Broadcast television systems (or terrestrial television systems outside the US and Canada) are the encoding or formatting systems for the transmission and reception of terrestrial television signals.

Analog television systems were standardized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in 1961, with each system designated by a letter (A-N) in combination with the color standard used (NTSC, PAL or SECAM) - for example PAL-B, NTSC-M, etc.). These analog systems for TV broadcasting dominated until the 2010s.

With the introduction of digital terrestrial television (DTT), they were replaced by four main systems in use around the world: ATSC, DVB, ISDB and DTMB.

Analog television systems

Every analog television system bar one began as a black-and-white system. Each country, faced with local political, technical, and economic issues, adopted a color television standard which was grafted onto an existing monochrome system such as CCIR System M, using gaps in the video spectrum (explained below) to allow color transmission information to fit in the existing channels allotted. The grafting of the color transmission standards onto existing monochrome systems permitted existing monochrome television receivers predating the changeover to color television to continue to be operated as monochrome television. Because of this compatibility requirement, color standards added a second signal to the basic monochrome signal, which carries the color information. The color information is called chrominance with the symbol C, while the black and white information is called the luminance with the symbol Y. Monochrome television receivers only display the luminance, while color receivers process both signals. Though in theory any monochrome system could be adopted to a color system, in practice some of the original monochrome systems proved impractical to adapt to color and were abandoned when the switch to color broadcasting was made. All countries used one of three color standards: NTSC, PAL, or SECAM. For example, CCIR System M was often used in conjunction with NTSC standard, to provide color analog television and the two together were known as NTSC-M.

Pre–World War II systems

A number of experimental and broadcast pre-WW2 systems were tested. The first ones were mechanically based and of very low resolution, sometimes with no sound. Later TV systems were electronic, and usually mentioned by their line number: 375-line (used in Germany, Italy, US), 405-line (used in the UK), 441-line (used in Germany, France, Italy, US) or 567-line (used in the Netherlands). These systems were mostly experimental and national, with no defined international standards, and didn't resume broadcasting after the war.  An exception was the UK 405-line system, that resumed broadcasts and was the first to be standardized by ITU as System A, remaining in operation until 1985.

ITU standards
On an international conference in Stockholm in 1961, the International Telecommunication Union designated standards for broadcast television systems (ITU System Letter Designation). Each standard is designated by a letter (A-M).

On VHF bands I, II and III the 405, 625 and 819-line systems could be used:
A – 405-line system
B – 625-line system
C – Belgian 625-line system
D – I.B.T.O. 625-line system
E – French 819-line system
F – Belgian 819-line system

On UHF bands Bands IV and V only 625-line systems were adopted, with the difference being transmission parameters like channel bandwidth.
G – 625-line system, 5 MHz video bandwidth
H – 625-line system, 5 MHz video bandwidth
I – 625-line system, 5.5 MHz video bandwidth
K – 625-line system, 6 MHz video bandwidth
L – 625-line system, 6 MHz video bandwidth

Following further conferences and the introduction of color television, by 1966 each standard was designated by a letter (A-M) in combination with a color standard (NTSC, PAL, SECAM). This completely specifies all of the monaural analog television systems in the world (for example, PAL-B, NTSC-M, etc.).

The following table gives the principal characteristics of each standard. Except for lines and frame rates, other units are megahertz (MHz).
 Also see: television channel frequencies

Notes by system
A Early United Kingdom and Ireland VHF system (B&W only). First electronic TV system, introduced in 1936. Vestigial sideband filtering introduced in 1949. Discontinued on 23 November 1982 in Ireland and on 2 January 1985 in the UK.
B VHF-only in most Western European countries (combined with system G and H on UHF); VHF and UHF in Australia. Originally known as the Gerber standard.
C Early VHF system; used only in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, as a compromise between Systems B and L. Discontinued in 1977.
D The first 625-line system. Used on VHF only in most countries (combined with system K on UHF); VHF and UHF in China.
E Early French VHF system (B&W only); very good (near HDTV) picture quality but uneconomical use of bandwidth. Sound carrier separation +11.15 MHz on odd numbered channels, -11.15 MHz on even numbered channels. Discontinued in 1984 (France) and 1985 (Monaco).
F Early VHF system used only in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands  and Luxembourg; allowed French 819-line television programming to be broadcast on the 7 MHz VHF channels used in those countries, at a substantial cost in horizontal resolution. Discontinued in 1969.
G UHF only; used in countries with System B on VHF, except Australia.
H UHF only; used only in Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands. Similar to System G with a 1.25 MHz vestigal sideband.
I Used in the UK, Ireland, Southern Africa, Macau, Hong Kong and Falkland Islands.
J Used in Japan (see system M below). Identical to system M except that a different black level of 0 IRE is used instead of 7.5 IRE. Although the ITU specified a frame rate of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC color to minimize visual artifacts. Discontinued in 2012, when Japan transitioned to digital.
K UHF only; used in countries with system D on VHF, except China, and identical to it in most respects.
K1 Used only in French overseas departments and territories.
L Used only in France. On VHF Band 1 only, the audio is at −6.5 MHz. Discontinued in 2011, when France transitioned to digital. It was the last system to use positive video modulation and AM sound.
M Used in most of the Americas  and Caribbean (Except Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and French Guiana), Myanmar, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines (all NTSC-M), Brazil (PAL-M), Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos (SECAM-M). Although the ITU specified a frame rate of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC color to minimize visual artifacts.
N Originally developed for Japan but not taken up. Adopted by Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (since 1980) (all PAL-N), and used briefly in Brazil and Venezuela. Allows 625-line, 50-frame/s video to be broadcast in a 6-MHz channel, at some cost in horizontal resolution.

Evolution
For historical reasons, some countries use a different video system on UHF than they do on the VHF bands. In a few countries, most notably the United Kingdom, television broadcasting on VHF has been entirely shut down. The British 405-line system A, unlike all the other systems, suppressed the upper sideband rather than the lower—befitting its status as the oldest operating television system to survive into the color era (although was never officially broadcast with color encoding). System A was tested with all three color standards, and production equipment was designed and ready to be built; System A might have survived, as NTSC-A, had the British government not decided to harmonize with the rest of Europe on a 625-line video system, implemented in Britain as PAL-I on UHF only.

The French 819 line system E was a post-war effort to advance France's standing in television technology. Its 819 lines were almost high definition even by today's standards. Like the British system A, it was VHF only and remained black & white until its shutdown in 1984 in France and 1973 in Monaco. It was tested with SECAM standard in the early stages, but later the decision was made to adopt color in 625-lines L system only. Thus, France adopted system L both on UHF and VHF networks and abandoned system E.

Japan had the earliest working HDTV system (MUSE), with design efforts going back to 1979. The country began broadcasting wideband analog high-definition video signals in the late 1980s using an interlaced resolution of 1125 lines, supported by the Sony HDVS line of equipment.

In many parts of the world, analog television broadcasting has been shut down completely, or in process of shutdown; see Digital television transition for a timeline of the analog shutdown.

Technical aspects

Frames

Ignoring color, all television systems work in essentially the same manner. The monochrome image seen by a camera (later, the luminance component of a color image) is divided into horizontal scan lines, some number of which make up a single image or frame. A monochrome image is theoretically continuous, and thus unlimited in horizontal resolution, but to make television practical, a limit had to be placed on the bandwidth of the television signal, which puts an ultimate limit on the horizontal resolution possible. When color was introduced, this necessity of limit became fixed. All analog television systems are interlaced: alternate rows of the frame are transmitted in sequence, followed by the remaining rows in their sequence. Each half of the frame is called a video field, and the rate at which field are transmitted is one of the fundamental parameters of a video system. It is related to the utility frequency at which the electricity distribution system operates, to avoid flicker resulting from the beat between the television screen deflection system and nearby mains generated magnetic fields. All digital, or "fixed pixel," displays have progressive scanning and must deinterlace an interlaced source. Use of inexpensive deinterlacing hardware is a typical difference between lower- vs. higher-priced flat panel displays (Plasma display, LCD, etc.).

All films and other filmed material shot at 24 frames per second must be transferred to video frame rates using a telecine in order to prevent severe motion jitter effects. Typically, for 25 frame/s formats (European among other countries with 50 Hz mains supply), the content is PAL speedup, while a technique known as "3:2 pulldown" is used for 30 frame/s formats (North America among other countries with 60 Hz mains supply) to match the film frame rate to the video frame rate without speeding up the play back.

Viewing technology
Analog television signal standards are designed to be displayed on a cathode ray tube (CRT), and so the physics of these devices necessarily controls the format of the video signal. The image on a CRT is painted by a moving beam of electrons which hits a phosphor coating on the front of the tube. This electron beam is steered by a magnetic field generated by powerful electromagnets close to the source of the electron beam.

In order to reorient this magnetic steering mechanism, a certain amount of time is required due to the inductance of the magnets; the greater the change, the greater the time it takes for the electron beam to settle in the new spot.

For this reason, it is necessary to shut off the electron beam (corresponding to a video signal of zero luminance) during the time it takes to reorient the beam from the end of one line to the beginning of the next (horizontal retrace) and from the bottom of the screen to the top (vertical retrace or vertical blanking interval). The horizontal retrace is accounted for in the time allotted to each scan line, but the vertical retrace is accounted for as phantom lines which are never displayed but which are included in the number of lines per frame defined for each video system. Since the electron beam must be turned off in any case, the result is gaps in the television signal, which can be used to transmit other information, such as test signals or color identification signals.

The temporal gaps translate into a comb-like frequency spectrum for the signal, where the teeth are spaced at line frequency and concentrate most of the energy; the space between the teeth can be used to insert a color subcarrier.

Hidden signaling
Broadcasters later developed mechanisms to transmit digital information on the phantom lines, used mostly for teletext and closed captioning:
 PALplus uses a hidden signaling scheme to indicate if it exists, and if so what operational mode it is in.
 NTSC was modified by the Advanced Television Systems Committee to support an anti-ghosting signal that is inserted on a non-visible scan line.
 Teletext uses hidden signaling to transmit information pages.
 NTSC Closed Captioning signaling uses signaling that is nearly identical to teletext signaling.
 Widescreen signaling enables a flag to indicate that a 16:9 widescreen image is being broadcast, and allows the TV set to switch to the appropriate display mode.

Overscan

Television images are unique in that they must incorporate regions of the picture with reasonable-quality content, that will never be seen by some viewers.

Interlacing

In a purely analog system, field order is merely a matter of convention. For digitally recorded material it becomes necessary to rearrange the field order when conversion takes place from one standard to another.

Image signal polarization
Another parameter of analog television systems, minor by comparison, is the choice of whether vision modulation is positive or negative. Some of the earliest electronic television systems such as the British 405-line (System A) used positive modulation. It was also used in the two Belgian systems (System C, 625 lines, and System F, 819 lines) and the two French systems (System E, 819 lines, and System L, 625 lines). In positive modulation systems, as in the earlier white facsimile transmission standard, the maximum luminance value is represented by the maximum carrier power; in negative modulation, the maximum luminance value is represented by zero carrier power. All newer analog video systems use negative modulation with the exception of the French System L.

Impulsive noise, especially from older automotive ignition systems, caused white spots to appear on the screens of television receivers using positive modulation but they could use simple synchronization circuits. Impulsive noise in negative modulation systems appears as dark spots that are less visible, but picture synchronization was seriously degraded when using simple synchronization. The synchronization problem was overcome with the invention of phase-locked synchronization circuits. When these first appeared in Britain in the early 1950s one name used to describe them was "flywheel synchronisation."

Older televisions for positive modulation systems were sometimes equipped with a peak video signal inverter that would turn the white interference spots dark. This was usually user-adjustable with a control on the rear of the television labeled "White Spot Limiter" in Britain or "Antiparasite" in France. If adjusted incorrectly it would turn bright white picture content dark. Most of the positive modulation television systems ceased operation by the mid-1980s. The French System L continued on up to the transition to digital broadcasting. Positive modulation was one of several unique technical features that originally protected the French electronics and broadcasting industry from foreign competition and rendered French TV sets incapable of receiving broadcasts from neighboring countries.

Another advantage of negative modulation is that, since the synchronizing pulses represent maximum carrier power, it is relatively easy to arrange the receiver automatic gain control to only operate during sync pulses and thus get a constant amplitude video signal to drive the rest of the TV set. This was not possible for many years with positive modulation as the peak carrier power varied depending on picture content. Modern digital processing circuits have achieved a similar effect but using the front porch of the video signal.

Modulation
Given all of these parameters, the result is a mostly-continuous analog signal which can be modulated onto a radio-frequency carrier and transmitted through an antenna. All analog television systems use vestigial sideband modulation, a form of amplitude modulation in which one sideband is partially removed. This reduces the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, enabling narrower channels to be used.

Audio
In analog television, the analog audio portion of a broadcast is invariably modulated separately from the video. Most commonly, the audio and video are combined at the transmitter before being presented to the antenna, but separate aural and visual antennas can be used. In all cases where negative video is used, FM is used for the standard monaural audio; systems with positive video use AM sound and intercarrier receiver technology cannot be incorporated. Stereo, or more generally multi-channel, audio is encoded using a number of schemes which (except in the French systems) are independent of the video system. The principal systems are NICAM, which uses a digital audio encoding; double-FM (known under a variety of names, notably Zweikanalton, A2 Stereo, West German Stereo, German Stereo or IGR Stereo), in which case each audio channel is separately modulated in FM and added to the broadcast signal; and BTSC (also known as MTS), which multiplexes additional audio channels into the FM audio carrier. All three systems are compatible with monaural FM audio, but only NICAM may be used with the French AM audio systems.

Digital television systems
The situation with worldwide digital television is much simpler by comparison. Most digital television systems are based on the MPEG transport stream standard, and use the H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec. They differ significantly in the details of how the transport stream is converted into a broadcast signal, in the video format prior to encoding (or alternatively, after decoding), and in the audio format. This has not prevented the creation of an international standard that includes both major systems, even though they are incompatible in almost every respect.

The two principal digital broadcasting systems are ATSC standards, developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee and adopted as a standard in most of North America, and DVB-T, the Digital Video Broadcast – Terrestrial system used in most of the rest of the world. DVB-T was designed for format compatibility with existing direct broadcast satellite services in Europe (which use the DVB-S standard, and also sees some use in direct-to-home satellite dish providers in North America), and there is also a DVB-C version for cable television. While the ATSC standard also includes support for satellite and cable television systems, operators of those systems have chosen other technologies (principally DVB-S or proprietary systems for satellite and 256QAM replacing VSB for cable). Japan uses a third system, closely related to DVB-T, called ISDB-T, which is compatible with Brazil's SBTVD. The People's Republic of China has developed a fourth system, named DMB-T/H.

ATSC

The terrestrial ATSC system (unofficially ATSC-T) uses a proprietary Zenith-developed modulation called 8-VSB; as the name implies, it is a vestigial sideband technique. Essentially, analog VSB is to regular amplitude modulation as 8VSB is to eight-way quadrature amplitude modulation. This system was chosen specifically to provide for maximum spectral compatibility between existing analog TV and new digital stations in the United States' already-crowded television allocations system, although it is inferior to the other digital systems in dealing with multipath interference; however, it is better at dealing with impulse noise which is especially present on the VHF bands that other countries have discontinued from TV use, but are still used in the U.S. There is also no hierarchical modulation. After demodulation and error-correction, the 8-VSB modulation supports a digital data stream of about 19.39 Mbit/s, enough for one high-definition video stream or several standard-definition services. See Digital subchannel: Technical considerations for more information.

On November 17, 2017, the FCC voted 3-2 in favor of authorizing voluntary deployments of ATSC 3.0, which was designed as the successor to the original ATSC "1.0", and issued a Report and Order to that effect. Full-power stations will be required to maintain a simulcast of their channels on an ATSC 1.0-compatible signal if they decide to deploy an ATSC 3.0 service.

On cable, ATSC usually uses 256QAM, although some use 16VSB. Both of these double the throughput to 38.78 Mbit/s within the same 6 MHz bandwidth. ATSC is also used over satellite. While these are logically called ATSC-C and ATSC-S, these terms were never officially defined.

DTMB

DTMB is the digital television broadcasting standard of the Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. This is a fusion system, which is a compromise of different competing proposing standards from different Chinese Universities, which incorporates elements from DMB-T, ADTB-T and TiMi 3.

DVB

DVB-T uses coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM), which uses as many as 8000 independent carriers, each transmitting data at a comparatively low rate. This system was designed to provide superior immunity from multipath interference, and has a choice of system variants which allow data rates from 4 MBit/s up to 24 MBit/s. One US broadcaster, Sinclair Broadcasting, petitioned the Federal Communications Commission to permit the use of COFDM instead of 8-VSB, on the theory that this would improve prospects for digital TV reception by households without outside antennas (a majority in the US), but this request was denied. (However, one US digital station, WNYE-DT in New York, was temporarily converted to COFDM modulation on an emergency basis for datacasting information to emergency services personnel in lower Manhattan in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks).

DVB-S is the original Digital Video Broadcasting forward error coding and modulation standard for satellite television and dates back to 1995. It is used via satellites serving every continent of the world, including North America. DVB-S is used in both MCPC and SCPC modes for broadcast network feeds, as well as for direct broadcast satellite services like Sky and Freesat in the British Isles, Sky Deutschland and HD+ in Germany and Austria, TNT SAT/FRANSAT and CanalSat in France, Dish Network in the US, and Bell Satellite TV in Canada. The MPEG transport stream delivered by DVB-S is mandated as MPEG-2.

DVB-C stands for Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable and it is the DVB European consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital television over cable. This system transmits an MPEG-2 family digital audio/video stream, using a QAM modulation with channel coding.

ISDB
ISDB is very similar to DVB, however it is broken into 13 subchannels. Twelve are used for TV, while the last serves either as a guard band, or for the 1seg (ISDB-H) service. Like the other DTV systems, the ISDB types differ mainly in the modulations used, due to the requirements of different frequency bands. The 12 GHz band ISDB-S uses PSK modulation, 2.6 GHz band digital sound broadcasting uses CDM and ISDB-T (in VHF and/or UHF band) uses COFDM with PSK/QAM. It was developed in Japan with MPEG-2, and is now used in Brazil with MPEG-4. Unlike other digital broadcast systems, ISDB includes digital rights management to restrict recording of programming.

Comparison of digital terrestrial television systems

Line count
As interlaced systems require accurate positioning of scanning lines, it is important to make sure that the horizontal and vertical timebase are in a precise ratio. This is accomplished by passing the one through a series of electronic divider circuits to produce the other. Each division is by a prime number.

Therefore, there has to be a straightforward mathematical relationship between the line and field frequencies, the latter being derived by dividing down from the former. Technology constraints of the 1930s meant that this division process could only be done using small integers, preferably no greater than 7, for good stability. The number of lines was odd because of 2:1 interlace. The 405 line system used a vertical frequency of 50 Hz (Standard AC mains supply frequency in Britain) and a horizontal one of 10,125 Hz (50 × 405 ÷ 2)
 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives 90 lines (non interlaced)
 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 gives 96 lines (non interlaced)
 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives 180 lines (non interlaced) (used in Germany in mid-1930s before switch to 441-line system)
 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 gives 240 lines (used for the experimental Baird transmissions in Britain [See Note 1])
 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 gives 243 lines
 7 × 7 × 7 gives 343 lines (early North American system also used in Poland and in Soviet Union before WW2)
 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 375 lines
 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives 405 lines System A (used in Britain, Ireland and Hong Kong before 1985)
 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 11 gives 440 lines (non interlaced)
 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 gives 441 lines (used by RCA in North America before the 525-lines NTSC standard was adopted and widely used before WW2 in Continental Europe with different frame rates)
 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 gives 450 lines (non interlaced)
 5 × 7 × 13 gives 455 lines (used in France before WW2)
 3 × 5 × 5 × 7 gives 525 lines System M (480i) (a compromise between the RCA and Philco systems. Still used today in most of the Americas and parts of Asia)
 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 gives 567 lines (Developed by Philips used for a while in the late 1940s in the Netherlands)
 5 × 11 × 11 gives 605 lines (proposed by Philco in North America before the 525 standard was adopted)
 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 625 lines (576i) (designed by Soviet engineers during the mid-late 1940s, introduced to Western Europe by German engineers.)
 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 750 lines at 50 frames (used for 720p50 [See Note 2])
 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 750 lines at 60 frames (used for 720p60 [See Note 2])
 3 × 3 × 7 × 13 gives 819 lines (737i) (used in France in the 1950s)
 3 × 7 × 7 × 7 gives 1,029 lines (proposed but never adopted around 1948 in France)
 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 x 5 gives 1,125 lines at 25 frames (used for 1080i50 but not 1080p25 [See Note 2])
 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 x 5 gives 1,125 lines at 30 frames (used for 1080i60 but not 1080p30 [See Note 2])

Notes

 The division of the 240-line system is academic as the scan ratio was determined entirely by the construction of the mechanical scanning system used with the cameras used with this transmission system.
 The division ratio though relevant to CRT-based systems is largely academic today because modern LCD and plasma displays are not constrained to having the scanning in precise ratios. The 1080p high definition system requires 1125 lines in a CRT display.
 The System I version of the 625-line standard originally used 582 active lines before later changing to 576 in line with other 625-line systems.

Conversion from one system to another system

Converting between different numbers of lines and different frequencies of fields/frames in video pictures is not an easy task. Perhaps the most technically challenging conversion to make is from any of the 625-line, 25-frame/s systems to system M, which has 525-lines at 29.97 frames per second. Historically this required a frame store to hold those parts of the picture not actually being output (since the scanning of any point was not time coincident). In more recent times, conversion of standards is a relatively easy task for a computer.

Aside from the line count being different, it's easy to see that generating 59.94 fields every second from a format that has only 50 fields might pose some interesting problems. Every second, an additional 10 fields must be generated seemingly from nothing. The conversion has to create new frames (from the existing input) in real time.

There are several methods used to do this, depending on the desired cost and conversion quality. The simplest possible converters simply drop every 5th line from every frame (when converting from 625 to 525) or duplicate every 4th line (when converting from 525 to 625), and then duplicate or drop some of those frames to make up the difference in frame rate. More complex systems include inter-field interpolation, adaptive interpolation, and phase correlation.

See also
 Characteristics of television systems. International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R Recommendation BT.470-2.

Transmission technology standards
 Amateur television
 Broadcast safe
 Channel (broadcasting)
 Display resolution
 Lists of television channels for lists by country and language.
 North American cable television frequencies
 European cable television frequencies
 Television channel frequencies

Defunct analog systems
 405 lines
 441 lines
 819 lines
 MUSE an analog high-definition television system.

Analog television systems
 Intercarrier method
 NTSC (525/60)
 PAL (color encoding usually used with 625/50 systems)
 PAL-M
 PAL-N
 PALplus
 SECAM
 Transposers
 TV transmitters

Analog television system audio
 Multichannel Television Sound
 NICAM (digital, analog pre-emphasis curve)
 Zweikanalton
 The defunct MUSE system had a very unusual digital audio subsystem completely unrelated to NICAM.

Digital television systems
 HDTV systems all use MPEG transport technology
 ATSC standards
 DVB-T and DVB-T2
 ISDB and ISDB-T International (SBTVD)
 DTMB used in People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and Macau.

History
 History of television
 Oldest television station
 Television systems before 1940

References

External links
 ITU, Characteristics of television systems
 FARWAY IRFC, TV and Radio Transmission, Radio Data System Encoders, Broadcasting Technologies
 World Analog Television Standards and Waveforms by Alan Pemberton
 Analog TV Broadcast Systems by Paul Schlyter
 European Television Stations in 1932 a scan from a 1932 French magazine

Broadcasting standards
Television technology
Television terminology
Television transmission standards

Broadcast television systems


La  est l'une des treize circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Chiba au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La neuvième circonscription de la préfecture de Chiba regroupe les villes de Sakura, Yotsukaidō et Yachimata ainsi que l'arrondissement de Wakaba de la ville de Chiba.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Neuvième circonscription de la préfecture de Chiba


Philip Ernest Converse (November 17, 1928 – December 30, 2014) was an American political scientist. He was a professor in political science and sociology at the University of Michigan who conducted research on public opinion, survey research, and quantitative social science.

Converse's book chapter "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics" (Ideology and Discontent, edited by David E. Apter, 1964) held that most people lack structure and stability in their political views. With Angus Campbell, Warren Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, he co-wrote The American Voter, which used data from the American National Election Studies to create a set of surveys of American public opinion carried out by the University of Michigan Survey Research Center and the Center for Political Studies. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1969.

Personal life
Converse was born November 17, 1928, in Concord, New Hampshire. His sister,  Connie was a singer-songwriter who recorded music in the 1950s before disappearing in the 1970s. Philip earned his B.A. in English at Denison University in 1949, and he earned a master's degree in English literature from the University of Iowa in 1950. Converse was drafted into U.S. military service during the Korean War, working as a newspaper editor on a base in Battle Creek, Michigan.

In 1961, Converse married social scientist Jean G. McDonnell, an expert in interviewing techniques who directed the Detroit Area Study.

Academic career
Converse studied for a time in France before returning to the United States to earn an M.A. in sociology at the University of Michigan in 1956, followed by a Ph.D. in social psychology at Michigan in 1958. As he began his graduate education, Converse worked as the assistant study director of Michigan's Survey Research Center, joining forces with Warren Miller and Angus Campbell to field the 1956–1960 National Election Study panel survey. That work produced his text for political behavior, The American Voter (1960). He served in leadership roles for the center and for the broader Institute for Social Research (ISR) in which it was housed for the rest of his career, including as director of the Center for Political Studies (1981–1986) and director of ISR itself (1986–1989).

Converse became an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Michigan in 1960. He quickly earned tenure with promotion to associate professor in 1964. One year later, he was promoted to the rank of full professor in sociology and a joint appointment in political science. After being awarded two named chair positions in the 1970s and 1980s, Converse was selected as the 1987 Henry Russel Lecturer.

Converse left the University of Michigan to become director of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University in 1989. He returned to the University of Michigan as an emeritus professor of sociology and political science in 1994.

Converse died December 30, 2014, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, at the age of 86. He was survived by his wife, Jean, and his two sons.

Research
Converse is known for his work on ideology and belief systems, voters and elections, partisanship, political representation, party systems, the human meaning of social change, and political sophistication. His work drew on extensive public opinion survey data from the United States and France.

According to Professor Michael Traugott, director of the University of Michigan Center for Political Studies:
The central point of Phil's work was the inability of citizens to deal with large quantities of political information and to make it logically consistent, so they are always faced with making decisions based on inadequate information....Phil's original research even helps to explain elements of polarization....People have the ability to screen out discordant information, but they haven't become more sophisticated.

The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics (1964)
In The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics, Converse challenged the notion that ordinary citizens share the sophisticated ideological structure in political thinking seen among political elites. He argues first that belief systems are ultimately about "constraint"—if one's view changes on an issue central to the belief system, that change shifts attitudes throughout the network of other views when constraint is high. In contrast, other views do not change in a low-constraint belief system when another attitude changes. Converse says belief systems are constructed by political elites, who decide the issue views that go together, and he says political information is key for determining whether members of the mass public are capable of following these connections in their own thinking.

Next, Converse empirically analyzes belief systems in the mass public using survey data from 1956, 1958, and 1960 American National Election Studies. He proceeds in four parts. In the first section, he shows that, when asked to describe their views on the political parties and candidates, very few Americans rely on abstract principles (possibly a liberal-conservative continuum) or other signs of ideological thinking ("ideologues"). In a second category, labeled "near-ideologue", Converse groups people that peripherally mention some abstract principles used to guide their decisions, but they may not have placed much evaluative dependence on the principle or showed evidence of misunderstanding. Using the idea of a yardstick as a model, Converse explains that an ideologue would explicitly reference the yardstick when explaining their reasoning, while a "near-ideologue" may imply the existence of a yardstick, but could use it incorrectly or show obvious misunderstanding. Instead, the largest category of people think about politics and parties in terms of "group benefits" based on which prominent social groups they see as advantaged or disadvantaged by Democrats or Republicans. These social group ties tend to be stronger and more prominent when the groups are considered "visible", such as a church, union, or race, as opposed to an "invisible" social group, like social class. It is important for the masses to be cognizant of their group to see this "group benefits" category appear.  Others thought about parties based on the "nature of the times" (issue- or party-driven) or "no issue content." In sum, regular people don't talk about politics in ideological ways.

In the second section, Converse shows that when Americans are asked explicitly to explain the terms "liberal" and "conservative," many struggle to link those terms to the political parties and to give meaningful reasons for those pairings. This suggests a lack of ideological understanding and again pushed against the notion of an ideological public. Converse gives an example using the following statement- "Even though it may hurt the position of the Negro in the South, state governments should be able to decide who can vote and who cannot". While this statement may seem to be focused on the rights of African Americans for most Americans, it is truly about state versus federal rights. This lack of understanding supports Converse's view of a non-ideological public. In the third section, Converse presents evidence that issue preferences in the public show low constraint, as seen in low correlations between issue pairs. This stands in contrast to relatively high constraint observed in the views of political elites. Finally, Converse shows that political attitudes are highly unstable in the mass public over time. On some issues, the public provides such inconsistent responses over two and four years that they appear to be responding almost as if at random. While this trend is evident with the general public/masses, it is not evident with the elite group. If ordinary people had idiosyncratic belief systems, he argues their views would be stable over time. The instability he observes is the final strike against the notion of an ideologically sophisticated public.

Converse concludes that mass publics generally lack the structured belief systems seen in political elites, and he speculates that this finding from mid-century America applies broadly across publics in other places and eras. Converse summarizes by stating that the mass public has a very narrow understanding of political issue and vote accordingly, thus explaining the instability of voting trends among the masses versus the elites.

In a 1970 essay, Converse calls these highly unstable political views "non-attitudes."

Converse's book Political Representation in France with Roy Pierce on mass politics in France draws similar conclusions about belief systems.

The American Voter (1960)
Converse also co-authored The American Voter with Angus Campbell, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes. One of the book's primary contributions was the introduction of the social-psychological concept of partisan identity and investigations into its effects on political behavior. Partisanship, they say, functions more as an attachment to a social group than as a mere summary of political values and attitudes, and it is the fundamental driver in vote choice and much else. This theory became known as the Michigan Model. They also find that citizens who choose not to identify with a political party are generally disengaged from politics and low in political knowledge, in contrast to idealized views celebrating the independent voter. Evidence for the book was drawn from analysis of the 1956–1968 National Election Studies panel. The American Voter also assesses factors that influence voter turnout, the influence of electoral rules, effects from social and economic conditions, the roles of group identity and socio-economic position, and it introduces some of the initial analysis that underlies Converse's 1964 "Nature of Belief Systems" essay. The book also introduces other concepts like the "funnel of causality" modeling the long-term and short-term forces leading eventually to an individual's vote, and the "normal vote" model relating partisanship and turnout in election outcomes.

Awards and recognition
 Elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1969.
 Member of The American Philosophical Society and the National Academy of Sciences.
 Awarded an honorary doctorates from the University of Chicago and Denison University.
 President of the American Political Science Association (1983–1984).
 President of the International Society of Political Psychology (1980–1981).
 Fellowships awarded: Guggenheim, Fulbright, Russell Sage.

Notable publications
 Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W., & Stokes, D. (1960). The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Converse, P. E. (1962). Information flow and the stability of partisan attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(4), 578–599.
 Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In D.E. Apter (ed.) Ideology and Its Discontent. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 206–261.
 Converse, P. E. (1969). Of time and partisan stability. Comparative Political Studies, 2(2), 139–171.
 Converse, P. E. (1970). Attitudes and Non-attitudes: Continuation of a dialogue. In E. R. Tufte (ed.) The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems. Addison-Wesley, Mass.
 Markus, G. B., & Converse, P. E. (1979). A dynamic simultaneous equation model of electoral choice. American Political Science Review, 73(4), 1055–1070.
 Converse, P. E., & Markus, G. B. (1979). Plus ça change...: The new CPS Election Study Panel. American Political Science Review, 73(1), 32–49.
 Converse, P. E., & Pierce, R. (1986). Political Representation in France. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
 Converse, P. E. (1987). Changing conceptions of public opinion in the political process. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51(2), S12-S24.
 Converse, P. E. (2000). Assessing the capacity of mass electorates. Annual Review of Political Science, 3, 331–353.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
American political scientists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Public opinion
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fulbright alumni

Philip Converse


Cricetulus es un género de roedores de la familia Cricetidae.

Especies
Son reconocidas como válidas las siguientes especies:
 Cricetulus alticola Thomas, 1917
 Cricetulus barabensis (Pallas, 1773)
 Cricetulus kamensis (Satunin, 1903)
 Cricetulus longicaudatus (Milne-Edwards, 1867)
 Cricetulus migratorius (Pallas, 1773)
 Cricetulus sokolovi Orlov & Malygin, 1988

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cricetulus


Die Daarler Brücke, auch Daarler Brigg und Sankt Arnualer Brücke (bis 1946: Schlageter-Brücke), ist eine Brücke für Radfahrer und Fußgänger in Saarbrücken.

Lage
Die Daarler Brücke beginnt am Ende der Straße des 13. Januar. Unter der Brücke führt das Ende einer stillgelegten Bahnstrecke des angrenzenden Kraftwerks Römerbrücke. Die Brücke führt dann über die Saar und einen Fußgängerweg, ehe sie an einer Unterführung an der Autobahn A620 endet.

Geschichte
Bereits vor 2000 Jahren gab es nahe einem römischen Kastell eine Brücke an der heutigen Stätte der Daarler Brücke. Obwohl das Kastell schon früh zerstört wurde, bestand die Brücke noch im Jahr 1281. 1936 wurde an derselben Stelle, wo früher die Römerbrücke stand, eine blaue Stahlbrücke gebaut. Sie wurde 1937 eröffnet und diente schon damals als Fußgängerbrücke. Sie hieß damals noch Schlageter-Brücke, benannt nach Albert Leo Schlageter. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die Brücke gesprengt. 1946 wurde an selber Stelle die Schlageter-Brücke wiederaufgebaut, jedoch wurde sie kurz darauf in Daarler Brücke umbenannt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußgängerbrücke im Saarland
Verkehrsbauwerk in Saarbrücken
Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren
Brücke in Europa
Brücke über die Saar

Daarler Brücke


5234 Sechenov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5234 Sechenov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Karacikina. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,76 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 35,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

5234 Sechenov


Nueva Braunau ist ein Dorf im Bezirk Puerto Varas, Provinz Llanquihue, Región de los Lagos, im Süden Chiles. Derzeit hat es etwa 3000 Einwohner.

Die Ortschaft wurde am 15. August 1877 von böhmischen und österreichischen Siedlern gegründet, die aus der heute tschechischen Stadt Broumov (deutsch Braunau) stammten.

Nueva Braunau liegt fünf Kilometer westlich von Puerto Varas. Seine Wirtschaft gründet auf Landwirtschaft und Tourismus, dazu kommt eine Wurstfabrik. Die Freiwillige Feuerwehr ist die Nueva Braunau número 5.

Das Museo Antonio Felmer, das in einem der Häuser untergebracht ist, welche die Siedler im 19. Jahrhundert errichteten, zeigt Gegenstände des Alltags der ersten Einwanderer.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Chile
Región de Los Lagos
Ort in Südamerika
Gemeindegründung 1877

Nueva Braunau


Axel Rodrigues de Arruda (født 9. januar 1970) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldspillere fra Santos FC
Fodboldspillere fra São Paulo FC
Fodboldspillere fra Sevilla FC
Fodboldspillere fra Atletico Mineiro

Axel Rodrigues de Arruda


No confundir con Amlaíb mac Sitriuc (Olaf Cuaran), monarca vikingo del reino de Dublín en el siglo X.
Olaf Sigtryggsson (gaélico: Amlaíb mac Sitriuc, m. 1034) fue un caudillo hiberno-nórdico, monarca del reino vikingo de Mann e hijo de Sigtrygg Silkbeard, por lo tanto miembro de la dinastía Uí Ímair, y su consorte Sláine, hija de Brian Boru, rey de Munster y gran rey de Irlanda.

Estirpe
Olaf tuvo cuatro hermanos: Artalach (m. 999),  Oleif (m. 1013), Godfrey (m. 1036) y Glúniairn (m. 1031). Oleif murió como represalia a su ataque a Cork; Glúniairn fue asesinado por el pueblo de Brega; Godfrey murió en Gales, posiblemente en manos de un primo hermano. Su hermanastra Cellach fue la única que sobrevivió a Olaf, murió en 1042 el mismo mes que falleció su padre.

Vida
En 1027, tras la muerte de Máel Sechlainn en 1022 y el caos que acompañó las subsiguientes reclamaciones por el trono del gran rey de Irlanda por los príncipes irlandeses, Sigtrygg Silkbeard se vio forzado a cerrar alianzas con los reino de Brega. Sigtrygg y Donnchad fueron derrotados en un ataque sobre Staholmock, condado de Meath por los guerreros del rey de Mide, Roen Ua Mael Sechlainn. Sigtrygg siguió luchando hasta enfrentarse en una batalla en Lickblaw donde Donnchad y Roen murieron.

En 1029, Olaf es hecho prisionero por el rey de Brega, Mathghamhain Ua Riagain que pidió un rescate de 1200 vacas, ampliado posteriormente a 140 caballos y sesenta onzas de oro y plata, "la espada de Carlus", los rehenes irlandeses de Leinster y Leath Cuinn:

«cuatro rehenes a Ua Riagain para asegurar la paz, y el valor de la vida del tercer rehén.»

Y otras 80 vacas como suplicación que debería pagar el hombre que negociase la liberación de Olaf. Este incidente ilustra la importancia de los rescates de los cautivos nobles, una manipulación política con el objetivo de incrementar los recursos de una parte y desalentar a la otra. La solicitud de caballos sugiere que Dublín era un importante enclave de importación de equinos en el  y que la familia de Olaf estaba involucrada en el comercio de ganado.

Los Anales de los cuatro maestros cita en su entrada del año 1034 que Amlaíb mac Sitriuc «fue asesinado por los anglosajones» cuando se dirigía a Roma en peregrinación.

Herencia
Ragnhild, madre de Gruffydd ap Cynan, de quien descienden los reyes de Gwyndedd.

Véase también
 Reino de Rhinns

Referencias

Bibliografía

Nacidos en año desconocido
Fallecidos en 1034
Reyes vikingos de la Isla de Man del siglo XI

Olaf Sigtryggsson


In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction that's to the environment.

The physiological definition of respiration differs from the biochemical definition, which refers to a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH) by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products. Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the diffusion and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.

Gas exchanges in the lung occurs by ventilation and perfusion. Ventilation refers to the in and out movement of air of the lungs and perfusion is the circulation of blood in the pulmonary capillaries. In mammals, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement that brings air into the lungs where the process of gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system. In contrast, exhalation (breathing out) is usually a passive process, though there are many exceptions: when generating functional overpressure (speaking, singing, humming, laughing, blowing, snorting, sneezing, coughing, powerlifting); when exhaling underwater (swimming, diving); at high levels of physiological exertion (running, climbing, throwing) where more rapid gas exchange is necessitated; or in some forms of breath-controlled meditation. Speaking and singing in humans requires sustained breath control that many mammals are not capable of performing.

The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air. Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the functional residual capacity is kept constant, and equilibrates with the gases dissolved in the pulmonary capillary blood, and thus throughout the body. Thus, in precise usage, the words breathing and ventilation are hyponyms, not synonyms, of respiration; but this prescription is not consistently followed, even by most health care providers, because the term respiratory rate (RR) is a well-established term in health care, even though it would need to be consistently replaced with ventilation rate if the precise usage were to be followed. During respiration the C-H bonds are broken by oxidation-reduction reaction and so carbon dioxide and water are also produced. The cellular energy-yielding process is called cellular respiration.

Classifications of respiration
There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration:

By species
 Aquatic respiration
 Buccal pumping
 Cutaneous respiration
 Intestinal respiration
 Respiratory system

By mechanism
 Breathing
 Gas exchange
 Arterial blood gas
 Control of respiration
 Apnea

By experiments
 Huff and puff apparatus
 Spirometry
 Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

By intensive care and emergency medicine
 CPR
 Mechanical ventilation
 Intubation
 Iron lung
 Intensive care medicine
 Liquid breathing
 ECMO
 Oxygen toxicity
 Medical ventilator
 Life support
 General anaesthesia
 Laryngoscope

By other medical topics
 Respiratory therapy
 Breathing gases
 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
 Hypoxia
 Gas embolism
 Decompression sickness
 Barotrauma
 Oxygen equivalent
 Oxygen toxicity
 Nitrogen narcosis
 Carbon dioxide poisoning
 Carbon monoxide poisoning
 HPNS

Additional images

See also

References

 Nelsons VCE Units 1–2 Physical Education. 2010 Cengage Copyright.

External links
 Overview at Johns Hopkins University

Further reading

 , human biology 146149
 C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Respiration. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Mark McGinley and C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC

Excretion

hr:Disanje

Respiration (physiology)


O Caso Vitória Gabrielly refere-se ao assassinato de Vitória Gabrielly Guimarães Vaz, que desapareceu em 2018, quando tinha 12 anos, após sair de casa para andar de patins em Araçariguama, São Paulo.

O corpo foi encontrado oito dias depois em um matagal. Vitória Gabrielly foi morta por asfixia mecânica traumática por estrangulamento. A garota tinha 'lesões de defesa e marcas de contenção'; laudo fala em 'morte cruel'. Vitória foi morta por engano em cobrança de dívida de drogas.

Biografia
Vitória Gabrielly era uma menina de 12 anos que morava em Araçariguama, interior de São Paulo. Era filha de Rosana Magalhães e Beto Vaz.

Crime
No dia 8 de junho de 2018 Vitória saiu de casa para andar de patins e uma câmera chegou a registrá-la perto de um ginásio de esportes na cidade onde morava.

Quando ela não voltou para casa, seus pais procuraram a polícia e registraram um boletim de ocorrência (B.O.) no dia seguinte. "Ao chegar em casa no fim da tarde, a mãe não encontrou a garota. Ao procurar na casa da tia, onde ela tem costume de ir, a mãe soube que não estava lá", diz o B.O.

Seus restos mortais foram encontrados oito (08) dias após seu desaparecimento, no dia 16 de junho, às margens de uma estrada de terra, num área de mata no bairro Caxambu, em Araçariguama. Um laudo posteriormente revelou que ela havia morrido de forma "cruel" por asfixia mecânica traumática por estrangulamento. O corpo da menina foi encontrado com os pés e as mãos atados e amarrado a uma árvore. A garota tinha "lesões de defesa e marcas de contenção".

Investigações e prisões
As investigações começaram em Araçariguama após o registro de seu desaparecimento. Houve uma grande mobilização local, tendo a prefeitura adesivado 30 carros com uma imagem da menina. Uma equipe da Guarda Civil de Itupeva e um cão farejador procuraram por toda cidade e uma equipe especializada chegou a vasculhar a Represa de Itupararanga.

No dia 13, a polícia chegou a três suspeitos – depois acusados – após conseguir a quebra sigilo telefônico de pessoas ligadas à menina. Um homem chegou a dizer que havia visto a vítima na cidade de Mairinque, onde a polìcia chegou a fazer buscas.

A resolução do caso viria após uma denúncia feita pelo 190, o que levou os policiais ao bairro Caxambu, onde o corpo foi encontrado.

Três pessoas foram indiciadas pelo crime, o servente de pedreiro Júlio César Lima Ergesse e o casal Bruno Oliveira (ele também pedreiro) e Mayara Abrantes.

Motivação
"Bruno e Mayara foram contratados por um traficante de drogas da região para 'dar um susto' na filha de um morador da cidade que possuía uma dívida de R$7 mil, mas acabaram sequestrando Vitória por engano e optaram por matá-la após a confirmação do engano", reportou o portal do jornal Metro.

Julgamentos e penas
Em outubro de 2019, Júlio Cesar Ergesse foi condenado a 34 anos de prisão – três anos pelo sequestro, 18 anos por homicídio, um ano e seis meses por ocultação de cadáver – com os agravantes de motivo torpe, meio cruel e recurso que impossibilitou a defesa da vítima. Ele cumpre pena na Penitenciária de Tremembé.

Em novembro de 2021, Bruno foi condenado a 36 anos e 3 meses e Mayara, a 36 anos de prisão. Ambos responderam por homicídio, sequestro e ocultação de cadáver com qualificadoras. Em dezembro de 2022, o Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo negou um recurso da defesa para reduzir a pena do casal.

Ergesse chegou a enviar uma carta ao pai de Vitória contestando o rumo que o caso tomou, alegando que foi condenado pelo que "os outros dois réus fizeram". O pai da menina entregou a carta à delegada Bruna Racca Madureira e disse que não havia visto "uma palavra solidária, nem um boa noite ou pêsames" apenas uma versão de Ergesse se "importando apenas com ele mesmo". "Nem sei porque mandou", completou Beto Vaz.

Legado
No dia 8 de março de 2022 (Dia Internacional da Mulher), a Delegacia de Araçariguama criou uma sala que leva o nome de Vitória. O espaço destina-se ao atendimento e acolhimento de mulheres, crianças e idosos vítimas de violência doméstica. Além disso, dois times de Araçariguama fizeram um jogo usando uma faixa com o rosto de Vitória e os dizeres "a princesa dos patins cor de rosa" no ginásio da cidade, perto do último local em que a menina foi vista com vida. O artista plástico Jack Ray Domingues também criou três quadros que foram fixados num muro da cidade.

Em junho de 2023, cinco anos após sua morte, seu pai falou sobre Vitória: "Muitas pessoas lembram do que aconteceu, postam algo nas redes sociais e me marcam. E eu, naturalmente, me apego muito nessas lembranças e no amor das pessoas por ela. Escrevo algum texto, publico alguma foto dela. É uma saudade diária".

Ligações externas

 Caso Vitória Gabrielly no canal Operação Policial
 Lista de matérias sobre o caso no portal g1

Araçariguama
Assassinados na América do Sul em 2018
Crimes da década de 2010 no Brasil
Assassinados em 2018
2018 em São Paulo
Mortes por estrangulamento
Assassinatos de adolescentes no Brasil

Caso Vitória Gabrielly


Der Breeser Grund ist ein ehemaliges Naturschutzgebiet im gemeindefreien Gebiet Göhrde im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg in Niedersachsen.

Das ehemalige Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG LÜ 111 ist rund 187 Hektar groß. Es ist Bestandteil des aus vier Einzelflächen bestehenden FFH-Gebietes "Buchen- und Eichenwälder in der Göhrde (mit Breeser Grund)", zu dem auch die ehemaligen Naturschutzgebiete "Wälder am Jagdschloss Göhrde" und "Kellerberg" gehören. Das Gebiet stand seit dem 2. Mai 1985 unter Naturschutz. Es ersetzte in diesem Bereich das mit Verordnung vom 1. August 1974 ausgewiesene Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Elbhöhen-Drawehn" mit dem Kennzeichen DAN 27. Zum 21. Februar 2019 ging es im neu ausgewiesenen Naturschutzgebiet "Eichen- und Buchenwälder in der Göhrde" auf. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde war der Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.

Das ehemalige Naturschutzgebiet liegt nordwestlich von Zernien innerhalb des Naturparks Elbhöhen-Wendland im Staatsforst Göhrde. Das Gebiet stellte einen Ausschnitt des Staatsforstes Göhrde unter Schutz, der von Traubeneichenbeständen mit Buchen und Birken geprägt wird. Eine Teilfläche im Nordosten des Schutzgebietes stellt als verheideter ehemaliger Hutewald eine Besonderheit dar. Dieser sollte durch die Unterschutzstellung erhalten werden. Zur Pflege wird er mit Schafen beweidet.

Weiterhin ist das zwei Hektar große, 1972 ausgewiesene Naturwaldreservat "Göhrder Eichen" Bestandteil des ehemaligen Naturschutzgebietes. Dieser wird seiner natürlichen Entwicklung überlassen.

Im übrigen ehemaligen Naturschutzgebiet soll der naturnahe Wald erhalten und entwickelt werden. Dieser Bereich wird forstwirtschaftlich bewirtschaftet.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliges Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg
Waldschutzgebiet in Niedersachsen
Göhrde (gemeindefreies Gebiet)

Breeser Grund


William Tolmie est un nom pouvant désigner:

 (1833-1875), homme politique néo-zélandais
William Fraser Tolmie (1812-1886), homme politique et d'affaires canadien

Voir aussi

Tolmie, William

William Tolmie


Nikola Grabovac (Bugojno, 11. svibnja 1943. – Sarajevo, 23. siječnja 2020.), profesor doktor ekonomskih znanosti, redoviti profesor na ekonomskom fakultetu, rektor sveučilišta, zamjenik predsjednika Vlade Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, član Vlade, ministar trgovine - Vlade Federacije BiH, ministar financija - Vlade Federacije BiH i član Vijeća ministara BiH i rukovoditelj velikih privrednih poduzeća, predsjednik Skupštine samoupravne interesne zajednice BiH za ekonomske odnose s inozemstvom, član Privredne komore BiH. Bio je predsjednik i član Privredne komore Jugoslavije, predsjednik Skupštine tekstilne industrije Jugoslavije, predsjednik Industrijske konfekcije Jugoslavije, itd. Ključne kvalifikacije: doktor ekonomskih znanosti, stručnjak za financijsko izvještavanje, analizu i budžetiranje, stručnjak u oblasti trgovinske politike (promocija izvoza i stranih direktnih investicija) i građenja konkurentskih prednosti, stručnjak u oblasti razvoja strategija i programa internacionaliziranja i međunarodnog marketinga, radio na privatizacija i restrukturiranju BH privrede nakon rata.

Stručno i znanstveno opredijeljen za marketinšku filozofiju poslovanja, slobodu tržišnog djelovanja, privatnu incijativu i slobodnu konkurenciju ali uz značajnu ulogu države u planiranju makroekonomskog razvoja.

Preminuo je 24. siječnja 2020. godine.

Životopis
Nikola Grabovac rodio se u Bugojnu 1943. godine. Osnovnu školu i Srednju ekonomsku školu završio u je Bugojnu. Diplomirao je na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, 1965. godine. Magistrirao je na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Sarajevu, 1976. godine. Doktorirao je na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Sarajevu, 1988. godine.

Predavao je na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Sarajevu, kao redoviti profesor (2002. – 2008.) na dodiplomskim i na poslijediplomskim studijima predmete: Marketing, Upravljanje trgovinskim poduzećima, Poslovanje ugostiteljskog poduzeća, Prodaja i prodajni menadžment. Obavljao dužnost Rektora (Otvoreni univezitet "APEIRON" Travnik, od 2008.), Rektor Univerziteta "Vitez" Travnik. Gostujući profesor na više sveučilišta u Hrvatskoj, Srbiji i BiH.

Napisao je i objavio više knjiga koje služe kao literatura na Ekonomskom fakultetu. Također autor je više studija, analiza i naučnih i stručnih radova.

U svome profesionalnom radu prošao je niz radnih mjesta koja mu osiguravaju praktična saznanja koja je mogao ugraditi u teoretska i nastavna saznanja. Počeo je rad kao referent za plan i analizu ("Žitorod" Bugojno), zatim šef računovodstva ("Privrednik", Sarajevo, 1967. – 1968.), komercijalni direktor (GP "Igman", Ilidža Sarajevo, 1968. – 1973.), načelnik za privredu u općini (Općina Centar, Sarajevo, 1974. – 1976.), generalni direktor  ("Alhos", Sarajevo,1976. – 1982.) i predsjednik SOUR-a, viši savjetnik (Poslovna zajednica konfekcije, Beograd, 1983. – 1986.), ("Magros", Sarajevo,  1986. – 1990.), generalni direktor ("Botex", Sarajevo, 1986. – 1990.).

Obnašao je dužnost člana Vlade BiH, bio je ministar trgovine - Vlade Federacije BiH (1995. – 1997.), ministar financija - Vlade Federacije BiH, zamjenik premijera - Vlade Federacije BiH i član Vijeća ministara BiH, (2001. – 2002.).

Obnašao je i dužnosti: predsjednik Skupštine samoupravne interesne zajednice BiH za ekonomske odnose s inostranstvom, član Privredne komore BiH, član Privredne komore Jugoslavije, predsjednik Skupštine tekstilne industrije Jugoslavije, predsjednik Industrijske konfekcije Jugoslavije itd.

Za profesionalni i volonterski rad odlikovan je Ordenom rada sa srebrenim vijencem 1975. godine.

Nagrada za najboljeg profesora na Ekonomskom fakultetu Sarajevo (studentski izbor). Više godina izabran kao najbolji profesor na Fakultetu.

Ekonomski analitičar
Bogato praktično iskustvo, istraživački rad i znanstveni pristup problemima društvenog ekonomskog sistema s makro i mikro aspekta omogućuje mu objektivan pristup procjeni sadašnjosti kapitalističkog društva kao i njegove budućnosti. Živio je i radio u socijalizmu (od 1965. do 1992.), i u kapitalizmu (od 1992. do 2015.). U oba društvena sustava bio je visoko pozicioniran (sa završenim ekonomskim fakultetom, magistarskim i doktorskim zvanjima), radio je na praktičnim poslovima u privredi, ali istodobno i bio profesor na fakultetima, pa i rektor sveučilišta), što mu omogućuje teorijsko shvatanje i razumijevanje kako socijalizma (na jugoslavenskom primjeru), tako i kapitalizma (na primjeru Bosne i Hercegovine). Pokraj praktičnih iskustava stekao je dosta iskustva i znanja iz teorijske ekonomske misli, naročito kapitalističkih ekonomskih teorija.

Praktična i teorijska znanja stjecao je iz oblasti mikroekonomije i makroekonomije.

U sferi mikroekonomije radio je na: poslovima planiranja i analize poslovanja poduzeća; rukovođenju prodajom i komercijalnim poslovima, pravljenju kalkulacija cijena i formiranju prodajnih cijena; rukovođenju računovodstvenom funkcijom na nivou poduzeća; poslovima međunarodne trgovine – izvoz i uvoz; operativnim poslovima izvoza u Njemačku, Čehoslovačku, SSSR (Rusija), Francusku, SAD, Švedsku, Jordan i dr; najvišim menadžerskim funkcijama (glavni direktor); rukovodio kao glavni direktor kompanijom od 6.000 radnika.

U sferi makroekonomije radio je na: poslovima člana vlade kao ministar trgovine, turizma i financija; poslovima međunarodne trgovine kao zamjenik ministra vanjske trgovine; izradi prijedloga budžeta države, a nakon njegovog usvajanja i na realizaciji budžeta; poslovima koncipiranja monetarno-kreditne politike; uvođenju trezorskog sistema realizacije budžeta; uvođenju poreza na dodatnu vrijednost – PDV i ukidanju klasičnog poreza na promet; pregovorima s Međunarodnim monetarnim fondom (MMF) i Svjetskom bankom (WB); poslovima pregovaranja s Londonskim klubom povjerilaca i Pariskim klubom povjerilaca (bankarski sektor); izradi nacrta zakonskih rješenja iz oblasti vanjske trgovine, domaće trgovine, poreske politike i poreskih stopa, budžeta, bankarstva, financija i dr; rukovođenju financijama kao ministar financija; rukovođenju trgovine i turizma kao ministar trgovine i financija; rukovođenju vanjske trgovine kao zamjenik ministra vanjske trgovine.

U sferi ekonomske teorije i razvoja ekonomske misli radio je kao: profesor na ekonomskom fakultetu na užim naučnim oblastima iz ekonomije, menadžmenta i marketinga; upoznat s funkcioniranjem planske ekonomije, a kasnije i tržišne ekonomije.

Ovo iskustvo omogućuje mu da uoči društvene probleme kao i njihove razvojne tendencije i odgovori na pitanje kuda nas vodi sadašnje kretanje kapitalizma.

Predviđanje propasti kapitalizma
Kapitalizam je društveni sistem koji je uspješno egzistirao 300-400 godina i ostvario niz pozitivnosti u razvoju tehnologije, kvaliteta življenja, rastu i razvoju ekonomija, naročito danas bogatih i razvijenih država. Kapitalizam je došao do svog vrhunca i koristi vrlo nehumana i neljudska sredstva kako bi produžio svoj životni vijek. Već davno je poznati američki pisac [[Mark Twain]] dao izuzetno kvalitetnu psihološku i naučnu misao o kapitalizmu: "Katkad se pitam vode li ovaj svijet vrlo pametni ljudi koji nas zezaju ili hrpa kretena koje misle ozbiljno."

U proteklom razdoblju kapitalizam je često dovodio svijet na ivicu propasti (Prvi i Drugi svjetski ratovi i slično), ali je uspijevao u ratu i krvi preživjeti. I ranije crne mrlje u svom razvoju (robovlasništvo, kolonijalizam i sl) kapitalizam je preživljavao.

Kapitalizam nije spreman ulagati svoja sredstva tamo gdje nema profita (siromašni, nezaposleni, zdravstvo, školstvo i sl). Istovremeno, kapitalizam je spreman ulagati samo tamo gdje će ostvariti profit i zato je spreman podržati neokolonijalizam, niske nadnice, siromaštvo i bijedu, pokrenuti ratove i poticati terorizam i kriminal. Osjeća se potreba da treba reći kapitalizmu: STOP!

Uspostava novog društvenog sustava
Filantropizam kao novi društveni sustav zamijenit će sadašnji dominantni svjetski društveni sustav poznat kao kapitalizam. Filantropizam će još više razviti vjeru u dobrotu čovjeka. On želi dobro ne samo sebi nego i drugima i time razvija čovjekoljublje. Razvijat će zalaganje za opće dobro, želju za vlastitim razvojem, za skladnom obitelji, za razvoj prijateljstva, napredovanje u znanju i zvanju i drugim dobrobitima za sebe, obitelj, prijatelje i druge ljude. Pokraj užeg aspekta djelovanja, filantropizam će djelovati i na ukupno društvo kroz borbu za bolji život i povećanje životnog standarda, ali i na što brže ukidanje siromaštva, eksploatacije jednih od drugih, smanjenje neprihvatljivih nejednakosti u društvu, ukidanju ratova, migracija, kriminala, gladi, siromaštva i bijede.

Filantropizam je društvena neophodnost na sadašnjem nivou društvenog razvoja. Filantropizam nije socijalizam a pogotovo ne komunizam, niti je utopija i zabluda. Svjetsko čovječanstvo je zaslužilo da se oslobodi kapitalističke nemani i da se izvuče iz kapitalističke baruštine. Svijetu je dosta ratova, terorizma, masovne migracije i sve veće gladi, bijede, nezaposlenosti, siromaštva, kao i nedostatka osnovnih stambenih prostora, tekuće i zdrave vode i pojave raznih bolesti.

Čovječanstvo nije zaslužilo da živi u strahu i brizi za sutrašnjicu. Mi smo već živjeli u miru i slobodi, i bez terorizma. Vrijeme je da kapitalisti  (kao i intelektualci, sredstva informiranja, političari, menadžeri i drugi) shvate da im je došao kraj ovom sistemu, i da ustupe mjesto novim misliocima koji će uspostaviti filantropizam i razvijati ga u skladu s temeljnim filantropskim principima.

Stručna i znanstvena djela
Autor i koautor je u više knjiga ili poglavlja u knjigama. Većina knjiga su korištene kao nastavno-naučne knjige koje služe ili su služile i u nastavnom procesu na ekonomskim fakultetima. Objavio je brojne naučne i stručne radove kao autor ili koautor, učestvovao na više domaćih i stranih naučnih konferencija iz oblasti ekonomije.

Knjiga i poglavlja u knjigama
 Autor knjige "Pad kapitalizma i početak filantropizma", Sarajevo. 2017., . (dostupna na internetu u PDF formatu)
 Autor knjige "Privreda Bosne i Hercegovine pred kolapsom", Sarajevo 2015., {{ISBN|978-995817-070-6}}. (dostupna na internetu u PDF formatu)
 Suautor knjige "Leasing kao savremeni oblik financiranja", suautori dr. Slobodan Vujić i dr. Saša Vujić, Sarajevo 2010 godina, {{ISBN|978-9958-9407-1-2}} i COBISS.BH-ID 18153990.
 Suautor knjige "Mikrokreditne organizavije i mikrokrediti", sa suautorima: dr. Slobodan Vujić i  dr. Saša Vujić, {{ISBN|978-9958-25-014-9}}, COBISS. BH-ID 16804358.
 Autor knjige "Prodaja i prodajni menadžment", 2005. godina, {{ISBN|9958-9407-0-1}} i COBIS.BH-ID 147177286.
 Suautor knjige "Marketing", (poglavlja 13. I 14.) grupa autora, Ekonomski fakultet u Sarajevu, februar 2006., {{ISBN|9958-605-76-7}}, COBISS.BH-ID 14690566.
 Autor knjige - Knjiga 1. "Upravljanje trgovinskim poduzećima - Ekonomika trgovinskih poduzeća", 2 izdanja 1999. i 2002.
 Autor knjige - Knjiga 2. "Upravljanje trgovinskim poduzećem - Marketing trgovinskog poduzeća", 2 izdanja 1999. i 2002.
 Autor knjige - Knjiga 3. "Upravljanje trgovinskim poduzećem - Menadžment trgovinskog poduzeća", 2 izdanja 1999. i 2002.
 Autor knjige - Knjiga "Poslovanje ugostiteljskog poduzeća", 2002.
 Autor knjige - "Zbirka zadataka sa rješenjima iz poslovanja ugostiteljskog poduzeća" izdavač ", 2 izdanja 1998. i 2002.
 Autor knjige - "Zbirka zadataka s rješenjima iz Upravljanja trgovinskim poduzećem", 2002.
 Autor knjige - "Marketing tekstilne industrije", 1998.
 Autor knjige - "Osnovi marketinga", izdavač Ekonomski fakultet Sarajevo, 1996.
 Autor knjige - "Ekonomika trgovinskih poduzeća", izdanje 1993. i 1995.
 Autor knjige - "Upravljanje malim biznisom".
 Suautor knjige - "Povezivanje proizvodnih i prometnih organizacija u nastupu na inostrano tržište",
 Autor knjige - "Priručnik za polaganje stručnog ispita za rad na vanjskotrgovinskim poslovima", Privredna komora BiH, 1999.
 Suautor - Vodič za nastavu, "Upravljanje trgovinskim poduzećem" Ekonomski fakultet Sarajevo 2004.
 Suautor - Vodič za nastavu, "Marketing" Ekonomski fakultet Sarajevo, 2004.
 Autor - Vodič za nastavu, «Poslovanje ugostiteljskog poduzeća", Ekonomski fakultet Sarajevo, 2004.

Znanstveni i stručni radovi, studije objavljeni u časopisima ili konferencijama
(navedeno samo najznačajnije)

Obnašajući dužnosti u više Vlada, često je sudjelovao na raznim znanstvenim i stručnim skupovima, a naročito iz sfera ekonomske tranzicije istočnoeuropskih zemalja i BiH.
 Marketing tekstilne industrije, Tekstilna industrija (Beograd), 1990; (1-2): 37-46; ISSN: 0040-2389;
 Potrebe za tekstilnim proizvodima i procesi kupovine, Tekstilna industrija (Beograd), 1990; 41-45; ISSN:0040-2389;
 Segmentiranje tržišta tekstilne industrije, Tekstilna industrija (Beograd),1990, (3-4):39-45; ISSN: 0040-2389;
 Utjecaj visine dohotka domaćinstva na potrošnju odjeće, Prvi dio, Tekstilna industrija (Beograd), 1990, (9-10): 35-38; ISSN: 0040-2389;
 Utjecaj visine dohotka domaćinstva na potrošnju odjeće, Drugi dio,Tekstilna industrija (Beograd), 1990, (11-12):43-46; ISSN: 0040-2389;
 Cijena kao faktor potrošnje i dio, Tekstilna industrija (Beograd), 1991; (3-4):39-41;
 Cijena kao faktor potrošnje, Drugi dio, Tekstilna industrija (Beograd),1991; (11-12): 28-31;
 Dohodovna elastičnost, Engelov zakon i njegova aktuelnost u oblasti odijevanja, Tekstilna industrija (Beograd), 1991; (1-2)45-49; ISSN:0040-2389;
 Inovacije – ključ uspjeha, Forum (Mostar), 1995; (6):5-9;
 Potrebe kupaca i ponašanje potrošača, Forum (Mostar), 1995; (7):5-8;
 Slobodne zone, Forum (Mostar), 1995; (10):6-8;
 Strana ulaganja, Forum (Mostar). 1995; (11):5-7;
 Suvremena normativna rješenja u trgovini, Forum (Mostar),1995; (12):11-17;
 Vanjskotrgovinsko poslovanje u novim uvjetima, Forum (Mostar), 1995; (8):7-14;
 Zakon i odredbe, Banke (Sarajevo),1997; 1(nulti broj), 31-33; issn:1512-5076;
 Država u drugom planu – razvoj turizma, Turist (Sarajevo), 2001;(2):30-32;
 Moramo pomoći sami sebi, (intervju) BH Privrednik (Vitez), 2001;7(33):56-57;
 Zakon o PDV-u treba usvojiti do nove godine, (intervju), Porezni savjetnik (Sarajevo), 2001; 4(10):4-19; ISSN: 1512-519X;
 The Banking System Reform in The Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Čičić Muris i Brkić Nenad, Editors; Transition in Central and Eastern Europe – Challenges of the 21st century: Conference proceedings: International Conference of the Faculty of Economics Sarajevo ICES 2002. Sarajevo: Faculty of Economics; 2002; str. 231-239. .

Međunarodni projekti
 Studija Strategija BiH u pristupanju WTO, Ministarstvo vanjske trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa BiH, 1999;
 Studija Strategija ekonomskih odnosa BiH s EU, Ministarstvo vanjske trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa BiH, 1999;
 Studija Strategija vanjske trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa BiH s inostranstvom, Ministarstvo vanjske trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa BiH,1999;
 Izvještaj o konkurentnosti BiH, Svjetski ekonomski forum, Švicarska,2000;

Domaći i istraživački projekti
 Studija "Analiza uvođenja poreza na dodatnu vrijednost - PDV", 2003. god., Instituta Ekonomskog  fakulteta u Sarajevu i Privredna komora FBiH.
 Studija "Analiza poreza na dobit gospodarskih društava",  2003. god., Instituat Ekonomskog fakulteta Sarajevo i Privredna komora FBiH.
 Studija "Analiza porez na dohodak građana",  2003. god.  za potrebe Institut a Ekonomskog fakulteta Sarajevo i Privredna komora FBiH.
 Studija Mjere ekonomske politike u FBiH za 2001. godinu;
 Studija Makroekonomska vizija razvoja federacije BiH – strateški ciljevi i globalne aktivnosti;
 Studija Program mjera i aktivnosti za poticanje zapošljavanja u FBiH;
 Studija Novčani poticaji u primarnoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji za 2002. godinu s osvrtom na indirektne poticaje;
 Analiza Mjere ekonomske politike federacije BiH za narednih osam godina (2003-2010), s posebnim osvrtom na 2003. godinu.
 Studija "Analiza posebnih poreza na promet (akcize)", 2003. god. Privredna komora Federacije BiH.
 Studija "Analiza neophodnosti osnivanja razvojne banke Federacije BiH",  2003. god.  Privredna komora Federacija BiH.

Kratki sadržaj najbitnijih autorovih knjiga

Pad kapitalizma i početak filantropizma
Kroz svoj zadnji autorski rad, autor ukazuje da postojeća makroekonomska politika vodi svijet u daljnje zaostajanje siromašnih i nerazvijenih zemalja, ali istovremeno bogate i razvijene zemlje postaju još bogatije.

Makroekonomska politika mora doživjeti korjenite i suštinske promjene. To se, prije svega, odnosi na monetarno-kreditnu politiku, ukidanje štampanja dolara i eura bez pokrića, poresku politiku, uspostavljanje minimalnih i maksimalnih nadnica i progresivno oporezivanje visokih primanja vlasnika kapitala, supermenadžera i sl.  U knjizi obrađuje pojam "filantropizam" kao novi društveni sistem koji će naslijediti kapitalizam. Ukazuje na potrebu za formiranjem i uspostavljanjem novih svjetskih "filantropskih" financijskih i trgovinskih institucija, kao i ukidanje Svjetske banke (WB) i Međunarodnog monetarnog fonda (MMF). Postavljaju se ekonomske teorije o osnovnim makroekonomskim i mikroekonomskim rješenjima u filantropizmu, ali autor ostavlja budućim ekonomskim teoretičarima filantropizma da detaljno razrade sva predložena rješenja koja su sasvim drugačija i neuobičajena u kapitalističkoj ekonomskoj misli.

Privreda Bosne i Hercegovine pred kolapsom
Ova knjiga predstavlja zbirku dokumenata vezanih za privredu BiH. Priloženi dokumenti su pisani u formi eseja o određenoj problematici, uz naglašavanje da su nastajali i pisani u proteklih 15 godina, uz precizno navođenje datuma nastanka. Pri kritičkoj ocjeni materijala treba uzeti u obzir obim znanja i činjenica dostupnih u trenutku pisanja određenih eseja.

Vrijednost ove zbirke dokumenata je u činjenici da je autor u proteklih dvadesetak godina ukazivao na stanje privrede u BiH i predlagao određena rješenja kojima bi se saniralo postojeće negativno stanje. Predložene mjere se u potpunosti aktuelene, odnosno mogu se i danas primijeniti jer, nažalost, stanje u privredi u proteklom periodu se nije popravilo nego se i pogoršalo.

Drugi dokumenti u ovoj zbirci su izvodi iz raznih arhiva, časopisa, interneta i portala, pri čemu se precizno navode izvor dokumenta i datum njegovog nastajanja.

Autor je u cijelosti pravilno detektirao probleme i predlagao najave kako se pojedini problem može riješiti.

Prodaja i prodajni menadžment
Knjiga je struktuirana u tri dijela.

 Prvi dio obrađuje osnovna načela o prodaji i prodajnom menadžmentu. U knjizi se obrađuje funkcija prodaje i njena uloga u marketing koncepciji poslovanja. Takođe, obrađuju se osnovne zadaće prodajnog menadžmenta i odnosi s ostalim menadžmentima u kompaniji.
 Drugi dio knjige tretira prodaju i njeno mjesto u marketingu s aspekta odnosa sa svakim od elemenata marketinga. Ukazuje se na razvoj tržišta, a time i na razvoj prodaje. Posebno se obrađuju odnosi prodaje i asortimana, prodaje i promocije, prodaje i distribucije, kao i prodaje i politike cijena.

Posebno se obrađuje prodaja kao pokretač životnog ciklusa kompanije, institucijski oblici prodaje kao i utjecaj prodaje na financijske pokazatelje poslovanja.

U ovom dijelu knjige daje se cjeloviti pristup marketing konceptu poslovanja, ali uvijek promatrano s aspekta prodaje, kao jednog od elemenata promocijskog mix-a, odnosno marketing mix-a.

 Treći dio posvećen je prodajnom menadžmentu. U ovom dijelu obrađeni su elementi menadžmenta primijenjeni na prodaju. Obrađuje funkcije prodajnog menadžmenta, a to su: planiranje prodaje, organiziranje prodaje, ljudski resursi u prodaji, rukovođenje prodajom i kontrola prodaje.

Posebno se ukazuje na karakteristike zaposlenih u prodaji, kao i obrazovanje tih kadrova i njihovo nagrađivanje. U suštini, promatraju se ljudski resursi u prodaji, odnosno prodajni menadžment kao motorna snaga koja pokreće kompaniju, ali i znatno utječe na rentabilnost poslovanja kompanije.

Ekonimika trgovinskog poduzeća
Autor proučava poduzeće i njegovu djelatnost, ali uvijek s aspekta prihoda i rashoda, odnosno s jedne strane koristi za poduzeće, a s druge strane uloga koji se daje za ostvarivanje određene koristi.

Proučavanje ekonomike trgovinskog poduzeća su poslovni procesi, sredstva poduzeća, interni i eksterni odnosi kao i veze na tržištu, ali uvijek s aspekata od kojih polazi ekonomika poduzeća, tj. od prihoda i rashoda (koristi i žrtava), odnosno od ulaganja u proces prometa i rezultata tog procesa prometa.

Ekonomika trgovinskog poduzeća obuhvaća opće probleme, dok pojedine druge znanstvene oblasti obuhvaćaju uže i pojedinačne probleme (politika cijena, knjigovodstvo, teorija troškova, marketing i sl.) u poslovanju poduzeća. Veza između ekonomike i drugih znanosti koje se bave poslovanjem poduzeća je uska i često je teško povući granicu i naći razliku. Međutim, ekonomika ima temeljni zadatak naći optimalni odnos između prihoda i troškova, gdje će pozitivna razlika biti najveća. Prema tome, neće uvijek biti cilj ekonomije naći najniže troškove ili najviše prihode. Cilj je obično i najčešće iznaći najveću pozitivnu razliku između prihoda i rashoda bez obzira na kojoj razini prihoda ili rashoda taj cilj postignemo.

Marketing trgovinskog poduzeća
Autor proučava primjena marketinga u trgovinskim poduzećima, detaljno se analiziraju elementi marketinga trgovinskog poduzeće (politika asortimana, promocija, distribucija, cijene i politika cijena).

Obtađuje se pristup rješavanju problema vezanih između potrošača i proizvođača. Marketing je filozofija poslovanja poduzeća, koje je okrenuto prema tržištu sa željom da se istraži tržište, izabere ciljno tržište, utvrde potrebe i želje kupaca odnosno potrošača kako bi se putem razmjene realizirao proces kupoprodaje i zadovoljile potrebe kupaca uz rentabilno poslovanje.

Menadžment trgovinskog poduzeća
Autor znanstveno, stručno i detaljno obrađuje osnovne funkcije menadžmenta u trgovinskom poduzeću. Menadžment trgovinskog poduzeća obuhvata pet funkcija: planiranje, organiziranje, ljudski resursi, rukovođenje i kontrola poslovanja trgovinskog preduzeće. Obrađuje proces djelovanja u kojem pojedinci i skupine nastoje efikasno ostvariti postavljene ciljeve poslovanja.

Poslovanje ugostiteljskog poduzeća
Autor obrađuje ukupnost poslovanja ugostiteljskog poduzeća gdje teorijski i praktično ukazuje kako ugostiteljsko poduzeće može uspješno poslovati.

Obrađuje:
 ekonomiku ugostiteljskog poduzeća (sredstva, troškovi, obim prodaje, prihodi, finacijski rezultat poslovanja i mjerila uspješnosti poslovanja).
 marketing ugostiteljskog poduzeća (proizvod ugostiteljstva, promocija, distribucija, cijena ugostiteljskih usluga),
 menadžment ugostiteljskog poduzeća s akcentom na planiranje i organiziranje poslovanja, ljutske resurse, i kontrola poslovanja.

Izvori

 https://www.docdroid.net/GzJ3sre/pad-kapitalizma-i-pocetak-filantropizma.pdf
 https://static.klix.ba/download/privreda-bih.pdf
 https://www.klix.ba/biznis/privreda/nikola-grabovac-svjetska-banka-ima-tajni-cilj-da-razori-bosnu-i-hercegovinu/151216099
 https://static.klix.ba/download/privreda-bih.pdf
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hm0zNeXmpY8
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNuoMryWBoo
 http://www.dragas.biz/nikola-grabovac-nezaposlenost/
 http://tuzlanski.ba/ekonomija/nikola-grabovac-stampajmo-konvertibilnu-marku-tvrdim-da-je-trenutno-to-zdravija-valuta-od-dolara-i-eura-video/
 http://tv1.ba/video/gost-dnevnika-nikola-grabovac/
 http://balkans.aljazeera.net/video/kontekst-privatna-i-javna-preduzecahttp://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/drustvo/Nikola-Grabovac-Prijeti-nam-sudbina-Titanika/34490
 http://www.bhrt.ba/bhr1-emisije/intervju-prof-dr-nikola-grabovac/
 http://kliker.info/prof-dr-nikola-grabovac-kapitalizam-nas-vodi-u-rat-vrijeme-je-za-filantropizam/
 http://balkans.aljazeera.net/video/kontekst-prijeteci-dugovi
 http://bportal.ba/nikola-grabovac-kapitalizmu-je-dosao-kraj-13-bogatih-porodica-vodi-ilegalnu-svjetsku-vladu/
 http://depo.ba/clanak/141070/nikola-grabovac-pojasnjava-trikove-bh-vlasti-kako-se-lako-milion-nezaposlenih-pretvara-u-zaposlene
 https://www.radiosarajevo.ba/vijesti/bosna-i-hercegovina/umro-je-nikola-grabovac/365100

Bosanskohercegovački znanstvenici
Ekonomisti
Bosanskohercegovački političari od 1989.
Ministri u vladi Federacije BiH

Nikola Grabovac


A Volta a Estremadura Feminina (oficialmente: Volta Ciclista a Extremadura Feminina) é uma corrida de ciclismo feminina por etapas espanhola que percorre a comunidade de Estremadura.

A primeira edição foi no ano 2023 em categoria UCI de 10 a 12 de março contando com 3 etapas e 220 quilómetros. Participaram 140 corredoras pertencente a 20 equipas diferentes, dos quais 17 eram de categoria Continental e 3 de categoria World Tour.
Em 12 de março Megan Armitage da equipa Arkéa Women consagrou-se como a primeira ciclista a ganhar esta competição.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Referências

Ligações externas
 Volta a Extremadura Feminina (sitiodeciclismo.net)

Estremadura

Desporto na Espanha em 2023

Volta a Estremadura (feminina)


Die Saline Sülbeck ist eine seit 1686 bestehende Saline in Sülbeck in Südniedersachsen. Die Bohrtürme aus den Jahren 1865 und 1882 sowie das Sole-Reservoir von 1882 gelten seit 1984 als Technische Denkmale.

Vorgeschichte
Bereits in vorhistorischer Zeit und bis in die 1980er Jahre hinein traten am Dorfbach bis zu dessen Verrohrung Solequellen zu Tage. Dabei handelte es sich um sichtbare Anzeichen des Salzvorkommens im Untergrund. Ab 1680 ist die Entwicklung der Saline wesentlicher Unterschied der Entwicklung des Dorfes Sülbecks im Vergleich zu seinen landwirtschaftlich geprägten Nachbardörfern, von denen nur Salzderhelden eine eigene Saline errichtet hatte.

Baugeschichte
Der aufstrebende welfische Territorialstaat hatte in seiner Suche nach Einkünften die Errichtung einer Saline ins Auge gefasst. Am 26. April 1686 ordnete Fürst Ernst August von Calenberg-Göttingen-Grubenhagen an, dass in Sülbeck ein "Saltz- und Leckwerck" zu bauen sei. Betrieben wurde das Projekt vom Drost zu Salzderhelden, Otto Friedrich von Moltke, dem letzten Bewohner der Heldenburg. Zunächst war wegen des hohen Salzgehaltes der Sole von mehr als 9,4 % daran gedacht worden, die Sole direkt zu versieden. Berechnungen ergaben jedoch, dass die Kosten für das dafür nötige Holz zu hoch gewesen wären. So wurde das Projekt stark erweitert und der Bau eines Gradierwerkes zur Anreicherung der Sole auf rund 20 % Salzgehalt vorgesehen. Das Gradierwerk war ca. 166 m lang und erstreckte sich in südlicher Richtung vom jetzigen Dorfplatz in Sülbeck.

Im Jahr 1686 waren ein Hauptbrunnen und zwei kleine Nebenbrunnen fertig. Um die Sole heraufzupumpen und das Gradierwerk zu beschicken, war eine hohe Pumpleistung notwendig. Einzig gangbare Kraftquelle zu jener Zeit war die Wasserkraft, die jedoch in Sülbeck nicht vorhanden war. Daher wurde ein Graben angelegt, um Wasser der Leine in Hollenstedt abzuzweigen und ca. 6,5 km dem Leinetalrand folgend um die Ortschaften Stöckheim und Drüber herum nach Sülbeck zu führen. Am Rand des jetzigen Dorfplatzes von Sülbeck machte der Kanal eine Biegung von 90° von Süden nach Osten und von dort wurde das Wasser wieder der Leine zugeführt. Etwa 100 hannoversche Soldaten gruben diesen Kanal, den die Anwohner Salzgraben nannten, in etwa zweijähriger Bauzeit. Ein großes unterschlächtiges Wasserrad auf dem jetzigen Dorfplatz konnte dann entsprechende Pumpen antreiben. Ein stilisiertes Wasserrad ist heute wesentlicher Bestandteil des Ortswappens. Ebenfalls auf dem jetzigen Dorfplatz in Sülbeck wurde ein Soleturm erbaut, von dem aus die Sole auf die Gradierwerke geleitet werden konnte. Im Jahr 1689 nahm die Industrieanlage den Betrieb auf. Bald kamen weitere Einrichtungen, wie ein zweites Gradierwerk, hinzu. Um 1700 produzierte die Saline Sülbeck mit den Gradierwerken dann etwa 300 Tonnen Salz pro Jahr, die Produktion wurde in den nächsten hundert Jahren auf 800 Tonnen gesteigert.

1870 ging die Saline in Privatbesitz der Familien Lockemann und Pflughöft über. Um 1897 arbeitete der Sohn des Salinenbesitzers Hermann Lockemann, der Chemiker Georg Lockemann in der Saline. 1950 ging die Saline Sülbeck in Konkurs und die Salinengebäude wurden abgerissen. Lediglich aus den verbliebenen Solequellen wurde in geringem Umfang Sole gefördert und ab 1955 unter dem neuen Namen Natursole Sülbeck vertrieben. 1988 übertrug die Besitzerin Elisabeth Lockemann ihrem Cousin Ulrich Birkelbach die Saline. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts stieg der Ertrag auf über 5.000 Tonnen. Der Obere Bohrturm ist in einem Fachwerkbauwerk untergebracht und wurde von 2006 bis 2009 restauriert und ist seitdem ein Museum.

2009 wurden zwei neue Bohrungen durchgeführt. Insgesamt verkaufte das Unternehmen Natursole Sülbeck Ulrich Birkelbach e.K. 2014 rund 81.000 Tonnen Sole pro Jahr mit einem Salzgehalt von 26,5 Prozent und liefert rund 50 Prozent der Sole an mehrere Thermalbäder in Deutschland und die anderen 50 Prozent als Auftausalz für den Winterdienst und  zur Reinigung in der Industrie u. a. als Regeneriersalz.

Infrastruktur

Hafen
Der Transport der für das Salzsieden notwendigen Brennstoffe, zunächst Holz, zur Versiedung erfolgte per Pferdewagen. Die Brennholzbeschaffung war zu allen Zeiten der größte Kostentreiber. Brennholz wurde u. a. aus dem Harz herbeigeschafft. Die vormals landesherrliche, nunmehr privatisierte Saline konnte inzwischen auf Kohlelieferungen mittels Eisenbahn zurückgreifen. Im Jahr 1883 wurde daher der Salzgraben durch einen kleinen Hafen in Sülbeck erweitert. Der Hafen wurde direkt an der jetzigen Deichstraße in Sülbeck, gegenüber dem Dorfplatz angelegt (das Gebiet ist seit 2010 bebaut). Zunächst wurden die Schiffe getreidelt. Im Jahre 1886 wurde ein Dampfschlepper beschafft, der Schuten mit Kohle den Salzgraben von Salzderhelden bis nach Sülbeck hinaufziehen konnte. Zur Überwindung des Höhenunterschiedes zwischen Sülbeck und der Einmündung des Salzgrabens in die Leine wurden zwei Schleusen gebaut. Später wurde der erste Schlepper "Theodor" durch den stärkeren Schlepper "Grubenhagen" ersetzt. Nach dem Bau einer Drahtseilbahn wurde der Schiffsverkehr aufgegeben. Der Salzgraben wurde später auf voller Länge im Rahmen des Baues des Hochwasserrückhaltebeckens Salzderhelden in den 1970er Jahren verfüllt.

Drahtseilbahn
1908 wurde mit dem Bau einer Seilbahnanlage zur Kohlebeförderung vom Bahnhof Salzderhelden nach Sülbeck begonnen. Die Seilbahn begann am Bahnhof in Salzderhelden, wurde durch die Leinewiesen nach Sülbeck geführt, kreuzte dort die jetzige Deichstraße und den Salzgraben und endete auf dem Salinengelände auf dem jetzigen Dorfplatz. Diese Anlage blieb bis zur kompletten Betriebseinstellung der Saline durch Konkurs im Jahre 1950 in Betrieb. Danach wurde sie, wie viele der überflüssigen Gebäude, abgebrochen. Die Betonfundamente der Seilbahnstützen sind teilweise in den Leinewiesen erhalten.

Elektrizität und Telefon
Im Jahr 1899 wurde ein kleines Wasserkraftwerk in Sülbeck mit zwei Turbinen installiert. In Sülbeck und Drüber wurde die Elektrizität am 22. Dezember 1899 eingeführt. Kurz darauf folgte Vogelbeck auf der anderen Seite der Leine, am 1. Juli 1903 Stöckheim. Zum Vergleich: Die Stadt Northeim erhielt erst 1912 elektrisches Licht. Bereits im Jahre 1894 wurde eine Telefonverbindung zwischen Hollenstedt und Sülbeck installiert, die erste in der Gegend. Sie diente zur schnellen Regulierung des Wasserzuflusses des Salzgrabens von der Leine aus.

Weblinks

 Homepage des Heimatvereins Leinetal e.V. mit Infos und Fotos über den Oberen Bohrturm der Saline Sülbeck
 Homepage der Natursole Sülbeck

Literatur
 Gernot Schmidt: Das löbliche Saltzwerck zu Sülbeck. Geschichte und Entwicklung einer niedersächsischen Saline. Verlag des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums. Bochum 1995. ISBN 3-921533-55-4 (Das Buch bietet einen kompletten Überblick über die Entwicklung der Saline in Sülbeck und enthält einen umfangreichen Bildanhang)
 Georg Lockemann: Die Gründung der Saline Sülbeck, in: Archiv für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik Bd. 6 (1913) S. 241–250

Quellen

Kulturdenkmal (Niedersachsen)
Saline in Deutschland
Baudenkmal in Einbeck
Bauwerk in Einbeck
Bauensemble in Niedersachsen
Bauensemble in Europa
Gegründet 1868
Aufgelöst 1950

Saline Sülbeck


Boeing B-17 Fljúgandi Virki er fjögurra hreyfla þung sprengjuflugvél sem þróuð var á þriðja áratugnum fyrir flugher Bandaríkjanna (USAAF). B-17 vélin var fyrst og fremst notuð af USAAF í sprengjuherferð í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni gegn þýskum iðnaðar-, hernaðar- og borgaralegum skotmörkum. B-17 vélarnar tóku einnig þátt í Kyrrahafsstríðinu þar sem hún var notuð til að gera árásir gegn japönskum skipaleiðum og flugvöllum.

Heimildir

Sjá einnig
Flugslysið á Eyjafjallajökli 1944

Flugvélar

Boeing B-17 Fljúgandi Virki


Vilouta (llamada oficialmente Santa Mariña de Vilouta) es una parroquia española del municipio de Becerreá, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por dos entidades de población:
 Vilouta de Abaixo
 Vilouta de Arriba

Demografía

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Becerreá

Vilouta (Lugo)


Mikhail Nikolajevitj af Rusland, (, ; født 13. oktober/25. oktober 1832 på på slottet i Peterhof, død 5. december/18. december 1909 i Cannes) var storfyrste og søn af Nikolaj 1. af Rusland og kejserinde Aleksandra Fjodorovna (født Charlotte af Preussen).

Embeder
I 1862–1882 var Mikhail Nikolajevitj var generalguvernør over Georgien og resten af russisk Kaukasus. I denne periode boede familien i Tbilisi. I 1878 blev har udnævnt til generalfeltmarskal. Fra 1882 og frem til sin død i 1909 var han formand for det russiske statsråd.

Ægteskab
Mikhail giftede sig i Sankt Petersborg den 28. august 1857 med prinsesse Cecilie af Baden (1839–1891), som antog det russiske navn Olga Fjodorovna. Hun var datter af storhertug Leopold af Baden og dennes hustru Sophie Vasa, som igen var datter af det afsatte svenske kongepar Gustav 4. Adolf af Sverige og Frederikke af Baden.

Børn
 Nikolaj Mikhailovitj (1859-1919)
 Anastasija Mikhailovna (1860-1922), gift med Frederik Frans 3. af Mecklenburg-Schwerin, forældre til dronning Alexandrine af Danmark.
 Mikhail Mikhailovitj (1861-1929) gift morganatisk i 1891 med grevinde Sophie af Merenberg og de Torby.
 Georgij Mikhailovitj (1863-1919), gift med Maria af Grækenland og Danmark, datter til den danskfødte Georg 1. af Grækenland
 Aleksandr Mikhailovitj (1866-1933), gift med storfyrstinde Ksenija Aleksandrovna af Rusland, datter af Aleksandr 3. af Rusland og Dagmar af Danmark
 Sergej Mikhailovitj (1869-1918)
 Aleksej Mikhajlovitj (1875-1895), døde af tuberkulose

Huset Holsten-Gottorp-Romanov
Personer fra Sankt Petersborg

Mikhail Nikolajevitj af Rusland


Noah Weißhaupt, né le  à Rostock en Allemagne, est un footballeur allemand qui joue au poste d'ailier gauche au SC Fribourg.

Biographie

SC Fribourg
Né à Rostock en Allemagne, Noah Weißhaupt est formé par le SC Fribourg. En juin 2021 il est promu en équipe première. Il se fait notamment remarquer lors des matchs amicaux de présaison en marquant un but.

Weißhaupt joue son premier match en professionnel le , lors d'une rencontre de Bundesliga face au FC Cologne. Entré en jeu à la place de , le jeune ailier se fait remarquer en étant impliqué dans le but contre son camp de , permettant à son équipe d'égaliser et d'ainsi obtenir le point du match nul (1-1 score final). Considéré comme l'un des grands talents du club, il est intégré progressivement par Christian Streich pour sa première saison.

En équipe nationale
Depuis 2020, Noah Weißhaupt représente l'équipe d'Allemagne des moins de 20 ans.

Le , Noah Weißhaupt joue son premier match avec l'équipe d'Allemagne espoirs, lors d'un match amical contre l'Italie. Il entre en jeu à la place de Jan Thielmann et son équipe s'impose par quatre buts à deux.

Statistiques

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur allemand
Joueur du SC Fribourg
Naissance en septembre 2001
Naissance à Rostock

Noah Weißhaupt


Stange Station (Stange stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Dovrebanen, der ligger i byen Stange i Norge. Stationen består af to spor med hver sin sideliggende perron, der er forbundet med en gangtunnel, samt en stationsbygning i træ, der er opført efter tegninger af Peter Andreas Blix.

Stationen åbnede 8. november 1880, da jernbanen mellem Eidsvoll og Hamar stod færdig. Stationen var tæt på at blive lukket i 1999, da Statens jernbanetilsyn pålagde Jernbaneverket at udbedre en smal perron mellem sporene af hensyn til passagernes sikkerhed. Perronen er nu fjernet og erstattet af et hegn mellem sporene og en bredere perron på den anden side af spor to.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Dovrebanen
Etableret i 1880
Jernbanestationer i Hedmark

Stange Station


(243491) Mühlviertel, denumire internațională (243491) Muhlviertel, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
243491 Mühlviertel este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Linz de D. Voglsam. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,18 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 6,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 243001-244000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2009
Centura de asteroizi

243491 Mühlviertel


Amaryllideae, biljni tribus iz porodice zvanikovki, dio je potporodice Amaryllidoideae. Sastoji se od deset rodova unutar četiri podtribusa i više hibridnih rodova lukovičastih geofita.

Tribus je opisao 1829. Dumort. Tipični rod je Amaryllis, a vrsta A. belladonna

Podtribusi i rodovi
 Amaryllidinae Walp
Amaryllis L.
 Boophoninae D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies
Boophone Herb.
 Crininae Baker
Ammocharis Herb.
Crinum L.
× Crimocharis Lehmiller,  Ammocharis × Crinum
 Strumariinae Traub ex D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies
Brunsvigia Heist.
Crossyne Salisb.
Hessea Herb.
Namaquanula D.Müll.-Doblies et U.Müll.-Doblies
Nerine Herb.
Strumaria Jacq.
× Brunserine Traub,  Nerine × Brunsvigia
Ostali hibridni rodovi
 × Amarcrinum Coutts, hibridna formul Amaryllis × Crinum
 × Amarine Sealy, Amaryllis × Nerine
 × Amarygia Cif. & Giacom., Amaryllis × Brunsvigia
 × Traubara Lehmiller,  Amaryllis × Brunsvigia × Nerine

Izvori

Amaryllidoideae

Amaryllideae


Zoysieae, tribus trajnica iz porodice trava, dio potporodice Chloridoideae. Postoje četiri vrste unutar dva podtribusa. Tribus je opisan 1881.

Podtribusi
 Subtribus Sporobolinae Benth.
 Psilolemma S. M. Phillips (1 sp.)
 Sporobolus R. Br. (226 spp.)
 Subtribus Zoysiinae Benth.
 Urochondra C. E. Hubb. (1 sp.)
 Zoysia Willd. (9 spp.)

Izvori

Chloridoideae

Zoysieae