Sligo ( ;  , meaning 'abounding in shells') is a coastal seaport and the county town of County Sligo, Ireland, within the western province of Connacht. With a population of 20,608 in 2022, it is the county's largest urban centre (constituting 29.5% of the county's population) and the 24th largest in the Republic of Ireland.

Sligo is a commercial and cultural centre situated on the west coast of Ireland. Its surrounding coast and countryside, as well as its connections to the poet W. B. Yeats, have made it a tourist destination.

History

Etymology
Sligo is the anglicisation of the Irish name Sligeach, meaning "abounding in shells" or "shelly place". It refers to the abundance of shellfish found in the river and its estuary, and from the extensive shell middens in the vicinity. The river now known as the Garavogue (), perhaps meaning "little torrent", was originally called the Sligeach. It is listed as one of the seven "royal rivers" of Ireland in the ninth century AD tale The Destruction of Da Dergas Hostel. The river Slicech is also referenced in the Annals of Ulster in 1188.

The Ordnance Survey letters of 1836 state that "cart loads of shells were found underground in many places within the town where houses now stand". The whole area, from the river estuary at Sligo, around the coast to the river at Ballysadare Bay, is rich in marine resources which were utilised as far back as the Mesolithic period.

Early history
The importance of Sligo's location in prehistory is demonstrated by the abundance of ancient sites close by and even within the town. For example, Sligo town's first roundabout was constructed around a megalithic passage tomb at Abbeyquarter North in Garavogue Villas. This is an outlier of the large group of monuments at Carrowmore on the Cúil Iorra Peninsula on the western outskirts of the town. The area around Sligo town has one of the highest densities of prehistoric archaeological sites in Ireland, and is the only place in which all classes of Irish megalithic monuments are to be found together. Knocknarea mountain, capped by the great cairn of Miosgan Maeve, dominates the skyline to the west of the town. Cairns Hill on the southern edge of the town also has two very large stone cairns.

Excavations for the National Roads Authority (NRA) for the N4 Sligo Inner Relief Road in 2002 revealed an early Neolithic causewayed enclosure. Built around 4000 B.C., the Magheraboy causewayed enclosure is located on high ground overlooking the town from the south. This is the oldest causewayed enclosure so far discovered in Britain or Ireland. It consists of a large area enclosed by a segmented ditch and palisade, and was perhaps an area of commerce and ritual. These monuments are associated with the coming of agriculture and hence the first farmers in Ireland. According to archaeologist Edward Danagher, who excavated the site, "Magheraboy indicates a stable and successful population during the final centuries of the fifth millennium and the first centuries of the fourth millennium BC".
Danagher's work also documented a Bronze Age Henge at Tonafortes (beside the Carraroe roundabout) on the southern outskirts of Sligo town.

Sligo Bay is an ancient natural harbour, being known to Greek, Phoenician and Roman traders as the area is thought by some to be the location marked as the city of Nagnata on Claudius Ptolemy's second century A.D. co-ordinate map of the world.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00750770801909375 | volume=41 | title=Ptolemys map of Ireland: a modern decoding | journal=Irish Geography | pages=49–69| year=2008 | last1=Darcy | first1=R. | last2=Flynn | first2=William }}</ref> During the early medieval period, the site of Sligo was eclipsed by the importance of the great monastery founded by Columcille 5 miles to the north at Drumcliff. By the 12th century, there was a bridge and a small settlement in existence at the site of the present town.

Medieval history
The Norman knight Maurice Fitzgerald, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, is generally credited with the establishment of the medieval European-style town and port of Sligo, building Sligo Castle in 1245. The annalists refer to the town as a sraidbhaile ('street settlement') which seems to have consisted of the castle and an attached defensive bawn in the vicinity of Quay street. A Dominican Friary (Blackfriars) was also founded by Maurice Fitzgerald and the King of Connacht, Felim mac Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair, in 1253. This was accidentally destroyed by fire in 1414, and was subsequently rebuilt in its present form by Tighernan O'Rourke. Norman hegemony was, however, not destined to last long in Sligo. The Norman advance was halted in Sligo after the battle of Credran Cille in 1257 at Ros Ceite (Rosses Point) between Godfrey O'Donnell, Lord of Tirconnell, and Maurice Fitzgerald. Both commanders were mortally wounded in single combat. The Norman invasion of Tír Chonaill was abandoned after this. In 1289 a survey indicates there were 180 burgesses in the town. The Normans had laid a foundation that was to last.

The town is unique in Ireland in that it is the only Norman-founded Irish town to have been under almost continuous native Irish control throughout the Medieval period. Despite Anglo-Norman attempts to retake it, it became the administrative centre of the O'Conor Sligo (O'Conchobar Sligigh) confederation of Iochtar Connacht (Lower Connacht) by 1315 AD. Also called Clan Aindrias, the O 'Conors were a branch of the O'Conchobar dynasty of Kings of Connacht. It continued to develop within the túath (Irish territory) of Cairbre Drom Cliabh becoming the effective centre of the confederation of túatha. The other Irish túatha subject to here were Tír Fhíacrach Múaidhe, Luighne Connacht, Tir Olliol and Corann. Throughout this time Sligo was under the system of Fénechus (Brehon) law and was ruled by the Gaelic system of an elected Rí túath (territory king/lord), and an assembly known as an oireacht.

Through competition between Gaelic dynasties for the lucrative port duties of Sligo, the town was burned, sacked or besieged approximately 49 times during the medieval period, according to the annals of Ireland. These raids seem to have had little effect on the development of the town, as by the mid-15th century the town and port had grown in importance. It traded with Galway, Bristol, France and Spain. Amongst the earliest preserved specimens of written English in Connacht is a receipt for 20 marks, dated August 1430, paid by Saunder Lynche and Davy Botyller, to Henry Blake and Walter Blake, customers of "ye King and John Rede, controller of ye porte of Galvy and of Slego".

Sligo continued under Gaelic control until the late 16th century when, during the Elizabethan conquest, it was selected as the county town for the newly shired County of Sligo. An order was sent by the Elizabethan Government to Sir Nicholas Malby, Knight, wanting him to establish "apt and safe" places for the keeping of the Assizes & Sessions, with walls of lime & stone, in each county of Connacht, "judging that the aptest place be in Sligo, for the County of Sligo…" The walls were never built.

17th and 18th centuries

Sligo Abbey, actually a Dominican Friary, although a ruin, is the only medieval building left standing in the town. Much of the structure, including the choir, carved altar (the only one in situ in Ireland) and cloisters, remains. When Sir Frederick Hamilton's Parliamentarian soldiers partially sacked Sligo in 1642, the Friary was burned and many friars killed.

During the Williamite War (1689–91) the town was fought over between the Jacobite Irish Army loyal to James II and Williamite forces. Patrick Sarsfield was able to capture the town and repulsed a Williamite attack to retake it; however, Sligo was later surrendered to forces under the command of Arthur Forbes, 1st Earl of Granard.

In 1798, a mixed force of the Limerick Militia, Essex Fencibles and local yeomanry under a Colonel Vereker were defeated at the battle of Carricknagat at Collooney by the combined Irish and French forces under General Humbert. A street in the town is named after the hero of this battle Bartholomew Teeling. The Lady Erin monument at Market Cross was erected in 1899 to mark the centenary of the 1798 Rebellion.

19th century
The town suffered badly from a cholera outbreak in 1832. Scholars speculate that Bram Stoker, whose mother Charlotte Blake Thornley was probably (there are no records and the family lived in both Sligo and Ballyshannon) born in Sligo in 1818 and experienced the epidemic first hand, was influenced by her stories when he wrote his famous novel, Dracula. The family lived on Correction Street in the town. After fleeing to Ballyshannon, Charlotte wrote:

The Great Famine between 1847 and 1851 caused over 30,000 people to emigrate through the port of Sligo. On the Quays, overlooking the Garavogue River, is a cast bronze memorial to the emigrants. This is one of a suite of three sculptures commissioned by the Sligo Famine Commemoration Committee to honour the victims of the Great Famine.

A plaque in the background tells one family's sad story:

20th century
The early years of the century saw much industrial unrest as workers in the Port of Sligo fought for better pay and conditions. This resulted in two major strikes, in 1912 and, in 1913 the prolonged Sligo dock strike. Both ended in victory for the workers.

Sligo Town was heavily garrisoned by the British Army during the War of Independence. For this reason IRA activity was limited to actions such as harassment, sabotage and jailbreaks. At various times during the war, prominent Republicans were held at the Sligo Gaol. The commander of IRA forces in Sligo was Liam Pilkington.

Arthur Griffith spoke in April 1922 on the corner of O'Connell Street and Grattan Street. To this day it is known as Griffith's Corner.
During the Civil War, Sligo railway station was blown up by Anti-Treaty forces on 10 January 1923.

In 1961, St. John the Baptist's Church became a cathedral of the Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh after St. Mary's Cathedral in Elphin was abandoned, being destroyed by a storm four years previously.

Geography

Situated on a coastal plain facing the Atlantic Ocean, Sligo is located on low gravel hills on the banks of the Garavogue River between Lough Gill and the estuary of the Garavogue river leading to Sligo Bay. The town is surrounded on three sides by an arc of mountains, with the Ox Mountain ridges of Slieve Daeane and Killery Mountain to the southeast bordering Lough Gill. The flat topped limestone plateaux of Cope's, Keelogyboy and Castlegal Mountains to the north and northeast and the singular hill of Knocknarea with its Neolithic cairn to the west and the distinctive high plateau of Benbulben to the north.

Sligo is an important bridging point on the main north–south route between Ulster and Connacht. It is the county town of County Sligo and is in the Barony of Carbury (formerly the Gaelic túath of Cairbre Drom Cliabh). Sligo is the diocesan seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Elphin. It is in the Church of Ireland Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh.

County Sligo is one of the counties that make up the province of Connacht. The county is part of the Border Region due to the fact that part of North Sligo is relatively close to 'the Border'; the Border Region in the Republic of Ireland has a population of over 500,000 people and consists of the counties of Cavan, Donegal, Leitrim, Louth and Monaghan.

Architecture
The town consists of a medieval core street layout, but with mainly 19th-century buildings, many of which are of architectural merit. The town has a High Street which descends from the south of the town and terminates in a market flare at the Market Cross, a pattern typical of Norman street layouts. Here it meets the east west road leading from the Abbeyquarter on the east side to St. Johns Cathedral to the west. This seems to have been the first street laid out in the town. Burgage plots of Norman origin are also evident in the long narrow property boundaries typical of the centre of the town.

The only surviving medieval building is Sligo Holy Cross Dominican Friary built in 1252. An arched tower and three sided cloister of the Abbey Church still survive. The next oldest extant building is the Cathedral of St Mary the Virgin and St. John the Baptist on John Street. The current building dates from 1730 when it was designed by the German architect Richard Cassels who was visiting to design Hazelwood House. The cathedral contains four memorials to the Pollexfen family, maternal relatives of W. B. Yeats.

In the nineteenth century, Sligo experienced rapid economic growth and therefore architectural change was rapid. This was marked by the erection of many public buildings. These include Sligo Town Hall, designed by William Hague in a Lombardo-Romanesque style. Sligo Courthouse on Teeling street is an asymmetrical Neo-Gothic building designed by Rawson Carroll and built in 1878. The Gilooly Memorial Hall is an austere building on Temple Street built as a memorial to the Temperance campaigner Bishop Gillooly. His statue above the door bears the inscription "Ireland sober, is Ireland free". The Model School, now the Model Arts & Niland Gallery, was built by James Owen of the Board of Works to provide education to all denominations between 1857 and 1863, it was to serve as a model for other schools throughout the country.

The former Batchelors factory on Deep Water Quay is an industrial building which was built in 1905 as a maize mill and grain silo, and used an innovative construction method invented by François Hennebique in 1892. It is one of the earliest examples of its type in Ireland.

Climate

Sligo's climate is classified, like all of Ireland, as temperate oceanic. It is characterised by high levels of precipitation and a narrow annual temperature range. The mean yearly temperature is 9.4 degrees Celsius (49 degrees Fahrenheit). The mean January temperature is , while the mean July temperature is . On average, the driest months are April to June while the wettest months are October to January.

Rainfall averages 1131 mm (44.5 in) per year. The high rainfall means Sligo is in the temperate rainforest biome, examples of which exist around Lough Gill. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Ireland was −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) at Markree Castle, County Sligo, on 16 January 1881.

Demographics

Sligo had a population of 19,199 in 2016 and 20,608 in 2022, a growth of 7.3% according to the census.

From the 2016 population, 9,238 were males and 9,961 females. Irish citizens made up 85.1% of the population with Polish (886 persons or 5.5%) as the next largest minority, followed by people from countries outside the EU (753 persons or 4.1%).

6,299 persons could speak the Irish language and of these 1,639 spoke the language daily but only within the education system. 3,117 persons spoke a language other than Irish or English at home and, of these, 438 could not speak English well or at all. Polish was the most common foreign language spoken at home, with 980 speakers.

Religion

In the 2016 census, 14,428 residents identified their religion as Roman Catholic. A further 2,102 were adherents of other stated religions; 1,959 persons indicated that they had no religion.

Sligo is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Elphin.  The main church of the diocese is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception which is located on Temple Street. Other Catholic churches in the town are St. Anne's Church, Cranmore and St. Joseph's Church, Ballytivnan.

The town is also part of the Church of Ireland United Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh. The primary church in the diocese is the St John the Baptist Cathedral, Sligo which is located on John Street. Sligo Presbyterian Church is located at Church Street and Sligo Methodist Church is located at Wine Street. There is also a small Baptist church at Cartron Village, Rosses Point Road.

The Sligo-Leitrim Islamic Cultural Centre (SLICC) is located on Mail Coach Road. The Indian Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church meets at the St. Johns Hospital Chapel, Benbullen Rehabilitation Unit, Ballytivan.

Economy

Sligo is in the Northern and Western Region, a NUTS 2 region classified as an underdeveloped "region in transition" by the EU Commission. This is an area where GDP is from 75% to 90% of the EU average. It is entitled to funding from European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) Operational Programmes, which are administered by the Northern and Western Regional Assembly. Sligo Town is part of the NUTS 3 Border Region, which recognises that part of north County Sligo is relatively close to the border with Northern Ireland. A study by the European Committee of the Regions found that the Border Region was the most exposed in Europe to the economic effects of Brexit.

Sligo is a major services and shopping centre within this region. As of 2016 the service sector is the primary employment sector in the county, employing 18,760 (71.7%) of workforce. Industry and construction makes up 17% (4,427) of employment, and agriculture, forestry and fishing 7.2% (1,868). The total number employed is 26,002. 3,843 people are employed in agency assisted (IDA) companies. Sligo borough labour catchment as of 2016 is 21,824. 92% of enterprises in Sligo are micro-enterprises of 10 or fewer employees.

Sligo has traditionally been a centre for the tool-making industry.

The pharmaceutical industry is significant with several companies producing goods for this sector, including Abbott (Ireland) Ltd, which is among the largest employers in Sligo.

Development has occurred along the River Garavogue with the regeneration of J.F.K. Parade (2000), Rockwood Parade (1993–1997), and The Riverside (1997–2006), as well as two new footbridges over the river, one on Rockwood Parade (1996) and one on The Riverside (1999). Sligo has a variety of independent shops and shopping malls. There is a retail park in Carraroe, on the outskirts of Sligo.

Culture

The culture of County Sligo, especially of North Sligo, was an inspiration on both poet and Nobel laureate W. B. Yeats and his brother, the artist and illustrator Jack Butler Yeats. A collection of Jack B. Yeats's art is held in The Niland Gallery on The Mall in Sligo. The Yeats Summer School takes place every year in the town.

Sligo town has connections with Goon Show star and writer Spike Milligan, whose father was from Sligo, and a plaque was unveiled at the former Milligan family home on Sligo's Holborn Street.

 Traditional Irish music

Traditional Irish music sessions are held in several venues in the town.

In the early 13th century, the poet and crusader Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh kept a school of poetry at Lissadell north of Sligo town. He was Ollamh Fileadh (High Poet) to the Ó Domhnaill kings of Tír Chonaill. The school appears to have been dissolved after the Norman invasion. In the 16th century, the poet Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn wrote many praise poems in strict Dán Díreach metre for local chiefs and patrons such as the O'Conor Sligo. He was killed for a satire he wrote on the O'Haras. The annals record the death in 1561 of Naisse mac Cithruadh, the "most eminent musician that was in Éireann", by drowning on Lough Gill.

In the 17th century, two brothers from County Sligo, Thomas and William Connellan from Cloonamahon, were among the last of the great Irish bards and harpists. Thomas is the author of the tune Molly MacAlpin, now known as Carolan's Dream, and William may have written Love is a Tormenting Pain and Killiecrankie.

Traditional musicians from Sligo active in the early 20th century include Michael Coleman, James Morrison and Paddy Killoran.

Festivals
Sligo hosts several festivals throughout the year, including Sligo Live, occurring every October; the Sligo Summer Festival, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Sligo town; and the Fleadh Cheoil, which the town hosted in three consecutive years (1989, 1990 and 1991) and again in 2014 and 2015. Approximately 400,000 people attended the 2014 and 2015 festivals. During the festival, much of the music was played by musicians on the streets of Sligo.

The Sligo Jazz Project is held every July. Another annual festival, the Sligo Festival of Baroque Music, was started in 1995 and takes place on the last weekend of September.

Theatre
Sligo also has a tradition of theatre, both professional and amateur. Sligo has had a theatre at least as far back as 1750, according to Wood-Martins' History of Sligo, and often "her Majesty's servants from the Theatre Royal, Crow Street …. visited Sligo, even during the Dublin season, showing that in those days the townsfolk appreciated the Drama, for in some instances the company remained during several months".

There are now two full-time theatres in the town, including the Blue Raincoat Theatre Company, was founded in 1990 and based in Quay street. Sligo is also home to Hawk's Well Theatre, a 340-seat theatre founded in 1982.

In media
Sligo is the setting for author Declan Burke's series of hard boiled detective novels, featuring detective Harry Rigby.

Sebastian Barry's novels The Secret Scripture and The Whereabouts of Eneas McNulty are also set in Sligo town.

Sligo is the setting for John Michael McDonagh's 2014 darkly comedic drama film Calvary, in which a priest continues to serve his parishioners despite their increased hostility towards him and the Catholic Church.

Together with Dublin, County Sligo is one of the two main settings for Sally Rooney's 2018 novel, Normal People. A 2020 adaptation made by BBC Three and Hulu was partially filmed in Sligo.

Sport

Football
The town is home to  League of Ireland Premier Division champions Sligo Rovers, who have played home matches at The Showgrounds since they were founded in 1928.

There are also a number of junior association football (soccer) clubs who play in the Sligo/Leitrim & District league from the town. These include Calry Bohemians, Cartron United, City United & St. John's FC who play in the Super League and Glenview Stars, MCR FC, Merville United & Swagman Wanderers who play in the Premier League.

Gaelic games
There are three GAA clubs located in and around the town, including Calry/St. Joseph's of Hazelwood, St John's of Cuilbeg and St Mary's of Ballydoogan with Coolera/Strandhill of Ransboro and Drumcliffe/Rosses Point GAA also being close by. Calry/St Joseph's and St Mary's compete in the Sligo Senior Football Championship while St John's compete in the Sligo Intermediate Football Championship. Calry/St Joseph's also compete in the Sligo Senior Hurling Championship. These clubs also field Junior, Ladies, Minor and Underage teams. Many of the major Gaelic football and hurling matches, such as the inter-county home games of Sligo or a club championship finals, take place at Markievicz Park.

Rugby
Sligo RFC is situated at Hamilton Park, Strandhill, 8 km west of the town. This club participates in the Ulster Bank All-Ireland League Division 2B.

Other sports
Sligo (in particular Strandhill) is a location for surfing, and there are several surf schools in the area.

There are two nearby golf courses, County Sligo (Rosses Point) Golf Club and Strandhill Golf Club. Also just north of the borough boundary at Lisnalurg, there is Pitch and Putt called Bertie's. Rosses Point hosted the West of Ireland Championship in which future golfing star Rory McIlroy won in consecutive years (2005 and 2006).

Two basketball clubs are based in the town. These are Sligo All-Stars (located at the Mercy College Gymnasium) and Sligo Giant Warriors (whose venue is the Sligo Grammar Gymnasium).

Sligo Racecourse at Cleveragh hosts race days at least 8 times per year.

Administration

Sligo was administered by its own local oireachtas and the kings of Cáirbre Drom Cliab until the English conquest in the early 17th century. This territory corresponds closely to the newly created Sligo Borough District.

Sligo town then became an incorporated municipal borough with a Royal charter issued by the British King James I between 1613 and 1614. Sligo has had a mayor since incorporation in 1613. It had the right to elect 12 burgesses to the corporation. It was one of ten boroughs retained under the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840. Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, the area became an urban district, while retaining the style of a borough corporation.

Sligo Borough Corporation became a borough council in 2002. On 1 June 2014, the borough council was dissolved and administration of the town was amalgamated with the Sligo County Council. It retains the right to be described as a borough. The chair of the borough district uses the title of mayor, rather than Cathaoirleach.

As of the 2019 Sligo County Council election, the borough district of Sligo contains the local electoral area of Sligo–Strandhill, electing 10 seats to the council.

Law enforcement

From its foundation in the 13th century, Sligo was administered under local Fénechus (Brehon law) until the establishment of English Common law in the early 17th century after the battle of Kinsale. Courts were held regularly throughout the tuath at various buildings and on hilltops reserved for the purpose. Law enforcement was a function of the nobility and freemen of the area as no police force existed. No records survive from these early courts, but a case is recorded of a Dublin merchant being reimbursed by the local courts after he was fraudulently sold an out of date poem in the 1540s. Sligo then came under English martial law and eventually the common law as administered from Dublin and from which descends the present system.

The modern Sligo Courthouse was built in 1878. It hosts regular District and Circuit Court sittings throughout the year, and occasionally the High Court.

After 1922 the establishment of Garda Síochána.

Sligo-Leitrim divisional headquarters of the Garda Síochána is on Pearse Road in the town on the site of the old RIC barracks.

Health services
Sligo provides hospital services to much of the North Western region. The two main hospitals are Sligo University Hospital (formerly General and Regional) and St. John's Community Hospital. There is also a private hospital at Garden Hill.

Education

As of 2016, 14.2 per cent of adults were educated to at most primary level only; a further 45.1 per cent attained second level while 40.7 per cent were educated to third level.

There are five secondary schools in Sligo. These are two all-girls schools (Mercy College and Ursuline College), one all-boys (Summerhill College) and two mixed (Sligo Grammar School and Ballinode Community College).

Sligo has a campus of Atlantic Technological University (ATU) located in Ash Lane.  The university was formed in 2022 through the merger of: the Institute of Technology, Sligo (ITS); Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) and Letterkenny Institute of Technology (LYIT). It offers courses in the disciplines of business, engineering, humanities and science.

St. Angela's College (outside the town proper) is a campus of the Atlantic Technological University, and offers courses in nursing and health studies, home economics and education.

Transportation

Road
The main roads to Sligo are the N4 to Dublin, the N17 to Galway, the N15 to Lifford, County Donegal; and the N16 to Blacklion, County Cavan. The section of the N4 road between Sligo and Collooney is a dual carriageway. The first phase of this road was completed in January 1998, bypassing the towns of Collooney and Ballysadare. An extension to this road was completed in September 2005, and is known as the Sligo Inner Relief Road.

O'Connell Street – the main street in the town – was pedestrianised on 15 August 2006. Plans for the proposed redevelopment and paving of this street were publicly unveiled on 23 July 2008 in The Sligo Champion. The newspaper later revealed that people were not in favour of the pedestrianisation of the street. The street was reopened to traffic in December 2009.

Sligo has a certain amount of cycleways in proximity to the town and various road traffic calming measures have been installed helping to improve safety for pedestrians and cyclists.  The Urban Cycle Sligo initiative, for example, created six cycle routes.

Rail
Sligo acquired a rail link to Dublin on 3 December 1862, with the opening of Sligo railway station. Connections to Enniskillen and the north followed in 1881 and Limerick and the south in 1895. The line to Enniskillen closed in 1957 and passenger services to Galway-Ennis-Limerick closed in 1963. For many years Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ) kept the latter line open for freight traffic, before its full closure. The proposed Western Rail Corridor redevelopment project seeks to reopen it. In 1966 Sligo railway station was renamed Sligo Mac Diarmada Station after Irish rebel Seán Mac Diarmada from County Leitrim. Irish Rail, the Republic of Ireland's state railway operator, runs inter-city rail services on the Dublin-Sligo railway line. There are currently up to eight trains daily each way between Sligo and Dublin Connolly, with a frequency of every two hours.

Air
Sligo and County Sligo are served by Sligo Airport,  from Sligo town and near Strandhill, though no scheduled flights operate out of the airport. The nearest airport with scheduled flights is Ireland West Airport near to Charlestown, County Mayo,  away.

The Irish Coast Guard Helicopter Search & Rescue has been based at Sligo Airport since 2004, callsign Rescue 118. CHC Ireland provide 24 hour search and rescue using a Sikorsky S-92 helicopter.

The helicopter is operated by a crew of four, maintained and supported year round. The most northerly base in Ireland, it deals with the stern challenges posed by the Atlantic Ocean and the clifftop environment along the north-west coast.

Bus
Bus Éireann operates four bus routes in the town: one serves the town centre and another the west of the town. The other two routes run from the town to Strandhill and Rosses Point respectively. Bus Éireann also provides inter-city services to: Enniskillen, via Manorhamilton; to Derry; to Galway, via Ireland West Airport Knock; and to Dublin, via Dublin Airport and towns along the N4 road.

Bus Feda operates a route from Gweedore, County Donegal, via Sligo to Galway.

Sligo Port

Sligo is one of just two operating ports on Ireland's northwest coast between Galway and Derry, the other being Killybegs. The harbour can accommodate ships with a maximum draft of  and a maximum length of ; the Port of Sligo extends from the Timber Jetty for a distance of .

The Harbour Commissioners of Sligo administered the port from 1877 until Sligo County Council took over responsibility for the Harbour from Sligo Harbour Commissioners in June 2006.

Records show the development of Sligo's port, exporting agricultural goods to Britain and Europe, in the 13th century with the arrival of the Normans. In 1420 port dues were levied for the first time. Later, as a port under Gaelic lords the harbour continued to flourish. Control of the taxes or "cocket" of Sligo port became a sought after prize of local dynasties. Native merchant families, like the O'Creans wine importers being the most well known. Sligo traded with France, Spain and Portugal throughout the Middle Ages.

After incorporation into the British Empire from 1607 onward Sligo was an important port. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the port was used for the transit of significant quantities of cattle, hides, butter, barley, oats, and oatmeal being exported and with the city's linen exports well established. Imports included wood, iron, maize and coal. The town prospered due to the trade with wealthy merchants setting up homes along the then fashionable Castle Street and Radcliffe Street (later renamed Grattan Street).

During the time of the Great Famine 1847–1850, it is estimated that more than 30,000 people emigrated through Sligo Port, mainly to Canada and the United States.

The most notable ship companies to operate out of Sligo included Sligo Steam Navigation Company who introduced the first steamer in 1857, Messrs Middleton & Pollexfen, Harper Cambell Ltd and the former Sligo Harbour Commissioners who owned a number of dredgers used for maintenance of the Channel (McTernan, 1992).

Linen was a major export also through Sligo port, with Pernmill road memorialising the linen textile mills.

The Sligo docks played an important role in the history of the labour movement in Ireland. The 1913 Sligo Dock strike lasted for 56 days and was a precursor to the Dublin Lockout that occurred 6 months later. Unlike the Dublin Lockout, the Sligo Dock strike resulted in victory to the workers.

The port of Sligo declined during the 20th century with the decline of sail and steamships and the increasing size of cargo vessels. In modern times, the port handles cargoes of coal, timber, fish meal and scrap metal and around 25 ships per year dock in the harbour. In 2012 a feasibility study was undertaken into the dredging of the shipping channel.

Media
There are three local newspapers in Sligo: The Sligo Weekender – out every Thursday (formerly Tuesday), The Free Northwest Express  – out the first Thursday of each month and The Sligo Champion – out every Tuesday (formerly Wednesday). Sligo Now is a monthly entertainment guide for the town – this is out on the first Friday of each month, whilst Sligo Sport'' is the town's sports specific monthly newspaper.

The town has two local/regional radio stations: Ocean FM, broadcasting to Counties Leitrim and Sligo and to parts of County Fermanagh and the south of County Donegal, and West youth radio station i102-104FM, which merged with its sister station i105-107FM in 2011 to create iRadio.

Notable people
See List of people from Sligo

Twinning

Sligo is twinned with the following places:
  Everett, Washington, United States
  Crozon, Brittany, France
  Illapel, Choapa Province, Chile
  Kempten, Bavaria, Germany
  Tallahassee, Florida, United States

Gallery

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

Explanatory notes

References

External links

 Official site – Sligo Borough Council
 Sligo Heritage
 Sligo and the surrounding area
 Sligo Town on the Net

Boroughs in the Republic of Ireland
County towns in the Republic of Ireland
Port cities and towns in the Republic of Ireland
Towns and villages in County Sligo

Sligo


Jakob Sørensen (født 2. juli 1988) er en dansk trompetist og komponist. Han voksede op i Sæby i Nordjylland, i et hjem fyldt med musik.
Efter endt uddannelse på hhv. Det Jyske Musikkonservatorium i Aarhus og Jazz-Institut Berlin udgav Jakob Sørensen i 2016 albummet NOMAD (Jaeger Community), som for alvor satte kursen for hans karriere, efter debutalbummet, Bagland, fra 2015.
For NOMAD vandt han i 2017 prisen som årets nye Jazznavn, der årligt uddeles af DPA i samarbejde med DR.

Opvækst
Jakob Sørensen voksede op i en lille by i Nordjylland, i et meget musikalsk hjem. Sammen med sine forældre og 2 yngre søskende har han bl.a. været en del af Sæby Big Band og Sæby Tyrolerorkester http://tyrolerne.dk/, ligesom de alle har været en del af harmoniorkestret og tambourkorpset Sæbygarden.
Jakob Sørensens bror, Rasmus Sørensen, har ligeledes forfulgt en karriere inden for Jazz-genren, og de to gæster hinandens orkestre i koncert sammenhænge. De er i dag begge bosat i København hvor de er en del af hovedstadens Jazzscene.

Musikalsk karriere

Bagland
Udover at være Jakob Sørensens debutalbum, er Bagland også navnet på den kvintet, som Jakob Sørensen har samlet til debutalbummet og efterfølgeren "Nomad". Udover Sørensen selv består Bagland af Alex Jønsson på guitar, Mathias Jæger på klaver, Frederik Sakham på kontrabas og Frej Lesner på trommer, som alle har deres rødder stærkt forankret i den skandinaviske lyd.
Musikken er komponeret i et afsides sommerhus i Danmark, blandt klitter og blæst i et øde landskab. De lyriske og melankolske melodier kendetegner kompositionerne, og lyden er ren og skrøbelig med tydelig reference til den nordiske lyd.
Bagland har optrådt rundt omkring i det meste af Danmark, og musikken spilles jævnligt i radioen, eksempelvis på P8 Jazz.
Debutpladen "Bagland" blev af Jazznyt vurderet til at være en af 2015's ti bedste danske jazzplader.

FABEL
I 2017 udgav Jakob Sørensen, som en del af Trioen FABEL, albummet "Fabel".
FABEL består af Jakob Sørensen på trompet, Kasper Staub på piano og Jens Mikkel på kontrabas.
Om bandet er der skrevet "FABEL er inspireret af lyden fra den nordlige folkemusik, men musikken trækker også fra adskillige andre forskellige genrer. For eksempel inspirationen fra de enkle melodier af Jan Johansson og de stemningsfulde, lyriske sange af Paul Simon.
Den nordiske tone, de enkle melodier og kammermusik lyden er en stor del af den fælles lyd i FABEL."

Elliott
I 2013 udgav Jakob Sørensen, som en del af trioen Elliott, albummet "Girls With Radical Haircuts". I Elliott er Sørensen i selskab med Alex Jønsson og Jens Mikkel Madsen, hvor alle tre musikere kan byde ind med kompositioner, og hvor der hersker en instinktiv fælles forståelse for æstetikken. Trioen har kun udgivet det ene album, men spiller desuden sammen i forskellige andre konstellationer.

Andet musikalsk arbejde
Når Jakob Sørensen ikke komponerer sin egen musik spiller han med i diverse andre projekter.
Siden 2015 har han været fastansat i Søværnets Tamburkorps, hvor han spiller på kornet. Desuden har han af flere omgange fungeret som afløser i DR Big Bandet, hvor han bl.a. var med under juleturnéen i 2015 og han har spillet med i orkestret til musicalen "Efter Brylluppet" i 2017, præsenteret af Musikhuset Aarhus og Betty Nansen Teatret og instrueret af Peter Langdal.
Endelig har han på den internationale scene taget del i Euro Radio Orchestra, hvor han blev udvalgt til at repræsentere Danmark af DR P8 Jazz.

Hædersbeviser
 2017 - Årets Nye Jazznavn '17 v. Danske Populær Autorer
 2015 - Årets Nordjyske Jazznavn v. JazzyDays i Tversted (vinder)
 2015 - Årets Nye Jazznavn v. Danish Music Awards Jazz (nomineret)
 2010 - Årets Jazzclasher v. Sæby Jazz Festival (vinder)

Diskografi
 FABEL: Fabel (2017)
 VULKAN: Venting (2016)
 Jakob Sørensen: NOMAD (2016)
 Jakob Sørensen: Bagland (2015)
 ELM: Elm (2015)
 Cesar Joaniquet: Betania (2014)
 Elliott: Girls With Radical Haircuts (2013)
 Xylop: Xylop (2012)
 Maskinvåd: Giftige Slanger (2012)
 Boho Dancer: Fury Skin (2012)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Jazzmusikere fra Danmark
Trompetister fra Danmark

Jakob Sørensen


Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides.
Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the frontside is called a seawall or a bulkhead.

Definition
A retaining wall is designed to hold in place a mass of earth or the like, such as the edge of a terrace or excavation. The structure is constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.

A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall; however, the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the opposite side. The walls must resist the lateral pressures generated by loose soils or, in some cases, water pressures.

Every retaining wall supports a "wedge" of soil. The wedge is defined as the soil which extends beyond the failure plane of the soil type present at the wall site, and can be calculated once the soil friction angle is known. As the setback of the wall increases, the size of the sliding wedge is reduced. This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall.

The most important consideration in proper design and installation of retaining walls is to recognize and counteract the tendency of the retained material to move downslope due to gravity. This creates lateral earth pressure behind the wall which depends on the angle of internal friction (phi) and the cohesive strength (c) of the retained material, as well as the direction and magnitude of movement the retaining structure undergoes.

Lateral earth pressures are zero at the top of the wall and – in homogeneous ground – increase proportionally to a maximum value at the lowest depth. Earth pressures will push the wall forward or overturn it if not properly addressed. Also, any groundwater behind the wall that is not dissipated by a drainage system causes hydrostatic pressure on the wall. The total pressure or thrust may be assumed to act at one-third from the lowest depth for lengthwise stretches of uniform height.

It is important to have proper drainage behind the wall in order to limit the pressure to the wall's design value. Drainage materials will reduce or eliminate the hydrostatic pressure and improve the stability of the material behind the wall. Drystone retaining walls are normally self-draining.

As an example, the International Building Code requires retaining walls to be designed to ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift; and that they be designed for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning.

Types

Gravity

Gravity walls depend on their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressure from behind and may have a 'batter' setback to improve stability by leaning back toward the retained soil. For short landscaping walls, they are often made from mortarless stone or segmental concrete units (masonry units). Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat flexible and do not require a rigid footing.

Earlier in the 20th century, taller retaining walls were often gravity walls made from large masses of concrete or stone. Today, taller retaining walls are increasingly built as composite gravity walls such as: geosynthetics such as geocell cellular confinement earth retention  or with precast facing; gabions (stacked steel wire baskets filled with rocks); crib walls (cells built up log cabin style from precast concrete or timber and filled with granular material).

Cantilevered
Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T). These walls cantilever loads (like a beam) to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below. Sometimes cantilevered walls are buttressed on the front, or include a counterfort on the back, to improve their strength resisting high loads. Buttresses are short wing walls at right angles to the main trend of the wall. These walls require rigid concrete footings below seasonal frost depth.  This type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall.

Diaphragm wall
Diaphragm walls are a type of retaining walls that are very stiff and generally watertight. Diaphragm walls are expensive walls, but they save time and space, and hence are used in urban constructions.

Sheet piling

Sheet pile retaining walls are usually used in soft soil and tight spaces. Sheet pile walls are driven into the ground and are composed of a variety of material including steel, vinyl, aluminum, fiberglass or wood planks. For a quick estimate the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment. Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod. Anchors are then placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil.

Bored pile

Bored pile retaining walls are built by assembling a sequence of bored piles, followed by excavating away the excess soil.
Depending on the project, the bored pile retaining wall may include a series of earth anchors, reinforcing beams, soil improvement operations and shotcrete reinforcement layer.
This construction technique tends to be employed in scenarios where sheet piling is a valid construction solution, but where the vibration or noise levels generated by a pile driver are not acceptable.

Anchored

An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in any of the aforementioned styles but also includes additional strength using cables or other stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it. Usually driven into the material with boring, anchors are then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or often by injecting pressurized concrete, which expands to form a bulb in the soil. Technically complex, this method is very useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak.

Alternative retaining techniques

Soil nailing

Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are reinforced by the insertion of relatively slender elements – normally steel reinforcing bars. The bars are usually installed into a pre-drilled hole and then grouted into place or drilled and grouted simultaneously. They are usually installed untensioned at a slight downward inclination. A rigid or flexible facing (often sprayed concrete) or isolated soil nail heads may be used at the surface.

Soil-strengthened
A number of systems exist that do not consist of just the wall, but reduce the earth pressure acting directly on the wall. These are usually used in combination with one of the other wall types, though some may only use it as facing, i.e., for visual purposes.

Gabion meshes

This type of soil strengthening, often also used without an outside wall, consists of wire mesh "boxes", which are filled with roughly cut stone or other material. The mesh cages reduce some internal movement and forces, and also reduce erosive forces.
Gabion walls are free-draining retaining structures and as such are often built in locations where ground water is present. However, management and control of the ground water in and around all retaining walls is important.

Mechanical stabilization

Mechanically stabilized earth, also called MSE, is soil constructed with artificial reinforcing via layered horizontal mats (geosynthetics) fixed at their ends. These mats provide added internal shear resistance beyond that of simple gravity wall structures. Other options include steel straps, also layered. This type of soil strengthening usually needs outer facing walls (S.R.W.'s – Segmental Retaining Walls) to affix the layers to and vice versa.

The wall face is often of precast concrete units that can tolerate some differential movement. The reinforced soil's mass, along with the facing, then acts as an improved gravity wall. The reinforced mass must be built large enough to retain the pressures from the soil behind it. Gravity walls usually must be a minimum of 50 to 60 percent as deep or thick as the height of the wall, and may have to be larger if there is a slope or surcharge on the wall.

Cellular confinement systems (geocells) are also used for steep earth stabilization in gravity and reinforced retaining walls with geogrids. Geocell retaining walls are structurally stable under self- weight and externally imposed loads, while the flexibility of the structure offers very high seismic resistance. The outer fascia cells of the wall can be planted with vegetation to create a green wall.

See also

 Civil engineering
 Direct shear test
 Earthquake engineering
 Flying arch
 Foundation (engineering)
 Geotechnical engineering
 Landslide mitigation
 Lateral earth pressure
 Revetment
 Seawall
 Slope stability analysis
 Structural engineering
 Terraced wall
 Trench shield
 Trench shoring

References

Further reading

Geotechnical shoring structures
Types of wall

Retaining wall


An Octomeria cucullata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Paulo Campos Porto ngan Alexander Curt Brade. An Octomeria cucullata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octomeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Octomeria

Octomeria cucullata


الباريت  (من اليونانية: βαρύς ·· ثقيل) ذو الصيغة BaSO4، هو معدن مركب من كبريتات الباريوم. ويكون الباريت غالبا أبيضاً أو عديم اللون، وممتزجاً مع الأنجليسيت والسلستين.

باريتين أو كبريتات الباريوم هو معدن ذو كثافة عالية عديم اللون أو أبيض يمكن ان يميل بشكل طفيف للأصفر، البني، الأخضر، الأحمر، الاسمر، أو الرمادي. تعود هذه الاختلافات بشكل أساسي إلى احتوائه على اكاسيد الحديد، الكبريت، أو المادة العضوية.
يستخدم مصطلح الباريتين بشكل اساسي في التجارة والصناعة لتوصيف نوع معدني محدد BaSO4 بينما مصطلح الباريت يقتصر على أكسيد الباريوم BaO
يتكون الباريتين من:
65,7% من BaO
34,3% من SO3
يتم تعويض كمية قليلة من الباريوم بالسترونيوم أو الكالسيوم.
يمكن ان تتطور أشكال بللوراته لتأخذ جوانب جميلة انبوبية جد مفلطحة.في حين ان الاشكال الأكثر شيوعا هي الكروية أو الإبرية

ويعتبر الباريت المصدر الرئيسي لعنصر الباريوم. تتكون مجموعة الباريت من الباريت، والسلستيت (كبريتات السترونتيوم)، والأنجليسيت (كبريتات الرصاص)، والأنهيدريت (كبريتات الكالسيوم).  يشكل الباريت والسيليستين محلولًا صلبًا، (Ba,Sr) SO4.

بعض الأسماء والتاريخ

لدي الصيغة المشعة والتي يشار إليها أحيانًا باسم Bologna Stone، بعض السمعة السيئة بين الخيميائيين بسبب العينات الفسفورية التي عثر عليها في القرن السابع عشر بالقرب من بولونيا بواسطة Vincenzo Casciarolo.

يستخدم الباريت عالميا بشكل اساسي كمادة مضافة لطين الحفر، وفي العديد من الصناعات لميزاته الخاصة: كثافة عالية (4.48 عند حرارة 26 °C)، بياضه الناصح، معامل كشط منخفض، ودرجة انصهار عالية (1580 °C)

لا تشير مواصفة معهد البترول الأمريكي API 13 / ISO 13500، والتي تحكم الباريت في أغراض الحفر، إلى ان الباريت يعتبر معدن محدد، بل إلى مادة خام تلبي تلك المواصفات. لكن بالرغم من ذلك، يعتبر الباريت في الحياة العملية علي أنه نوع من أنواع المعادن.

يشير مصطلح «الباريت الأولي» إلى أول منتج قابل للتسويق، والذي يتضمن الباريت الخام (من المناجم) ومنتجات التي تهدف الي بعض طرق الإثراء (مادي أو عوائد مالية) البسيطة، مثل الغسيل، والقفز، وفصل الوسائط الثقيلة، والطاولة، والتعويم. يتطلب معظم خام الباريت بعض الترقية حتى يصل الباريت إلى الحد الأدنى من النقاء أو الكثافة. يتم سحق الباريت المستخدم في الأسمنت «الثقيل» ومن ثم غربله الركام الناتج إلى حجم موحد. يتم طحن معظم الباريت إلى حجم صغير وموحد قبل استخدامه كحشو أو موسع، وإضافة إلى المنتجات الصناعية، فإنه يستخدم في إنتاج كيماويات الباريوم أو في الطين الزيني وحفر آبار البترول.

وقد اعتمدت الرابطة الدولية للمعادن في البداية كلمة "barite" باعتبارها التهجئة الرسمية لأسم المعدن، ولكنها أوصت فيما بعد بتبني الهجاء الأقدم "baryte". وكانت هذه الخطوة مثيرة للجدل وتم تجاهلها بشكل خاص من قبل علماء المعادن الأمريكيين.

الأسم
جاء أسم الباريت (من اليونانية: βαρύς ··) والتي تعني ثقيل، وقد تم استخدام أسماء أخرى للباريت، بما في ذلك الباريتين، الباريتيت (بالإنجليزية: barytite)، الباريتس (بالإنجليزية:barytes)، الصاري الثقيل (بالإنجليزية:heavy spar)، المشاجرة أو الشجار «تف» (بالإنجليزية: tiff)، وبلانك فيكس (بالإنجليزية: blanc fixe).

تواجده

يتواجد الباريت عادة في مناجم الرصاص والفضة وأيضاً في الحجر الجيري، وكذلك بجوار اليانابيع الساخنة.
وقد عثر على بورات يصل طولها إلى متر وذلك في كومبريا وكورنوول ودربشاير بإنجلترا.
بالإضافة إلى التشيك وسلوفاكيا، وألمانيا وامريكا وإيطاليا والجزائر.

قُدر الإنتاج العالمي للباريت في عام 2019 بحوالي 9.5 مليون طن/متر، انخفاضًا من 9.8 مليون طن/متر في عام 2012.ومن المنتجين الرئيسيين للباريت (بحسب إحصائيات عام 2017، والأرقام مقدرة بالألف طن) هم كما يلي: الصين (3600)، الهند(1600)، المغرب (1000)، المكسيك (400)، الولايات المتحدة (330)، إيران (280)، تركيا (250)، روسيا (210)، كازاخستان (160)، تايلاند (130) ولاوس (120).

وكانت أكثر الدول استخداماً للباريت في عام 2017 (الارقام مقدرة بالمليون طن)، هم: الولايات المتحدة (2.35) والصين (1.60) والشرق الأوسط (1.55) والاتحاد الأوروبي والنرويج (0.60) وروسيا ورابطة الدول المستقلة (0.5) وأمريكا الجنوبية (0.35) وأفريقيا (0.25) وكندا (0.20). وقد تم تخصيص 70 ٪ من ناتج الباريت لحفر آبار النفط والغاز.و 15٪ كيماويات الباريوم، و14٪ لأغراض الحشو في صناعة السيارات والبناء والطلاء، و 1٪ لأغراض أخرى.

استخدامات

في مجال التنقيب عن البترول والغاز

في جميع أنحاء العالم، يتم استخدام 69-77٪ من الباريت كعامل ترجيح لسوائل الحفر في التنقيب عن النفط والغاز وذلك لقمع ضغوط التكوين العالية ومنع الانفجارات. تمر البتة عبر تشكيلات مختلفة لكل منها خصائص مختلفة  في أثناء حفر الأبار. وكلما ازداد عمق الحفرة، ازدادت الحاجة إلى الباريت كنسبة مئوية من إجمالي مزيج الطين. وتعتبر من المميزات الإضافية للباريت هي أنه غير مغناطيسي وبالتالي لا يتداخل مع القياسات المغناطيسية المأخوذة من الأبار، ويتم التسجيل أثناء الحفر أو أثناء ثُقب الحُفر المنفصل.كما يمكن أن يستخدم الباريت لحفر آبار البترول  الأسود أو الأزرق أو البني أو الرمادي، وذلك حسب نوع الجسم الخام. يتم طحن الباريت بدقة بحيث يمكن أن يمر ما لا يقل عن 97٪ من المادة  «بالوزن» عبر شاشة (75 ميكرومتر)، ولا يزيد قطرها عن 30٪ من الوزن، ويمكن أن يكون قطرها أقل من 6 ميكرومتر. يجب أيضًا أن يكون الباريت الأرضي كثيفًا بدرجة كافية بحيث تكون جاذبيته النوعية 4.2 أو أكبر، ولينة بدرجة كافية لعدم إتلاف المثقاب.

انظر أيضًا

 زهرة الصحراء

 كبريتات الباريوم

مصادر

المصدر: كتاب الأحجار الكريمة

أحجار كريمة
متبخرات
معادن الكبريتات
معادن ذات ضيائية
معادن معينة قائمة

باريت


Hiroyuki Matsumoto (født 9. juli 1989) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Thespakusatsu Gunma og Fujieda MYFC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroyuki Matsumoto


Vamos que nos vamos es el disco debut del grupo catalán Muchachito Bombo Infierno publicado en 2005.

El disco marcado por la influencia y las letras del líder de la banda, Jairo Perera que mezcla estilos tan dispares como rumba, funk, swing o rock and roll.

La canción "Si Tú Si Yo, Si No", es una versión de la canción original de 1984, "Si tú, si yo" de Kiko Veneno.

El disco está apadrinado por el grupo barcelonés Ojos de Brujo y colaboran en la canción "Eima".

Se lanzaron los sencillos "Será mejor" y "Siempre que quiera" que a la postre sería la canción más conocida del grupo.

Lista de canciones
El compadre - 4:34
Me tienes frito - 3:40
Será mejor - 3:21
Luna - 3:56
Sin vigilancia - 3:50
Eima - 4:30
Más que breve - 4:21
Conversaciones incompatibles - 3:50
Si tú si yo, si, no - 3:44
115 - 3:33
Cógelo - 4:03
Siempre que quiera - 4:00
Paquito Tarantino - 4:00

Enlaces externos
Página oficial

Álbumes de Muchachito Bombo Infierno
Álbumes de España de 2005
Álbumes debut de 2005

Vamos que nos vamos


Burg auf Fehmarn (plattysk: Borg up Fehmarn) ligger i det nordlige Tyskland og er den centrale administrative enhed (tysk: Stadtteil) på øen Femern under Kreis Ostholstein i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Indbyggertallet er omkring 6.000. Frem til 1. januar 2003 var Burg auf Femern en selvstændig købstad, men er nu en del af bykommunen Femern, som blev skabt det år.

Våben

Beskrivelse:
I sølv over skiftevis sølv og blå bølger en fristående rød borg af teglsten med krenelering, en lukket gylden port og to tårne med blåt tag og to rundbuede vinduer; mellem dem svæver det røde, holstenske våbenskjold med det sølvfarvede nældeblad.

Våbenet blev overtaget af byen Femern, da denne dannedes i forbindelse med, at Burg ophørte med at være købstad i 2003.

Historie

Første gang Burg omtales var år 1231 som Borch up Vemere i Kong Valdemars jordebog. I 1599 omtales lokaliteten for første gang på nyhøjtysk som Burgk uff Femern.

Fra 1230 til 1250 byggedes byens kirke, Sankt Nikolai kirke.

En i middelalderen anlagt havn i nærheden af lokaliteten mudrede til i 1400-talet. Byen beskyttedes af den stærkt befæstede Burg Glambek, af hvilken der nu kun er en ruin tilbage. Først i 1857 blev en ny havn anlagt i bydelen Burgstaaken.

Befolkningsudvikling: i 1769 1.430 indbyggere, i 1803 1.463 indbyggere, i 1835 1.673, i 1840 1.746, i 1845 1.811, i 1855 2.297 og i 1860 2.314 indbyggere.

I 1867 inredttedes en tingsret (tysk: Amtsgericht), som eksisterede til år 1976. Fra og med 1896 foregik regelmæssig skibstrafik til Lübeck og Kiel med dampskibene Fehmarn og Meta.

Den 1. januar 2003 indgik købstaden Burg en sammenlægning med amtet Femern, som omfattede kommunerne (tysk: Gemeinde) Bannesdorf auf Fehmarn, Landkirchen auf Fehmarn og Westfehmarn og blev så byen Femern (tysk: Stadt Fehmarn). Således udgør nu hele øen Femern en by.

Havnene i Burg på Fehmarn
Byen Burg ligger ikke direkte ved kysten, men ligger ca to kilometer fra havet og et med havvand fyldt lille indhav kaldet Burger Binnensee, hvor nutidens havn er beliggende.

Burgs første havn var beliggende i stadens vestlige udkant og blev forbundet med Burger Binnensee ved en naturlig kanal, Seegen-Graben. Denne gamle stadshavn mudrede efterhånden til og blev opgivet i begyndelsen af 1400-tallet. Derfor anlagde man en ny kunstig havn på den smalle landtunge ved Burger Binnensee. Havnen kaldtes Dat Nye Deep (det nye dyb) og beskyttedes af stendæmninger. I en aftale mellem staden Burg og landskabet Femern fra 1557 forpligtede begge parter sig til i fællesskab at vedligeholde havneanlægget, især de bølgebryderlignende bolværker.

Under 30-årskrigen forårsagede de svenske invasionstropper betydelige skader på havnen. Havnen kom sig aldrig efter dette, men de følgende århundreder prægedes af et antal forsøg at reparere den. Tilstanden for havnen kan læses i et brev fra borgerne og skipperne fra Burgk, som år 1650 søgte kongens støtte til en reparation af havnen, og som meddelte at:

vort burgske dyb og vor skibshavn er ikke kun ruineret til en elendig tilstand af de indkvarterede soldater, som har haft deres corps de garde op til bolværkerne, men de er også i den grad mudret til igen og fyldt med sand, at ingen båd eller pram kan komme ind, hvorved vor næring, da det er temmelig farligt at ligge foran [indløbets] bøjning, virkelig er svækket og til og med må ligge nede.

Siden midten af 1700-tallet er et sted på nordsiden af Burger Binnensee blevet anvendt som havneplads. Denna havn, som kaldes am Stacken (omtrent: ved bølgebryderne), anvendes fra 1778 endog af færger mellem Femern og Lolland.

Fritid og turisme
 I Burg findes Femerns havcentrum (tysk: Meereszentrum Fehmarn), som blandt andet har Tysklands største hajakvarium (1998).
 U-bådsmuseet Fehmarn, tysk museumsubåd fra efterkrigstiden, som kan besøges i havnen.
 Udover byens kirke Sankt Nikolai findes en del andre seværdigheder som fx det middelalderlige Sankt Jürgen-kapel, velbevarede borgerhuse fra forskellige tidsaldre og en markedsplads med byens rådhus. Rådhuset, som blev indviet i 1901, er en rød teglstensbygning, som tillige rummer et museum.
 Burg Glambek, dansk fæstningsanlæg, som opførtes i 1210 ved Femern sydlige strand og ødelagdes under 30-årskrigen. I dag kan ruinen besøges.

Noter

Litteratur
 Adolph Frederik Bergsøe: Den danske Stats Statistik, Første bind; København 1844
 J.P. Trap: Statistisk-topografisk Beskrivelse af Hertugdømmet Slesvig, bind I-II; København 1864

Eksterne henvisninger
 Stadt Fehmarn
 Tourismus-Service Fehmarn

Femern
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Østholsten

Burg auf Fehmarn


Automobili Costruzioni di V. Carena e Mazza war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus der Via Pisa 15 in Turin begann 1921 mit der Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete Prince. 1923 endete die Produktion.

Fahrzeuge
Vittorio Carena entwarf bereits 1911 einen Prototyp mit einem Vierzylindermotor und 1200 cm³ Hubraum. Das erste Modell Tipo 19, auch 10 HP genannt, basierte auf diesem Prototyp. Für den Antrieb sorgte ein Vierzylindermotor mit 1460 cm³ Hubraum und seitlichen Ventilen, der vorne im Fahrzeug montiert war und mittels einer Kardanwelle die Hinterachse antrieb. Die bauartbedingte Höchstgeschwindigkeit war mit 60 km/h angegeben. Das Getriebe verfügte über drei Gänge. 1922 folgten die Modelle Tipo 20 und Tipo 22, die 70 km/h erreichen konnten.

Renneinsätze
Ein Fahrzeug wurde 1921 beim Rennen von Biella nach Oropa eingesetzt.

Literatur

 Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, Volume 3 P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch)
 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Weblinks
 GTÜ Gesellschaft für Technische Überwachung mbH (abgerufen am 12. Februar 2012)

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Turin)


Din - İnanç
 DIN – (Deutsche Industrie Norm veya Deutsches Institut für Normung) Alman Endüstri Normu ya da Alman Standartlar Enstitüsü
 DIN duyarlığı, fotoğraf veya sinema filmlerinin ışık duyarlığını belirten ve yakın zamanlara kadar kullanılmış olan bir ölçü sistemi. Standartları "Alman Standartlar Enstitüsü" (DIN) tarafından ortaya konmuştur.

DIN


AS 565 Panther, Fransız Silahlı Keşif Helikopteri
 Panther (firma), otomobil üreticisi
 Panzerkampfwagen V Panther, II. Dünya Savaşı Alman tankı

Panther


PLOS ONE (inicialmente PLoS ONE, PLOS ONE a partir del 2012) es una revista científica publicada por Public Library of Science (PLOS). Se trata de una publicación de acceso abierto (lo único que requiere el lector para leer un artículo es una conexión a Internet); la licencia correspondiente es Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Cubre principalmente la investigación básica en cualquier materia relacionada con la ciencia y la medicina. Todos los artículos pasan por un proceso de revisión por pares, tanto internos como externos, y los artículos no son valorados en función de su presunta importancia sino de su calidad técnica. La plataforma en línea de PLOS ONE incluye foros de discusión sobre los artículos y herramientas para ponerles nota. PLOS ONE es, por volumen, la revista científica más grande del mundo. PLOS ONE, desde finales del 2006 a los comienzos del 2010, ha publicado 8945 artículos.
En 2013 PLOS ONE publicó 31.500 artículos, cerca de 8000 más que en 2012.
En 2014 PLOS ONE publicó el artículo número 100.000. Según los Journal Citation Reports, la revista tiene un factor de impacto de 3,234.  En 2015/2016 la revista tuvo un factor de impacto de 4,411.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Revistas científicas en inglés
Revistas científicas de Estados Unidos
Revistas científicas de acceso abierto
Publicaciones fundadas en 2006

PLOS ONE


Zenzizenzizenzic is an obsolete form of mathematical notation representing the eighth power of a number (that is, the zenzizenzizenzic of x is x8), dating from a time when powers were written out in words rather than as superscript numbers. This term was suggested by Robert Recorde, a 16th-century Welsh physician, mathematician and writer of popular mathematics textbooks, in his 1557 work The Whetstone of Witte (although his spelling was zenzizenzizenzike); he wrote that it "doeth represent the square of squares squaredly".

History

At the time Recorde proposed this notation, there was no easy way of denoting the powers of numbers other than squares and cubes.  The root word for Recorde's notation is zenzic, which is a German spelling of the medieval Italian word , meaning 'squared'.  Since the square of a square of a number is its fourth power, Recorde used the word zenzizenzic (spelled by him as zenzizenzike) to express it.  Some of the terms had prior use in Latin ,  and .  Similarly, as the sixth power of a number is equal to the square of its cube, Recorde used the word zenzicubike  to express it; a more modern spelling, zenzicube, is found in Samuel Jeake's Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed.  Finally, the word zenzizenzizenzic denotes the square of the square of a number's square, which is its eighth power: in modern notation,

Samuel Jeake gives zenzizenzizenzizenzike (the square of the square of the square of the square, or 16th power) in a table in A Compleat Body of Arithmetick (1701):

The word, as well as the system, is obsolete except as a curiosity; the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has only one citation for it.
As well as being a mathematical oddity, it survives as a linguistic oddity: zenzizenzizenzic has more Zs than any other word in the OED.

Notation for other powers
Recorde proposed three mathematical terms by which any power (that is, index or exponent) greater than 1 could be expressed: zenzic, i.e. squared; cubic; and sursolid, i.e. raised to a prime number greater than three, the smallest of which is five.  Sursolids were as follows: 5 was the first; 7, the second; 11, the third; 13, the fourth; etc.

Therefore, a number raised to the power of six would be zenzicubic, a number raised to the power of seven would be the second sursolid, hence bissursolid (not a multiple of two and three), a number raised to the twelfth power would be the "zenzizenzicubic" and a number raised to the power of ten would be the square of the (first) sursolid.  The fourteenth power was the square of the second sursolid, and the twenty-second was the square of the third sursolid.

Jeake's text appears to designate a written exponent of 0 as being equal to an "absolute number, as if it had no Mark", thus using the notation x0 to refer to an independent term of a polynomial, while a written exponent of 1, in his text, denotes "the Root of any number" (using root with the meaning of the base number, i.e. its first power x1, as demonstrated in the examples provided in the book).

Citations

References
.
.
.
.
.

See also

 Prime factor exponent notation

External links

Entry at World Wide Words

Archaic English words and phrases
History of mathematics
Medieval European mathematics
Mathematical notation

Zenzizenzizenzic


التطاعم أو المُطاعَمة أو المعايشة أو الرُّشُونَة  هي علاقة بين متعضيتين تستفيد إحداهما (وتُسمَّى الرَّاشنة أو الراشن) من الأخرى (أي كائن يستفيد و الآخر لا يستفيد) بينما لا تتضرر المتعضية الأخرى، بخلاف التطفل الذي يضر بالمضيف والتكافل حين يستفيد كلا الطرفين من بعضهما. ومن الأمثلة عليها السمك الماص الذي يعيش عند فم سمكة القرش فيستفيد من سمكة القرش في حصوله على الغذاء في حين لا تتضرر سمكة القرش من وجود السمك الماص ولا تستفيد منه في ذات الوقت.

مراجع

تكافل
علاقات حيوية

معايشة


Werner Mundt (* 25. Februar 1939 in Dortmund; † 18. März 2005) war ein deutscher Boxer und der Bruder von Willy Quatuor. Er war Deutscher Meister bei den Amateuren und den Profis.

Werdegang
Mundt kam 1953 im Alter von 14 Jahren zum Boxen, da es nach dem Training etwas zu Essen gab, der Hunger war zu dieser Zeit in Deutschland noch allgegenwärtig. Somit begann seine Amateurlaufbahn bei den Faustkämpfern 27 in Dortmund. Er arbeitete zusätzlich als Fensterputzer in einer Gebäudereinigungsfirma zusammen mit seinem Bruder Willy Quatuor.

In seiner Amateurlaufbahn absolvierte Werner Mundt 128 Kämpfe, u. a. Länderkämpfe gegen Wales, Tunesien, Elfenbeinküste, Italien usw. Ein Höhepunkt war der Gewinn der Deutschen Meisterschaft 1961 gegen Dieter, zusätzlich war er zweimal Vizemeister und von 1960 bis 1963 errang er viermal den Westfalenmeistertitel und war dreimal Bezirksmeister des Weiteren vertrat er achtmal die deutschen Farben bei Länderkämpfen. Des Öfteren war Werner Mundt u. a. Sparringspartner bei Gustav "Bubi" Scholz.

Da man ihn nicht für die Olympischen Spiele 1964 in Tokio berücksichtigt hatte, wechselte er am 26. August 1963 vom Amateurlager in das Profilager. Sein Manager war Bruno Müller, wohl der bekannteste Manager seiner Zeit in Deutschland.

Am 30. Januar 1965 gewann er als erster Deutscher den Meistertitel im Superweltergewicht im Kampf gegen Wilhelm Niederau. In der Europarangliste aus Sicht von Hans Benini, Stand Juni 1965, belegte er den 5. Platz und blieb bis 1971 in den Top 10 in Europa. Am 10. September 1966 kämpfte er gegen Luigi Patruno im Frankfurter Waldstadion im Beikampf zum legendären Weltmeisterschaftskampf Karl Mildenberger gegen Muhammad Ali, vormals Cassius Clay. Mit Karl Mildenberger bestritt er des Öfteren die Trainingslager. Es folgte der Herausforderungskampf für die Europameisterschaft am 1. Juli 1966 gegen Bo Högberg, den er durch K. o. in Runde 9 verlor. Bo Högberg durfte dann am 11. September 1966 Sandro Mazzinghi herausfordern. Werner Mundts letzter Kampf fand am 6. Dezember 1973 in Kopenhagen gegen Poul Knudsen statt.

Insgesamt hatte er 43 Profikämpfe, von denen er 30 gewann, 11 verlor und bei zwei ein Unentschieden erreichte.

Nach seiner aktiven Karriere trainierte er zunächst jahrelang den Nachwuchs. Von 1978 bis 1988 war er als Ringrichter tätig, hier leitete er Kämpfe (nationale und internationale) wie z. b. "der schöne Rene" Rene Weller – Alvarez oder Jassmann – Schulz, Charly Graf usw.

Werner Mundt war Goldnadelträger des BDB (Bund Deutscher Berufsboxer).

Privat arbeitete Werner Mundt erst als Industriekaufmann und später jahrzehntelang im Bauordnungsamt der Stadt Dortmund.

Sonstiges
Werner Mundt ist der Bruder von Willy Quatuor, wobei letzterer den Geburtsnamen seiner Mutter, sein um zwei Jahre jüngerer Bruder den Namen des im Kriege gefallenen Vaters trägt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Werner-Mundt-Boxmeister.de

Boxer (Deutschland)
Person (Dortmund)
Deutscher
Geboren 1939
Gestorben 2005
Mann

Werner Mundt


النُبل، أو النبالة أو النجابة أو الأصالة، هي التسمية التي تطلق على النبلاء المنتمين إلى إحدى مؤسسات فئة المحاربين الاجتماعية. كان هذا الانتماء يعود إلى الجدارة في البداية ثم أصبحت الألقاب تتوارث من جيل إلى آخر. وقد تم إلغاء هذا التقسيم رسميا فتلاشت هذه الطبقة بعد ما حدث صراع بينها وبين طبقة العامة

الدم الأزرق

الدم الأزرق blue blood هو مصطلح إنجليزي تم تسجيله منذ عام 1834م ليشير إلى ميلاد أو نسب نبيل. والمصطلح الأصلي مترجم عن الأسبانية sangre azul التي تميز العائلة المالكة الأسبانية وغيرهم من كبار النبلاء الذين ينتسبون إلى القوط الغربيين عن المغاربة.
ومن المرجح أن هذا المصطلح جاء من مجتمعات العصور القديمة والوسطى بأوروبا، فقد كانت بشرة الطبقة العليا تتميز بلون الأوردة السطحية الزرقاء من خلال بشرتهم التي لم تصبغها حرارة الشمس عن الطبقة العاملة. هذه الطبقة العاملة كانت تتألف من الفلاحين الذين يقضون معظم وقتهم في العمل أثناء النهار وبالتالي فقد اكتسبت جلودهم لوناً داكناً بسبب حرارة الشمس.

ويفسر روبرت ليسي نشأة مفهوم الدم الأزرق كالتالي:

«كان الأسبان أول من أعطى العالم فكرة أن دم الطبقة الأرستقراطية ليس أحمراً بل أزرقاً. وقد بدأت طبقة النبالة الأسبانية تتبلور حوالي القرن التاسع الميلادي، وظهروا في صورة عسكرية، محتلين الأراضي في صورة محاربين ممتطين ظهور الخيل، وطلوا على هذا المنوال خمسمائة عام تالية ينهبون أراضي شبه الجزيرة الأسبانية نهباً من محتليها الأصليين- المغاربة. وقد أوضح أحد النبلاء الأسبان نسبه عندما كشف عن ذراعه ليظهر الأوردة الزرقاء تحت بشرته الشاحبة مدللاً على أن دماؤه لم تلوثها البشرة الداكنة لعدوه (المغاربة)»

على أية حال فإن هناك تفسيراً آخراً لفكرة الدم الأزرق وهو أن معدل الهيموفيليا مرتفع جداً بين العائلات الملكية، فلم يطلق فقط على الهيموفيليا أنه المرض الملكي بل أن أصوله في شجرة عائلة الملكة فيكتوريا انتشرت في كل ممالك أوروبا. وكان يتم حماية المصابين بهذا المرض بشكل مفرط. فلم يكن مسموحاً لهم بالخروج كثيراً وكان يظهر على جلودهم الزرقة. وكما أشير سابقاً فإنه يبدو أن العائلة الملكية الأسبانية في هذا الوقت قد حملت مرض الهيموفيليا حيث أن ابنة فيكتوريا الكبرى (أوجيني) قد تزوجت من ألفونسو الثالث عشر ملك إسبانيا والذي قد يتعارض مع تفسير ليسي.

تصنيف طبقة النبلاء
 الطبقة العليا (الملك (السلالة الحاكمة)،الدوق، الكونت، ...) نبلاء بالدم (من أسر نبيلة).
 الطبقة الوسطى (الفرسان).
 الطبقة السفلى (الأغنياء بدون ألقاب).

انظر أيضاً
 دم الملوك
 أرستقراطية

مراجع

إقطاع
حكم الأقلية
طبقات اجتماعية
نبلاء

نبل


Frakkland hefur tekið þátt í Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva 63 sinnum síðan að frumraun landsins í keppninni ásamt sjö öðrum löndum átti sér stað árið . Landið hefur aðeins verið fjarverandi tveim keppnum, árin  og . Ásamt i, ,  og i er Frakkland eitt af "Stóru Fimm" löndunum sem fara sjálfkrafa áfram í úrslit þar sem að þessi lönd veita mestu fjármögnun til Sambands evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva (EBU). Frakkland hefur unnið keppnina fimm sinnum.

Frakkland vann í fyrsta sinn keppnina árið  með "Dors, mon amour" flutt af André Claveau. Þar á eftir fylgdu þrír aðrir sigrar á 7. áratugnum. Það voru lögin "Tom Pillibi" flutt af Jacqueline Boyer (), "Un Premier Amour" flutt af Isabelle Aubret () og "Un jour, un enfant" sem var flutt af Frida Boccara (). Sigurinn árið 1969 var skiptur niður á milli s,  og s. Fimmti sigur Frakklands kom árið , þegar Marie Myriam vann með laginu "L'oiseau et l'enfant". Á 20. öldinni náði landið einnig að lenda í öðru sæti fjórum sinnum með Paule Desjardins (), Catherine Ferry (), Joëlle Ursull () og Amina () sem tapaði gegn sænsku Carolu í bráðabana.

Eftir að hafa náð topp-5 í 24 keppnum á 20. öldinni, hefur Frakklandi ekki fylgt jafn góðu gengi á 21. öldinni. Landið hefur aðeins náð topp-5 niðurstöðu í þrjú skipti, með Natasha St-Pier í fjórða sæti (), Sandrine François í fimmta sæti () og Barbara Pravi í öðru sæti (). Hinar topp-10 niðurstöðurnar voru náðar af Patricia Kaas í áttunda sæti () og Amir í sjötta sæti (). Frakkland endaði í seinasta sæti árið , þegar Twin Twin fékk aðeins 2 stig.

Yfirlit þátttöku (niðurstöður)

Heimildir

Frakkland

Frakkland í Söngvakeppni evrópskra sjónvarpsstöðva


Je l'aime () est un court métrage dramatique ukrainien réalisé par Darya Perelay. C'est le premier film ukrainien sur une relation lesbienne et l'un des premiers films LGBT produits en Ukraine.

Je l'aime a été projeté pour la première fois le 18 octobre 2013 au festival Lesbisch Schwule Filmtage de Hambourg en Allemagne, puis le 25 octobre 2013 au Festival Internacional de Cinema Gai i Lèsbic de Barcelone, ensuite le 29 novembre 2013 au festival Face à face dans la catégorie Courage de la compétition internationale de courts métrages, et enfin, en décembre 2013 au Festival Internacional de Cine por los Derechos Humanos de Bogotá parmi la sélection officielle de la compétition internationale de courts métrages. En Ukraine, il a été projeté la première fois le 7 mars 2014 au cinéma Zovten de Kiev. Le film a été projeté dans 23 pays en Europe, en Asie, et en Amérique du Nord.

Synopsis
Une jeune musicienne et compositrice, Nataly, s'installe à Kiev avec le rêve d'être découverte et de trouver la gloire. Alors qu'elle se produit dans la rue, elle rencontre une jeune femme sourde et muette, Anna, et toutes deux sont attirées l'une par l'autre. Ensemble, elles défient les restrictions de la nation contre l'homosexualité.

Distribution
 Natalie Ivanchuk dans le rôle de Nataly
 Frau Hanna dans le rôle d'Anna

Projet Bechdel
Je l'aime fait partie du « Projet Bechdel » ukrainien, qui comprend huit films. Le test de Bechdel consiste vérifier qu'une œuvre de fiction met en scène au moins deux femmes qui parlent d'autre chose que d'un homme.

Long métrage de 2017
La version long métrage 2017 de Je l'aime, basée sur le court métrage, a été financée par la commission du film de Barcelone de la Généralité de Catalogne, et produite par Cosmo Films et Afilm Productions.

Ce film de 92 minutes est écrit, réalisé et monté par Perelay, avec Elena Lombao comme directrice de la photographie. La musique est composée par Olexii Ivanenko. Anuar Doss, Mikhail Chernikov et Darya Perelay sont les producteurs. Le film se déroule à Barcelone et les dialogues sont en anglais. Natalie Ivanchuk a repris le rôle de Natalie, avec Clare Durant dans le rôle d'Anna, Alix Gentil dans celui de Julia, et Eudald Font dans celui de David. La fin tragique du long métrage diffère de celle du court métrage original.

Je l'aime (2017) a été projeté le 18 novembre 2017 aux Soirées du film gay de Cluj-Napoca en Roumanie. Le long métrage est devenu disponible sur Amazon Prime Video le 16 mai 2019.

Références

Liens externes

 I Love Her sur Reelhouse
 I Love Her sur Chéries-Chéris
 I Love Her sur le site du Festival Lovers Film –Torino LGBTQI Visions

Film ukrainien sorti en 2013
Film dramatique ukrainien
Court métrage ukrainien
Film en russe
Film ukrainien sur les LGBT
Film sur le lesbianisme

Je l'aime


Fridolin Gallati, né le  à Mollis et mort le  à Berthoud, est un entrepreneur suisse.

Biographie
Fridolin Gallati, né le  à Mollis, est le fils du maître tisserand et marchand Heinrich Gallati. Il effectue d'abord un apprentissage de marchand à Ennenda et en Suisse romande avant de s'installer à Berthoud en 1908. En 1911, il occupe le poste de chef de bureau dans l'usine d'étoffes "O. Nicola" à Berthoud jusqu'à sa fermeture 1914.

En 1922, il rouvre l'usine sous le nom de "Stanniolfabrik Burgdorf AG", qu'il dirige de 1923 à 1959 en tant que directeur. En 1939, il fonde également « Galban Tapetenfabrik » à Berthoud.

Fridolin Gallati épouse en premières noces Clara en 1912, la fille de l'aubergiste et hôtelier "Zu Metzgern" Gottfried Schütz, et, en secondes noces en 1963, Anny, née Paroz. Fridolin Gallati meurt le  à Berthoud, cinq mois après avoir atteint son .

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Hans Girsberger: Who's who in Switzerland including the principality of Liechtenstein, S. 239, Central European Times Pub. Co. Ltd., 1974
 Burgdorfer Tagblatt vom 15. März 1985
 Burgdorfer Jahrbuch, 1989, S. 317

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1885
Naissance dans le canton de Glaris
Décès en août 1987
Décès dans le canton de Berne
Décès à 102 ans
Personnalité glaronnaise
Entrepreneur suisse
Homme d'affaires suisse
Centenaire suisse

Fridolin Gallati


SuperCamp est un programme international de camps d'été éducatifs fondé en 1982, qui initie les étudiants à l'apprentissage accéléré des compétences académiques et des compétences de la vie quotidienne. Le programme se déroule dans plusieurs endroits différents à travers le monde.

SuperCamp est géré par le  (QLN), une organisation éducative basée en Californie. Le programme SuperCamp vise à enseigner aux étudiants des compétences qui rendront l'étude de n'importe quel sujet un processus plus rapide, plus facile, plus agréable et moins stressant. Le programme d'aptitudes à la vie quotidienne du camp est axé sur le développement des compétences en communication, l'établissement de relations personnelles plus solides avec la famille et les amis, le développement du travail d'équipe et des capacités de leadership, l'accroissement de la créativité et de la capacité de résolution de problèmes et l'établissement d'objectifs clairs. Le camp utilise des métaphores comme par exemple avec un parcours de cordes en plein air et des exercices de bris de planches pour aider les élèves à développer des stratégies pour surmonter les obstacles à la réussite.

Histoire
La présidente du QLN, , a d'abord étudié les méthodes d'apprentissage accéléré avec le Dr Georgi Lozanov dans les années 1970. Ces méthodes sont devenues la base du programme SuperCamp que DePorter a cofondé au début des années 1980 avec Eric Jensen et Greg Simmons et développé avec son mari et partenaire, Joe Chapon. Le premier SuperCamp a eu lieu en 1982 à Kirkwood Meadows, en Californie.

Depuis, le programme s'est développé rapidement. À l'heure actuelle, des camps sont organisés chaque été sur plusieurs campus universitaires à travers les États-Unis, notamment à l'Université de Stanford, l'UCLA, l'Université Loyola Marymount, l'UC Berkeley, l'Université Wake Forest, l'Université Loyola de Chicago, l'Université d'État de Kent, l'Université de Floride du Sud et l'Université Brown.

Le SuperCamp a été organisé pour la première fois en dehors des États-Unis en 1990 avec des camps à Moscou et Singapour. Le programme se déroule désormais chaque année dans divers pays d'Asie, d'Europe, d'Amérique centrale, d'Australie et d'Amérique du Nord. En 2019, le SuperCamp a organisé un programme à l'Université de Stanford pour 22 étudiants bermudiens.

Programme d'études
Les programmes SuperCamp enseignent des compétences académiques telles que les stratégies quantiques, la prise de tests, la gestion du temps et les compétences organisationnelles, le Quantum Reading, qui est un cours de lecture rapide, le Quantum Writing, qui conçoit des méthodes pour surmonter le blocage de l'écrivain, la prise de notes, l'amélioration de la mémoire, les cours préparatoires aux SAT / ACT et les compétences de la vie quotidienne comme les « 8 Clés de l'Excellence »

Niveaux du programme
Les programmes SuperCamp suivants sont menés aux États-Unis :

 Forum junior – Camp de 7 jours, 11-13 ans ;
 Forum senior – Camp de 10 jours, 14-18 ans ;
 Équipe de direction – Camp de 10 jours au Forum senior pour les anciens diplômés de ce même programme uniquement, âgés de 15 à 18 ans ;
 Forum de leadership – Camp de 7 jours, 16-19 ans (pour les anciens diplômés de l'équipe de leadership uniquement) ;
 Quantum U – Camp de 8 jours, 18-21 ans.

Des variantes de cette structure existent en dehors des États-Unis afin de rendre le programme pertinent et approprié pour les élèves du système scolaire local dans chaque pays où se déroule le camp. Un programme « Forum des jeunes » pour les 8 à 10 ans était auparavant organisé aux États-Unis et continue d'être organisé à l'étranger.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

 Site officiel de SuperCamp

 Site du Quantum Learning Network

Éducation
Intelligence

SuperCamp


Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım, yönetmenlik koltuğunda Atıf Yılmaz'ın oturduğu, başrollerinde Türkan Şoray, Kadir İnanır ve Ahmet Mekin'in yer aldığı, 1977 yapımı dram türündeki sinema filmi. Türk sinemasının başyapıtlarından birisi olarak kabul edilen filmin hikâyesi, Kırgız yazar Cengiz Aytmatov'un 1970 yılında yayımlanan Kırmızı Eşarp (Kırgızca: Кызыл Жоолук / Kızıl Jooluk) adlı romanından uyarlandı. Filmin özgün müziğini Cahit Berkay besteledi. Filmde köylü kızı Asya ile kamyon şöforü İlyas'ın dağlarda başlayıp, daha sonrasında kısa bir süre mutlu bir evliliğe dönüşen aşkı anlatılmaktadır.

Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım, 1978 15. Uluslararası Altın Portakal Film Festivali'nde Maden filminin ardından "2. En İyi Film" seçildi. Ayrıca Türkan Şoray, Asya karakterindeki performansı ile 1977 Taşkent Film Festivali'nde "En İyi Kadın Oyuncu" ödülünü kazandı. 2014'te Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı tarafından gerçekleştirilen halk oylamasında En İyi 100 Türk Filmi arasında 6. seçildi.

Konusu
İlyas (Kadir İnanır), Asya'nın (Türkan Şoray) yaşadığı köyde yapılan baraj inşaatında çalışan İstanbul'lu bir kamyon şoförüdür. Birbirlerini görür görmez aşık olan Asya ve İlyas kaçmaya karar verirler ve daha sonra evlenirler. Bu evlilikten Samet (Elif İnci) adında bir çocukları olur. İlyas, kamyon şoförü olduğu için sık sık uzun yola çıkar. Bu nedenle Asya çoğu zaman Samet ile yalnız kalır. Bir gün yine yola çıkan İlyas, yolda kalmış bir yolcu minibüsünü halatla çekerek kurtarır. Bu durumu öğrenen kamyonun sahibi şirket İlyas'ı şoförlükten alıp bakım servisine verir.

İlyas, o günden sonra bunalıma girer ve ailesi ile ilgilenmez. Durumu düzeltmek isteyen Asya çalıştığı firmanın patronu ile konuşur fakat ret cevabı alır. Asya'nın patronu ile konuştuğunu öğrenen İlyas çok sinirlenir ve evi terk eder. Aynı firmada sekreter olarak çalışan Dilek Hanım'ın (Hülya Tuğlu) evinde kalmaya başlar. Bu ilişkiyi öğrenen Asya, oğlu Samet ile birlikte evden ayrılır ve yollara düşer. Asya'nın gideceği ve sığınacağı bir yeri yoktur. Karşısına Cemşit (Ahmet Mekin) adında bir adam çıkar. Cemşit, Asya ile Samet'e hem evini hem yüreğini açar. Aradan yıllar geçer ve Samet büyür. Samet'in Cemşit'i babalığa seçmesi ile Asya ve Cemşit evlenir. Bir gün İlyas karşılarına çıkar ve Asya İlyas'ı unutamadığını anlar. İlyas ise oğlu Samet ve Asya ile birlikte olmak ister. Asya ise iki erkek arasında kalır. İlyas sevdiği, aşık olduğu adam ve çocuğunun gerçek babasıdır. Cemşit ise en zor anlarında yanında olan, evini ve gönlünü açan, sahip çıkan ve emek veren adamdır. Asya şimdi büyük aşkı İlyas ile kendisine zor gününde kucak açan Cemşit arasında bir tercih yapmak zorunda kalır.

Filmin çekimleri

Filmin çekimleri, o dönem Adana'nın bir ilçesi olan Osmaniye'nin Kesmeburun köyü yakınlarındaki Kastabala civarında ve 2020 yılında UNESCO Dünya Geçici Mirası listesine dahil edilen Kadirli ilçesindeki Karatepe-Aslantaş arkeolojik alanının hemen yanındaki baraj inşaatında gerçekleştirildi. İlyas karakterinin çalıştığı baraj inşaatının şantiye sahneleri, 1975'te yapımına başlanan ve 1984'te tamamlanan Aslantaş Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali şantiye alanında gerçekleştirildi.

Filmin senaristi Ali Özgentürk 2018 yılında yayımladığı "Gizli Defterlerim" adlı anı kitabında, Türkan Şoray'ın filmin sonunda Asya karakterinin İlyas'a dönmesi gerektiği konusunda ısrar ettiğini, izleyicinin mutlu son beklentisi olduğunu dile getirdiğini yazdı. Yönetmen Atıf Yılmaz'ın da Şoray'ın önerisini yerinde bulduğunu belirten Özgentürk, hem kitabın orijinal halinde hem de senaryoda Asya'nın Cemşit'i seçtiğini dile getirdiğini ve senaryonun değiştirilmesine karşı çıkarak çekimleri terk ettiğini yazdı. Daha sonra Türkan Şoray'ın o dönem sevgilisi olan Rüçhan Adlı'nın araya girerek kitaba ve senaryoya sadık kalması konusunda Şoray'ı ikna ettiğini ve sorunun çözüldüğünü belirtti.

Filmin en bilinen repliklerinden "Sevgi neydi; sevgi iyilikti, dostluktu, sevgi emekti" sözü Cengiz Aytmatov'un kitabında yer almamasına rağmen senaryoya eklendi. Ali Özgentürk anı kitabında, eşi Işıl Özgentürk çalıştığı için küçük yaştaki kızına kendisinin baktığını, ona bakarken bu replikleri yazdığını dile getirdi. Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım 2010 yılında restore edilmiş olarak sinemalarda yeniden vizyona girdi.

Oyuncular
 Türkan Şoray - Asya (ses. Tijen Par)
 Kadir İnanır - İlyas (ses. Pekcan Koşar)
 Ahmet Mekin  - Cemşit Kıraç (ses. Kamran Usluer)
 Nurhan Nur - Asya'nın annesi (ses. Güler Ökten)
 Hülya Tuğlu - Dilek Hanım (ses. Göksel Kortay)
 Cengiz Sezici - Can (ses. Levent Dönmez)
 Elif İnci - Samet
 İhsan Yüce - Ali (ses. Kâmran Yüce)
 Erol Batıbeki - Konuk oyuncu (ses. Zafer Önen)
 Taci Erşan
 Mehmet Yigenoglu - Kamyon şoförü
 Perihan Doygun - Halime
 Erkan Esenboğa
 Günay Güner - Kamyon şoförü

Kırgızistan gösterimi
1978 yılında Taşkent film festivalinden (bazı kaynaklara göre bu festival 1977 yılında gerçekleşmiştir) sonra Kırgızistan'a geçen oyuncuları ve film ekibini Cengiz Aytmatov (kitabın yazarı) misafir eder. Tenir-Too / Tanrı Dağı (Tien-Şan Dağları) yakınlarında bir çadır kurdurarak konuklarına bir ziyafet verir. Türkan Şoray bu anısına dair açıklamalarda bulunmuş ve şöyle demiştir: "Cengiz Aytmatov Kırgızistan'daki gösterimi izleyenler arasındaydı. Filmi çok beğenen Aytmatov film ekibini evinde ağırlayarak kımız ikram etti."

Ödülleri
 1978 Taşkent Film Festivali - En İyi Kadın Oyuncu (Türkan Şoray)
 1978 15. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi İkinci Film
 1978 15. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen (Atıf Yılmaz)
 1978 15. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Görüntü Yönetmeni (Çetin Tunca)
 2015 Beyoğlu Belediyesi ve Türkiye Sinema ve Audiovisuel Kültür Vakfı (TÜRSAK) Türk Sineması'nın 100. Yılı Ödülleri - En İyi Film
 2017 Cengiz Aytmatov Ödülü - En İyi Erkek Oyuncu (Kadir İnanır)
 2018 Los Angeles Asya Film Festivali - "Sinema Mirası Altın Kar Leoparı Ödülü" ve "Cengiz Aytmatov Kültür Geliştirme Ödülü" (Türkan Şoray)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 SinemaTürk'te Selvi Boylum, Al Yazmalım

 Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım - Gala (2 Fotoğrafta: Cengiz Aytmatov, Kadir İnanır ve Türkan Şoray birlikte)
 Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım  - Adadergi (Türkan Şoray'ın Kırgızistan galasına dair anlattıkları)

Türk romantik dram filmleri
Rus romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
Film ödülü sahipleri
1970'lerde romantik dram filmleri
1977 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Çetin Tunca'nın görüntülediği filmler
Atıf Yılmaz'ın yönettiği filmler
Cahit Berkay'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
1970'lerde Türkçe filmler
1977 çıkışlı dramatik filmler
Gebelik ile ilgili Türk filmleri
Çiçek Film filmleri
Adana'da çekilmiş filmler
Osmaniye'de çekilmiş filmler
Arif Keskiner'in yapımcısı olduğu filmler

Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım (film)


Tito Barbón (* 21. Juni 1931 in Buenos Aires, Argentinien; † 26. Oktober 2014) war ein argentinisch-uruguayischer Tänzer.

Der 1964 in Uruguay eingebürgerte Barbón begann seine tänzerische Laufbahn im Ballett des Teatro Argentino in La Plata. 1957 ließ er sich in Montevideo nieder, nachdem ihn das SODRE, dessen Besetzung er in der Folge lange angehörte, als Ersten Tänzer verpflichtet hatte. Dort zeichnete er für zahlreiche Choreographien verantwortlich, die auch international beispielsweise in den USA und Brasilien vorgeführt wurden. Beispielhaft zu nennen sind Medea, El enviado, Opus II und La Peri.

Als Ballettlehrer wirkte der seit den 1950er Jahren mit Margaret Graham (1931–2004) verheiratete Barbón 33 Jahre lang an der Escuela Municipal de Arte Dramático (EMAD). Seit deren Gründung im Jahre 1975 lehrte er überdies an der Escuela Nacional de Danza. Bei internationalen Tanzfestivals und Wettbewerben nahm er als Jury-Mitglied teil. Zudem war er als Ballett-Kritiker für die Tageszeitung El Día sowie die Zeitschrift Sinfónica tätig.

Barbón verstarb am 26. Oktober 2014.

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 38

Einzelnachweise

Tänzer (Uruguay)
Uruguayer
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2014
Mann

Tito Barbón


Copilul la bord (Bebê a Bordo) este o telenovelă braziliană produsă și difuzată de Rede Globo între 13 iunie 1988 și 10 februarie 1989, în 209 episoade.

Scris de Carlos Lombardi, în colaborare cu Luís Carlos Fusco și Maurício Arruda, a avut conducerea lui Roberto Talma, a lui Del Rangel, a lui Marcelo de Barreto și a lui Paulo Trevisan, precum și direcția generală și de bază a lui Roberto Talma.

Distribuție
 Isabela Garcia - Ana
 Tony Ramos - Tonico Ladeira
 Dina Sfat - Laura Petraglia
 Maria Zilda Bethlem - Ângela
 Ary Fontoura - Nero Petraglia
 Nicette Bruno - Branca Ladeira
 José de Abreu - Tonhão
 Armando Bógus - Liminha Petraglia
 Débora Duarte - Joana Mendonça
 Inês Galvão - Soninha
 Léo Jaime - Zezinho
 Rodolfo Bottino - Antonio Antonucci
 Guilherme Fontes - Rei
 Guilherme Leme - Rico
 Sebastião Vasconcelos - Tico
 Patrícya Travassos - Ester Ladeira
 Sílvia Buarque - Raio-de-luar
 Márcia Real - Walkíria
 Françoise Forton - Glória Ladeira
 Carla Marins - Sininho (Maria Luísa)
 Tarcísio Filho - Caco

Referințe

Legături externe

Telenovele braziliene

Copilul la bord


Der Autobahnring von Ningbo (), chin. Abk. G1504, ist ein lokaler Autobahnring rund um die Hafenmetropole Ningbo im Osten der Volksrepublik China. Er weist eine Länge von 86 km auf. Auf einem kleinen Teil im Westen des Autobahnrings verlaufen die Autobahn G15 und die Autobahn G92. Ferner kreuzen ihn die regionalen Autobahnen G1512 und G9211.

Autobahn in der Volksrepublik China
Straße in Asien
Straße in Zhejiang
Ningbo
Ningbo

Autobahnring Ningbo


Tokamak, plazmanın kapalı manyetik alan bölgesi içinde hapsedilmeye çalışıldığı bir plazma tutucu sistemdir. Plazma çok sıcak bir madde olduğundan plazmanın tutulabilmesi için manyetik alandan faydalanılır. Tokamak da bu sistemlerden biridir.

Tokamak, Rusça'da "тороидальная камера в магнитных катушках" (toroidal odadaki manyetik sarmallar) söz öbeğinin kısaltılmış halidir. 1950'lerde Sovyet fizikçiler Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm ve Andrei Sakharov tarafından bulunmuştur.

Tokamak plazmayı hapsetmek için toroidal manyetik alan üreten bir makinedir. Manyetik hapsetme yapan cihaz türlerinden bir tanesi olup füzyon enerjisi üretmeye güçlü bir adaydır.

Tarihçe
II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında nükleer füzyon araştırmaları başladığında programlar gizliydi. 1955 Birleşmiş Milletler Atom Enerjisinin Barışçıl Kullanımı Uluslararası Konferansı'ndan sonra programların gizliliği kaldırıldı ve böylece uluslararası bilimsel iş birliği sağlanmış oldu.

Tokamak sistemleriyle ilgili deneysel çalışmalar 1956'da Moskova'da Kurçatov Enstitüsü'nde Lev Artsimovich önderliğindeki bir grup Sovyet bilim insanı ile başladı. Grup ilk tokamakları inşa etti. Bunlardan T-4 1968'de Novosibirsk'te test edildi.

Etimoloji
Tokamak kelimesi tarihi -yazılı kaynak bakımından- Göktürk Kağanlığına kadar dayanan, tok(𐱃𐰸) kökünden türeyen bir kelimedir. Bu sözcük Eski Türkçe tokı-  "vurmak" fiilinden Eski Türkçe +(A)mAk ekiyle türetilmiştir. Tokamak akroniminin dayandığı orijinal etimoloji budur.

Kaynakça

Çekirdeksel kaynaşma
Sovyet icatları
Rus icatları

Tokamak


Vriksum Mølle er en stråtækt hollandsk vindmølle. Møllen er beliggende i landsbyen Vriksum (nordfrisisk Wraksem tysk: Wrixum) på den nordfrisiske ø Før i det vestlige Sydslesvig. Møllen var i drift indtil 1960. Den er en af fem bevarede vindmøller på øen Før.

Allerede i 1464 nævntes en stubmølle i Vriksum. Møllen var dengang i dansk-kongelig eje og forpagtedes til lokale møllere. Efter at stubmøllen i 1850 blev brændt ned, oprettedes på samme sted den nuværende hollandske mølle. Møllen fungerede som kornmølle frem til 1960. Senere blev der indrettet  restaurant og udstillingsrum. I juni 2013 blev møllen købt af kommunen. Samme år blev en støtteforening stiftet. Målet er at restaurere møllen og bevare den som et vartegn for landsbyen.

Møllen krøjer med vindrose og har selvregulerende vinger med hækværk. Den er opbygget med en hvidkalket ottekantet undermølle i grundmur. I 2011 blev møllem ramt af en kraftigt storm, som brækkede den ene vinge i stykker. Vingeren blev året efter repareret og genindsat.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Kommunens hjemmeside

Før
Hollandske vindmøller i Sydslesvig

Vriksum Mølle


Joseph Nunez, Amerikalı oyuncu, Prison Break dizisindeki Manche Sanchez karakteriyle tanınmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

Amerikalı erkek dizi oyuncuları
Yaşayan insanlar

Joseph Nunez


Perungudi (Tamil:   []) ist ein Stadtteil von Chennai (Madras), der Hauptstadt des indischen Bundesstaats Tamil Nadu. Perungudi bildet eine von 15 Zonen (zones) Chennais und umfasst elf Stadtviertel (wards).

Perungudi liegt im Süden Chennais rund 15 Kilometer vom Stadtzentrum entfernt nahe der Küste des Golfs von Bengalen. Durch Sholinganallur verlaufen die East Coast Road, die von Chennai an der Küste entlang nach Süden führt, und die parallel verlaufende Rajiv Gandhi Salai (Old Mahabalipuram Road). Entlang der Rajiv Gandhi Road erstreckt sich der sogenannte "IT-Korridor", an dem sich zahlreiche Informationstechnik-Unternehmen angesiedelt haben. Durch die Hochbahn Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System ist Perungudi mit dem Zentrum Chennais verbunden. Außer dem eigentlichen Stadtteil Perungudi gehören zur Zone Perungudi eine Reihe benachbarter Stadtteile. Durch die Expansion Chennais ist der größte Teil des Gebiets urbanisiert. Die Zone Perungudi beherbergt mit dem Sumpf von Pallikaranai aber auch noch Reste eines einst ausgedehnten Feuchtgebiets, wenn auch von den einst 5000 Hektar nur noch etwa ein Zehntel übrig ist.

Bis 2011 war Perungudi eine nach dem Panchayat-System verwaltete Stadtgemeinde (town panchayat) im Distrikt Kanchipuram mit 12.505 Einwohnern (Volkszählung 2001). Der Ort war aber längst mit Chennai zusammengewachsen und zu einem Teil der Agglomeration Chennai geworden. Durch die Stadterweiterung Chennais wurde Perungudi auch administrativ in Chennai eingegliedert. Aus der ehemaligen Stadtgemeinde Perungudi und den ebenfalls eingemeindeten Städten Pallikaranai und Ullagaram-Puzhitivakkam sowie den Dörfern Kottivakkam, Palavakkam, Jalladiampet und Madipakkam wurde die neue Zone Perungudi gebildet.

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Chennai

Perungudi


Charles Albert Browning, Jr., cunoscut ca Tod Browning (), a fost un regizor de film american, scenarist și interpret de vodevil.

Filmografie
Ca regizor

 Miracles for Sale (1939)
 The Devil-Doll (1936)
 Mark of the Vampire (1935)
 Fast Workers (1933)
 Freaks (1932)
 Iron Man (1931)
 Dracula (1931)
 Outside the Law (1930)
 The Thirteenth Chair (1929)
 Where East Is East (1929)
 West of Zanzibar (1928)
 The Big City (1928)
 London After Midnight (1927)
 The Unknown (1927)
 The Show (1927)
 The Road to Mandalay (1926)
 The Blackbird (1926)
 Dollar Down (1925)
 The Mystic (1925)
 The Unholy Three (1925)
 Silk Stocking Sal (1924)
 The Dangerous Flirt (1924)
 White Tiger (1923)
 The Day of Faith (1923)
 Drifting (1923)
 Under Two Flags (1922)
 Man Under Cover (1922)
 The Wise Kid (1922)
 No Woman Knows (1921)
 Outside the Law (1920)
 The Virgin of Stamboul (1920)
 Bonnie Bonnie Lassie (1919)
 The Petal on the Current (1919)
 The Unpainted Woman (1919)
 The Exquisite Thief (1919)
 The Wicked Darling (1919)
 Set Free (1918)
 The Brazen Beauty (1918)
 The Deciding Kiss (1918)
 Which Woman? (1918)
 Revenge (1918)
 The Eyes of Mystery (1918)
 The Legion of Death (1918)
 The Jury of Fate (1917)
 Peggy, the Will O' the Wisp (1917)
 Hands Up! (1917)
 A Love Sublime (1917)
 Jim Bludso (1917)
 Puppets (1916)
 Everybody's Doing It (1916)
 The Fatal Glass of Beer (1916)
 Little Marie (1915)
 The Woman from Warren's (1915)
 The Burned Hand (1915)
 The Living Death (1915)
 The Electric Alarm (1915)
 The Spell of the Poppy (1915)
 The Story of a Story (1915)
 The Highbinders (1915)
 An Image of the Past (1915)
 The Slave Girl (1915)
 The Lucky Transfer (1915)

Note

Legături externe

Tod Browning bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center

Tod Browning at Virtual History

Nașteri în 1880
Decese în 1962
Regizori americani Scenariști americani

Tod Browning


Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames, (abreviado Hist. Nat. Veg.), es una obra con descripciones botánicas que fue escrita por el botánico francés; Edouard Spach. Fue publicada en París, en 14 volúmenes y un atlas en los años 1834-1848.

Edouard Spach fue secretario de Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel (1776-1854). Cuando de Mirbel pasa a profesor en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Francia, él le sigue y pasa allí toda su vida.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas