Vitali Petrovitch Guerassimov (en ) est un général de l'armée de terre russe, né le  à Kazan et donné mort le  près de Kharkiv. Annoncée par le gouvernement ukrainien, sa mort n'est cependant pas confirmée par la Russie.

Biographie

Montée en grade
Guerassimov naît le  à Kazan, en République socialiste soviétique autonome tatare (aujourd'hui la république du Tatarstan, un des sujets de la fédération de Russie). Il sort diplômé de l' à Tcheliabinsk en 1999, puis est affecté de 1999 à 2005 comme commandant d'un peloton de chars, puis d'une compagnie de chars, enfin chef d'état-major d'un bataillon d'entraînement. Il participe à la seconde guerre de Tchétchénie en 1999-2000.

De 2005 à 2007, il est stagiaire à l'Académie interarmes à Moscou.

De 2007 à 2010, il est commandant d'un bataillon de fusiliers motorisés dans le district militaire du Caucase du Nord.

De 2010 à 2013, il est chef d'état-major et commandant adjoint de la  de fusiliers motorisés de la Garde, dépendant de la  interarmes du district militaire central.

Puis de 2013 à 2014, il est le commandant de la  de fusiliers motorisés, unité qui dépend de la  interarmes de la Garde.

De 2014 à 2016, il est le chef du département de tactique de l'Académie des forces armées de la fédération de Russie. Il fait une rotation au sein des forces russes déployées en Syrie. Guerassimov a également reçu la médaille « Pour le retour de la Crimée ».

En , il reçoit le grade de major-général et le commandement de la  de fusiliers motorisés de la Garde, unité militaire 41659, dépendant de la  interarmes, basées à Aleïsk.

De 2019 à 2020, il est le commandant de la  de chars de la Garde.

Guerre de 2022 en Ukraine
Au moment de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022, Vitali Guerassimov occupe le poste de chef d'état-major et de premier commandant adjoint de la  interarmes du district militaire central de Russie.

Le ministère ukrainien de la Défense affirme que Guerassimov aurait été tué dans l'oblast de Kharkiv le  alors qu'il commandait la  séparée de fusiliers motorisés, qui lui avait été antérieurement confiée en 2013.

Sa position pourrait avoir été connue du fait de l'utilisation de communications non-chiffrées. Le système militaire russe de communications chiffrées, Era, qui aurait dû être utilisé pour sécuriser la communication, aurait été dysfonctionnel. James Rands, membre de l'agence de renseignement Janes, avance que ce système s'appuierait sur les réseaux de télécommunication 3G et 4G, partiellement détruits durant l'invasion, ou rendus incompatibles avec Era du fait du déploiement d'IMSI-catchers par les forces armées russes. CNN déclare ne pas avoir vérifié de manière indépendante la mort de Vitali Guerassimov et les responsables américains ne l'ont pas confirmée. La Russie ne reconnaît pas le décès.

Références

Articles connexes
 Valeri Guerassimov
 Andreï Soukhovetski
 Andreï Kolesnikov (général)
 Liste des officiers supérieurs tués durant l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022

Naissance en juillet 1977
Naissance à Kazan
Major-général russe
Militaire russe de la guerre russo-ukrainienne

Vitali Guerassimov


Teološke vrline ili kreposti u kršćanskoj teologiji i filozofiji označavaju tri moralne vrednote Božjeg milosrđa preko kojih se ostvaruje spasenje. To su vjera, ljubav i nada.

U likovnoj umjetnosti prikazuju se kao žene s atributima. Vjera kao Marija Magdalena koja pridržava križ; Ljubav prema bližnjemu (Caritas) kao Marija Kleofina s gorućim srcem i Nada (Ufanje) kao Marija Saloma očiju podignutih prema nebu i rukama sklopljenih u molitvi.

Postoje i četiri kardinalne kreposti: razboritost (ponekad naznačena i kao razlučivost), pravednost, hrabrost (precizirana i kao moralna snaga), te smjernost odnosno umjerenost (prudentia, iustitia, fortitudo, temperantia). S njima su povezane i tri intelektualne kreposti: znanje, mudrost, razboritost (scientia, sapientia, prudentia), kojima netko dodaje i umijeće (ars).

Izvori

teologija
Vrline

Teološke vrline


The Laser is a class of single-handed, one-design sailing dinghies using a common hull design with three interchangeable rigs of different sail areas, appropriate to a given combination of wind strength and crew weight.  Ian Bruce and Bruce Kirby designed the Laser in 1970 with an emphasis on simplicity and performance.

The Laser is a widely produced class of dinghies. As of 2018, there were more than 215,000 boats worldwide. It is an international class with sailors in 120 countries, and an Olympic class since 1996. Its wide acceptance is attributable to its robust construction, simple rig and ease of sailing that offer competitive racing due to tight class association controls which eliminate differences in hull, sails, and equipment.

The International Laser Class Association (ILCA) defines the specifications and competition rules for the boat, which is officially referred to as the ILCA Dinghy, due to a trademark dispute.

Other "Laser"-branded boats of related designs include the Laser 2 and Laser Pico.

Production

The Laser is manufactured by different companies in different regions. They include LaserPerformance in Europe and the Americas, Performance Sailcraft Australia in Oceania, and Performance Sailcraft Japan in Asia. In 2019, the Laser's status as an Olympic class was reviewed, and retained on the condition that the class complied with the Olympic equipment manufacturers (OEM) policy, allowing any suitably qualified manufacturer to supply boats and class equipment on a Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) basis. The move would potentially see a significant increase in the number of Laser producers.

Design
The boat's design began in 1969 with a phone call between Canadians Bruce Kirby and Ian Bruce. While discussing the possibility of a car-topped dinghy (a boat small enough to be carried on a roof rack of a typical car) for a line of camping equipment, Bruce Kirby sketched what would be known as "the million dollar doodle". The plans stayed with Kirby until 1970 when One Design and Offshore Yachtsman magazine held a regatta for boats under $1000, called "America's Teacup". Hans Fogh made the sail and helmed the prototype in the regatta. After a few sail modifications, the Laser easily won its class. The prototype was originally named the "Weekender"; the sail held the letters TGIF, a common American abbreviation for "Thank God it's Friday". In December 1970 Dave Balfour, a McGill engineering student, suggested the name Laser and contributed the Laser sail insignia. The Laser sailboat was officially unveiled at the New York Boat Show in 1971 where many purchase orders were placed.

Bruce and Kirby agreed to put the boat into production with Bruce manufacturing the craft and Kirby receiving royalties on each unit. As world-wide demand grew, they realized that regional licensing the manufacturing would deliver boats more economically than exporting them from Canada.

The Laser hull accommodates interchangeable rigs with different sail areas. This allows for a wide range of sailors to sail and compete in a range of wind conditions despite the Laser's small ideal crew weight range for a given rig. Three rigs are recognised by the International Laser Association: original Laser Standard with a sail area of 7.06 m²; the Laser Radial with a sail area of 5.76 m²; and the Laser 4.7 with a sail area of 4.7 m².

The Laser's hull is constructed from fibreglass. The deck has a foam layer underneath for strength and buoyancy. The daggerboard is removable for storage and transport. The dinghy is manufactured by independent companies under licence in different parts of the world, including Performance Sailcraft Australia (Oceania) and Performance Sailcraft Japan.

As a one-design class of sailboat, all Lasers are built to the same specifications specified in the Laser Construction Manual. The association carries out inspections on manufacturers to ensure that boats are being made to the correct design. These factory specifications are the measurement of boats in a traditional sense. Sailors are prohibited from making any changes to the hull, sail, and spars unless specifically and positively permitted by the rules and are only allowed to use original parts. At regattas, boats are not measured, but rather inspected to ensure conformity with the rules.

The Laser hull is  long, with a waterline length of . The hull weight is , which makes the boat light enough to lift onto a car-top rack.

The various sizes of Laser are all cat-rigged. The Laser Standard sail has a sail area of .

The Laser is designed to be sailed single-handed although class rules permit two sailors.

Variants
Lasers can be rigged with a variety of rigs. Three of these rigs, the Standard, Radial and 4.7 are recognised by the International Laser Association, while other rigs have also been developed by third parties and are also available.

Laser Standard

The Laser Standard, or ILCA 7, is the original Laser rig. It has been sailed as the Olympic men's singlehanded dinghy since the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.The Standard Laser uses a Portsmouth Yardstick of 1101 for racing involving other classes. US Sailing sets its North American yardstick at DPN = 91.1.

Laser Radial

In Europe the smaller Laser Radial, or ILCA 6, has surpassed the original Laser Standard sail in popularity and replaced the Europe Dinghy as the Women's Singlehanded Dinghy for the 2008 Olympics. The Radial uses the same hull and fittings as the Laser Standard, but has a smaller sail (5.8 m²) than the Standard with a different cut, and has a shorter lower mast section. Optimal weight for this rig is . The Laser Radial rig has a UK Portsmouth Yardstick number of 1150. Its DPN is 96.7.

Laser 4.7

A smaller sail plan for the Laser, the Laser 4.7 or ILCA 4, was developed about a decade after the Laser Radial. The sail area was reduced by 35% from the Standard (from ) with a shorter, pre-bent bottom mast section, allowing even lighter sailors to sail it. The same formula as the Radial is kept. The hull is the same as the Standard and Radial. The optimal weight for this rig is , thus becoming an ideal boat for young sailors moving from the Optimist/RS Tera who are still too light for a normal Laser. The Laser 4.7 rig has a UK Portsmouth Yardstick number of 1210. Its DPN is 95.4.

Operational history
The Laser is raced worldwide from club levels to international and Olympic competitions.

Laser world championships are held in all three rigs and across junior, open, and masters age groups. In total in 2019, the Laser class association awarded 11 world championships. Places for world championships are limited due to high demand and are allotted to countries on the basis of the number of paid association members in each country.

In the Olympics, men race in Laser Standards and women race in Laser Radials.

Class association
The ILCA governs boat specifications and competition. The class association operates on four levels: the world level; a regional level based around continents; a district level based around states in the USA and Australia, and nations elsewhere; and at a local fleet level. The association plays a major role in ensuring conformity to Laser class rules worldwide.

Litigation
Bruce Kirby withdrew the license he had issued to LaserPerformance and later filed a lawsuit against LaserPerformance and Farzad Rastegar on March 4, 2013, claiming non-payment of design royalties.   Kirby also claims that the LaserPerformance boats have had issues with quality and parts availability. Kirby required the International Sailing Federation on March 25, 2013, to ask the International Laser Class Association to stop issuing ISAF license plaques to LaserPerformance (Europe) Limited, claiming that LaserPerformance were no longer a licensed builder. Instead ISAF and the ILCA issued a new plaque design, and changed the class rules so that a builder no longer needed to be licensed by Bruce Kirby.

Bruce Kirby Inc. has licensed the sailboat design under the new class name, "Kirby Torch", grandfathering Lasers bearing the "Bruce Kirby" plaque into the new class. On August 12, 2016, Bruce Kirby's claims were dismissed by the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut.

In 2019 the ILCA moved against Laser Performance  (the UK licensed builder which also owned the trademark on the Laser name) and withdrew its right to build officially measured boats.  The ILCA has chosen the new name of "ILCA Dinghy" for the boat.

In 2020, the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut found boat builder Quarter Moon (QMI) and LaserPerformance (Europe) Limited (LPE) liable for a sum of $6,857,736, payable to Kirby.

See also
Laser 2, a double-handed dinghy.
LaserPerformance, the manufacturer of many dinghies such as Laser Pico, Laser Stratos and the Laser.
Laser Pico, a small double-handed dinghy designed by Jo Richards in the 1990s mainly for family use
Laser 4.7
Laser 28
Laser Radial
Laser World Championships

Similar boats
Impulse (dinghy)
RS Aero
Phantom (dinghy)

References

External links
ILCA

Dinghies
Olympic sailing classes
Classes of World Sailing
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Bruce Kirby
Sailboat types built by Performance Sailcraft

Laser (dinghy)


Freedomland U.S.A. (often shortened to Freedomland) was a theme park dedicated to American history in the Baychester section of the northeastern Bronx in New York City, United States. Freedomland was built on marshland owned by the Webb and Knapp company, of which William Zeckendorf Sr. was the major owner. Zeckendorf announced his plans for Freedomland in May 1959. The park, conceived and built by C. V. Wood, consisted of over 40 attractions arranged in the shape of a large map of the contiguous United States. Groundbreaking ceremonies for Freedomland occurred in late 1959, and Freedomland opened to large crowds on June 19, 1960.

Because of Freedomland's $65 million construction cost, the park faced financial issues; by the end of the 1961 season, Freedomland had $8 million in debt. To generate revenue, the park added more exhibits and conventional amusements. By 1963, further financial issues led the owners to sell off a portion of Freedomland's lot to a pension fund of the Teamsters Union, as well as close off a section of the park. Even though Freedomland's planners anticipated that the park would eventually be developed into a full-time amusement area, Freedomland closed permanently at the end of the 1964 season, filing for bankruptcy on September 14, 1964.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, part of the Freedomland site was redeveloped as Co-op City, the world's largest co-op housing development. The Bay Plaza Shopping Center was built on another part of the site. Many Freedomland attractions and design features were auctioned or sold to other parks, and many of these rides no longer exist. While little physical evidence of Freedomland remains, several media works commemorate the former amusement park.

Creation
Freedomland was conceived and built by C. V. Wood, a Texan who had worked in the planning, construction, and management of Disneyland, which opened in Anaheim, California, in 1955. After Disneyland's opening, Wood's relationship with the Disney brothers became strained because of various disputes, and he was ousted from Disneyland management by early 1956. He soon became involved in the creation of other amusement parks across the United States under his company Marco Engineering. Wood had devised plans for an American-history theme park as early as 1957, in conjunction with Milton Ted Raynor, who later became president of Freedomland Inc. The new theme park would be themed entirely around American history, in a more historically accurate version of the Disneyland layout, which initially included four distinct areas: Adventureland, Tomorrowland, Fantasyland, and Frontierland.

Site

Two consultants at Marco Engineering performed a feasibility study for the location of Wood's proposed American-history theme park. By late 1958, Wood had pitched his American-history park concept to the Webb & Knapp development company. Early the next year, a site was selected: a portion of a  plot owned by Webb & Knapp in the northeast Bronx section of New York City. The site, in the Baychester neighborhood, was a former municipal landfill, originally marshland fed by Rattlesnake Creek and the Hutchinson River. This led to a profusion of mosquitoes during certain periods of the year.

The International Recreation Corporation (IRC) was incorporated in Boston in April 1959 to oversee development of the proposed park. Webb & Knapp's principal owner, William Zeckendorf, announced the plans for Freedomland on April 30, 1959. National Development Corporation (NDC), a Webb & Knapp subsidiary, as well as Freedomland Inc., an IRC subsidiary, were created to operate and manage the theme park. Wood and IRC president Peter De Met announced further details of the proposed park at a press conference that May. According to Wood and De Met, the park was to cover  and would have space for up to 32,000 visitors. About  would be developed for the park itself, and  would house parking, maintenance areas, and other service areas. There would also be a 12,000-spot parking lot and a 600-room motel.

In mid-1959, Freedomland Inc. leased the site for 50 years. IRC issued about one million shares, which were then sold to NDC and Freedomland Inc. The IRC offered 580,000 shares to the public in July 1959, priced at $17.50 per share, and the stock offering was quickly oversubscribed. This raised $17 million for the park. Under the terms of the lease agreement, the park was to pay an annual rent of $600,000 for the first five years, $750,000 for the next ten years, and $1 million thereafter. Wood presented further details for the park to Zeckendorf and his son William Zeckendorf Jr. later the same year.

Construction
A groundbreaking ceremony for Freedomland was initially planned for July 4, 1959, coinciding with Independence Day. Ultimately, the ceremony occurred on August 26, 1959. The ceremony featured a helicopter ride over the premises for the park's backers, as well as a special New York City Subway train for attendees. The festivities also included performances from cowboys and showgirls; the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts; performances from costumed actors; and a musical number from New York City Department of Sanitation's 60-piece band. Fifty bulldozers, representing every U.S. state, were exhibited at the groundbreaking ceremony. Despite these lavish preparations, only 19 members of the public attended the ceremony, in addition to sponsors and performers.

Over the next months, more than 2,000 workers were hired, mostly by the two major contractors, Turner Construction and Aberthaw Construction. Work was completed within just under 300 days. Some  of land were excavated to create  of canals. Land was raised by up to  to create the park's natural-looking features. Billboard magazine reported that the park was to have between 33 and 35 rides on opening day, as well as more than 80 commercial tenants who funded the construction of their own attractions. Major contractors were hired to furnish the props and attractions, including flat-ride manufacturer Arrow Dynamics, souvenir manufacturer Enco National Corporation, concessionaire The Brass Rail, and sternwheeler manufacturer Todd Shipyards. Frederic V. Schumacher was hired as the park's general manager in September 1959. In addition, Ellington and Co. was hired to manage advertising for the park, Sylvester Weaver Jr. oversaw radio and television coverage of the park, while Douglas Leigh was hired as the park's lighting consultant. Allen Hixon was hired in early 1960 to design the park's layout.

The construction contractors had finished the foundations of 15 structures by November 1959. The park's construction was facilitated by mild weather during the winter of 1959–1960, and forty-two buildings were in various states of completion by February 1960. On March 24, six small unfinished buildings were destroyed by fire and were razed; this did not affect progress on the rest of the park. The burned structures were reused as props for Freedomland's Chicago Fire attraction. Freedomland's opening was originally set for June 1, 1960. Advertising agent Edward Weiner wished to invite politicians such as the administration of U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower; all members of the U.S. Congress; the governors of all 50 U.S. states; and United Nations delegates to the park's opening. The opening was postponed to July 1 so the park could be ready for the expected crowds, then rescheduled again to June 18 due to high excitement generated by the marketing campaign. Journalists were invited to preview the park on April 28, 1960. By that May, the park's managers were so confident of the park's June 18 opening date that they had arranged for the popular TV series The Ed Sullivan Show to be broadcast from there on that date.

Opening
When announced, Freedomland was supposed to cost $15.5 million, funded by Freedomland Inc.'s stock issues. The final cost was significantly higher, at $65 million; the land was valued at $30 million and the scenery another $33 million. The eateries comprised another $1 million of the cost. The actual theme park consisted of  of the 205-acre site leased by the IRC. Prior to opening day, Freedomland launched an aggressive advertising campaign. The first phase, targeting the 10 million people living within  of New York City, consisted of daily advertisements in the city's newspapers, radio and TV stations, and subway cars. Advertisements were found as far away as  from the Bronx, and several contests and promotions for Freedomland were held in the greater New York City area. Several taglines were devised to advertise Freedomland, including "The World's Newest and Largest Outdoor Entertainment Center", "The World's Largest Entertainment Center", "The World's Largest Family Entertainment Center", and "The World's Largest Outdoor Entertainment Center". Marketers also used the generic slogan "A World of Fun for Everyone", but they discarded another tagline, "Freedomland is fifty states of happiness!". A promotional jingle was also developed for Freedomland.

On June 18, 1960, Freedomland was dedicated with a ceremony in front of the Chicago-themed railroad station. About 25,000 people attended the dedication, which raised funds for local youth programs. The following day, June 19, the park officially opened. To draw more visitors, Freedomland started a second advertising campaign on that day, targeting ten major populated areas within a radius of . People lined up to get into the park two and a half hours before its official 9:00 a.m. opening. Pat Boone cut the ribbon at 8:30 a.m. By noon, radio announcers were warning people not to go to Freedomland; the parking lot was full, and visitors were reportedly parking on side streets up to  from the main gate. By 2:05 p.m., Freedomland stopped selling tickets due to traffic jams on highways and local roads leading to the park. Ultimately, the park recorded 61,500 visitors, one-third less than the expected maximum capacity, and closed at 9:00 p.m., three hours before its intended closing.

On opening day, one security guard was quoted as saying that the drinking fountains were non-functional, the restrooms were few and far between, the concessionaires were poorly equipped for operation, and many exhibits were not yet painted or decorated. The park had a much smaller crowd on its second day of operation when it had an average of 15,000 visitors throughout the day. Satellite City and the Chicago Fire were not operational until a few weeks after opening day, the former due to "electrical difficulties". In total, Freedomland was only 85 percent complete at the time of its opening. Parts of the original proposal, such as a Freedomland Inn and a movie studio, were never completed.

Admission was initially $1.00 for adults, 75 cents for those aged 12 to 17, and 50 cents for those under 12. Members of the United States Armed Forces also paid 75 cents. The admission fee only covered entry to the park; each of the 35 rides had an additional surcharge of 10 to 50 cents. Patrons could also buy coupon books for nine rides, which cost between $2.50 and $3.50. At some point during the first season, adult admission was increased to $1.50.

Areas and attractions

Under Wood's leadership, Freedomland's designers created a history-themed concept, divided into seven themed areas based on the history of the United States. Each section featured attractions, shops, and restaurants fitting that section's theme. The layout resembled a large map of the contiguous United States and was designed like a movie set. As guests entered from the parking lot, they walked into Little Old New York of the 1890s. Baychester Avenue and the New England Thruway at the park's western edge approximately represented Freedomland's border with Canada. The designers added decor such as vintage building advertisements and a night-lighting system.  Freedomland's attractions on opening day were significantly different from what had originally been planned. Of the 16 areas and attractions announced in an August 1959 press release, 12 were operating on opening day, some of which were themed to a completely different time span than in the original plan. As conceived, the park also focused on history from a narrow era, between roughly 1850 and 1900, rather than a larger period.

The park could accommodate up to 32,000 visitors at once or 90,000 visitors per day. The premises included  of navigable waterways and lakes, 10,000 newly planted trees, more than 18 restaurants and snack bars, and parking for 7,200 cars for guests and 1,800 for employees. The park also included 35,000 shrubs. Freedomland's operators also acquired 80 burros, 200 horses, six stagecoaches, canoes, and saddles to make the park seem more realistic. At Freedomland's opening, there were 41 attractions, as well as performances reenacted by over 2,000 cast members. The park also had its own fire department, as well as a dedicated police department with 110 officers. Performance programs were designed to be interactive: for instance, children were enlisted to participate in fighting a reenacted Great Chicago Fire. Freedomland hosted a competition for its official hostess, "Miss Freedomland", every season; according to the New York Amsterdam News, these hostesses "have gone on to lucrative careers in fashion and television modeling".

None of the rides on opening day were traditional amusement park attractions such as roller coasters. As attendance failed to meet the operators' expectations, generic fairground attractions were added to the park in subsequent opening seasons, and the park had 45 rides and over 200 programs by 1962. As at Disneyland, many of Freedomland's attractions received corporate sponsorships, and alcoholic beverages were banned in Freedomland.

Transportation
The site was accessible from the rest of the city via the New York City Subway's Pelham Bay Park station, served by the , and the Gun Hill Road station, served by the . Furthermore, the presence of several highways, such as the New England Thruway, made the site accessible from the surrounding New York metropolitan area, whose population exceeded 10 million. Express bus service ran to Manhattan and the Pelham Bay Park and Gun Hill Road subway stations. For the wealthy, Flotair operated a seaplane service that could reach Manhattan in five minutes.

Intra-park transport
Freedomland U.S.A. had a railroad and an aerial lift ride carrying passengers between different parts of the park. The  narrow gauge Santa Fe Railroad traveled between the park's Chicago and San Francisco areas. The ride was approximately six minutes long and consisted of a loop stretching about . The park leased two locomotives named Monson No. 3 and Monson No. 4, as well as passenger coaches and flatbeds, from the Edaville Railroad in Massachusetts; the rolling stock was transported back to the Edaville Railroad via truck between seasons.

A two-passenger double Von Roll (VR101) sky ride, the Tucson Mining Company Sky Ride, traveled between the Old Southwest and Old Chicago sections of the park. The ride used gondolas manufactured by Gangloff Cabins, supposedly obtained from the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, and designed as replicas of ore cars. Sixty-four gondolas were used. The attraction was the company's first Double Von Roll 101 sky ride. The attraction contained two extended cables, although guests perceived these as four cables, two traveling in each direction. For the 1960 and 1961 seasons, the sky ride was a round trip only, but starting in 1962, guests could board at Chicago.

Little Old New York (1850–1900)
The Little Old New York section, at the north end of the park, was closest to the main entrance and contained an information booth, stroller rental, and lockers. It depicted New York City as it appeared in the late 19th century.  Attractions included:
 Horseless Carriage – An antique car ride in a 1909 model Cadillac through the New England countryside.
 New York Harbor tug boats "Totsie" and "Pert" – A boat ride from New York Harbor.
 A horse-drawn trolley that operated on tracks and traveled from New York to the Old Chicago area.
 The Bank of New York – A working bank branch that doubled as an exhibit about currency.

Restaurants and refreshments included:
 Borden's Old Fashioned Ice Cream Parlor
 F&M Schaefer Brewery – An old-fashioned brewery sponsored by Schaefer Beer.
 Kandy King Candy Shop
 Lipton's Inn/Lipton's Tea House
 New York Coffee House
 Welch's Grape Juice Bar – A beverage bar located near the New England vineyard.
Shops included a print shop to purchase vintage-style posters, an apothecary shop, a glass blower shop, and other stores. Unlike Disneyland, where the shops were connected to each other, the stores were generally separated internally, like actual shops on city streets. Macy's recreated its original Manhattan store, Macy's Herald Square. There was also a live street show that included a German band, an 1880s Tammany Hall speech, a political pep rally, campaigning suffragettes, and a New York gangland robbery of the Little Old New York Bank.

Old Chicago (1871)
The Old Chicago section was located on the park's western border, south of Old New York. One of the main geographical features of Old Chicago was an imitation of the Great Lakes. This water body was  deep, covered a surface area of , and could hold .

Attractions included:
 The Chicago Fire – At scheduled times, a Chicago building would "burn" and the flames were extinguished by character actors portraying firemen along with volunteers from among park guests using the vintage 1800s water pumper. The attraction was based on the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.
 Chippewa War Canoes [operated 1960–1961] – An attraction where guests paddled one of five 19-passenger canoes led by Native American guides.
 Great Lakes Cruise – A boat ride along the Great Lakes on one of two 110-foot, 400-passenger sternwheeler boats with calliopes.
 Indian Village – A teepee village with Native Americans creating handicrafts for sale and showcasing traditional dances. It was moved to the Great Plains "after a few seasons".
 Santa Fe Railroad station
 State Fair Midway [operated 1962–1964] – A series of more typical amusement rides added during the 1962 season. These included a Meteor Monorail roller coaster from Mack Rides; an Astro Ride; a Bumper Scooter; a go-kart track; and a Wiggle Worm. A kids' section was included, with a junior Santa Fe train and several other rides for small children. A dock was added for the New York Harbor Tug Boats.
Restaurants and refreshments included the Brass Rail Stockyards Restaurant, a steak restaurant. This was the largest restaurant in Freedomland with over 300 seats.

Shops included:
 Hallmark Card Shop – A store that sold souvenir postcards. Also served as Freedomland's communication center.
 Relic Shop – A souvenir shop located near the Chicago Fire attraction.

The Great Plains (1803–1900)
The Great Plains section was located south of Old Chicago. Attractions included:
 Borden's Barn Boudoir – A fully furnished apartment for the Borden Company's mascot, Elsie the Cow.
 Borden's Farm – A working farm exhibit that included horses, cows, sheep, pigs, poultry, corn and hay.
 Cavalry Rifles – A shooting gallery.
 Fort Cavalry – A log-by-log replica of a U.S. Army stockade.
 Fort Cavalry Stage Line – A stage coach ride past a buffalo herd and through the Rocky Mountains that included a mock robbery by actors portraying outlaws. A driver and four horses led each of the coaches, and between four and eight coaches were reportedly used.
 Mule-Go-Round – A merry-go-round pulled by western mules.
 Pony Express – A rider would pick up a message at the office and deliver it to The Old Southwest section for pick-up by the park guest.

Restaurants and refreshments included:
 Borden's Milk Bar – A beverage bar.
 Chuck Wagon Snack Stand – A snack bar.

San Francisco (1906)
The San Francisco section was located at the south end of the park. Attractions included:
 Barbary Coast – A recreation of San Francisco's entertainment district.
 Chinatown – A recreation of San Francisco's Chinese district, with shops and a Chinese restaurant sponsored by Chun King. There were also two inoperative junks that were built in Hong Kong.
 Hollywood Arena [added in 1961] – An amphitheater with animal acts and large-scale human stunts, it also featured appearances from New York City children's television personalities such as Wonderama host Sonny Fox, WPIX-TV's Officer Joe Bolton, Super Circus ringmaster Claude Kirchner and WNEW-TV's Uncle Fred Scott.
 Horse-Drawn Surreys – A transportation ride to the Southwest area.
 Northwest Fur Trapper – A boat ride adventure through Lewis and Clark territory, similar to Disneyland's Jungle Cruise.
 Santa Fe Railroad station
 San Francisco Earthquake – A dark ride made by Arrow Dynamics, which simulated the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
 Seal Pool – A display of actual Pacific harbor seals.

Restaurants and refreshments included:
 A&W Root Beer [operated 1962–1964] – An exhibit and restaurant sponsored by A&W Root Beer.
 Chun-King Shangri-La Restaurant – Located in the Chinatown recreation.
 Fisherman's Wharf – A snack stand with an actor dressed as an old salt seaman telling stories.

Shops included:
 Indian Trading Post – A souvenir shop.
 Italian restaurant with attached gift shop.

The Old Southwest (1890)
The Old Southwest section was located on the eastern border of the park, north of Old San Francisco. Attractions included:
 Burro Trail – An outdoor ride across the park's Rocky Mountains on actual burros.
 Casa Loca – A walk-through crooked house that appeared to defy the law of gravity.
 Gunfight – A live street show with actors engaged in a Western gun fight.
 Mine Caverns – A dark ride on an underground mine train through lava pits that revealed giant bats and cave creatures. Fourteen ride vehicles were used, with four passengers per vehicle.
 Texas Longhorns – An actual herd of steers.
 Tucson Mining Company – The gondola ride.

Restaurants and refreshments included:
 Mexican Restaurant (Libby's Hacienda, or Libby's Frito House) – A restaurant that served quick service meals, along with several "specials" that included Fritos.
 Santa Fe Opera House and Saloon – A soft drink bar that featured a 30-minute stage show with a four-piece band, showgirls, singers and comedians. Some of New York City's radio disc jockeys and program hosts would broadcast from the stage.

Shops included:
 Mexican Market – Souvenir shop.
 Western Trading Post – Souvenir shop.

New Orleans – Mardi Gras
The New Orleans – Mardi Gras section was located north of the Old Southwest. Attractions included:
 Buccaneers – A pirate-themed boat ride based on the original plans for Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean ride.
 Civil War – A horse-drawn correspondents wagon under a flag of truce brought park guests through recreations of American Civil War battle grounds, camps, derailed trains and burning houses. It ended at the surrender at Old Appomattox Court House.
 Crystal Maze – The world's first glass-walled house of mirrors maze.
 Danny the Dragon – A tram-like ride on the tail of a  long fire breathing dragon through Storybook Land. Freedomland had a green Danny and a red Danny.
 Kandy Kane Lane – A children's play area with a helicopter ride, a swan boat ride, a toy fair and a sand pile.
 King Rex Carrousel – A Dentzel merry-go-round dated to circa 1912.
 Popeye Museum [operated 1962 only] – Museum themed to the cartoon character Popeye
 Pirate Gun Gallery – A shooting gallery.
 Spin-A-Top – A spinning ride similar to Disney's Mad Tea Cups ride, with 18 "tops" on three turntables.
 Tornado Adventure – A dark ride that simulated driving though a Tornado Alley twister.
 Wax Museum [operated 1963–1964] – A wax museum brought from the Century 21 Exposition in Seattle.

Restaurants and refreshments included:
 Jesse Jewell Plantation House Restaurant – Food-service area that served fried chicken.
 Mardi Gras Sidewalk Cafe
 Jolly Roger snack area

Shops included the Carousel Toy Shop, next to the King Rex Carrousel.

Satellite City – The Future
The Satellite City – The Future section was located at the southeast section of the park. Attractions included:
 Blast-Off Bunker – An authentic reproduction of a Cape Canaveral control room in which visitors could witness a simulated rocket launch from start to finish.
 Braniff Space Rover – A simulation of a space journey in a 250-seat theatre designed to appear as a space ship.
 Moon Bowl [operated 1961–1964] – A stage and  dance floor that featured celebrity performers and guests.
 Moving Lake Walk – An automated moving sidewalk across a man-made lake. The lake was removed and replaced by the Moon Bowl for the 1961 season, but the sidewalk remained.
 Satellite City Turnpike – A miniature auto ride in futuristic cars.
 Special exhibits about modern science and industry.
Restaurants and refreshments included the Satellite City Snack Bar, as well as a Coca-Cola soft-drink bar.

Unbuilt areas and attractions
 Florida – An area near New Orleans and Satellite City that would have recreated the Florida peninsula.
 Movie Lot – A recreation of a Hollywood set located near San Francisco.
 An expansion of the New England section, which would have included a commemoration of the Battle of Bunker Hill, a fishing village, and a Plymouth Rock recreation.

In addition, the developers planned to build the Freedomland Inn just south of the park, with between 300 and 600 rooms. Architect William B. Tabler was hired to design the inn, which would have been directly south of the park, and contained amenities such as a wading pool, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a restaurant, and a coffee shop. Ultimately, only a foundation slab was developed; upon the park's eventual demise, some props were dumped over the slab and used as landfill.

Operations

1960 season

Freedomland's high construction costs—it was $7 million in debt on its opening day—led commenters to describe it as a "gamble". Schumacher hoped that Freedomland would be as large a New York City icon as Central Park or the Statue of Liberty. Although optimistic projections called for up to 5 million visitors a year, Freedomland would have needed to see two million visitors in its first season in order to break even. Toward the end of the season, first-year visitation projections were decreased from 4.8 million to 1.7 million; the park ultimately saw 1.5 million visitors, a statistic that was never surpassed in subsequent seasons. For the 1960 operating season, Freedomland was open seven days a week until September 18, when its operating hours were cut to weekends only for the rest of the season. Freedomland's managers had planned to operate the park from May 15 to October 15 of each year. The last operating day of the 1960 season was at the end of October.

On August 28, 1960, three armed men stole the day's receipts of over $28,000; most of the money was recovered when the thieves, identified as employees, were arrested two weeks later. At the end of that September, local news media reported that Freedomland had failed to pay the city a 5% amusement tax totaling $148,200. The tax was paid by the following week. The 1960 season was also marked by several incidents involving patron injuries. On June 25, 1960, days after the grand opening, a horse-drawn stagecoach overturned in the Great Plains section of the park and injured 10 people. Another incident occurred on October 24, 1960, when a children's train ride overturned and injured two boys. Meanwhile, Turner Construction and Aberthaw Construction filed a $3.648 million mechanic's lien on the park in November 1960.

The various lawsuits and liens left the park in debt. During the 1960 season, Webb & Knapp bought a 40% share in the project, only for the stock to drop by almost two-thirds, from $17.50 to $6.25 a share. At one point, local merchants refused to accept checks that Freedomland had issued. By that August, Raynor and Wood had resigned from the park's operation, and Zeckendorf hired two men to replace them. Zeckendorf also hired Art K. Moss, a marketing expert, who cut costs by decreasing the $150,000 weekly payroll by 20% and forbidding employees from collecting overtime. To raise money for the park, Zeckendorf proposed selling his leaseholds on three hotels in Midtown Manhattan (the Astor, Commodore, and Manhattan hotels) to the IRC. Webb and Knapp also considered developing a shopping center along Freedomland's periphery, and they started constructing the proposed motel during the 1960–1961 off-season.

1961 season
At the end of the 1960 season, park operators initially predicted that the park would reopen in May 1961. The reopening date was postponed by one month. Freedomland continued to experience financial troubles: before the beginning of the 1961 season, it was $8 million in debt. This led the IRC to propose that Zeckendorf sell the leaseholds on several Manhattan hotels to Freedomland Inc. in exchange for a $16.35 million mortgage note. As part of the plan, Webb and Knapp would give the park a $3 million cash loan, and it would purchase the lien that the construction contractors had placed on the park. This plan was approved in June 1961, just prior to the start of the park's second season. Zeckendorf also unsuccessfully attempted a merger with Yonkers Raceway & Empire City Casino. Yonkers Raceway's owners declined, though the IRC did purchase a controlling interest in the raceway that October.

The park reopened on June 10, 1961. Admission fees were raised to $2.95 for a park-wide entrance ticket, and pay-per-ride admission was abolished. To entice visitors, Freedomland started to add more traditional amusement rides, such as the Moon Bowl dance floor, as well as expanded its schedule of performances. The new attractions included a live show called Colossus; in total, the park had 164 events and attractions for the 1961 season. The Freedomland Inn, which had been planned to open in the park's second season, had not started construction. During the 1961 season, over 1.7 million visitors entered Freedomland. The park still had a myriad of issues: for instance, to satiate employees' demands for pay raises, the security budget was decreased, which resulted in people sneaking into the park without an admission ticket. To combat the park's declining reputation, Moss announced that taxicab drivers of New York City and their families would be able to enter Freedomland for free. According to a study conducted by park management, visitors stayed for an average of 7 hours and 48 minutes during the 1961 season.

1962 season
By 1962, it cost $1 million per year to maintain the park during the off-season. Prior to the 1962 season, Freedomland spent $1 million to add and expand its offerings. The improvements included a 5,000-seat arena and a midway-themed area with children's rides, as well as the Astro-Ride roller coaster and a Wiggly-Worm caterpillar ride. The 1962 season started on May 27 of that year. It was open weekends only for the first month, expanding its schedule to seven days a week in late June. Freedomland charged $3.50 admission during the 1962 season. After implementing a system of portable radios, the park laid off 700 of its 3,000 workers during that season. Additionally, visitors who entered after 6 p.m. were charged a reduced price of $2.50. The park also offered concerts, which featured acts such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra, Benny Goodman, and Paul Anka. In the long term, there were plans to make Freedomland into a year-round destination.

Following these changes, paint company Benjamin Moore & Co., which sponsored an exhibit in Satellite City, sued Freedomland in September 1962, seeking $150,000 in damages. The company sought to void its lease for exhibit space, citing "historical and educational" changes to the park's character. The New York Supreme Court ruled against Benjamin Moore. Concessionaires also started complaining of high rents, which had increased to , a price that many vendors could not pay with their low profits. Total admission for 1962 was estimated at 1.4 million.

1963 season
The 1963 season started on April 21 of that year, at which point it was open weekends only until that June. Admission had been reduced to one dollar. By that time, the themes of the amusements and events had little to do with history in general, let alone American history. The events advertised at the park included a children's zoo, puppet shows, DJ shows, clown performances, and circus parades. The Meteor single-rail coaster, bumper cars, side shows, a wax display, and a reconstructed carousel from the Dentzel Carousel Company were also added during the 1963 season. As Webb & Knapp's financial troubles increased in the 1960s, the firm placed the site of the proposed Freedomland Inn for sale at an auction in July 1963, with a minimum asking price of $2 million. The site, covering , did not garner any bids. Zeckendorf also sold off adjacent plots of land. The park closed for the season on September 29, 1963.

In total, Freedomland earned a combined $3 million from admissions during the 1962 and 1963 seasons. However, Freedomland still had a large amount of debt. Webb and Knapp faced serious financial troubles of its own, in part because of declining revenues from its hotels, prompting the firm to write off its entire investment in Freedomland in 1963. The company also sought to sell its lease of the land. That December, Zeckendorf obtained a $25 million mortgage loan from a pension fund of the Teamsters Union. Zeckendorf secured the loan by giving the Teamsters Union his lease of the park's  site, an adjacent  plot in Baychester, and a development in Dunedin Beach, Florida. This resolved the park's short-term debt. Zeckendorf was also considering ways to keep Freedomland open year-round, proposing ideas such as a ski slope, a horse-racing track, a bowling alley, and a series of Christmas events.

1964 season
Freedomland's fifth operating season began on May 16, 1964, with the park operating only on weekends until June. In advance of the 1964 season, the park's operators added a haunted castle attraction. By then, the San Francisco-themed area already had been walled off. For several months prior to the start of the 1964 season, there were rumors that Freedomland would be moved to Florida, where it could operate year-round. Staff members were also told that only Little Old New York, Old Chicago, and Satellite City might be open for 1965, while the rest of the park would be redeveloped. That July, Freedomland stopped booking rock-and-roll bands and started hiring big bands.

In July 1964, the IRC acquired Webb and Knapp's stake in Freedomland Inc. National Development Corporation president Hyman Green, who owned 20 percent of the NDC, bought the remaining 80 percent stake from Zeckendorf. The transactions were intended to reduce Webb & Knapp's large debt, which it had incurred after writing off $17.9 million in investments in IRC and Freedomland Inc. At the time, Green said he expected Freedomland to make a profit during the 1964 season, even as it had lost money year-to-date. Zeckendorf later said that Webb & Knapp's involvement in Freedomland "hurt the financial position of Webb and Knapp more than anything we've ever done." Toward the end of the 1964 operating season, Freedomland was expected to reopen the next year, even though it had only earned $738,000 from admissions. In an indication of its deep financial troubles, The New York Times reported that Freedomland Inc. had paid its employees with bad checks totaling $60,000.

Demise

Bankruptcy

On September 13, 1964, Freedomland closed for the season. Within three days, Freedomland Inc. had filed for bankruptcy. At the time, Freedomland Inc.'s liabilities were $27 million, about three times its $9 million in assets. The largest creditors, in order, were the IRC, the NDC, Zeckendorf, and the Internal Revenue Service. The bankruptcy filing nearly caused the collapse of the Teamsters Union, which held the mortgage on the property. Freedomland had never earned a net profit in each of its five operating seasons; if it were downsized , Freedomland estimated that it could make a $25,000 profit if it were to reopen in 1965. Freedomland never reopened, and its attractions, buildings, and other features were auctioned and sold during 1965.

Causes
Freedomland Inc.'s bankruptcy filings cited competition from the 1964 New York World's Fair as a direct reason for the park's closure. The author Michael Virgintino wrote that the World's Fair was unlikely to be the main reason for Freedomland's bankruptcy, as the World's Fair had been announced in 1959, and many of the fair's visitors only attended that event a few times. Furthermore, the World's Fair had recorded a $2 million loss in 1964, and several amusement attractions at the fair had gone bankrupt during that time. This was part of a decline in New York City's amusement industry in general, as the city's traditional amusement area of Coney Island had declined simultaneously.

The actual causes of Freedomland's failure have been attributed to several factors. First, it only operated seasonally, thus reducing potential income; this contrasted with Disneyland, which operated year-round. Freedomland was only open for three or four months a year, so it was able to accommodate much fewer visitors than Disneyland, which had 6 million guests in 1964. Second, the marshland was unstable and contributed to damage to many of the structures, requiring additional repair costs. A third factor was Freedomland's weak sense of identity, as people wishing for more traditional attractions could go to other places like Coney Island or Rye Playland. The park's failure may also have been exacerbated by the fact that Webb and Knapp had acquired too many assets, such as hotels, which had also struggled financially in the early 1960s.

Another theory holds that Freedomland was never intended to last long from the outset. William Zeckendorf said in 1970 that Freedomland was a "placeholder" to obtain land variances to permit more lucrative residential and commercial development of the marshland; the durability of the amusement structures obviated the need to undergo a proper monitoring period of 15 to 20 years.

Redevelopment
The NDC indicated in 1965 that it would sell about  of its  holdings in the northeast Bronx to the United Housing Foundation. In February 1965, the United Housing Foundation announced plans for the Co-op City development, a 15,500-unit housing cooperative, on the site. Even as these plans were announced, Freedomland was still negotiating to operate 30 acres adjacent to Co-op City. The New York City Planning Commission approved these plans in May 1965, with no provisions for an amusement park. By early the next year, most remaining portions of Freedomland were destroyed. Co-op City was constructed on Freedomland's parking lot and the Little Old New York and Satellite City areas during the late 1960s, and the first residents began moving to the area in 1968. The construction of Co-op City contributed to large areas of salt marsh degradation, exacerbating a process that had started when Freedomland was built.

The rest of the park remained decrepit and undeveloped through the 1970s, and some of the park's abandoned buildings remained on site. During the early 1980s, Bay Plaza Shopping Center was constructed on the land occupied by five additional park areas. Another proposal during the late 20th century, which called for light industrial development on the Freedomland site, failed when the developer could not obtain funding. Subsequently, Prestige Properties and Development Company proposed redeveloping part of the site as a commercial and office complex in 1990, following the completion of the adjacent Bay Plaza. A small part of the Freedomland development—a tract at the convergence of the New England Thruway and Hutchinson River Parkway, which had been intended for the Freedomland Inn—remained undeveloped until 2012, when an expansion of Bay Plaza Shopping Center opened at the site.

Critical reception
The areas were not historically or geographically accurate, and they primarily depicted events from the late 19th century. A writer for The New York Times stated that the themed lands were "perhaps not quite acceptable to the Geodetic Survey because so many dull places have been left out", and Time magazine called the park "nothing less than a replica of the continental U.S.A., 833 yds from parkway to shining parkway". Furthermore, most of the attractions were themed on the American frontier, a factor influenced by Wood's and Raynor's respective upbringings in Texas and Chicago, as well as Zeckendorf's grandfather's adventures in Arizona Territory. This led writer Paul D. Naish to state that "The photographed streetscapes at Freedomland have a distinctly generic quality". Walt Disney said of the park in 1961: "I think it was wrong from the start".

Freedomland generally received negative attention from members of the media. For instance, at the groundbreaking ceremony, writer Gay Talese observed that the park, characterized by its backers as the future "'greatest outdoor entertainment center in the history of man'", was to be built on such a "vast wasteland". Historian Walter Muir Whitehill described Freedomland as an operation with a "veneer of pseudo history" whose main purpose was to make money. Time magazine wrote of the simulated attractions in the park, which included "an electromagnetic dragon [and] real buffalo grazing the prairies", as well as so-called "birch-bark Chippewa war canoes" that were actually fiberglass Cherokee ships. However, the magazine also stated that the public did not initially seem to mind these false representations. By contrast, a reporter for the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1962 that "the Bronx is cheering" for Freedomland, even though "there is very little to cheer about in the Bronx".

Soon after the park's opening, it also gained a negative reputation among the public: toward its final years, mention of Freedomland often provoked reactions of either "ridicule or apathy". After the park closed, a Newsday writer called Freedomland a "flop" and said of many of the opening day visitors: "They came. They saw. They left. And most never came back." According to The New York Times, when Walt Disney World was being developed in central Florida in the late 1960s, some people expressed skepticism about whether Walt Disney World would be commercially successful, citing Freedomland's quick failure.

In 1993, The Walt Disney Company proposed developing Disney's America, an American history theme park near Manassas, Virginia. The proposal was similar to the Freedomland concept, but it was abandoned the following year after massive opposition. Russell Miller, one of the critics of Disney's America, found that plan deficient compared to Freedomland. Miller praised Freedomland as "an open-air theatre [that] promised not historical truth but national myth, infused with a spirit", while he questioned whether Disney's America was "a theme park or a bad night on PBS".

Legacy

Site
In nearby neighborhoods such as Williamsbridge, motels built primarily for Freedomland remained operational, despite the death of visitor attractions in the northeast Bronx. In August 2013, a plaque commemorating the park was installed near the site of its flagpoles. During mid-2019, remnants of Totsie, one of the New York Harbor tugboats, were placed near the plaque. The remains of Totsie were donated by Rob Friedman, an unofficial archivist of Freedomland history.

A small portion of the former park site, at the northeast corner of Bartow and Baychester Avenues, remains zoned as a C7 district. Such districts are reserved "for large open amusement parks"; Coney Island is the only other such district in the city. The zoning district is a holdover from Freedomland's operation. Due to its C7 zoning, the lot lacked any restrictions for the surface areas of signs located within its limits. This prompted a subsequent landowner to erect a tall billboard on the lot in 2019, although the billboard was controversial. As a result, Co-op City residents proposed changing the lot's zoning to a standard commercial use.

Attractions moved to other parks

Many Freedomland attractions and design features were auctioned or sold to other parks. Many no longer exist.
 The Crystal Maze, Danny the Dragon, an interior diorama of the Mine Caverns, the Tornado dark ride, and the King Rex Carrousel were moved to The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom, when it was owned by Charles R. Wood and known as Storytown USA, in Lake George, New York. The Tornado briefly operated at Kennywood from 1962 before moving to Lake George in 1967. The Crystal Maze building was converted into a concession stand and then an administration building.
 Two of the three Santa Fe Railroad stations were moved to Clark's Trading Post (subsequently called Clark's Bears), a family-owned park in Lincoln, New Hampshire. The park obtained Freedomland's Chicago station and the one-room prop station based in the Old Southwest-themed area of Freedomland; it was used for the still-operating White Mountain Central Railroad. Other Freedomland items that appear at Clark's include bricks from Little Old New York, seats from the Braniff Space Rover and street lamps from all over the park.
 One of the two sternwheelers was moved to the Byram River between Greenwich, Connecticut, and Port Chester, New York, where it supposedly still serves as a restaurant.
 San Francisco's Earthquake and New Orleans' Buccaneers (renamed Pirate Ride) attractions were moved to Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, in 1966. Both attractions are no longer operational at Cedar Point.
 The tugboat Totsie operated for many years at Quassy Amusement Park in Middlebury, Connecticut.
 Other Freedomland objects and attractions were moved to places such as Niagara Falls on the New York-Ontario border and the Magic Mountain site in Colorado. Forest Park Highlands, an amusement park in St. Louis that closed in 1963, apparently sold its Aero Jet ride to Freedomland, which in turn sold it to Knoebels Amusement Resort in Elysburg, Pennsylvania.

Historical commemoration
Freedomland's history has been the subject of several books. Acorn Press published two books in the Images of America series; the second book, Freedomland: 1960-1964 by Robert McLaughlin, was published in 2015. A detailed book about the park's history, Freedomland U.S.A.: The Definitive History by Michael Virgintino, was published in 2019. C. V. Wood's life and contributions to Disneyland are recalled in the book Three Years In Wonderland (2016) by Todd James Pierce.

In 1999, a website dedicated to the history of Freedomland was set up by Friedman. The New York Times reported at the time that "the site quickly became a lightning rod for Freedomland enthusiasts, receiving 6 to 10 E-mail messages a week with reminiscences and offers of material for its creator's growing collection."

See also
 List of defunct amusement parks in the United States

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

1960 establishments in New York City
1964 disestablishments in New York (state)
Cultural history of New York City
Defunct amusement parks in New York (state)
Amusement parks opened in 1960
Amusement parks closed in 1964
Co-op City, Bronx
1960s in the Bronx
Entertainment venues in the Bronx

Freedomland U.S.A.


Coleochaetophyceae, razred parožina. Postoji tridesetak priznatih vrsta unutar dva reda,

Redovi
 Chaetosphaeridiales Marin & Melkonian   8 vrsta
 Coleochaetales Chadefaud   30 vrsta

Izvori

Parožine

Coleochaetophyceae


Tom și Jerry: O aventură gigantică (engleză Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure) este un film de animație direct-pe-video de fantezie și comedie, lansat în anul 2013, și avându-i în distribuție pe faimoșii Tom și Jerry. Este al noulea din seria continuă de filme direct-pe-video cu Tom și Jerry. De asemenea este notabil a avea apariții a numeroase personaje din desenele clasice MGM în diferite roluri în poveste, inclusiv Droopy, Red Hot Riding Hood și Ursul Barney.

Filmul a fost lansat în America pe 6 august 2013, urmând ca să fie lansat și în România (pe DVD) dublat în română.

Premisă
În această nouă poveste plină de peripeții, Tom și Jerry sunt printre ultimele animale care trăiesc în Storybook Town – un parc tematic inspirat din poveștile cu zâne. Tânărul Jack este disperat să salveze parcul din mâinile unui miliardar lacom. Singurele sale ajutoare sunt Tom, Jerry și câteva boabe fermecate de fasole. Ceea ce urmează va întrece orice imaginație; ei vor pleca într-o călătorie pe un vrej uriaș de fasole către un tărâm magic locuit de o specie de uriași înfricoșători.

Legături externe

Filme din 2013
Filme în limba engleză
Filme de animație americane
Filme cu Tom și Jerry
Filme de animație Warner Bros.
Filme Warner Bros.
Tom și Jerry
Cartoon Network
Filme de animație din anii 2010
Filme de animație
Ecranizări de opere literare

Tom și Jerry: O aventură gigantică


Daina Glavočić (Rijeka, 1949.), hrvatska povjesničarka umjetnosti i prof. engleskog jezika te muzejska savjetnica.

Životopis
Rođena je u Rijeci. U Rijeci je završila Prvu riječku gimnaziju. U Sloveniji u Ljubljani studirala je povijest umjetnosti i engleski jezik i književnost. Magistrirala je na Odsjeku za povijest umjetnosti Filozofskoga fakulteta u Zagrebu s temom O skulpturi i arhitekturi 19. i 20. st. riječkoga groblja Kozala. Radila je u predstavništvu Adria Filma Zagreb te kao nastavnica likovne kulture u srednjim školama u Rijeci. Na riječkoj Pedagoškoj akademiji bila je asistentica Radmili Matejčić na odjelima Likovne kulture i Povijest umjetnosti, i predavala je izborne kolegije s temama riječke povijesti umjetnosti s kraja 19. i početka 20. st. Od 1985. radi u Modernoj galeriji u Rijeci, gdje je Zbirku grafike, Zbirku crteža, Zbirku "Romolo Venucci" i Zbirku "Božidar Rašica". Područje njezina znanstvenog zanimanja bile su arhitektura i skulptura Rijeke s naročitim naglaskom na međuratnu likovnu scenu, grobnu arhitekturu, riječku arhitekturu općenito i riječku industrijsku baštinu. Autorica je brojnih izložaba, čija je tema bila djelovanje riječkih umjetnika s kraja 19. i iz prve polovice 20. stoljeća.

Nagrade i priznanja
Važnije nagrade:
 1994.: Nagrada Grada Rijeke za znanstveno-istraživački rad na retrospektivnoj izložbi Romola Venuccija
 1998.: Red Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića za doprinos u kulturi i promicanje muzejske djelatnosti
 2014.: Nagrada Pavao Ritter Vitezović za životno djelo, koju joj je dodijelilo Hrvatsko muzejsko društvo

Izvori

Životopisi, Rijeka
Hrvatski povjesničari umjetnosti
Muzeolozi

Daina Glavočić


اللهجة القصيمية لهجة عربية يتحدث بها أهل منطقة القصيم في نجد. وهي لُهَيجات عدة متقاربة تجمعها صفات مشتركة. وسكان القصيم يرجعون إلى قبائل عديدة، ولكن يُلاحظ شبه لهجتهم بلغة تميم وربيعة وطيء أكثر من غيرهن. وكان يمر بأرض القصيم حجاج العراق وفارس، فاستقرت بعض مفردات لغاتهم فيها، وجلب رحالة العقيلات من كل أرض وطئوها بعض كلمات أهلها، ثم في القرن العشرين حدثت ثورة الاتصالات، فطرق أسماع الناس ألسنة مختلفة، فتأثرت بهن، وكانت الفصحى أشدهن تأثيرا، حتى غدا معجمها المكتسب يقارع معجم اللهجة سعةً وحجما. أقرب اللهجات للقصيمية هي اللهجة الحائلية، واللهجتان تعدان في أسرة لهجات شمال نجد.

السمات والظواهر اللغوية في لهجة أهل القصيم

الصوتية

الإمالات
 إمالة ما قبل هاء التأنيث عند الوقف، يقولون: سدرَِة sidreh، فطرَِة fiṭreh، هيئَِة hay'eh. وبها قرأ الكسائي، وهو لا يميل إذا سبق الهاء أحرف قليلة مذكورة، أما في لهجة أهل القصيم فالإمالة سارية فيها كلها إلا الألف، إذ تبدل الهاءُ بعدها تاءً مفتوحة -على لغة طيء المشهورة- وتبقى الألف غير ممالة، يقولون: قناتْ (أي قناة)، فتاتْ (أي فتاة)، صلاتْ (أي صلاة). قاسوا هذا على تاء الجمع في جمع المؤنث السالم. وهذه الظاهرة عكس ما في لغة طيء واللهجة الحائلية وهو قلب تاء الجمع هاءً، فيقال بناة لبنات ومعلماة لمعلمات.
 إمالة الواو والياء الساكنتين إذا كانتا في وسط الكلمة، يقولون: خِيَِل xēl، لِيَِل lēl، عَلَِيَِه 3alēh، رمِيَِت remēt، بِيَِت bēt، لُوَُم lōm، لُوَُن lōn، ذُوَُلا ðōla (أي أولاء)، يُوَُم yōm. أما إذا كانتا في آخر الكلمة، فلا تمالان.
 إمالة بعض الكلمات التي على وزن فائل بعد تخفيف همزتها، يقولون: عِيَِلة 3ēleh (أي عائلة)، نِيَِم nēm (أي نائم)، وبعضهم يقول: قِيَِم gēm (أي قائم). ونطقهن غير ممالات شائع أيضًا، يقولون: عايلة ونايم وقايم. وفي كلمات تخفف الهمزة ولكن لا تمال، يقولون: رِيْحة (أي رائحة).
 إمالة الحرف الأول والثاني من الفعل «تفاعل» إذا كان يعني التظاهر، مثل: تغافل تصبح تَِغَِيَِفَلْ teġēfal، تمارض تَِمَِيَِرَض temēraẓ، تناوم تَِنَِيَِوَمْ tenēwam، تكاسل تَِكَِيَِسَلْ tekēsal، تجاهل تَِجَِيَِهَلْ tejēhal. ومصادرها تكون بكسر عين الفعل، التكاسل تصبح تَِكَِيَِسِلْ tekēsil، والتجاهل تَِجَِيَِهِلْ tejēhil.

التفخيم والترقيق
 يغلظون كل لام غير مكسورة إذا سبقت بأحد حروف التفخيم: الخاء، الصاد، الطاء، الظاء، الغين، القيف، مثل: قَلْب، وخلق، صلى، وصلح، ظلم، طلع، وطال، وغلا (أي غلاء)، وغلقة، وقلم، وقلوب، وبقل، وصلطان (أي سلطان)، بطل، ظلوع (أي ضلوع)، وبها قرأ ورش عن نافع. ويغلظون لامي لفظ الجلالة (الله) واللهم، ويرققونهما إذا سبقتا بحرف مكسور.
 يفخم حرف الراء إذا كان عليه فتحة أو ضمة أصلية مثل: رمضان، رجب، رايد، الرمة، أما إذا كانت الحركة غير أصلية، مثل في حجرُه، طيرَه، سحرُه، فإنهن يرققن ويفخمن حسب ما سيفصل في أمر الراء الساكنة، وترقق الراء إذا كانت مكسورة، مثل: رزق، وكريم، وريح، وترقق الراء إذا كانت ساكنة وليست في آخر الكلمة، مثل: مريم، قرطاس، فرعون، أما إذا كانت الراء ساكنة وفي آخر الكلمة، فإنها ترقق إذا سبقت بحرف مد مثل: خير، طير، وترقق إذا سبقت بحرف مكسور، مثل: حجر، وسحر، وتفخم إذا سبقت بحرف مفتوح أو مضموم، مثل: قطر، عمر، أما إذا كانت الراء ممالة فإنها تفخم إلا إذا سبقها حرف مكسور أو حرف ساكن يسبقه حرف مكسور، وأمثلة الراء الممالة المفخمة: ربيع، رديف، رجيع، فترة، مرة، وأمثلة الراء الممالة المرققة: فطرة، سدرة، بسرة.

نطق الكاف

 حرف الكاف ينطق غالبا بنطق ممزوج بين التاء والسين (تس) وتكون مدغمةً، يقولون: تْسَبد (أي كبد)، يتسذب (أي يكذب). وإذا أتت كافان في كلمة واحدة، فتنطق الكاف الأولى نطق الفصحى، يقولون: سكاتسين (أي سكاكين). وتسمى هذه الظاهرة في اللغة التستسة، ويقل سماعها عند الأجيال المتأخرة إلا في حالة أن تكون الكاف كاف المخاطبة.
 يكسكسون كاف المخاطبة في الوقف والوصل، يقولون: أحبتس (أي أحبكِ)، سمعتس (أي سمعتكِ)، وهي لغة ربيعة، وهوازن، وحي من تميم.

نطق القاف

 حرف القاف ينطق غالبا قيفا وهي لغة بني تميم. ويلاحظ تزايد النطق بالقاف الفصيحة لا سيما في الكلمات التي يتلقاها الفرد من المدرسة ومن الإعلام مثل: قرآن، قمح، ديموقراطية وغيرها. ويلاحظ أن النطق بهذين القافين يؤثر على المعنى الدلالي في بعض الكلمات، فالفعل «علّق» ينطق بالقيف والقاف. فعلق بالقاف الفصيحة إذا كان المقصود إبداء الرأي مثل: علق معلق المباراة، أما إذا كان بمعنى تثبيت شيء مادي بآخر فإنه بالقيف مثل: علق الثوب على الجدار.
 وفي بعض الكلمات ينطق حرف القاف بنطق ممزوج بيين الدال والزاي (دز) وتكون مدغمة، يقولون: طريدز (أي طريق)، صادز (أي صادق). وتسمى هذه في اللغة الدزدزة، ويقل سماع هذا الصوت عند الأجيال المتأخرة.

نطق الهمزة

 تُلاحظ ظاهرة العنعنة في هذه اللهجة وإن كانت غير مطردة في كل الهمزات، وبعض الكلمات المعنعنة اكتسبت معنىً مختلفًا قليلًا عن المعنى الأصلي، مثل فجع التي من فجأ. ومن الكلمات المعنعنة كعّ التي من كعكع والتي أصلها كأكأ، وفقع من فقأ، ومن الكلمات الحديثة المعنعنة كلمة عسكريم من آيسكريم، والعنعنة كانت في لغة تميم، وأسد، وقيس.
 غالبًا ما تخفف الهمزة إذا كانت في وسط الكلمة فيقولون: ياكل في يأكل، وجيت في جئت، وروس في رؤوس. وهذه لغة الحجاز.
 يبدلون الهمزة واوًا في كثير من الأفعال إذا وقعت الهمزة في أول الفعل، يقولون: واسيت (أي آسيت)، وَخّر (أي أخّر)، واخذ (أي آخذ)، وهذه لغة طيء. وبعض هذه الأفعال تختلف معانيها عن مقابلاتها التي في الفصحى، مثل الفعل «وَخّر» الذي يعني في اللهجة الإبعاد والإزالة لا التأخير الزماني أو المكاني، يقولون: وخر عن النار (أي ابتعد عنها)، ووخر الحجر عن الطريق (أي أزله عن الطريق)، والأجيال المتأخرة استعارت «أخر» من الفصحى لتعني التأخير الزماني أو المكاني، فتجدهم يقولون: أخر الاجتماع ولا يقولون: وخر الاجتماع، إلا إذا أرادوا معنى الإزالة كأن يقول رئيس لمرؤوس: وخر الاجتماع عن جدولي اليوم (أي أزله).
 تحذف الهمزة من أواخر معظم الكلمات، يقولون: مَ (أي ماء)، اِبدْ (أي اِبدأ)، سما (أي سماء).

إدغامات

 من ظواهر اللهجة الإدغامات الصغيرة، وهذه الإدغامات جارية على ألسنتهم ولكنهم إذا شاؤوا أظهروا الحروف. وهذه الإدغامات قديمة، قرأ بها قراء متعددون.
 يدغمون المثلين كما في الفصحى، يقولون: ربحتّجارتهم (أي ربحت تجارتهم)، قلّهم (أي قل لهم).
 يدغمون الجنسين كما في الفصحى، يقولون: قَالَطّائفة (أي قالت طائفة)، قتّبين (قد تبين)، قِرّبي (قل ربي).
 إدغام الدال بالذال، يقولون: قِذّكر (أي قد ذكر).
 إدغام الدال بالظاء، يقولون: قظّلم (أي قد ظلم)، قظّرب (أي قد ضرب).
 إدغام الدال بالجيم، يقولون: قِجَّا (أي قد جاء)، رَجّميل (أي رد جميل).
 إدغام الذال بالتاء، يقولون: أَخَتُّه (أي أخذته).
 إدغام الذال بالجيم، يقولون: مُعاجّا (أي مُعاذ جاء).
 إدغام الذال بالدال، يقولون: مُعادَّرس (أي معاذ درس).
 إدغام الذال بالسين، يقولون: معاسّمع (أي معاذ سمع).
 إدغام الذال بالصاد، يقولون: معاصّادق (أي معاذ صادق).
 إدغام الذال بالزاي، يقولون: أخزّاد (أي أخذ زاد).
 إدغام تاء التأنيث بكاف الخطاب، يقولون: طرت إلى مدينَكْ (أي إلى مدينتك)، مِدرسَتْسْ (أي مَدرستكِ)، مَزرعَكُّمْ (أي مزرعتكم)، حفلَكِّنْ (أي حفلتكن).

ظواهر صوتية أخرى
 الألف إذا جاءت آخر الكلمة تقصر فتصير مجرد فتحة، يقولون: مَ (أي ماء)، أما إذا توسطت الكلمة فلا تقصر، يقولون: ماهم (أي ماؤهم).
 حرف الضاد اختفى تماماً وأبدل بحرف الظاء، يقولون: ظد (أي ضد) ويظرب (أي يضرب)، والظحـى (أي الضحى).
 تبدل السين صادًا في بعض الكلمات، مثل: صقف(أي سقف)، صقط (أي سقط)، صمخ (أي سمخ)، صاطع (أي ساطع)، صلطان (أي سلطان).
 تلاحظ ظاهرة اللخلخانية في بعض الجمل، مثل: فمان الله (في أمان الله)، مشالله (ما شاء الله)، مَنْتِب (ما أنت بـ). راجع جزء الأمثلة في الأسفل للمزيد.

الضمائر

 سقطت ضمائر المثنى المتصلة والمنفصلة، إذ يقوم ضمير الجمع المناسب مقامها كما وُصف في الأسفل.
 يسكنون أواخر ضمائر الرفع المنفصلة موافقة للغة أسد وتميم وقيس المشهورة، ويشبعون كسرة ضمير المخاطبة. فيقولون: انا (أنا)، حِنّا (نحن)، اَنتْ (أنتَ)، اَنتِي (أنتِ)، اَنتُمْ (أنتم أو أنتما)، اَنتِنْ (أنتنَّ أو أنتما)، هُوْ (هوَ)، هِيْ (هيَ)، هُمْ (أي هم أو هما)، هِنْ (أي هُنَّ أو هما)، وتبقى حركة الهاء في ضميري الغائب والغائبة كما هما حتى بعد أحد حرفي العطف، يقولون: وُهُوْ، فِهِيْ، وهذه لغة الحجاز، وأما تغيير حركة حرف العطف فهو ابتغاء تجانس الحركات، وهو شبيه بظاهرتي الوكم والوهم في لغة ربيعة، وحركة حرف العطف تتغير ابتغاء التجانس في ضمير المتكلمين والغائبين والغائبات كذلك، يقولون: وِْحِنا، وُهُمْ، وِهِنْ.
 لا تسمع في لهجتهم ضمائر المفعول به الثاني المتصلة، إذ يفصلون هذا الضمير دائمًا. يقولون: عطاك اِيَّاهُم (أي أعطاك إياهم) ولا يقولون: أعطاكهم. وهذه الضمائر كالتالي: اِيَّانِي (أي إياي وهو نادر الاستعمال)، اِيَّانَا (أي إيانا وهو نادر الاستعمال)، اِيَّاك (أي إياك، وتُكسكس كاف المخاطبة)، ايّاكم (أي إياكم أو إياكما)، ايّاكن (أي إياكن أو إياكما)، ايّاو (أي إياهُ)، ايّاهْ (أي إياها)، ايّاهم (أي إياهم أو إياهما)، ايّاهن (أي إياهن أو إياهما). وتستخدم ضمائر النصب المنفصلة للتحذير والتهديد كما في الفصحى، فيقولون: اياك والكسل (أي أحذرك من الكسل)، اياني وِيّاك من القطيعة (أحذر نفسي وإياك من قطع الوصال). ويكثر استعمال ضمائر النصب المنفصلة بعد الدعاء، فيجيبون من يقول: جزاك الله خيرًا، بـ«وِيّاك».
 وأما ضمائر الأفعال الخمسة فاتخذت صيغة المرفوع دائمًا كما هو مبين في قسم الإعراب من هذا المقال.
 ولغتهم من لغات أكلوني البراغيث؛ إذ يلحقون واو الجماعة ونون النسوة إلى الفعل المسند إلى فاعل ظاهر، ولكنهم يستعملون صيغة الفعل المؤنث المفرد مع غير العاقل موافقة للفصحى ومخالفة للمثال، فيقولون: اكلتن البراغيث (أي أكلتني)، قاموا الرجال (أي قام الرجال)، يجتمعن الامهات (أي تجتمع الأمهات).

ضمائر الرفع المتصلة

 تاء المتكلم: «تْ»، تاء ساكنة، يقولون: رحتْ (أي رحتُ)، جيتْ (أي جئتُ)، ركبتْ (أي ركبتُ).
 نا الفاعلين: «نا»، كما هي في الفصحى.
 تاء المخاطب: «تْ»، تاء ساكنة، يقولون: رحتْ (أي رحتَ)، جيتْ (أي جئتَ)، طلعتْ (أي طلعتَ).
 تاء المخاطبة: «تِيْ»، يشبعون كسرتها، يقولون: نمتِي اليوم كله (أي نمتِ اليوم كله)، وضربتيه (أي ضربتِه)، وهذه لغة ربيعة وبني عامر والرباب.
 تو المخاطبين: «تُوْ»، محاكاة للمضارع المجزوم، يقولون: عرفتُوا الرجل (أي عرفتم أو عرفتما).
 تن المخاطبات: «تِنْ»، يقولون: عرفتِنْ السر (أي عرفتُنَّ أو عرفتما).
 تاء الغائبة: «تْ»، تاء ساكنة كما في الفصحى، يقولون: قامتْ ونامتْ.
 واو الغائبين: «وْ»، واو ساكنة، يقولون: قامَوْ (أي قامُوا)، اجتمعَوْ (أي اجتمعُوا).
 نون الغائبات: «نْ»، نون ساكنة، يقولون: البنات يحبنْ الفساتين (أي يحبنَ).

ضمائر النصب والجر
 نون المتكلم: «نْ»، نون ساكنة لا تأتي إلا بعد الأفعال، يقولون: ضربَنْ (أي ضربني)، وهذه لغة طيء، وبنو سليم، وهذيل، ووردت في القرآن في مواضع كثيرة منها  و و.
 ياء المتكلم: «يْ»، ياء ساكنة موافقةً للفصحى، يقولون: بيتي، اسمي، عمري. ولا ينطقون هذه الياء إذا سبقها أحد حرفي الجر (من وعن)، يقولون: خذ مِنْ العلم (أي خذ مني العلم)، ابعده عنْ (أي أبعده عني)، إلا أهل عيون الجواء فهم يثبتون الياء في هذين الحرفين ولا يحذفونها إلا في الأفعال. وهذا الحذف مرده ظنهم بأنها «ني» المتكلم والتي يحذفون ياءها.
 نا المتكلمين: «نا»، كما في الفصحى، يقولون: سلم علينا جارنا بعد ما شافنا.
 كاف المخاطب: «كْ»، كاف ساكنة، يقولون: شفتِكْ (أي شفتكَ)، بيتِكْ (أي بيتكَ).
 كاف المخاطبة: «تْسْ»، يكسكسون كاف المخاطبة، فيقولون: احبتس (أي أحبكِ)، شعرتس (أي شعركِ) وهي لغة ربيعة، وهوازن، وحي من تميم.
 كم المخاطبين: «كُمْ»، كما في الفصحى، يقولون: السلام عليكُمْ، فريقكم، غلبكم.
 كن المخاطبات: «كِنْ»، يقولون: حسبتكِنْ جاراتي (أي حسبتكُنَّ)، فطوركِنْ (أي فطوركُنَّ)، منكِنْ (أي منكُنَّ).
 هاء الغائب والغائبة: ضمير الغائب «هْ» (هاء ساكنة)، وهي لغة طيء، والأزد، وبني عقيل، وبني كلاب، وضمير الغائبة «هْ» (هاء ساكنة)، وحذف الألف لغة طيء ولخم وفزارة، وحركة الحرف الذي يسبقه تفرق الجنسين. فهاء الغائب تسبقها ضمة لا تتغير مهما كان إعراب الكلمة، وهاء الغائبة تسبقها فتحة، فيقولون: ضربُهْ (أي ضربه)، بُهْ (أي بِهِ)، بيتُهْ، وضربَه (أي ضربها)، بَهْ (أي بَها)، وبيتَهْ (أي بيتها)، إذا سبق هاء الغائب إمالة ممدودة، لا تظهر الضمة، يقولون: عليَِهْ، وتظهر الفتحة قبل هاء الغائبة، يقولون: عَلْيَهْ (أي عليها)، وإذا سبق هاءَ الغائب ألفٌ، انقلبت الهاء واوًا، يقولون: صداو (أي صداه)، مداو (أي مداه)، ايّاو (إياه)، فحين تعذر ظهور الضمة على الألف انتقلت الضمة إلى الهاء ثم أشبعت فصارت واوًا، أما إذا سبق هاء الغائبة ألفٌ، فينطقون الهاء، يقولون: مداه (أي مداها)، ايّاه (أي إياها)، صداه (أي صداها).
 ضمير الغائبين: «هُمْ»، ضمته لا تتبدل أبدًا على لغة الحجاز وهوازن.
 ضمير الغائبات: «هِنْ»، يقولون: كَلَّمْهِنْ (أي كلمهنَّ)، حفلهِنْ (أي حفلهُنَّ)، بهِنْ (أي بهِنَّ)، وكسر الهاء لغة أسد وتميم وقيس، وربيعة

أسماء الإشارة

 سقطت أسماء إشارة المثنى، فاسم الجمع المناسب يقوم مقامها.
 تُفصّل لهجتهم في جنس أسماء الإشارة التي تشير إلى جماعة خلافًا للفصحى. فيقولون: ذولا الرجال (أي أولاء الرجال)، وهذولي البنات (أي هؤلاء البنات).
 لا تُسمع لام البعد في لهجتهم، إذ يكتفون بالكاف. فيقولون: ذاك وهناك ولا يقولون: ذلك وهنالك. وبعضهم يتقعر بالكلام فيكسكس كاف البعد إذا كان الاسم يشير إلى أنثى، فيقول: ذِيْتس (أي ذيك / تلك)، ذوليتس (أي أولائك).
 أسماء الإشارة ترد بهاء التنبيه وبدونها. وهذه الهاء ترد حتى مع الأسماء التي فيها كاف البعد، فتسمعهم يقولون: هاذاك وهاذيك. يُستثنى من هذا اسم المكان فإنه لا يرد مع الهاء، فلا يقولون: هاهنا، بل يكتفون بـ«هنا».
 لا تُجيز لهجتهم فصل هاء التنبيه عن اسم الإشارة، فلا تسمعهم يقولون: ها أنا ذا أو ها أنتم ذولا/أولاء، وإنما يلحقون اسم الإشارة «هَذا» ضميرَ إضافة إذا أرادوا هذا المعنى، فيقولون: هذاي (هاأنذا)، هذانا (ها نحن ذا)، هذاكْ (ها أنت ذا)، هذاتس (ها أنتِ ذي)، هذاكم (ها أنتم أولاء)، هذاكن (ها أنتن أولاء)، هذاو (ها هو ذا)، هذاهْ (ها هي ذي)، هذاهم (ها هم أولاء)، هذاهن (ها هن أولاء). لاحظ أن «هذا» في التراكيب السابقة اسم جامد لا يتغير بتغير جنس المشار إليه، ولاحظ أن الهاء تنطق بفتحة غير مشبعة فالاسم «هَذا» يختلف نطقه عن اسم الإشارة المفرد المذكر «هاذا» والذي درجت كتابته في العربية من دون ألفه.
 وهاء التنبيه تدخل على الأسماء المعرفة بأل في لهجتهم، يقولون: هالبيت عتيق (أي هذا البيت)، خذ هالدراهم (أي هذه الدراهم).
 ويصغرون بعض أسماء الإشارة إذا أرادوا أن يبينوا قرب المشار إليه أو صغره أو هونه، يقولون: ذيّا وهذيّا وذيّاك وهذيّاك(تصغيرًا لذا وهذا وذاك وهذاك) وذيّي وهذيّي (تصغيرًا لذي وهذي)، وهنيّا وهنيّاك (تصغيرًا لهنا وهناك).

النداء والتعجب والندبة والاستغاثة

 في لهجتهم ثلاثة أحرف للنداء وهن «يا» و «أيا» و «وا».
 «يا» قامت مقام حروف النداء كلها، فيقولون: يا محمد ويا فاطمة، ولا تسمعهم يقولون: أي بني أو أفاطمة. وقد يحذفون حرف النداء كما في الفصحى، فيقولون: محمد! فاطمة! (أي يا محمد ويا فاطمة).
 وتجيز لهجتهم دخول «يا» على المعرف بأل، إذ تسمعهم يقولون: يا الرجل (أي: يا أيها الرجل)، ويا الزوجة (أي: يا أيتها الزوجة).
 أما «وا» فهي للندبة وقد يتبع اسمها هاء السكت، فتسمعهم يقولون: واكبدي، واكبديه، واخزياه، واحَرَّتهن.
 و«يا» تستخدم كذلك للندبة عندهم، فيقولون: يا كبدي، ويا كبديه، ويا خزياه، ويا حرتهن، ويا ليتن كنت معهم (أي يا ليتني).
 و«يا» ترد عندهم للتعجب والمدح كما في الفصحى، فتجدهم يقولون: يا حلوهن، ويا سرعته.
 أما «أيا» فلا ترد عندهم إلا للذم، فتجدهم يقولون: أيا كلب وأيا خسيس.
 أما الاستغاثة فيكتفى بحرف الـ«يا» دون لامي المستغاث به والمستغاث لأجله. يقولون: يالله (أي يا لَله) ويا الرجال اخوكم (أي: يا لَلرجال افزعوا لأخيكم).

أسماء

 في لهجتهم ثلاثة أسماء موصولة، الأول: «مِن» للعاقل، الثاني: «ما» لغير العاقل، والثالث: «اللِيْ» لكل شيء عاقلًا كان أو غير عاقل كما هو الحال في أغلب اللهجات العربية المعاصرة. فيقولون: يفلح مِن يقوم الصبح (أي مَن يقوم الصبح)، سمعت ما قال، اللي تدرس تنجح (أي التي تدرس تنجح)، هم اللي كلمونا (أي هم الذين كلمونا)، أخذت اللي جاب (أي أخذت الذي أحضر).

الحروف

 ما زال حرف الجواب «إيْ» -الذي يأتي قبل القسم- مسموعًا في لهجتهم، يقولون: إيْ والله (عند الإجابة مع القسم).
 حرف جواب السؤال المنفي عندهم هو «إلّا» والذي يقوم مقام «بلى» في الفصحى. فيجيبون من يسأل: ما شفت القمر ليلة البارحة؟ إلا شفته (أي بلى شفته). وقد تكون «إلا» هذه نحت لإن النافية وحرف الجواب لا.
 حرف الجواب «أجل» له معنيان متقاربان في لهجتهم، الأول: لاستنكار السؤال، مثاله: جواب واحدهم إذا سُئل في نهار رمضان: أصائم؟ فيقول: أجل! (أي هل هناك جواب لهذا السؤال غير نعم!) والمعنى الثاني: يكون لاستنطاق المخاطب إذا لم يصدق المتكلم، مثاله أن يقول أحدهم: اظن الذيب رحل، فيُظهر صاحبه -سواء بالقول أو بالفعل- عدم تصديقه أو شكه أو استبعاده الأمرَ، فيقول الأول: أجل؟! (أي أخبرني ما ترى أو ما تعرف أو ما تظن إذا كنت لما أقول منكرا).
 حرف الجر «في» لا يُسمع في لهجتهم؛ إذ يقوم حرف الباء مقامه. يقولون: انا بالبيت، والكتاب بالدرج، والموعد بالليل. والظرفية من معان الباء في الفصحى. وهذه الباء في لهجتهم مفتوحة إذا كان الحرف الذي يليها ألف وساكنة إذا تلاها غير الألف.
 وحرف الجر «إلى» لا يُسمع في لهجتهم أيضًا؛ إذ يقوم حرف اللام مقامه. يقولون: رحت للمدرسة، وسهرت للصبح. وانتهاء الغاية من معان اللام في الفصحى.
 «لا» تكون حرف شرط في لهجتهم بمعنى إذا. يقولون: لا وصلت للبلد بلغنا (أي إذا وصلت إلى البلد بلغنا).
 «لِيا» حرف شرط في لهجتهم بمعنى إذا. يقولون: ليا تعبت استرح (أي إذا تعبت استرح).

الإعراب والبناء

 سقط إعراب الأسماء من لهجتهم، فهي عندهم مبنية دائمًا. يقولون: شفت محمدْ (أي محمدًا)، وراح خالدْ (أي خالدٌ)، وسلمت على صالحْ (أي صالحٍ).
 أما المثنى وجمع المذكر السالم، فقد اتخذا صيغة المجرور. يقولون: جا رجلين (أي جاء رجلان)، والمدرسين اجتمعوا (أي المدرسون).
 أما الأسماء الستة، فلازمت صيغة المرفوع. فيقولون: قام ابو عمر، وشفت اخو عبد الله (أي أخا عبد الله)، وسلمت على ابو نورة (أي أبي نورة). وأما «حمو» و«هنو» فهما غير دارجتين، وأما «فو» فلهم له مفردتان أُخريان وهما «اثم» و«فم»، وأما «ذو» فيقوم مقامها «أبو» و«ام» في لهجتهم، فيقولون: الرجل أبو ثوب ابيظ (أي الرجل ذو الثوب الأبيض)، والارظ ام حصى سود (أي الأرض ذات الحصى السود). وهذه مثل قولنا «أبو جهل» (أي ذو جهل).
 وأما الأفعال الخمسة، فلازمت صيغة المرفوع إلا ألف الاثنين، سقط من لهجتهم، فأبدلوه بضمير جمع مناسب. يقولون: لا تشربون من هذا الماء (أي لا تشربوا)، لا تسمعينه (أي لا تسمعيه)، الولدين يلعبون (أي الولدان يلعبان)، البنتين يلعبن (أي البنتان تلعبان).
 وكذلك الفعل المضارع معتل الآخر، يلزم صيغة المرفوع دائمًا. يقولون: لا تعطيه الا خير (أي لا تعطه إلا خيرا).
 يُبنى الفعل الماضي على السكون إلا إذا لحقه تاء التأنيث، أو نون النسوة، أو واو الجماعة، فيبنى على الفتح. فيقولون: قامْ (أي قامَ)، طلعْ (أي طلعَ)، قامَتْ (أي قامَتْ)، راحَوا (أي راحُوا)، جلسَنْ (أي جلسْنَ). ويقولون: قَالَنْ (أي قُلْنَ)؛ لأن الفعل الملحوق بنون النسوة مبني على الفتح عندهم، والألف حُذفت في الفصحى بسبب توالي الساكنين، وهذا انتفى عندهم.

ظواهر نحوية

 يستعملون الأعداد من ثلاثة إلى عشرة كاستعمالها في الفصحى، إذ تستعمل الصيغ المؤنثة للأسماء المذكرة، والصيغ المذكرة للأسماء المؤنثة، فيقولون: سبعة رجال، وتسع بنات، وأربعة اريل (أي أربعة ريالات).
 يضيفون باءً بعد حرف المضارعة الألف إذا كان الفعل يُشير إلى المستقبل، ويسقطون السين أو سوف. فيقولون: أبنام (أي سوف أنام)، وأبشرب (أي سأشرب). وهي نحت لكلمتي: أبي(من أبغي/أبغى ومعناها أريد) والفعل. أما إذا كان حرف المضارعة التاء فيقولون: تتنام (أي سوف تنام)، تتروحين (أي سوف تروحين) أو لا ينحتونها ويقولون: تبي تنام(أي سوف تنام)، وتبي تروح(أي سوف تروح). أما إذا كان حرف المضارعة الياء أو النون، فإنهم يضعون نبي أو يبي قبل الفعل، فيقولون: نبي نشرب (أي سنشرب)، ويبي يشربن (أي سيشربن). واكتفى بعضهم بالباء تخفيفًا، فصار حرف الباء يقوم مقام سين المستقبل، يقولون: بَشْرب (أي سأشرب)، بْتَشرب (أي ستشرب)، بْنَشرب (أي سنشرب)، بْيَشربون (أي سيشربون).
 ما زال للتنوين بقايا في هذه اللهجة، فيلحقون تنوين الكسر للنكرات سواء كانت مجرورة، أو مرفوعة، أو منصوبة. فيقولون: سلمت على رجلٍ منهم، وشفت رجلٍ منهم، وقام رجلٍ منهم.
 ما زالت الصيغ المبنية للمجهول مستخدمة في لهجتهم، إلا إن وزني الثلاثي المبني للمجهول تغيرا وأصبحا: فْعِل، ويِفْعَل. ومثالهما: شْرِب، ويِشْرَب. أما إذا كان الفعل مهموز الفاء، فإن الهمزة تقلب واو، فيقولون: وْكِل (أي أُكِل)، يٌوْكَل (أي يُؤكل). أما وزنا المبني للمجهول للفعل الرباعي وما زاد، فإنهما يوافقان الفصحى ما عدا حركة الحرف الأول، فإنه يكسر لا يرفع. يقولون: دِحرِج (أي دُحرِج)، يِدَحرَج (أي يُدَحرَج).

ظواهر صرفية
 فتح أول المضارع الثلاثي موافقةً للفصحى ومخالفة للهجات النجدية الأخرى من حولهم، كما في: يَشرب، يَأكل.
 همزة فعل الأمر تكون همزة وصل مكسورة كما هي في الفصحى. يقولون: اِكتب، اِجمع.
 فعل الأمر المهموز العين يكون على القياس، يقولون: اِسأل، ولا يقولون: سَل، وهذه لغة تميم.
 يبقون على واو اسم المفعول حتى لو كان عين الفعل حرفًا معتلًا، تقيدًا بالقياس، فيقولون: مديون، ومخيوط، ومبيوع (أي مدين، ومخيط، ومبيع). وهذه لغة بني تميم.
 يكسرون فاء الفعل الماضي الأجوف عندما يسند إلى ضمير متكلم أو مخاطب، يقولون: قمِتْ (أي مُتْ أو مُتُ أو مُتَ)، خِفت (أي خُفت)، صِرت. وهي لغة مشهورة قرأ بها قراء متعددون وتعزى إلى طيء وتميم والحجاز.
 إذا كان الفعل معتل الآخر، مثل: (بكى، رمى، مشى)، فإن حرف العلة يُحذف في صيغة الأمر موافقةً للفصحى، فيقولون : ابك، ارم، امش.
 إذا كان الفعل معتل العين، مثل: (صام، قام، نام)، فإن حرف العلة يحذف في صيغة الأمر موافقةً للفصحى، فيقولون: صم، قم، نم. ولكن الحرف الأول يكون مكسورًا دائمًا. ويعاد حرف العلة عندما يسند الفعل إلى واو الجماعة وياء المخاطبة، فيقولون: صُومَوا، قُومَي، موافقةً للفصحى في إثبات حرف العلة، ومخالفة لها في حركة لام الفعل، إذ إن لام الفعل تكون مفتوحةً دائمًا. ويعاد أيضًا حرف العلة عندما يسند الفعل لنون النسوة، فيقولون: صُومَن، وقُومَن، وهذا مخالف للفصحى التي تحذف حرف العلة.
 تحذف الهمزة من الفعل مهموز الفاء في صيغة الأمر موافقةً للفصحى، فيقولون: خِذ وكِل في أخذ وأكل، إلا إنهم يكسرون الحرف الأول، وفي الفصحى يكون مضمومًا.
 ما زالت صيغ التصغير مستعملة في اللهجة القصيمية فيقولون: وليد لولد، وبنية لبنت، وعجيز لعجوز، وشويعر لشاعر.
 تسكين الحرف الأول في كل ما جاء على وزن فعال بكسر الفاء أو ضمها فيقولون في (كتاب، جدار، صغار): اِكتاب، اِجدار، اِصغار.
 تسكين الحرف الأول في كل ما جاء على وزن مُفعّل، يقولون: امْحمد، امْجمع، امْنوم. وعدم تسكينها يشيع في كلمات كثيرة بسبب تأثير الفصحى المتزايد، إذ يقولون: المُدرس دخل الفصل.
 تسكين الحرف الأول من الأسماء المصغرة، يقولون: اِبْريدة (أي بريدة)، اُوْليد (أي وُلَيد)، اِمْحيحيل (أي مُحيحيل).
 إذا احتوى الفعل على حرف مضعف، يضعون ياءً بعد الحرف المضعف ولا يفكونه. فيقولون: ردّيت (أي رددت)، وظنّيت (أي ظننت)، وحجّيت (أي حججت)، وهي لغة طيء وذكرها سيبويه في كتابه من دون أن ينسبها.
 يبدلون الواو والياء ألفا في الأفعال معتلة الآخر حتى لو لم يكن الحرف الذي يسبقهما مفتوحا، يقولون: بقى (أي بقي)، رظى (أي رضي)، لقى (أي لقي)، نسى (أي نسي)، ويحذفون حرف العلة إذا أسندوا هذه الأفعال إلى حرف ساكن أصلي، يقولون: بقت (أي بقيت)، رظن (أي رضين)، لقوا، أما إذا كان السكون في الحرف الذي يلي الفعل غير أصلي، فيبقى حرف العلة ولا يحذف، يقولون: بقيت (أي بقيتُ أو بقيتَ)، وكل هذا لغة طيء. وعدم الإبدال شائع في لهجتهم أيضا، فتجدهم يقولون: نسي الماء، بقي أيام قليلة. ويبدلون الواو والياء ألفا في الأفعال معتلة الآخر إذا سبقهما حرف مفتوح موافقة للفصحى، يقولون: رمى، غزا، قضى، وإذا أسند الفعل إلى حرف ذي سكونٍ أصلي، حذفوا حرف العلة موافقة للفصحى، يقولون: رمتْ، رموا، رمن (أي رمين، لأن نون النسوة ساكنة في لهجتهم)، أما إذا كان السكون عارضا، يبقى حرف العلة، يقولون: رميتْ (أي رميتُ أو رميتَ).
 إبدال حرف العلة ألفا في بعض الأسماء، مثل: ترقات (أي ترقوة)، عرقات (أي عرقوة)، وصات (أي وصيّة)، وعَظات (أي عضيّة) وهذا الإبدال لغة طيء وربيعة كما وردت في بيت الأعشى (أجدك لم تسمع وصاة محمد نبي الإله حين أوصى وأشهدا)، ويقل سماع هذا عند الأجيال المتأخرة التي مالت إلى نطق الفصحى.

أمثلة من اللهجة القصيمية
هذه قائمة بغريب اللفظ الذي تميزت به هذه اللهجة.

وصلات خارجية
 شخصية أبو حمد في برنامج حلول أبو حمد يتحدث باللهجة القصيمية القحة وهذا مقطع فيديو له
 أنس الميمان يقرأ سورة الغاشية برواية الكسائي

المراجع

اقرأ أيضا
 لهجات السعودية

قصيمية
قصيمية
منطقة القصيم

لهجة قصيمية


Znanstveno-stručno djelo, djelo koje sadrži elemente i znanstveno i stručnog djela. Znanstvena, znanstvenostručna i stručna djela i radovi nisu oštro razgraničena iako razlike svakako postoje. Znanstvenostručna djela su: udžbenici, enciklopedije, leksikoni, praktikumi, rječnici, zbornici radova, bibliografije, priručnici, ljetopisi (godišnjaci), časopisi, pa čak i književna djela.

Izvori

Znanost

Znanstveno-stručno djelo


Tabea Kemme (født 14. december 1991) er en tysk tidligere fodboldspiller, der sidst spillede for Arsenal W.F.C., hvortil hun var kommet fra 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam.

Karriere

Klub
I sin ungdomskarriere og i de første to sæsoner i seniorkarrieren spillede Kemme angriber. Hun skiftede til mere defensive positioner, mens hun spillede for Tysklands U/20-landshold under U/20 VM i 2010, og hun sluttede sin karriere som forsvarsspiller. I 2006 kom hun fra sin barndomsklub SG Freiburg/Oederquart til 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam.

Hun kom på Potsdams førstehold i 2008, og 17. september samme år fik hun debut i Bundesligaen. I sin første seniorsæson var hun med til at blive tysk mester for første gang ud af fire, og året efter var hun med til at vinde Champions League med klubben.

Efter tolv sæsoner i Potsdam skiftede Kemme i 2018 til Arsenal W.F.C. Hun opnåede imidlertid kun ganske få kampe for klubben på grund af en knæskade, der tvang hende til at indstille karrieren det følgende år.

Landshold
Kemme spillede på flere af de tyske ungdomslandshold, og hun var i 2008 med til at blive europamester for U/17 samt vinde VM-bronze i samme aldersgruppe. To år efter var hun med til at blive U/20-verdensmester, og hun debuterede på A-landsholdet 27. november 2013 i en udekamp mod , som Tyskland vandt 8-0, hvor hun blev skiftet ind i 76. minut.

Hun opnåede i alt 47 A-landsholdskampe og scorede seks mål. Hun var med til at vinde Algarve Cup i 2014 med Tyskland, men den største triumf opnåede hun med landsholdet ved OL 2016, hvor Tyskland vandt guld. Kemme spillede alle kampe, hvor Tyskland først blev nummer to i indledende pulje, derpå besejrede  i kvartfinalen med 1-0, mens de i semifinalen fik revanche for nederlaget i indledende pulje til  og vandt 2-0. I finalen vandt tyskerne 2-1 over .

Efter fodbold
Allerede mens hun spillede fodbold, kom Tabea Kemme ind i politiet som aspirant. Hun blev politiinspektør i 2018 og arbejder nu i politiet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Tyskland
Olympiske mestre fra Tyskland
Medaljevindere fra Tyskland ved sommer-OL 2016

Tabea Kemme


Tilia miqueliana er trjátegund af stokkrósaætt sem var lýst af Karl Maximovich. Hún er frá Suðaustur Kína og hefur verið flutt inn til Japan og Kóreu.

Tilvísanir

Stokkrósaætt

Tilia miqueliana


Franz Kamphaus (Lüdinghausen, 2 de fevereiro de 1932) - padre católico romano alemão, nos anos 1982-2007 bispo diocesano de Limburg.

Foi ordenado sacerdote em 21 de fevereiro de 1959 na diocese de Münster pelo então Ordinário desta diocese, Michael Keller. Em 3 de maio de 1982, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Limburgo. Ele foi sagrado em 13 de junho de 1982 pelo Cardeal Joseph Höffner, Arcebispo Metropolitano de Colônia. Em 2 de fevereiro de 2007, ele atingiu a idade de aposentadoria do bispo (75) e renunciou no mesmo dia. Desde então, ele continua sendo um dos bispos seniores da diocese.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Alemanha

Franz Kamphaus