King Kong is a 2005 epic adventure monster film co-written, produced, and directed by Peter Jackson. It is the eighth entry in the King Kong franchise and the second remake of the 1933 film of the same title, following the 1976 film. The film stars Andy Serkis, Naomi Watts, Jack Black, and Adrien Brody. Set in 1933, it follows the story of an ambitious filmmaker who coerces his cast and hired ship crew to travel to mysterious Skull Island. There they encounter prehistoric creatures and a legendary giant gorilla known as Kong, whom they capture and take to New York City.

Development began in early 1995, when Universal Pictures approached Jackson to direct the remake of the original 1933 film. The project stalled in early 1997, as several ape and giant monster-related films were under production at the time and Jackson planned to direct The Lord of the Rings film series. As the first two films in the Rings trilogy became commercially successful, Universal went back to Jackson in early 2003, expressing interest in restarting development on the project, to which Jackson eventually agreed. Filming for King Kong took place in New Zealand from September 2004 to March 2005. It is currently one of the most expensive films ever produced as its budget climbed from an initial $150 million to a then-record-breaking $207 million.

King Kong premiered at New York City on December 5, 2005, and was theatrically released in Germany and United States on December 14. The film garnered critical acclaim, and eventually appeared in several top ten lists for 2005; it was praised for the special effects, performances, sense of spectacle and comparison to the 1933 original, though some criticisms were raised over its 3-hour run time. It was a commercial success, grossing over $562.9 million and became the fourth-highest-grossing film in Universal Pictures history at that time and the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2005. It also generated $100 million in DVD sales upon its home video release in March 2006. It won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects. A tie-in video game was released alongside the film, which also became a commercial and critical success.

A sequel, Skull Island, entered development in 2013, with Jackson producing and Adam Wingard set to direct. The project was abandoned after Warner Bros. Pictures acquired the rights and ultimately rebooted the franchise with the 2017 film Kong: Skull Island as part of Legendary Pictures' MonsterVerse. Wingard later directed the 2021 film Godzilla vs. Kong.

Plot
In 1933, during the Great Depression, struggling New York City vaudeville performer Ann Darrow is hired by financially troubled filmmaker Carl Denham to star in a film with actor Bruce Baxter. Ann is hesitant to join the picture until she learns her favorite playwright, Jack Driscoll, is the screenwriter. Filming takes place on the SS Venture, under Captain Englehorn, and under Carl's pretense it will be sailing to Singapore. In truth, Carl intends to film the mysterious Skull Island. Captain Englehorn reconsiders the voyage, prompted by his crew's speculation of trouble ahead. During the voyage, Ann and Jack fall in love.

The Venture receives a radio message informing Englehorn there is a warrant for Carl's arrest due to his defiance of the studio's orders to cease production, and instructing Englehorn to divert to Rangoon, but the ship becomes lost in fog and runs aground on Skull Island. Carl and his film crew, including cameraman Herb, assistant Preston, actor Bruce Baxter, and boom operator Mike, explore the island and are attacked by natives who kill Mike and a crewman. Englehorn rescues the film crew, but as they prepare to leave, a native sneaks onto the ship and abducts Ann. The natives offer Ann as a sacrifice to Kong, a  ape. Jack notices Ann's disappearance, and the crew returns to the island, but Kong flees with Ann into the jungle. Carl catches a glimpse of Kong and becomes determined to film him.

Ann wins Kong over with her juggling and dancing skills and begins to grasp his intelligence and capacity for emotion. Englehorn organizes a rescue party, led by his first mate Hayes and Jack, and accompanied by Carl, Herb, Baxter and Preston. The party gets caught between a herd of Brontosaurus baxteri and a pack of Utahraptor-like Venatosaurus saevidicus hunting them, with Herb and several other men killed in the resulting stampede. Baxter and others return to the ship.

The remaining party members continue through the jungle when Kong attacks, making them fall into a ravine resulting in the deaths of Hayes and most of the rescue party, as well as Carl losing his camera. Kong rescues Ann from three Tyrannosaurus-like Vastatosaurus rex, bringing her to his den in the mountains. The remaining rescue party are attacked by giant insects in the ravine, resulting in the death of two more crew members, but Preston, Carl, Jack, and Hayes' apprentice Jimmy are rescued by Baxter and Englehorn. Jack searches for Ann alone, while Carl decides to capture Kong. Jack finds Kong's lair and accidentally awakens him, but escapes with Ann. They arrive at the wall with Kong pursuing them. As Ann begs the crew not to harm him, Kong kills several sailors, but is subdued when Carl knocks him out with chloroform.

In New York City that winter, Carl presents "Kong, the Eighth Wonder of the World" on Broadway, starring Baxter and an imprisoned Kong. Ann, who refused to take part in the performance, is played by an anonymous chorus girl. Agitated by the chorus girl not being Ann and flashes from cameras, Kong breaks free from the chains and wrecks the theater, bursting out and through it and rampages through the streets of New York in search of Ann, and chases Jack before encountering her again. The U.S. Army attacks, and Kong tries getting Ann and himself to safety by climbing to the top of the Empire State Building.

Six Navy biplanes arrive, which Kong fights, downing three of them, but is mortally wounded from the planes' gunfire and falls. As Jack reaches the top of the building to comfort and embrace Ann, civilians, policemen, and soldiers gather around the beast's corpse in the street, one bystander commenting the airplanes got him. Carl makes his way through the crowd, takes one last look at Kong and says, "It wasn't the airplanes. It was Beauty killed the Beast.", before he walks away.

Cast

 Naomi Watts as Ann Darrow, a struggling vaudeville actress who is desperate for work. Carl first meets her when she tries to steal an apple from a fruit stand. Further into the voyage, she falls in love with Jack and forms a special relationship with Kong.
 Andy Serkis as Kong (motion capture), a  tall prehistoric ape who resembles a mountain gorilla and is around 100–150 years old. He is the last of his species, Megaprimatus kong. and the possible descendant of both the Chororapithecus and the Gigantopithecus.
 Serkis also plays Lumpy, the ship's cook, barber, and surgeon. A brave sailor, he warns Denham about rumors he has heard about Skull Island and Kong.
 Adrien Brody as Jack Driscoll, a screenwriter who falls in love with Ann. He unwittingly becomes part of the voyage when, while delivering a script to Denham, he is deliberately delayed by the latter before he can get off the Venture. He is the only member of the crew who agrees with Ann that Kong should be left alone.
 Jack Black as Carl Denham, a film director who obtained the map to Skull Island. Due to his debts, Carl starts to lose his moral compass and obsesses over his film to the point that he disregards safety.
 Thomas Kretschmann as Captain Englehorn, the German captain of the Venture. Englehorn shows a dislike for Denham, presumably because of his obsessive nature.
 Colin Hanks as Preston, Denham's neurotic but honest personal assistant.
 Jamie Bell as Jimmy, a naive teenager who was found on the Venture, wild and abandoned.
 Evan Parke as Benjamin "Ben" Hayes, Englehorn's first mate and a mentor to Jimmy, who leads Ann's rescue mission because of his army training and combat experience gained during World War I.
 Lobo Chan as Choy, Lumpy's best friend and a janitor on the Venture.
 Kyle Chandler as Bruce Baxter, an actor who specializes in adventure films. He abandons Ann's rescue mission but brings Englehorn to rescue the search party from the insect pit, and is given credit for rescuing Ann during the Broadway display of Kong.
 John Sumner as Herb, Denham's loyal cameraman.
 Craig Hall as Mike, Denham's soundman for the journey.
 William Johnson as Manny, an elderly vaudevillian actor and colleague of Darrow.
 Mark Hadlow as Harry, a struggling vaudevillian actor.
 Jed Brophy and Todd Rippon appeared in the film as crew members.

In addition, director Jackson appears with makeup artist Rick Baker as the pilot and gunner on the airplane that kills the title character, his children appear as New York children, The Lord of the Rings co-producer Rick Porras and The Shawshank Redemption director Frank Darabont appear as a gunners in the other airplanes, and Bob Burns and his wife appear as New York bystanders. Frequent Jackson collaborator Howard Shore makes a cameo appearance as the conductor of the New York theater from where Kong escapes. Shore was initially set to compose for the film before his exit.

Watts, Black, and Brody were the first choices for their respective roles with no other actors considered. In preparation for her role, Watts met with the original Ann Darrow, Fay Wray. Jackson wanted Wray to make a cameo appearance and say the final line of dialogue, but she died during pre-production at 96 years old. Black was cast as Carl Denham based on his performance in the 2000 film High Fidelity, which had impressed Jackson. For inspiration, Black studied P. T. Barnum and Orson Welles. "I didn't study [Welles] move for move. It was just to capture the spirit. Very reckless guy. I had tapes of him drunk off his ass." The native extras on Skull Island were portrayed by a mix of Asian, African, Maori and Polynesian actors sprayed with dark makeup to achieve a consistent pigmentation.

Production

Development

Earlier attempts and 1990s
Peter Jackson was nine years old when he first saw the 1933 film, and was in tears in front of the TV when Kong was shot and fell off the Empire State Building. At age 12, he attempted to recreate the film using his parents' Super 8 mm film camera and a model of Kong made of wire and rubber with his mother's fur coat for the hair, but eventually gave up on the project. King Kong eventually became his favorite film and was the primary inspiration for his decision to become a filmmaker as a teenager. He read books about the making of King Kong and collected memorabilia, as well as articles from Famous Monsters of Filmland. Jackson paid tribute to the 1933 film by including Skull Island as the origin of the zombie plague in his 1992 film Braindead.

During the filming of Jackson's 1996 film The Frighteners, Universal Pictures was impressed with Jackson's dailies and early visual effects footage. The studio was adamant to work with Jackson on his next project and, in late 1995, offered him the chance to direct a remake of the 1954 film Creature from the Black Lagoon. He turned down the offer, but Universal became aware of Jackson's obsession with King Kong and subsequently offered him the opportunity to direct that remake. The studio did not have to worry about lawsuits concerning the film rights from RKO Pictures (the studio behind the 1933 film) because the King Kong character is held in the public domain. Jackson initially turned down the King Kong offer, but he "quickly became disturbed by the fact that someone else would take it over," Jackson continued, "and make it into a terrible film; that haunted me and I eventually said yes to Universal."

At the same time, Jackson was working with Harvey Weinstein and Miramax Films to purchase the film rights of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, while 20th Century Fox was trying to hire him for the 2001 remake of Planet of the Apes. Jackson turned down Planet of the Apes and because Weinstein was taking longer than expected to buy The Lord of the Rings rights, Jackson decided to move forward on King Kong. Weinstein was furious, and, as a result, Jackson proposed a deal between Universal and Miramax that the two studios would equally finance King Kong with Jackson's production company WingNut Films. Universal would receive distribution rights in the United States, while Miramax would cover foreign territories. Jackson was also warranted the right of final cut privilege, a percentage of the gross profits, as well as artistic control; Universal allowed all filming and visual effects to be handled entirely in New Zealand. The deal was settled in April 1996, and Jackson, along with wife Fran Walsh, began working on the King Kong script. In the original draft, Ann was the daughter of famed English archaeologist Lord Linwood Darrow exploring ancient ruins in Sumatra. They would come into conflict with Denham during his filming, and they would uncover a hidden Kong statue and the map of Skull Island. This would indicate that the island natives were the last remnants of a cult religion that had once thrived on Asia's mainland. Instead of a playwright, Jack was the first mate and an ex-World War I fighter pilot still struggling with the loss of his best friend, who had been killed in battle during a World War I prologue. The camera-man Herb is the only supporting character in the original draft who made it to the final version. The fight between Kong and the three V. rex also changed from the original draft. In the draft, Ann is actually caught in the V. rex jaws, where she becomes wedged, and slashed by the teeth; after the fight, Kong gets her out but she is suffering from a fever, from which she then recovers.

Universal approved of the script with Robert Zemeckis as executive producer, and pre-production for King Kong commenced. The plan was to begin filming sometime in 1997 for a summer 1998 release date. Weta Digital and Weta Workshop, under the supervision of Richard Taylor and Christian Rivers, began work on early visual effects tests, specifically the complex task of building a CGI version of New York City circa 1933. Jackson and Walsh progressed with a second draft script, sets were being designed and location scouting commenced in Sumatra and New Zealand. In late 1996, Jackson flew to production of the 1997 film Titanic in Mexico to discuss the part of Ann Darrow with Kate Winslet, with whom he previously worked with on his 1994 film Heavenly Creatures. Minnie Driver was also being reportedly considered. Jackson's choices for Jack Driscoll and Carl Denham included George Clooney and Robert De Niro. However, development for King Kong was stalled in January 1997 when Universal became concerned over the upcoming release of the 1998 film Godzilla, as well as other ape-related remakes with the 1998 film Mighty Joe Young and the 2001 film Planet of the Apes. Universal abandoned King Kong in February 1997 after Weta Workshop and Weta Digital had already designed six months' worth of pre-production. Jackson then decided to start work on The Lord of the Rings film series.

Revival of the project
With the financial and critical success of the 2001 film The Fellowship of the Ring and the 2002 film The Two Towers, Universal approached Jackson in early 2003, during the post-production of The Return of the King, concerning his interest in restarting development on King Kong. In March 2003, Universal set a target December 2005 release date and Jackson and Walsh brought The Lord of the Rings co-writer Philippa Boyens on to help rewrite their 1996 script. Jackson offered New Line Cinema the opportunity to co-finance with Universal, but they declined. Universal and Jackson originally projected a $150 million budget, which eventually rose to $175 million. Jackson made a deal with Universal whereby he would be paid a $20 million salary against 20% of the box office gross for directing, producing and co-writing. He shared that fee with co-writers Walsh (which also covered her producing credit) and Boyens. However, if King Kong were to go over its $175 million budget, the penalties would be covered by Jackson.

Immediately after the completion of The Return of the King, Weta Workshop and Weta Digital, supervised by Taylor, Rivers, and Joe Letteri, started pre-production on King Kong. Jackson brought back most of the crew he had on The Lord of the Rings series, including cinematographer Andrew Lesnie, production designer Grant Major, art directors Simon Bright and Dan Hennah, conceptual designer Alan Lee, and editor Jamie Selkirk. Jackson, Walsh and Boyens began to write a new script in late October 2003. Jackson acknowledged that he was highly unsatisfied with the original 1996 script. "That was actually just Fran and Peter very hurriedly getting something down on paper", Boyens explained. "It was more one of many possible ways the story could go." The writers chose to base the new screenplay on the 1933 film rather than the 1996 script. They also included scenes from James Ashmore Creelman's screenplay that were either abandoned or omitted during production of the original film. In the scene where Kong shakes the surviving sailors pursuing Ann and himself from a log into the ravine, for example, directors Merian Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack originally intended to depict giant spiders emerging from the rock to devour their bodies. This was cut from the original release print, and remains known to Kong fans only via a rare still that appeared in Famous Monsters of Filmland. Jackson included this scene and elaborated upon it. Jackson, Walsh and Boyens also cited Delos W. Lovelace's 1932 novelisation of King Kong as inspiration, which included the character Lumpy (Andy Serkis). To make the relationship between Ann Darrow and Kong plausible, the writers studied hours of gorilla footage. Jackson also optioned Early Havoc, a memoir written by vaudeville performer June Havoc to help Walsh and Boyens flesh out Ann Darrow's characterisation. Carl Denham was intentionally modeled after and inspired by Orson Welles. Their new draft was finished in February 2004.

Filming
Principal photography started on September 6, 2004, at Camperdown Studios in Miramar, New Zealand. Camperdown housed the native village and the Great Wall, while the streets of New York City were constructed on its backlot and at Gracefield in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. The majority of the SS Venture scenes were shot aboard a full-scale deck constructed in the parking lot at Camperdown Studio and then were backed with a green screen, with the ocean digitally added in post. Scenes set in the Broadway theater from which King Kong makes his escape were filmed in Wellington's Opera House and at the Auckland Civic Theatre. Filming also took place at Stone Street Studios, where a new sound stage was constructed to accommodate one of the sets. Over the course of filming the budget went from $175 million to $207 million over additional visual effects work needed, and Jackson extending the film's running time by thirty minutes. Jackson covered the $32 million surplus himself and finished filming in March 2005.

The film's budget climbed from an initial US$150 million to a then-record-breaking $207 million and received a subsidy of $34 million from New Zealand, making it at one point the most expensive film yet made. Universal only agreed to such an outlay after seeing a screening of the unfinished film, to which executives responded enthusiastically. Marketing and promotion costs were an estimated $60 million. The film's length also grew; originally set to be 135 minutes, it soon grew to 200, prompting Universal executives to fly to New Zealand to view a rough cut, but they liked it so their concerns were addressed.

Other difficulties included Peter Jackson's decision to change composers from Howard Shore to James Newton Howard seven weeks before the film opened.

Visual effects

Jackson saw King Kong as opportunity for technical innovations in motion capture, commissioning Christian Rivers of Weta Digital to supervise all aspects of Kong's performance. Jackson decided early on that he did not want Kong to behave like a human, and so he and his team studied hours of gorilla footage. Serkis was cast in the title role in April 2003 and prepared himself by working with gorillas at the London Zoo. He then traveled to Rwanda, observing the actions and behaviors of gorillas in the wild. Rivers explained that the detailed facial performance capture with Serkis was accomplished because of the similarities between human and gorilla faces. "Gorillas have such a similar looking set of eyes and brows, you can look at those expressions and transpose your own interpretation onto them." Photos of silverback gorillas were also superimposed on Kong's image in the early stages of animation. Serkis had to go through two hours of motion capture makeup every day, having 135 small markers attached to different spots on his face. Following principal photography, Serkis had to spend an additional two months on a motion capture stage, miming Kong's movements for the film's digital animators.

Apart from Kong, Skull Island is inhabited by dinosaurs and other large fauna. Inspired by Dougal Dixon's works, the designers imagined what 65 million years or more of isolated evolution might have done to dinosaurs and the other creatures.

Music

The original score was initially set to be composed by Howard Shore, who had written several cues for the film. Due to creative differences with Jackson, Shore opted out of the project in October 2005 and subsequently James Newton Howard replaced him. With scoring beginning by late-October 2005, Howard had only five weeks to work on the film, as a result, he found the film "hardest to compose". Recording sessions took place at the Sony Scoring Stage, California and Todd-AO, Los Angeles, consisting of 108-piece orchestra and 40-member choir, and a varied range of instruments used.

The film's soundtrack includes Al Jolson's recording of "I'm Sitting on Top of the World", Peggy Lee's "Bye Bye Blackbird", and some themes from Max Steiner's soundtrack for the original 1933 film. The score was released on December 7, 2005, by Decca Records to positive response. Howard's score was later nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.

Marketing
The marketing campaign started in full swing on June 27, 2005, when the teaser trailer made its debut, first online at the official Volkswagen website at 8:45 p.m. EDT, then 8:55 p.m. EDT across media outlets owned by NBCUniversal (the parent of Universal Studios), including NBC, Bravo!, CNBC, and MSNBC. That trailer appeared in theatres attached to War of the Worlds, which opened on June 29.

Jackson also regularly published a series of 'Production Diaries', which chronicled the film's production. The diaries started shortly after the DVD release of The Return of the King as a way to give Jackson's The Lord of the Rings fans a glimpse of his next project. These diaries are edited into broadband-friendly installments of three or four minutes each. They consist of features that would normally be seen in a making-of documentary: a tour of the set, a roving camera introducing key players behind the scene, a peek inside the sound booth during last-minute dubbing, or Andy Serkis doing his ape movements in a motion capture studio.

A novelisation of the film and a prequel novel entitled King Kong: The Island of the Skull were also written. A multi-platform video game, entitled Peter Jackson's King Kong, was released, which featured an alternate ending. There was also a hardback book entitled The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island, featuring artwork from Weta Workshop to describe the film's fictional wildlife.

Jackson has expressed his desire to remaster the film in 3-D at some point in the future. Jackson was also seen shooting with a 3-D camera at times during the shoot of King Kong.

Reception

Box office

In North America, King Kong grossed $9,755,745 during its Wednesday opening and $50,130,145 over its first weekend for a five-day total of $66,181,645 from around 7,500 screens at 3,568 theaters. Some analysts considered these initial numbers disappointing, saying that studio executives had been expecting more. The film went on to gross $218,080,025 in the North American market and ended up in the top five highest-grossing films of the year there. The film grossed an additional $344,283,424 at the box office in other regions for a worldwide total of $562,363,449, which not only ranked it in the top five highest-grossing films of 2005 worldwide, but also helped the film bring back more than two-and-a-half times its production budget.

During its home video release, King Kong sold over $100 million worth of DVDs in the largest six-day performance in Universal Studios history. King Kong sold more than 7.6 million DVDs, accumulating nearly $194 million worth of sales numbers in the North American market alone. As of June 25, 2006, King Kong has generated almost $38 million from DVD rental gross. In February 2006, TNT/TBS and ABC paid Universal Studios $26.5 million for the television rights to the film.

Critical response
King Kong received acclaim from critics. On aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 268 reviews, with an average rating of 7.68/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Featuring state-of-the-art special effects, terrific performances, and a majestic sense of spectacle, Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong is a potent epic that's faithful to the spirit of the 1933 original." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

It was placed on the 'top ten' lists of several critics, with Roger Ebert giving it four stars, and listed it as 2005's eighth-best film. The film received four Academy Award nominations, for Visual Effects, Sound Mixing (Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Michael Hedges, Hammond Peek), Sound Editing, and Production Design, winning all but the last. Entertainment Weekly called the depiction of Kong the most convincing computer-generated character in film in 2005. Some criticised the film for retaining racist stereotypes that had been present in the 1933 film, though it was not suggested that Jackson had done this intentionally. King Kong ranks 450th on Empire magazine's 2008 list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. The Guardian reviewer Peter Bradshaw said that it "certainly equals, and even exceeds, anything Jackson did in Lord of the Rings." However, Charlie Brooker, also of The Guardian, gave a negative review in which he describes the film as "sixteen times more overblown and histrionic than necessary".

Accolades

Cinematic and literary allusions
 Jack Black and critics have noted Carl Denham's similarity to Orson Welles.
 When Driscoll is searching for a place to sleep in the animal storage hold, a box behind him reads Sumatran Rat Monkey – Beware the bite! This is a reference to the creature that causes mayhem in Jackson's 1992 film Braindead, itself a reference to the giant rat of Sumatra mentioned in Sherlock Holmes. In that film, the rat monkey is described as being found only on Skull Island.
 Jimmy reads part of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness while en route to Skull Island, at one point comparing their journey to that of the novella.

References to original 1933 King Kong
 Fay Wray, the original Ann Darrow, was asked by Jackson to appear in a brief cameo role in which she would utter the film's final line: "It was beauty killed the beast." At first, she flatly refused, but then seemed to consider the possibility. However, she died shortly after her meeting with Jackson. As in the original film, the line ultimately went to the character of Carl Denham.
 An ad for Universal is visible while Kong is tearing up Times Square. In the 1933 film, an ad for Columbia Pictures appeared in the same spot, and the production designers replicated it, but Columbia asked for a large amount of money for its use, so effects artists replaced it.
 When Denham is considering who to play the part before meeting Ann, he suggests "Fay", but his assistant Preston replies, "She's doing a picture with RKO." Music from the 1933 film is heard, and Denham mutters, "Cooper, huh? I might have known." Fay Wray starred in the 1933 film, which was directed by Merian C. Cooper and released by RKO. At the time she was performing in another Cooper/Schoedsack production, The Most Dangerous Game with Robert Armstrong.
 In the 1933 film, Cooper made up an "Arabian proverb" about "beauty and beast". The 2005 remake repeats the fake proverb.
 Early in this film, Denham shoots a scene for his film in which Ann, in-character, proclaims she's never been on a ship before, and Bruce Baxter improvises lines proclaiming annoyance. The dialogue they exchange is taken verbatim from early scenes between Ann and Jack Driscoll in the 1933 film. Ironically, in this film, Jack Driscoll expresses disapproval of such words toward Ann.
 Kong's New York stage appearance looks very much like a re-enactment of the 1933 film's sacrifice scene, including the posts the 'beauty' is tied to and the nearly identical performance, costumes, and blackface makeup of the dancers. In addition, the music played by the orchestra during that scene is Max Steiner's original score for the 1933 film.
 The battle between Kong and the final V. rex is almost move-for-move like the last half of the fight between Kong and the T. rex in the 1933 film, right down to Kong playing with the dinosaur's broken jaw and then standing, beating his chest and roaring victoriously.
 After the crew captures Kong on the beach, Denham speaks a line from the 1933 film: "The whole world will pay to see this! We're millionaires, boys! I'll share it with all of you. In a few months, his name will be up in lights on Broadway! KONG, THE EIGHTH WONDER OF THE WORLD!"

Home media
King Kong was released on DVD on March 28, 2006, in the United States and Canada. The three versions that came out are a single-disc fullscreen, a single-disc widescreen, and a two-disc 'Widescreen Special Edition'.

A three-disc Deluxe Extended Edition was released on November 14, 2006, in the U.S., and on November 3 in Australia. Twelve minutes were reinserted into the film, and an additional forty minutes included with the rest of the special features. The film was spread onto the first two discs with commentary by Peter Jackson and Philippa Boyens, and some featurettes on discs one and two, whilst the main special features are on disc three. Another set was released, including a WETA figurine of a bullet-ridden Kong scaling the Empire State Building, roaring at the Navy with Ann in hand. The extended film amounts to 200 total minutes.

A special HD DVD version of King Kong was part of a promotional pack for the release of the external HD DVD Drive for the Xbox 360. The pack contained the HD DVD drive, the Universal Media Remote and King Kong on HD DVD. It was also available separately as a standard HD DVD. The film's theatrical and extended cuts were released together on Blu-ray Disc on January 20, 2009. A re-release of the Blu-Ray with a new bonus disc containing nearly all of the extras from the 2-disc Special Edition DVD, the Deluxe Extended Edition 3-disc DVD, and the "Peter Jackson's Production Diaries" 2-disc DVD titled the "Ultimate Edition" was released on February 7, 2017. An Ultra HD Blu-ray followed in July 2017.

Cancelled sequel and reboot
In March 2021, Adam Wingard said in an interview that back in 2013, Peter Jackson had been interested in producing a sequel to the film, titled Skull Island, with Wingard as director and Simon Barrett writing it. Jackson had been impressed with Wingard's work in You're Next, and investigated a potential sequel.  However, the King Kong rights had already been transferred to Warner Bros. by 2013, which complicated a sequel to a Universal-produced movie. Wingard says that Jackson was thinking of setting the proposed movie during World War I, which would make it a prequel, but that the studio was uninterested in a World War I era film. Wingard pivoted to offering a modern-day sequel, but ultimately nothing came of the proposal.

Ultimately, Warner Bros. rebooted the franchise with Kong: Skull Island in 2017, which was part of the MonsterVerse. Wingard would later direct 2021's Godzilla vs. Kong, another film set in the MonsterVerse.

Theme park

The Universal Orlando Resort location Islands of Adventure features an attraction called "Skull Island: Reign of Kong" which is based on Peter Jackson's remake. While the King Kong part of the Universal Studios Hollywood resort was destroyed by a massive fire, a 3D short inspired by the film was eventually created in 2010, King Kong: 360 3-D, which is another attraction based on Peter Jackson's remake.

See also
 Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)
 List of films featuring dinosaurs
 List of most expensive films

References

External links

2000s action adventure films
2000s monster movies
2000s American films
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King Kong (2005 film)


Die Badminton-Ozeanienmeisterschaft 2006 fand vom 8. bis zum 16. Februar 2006 im North Harbour Badminton Centre in Auckland (Neuseeland) statt. Es war die 5. Austragung dieser Kontinentalkämpfe im Badminton in Ozeanien.

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Inger Brochmann (1927 – 15. august 2009) var en dansk forfatter, foredragsholder og Rudolf Steiner-pædagog.

Biografi
 "Hør min sjæls bøn!".

Udgivelser
 "Hør min sjæls bøn!" Udgivet på Hernovs Forlag 2003.
 "Stjernebørn, indigobørn - hvem er de?" Udgivet på Sphinx Forlag 2003
 "Så du gnomen?" Hernovs Forlag. Udgivet år: 2001
 "Årstidsfester med leg og sang" - Forlag: Arché - Udgivet år: 1998
 "Fortæl folkeeventyr for dine børn" Udgivet på Hernovs Forlag.
 "Et fødselsdagseventyr og dets baggrund"
 "Livet mellem døden og en ny fødsel - ud fra Rudolf Steiners antroposofi." Udgivet på Sphinx Forlag.
 "En ny fest - Sankt Michaelsfesten" Forlag: Brage - Udgivet år: 1988
 "Biodynamisk jordbrug - fra vision til virkelighed - biodynamiske bønder fortæller" Forlag: Hernov - Udgivet år: 1988
 "Menneske - hvor blev du af? - vil du stiltiende ofre de ufødte på forskningens alter?" Forlag: Hernov - Udgivet år: 1985
 "Jule-og hellig tre kongers-spil" Forlag: Brage - Udgivet år: 1984
 "Det ukuelige liv" Hernovs Forlag - Udgivet år: 1983
 "Oprør fra mødrene" Forlag: Hernovs - Udgivet år: 1982
 "Sangen om "Lille ny" Forlag: Hernov, 1981
 "Gør vi vores børn fortræd?" Hernovs Forlag - Udgivet år: 1979.

Kilder

 http://www.litteratursiden.dk/forfattere/inger-brochmann

Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Kvindelige forfattere i det 20. århundrede

Inger Brochmann


Du kan ikke tage det med dig er en amerikansk film fra 1938. Filmen er baseret på skuespillet af samme navn skrevet af George S. Kaufman og Moss Hart.

Handling

Forretningsmanden Anthony P. Kirby forsøger at presse en konkurrent ud af markedet ved at opkøbe alle ejendomme i en kreds om konkurrentens fabrik. Hans sætter sin ejendomsansvarlige til at foretage opkøbet, men har et problem med en enkelt ejendom. Han forsøger at tilbyde en enorm sum, men får nej, og derpå går han i gang med trusler.

Kirbys søn, Tony, er forelsket i den unge kontoransatte i firmaet, Alice Sycamore. Da Tony frier til Alice, bliver hun bekymret for, om hendes familie med bedstefar Vanderhof som nestor er god nok til Kirby-familien. Hun er nemlig det eneste relativt normale medlem af familien, der tilfældigvis bor i den ejendom, som firmaet forgæves har forsøgt at opkøbe. For at finde ud af, om familien vil acceptere hende, inviterer hun Tonys forældre hjem til sin egen familie. Tony tager sine meget modvillige forældre med på et andet tidspunkt, end Alice havde inviteret, og familien Vanderhof er derfor ikke forberedt. Der møder nu Kirby-familien et sandt kaos, som bare gør dem endnu mere modstandere af et giftermål mellem de to unge. Inden de når at komme væk fra huset, bliver alle tilstedeværende imidlertid arresteret af politiet blandt andet på en formodning om illegal fremstilling af fyrværkeri.

I arresten fornærmer fru Kirby gentagne gange Alice og får hende til at føle sig uværdig til sin søn. Ved retsmødet forsøger dommeren at finde ud af, hvorfor familien Kirby var i huset, hvortil bedstefar Vanderhof forklarer, at det var for forhandle om salg af huset. Alice afslører den egentlige årsag til besøget, men afslører samtidig, at hun ikke vil giftes med Tony, fordi hans familie har behandlet hendes familie så dårligt. Dette bliver en mediesensation, og Alice flygter fra byen.

Efter Alices rejse beslutter bedstefar Vanderhof at sælge huset til Kirby, hvilket vil medføre, at hele bydelen må rømmes for at give plads til en ny fabrik. Derpå fusionerer Kirbys selskaber, hvilket giver stor turbulens på aktiemarkedet. Kirbys konkurrent konfronterer Kirby og fortæller ham, hvor ubarmhjertig han er; kort efter dør konkurrenten. Det får Kirby til at indse, at bedstefar Vanderhof havde ret, da han under anholdelsen fortalte ham, at han ingen venner havde. Kirby besøger derpå Vanderhof-familien, mens de er ved at flytte ud af huset. Kirby forstår, at disse småkårsfolk, som han tidligere så ned på, faktisk er gode mennesker, og han slår sig løs, som han oplevede Vanderhof-familien gøre tidligere. Alice tager nu Tony tilbage, familien får lov til at blive, og filmen ender med forsoning mellem de to familier.

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1938
Oscar for bedste film
Film instrueret af Frank Capra
Film i sort-hvid

Du kan ikke tage det med dig (film)


Kapak Oyunu 8–15 yaşları arasındaki erkek çocuklarca iki gruba bölünerek oynanır. İki grup kendi aralarında anlaşırlar ve birisi oyuna başlar. Yerde bir dikdörtgen çizilir ve aynı dörtgen sekiz dörtgene bölünür. Bu sekiz dörtgene sekiz şişe kapağı birbiri üstüne dizilir. Oyuna başlayan grup, ellerinde bir küçük topla dizilen kapakları vurmaya çalışırlar. Grup topu vurur, kapaklar dağılır ve hızlı bir şekilde koşarlar. Öbür grup topu alıp diğer grubun peşinde koşarlar. Topu elde tutan grup, kapakları dağıtan grubu topla vurmaya çalışırlar. Eğer topu o grubdan birisine vururlarsa, oyunu kazanmış olurlar. Eğer vuramazlarsa, o gruptan birisi tekrar geri dönüp dağılan kapakları o çizelgenin içine dizer ve oyun sona erer. İlk grup oyunu kazanırsa oyun tekrar başlar ve oyun bu şekilde devam eder.

Oyun Musul, Erbil gibi Türkmen nüfusun yaşadığı yerlerde Çim Oyunu, Sifon Oyunu adıyla da oynanır.

Kültürel oyunlar
Geleneksel oyunlar
Çocuk oyunları

Kapak Oyunu


La rue Louis-Calmel est une voie de communication située à Gennevilliers. Elle suit la tracé de la route départementale 11.

Situation et accès
Cette rue commence son tracé au carrefour de la route départementale 19, où se trouve la station de métro Les Agnettes sur la ligne 13 du métro de Paris qui assure sa desserte.
Elle délimite au nord le quartier du fossé de l'Aumône et se termine dans l'axe du boulevard Zéphirin-Camélinat, au carrefour de l'avenue Gabriel-Péri et de la rue Jean-Jaurès.

Origine du nom

En septembre 1947, cette voie a été renommée en hommage à Louis Calmel, résistant. Arrêté le 4 décembre 1940 pour tirage de tracts, il est condamné à 6 mois de prison. Il rejoint ensuite les FTP, est arrêté une deuxième fois et interné au fort de Romainville. Il est fusillé comme otage le 2 octobre 1943 au Mont-Valérien.

Historique
Cette rue est l'ancien chemin de La Garenne-Colombes à Gennevilliers, plus tard renommé rue de Bois-Colombes.

Le quartier est urbanisé à partir des années 1960, par de grands ensembles et des barres HLM.

Les années 1970 voient naître le Centre Administratif Culturel et Commercial qui regroupe la mairie, la salle des Fêtes, divers équipements tels que la Direction des Impôts et le centre musical Edgar-Varèse ainsi qu'un hypermarché. Une voie souterraine est percée entre la rue Louis-Calmel et l'avenue de la Libération afin de desservir l'hypermarché, le parking de la Mairie et certains sites de stockage.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 Hôtel de ville de Gennevilliers, construit en 1973.
 Cité des Agnettes, construite en 1974.
 Église Notre-Dame-des-Agnettes de Gennevilliers. En 2021, un presbytère lui est adjoint.

Notes et références

Gennevilliers
Louis Calmel

Rue Louis-Calmel


Bu maddede, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Türkiye döneminde aldığı ödüllerin bir listesi yer almaktadır. Atatürk'ün madalya ve nişanları ile manevi evlatlarından Afet İnan, Rukiye Erkin, Sabiha Gökçen'in armağan ettikleri Atatürk'e ait eşyalar, Anıtkabir'deki Atatürk ve Kurtuluş Savaşı Müzesi'nde sergilenmektedir.

Madalyalar

Madalyonlar

Kaynakça
 Atatürk'ün Madalya ve Nişanları
 Atatürk'ün Rütbe, Nişan ve Madalyaları

Ödül
Ödül sahiplerine göre ödül listeleri

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün ödülleri listesi


Poia (Poïa, Boh-yi-yi, Payoowa, Pawaksskii, Pawakksski; Star-Boy), Star-Boy je čarobni junak iz mitologije Blackfoota koji je sin smrtnice po imenu Feather Woman (Soatsaki) i Jutarnje zvijezde (Apisirahts). Nakon što su Star-Boy i njegova majka protjerani, on postaje poznat kao Poia, prevedeno kao "Lice s ožiljkom" na engleskom (od Blackfoot riječi payoo, "ožiljak".) Kasnije je neko vrijeme poznat kao Pahtsipisoahs, "false morning star; "lažna jutarnja zvijezda", zbog njegove sličnosti s ocem. Bilo je vrlo uobičajeno da Blackfoot ljudi, posebno dječaci i muškarci, uzimaju nova imena nekoliko puta u životu, tako da ove privremene promjene imena nisu zbunile Blackfoot slušatelje kao što su zbunile neke antropologe!

U astronomiji, Star-Boy/Poia povezuje se s planetom Jupiterom, koji "putuje" noćnim nebom slično kao njegov otac, Jutarnja zvijezda. Iako su svi Blackfoot govornici identificiraju Poiju kao sina Jutarnje zvijezde, postoji najmanje jedna snimljena verzija u kojoj Feather Woman ne igra nikakvu ulogu, a Poia je bio običan smrtni dječak kojeg je Jutarnja zvijezda usvojila kao svog brata. Ritualno, Star-Boy je važan za Sunčev ples kod Crnih stopala, za koji se smatra da ga je donio ljudima u znak oprosta za majčin pad iz milosti.

Ostali nazivi: Starboy, Scarface, Scar Face, False-Morning-Star, Mistaken-for-Morning-Star, Pahtsipisoahs, Pahtsiipisowaahs, Poks-o-piks-o-aks.

Izvori

Blackfoot mitologija

Poia


Carmen Contreras-Bozak ( - ) fut la première hispanique à servir dans le Women's Army Corps (WAC) où elle servit comme interprète et dans de nombreux postes administratifs.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
Pendant la guerre, elle occupa des fonctions administratives sur le continent ou à proximité des zones de combat. Technicienne de quatrième année, elle appartint au 149 corps auxiliaire féminin de l'armée. La 149 Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) Post Headquarters Company fut la première compagnie WAAC à être déployée outre-mer, en partant du port de New York pour l'Europe en janvier 1943. L'unité arrive en Afrique du Nord le 27 janvier 1943 et effectue des missions outre-mer à Alger au sein du quartier général de théâtre du général Dwight D. Eisenhower. Carmen Contreras-Bozak, membre de cette unité, fut la première hispanique à servir dans l'US Women's Army Corps en tant qu'interprète et dans de nombreux postes administratifs.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Histoire de Porto Rico pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 Histoire militaire de Porto Rico
 Carmen Lozano Dumler
 Carmen García Rosado

Bibliographie
 LAS WACS-Participacion de la Mujer Boricua en la Segunda Guerra Mundial; by: Carmen García Rosado; 1ra. Edicion publicada en Octubre de 2006; 2da Edicion revisada 2007; Regitro Propiedad Intectual ELA (Government of Puerto Rico) #06-13P-1A-399; Library of Congress TXY 1-312-685
 Historia militar de Puerto Rico; by Héctor Andrés Negroni ; pub. Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992);
 Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck;

Liens externes

  Co-Sponsor H.R. 2134.

Naissance en décembre 1919
Naissance à Cayey
Décès en janvier 2017
Décès à 97 ans
Décès dans le comté de Pasco
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière national d'Arlington
Femmes pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Militaire portoricain
Femme militaire du XXe siècle
Femmes dans les Forces armées des États-Unis
Personnalité de l'United States Army

Carmen Contreras-Bozak


Die Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Mosel ist eine Gebietskörperschaft im Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz in Rheinland-Pfalz. Sie ging am 1. Juli 2014 aus dem Zusammenschluss der Verbandsgemeinden Rhens und Untermosel hervor. Ihr gehören die Stadt Rhens sowie 17 weitere Ortsgemeinden an, der Verwaltungssitz ist in der Ortsgemeinde Kobern-Gondorf mit einer Verwaltungsstelle in der Stadt Rhens.

Mit etwa 27.000 Einwohnern ist sie nach Weißenthurm die zweitgrößte Verbandsgemeinde im Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz.

Verbandsangehörige Gemeinden

(Einwohner am )

Geschichte

Im Rahmen der zweiten rheinland-pfälzischen Kommunal- und Verwaltungsreform vom 28. September 2010 sollen Verbandsgemeinden, die weniger als 12.000 Einwohner besitzen, zusammengelegt werden um deren Lebensfähigkeit zu sichern. Die Verbandsgemeinde Rhens, die über weniger als 9000 Einwohner verfügt, begann daraufhin mit der Suche nach einem geeigneten Fusionspartner innerhalb der bis zum 30. Juni 2012 laufenden sogenannten "Freiwilligkeitsphase" um einer Zwangsfusionierung zuvorzukommen und auch eine entsprechende Förderprämie des Landes in Anspruch nehmen zu können. Nach Sondierungsgesprächen und Verhandlungen mit benachbarten Gebietskörperschaften sowie der Prüfung von Gutachten des Landesinnenministeriums beschloss man im Mai 2011 Fusionsgespräche mit der Verbandsgemeinde Untermosel aufzunehmen. Am 17. Januar 2012 einigte man sich auf die wesentlichen Eckpunkte eines Zusammenschlusses.

Am 22. März 2012 stimmten die Verbandsgemeinderäte der beiden Verbandsgemeinden für die Fusion, in Rhens einstimmig, in Untermosel mit einer Gegenstimme. Der Fusionsvertrag wurde am 2. Juli von den Bürgermeistern der Verbandsgemeinden Helmut Schreiber (Rhens) und Bruno Seibeld (Untermosel) in Rhens unterzeichnet.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung
Die Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahl bezogen auf das heutige Gebiet der Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Mosel; die Werte von 1871 bis 1987 beruhen auf Volkszählungen:

Politik

Verbandsgemeinderat
Der Verbandsgemeinderat Rhein-Mosel besteht aus 36 ehrenamtlichen Ratsmitgliedern, die bei der Kommunalwahl am 26. Mai 2019 in einer personalisierten Verhältniswahl gewählt wurden, und der hauptamtlichen Bürgermeisterin als Vorsitzender.

Die Sitzverteilung im Verbandsgemeinderat:

 FWG = Freie Wählergruppe Rhein-Mosel e.V.
 FWG U = Freie Wählergruppe Verbandsgemeinde Untermosel e.V.
 FWG R = Freie Wählergruppe Verbandsgemeinde Rhens e.V.

Bürgermeister
Kathrin Laymann (FWG) wurde am 1. Juli 2022 Bürgermeisterin der Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Mosel. Bei der Stichwahl am 3. April 2022 hatte sie sich mit einem Stimmenanteil von 57,0 % gegen Jens Firmenich (CDU) durchgesetzt, nachdem bei der Direktwahl am 13. März 2022 keiner der fünf Bewerber um die Nachfolge des nicht erneut kandidierenden Amtsinhabers eine ausreichende Mehrheit erreichte.

Laymanns Vorgänger Bruno Seibeld, zuvor Bürgermeister der Verbandsgemeinde Untermosel, wurde am 25. Mai 2014 mit einem Stimmenanteil von 68 % zum ersten Bürgermeister der neuen Verbandsgemeinde gewählt. Er übte das Amt bis zum 30. Juni 2022 aus und trat nachfolgend seinen Ruhestand an.

Wappen
Blasonierung: Geviertes Wappen mit blau-weißem Wellenbalken. Feld 1: das Trierer Kreuz, Feld 2: goldene Krone auf grünem Grund, Feld 3: goldene Weinrebe mit Blatt auf grünem Grund, Feld 4: das Kurkölnische Kreuz.

Weblinks

 Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Mosel

Einzelnachweise

Rhein-Mosel
Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz

Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Mosel


Ardeer ist ein Stadtteil der australischen Stadt Melbourne. Er befindet sich 16 km westlich des Stadtzentrums. 2016 hatte Ardeer eine Einwohnerzahl von 3103.

Mit der Eröffnung des Postamts im Jahr 1953 begann die Entwicklung des Stadtteils Ardeer. Das Postamt wurde 1979 wieder geschlossen.

Durch den Stadtteil verläuft das Kororoit Creek.

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Melbourne
Brimbank City

Ardeer (Victoria)


thumb| සාරා අර්ජුන්

සාරා අර්ජුන් යනු චිත්‍රපට හා වෙළඳ දැන්වීම්වල පෙනී සිටින ඉන්දියානු ළමා නිළියකි. ඉන්දියාවේ මුම්බායි හි උපත ලද සාරා වයස අවුරුදු 6 ට පෙර වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් මාලාවක සහ කෙටි හින්දි චිත්‍රපටයක පෙනී සිටියේය. 2010 දී ඔහු [[A] හි ප්‍රධාන භූමිකාවක් නිරූපණය කිරීමට අත්සන් තැබීය. එල්. විජේගේ දෙමළ නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපටය '' [දීවා තිරුමගල්] ',සාරාගේ රංගනය චිත්‍රපට විචාරකයින්ගේ පැසසුමට ලක්වීමත් සමඟ චිත්‍රපටය විවේචනාත්මක හා වාණිජමය පිළිගැනීමට ලක්විය. එතැන් පටන් ඔහු ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට කිහිපයකම, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දෙමළ සහ හින්දි සහ තෙළිඟු සහ මලයාලම් භාෂාවල සේවය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහුගේ චරිත නිරූපණයන් සඳහා ධනාත්මක විචාරයන් දිනා ගැනීමට සමත් විය.

පුද්ගලික ජීවිතය
සාරාගේ පියා රාජ් අර්ජුන් නළුවෙකු වන අතර හින්දි භාෂා චිත්‍රපට කිහිපයකම රඟපා ඇත - "ද සීක්‍රට් සුපර්ස්ටාර්" "," කාලෝ "සහ වික්‍රම්ගේ" [දීවා තිරුමගල්]. ඇගේ මව සන්යා නැටුම් ගුරුවරියකි. ඔහුගේ දෙමව්පියන් දෙදෙනාම මුලින් බෝපාල්හි අය වන අතර 2000 සිට මුම්බායි ඔවුන්ගේ කඳවුර බවට පත් කර ඇත.

Filmography

Short films

Awards & Nominations

ජීවමාන ජනයා
Indian film actresses
21st-century Indian child actresses
Child actresses in Tamil cinema
21 වන සියවස තුළ ඉන්දියානු නිළියෝ
Actresses from Mumbai
Child actresses in Hindi cinema
Child actresses in Telugu cinema
Child actresses in Malayalam cinema
2005 උපත්

Sara arjun


كتاب ألفه الصاغ محمود لبيب مؤسس تنظيم الضباط الأحرار وقدم له اللواء محمد صالح حرب باشا.

ملخص  الكتاب
حيث قضى الصاغ لبيب بعضاً من سنوات خدمته بسيدي براني بالصحراء الغربية بعد نقله إليها عام 1910 عقاباً له علي قيادة مظاهرة احتجاجية علي تصريحات الرئيس الأمريكي روزفلت التي أثنى فيها على الاحتلال البريطاني لمصر والسودان. وفي سيدي براني تصدي لبيب ورجاله لمحاولة احتلال السلوم من قبل القوات الإيطالية كما تصدى لمحاولات الإنجليز لرفع العلم الإنجليزي عليها.

المصادر
كتاب حماة السلوم
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كتاب حماة السلوم


Alnus vermicularis, endemska biljna vrsta iz Sjeverne Koreje, grm je ili malo drvo iz roda joha (Alnus), porodica brezovki (Betulaceae). Za vrstu ima nedovoljno podataka.

Takenoshin Nakai opisao ju je 1919, i prema njemu naraste do 3 i pol metra visine, a opisani primjerak rastao je na visini od 2.350 metarta.

Izvori

Joha
Biljne endemske vrste
Flora Koreje

Alnus vermicularis


The year 1947 in architecture involved some significant events.

Events
 February–June – Initial proposals for the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City are drawn up.
 April – Initial proposals for Point Park Civic Center in Pittsburgh by Frank Lloyd Wright are presented.
 Bankside Power Station, London, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (completed in early 1960s; converted to Tate Modern art gallery in late 1990s).
 Le Corbusier commences construction of the Cité radieuse, Marseille.
 Reconstruction plan for the French city of Nantes by Michel Roux-Spitz is approved.
 Jože Plečnik proposes plans for the "Plečnik Parliament" overlooking Ljubljana.

Buildings and structures

Buildings completed
 The Berkeley Building, or "Old" John Hancock Tower in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, designed by Cram and Ferguson.
 75 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City.
 Altino Arantes Building in São Paulo, Brazil, designed by Plínio Botelho do Amaral with the contractors, Camargo & Mesquita.
 Wachovia Building (Mobile), Alabama, designed by Platt Roberts & Associates.
 Nizami Mausoleum, Ganja, Azerbaijan (replaced 1991).
 Cathedral of San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina, designed by Alejandro Bustillo.
 St. Josaphat Cathedral, McCauley, Edmonton, Alberta, designed by Reverend Philip Ruh.
 Zushi Temple, New Taipei City, Taiwan, designed by Li Meishu.
 Avenel Cooperative Housing Project in Los Angeles, California, designed by Gregory Ain.
 Hearst Castle, California, designed by Julia Morgan (construction, begun in 1919, ceases).
 Delano hotel, Miami Beach, designed by Robert Swartburg.

Awards
 AIA Gold Medal – Eliel Saarinen
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Albert Edward Richardson

Births
 March 8 – Foad Rafii, Iranian architect working in Canada
 March 22 – George Ferguson, English architect and politician working in Bristol
 April 20 – Mark Fisher, English architect specialising in rock music stage sets (died 2013)
 June 24 – Ian Ritchie, English architect working internationally
 November 10 – Patrick Berger, French architect
 December 9 – Steven Holl, American architect
 December 12 – Will Alsop, English architect (died 2018)
 December 21 – Jacques Lucan, French architect
 Aykut Karaman, Turkish architect

Deaths
 January 22 – Max Berg, German architect (born 1870)
 February 21 – Richard Barry Parker, English architect and urban planner (born 1867)
 April 1 – Carl Krayl, German architect (born 1890)
 June 6 – José Marques da Silva, Portuguese architect (born 1869)
 August 5 – Charles Bateman, English architect (born 1863)
 September 9 – Victor Horta, Belgian architect (born 1861)
 October 1 – James Gamble Rogers, American architect (born 1867)
 November 5 – Fritz Schumacher, German architect (born 1869)
 November 20 – Walter J. Mathews, American architect working in California (born 1850)
 November 28
 James Miller, Scottish architect (born 1860)
 Cecil Wood, New Zealand architect (born 1878)
 Vjekoslav Bastl, Croatian secessionist architect working in Zagreb (born 1872)
 Frank Chouteau Brown, American architect (born 1876)
 Henrietta Cuttino Dozier, American architect working in the southern states (born 1872)
 Squire J. Vickers, American architect working on the New York City Subway (born 1872)
 Francis W. Wilson, American architect working in California (born 1870)

References

1947 in architecture


The Kyiv Independent est un média ukrainien de langue anglaise. Basé à Kiev, il a été fondé fin 2021 par des membres de l'ancienne équipe du Kyiv Post.

Historique

En novembre 2021, l'homme d'affaires Adnan Kivan a suspendu la diffusion du Kyiv Post, qu'il possédait depuis quelques années, et a licencié l'équipe de rédaction, avec laquelle il était en désaccord. Le Kyiv Post tirait à  et revendiquait 10 millions de pages vues par an sur sa version en ligne. Il avait une ligne libérale et pro-occidentale ; il était néanmoins considéré comme un journal indépendant et une source d'informations fiable, par exemple par les ambassades, les organisations internationales et les expatriés. Une partie significative de l'ancienne équipe, ainsi licenciée, s'est lancée dans la création d'un nouveau quotidien, The Kyiv Independent, avec l'aide d'une subvention d'urgence de la Fondation européenne pour la démocratie. Un financement participatif a fourni une source de financement pour le lancement du média.

The Kyiv Independent a été remarqué pour sa couverture de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022. Après le début de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022, le média a vu le nombre de ses abonnés Twitter augmenter de plus d'un million.

Membres-clés de l'équipe
Depuis le 28 janvier 2022, Oleksiy Sorokin est directeur des opérations et rédacteur en chef politique du média.
Depuis le 8 février 2022, Olga Rudenko est rédactrice en chef.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Titre de presse créé en 2021
Presse écrite en anglais
Internet en Ukraine
Média en Ukraine

The Kyiv Independent


Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès (Pariz, 8. prosinca 1861. – Pariz, 21. siječnja 1938.) bio je francuski filmski redatelj i producent, koji je postao poznat po unaprijeđivanju mnogih tehničkih i narativnih elemenata filmske umjetnosti, u ranoj fazi filma. Rođen je u Parizu, kao potomak porodice proizvođača cipela. Bio je vrlo inovativan u razvijanju specijalnih efekata. Slučajno je otkrio efekt zaustavljenog kadra 1896., a bio je i jedan od prvih filmskih umjetnika koji je koristio tehniku duple ekspozicije 'Time-laps', kao i ručno bojanje svakog 'frame-a' (sličice) filmskog kadra.

Zbog njegove sposobnosti da odlično transformira realnost, ponekad su ga zvali mađioničarom kinematografije.

Životopis
Bio je zainteresiran za kazalište te je nastupao kao iluzionist. Godine 1888. kupio kazalište Robert-Houdin, koje je njegovalo iluzionizam i magiju. Prva prikazivanja filmova braće Lumière oduševila su ga pa je 1896. godine snimio oko 80 kratkih, činjeničnih filmova, koji su pristupom i motivima bili slični onima Lumièreovih. Nezainteresiran za film kao instrument bilježenja pojavne realnosti i shvaćajući ga kao posebnu vrstu kazališta, već je iste godine počeo izmišljati posebne efekte (trikove) kako bi predočio filmom očigledno preobraženu stvarnost. Tako je u filmu Nestanak jedne dame iz kazališta (francuski: Escamotage d'une dame chez Robert-Houdin) izveo trik nestanka osobe iz kadra, zatim je eksperimentirao s dvostrukom ekspozicijom, a naopako postavljenim dekorom i preokretanjem vrpce stvarao je dojam da ljudi hodaju po stropu, uporabom fotografske maske ljudima u kadru "odsijecao" je glave, ruke ili noge, a da bi postigao iluziju snimanja ispod morske površine, postavljao je kameru iza akvarija, u prizor unosio crtane elemente i dr. Potkraj 1890-ih počeo je režirati i kraće igrane filmove, među kojima je najveći domet petnaestominutni Put na Mjesec (francuski: Voyage dans la Lune, 1902.), slobodna adaptacija djela Julesa Vernea i Herberta Georgea Wellsa, kojom je začeo žanr znanstvenofantastičnoga filma. Većina povjesničara njegovim najuspjelijim filmom ipak drži Osvajanje Sjevernoga pola (francuski: À la conquête du pôle, 1912.). Tada je počelo slabjeti zanimanje za njegove filmove, pa je 1913. godine bankrotirao i, 1920-ih, prije no što je bio zaštićen humanitarnom akcijom, živio u siromaštvu te radio kao prodavač igračaka. S više od 500 ostvarenja znatno je utjecao na razvoj filma. Iako je njegovo shvaćanje umjetnosti bilo na razini naive, a film je shvaćao kao kazalište predstavljeno fotografijom i trikom, šarm njegovih filmova privlačio je mnoge buduće filmaše, pokazujući mogućnosti filmskog izražavanja koje su suprotne postavkama Lumièreovih (tzv. mélièsovski smjer nasuprot lumièreovskomu). Među njegovim ostalim značajnijim filmovima ubrajaju se: Ivana Orleanska (francuski: Jeanne d'Arc, 1900.), Modrobradi (francuski: Barbe-Bleu, 1901.), Nemoguće putovanje (francuski: Le Voyage impossible, 1904.). Umro je u Parizu 21. siječnja 1938. godine.

Filmovi

Snimio je i režirao na stotine filmova, od kojih je do danas sačuvano manje od 140. Zna se da je više od 400 njegovih filmova za vrijeme Prvog svjetskog rata bilo pretopljeno kako bi se dobio materijal od koga su se pravile potpetice za čizme francuskih vojnika. Pred kraj života odlikovan je Ordenom legije časti.

Slijedi nepotpuni popis Mélièsovih filmova:
 (The Bewitched Inn / L'Auberge ensorcelée, 1896.)
 (Batteuse à vapeur, 1896.)
 (Le Bivouac, 1896.)
 (Les Blanchisseuses, 1896.)
 (Bois de Boulogne,  1896.)
 (Escamotage d'une dame chez Robert-Houdin, 1896.)
 (Le Manoir du diable, 1896.)
 (Un homme de têtes, 1898.)
 (Illusioniste fin de siècle, 1899.)
 Pepeljuga (Cendrillon, 1899.)
 Afera Dreyfus (L'affaire Dreyfus, 1899.)
 Ivana Orleanska (Jeanne d'Arc, 1899.)
 (Nouvelles luttes extravagantes, 1900.)
 (L'homme-orchestre, 1900.)
 (Les Deux aveugles, 1900.)
 (Barbe-bleu, 1901.)
 Put na Mjesec (Le Voyage dans la Lune, 1902.)
 Čovjek gumene glave (L'homme à la tête de caoutchouc, 1902.)
 (Le Voyage de Gulliver à Lilliput et chez les géants, 1902.)
 (Illusions funambulesques, 1903.)
 (Le Puits fantastique, 1903.)
 Duh (Le Revenant, 1903.)
 (Le mélomane, 1903.)
 (Le chaudron infernal, 1903.)
 (Le cake-walk infernal, 1903.)
 (L'Auberge du Bon Repos, 1903.)
 (La flamme merveilleuse, 1903.)
 (Le royaume des fées, 1903.)
 Čudovište (Le monstre, 1903.)
 Čarobna lampa (La lanterne magicue, 1903.)
 (La rêve du maître de ballet, 1903.)
 (La damnation de Faust, 1903.)
 (Les cartes vivantes, 1904.)
 (Le thaumaturge chinois, 1904.)
 (Le bourreau Turc, 1904.)
 (Le roi du maquillage, 1904.)
 (Le Voyage à travers l'impossible, 1904.)
 (Le tripot clandestin, 1905.)
 (Les affiches en goguette, 1905.)
 Dvorac iz 1001 noći (Le palais des mille et une nuits, 1905.)
 (Le raid Paris-Monte Carlo en deux heures, 1905.)
 (Les 400 farces du diable, 1906.)
 (L'alchimiste Parafaragamus ou La cornue infernale, 1906.)
 Dvadeset hiljada milja pod morem (20,000 Lieues Sous les Mers, 1907.)
 (L'éclipse du soleil en pleine lune, 1907.)
 (Le rêve d'un fumeur d'opium, 1907.)
 (Le locataire diabolique, 1909.)
 (Hydrothérapie fantastique, 1910.)
 (Les hallucinations du Baron de Münchausen, 1911.)
 (The Ranchman's Debt of Honor, 1911, u SAD)
 Osvajanje Sjevernog pola (La conquète du pole, 1912.)
 (Le Chevalier des neiges, 1912.)
 (Cendrillon ou La pantoufle mystérieuse, 1912.)
 (The Ghost of Sulpher Mountain, 1912 u SAD)
 (The Prisoner's Story, 1912 u SAD)
 (Le Voyage de la famille Bourrichon, 1913.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Georges Méliès, Filmska enciklopedija
 Georges Méliès, Proleksis enciklopedija

 Official Georges Méliès website
 Museo Méliès and Cinema Collection, new art pieces every week, private collection in Spanish
 Georges Méliès at Find a Grave
 Georges Méliès at Who's Who of Victorian Cinema
 Georges Méliès on IMDb
 Index des Films avec Georges Méliès
 Cinémathèque Méliès (Les Amis de Georges Méliès)
 Georges Méliès daily in-depth reviews of individual Méliès films
 Méliès: Inspirations & Illusions
 Georges Méliès at Library of Congress Authorities, with 21 catalogue records

Francuski filmski redatelji
Animatori

Georges Méliès


Sir Stirling Moss, OBE (Stirling Craufurd Moss), (London, Engleska, 17. rujna 1929. – 12. travnja 2020.) je bivši britanski vozač Formule 1.

Pobijedio je u 212 utrka u raznim automobilističkim kategorijama, te je primljen u International Motorsports Hall of Fame. U Formuli 1 natjecao se od 1951. do 1961., te iako nikad nije osvojio naslov prvaka, a čak tri puta je bio doprvakom, i danas se smatra jednim od najboljih vozača Formule 1.

Mladost
Rođen u Londonu, kao sin zubara Alfreda Mossa, Stirling je odgojen u bogatoj porodici u kući na desnoj obali rijeke Temze. Otac Alfred bio je i amaterski vozač, a upisao je i nastup 1924. na utrci 500 milja Indianapolisa. Stirling je pohađao mnoge škole i imao veliki izbor zanimanja kojima se mogao baviti. No unatoč tome, odlučio se za utrkivanje.

1947. – 1950.
Poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, Stirling je 1947. počeo voziti lokalne brdske utrke koje su u Britaniji bile popularne. Želja njegovog oca bila je da Stirling postane zubar, pa nije htio financirati njegovu automobilističku karijeru. Stoga se Stirling odlučio na utrkivanje konjima da bi mogao zaraditi novac za Formulu 3. Utrkivao se za momčad Cooper i ubrzo uvjerio oca da je bolji vozač nego što je zubar. S očevom podrškom došao je u Formulu 2 1949. Sljedeće godine, u posuđenom Jaguaru XK120, prvi put pobjeđuje na međunarodnoj utrci RAC Tourist Trophy održanoj u Dundrod u Sjevernoj Irskoj.

1951. – 1961.

Rezultati u Formuli 1

Pobjede

Formula 1

 Bolid je dijelio s Tonyjem Brooksom.

Ostalo

Izvori

Sir Stirling Moss - službena stranica (eng.)
Stirling Moss - biografija F1puls - Objavljeno 20. travnja 2015.
Moss na bigredbook.info

Vanjske poveznice
Stirling Moss na racing-reference.com
Stirling Moss F1 statistika na statsf1.com
Stirling Moss na racingsportscars.com

Britanski vozači Formule 1

Stirling Moss


Knud Oluf Jessen Degn (født 11. maj 1880, død 16. maj 1965) var en dansk olympisk sejlsportsmand. Degn deltog i 1924 i Paris, hvor han var med til at vinde sølvmedalje i 6-meterklassen i båden "Bonzo" efter den norske båd "Elisabeth V". Besætningen på "Bonzo" ud over Knud Degn af Christian Nielsen og Vilhelm Vett. I kampen om andenpladsen havde den danske og den hollandske båd begge fem point i sidste del af konkurrencen, hvorpå danskerne fik sølvet, da de var en smule bedre end hollænderne i konkurrencens første del. Sejladserne blev gennemført uden for Le Havre i perioden 21. til 26. juli.

OL-medaljer
  1924  Paris - Sølv i sejling, 6-meterklassen  Danmark

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Sejlsportsfolk fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1924
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Danmark

Knud Degn


Chirley Maria de Souza Almeida Santos (Floresta, 08 de maio de 1974), também conhecida como Chirley Pankará, é uma pedagoga, mestra em Educação pela PUC-SP, doutoranda em Antropologia Social pela Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e ativista indígena do povo Pankará de Pernambuco. Foi a primeira co-deputada indígena a integrar um mandato na Assembleia Legislativa de São Paulo pela Bancada Ativista (PSOL), eleita em 2018 como deputada estadual.

Biografia
Chirley mudou-se da cidade pernambucana de Floresta para a cidade de Mauá (SP) em 1998 em busca de novas oportunidades de trabalho, com o intuito de ajudar sua família que permaneceu em Pernambuco. Cursou magistério na sua cidade natal e quando chegou no Estado de São Paulo teve seu primeiro emprego como empregada doméstica. Por influência da avó, que manipulava ervas medicinais em sua aldeia, Chirley tinha a intenção de formar-se em enfermagem, porém, conseguiu uma bolsa de estudos e formou-se em pedagogia na cidade de Mauá, após os 30 anos de idade. Posteriormente, foi coordenadora de educação infantil do povo Guarani nas aldeias Krukutu, Tenondé Porã (em Parelheiros) e Tekoa pyau (Jaraguá), além de ter sido secretária do Conselho Municipal dos Direitos da Mulher do município de Mauá.

Também, fez parte do Observatório de Educação Escolar Indígena, onde pôde realizar pesquisas sobre como os estudantes indígenas se sentiam ao fazer parte de escolas não-indígenas. Assim, por cerca de oito anos, atuou como coordenadora do Centro de Educação e Cultura Indígena (CECI) junto ao povo Guarani existente na cidade de São Paulo.

Posteriormente, realizou mestrado em Educação pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e iniciou seu doutorado em Antropologia Social pela Universidade de São Paulo (USP).

Ativismo e atuação política

Em 2009, começou a participar da Rede GRUMIN de mulheres indígenas, grupo focado na integração das mulheres indígenas no contexto sociopolítico do Brasil. Assim, ela passou a se envolver nas lutas relacionadas a território, igualdade e educação.

Quando pedagoga na cidade paulista, Chirley percebeu que os indígenas sofriam preconceito pelos próprios professores, por meio de estereótipos e generalizações que afastavam o pensamento dos alunos sobre os povos originários. Assim, defende a ideia de que estes devem ocupar os espaços de conhecimento, como as universidades por exemplo, para combater o cenário de preconceito presente na sociedade e acabar com insultos racistas ainda existentes os quais, segundo a ativista, são difíceis de esquecer. A manifestação de seu pensamento político em defesa dos povos indígenas é realizada nos diferentes protestos que já participou, como o Grito dos Excluídos, em atos contrários ao PL 490/2007 da Câmara Federal (também conhecido como Projeto de Lei do Marco Temporal) e também nos eventos que é convidada a apresentar a realidade do seu povo. Na cidade suíça de Genebra, onde ocorreu um desses eventos realizado na Maison de la Paix, Chirley teve seu cocar, elemento importante da identidade e cultura indígena, confiscado logo após desembarcar no país.

No mandato de co-deputada estadual pela Bancada Ativista na Assembleia Legislativa de São Paulo, teve atuação voltada à elaboração de projetos. Assim, atuou por meio de 7 emendas parlamentares destinadas a comunidades indígenas e ajudou a elaborar a Lei 17.311/2021 que institui o mês do Agosto indígena no Estado de São Paulo, cujo intuito é reforçar a data de 09 de agosto reconhecida pela ONU como Dia Internacional dos Povos Indígenas e apresentar a diversidade dos povos originários brasileiros, suas culturas e lutas da atualidade. A parlamentar defende que uma maneira de preservar a cultura desses povos é por meio da demarcação das suas terras, as quais ajudam a preservar seus costumes e evitar a violência contra as aldeias.

Em setembro de 2018, participou da organização do I Encontro Estadual de Mulheres Indígenas na aldeia guarani localizada no bairro do Jaraguá. O evento contou com a participação de cerca de 200 pessoas de mais de 15 povos indígenas e comunidades refugiadas de outros países. Durante o encontro, as mulheres debateram suas experiências relacionadas a saúde, educação, demarcação de terras e lançaram um manifesto em defesa da sustentabilidade dos povos originários e o direito à terra.

Nas eleições gerais de 2022, Chirley concorreu ao cargo de deputada estadual (desta vez individualmente) pelo PSOL e obteve 27.802 votos, porém não obteve a quantidade necessária para assumir a Assembleia Legislativa de São Paulo. Segundo ela, a ideia de se candidatar foi sugerida pelo próprio movimento indígena, que apoio a sua entrada em uma nova candidatura à ALESP. Durante a campanha, recebeu apoio e divulgação pelas três deputadas federais eleitas com maior número de votos pelo seu partido para a Câmara Federal por São Paulo no ano de 2022: Erika Hilton, Sâmia Bomfim e Sônia Guajajara.

Ver também

 Educação indígena
 Povos indígenas do Brasil
 Pancarás

Referências

Mulheres indígenas do Brasil
Ativistas dos direitos indígenas do Brasil
Educadores de Pernambuco
Membros do Partido Socialismo e Liberdade
Mulheres de Pernambuco na política
Nascidos em 1974
Indígenas do Brasil na política
Líderes indígenas do Brasil
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
Alunos da Universidade de São Paulo
Pancarás
Educadores indígenas do Brasil
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Povos Originários)

Chirley Pankará


Somatostatin, also known as  growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

Somatostatin has two active forms produced by the alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one consisting of 14 amino acids (shown in infobox to right), the other consisting of 28 amino acids.

Among the vertebrates, there exist six different somatostatin genes that have been named SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5 and SS6. Zebrafish have all six. The six different genes, along with the five different somatostatin receptors, allow somatostatin to possess a large range of functions.
Humans have only one somatostatin gene, SST.

Nomenclature
Synonyms of "somatostatin" include:
 growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
 growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone (GHRIH)
 somatotropin release–inhibiting factor (SRIF)
 somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone (SRIH)

Production

Digestive system

Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells at several locations in the digestive system, namely the pyloric antrum, the duodenum and the pancreatic islets.

Somatostatin released in the pyloric antrum travels via the portal venous system to the heart, then enters the systemic circulation to reach the locations where it will exert its inhibitory effects. In addition, somatostatin release from delta cells can act in a paracrine manner.

In the stomach, somatostatin acts directly on the acid-producing parietal cells via a G-protein coupled receptor (which inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus effectively antagonising the stimulatory effect of histamine) to reduce acid secretion. Somatostatin can also indirectly decrease stomach acid production by preventing the release of other hormones, including gastrin and histamine which effectively slows down the digestive process.

Brain

Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamohypophysial system through neuron axons. Somatostatin is then carried to the anterior pituitary gland, where it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone.

Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally, i.e., to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, populations of somatostatin neurons occur in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus, and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract.

Functions

Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, and is induced by low pH. Its actions are spread to different parts of the body. Somatostatin release is inhibited by the Vagus nerve.

Anterior pituitary
In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are:
 Inhibiting the release of growth hormone (GH) (thus opposing the effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH))
 Inhibiting the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase in parietal cells
 Inhibiting the release of prolactin (PRL)

Gastrointestinal system
 Somatostatin is homologous with cortistatin (see somatostatin family) and suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones
 Decreases the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine
 Suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones
 Somatostatin release is triggered by the beta cell peptide urocortin3 (Ucn3) to inhibit insulin release.
 Inhibits the release of glucagon
 Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of the pancreas

Synthetic substitutes

Octreotide (brand name Sandostatin, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone, and has a much longer half-life (about 90 minutes, compared to 2–3 minutes for somatostatin). Since it is absorbed poorly from the gut, it is administered parenterally (subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously). It is indicated for symptomatic treatment of  carcinoid syndrome and acromegaly. It is also finding increased use in polycystic diseases of the liver and kidney.

Lanreotide (Somatuline, Ipsen Pharmaceuticals) is a medication used in the management of acromegaly and symptoms caused by neuroendocrine tumors, most notably carcinoid syndrome. It is a long-acting analog of somatostatin, like octreotide. It is available in several countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, and was approved for sale in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration on August 30, 2007.

Pasireotide, sold under the brand name Signifor, is an orphan drug approved in the United States and the European Union for the treatment of Cushing's disease in patients who fail or are ineligible for surgical therapy. It was developed by Novartis. Pasireotide is somatostatin analog with a 40-fold increased affinity to somatostatin receptor 5 compared to other somatostatin analogs.

Evolutionary history
Six somatostatin genes have been discovered in vertebrates. The current proposed history as to how these six genes arose is based on the three whole-genome duplication events that took place in vertebrate evolution along with local duplications in teleost fish. An ancestral somatostatin gene was duplicated during the first whole-genome duplication event (1R) to create SS1 and SS2. These two genes were duplicated during the second whole-genome duplication event (2R) to create four new somatostatin genes:SS1, SS2, SS3, and one gene that was lost during the evolution of vertebrates. Tetrapods retained SS1 (also known as SS-14 and SS-28) and SS2 (also known as cortistatin) after the split in the Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii lineage split. In teleost fish, SS1, SS2, and SS3 were duplicated during the third whole-genome duplication event (3R) to create SS1, SS2, SS4, SS5, and two genes that were lost during the evolution of teleost fish. SS1 and SS2 went through local duplications to give rise to SS6 and SS3.

See also
 FK962
 Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
 Laetrile
 Octreotide

References

Further reading

External links

Antidiarrhoeals
Endocrine system
Hormones of the somatotropic axis
Neuropeptides
Neuroendocrinology
Pancreatic hormones
Somatostatin inhibitors

Somatostatin


Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo, İspanya'nın güneyinde, on yedi özerk bölgesinden en kalabalık ikinci nüfusu sahip olan Endülüs'ün, Córdoba iline bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılı sayımlarına göre nüfusu 12.559 kişidir.

Córdoba'nın belediyeleri

Peñarroya-Pueblonuevo


Le pic de l'Huile est un sommet situé en France sur le territoire de la commune de La Table, dans le département de la Savoie en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

Culminant à  d'altitude, il constitue l'extrémité du plateau de l'Huile surplombant le val Gelon dans la combe de Savoie au nord-ouest et de la vallée des Huiles au sud-est.

Toponymie
Le toponyme « Huile » est issu du patois savoyard  ou  désignant une « aiguille », le pic de l'Huile pouvant aussi parfois être dénommé « montagne de l'Aiguille ».

Géographie

Le pic de l'Huile est situé dans les Alpes françaises, dans le département de la Savoie.

Le sommet culmine à  d'altitude en bordure de la chaîne de Belledonne, à l'extrémité du plateau de l'Huile, synclinal perché dans la vallée des Huiles qu'il surplombe.

La vallée des Huiles représente la partie haute du val Gelon arrosé par le Gelon, entre la combe de Savoie à l'ouest et la vallée de la Maurienne à l'est.

Le pic de l'Huile est accessible par la route depuis le chef-lieu de la commune de La Table, lui-même accessible depuis la route départementale 207 reliant La Rochette au col du Grand Cucheron.

Histoire
Au  est édifié sur le promontoire du plateau le château des Huiles, dont l'emplacement permettait notamment de surveiller la route menant au col du Grand Cucheron. Long de  et large de , le château est flanqué de quatre tours autour du donjon primitif au cours du . Il est détruit par les troupes françaises au .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Vallée des Huiles
 Val Gelon

Lien externe

Huile
Huile
Chaîne de Belledonne

Pic de l'Huile


Cristian Balint (n. 11 iunie 1978, Hunedoara, România) este un actor și voice-over român.

Este cunoscut în filmele: They're Watching (2016), Carne de iepure (2015) și Visul lui Adalbert (2011).

Filmografie
 Lasă-mă să trec (2006)
 Bric-Brac (2008) - director de imagine
 Doctori de mame (2008) - Doru Zainea
 Feng Shui (2008)
 Aniela (2009) - Ghiță
 Piscine, Germania (2009)
 Visul lui Adalbert (2011) - Margarină
 Carne de iepure (2015)
 They're Watching (2016)

Dublaj
 Peter Rabbit - Thomas McGregor
Beyblade - Ginka Hagane (Cartoon Network)
 Misterele casei Anubis - Eddie Miller/Edison Sweet
 Clubul Monster Buster (Jetix)
 Ciudații mei părinți (Disney Channel/Nickleodon)
 Orășelul leneș - Sportacus (Jetix/Disney Channel)
 Manny Iscusitul - alte voci (Disney Junior)
 O poveste încâlcită
 Galactik football - Aarch (Jetix)
 Hannah Montana - Cooper (Jetix/Disney Channel)
 H2O - Adaugă apă - Ash (Jetix/Disney Channel)
 Violetta - (Disney Channel)
 Sonny și steluța ei norocoasă - Gilroy Smith (Disney Channel)
Naruto - Lee, Kankuro, Orochimaru, Tazuna, Kimimmaro, Mizuki, Genzo, Yoroi, Aoi, Gato

Legături externe
 Cristian Balint pe IMDb
 Cristian Balint pe CineMagia
 Site web
 blog Cristian Balint pe Adevarul.ro
 Cristian Balint Net Worth Jennifer Field, celebnworth.wiki
Bibliografie
 CRISTIAN BALINTtiff.ro
 Biografie Cristian Balintcinemarx.ro

Interviu
 Interviu Cristi Balint (YouTube), 20 iunie 2012, HotNews
Nuntă Glam cu actorul Cristian Balint  Oana Vasilache, 29 iulie 2013 glamour.ro

Nașteri pe 11 iunie
Nașteri în 1978
Actori români în viață
Actori de film români
Actori de voce români
Hunedoreni

Cristian Balint


An Phragmipedium manzuri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wesley Ervin Higgins ngan Viveros. An Phragmipedium manzuri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phragmipedium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Phragmipedium

Phragmipedium manzuri


المحتسب هو الذي يقوم بالعمل الخيري تطوعا بغير مقابل. ولا يريد إلا ابتغاء مرضاة الله. والاسم الحسبة. كانت تقوم بتطوّع من الذين يودّون تطبيق القاعدة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر ودون مقابل. أي انهم يقومون بها احتساباً لوجه الله. ومنها (محتسب).أو تطوعاً لوجه الله ومنها (المطوع) كما عرف بالخليج كل ملتحي بعد عودتها أوائل القرن الماضي بالسعودية.

بداياتها
ظهرت تقريباً في بدايات الدولة العباسية. بعد اتساع الدولة واتساع أسواقها. كان لابد من وجود مراقبين لمراقبة سلع التجار بالأسواق وهي في بداياتها كانت احتساباً بمعنى تطوعاً. وإتباع القاعدة الشهيرة (الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر).

توسعها

في نهاية الدولة العباسية كان المحتسب في أوجّ نموه حيث توسع من الأسواق إلا الأزقّة والطرق وأصبح له أفراد وراتب. وأخذت تنمو حتى دولة المماليك. يربط الكثير المحتسب بجماعة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر بالسعودية.

مساعد المحتسب
من المعلوم أن المحتسبين مهما كثر عددهم فإنهم لا يغطون تلك الاختصاصات والمسؤوليات الواسعة التي ينبغي أن يغطيها عمل المحتسب، فقد استدعت الشمولية في عمل المحتسب أن يعزز ادارته بالنواب، لا سيما في الأمصار الكبيرة ذوات الضواحي الآهلة، والأسواق المزدحمة بخدم مسخرين بمهمات تسيير أشغاله، وأعوان من وجوه أرباب الصنائع الذين يستظهر بهم في هذه المهام؛ ليطلعوه على خفي أسرار أصحاب الحرف والتجارة؛ حتى لا يخفى عليه من أمور السوق كثير ولا قليل، هؤلاء هم المساعدون ويطلق عليهم العرفاء.

أول من عين له مساعدين في الحسبة النبي محمد، وذلك عندما وضع عمر بن الخطاب على المدينة ينوب عنه في الأسواق وغيرها، وسعيد بن العاص على مكة بعد استشهاده وضع عتّاب بن أسيد، وعلى الطائف عثمان بن أبي العاص، وعلى أسواق النسوة وشؤونهن سمراء بنت نهيك الأسدية،خشية الاختلاط بالرجال والخلوة بهن

عقوبات المحتسب
اتلاف البضائع الفاسدة، وإراقة الخمور ومنع التجار من الغش والتشهير بهم ليتجنب الناس التعامل معهم، والضرب والحبس أحيانًا

مؤلفات في الحسبة
 نهاية الرتبة في طلب الحسبة لعبد الرحمن الشريزي.
 نهاية الرتبة في طلب الحسبة لابن بسام المحتسب التنيسي.

المصادر

 موقع وزارة الأوقاف الكويتية.http://islam.gov.kw/site/

الحكومة العثمانية
الدولة العباسية
تاريخ تتارستان
حكومة الدولة العباسية
حكومة الدولة الفاطمية
حكومة الدولة المملوكية
رؤساء حكومات محلية
مصطلحات عربية في الشريعة الإسلامية
مهن

محتسب


Maria Geraldine Smith (born 29 August 1961) is a former British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament  for Morecambe and Lunesdale from 1997 to 2010.

Early life
She was educated at Morecambe High School and Lancaster and Morecambe College, where she gained a Diploma in Business Studies. Her first campaign was supported by the Communication Workers Union, for which she was formerly an officer. Prior to becoming taking office, she worked for the Royal Mail from 1980 to 1997, and was a member of Lancaster City Council.

Parliamentary career
After the Labour Party's poor showing in the local government elections of 4 May 2006 she was linked to a campaign on a timetable for Tony Blair's departure as Prime Minister and also expressed a preference for Gordon Brown to succeed him. She also found "outrageous" the survival of John Prescott as a government minister following the reshuffle.  She said that she believed William Hague would be the next Conservative Prime Minister, rather than David Cameron. In August 2009, she criticised the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 which conferred legal parenthood on a biological mother's female partner, saying "To have a birth certificate with two mothers and no father is just madness." Smith was a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Flag Group.

On Wednesday 17 September 2008, Smith was interviewed by Tony Livesey on BBC Radio Lancashire's Breakfast Show; she attacked the so-called "Lancashire Mafia" for their plot against Prime Minister Gordon Brown, and accused those behind the scenes of being cowards.

Smith narrowly lost her seat to the Conservative David Morris in the general election in May 2010.

Personal life
Geraldine Smith is the Patron of the Morecambe Bay National Osteoporosis Society Support Group.

Geraldine Smith was the President of 455 (Morecambe and Heysham) Squadron Air Training Corps until 2010 when she regretfully to its members stood down after a number of years as an ambassador to youth development in the area.  The Air Training Corps is a youth organisation sponsored by the Royal Air Force for local youth between the ages of 13 and 18 giving them opportunities to learn new skills and support their local community.

References

External links
 The Labour Party – Geraldine Smith MP official biography
 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Geraldine Smith MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com – Geraldine Smith MP
 BBC Politics page

1961 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Councillors in Lancashire
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Lancashire
People from Morecambe
Politicians from Belfast
Royal Mail people
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
20th-century women politicians from Northern Ireland
20th-century politicians from Northern Ireland
21st-century women politicians from Northern Ireland
21st-century politicians from Northern Ireland
Women councillors in England

Geraldine Smith (politician)


Üreme sistemi, bir canlının üremesinde rol alan anatomik yapıların bütününe verilen bir isimdir. Bir organ sistemi olan üreme sistemi, üreme organlarını barındırır. İnsan üreme sistemi, erkek ve dişi organlardan oluşan bir komplekstir. Farklı canlılar farklı şekillerde ürerler ve bu nedenle üreme sistemleri canlıdan canlıya büyük değişiklik gösterir. Üreme sistemleri canlının üreme tipine uyum sağlayacak şekilde gelişmiştir. Memelilerde, erkeklerde sperm ve dişilerdeki yumurta hücrelerinin birleşmesi ile döllenme olur ve yavru oluşur.

Dış bağlantılar
 aof.edu.tr - Canlılarda Üreme, Üreme Sistemleri - Doç.Dr.A.Yavuz Kılıç, Doç.Dr.Ayşen Türk

Endokrin sistem

Bereket

Üreme sistemi


Robert Fraisnel ou Robert Franiel est un dignitaire de l'ordre du Temple qui fut maréchal de l'ordre pendant la maîtrise de Gérard de Ridefort.

Biographie

Robert Fraisnel est probablement issu d'une famille originaire du comté de Champagne et dont certains membres auraient tenu le château de Harim dans la principauté d'Antioche.

Il apparait dans une charte de 1179 comme grand précepteur de l'ordre du Temple () avant d'être nommé par la suite maréchal de l'ordre.

En cette qualité, il accompagne à Tibériade les grands-maîtres du Temple et de l'Hôpital, Gérard de Ridefort et Roger de Moulins chargés de réconcilier Guy de Lusignan et Raymond de Tripoli après que Renaud de Châtillon, seigneur d'Outre-Jourdain, brise la trêve entre Francs et musulmans en attaquant une caravane qui se rendait du Caire à Damas et dans laquelle se trouvait la sœur de Saladin.

La petite troupe, composée d'environ 150 chevaliers, rencontre une armée de Saladin composée de 7 000 hommes, et Gérard de Ridefort souhaite engager le combat malgré les contestations de Roger de Moulins et de Jacques de Mailly. Le maître du Temple obtient gain de cause et les chevaliers francs chargent alors les musulmans le  lors la bataille de La Fontaine du Cresson où ils périssent sous le nombre de leurs adversaires, y compris le sénéchal Hurson de Alneto, Jacques de Mailly et le maréchal Robert Fraisnel.

Seuls cinq chevaliers hospitaliers et trois chevaliers templiers, dont Gérard de Ridefort, survivent à cette bataille.

Source
 René Grousset, L'épopée des Croisades, 1939.

Articles connexes
 Ordre du Temple
 Hiérarchie de l'ordre du Temple en Orient

Notes et références

Dignitaire de l'ordre du Temple
Décès en 1187

Robert Fraisnel


O Córrego Água Podre é um curso de água da cidade de São Paulo, que começa na altura do km 14,5 da Rodovia Raposo Tavares e termina no Córrego Ribeirão Jaguaré, na Avenida Escola Politécnica, no bairro Rio Pequeno. Ele possuí aproximadamente 2,5 km de extensão e passa embaixo do CEU Butantã por meio de galerias canalizadas. O Córrego Água Podre já foi considerado por alguns anos o pior e mais poluído da capital, principalmente nos trechos localizados nos bairros Vila Tiradentes (Butantã) e Avenida Abílio Pereira de Almeida, onde os esgotos da região eram lançados diretamente nele.

Água Podre

Córrego Água Podre


Arapaho Center station (formerly known as Richardson Transit Center until 2002) is a DART Light Rail station in Richardson, Texas. It is located at Greenville Avenue near Arapaho Road. It opened on July 1, 2002, and is a station on the , serving the Richardson Civic Center, the University of Texas at Dallas and part of Richardson's Telecom Corridor including the facilities for Honeywell and Samsung.

Customer features at this station include: station concierge, passenger shelters, windscreens, seating, restrooms, customer information, ticket vending machines, telephones, bus "kiss & ride" passenger drop-off/pickup area, free parking (1,100 spaces, overnight or long-term parking is at the discretion of the customer), bike rack and public art.

Nearby attractions and destinations include: Chinatown, Richardson Civic Center, University of Texas at Dallas (via bus route 362), Collins Technology Park, Honeywell, Inet Technologies, Intrusion, Optical Switch, and Samsung Telecommunications

External links
 DART - Arapaho Center Station

Dallas Area Rapid Transit light rail stations
Richardson, Texas
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2002
2002 establishments in Texas
Railway stations in Dallas County, Texas

Arapaho Center station


Bruce Roger Maslin (3 de maio de 1946) é um botânico australiano.

Biografia
Nasceu em Bridgetown, Austrália Ocidental, em 1967 obteve uma licenciatura em botânica da Universidade da Austrália Ocidental, e depois foi nomeado como um botânico no Herbário da Austrália Ocidental. Ao ano seguinte, foi recrutado para servir na guerra do Vietname, deu três anos de serviço nacional, servindo no Vietname em 1969. Em 1970 regressou à sua posição no Herbário da Austrália Ocidental, servindo nessa instituição até 1987. Durante este tempo, era o botânico australiano oficial de ligações em 1977 e 1978, editor de Nuytsia em 1981-1983, e atuando como comissário em 1986 e 1987.

Em 1987, Maslin foi nomeado Cientista Sénior de Investigação, ainda dentro do Departamento de Meio ambiente e Conservação. Permanece nesse posto até à data.

É um especialista no género Acacia, tendo publicado ao redor de 250 táxons de Acacia.

Algumas publicações
 2008. Wattles of the Pilbara. Bush books. Com, Stephen Van Leeuwen. Ed. Department of Environment and Conservation, 72 pg. ISBN 0730755819, ISBN 9780730755814

 2002. The Conservation and Utilisation Potential of Australian Dryland Acacias: Symposium Held at Dalwallinu, Western Australia, 13-14 July 2001. Conservation Sci. Western Australia 4 (3) Eds. Bruce Roger Maslin, Alexander S. George & Sci. Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, 191 pg.

Referências

Ligações externas

Botânicos da Austrália
Alunos da Universidade da Austrália Ocidental

Bruce Maslin


Midlum (Frizce: Madlem), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 8,5 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 363 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Arno Hansen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-foehr-amrum.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Midlum


An Homalomena erythropus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius ngan Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adolf Engler. An Homalomena erythropus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Homalomena, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 H. e. allenii
 H. e. erythropus

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Homalomena

Homalomena erythropus