clear that he is no longer a Trotskyist, but maintains that he remains firmly on the left of the party, expressing his belief that Labour has to abandon New Labour ideology (or "neo-Tory", as Hatton puts it) and return to its traditional values.

In October 2008, during an interview with The Sunday Telegraph, Hatton revealed that he had become a capitalist running a property company in Cyprus and driving a £60,000 Range Rover, justifying his change in attitude as "My days in politics were a very long time ago and I lost interest in it after I was expelled from the city council". Hatton gave another interview in the same year to the Liverpool Daily Post in which he reasserted his intention to seek selection as a parliamentary Labour candidate for a constituency in Liverpool or elsewhere in the North West at some point in the future. Hatton stated that he may challenge "one of the neo-Tory types currently representing Liverpool, like Maria Eagle maybe".

2015 rejected application
On 28 May 2015, it emerged that Hatton had attempted to rejoin the Labour Party on 9 May, two days after Labour's defeat in the 2015 general election. His application was rejected by Iain McNicol, the party's general secretary.

In September 2015, Hatton endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. He wrote: "For the first time since the Eighties we have a clear choice between a Tory party supported by big business, and a Labour party based on the trade unions. This might sound very old fashioned, but it's simply a return to the obvious split that has always existed. It was artificially camouflaged under New Labour. It's an exciting time for the whole country, but I fear that the pressure which will be brought to bear from the 'New Labour dinosaurs' and from much of the media will be massive, and Jeremy Corbyn will need strength and support in abundance in order to resist it."

In a BBC Newsnight broadcast on 27 July 2015 Hatton claimed not to be a property developer, and that he was a card-carrying member of the Labour Party. He supported the campaign of Jeremy Corbyn to lead the Labour Party. However, the Labour Party denied this, insisting instead that Hatton had been sent a membership card automatically but had not been permitted to join.

At the end of January 2017, in an article for the Liverpool Echo, Hatton wrote that he had voted against Britain leaving the European Union in the membership referendum in June 2016: "I can't believe Corbyn is arguing for Labour MPs to vote with the most reactionary and xenophobic Tory government we've seen for a long time. This shows a real lack of leadership on his part and does now make me have serious doubts about him".

2018 overturned successful application
Hatton applied to rejoin Labour in September 2018. The application was approved in February 2019. He was suspended from the party on 20 February, just days after he was re-admitted, after an allegedly anti-Semitic tweet from 2012 came to light.

2020 arrest

In December 2020, newspapers reported that Hatton was one of five men, including the Mayor of Liverpool, Joe Anderson, arrested as part of an investigation into building and development contracts in Liverpool.

Bibliography

References

Further reading
Michael Crick, The March of Militant, London: Faber, 2nd edition, 1986.
Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men, London : Virago, 1990, 125–7, 315.

External links
Rippleffect
NYT page on Hatton
Cyprus Mail interview

1948 births
British broadcaster-politicians
Living people
People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys
English Trotskyists
English radio personalities
Labour Party (UK) councillors in Liverpool
Militant tendency supporters
British republicans

Derek Hatton


Franz August von Meding (* 6. März 1765 in Einbeck; † 15. Februar 1849 in Hannover) war ein hannoverscher Berghauptmann und Kabinettsminister des Königreichs Hannover.

Leben
Meding, Mitglied der Familie von Meding, war der Sohn des hannoverschen Generalleutnants Ernst August von Meding und dessen Ehefrau Wilhelmina Sibylla von Oldershausen (1734–1804). Er studierte nach dem Besuch der Ritterakademie Lüneburg von 1783 bis Michaelis 1787 Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Göttingen. Nach dem Studium trat Meding in den Verwaltungsdienst des Kurfürstentums Hannover und wurde 1790 Bergdrost, 1794 Vizeberghauptmann und 1797 Kammerrat in Hannover. 1802 wurde er zum Berghauptmann in Clausthal ernannt. Bereits 1803 veranlasste er den Bau der Tiefen Wasserstrecke und förderte den Ausbau der Bergschule, heutigen Technischen Universität Clausthal, die 1810/11 ein erstes Schulgebäude erhielt. Während der Franzosenzeit war ab 1812 für die Regierung des Königreichs Westphalen in Kassel als Generaldirektor aller Montanunternehmen des Landes tätig. Während der Franzosenzeit gelang es ihm der Besatzung Silber im Wert von 3 Millionen Thalern vorzuenthalten, die dann für den Wiederaufbau des Königreichs Hannover zur Verfügung standen. 1813 kehrte er in seine Stellung als Berghauptmann in Clausthal zurück und führte dieses Amt zwischen 1814 und 1825 nebenberuflich fort, weil er 1814 zur Regierung nach Hannover berufen wurde, wo er 1816 zum Geheimen Rat ernannt wurde.

In Hannover erwarb von Meding ein Grundstück namens "Vorort 1", auf dem er sich von Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves eine eigene Villa im Stil des Klassizismus errichten ließ, die spätere Königliche Münze am Steintor.

Meding war in der Zeit von 1822 bis 1832 Minister des Königreichs Hannover und stand als solcher den Departements der Kommerz- und Manufaktursachen, der Bergwerks- und Harzsachen und der Wegebausachen vor. 1838 wurde er Erblandmarschall des Fürstentums Lüneburg.

Familie
Er war zweimal verheiratet. 1793 heiratete er seine erste Frau Rebekka von Reden (1773–1804), die Tochter des Berghauptmanns Claus Friedrich von Reden (1736–1791) und dessen Ehefrau Luise von Minnigerode, Das Paar hatte drei Söhne und eine Tochter.
Im Jahr 1805 heiratete er Caroline von Knigge (1773–1830), die Tochter des Freiherren Georg von Knigge (* 27. November 1731; † 23. Januar 1801)  auf Leveste und dessen Ehefrau Henriette Luise von Pfuel (* 20. Januar 1735; † 1. Februar 1799). Das Paar hatte zwei Söhne, darunter der Oberhofmeister Ernst von Meding.

Literatur

 Klaus Mlynek: Meding, Franz August Ludolf von. In: Dirk Böttcher, Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein, Hugo Thielen: Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2002, ISBN 3-87706-706-9, S. 248.

Einzelnachweise

Franz
Landdrost (Hannover)
Landesminister (Königreich Hannover)
Hannoverscher Berghauptmann (Clausthal)
Geboren 1765
Gestorben 1849
Deutscher
Mann

Franz von Meding


1323 Tugela, numit și 1934 LD, este un asteroid aflat în afara Centurii de asteroizi, având un diametru de aproximativ 60 de kilometri. A fost descoperit de astronomul sud-african Cyril Jackson pe 19 mai 1934, la Observatorul Union, din Johannesburg, Africa de Sud.  Asteroidul poartă numele râului Tugela, aflat în partea de vest a Africii de Sud.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center

Centura de asteroizi
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1934
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Cyril V. Jackson

1323 Tugela


An Eggelingia gabonensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Phillip James Cribb ngan Laan. An Eggelingia gabonensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eggelingia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eggelingia

Eggelingia gabonensis


بانفيلد ، هو نادي كرة قدم أرجنتيني وهو نادي أساسي في الأرجنتين وقد تأسس سنة 1896 م.

روابط إضافية
   Club Atlético Banfield Official website
     Eurobanfield.com | The place of european Banfield's community
     Soy Taladro| Sitio de fanaticos de banfield
  Soy de Banfield - News and history
  Banfield formations at football-lineups.com
 Banfieldmania radio show
 Sitio de fanaticos del Club Atletico Banfield

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1896
أندية كرة قدم في الأرجنتين
أندية كرة قدم في مقاطعة بوينس آيرس
أندية هوكي حقل أرجنتينية
تأسيسات سنة 1896 في الأرجنتين
منتخبات كرة طائرة وطنية أرجنتينية
أندية هوكي حقل في مقاطعة بوينس آيرس

بانفيلد


An Veyretella hetaerioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko och Tomasz Sebastian Olszewski. An Veyretella hetaerioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Veyretella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Gabon. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Veyretella

Veyretella hetaerioides


Brandon Paul Brian Williams (fæddur 3. september 2000) er enskur knattspyrnumaður sem spilar með Manchester United.

Enskir knattspyrnumenn
Fólk fætt árið 2000
Leikmenn Manchester United

Brandon Williams