The Battle of Perryville, also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills, was fought on October 8, 1862, in the Chaplin Hills west of Perryville, Kentucky, as the culmination of the Confederate Heartland Offensive (Kentucky Campaign) during the American Civil War. Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg's Army of Mississippi initially won a tactical victory against primarily a single corps of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Union Army of the Ohio. The battle is considered a strategic Union victory, sometimes called the Battle for Kentucky, since Bragg withdrew to Tennessee soon thereafter. The Union retained control of the critical border state of Kentucky for the remainder of the war.

On October 7, Buell's army, in pursuit of Bragg, converged on the small crossroads town of Perryville in three columns. Union forces first skirmished with Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before the fighting became more general, on Peters Hill, when the Confederate infantry arrived. Both sides were desperate to get access to fresh water. The next day, at dawn, fighting began again around Peters Hill as a Union division advanced up the pike, halting just before the Confederate line. After noon, a Confederate division struck the Union left flank—the I Corps of Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook—and forced it to fall back. When more Confederate divisions joined the fray, the Union line made a stubborn stand, counterattacked, but finally fell back with some units routed.

Buell, several miles behind the action, was unaware that a major battle was taking place and did not send any reserves to the front until late in the afternoon. The Union troops on the left flank, reinforced by two brigades, stabilized their line, and the Confederate attack sputtered to a halt. Later, three Confederate regiments assaulted the Union division on the Springfield Pike but were repulsed and fell back into Perryville. Union troops pursued, and skirmishing occurred in the streets until dark. By that time, Union reinforcements were threatening the Confederate left flank. Bragg, short of men and supplies, withdrew during the night, and continued the Confederate retreat by way of Cumberland Gap into East Tennessee.

Considering the casualties relative to the engaged strengths of the armies, the Battle of Perryville was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. It was the largest battle fought in the state of Kentucky.

Background

Military situation

Kentucky campaign of 1862

Situated between the Southern states of Tennessee and Virginia and the Northern states of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, the border state of Kentucky was coveted by both sides of the conflict because of its central location and its control of key rivers, particularly the Ohio. In September 1861, Kentucky-born President Abraham Lincoln wrote in a private letter, "I think to lose Kentucky is nearly to lose the whole game."

Opposing political elements within the state vied for control during the early part of the war, and the state legislature declared official neutrality to keep out both the Union and the Confederate armies.  This neutrality was first violated on September 3, 1861, when Confederate Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus, considered key to controlling the Lower Mississippi.  Two days later Union Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant seized Paducah. Henceforth, the proclaimed neutrality was a dead letter. While the state never seceded from the Union, Confederate sympathizers who were members of the legislature set up a temporary Confederate capital in Bowling Green in November 1861. It never wielded significant power inside the state.  The Confederate States recognized Kentucky and added a star representing the state to the Confederate flag.

After the Battle of Shiloh on April 6-7, the beaten Confederate army under Maj. Gen Pierre G.T. Beauregard retreated down into Corinth, very slowly pursued by the combined Union forces under Maj. Gen Henry Halleck – the armies of Grant, Buell, and John Pope. Although Halleck had 100,000 men under his command and Beauregard half or less of that number, it took him 51 days to march the 20 miles from Pittsburg Landing to Corinth, which was abandoned by the Confederates on May 29. Confederate president Jefferson Davis, unhappy with Beauregard's retreat, removed him from command and gave Braxton Bragg the army, which he renamed the Army of Tennessee. Bragg spent most of June drilling and reorganizing the army in camp at Tupelo, Mississippi. The Union armies ignored him and the war in Tennessee virtually ground to a halt during the summer months. Grant's Army of the Tennessee was scattered about western Tennessee and northern Mississippi, while Buell's Army of Ohio was moving towards Chattanooga at an incredibly slow pace, spending much of that time rebuilding railroad lines. While Halleck had had overall command of the Union war effort in the West since spring, he was summoned to Washington DC in July to become general-in-chief of the armies, leaving Grant and Buell to their separate independent commands – Pope was also called east to take command of the Union war effort in Virginia and his former army added to Grant's and put under the command of William Rosecrans.

The initiative to invade Kentucky came primarily from Confederate Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Department of East Tennessee. He believed the campaign would allow them to obtain supplies, enlist recruits, divert Union troops from Tennessee, and claim Kentucky for the Confederacy. In July 1862 Col. John Hunt Morgan carried out a successful cavalry raid in the state, venturing deeply into the rear areas of Buell's department. The raid caused considerable consternation in Buell's command and in Washington, D.C. During the raid, Morgan and his forces were cheered and supported by many residents. He added 300 Kentucky volunteers to his 900-man force during the raid. He confidently promised Kirby Smith, "The whole country can be secured, and 25,000 or 30,000 men will join you at once."

Bragg considered various options, including an attempt to retake Corinth, Mississippi, or to advance against Buell's army through Middle Tennessee. He eventually heeded Kirby Smith's calls for reinforcement and decided to relocate his Army of Mississippi to join with him. He moved 30,000 infantrymen in a tortuous railroad journey from Tupelo, Mississippi, through Mobile and Montgomery to Chattanooga. Supply wagons, cavalry, and artillery moved overland under their own power through Rome, Georgia. Although Bragg was the senior general in the theater, Confederate President Jefferson Davis had established Kirby Smith's Department of East Tennessee as an independent command, reporting directly to Richmond.  This decision caused Bragg difficulty during the campaign.

Smith and Bragg met in Chattanooga on July 31, and devised a plan for the campaign: The newly created Army of Kentucky, including two of Bragg's brigades and approximately 21,000 men, would march north under Kirby Smith's command into Kentucky to dispose of the Union defenders of Cumberland Gap. (Bragg's army was too exhausted from its long journey to begin immediate offensive operations.) Smith would return to join Bragg, and their combined forces would attempt to maneuver into Buell's rear and force a battle to protect his supply lines. Any attempt by Ulysses S. Grant to reinforce Buell from northern Mississippi would be handled by the two small armies of Maj. Gens. Sterling Price and Earl Van Dorn.

The first indication that something was happening came in late June when Col. Phil Sheridan, commanding a cavalry demi-brigade (two regiments) in the Army of the Tennessee, went on a reconnaissance mission to discover that the Confederates had abandoned their camp at Tupelo and began moving towards Chattanooga, while another Confederate army under Sterling Price was gathering in Mississippi. Several captured letters from Confederate soldiers boasted that the Yankees would be given the slip (Maj. Gen William Rosecrans was impressed with Sheridan's foray and recommended him for promotion to brigadier general).

Once the armies were combined, Bragg's seniority would apply and Smith would be under his direct command. Assuming that Buell's army could be destroyed, Bragg and Smith would march north into Kentucky, a movement they assumed would be welcomed by the local populace. Any remaining Federal force would be defeated in a grand battle in Kentucky, establishing the Confederate frontier at the Ohio River.

The campaign plan was bold but risky, requiring perfect coordination between multiple armies that would initially have no unity of command. Bragg almost immediately began to have second thoughts, despite pressure from President Davis to take Kentucky. Smith quickly abandoned the agreement, foreseeing that a solo adventure in Kentucky would bring him personal glory. He deceived Bragg as to his intentions and requested two additional brigades, ostensibly for his expedition to Cumberland Gap. On August 9, Smith informed Bragg that he was breaking the agreement and intended to bypass Cumberland Gap, leaving a small holding force to neutralize the Union garrison, and to move north. Unable to command Smith to honor their plan, Bragg focused on a movement to Lexington instead of Nashville.  He cautioned Smith that Buell could pursue and defeat his smaller army before Bragg's army could join up with them.

Smith marched north with 21,000 men from Knoxville on August 13; Bragg departed from Chattanooga on August 27, just before Smith reached Lexington. The beginning of the campaign coincided with Gen. Robert E. Lee's offensive in the northern Virginia campaign (second Manassas campaign) and with Price's and Van Dorn's operations against Grant. Although not centrally directed, it was the largest simultaneous Confederate offensive of the war.

Meanwhile, Buell was forced to abandon his slow advance toward Chattanooga. Receiving word of the Confederate movements, he decided to concentrate his army around Nashville. The news that Smith and Bragg were both in Kentucky convinced him of the need to place his army between the Confederates and the Union cities of Louisville and Cincinnati. On September 7, Buell's Army of the Ohio left Nashville and began racing Bragg to Louisville.

On the way, Bragg was distracted by the capture of a Union fort at Munfordville. He had to decide whether to continue toward a fight with Buell (over Louisville) or rejoin Smith, who had gained control of the center of the state by capturing Richmond and Lexington, and threatened to move on Cincinnati. Bragg chose to rejoin Smith.

Buell reached Louisville, where he gathered, reorganized, and reinforced his army with thousands of new recruits. He dispatched 20,000 men under Brig. Gen. Joshua W. Sill toward Frankfort, hoping to distract Smith and prevent the two Confederate armies from joining against him. Meanwhile, Bragg left his army and met Smith in Frankfort, where they attended the inauguration of Confederate Governor Richard Hawes on October 4. The inauguration ceremony was disrupted by the sound of cannon fire from Sill's approaching division, and organizers canceled the inaugural ball scheduled for that evening.

Prelude to battle
When he departed for Frankfort on September 28, Bragg left his army under Polk's command. On October 3, the approach of the large Union force caused the Confederates to withdraw eastward and Bardstown was occupied on October 4. Hardee's wing stopped at Perryville and requested reinforcements from Bragg. Although Bragg wished to concentrate his army at Versailles, the quickly approaching Federal III Corps forced the concentration at Perryville and Harrodsburg.

Geography and location

Hardee had selected Perryville for a few reasons. The village of approximately 300 residents had an excellent road network with connections to nearby towns in six directions, allowing for strategic flexibility. It was located to prevent the Federals from reaching the Confederate supply depot in Bryantsville.  Finally, it was a potential source of water. An extremely wet winter and spring of 1862, believed caused by the eruption of Mt. Dubbi in East Africa in May 1861, gave way to dry conditions during June which stayed that way throughout the summer and into early fall. The Southern states remained locked under a stagnant high pressure ridge that sent daytime temperatures soaring with little rain to cool things down. The heat was oppressive for both men and horses, and the few sources of drinking water provided by the rivers and creeks west of town—most reduced to isolated stagnant puddles—were desperately sought after.

Disposition of armies
On October 7, Buell reached the Perryville area as Union cavalry clashed with Wheeler's rearguard throughout the day. Accompanying III Corps, Buell learned that the Confederates had halted at Perryville and were deploying their infantry. He therefore planned an attack. The enemy force was his principal objective, but the availability of water also made control of the town and surrounding area desirable. Buell issued orders for all corps to move at 3 a.m. the next day and attack at 10 a.m. However, movements of the I and II Corps were delayed, having deviated several miles from their line of march in search of water. Buell decided to delay his attack until October 9 to complete his army's deployment and ordered each corps commander to avoid a general engagement on October 8. Buell was unable to oversee the deployment of his arriving corps. Thrown from his horse, he suffered injuries that prevented him from riding. He established his headquarters at the Dorsey house, about  due west of town.

Hardee established a line of defense across the three roads leading into Perryville from the north and west. Until reinforcements could arrive, he was limited to three of the four brigades of Buckner's division. Brig. Gen. Sterling A. M. Wood was placed at the north of town. Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnson was to Wood's right, east of the Chaplin River near the Harrodsburg Pike. Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell's Arkansas Brigade formed on the crest of Bottom Hill, just east of Bull Run Creek, a tributary of Doctor's Creek, with one regiment, the 7th Arkansas, sent forward to Peters Hill on the other side of the creek. On the evening of October 7 the final Confederate forces began to arrive. The first of Patton Anderson's four brigades reached the area around 3 p.m. Brig. Gen. Patrick Cleburne's brigade, the remainder of Buckner's division, followed. Around midnight, three brigades of Frank Cheatham's division arrived, moving quickly and enthusiastically, having left their baggage train behind; his fourth brigade, under Brig. Gen. Preston Smith, received orders to return to Harrodsburg.

Opposing forces

Union

On October 1, Buell's Army of the Ohio left Louisville with Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas as his second in command. (Two days earlier, Buell had received orders from Washington relieving him of command, to be replaced by Thomas. Thomas demurred, refusing to accept command while the campaign was underway, leaving Buell in place.) The 55,000 troops—many of whom Thomas described as "yet undisciplined, unprovided with suitable artillery, and in every way unfit for active operations against a disciplined foe"—advanced toward Bragg's veteran army in Bardstown on three separate roads.

 The I Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook, marched on the left, along the Mackville Road. His 13,000 men consisted of the 3rd Division, under Brig. Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau, and the 10th Division, under Brig. Gen. James S. Jackson.
 The II Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, marched on the right, along the Lebanon Road. His 20,000 men were in three divisions: the 4th, commanded by Brig. Gen. William Sooy Smith; the 5th, Brig. Gen. Horatio P. Van Cleve; and the 6th, Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood.
 The III Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Charles Champion Gilbert, took the center, along the Springfield Pike. Just a few weeks earlier, Gilbert had been a captain, but was elevated to acting major general and corps command following the death by murder of the previous commander, Maj. Gen. William "Bull" Nelson. Gilbert's 22,000 men were also in three divisions: the 1st, under Brig. Gen. Albin F. Schoepf; 9th, Brig. Gen. Robert B. Mitchell; and the 11th, Brig. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan.

Confederate

Bragg's Army of Mississippi consisted of about 16,800 men in two wings:
 Right Wing, commanded by Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, consisted of a single division under Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham;
 Left Wing, commanded by Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee, consisted of the divisions of Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson and Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner.

Battle

Morning actions
The first shots of the battle were fired early on the morning of October 8. Finding that there were algae-covered pools of water in the otherwise dry bed of Doctor's Creek, troops from the 10th Indiana advanced to take advantage of them. They encountered the forward men of the 7th Arkansas and some shots were exchanged. At 2 a.m., Buell and Gilbert, the III Corps commander, ordered newly promoted Brig. Gen. Phil Sheridan to seize Peters Hill; Sheridan started off with the brigade of Col. Daniel McCook (the younger brother of the I Corps commander). Sheridan seized the hill, driving the Arkansans back to the main line of their brigade, but continued to push across the creek. Liddell's brigade could not check the momentum of Sheridan's thirsty soldiers and Buckner, Liddell's division commander, was ordered by Polk not to reinforce him, but to pull his brigade back. Polk was concerned about starting a general engagement to the west of the Chaplin River, fearing he was outnumbered. Meanwhile, on the Union side, a nervous Gilbert ordered Sheridan to return to Peters Hill.

For the preceding few days, Braxton Bragg had been deceived by the diversion launched by Sills against Frankfort, assuming that it was the major thrust of Buell's army. He wanted Polk to attack and defeat what he considered to be a minor force at Perryville and then immediately return so that the entire army could be joined with Kirby Smith's. Polk sent a dispatch to Bragg early that morning that he intended to attack vigorously, but he quickly changed his mind and settled on a defensive posture. Bragg, angered that he was not hearing the sounds of battle, rode from Harrodsburg to Perryville to take charge, arriving about 10 a.m. and establishing his headquarters at the Crawford house on the Harrodsburg Pike.

Bragg was appalled at the condition of Polk's battle line, which contained gaps and was not properly anchored on the flanks. As he rode in, he observed some of McCook's I Corps troops north of town, but he assumed that the primary threat continued to be on the Springfield Pike, where the action against the III Corps had taken place early that morning. (He had no knowledge of Crittenden's II Corps approaching on the Lebanon Pike.) He gave orders to realign his army into a north–south line and prepare to attack en echelon. Cheatham's division marched north from town and prepared to open the attack on the Union left—which Bragg assumed to be on the Mackville Road—beginning a large "left wheel" movement. Two brigades from Patton Anderson's division would then strike the Union center and Buckner's division would follow up on the left. Another of Anderson's brigades, commanded by Col. Samuel Powel, would attack farther to the south along the Springfield Pike. The large clouds of dust raised by Cheatham's division marching north at the double-quick prompted some of McCook's men to believe the Confederates were starting to retreat, which increased the surprise of the Rebel attack later in the day.

By the afternoon of October 8, most of Buell's army had arrived. They were positioned with McCook's I Corps on the left from the Benton Road to the Mackville Road; Gilbert's III Corps in the center, on the Springfield Pike; Crittenden's II Corps on the right, along the Lebanon Pike. The vast majority of action during the battle would be against McCook's corps. Because of an unusual acoustic shadow, few sounds from the battle reached Buell's headquarters only  away; he did not exert effective control over the battle and committed no reserves until late in the day.

Attack from the Confederate right

Cheatham's artillery bombardment began at 12:30 p.m., but he did not immediately order his infantry forward. Union troops continued to file into line, extending their flank to the north, beyond the intended avenue of attack. Bragg moved Cheatham's division into Walker's Bend, assuming the redirected attack would now strike the Union's open flank. Unfortunately for the Confederates, their cavalry reconnaissance withdrew before McCook placed an artillery battery under Lt. Charles Parsons and the brigade of Brig. Gen. William R. Terrill onto the Open Knob, a prominent hill on the northern end of the battlefield.

The brigade of Brig. Gen. Daniel S. Donelson was the first to cross the Chaplin River, climb the bluffs on the west bank, and began its attack around 2 p.m. Two of the brigade's regiments had been detached, leaving only three for the attack. Cheatham shouted, "Give 'em hell, boys!" One of the enduring legends of the Civil War is that Gen. Polk, who was also an Episcopal bishop, was nearby and seconded the cheer: "Give it to 'em boys; give 'em what General Cheatham says!" The brigade found that instead of striking the open flank it had expected, it was performing a frontal assault on the center of the Union position. The 16th Tennessee Infantry, under Col. John H. Savage, raced ahead of the other two regiments, attempting to reach the artillery battery of Capt. Samuel J. Harris. (Savage held Donelson in disdain, considering him a drunkard with limited military ability, and often paid little attention to orders from his commander. He considered Donelson's order to attack Harris's battery to be a death sentence against him.) As it moved west into a depression, it came under crossfire from the 33rd Ohio Infantry and the eight guns of Parsons' artillery on Open Knob,  to the north. Cheatham ordered the brigade of Brig. Gen. George E. Maney forward to deal with Parsons on the Open Knob, but Donelson's brigade could not withstand the fire and withdrew to its starting point at 2:30 p.m. with about 20% casualties; Savage's regiment lost 219 of its 370 men.

Parsons' eight guns on the Open Knob were manned by inexperienced soldiers, some of whom were infantry recruits from the 105th Ohio Infantry. Terrill's 33rd Brigade was posted to defend the guns. Meanwhile, Confederate Brigadier General George Maney's brigade was able to approach the Knob undetected through the woods, as the Union troops' attention was focused on Donelson's attack. Eventually, the Union artillery redirected their guns and a fierce firefight ensued. Brig. Gen. Jackson, the 10th Division commander, was killed in the action, and command fell to Terrill, who immediately made a poor command decision. Obsessed with the safety of his artillery, he ordered the 123rd Illinois to mount a bayonet charge down the hill. The 770 raw Union troops suffered heavy casualties at the hands of the 1,800 veteran Confederates. As reinforcements arrived from the 80th Illinois and a detachment of infantry commanded by Col. Theophilus T. Garrard, the two sides were briefly stalemated. Maney's artillery, commanded by Lt. William Turner, pounded the inexperienced defenders, and Maney ordered a charge up the steep slope, which swept the Union men from the hill and captured most of Parsons' guns; the tenacious Parsons had to be dragged away from the scene by his retreating soldiers.

Maney's attack continued to the west, down the reverse slope of the Open Knob, through a cornfield, and across the Benton Road, after which was another steep ridge, occupied by the 2,200 men in the Union 28th Brigade of Col. John C. Starkweather (Rousseau's division), and twelve guns. Those guns made the Open Knob an untenable position. Starkweather had placed his 21st Wisconsin in the cornfield about the time that Maney was attacking Parsons' position. The inexperienced men of the 21st—some of whom had never fired their weapons before, the regiment having been formed less than a month earlier—could see little through the 10- to  high cornstalks of the cornfield. They were surprised as the remnants of Terrill's brigade retreated through their position. As Terrill himself retreated, he shouted, "The Rebels are advancing in terrible force!" Terrill convinced the regimental adjutant to order yet another bayonet charge; 200 men advanced and were quickly smashed by the oncoming Confederates. While the Union men had to hold their fire to keep from shooting their retreating comrades, artillery fire from Starkweather's batteries caused numerous friendly fire casualties. The 21st managed to fire a volley into the Confederate ranks, but it was answered by a 1,400-musket volley that decimated the Union regiment, and the survivors fled toward the Benton Road.

To fill a gap in the Confederate line where Donelson's brigade had fought, Cheatham deployed the Tennessee brigade of Brig. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart and they joined Maney's brigade in the advance against Starkweather. The 1st Tennessee attacked the northern end of the hill while the remainder of Maney's brigade assaulted directly up the slope. Starkweather's position was a strong one, however, and the Confederates were initially repulsed by strong infantry and artillery fire. A second charge and vicious hand-to-hand fighting brought the Confederates to the crest, among the batteries.

At that time Brig. Gen. Terrill returned to the fight, leading his troops up the reverse slope of the hill. He was mortally wounded by an artillery shell exploding overhead and died at 2 a.m. the following day. Starkweather, meanwhile, was able to salvage six of his twelve guns and move them  west to the next ridge. Col. Albert S. Hall began the day as regimental commander of the 105th Ohio, and with the deaths of Jackson, Terrill, and Col. George Webster, advanced all the way to command of the 10th Division by the end of the day.

Once again the Federals had a strong defensive position, with good artillery support and a stone wall at the top of a steep slope. Maney's and Stewart's men attempted three assaults, all unsuccessful, and withdrew to the vicinity of the Open Knob at around 5:30 p.m. The assault by Maney's brigade over three hours was the bloodiest of the battle, and arguably its most crucial action. Historian Kenneth W. Noe describes Maney's final repulse as the "high-water mark of the Confederacy in the western theater, no less important than the Angle at Gettysburg."

Attack from the Confederate center
The en echelon attack continued with Anderson's division in the center. At about 2:45 p.m., the same time that Maney's first attack was being repulsed on the Open Knob, the brigade of Col. Thomas M. Jones began its attack across a valley commanded by a large sinkhole. Jones had no orders to attack from Anderson or Hardee, but moved forward on his own initiative when he heard the sound of firing to his right. As they entered the valley, his men were cut down by musketry and fire from twelve artillery pieces on the next ridge, where the Union 9th Brigade (Rousseau's division) under Col. Leonard A. Harris was posted. Confederate artillery attached to Jones's brigade, Capt. Charles Lumsden's Alabama Light Artillery, returned fire, but due to an optical illusion that made two successive ridges look the same, were unable to fix on the appropriate range and their fire had no effect on the Federal line. At 3:30 p.m., the Confederate brigade of Brig. Gen. John C. Brown moved up to take the place of Jones's retreating men. By this time, most of the Union artillery had had to withdraw to replenish their ammunition, so Brown's men did not suffer the same fate as Jones's. Nevertheless, they made no headway against the infantry units in place until successes on the Confederate left put pressure on the Union position.

Attack from the Confederate left

Almost all of McCook's I Corps units were posted at the beginning of the battle on land owned by "Squire" Henry P. Bottom. The corps' right flank, Col. William H. Lytle's 17th Brigade, was posted on a ridge on which Squire Bottom's house and barn were situated, overlooking a bend in the Chaplin River and a hill and farm owned by R. F. Chatham on the other side. At about 2:30 p.m. Major John E. Austin's 14th Battalion of Louisiana Sharpshooters, screening Brig. Gen. Daniel W. Adams's Confederate brigade, engaged the 42nd Indiana as it was collecting water in the ravine of Doctor's Creek. This began a Confederate attack against this area with Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson's brigade descending from Chatham House Hill at about 2:45 p.m., crossing the almost-dry riverbed and attacking the 3rd Ohio Infantry, commanded by Col. John Beatty. The attack was disorganized; last-minute changes of orders from Buckner were not distributed to all of the participating units and friendly fire from Confederate artillery broke their lines while still on Chatham House Hill. When the infantry attack eventually moved up the hill, fighting from stone wall to stone wall, Confederate artillery bombarded the 3rd Ohio and set afire Squire Bottom's log barn. Some of the Union wounded soldiers had sought refuge in the barn and many were burned to death.

The Ohioans withdrew and were replaced in their position by the 15th Kentucky. As Johnson's men ran low on ammunition, Brig. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne's brigade entered the battle at about 3:40 p.m. Cleburne's horse, Dixie, was killed by an artillery shell, which also wounded Cleburne in the ankle, but he kept his troops moving forward. As they advanced up the slope, they were subjected to Confederate artillery fire; Cleburne later surmised that the friendly fire was caused by his men wearing blue uniform trousers, which had been captured from Union soldiers at Richmond. On Cleburne's left, Brig. Gen. Daniel W. Adams's brigade joined the attack against the 15th Kentucky, which had been reinforced by three companies of the 3rd Ohio. The Union troops retreated to the west toward the Russell House, McCook's headquarters. Lytle was wounded in the head as he attempted to rally his men. He was left on the field for dead, and was captured.

While Lytle's brigade was being beaten back, the left flank of Phil Sheridan's division was only a few hundred yards to the south on Peters Hill. One of the lingering controversies of the battle has been why he did not choose to join the fight. Earlier in the day he had been ordered by Gilbert not to bring on a general engagement. At around 2 p.m., the sound of artillery fire reached army headquarters where Buell was having dinner with Gilbert; the two generals assumed that it was Union artillery practicing and sent word to Sheridan not to waste gunpowder. Sheridan did project some artillery fire into the Confederate assault, but when Gilbert finally arrived from the rear, he feared that Sheridan would be attacked and ordered him back to his entrenchments.

Sheridan's division did participate toward the end of the battle. The Confederate brigade of Col. Samuel Powel (Anderson's division) was ordered to advance in conjunction with Adams's brigade, on Cleburne's left. The two brigades were widely separated, however, with Powel's on Edwards House Hill, immediately west of Perryville. At about 4 p.m., Powel received orders from Bragg to advance west on the Springfield Pike to silence the battery of Capt. Henry Hescock, which was firing into the left flank of Bragg's assault. Bragg assumed this was an isolated battery, not the entire III Corps. Three regiments of Powel's brigade encountered Sheridan's division, and although Sheridan was initially concerned by the Confederates' aggressive attack and sent for reinforcements, the three regiments were quickly repulsed.

Sheridan, who would be characterized in later battles as very aggressive, hesitated to pursue the smaller force, and also refused a request by Daniel McCook to move north in support of his brother's corps. However, his earlier request for reinforcements bore fruit and the 31st Brigade of Col. William P. Carlin (Mitchell's division) moved up on Sheridan's right. Carlin's men moved aggressively in pursuit of Powel, chasing them as fast as they could run toward Perryville. As they reached the cemetery on the western outskirts of town, fierce artillery dueling commenced. Carlin pressed forward and was joined by the 21st Brigade of Col. George D. Wagner (Wood's division, II Corps). They were poised to capture the town and the critical crossroads that dominated Braxton Bragg's avenue of withdrawal, but an order from Gilbert to Mitchell curtailed the advance, despite Mitchell's furious protestations.

Dixville Crossroads

Bragg's attack had been a large pincer movement, forcing both flanks of McCook's corps back into a concentrated mass. This mass occurred at the Dixville Crossroads, where the Benton Road crossed the Mackville Road. If the Confederates seized this intersection they could, conceivably,  get around the right wing of McCook's corps and effectively cut them off from the rest of the army. The southern jaw of the pincer began to slow at the temporary line established at the Russell House. Harris's and Lytle's brigades defended until Cleburne's and Adams's attack ground to a halt. The northern jaw had been stopped by Starkweather's defense. The remaining attacks came from north of the Mackville Road by two fresh brigades from Buckner's division: Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell's and Brig. Gen. Sterling A. M. Wood's.

The initial target of the assault was Col. George Webster's 34th Brigade of Jackson's division. Webster was mortally wounded during the fighting. His death marked the final senior loss for the 10th Division—the division commander, Jackson, and the other brigade commander, Terrill, had also been mortally wounded. (The previous evening, Jackson, Terrill, and Webster had been idly discussing the possibility of all of them being killed in battle and they dismissed the thought as being mathematically negligible.) Webster's infantry and Capt. Harris's artillery battery posted on a hill near the Benton Road shot Wood's attackers to pieces and they were forced to fall back. They regrouped at the base of the hill and renewed their assault. Harris's battery ran low on ammunition and had to withdraw, and the Confederate attack pushed Webster's men back toward the crossroads. Col. Michael Gooding's 13th Brigade (Mitchell's division) arrived on the field from Gilbert's corps and took up the fight. Wood's men withdrew and were replaced by Liddell's.

The arrival of reinforcements was a result of McCook's belated attempts to secure aid for his beleaguered corps. At 2:30 p.m. he sent an aide to Sheridan on Peters Hill requesting that he secure I Corps' right flank. McCook dispatched a second staff officer at 3 p.m. to obtain assistance from the nearest III Corps unit. The officer encountered Brig. Gen. Albin F. Schoepf, commanding the 1st Division, the III Corps' reserve. Unwilling to act on his own authority, Schoepf referred the staff officer to Gilbert, who in turn referred him to Buell's headquarters more than  away. The arrival of McCook's staff officer at about 4 p.m. surprised the army commander, who had heard little battle noise and found it difficult to believe that a major Confederate attack had been under way for some time. Nevertheless, Buell ordered two brigades from Schoepf's division to support I Corps. This relatively minor commitment indicated Buell's unwillingness to accept the reported dire situation at face value.

Liddell's men fired at an unknown unit less than  east of the crossroads. Calls were heard, "You are firing upon friends; for God's sake stop!" Leonidas Polk, the wing commander, decided to ride forward to see who had been the victims of the supposedly friendly fire. Polk found that he had ridden by mistake into the lines of the 22nd Indiana and was forced to bluff his way out by riding down the Union line pretending to be a Union officer and shouting at the Federal troops to cease fire. When he had escaped he shouted to Liddell and the Confederates fired hundreds of muskets in a single volley, which killed Col. Squire Keith and caused casualties of 65% in the 22nd Indiana, the highest percentage of any Federal regiment engaged at Perryville.  Although Liddell wanted to pursue the assault, Polk had been unnerved by his personal contact with the enemy and halted the attack, blaming the falling darkness. The Union units moved their supplies and equipment through the endangered intersection and consolidated their lines on a chain of hills  northwest. McCook's corps had been badly damaged during the day, but was not destroyed.

Aftermath

Casualties
Union casualties totaled 4,276 (894 killed, 2,911 wounded, 471 captured or missing). Confederate casualties were 3,401 (532 killed, 2,641 wounded, 228 captured or missing).  In all, casualties totaled one-fifth of those involved.

Reactions and effects

Braxton Bragg had arguably won a tactical victory, having fought aggressively and pushed his opponent back for over a mile. But his precarious strategic situation became clear to him as he found out about the III Corps advance on the Springfield Pike, and when he learned late in the day of the II Corps' presence on the Lebanon Pike. At 9 p.m. he met with his subordinates at the Crawford House and gave orders to begin a withdrawal after midnight, leaving a picket line in place while his army joined up with Kirby Smith's. As the army marched toward Harrodsburg, they were forced to leave 900 wounded men behind.

Bragg united his forces with Smith's at Harrodsburg, and the Union and Confederate armies, now of comparable size, skirmished with one another over the next week or so, but neither attacked. Bragg soon realized that the new infantry recruits he had sought from Kentucky would not be forthcoming, although many Kentuckians were willing to join the Confederate cavalry.  Furthermore, Bragg concluded that he lacked the logistical support he needed to remain in the state. He made his way southeast to Knoxville, Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap. Bragg was quickly called to the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia, to explain to Jefferson Davis the charges brought by his officers about how he had conducted his campaign, who were demanding that he be replaced as head of the army. Although Davis decided to leave the general in command, Bragg's relationship with his subordinates would be severely damaged. Upon rejoining the army, he ordered a movement to Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Buell conducted a half-hearted pursuit of Bragg and returned to Nashville, rather than pushing on to East Tennessee as the Lincoln administration had wished. Pent-up dissatisfaction with Buell's performance resulted in a reorganization of the Western departments. On October 24, a new Department of the Cumberland was formed under Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, and Buell's Army of the Ohio was assigned to it, redesignated the XIV Corps. (After the Battle of Stones River at Murfreesboro in late December, another strategic defeat for Braxton Bragg, it would receive its more familiar name, the Army of the Cumberland.) Buell was ordered to appear before a commission investigating his conduct during the campaign. He remained in military limbo for a year and a half, his career essentially ruined. He resigned from the service in May 1864.

Subsequent events
Following the Battle of Perryville, the Union maintained control of Kentucky for the rest of the war. Historian James M. McPherson considers Perryville to be part of a great turning point of the war, "when battles at Antietam and Perryville threw back Confederate invasions, forestalled European mediation and recognition of the Confederacy, perhaps prevented a Democratic victory in the northern elections of 1862 that might have inhibited the government's ability to carry on the war, and set the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation which enlarged the scope and purpose of the conflict."
 Only two days after the battle, the drought suddenly ended as a cold front pushed through the region and brought rain and cool temperatures across Kentucky.

Battlefield preservation

Portions of the battlefield of Perryville are preserved by the state of Kentucky as Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site.  Also the Perryville Historic District covering downtown Perryville includes buildings which had roles in the battle, including the Elmwood mansion which was pressed into use as a field hospital during the battle. The American Battlefield Trust, its members and the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves' Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund have saved about 1,202 acres at the Perryville Battlefield through mid-2023.

See also

 List of American Civil War battles
 List of battles fought in Kentucky
 List of costliest American Civil War land battles
 Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Breiner, Thomas L. "The Battle of Perryville: Bragg's Kentucky Invasion". Accessed January 1, 2008.
 Cameron, Robert S. Staff Ride Handbook for the Battle of Perryville, 8 October 1862. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2005. .
 Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
 Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. . The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
 Hafendorfer, Kenneth A. Perryville: Battle for Kentucky. Louisville, KY: K. H. Press, 1991. .
 Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. .
 McDonough, James Lee. War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994. .
 McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. .
 Noe, Kenneth W. Perryville: This Grand Havoc of Battle. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001. .
 Prokopowicz, Gerald J. All for the Regiment: The Army of the Ohio, 1861–1862. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. .
 Street, James Jr., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Struggle for Tennessee: Tupelo to Stones River. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. .
 Watkins, Sam. Co. Aytch Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment or, A Side Show of the Big Show. Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882. .
 Woodworth, Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. .

Further reading

Audiovisual

Books

 Brown, Kent Masterson. The Civil War in Kentucky: Battle for the Bluegrass State. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing Company, 2000. .
 Broadwater, Robert P. The Battle of Perryville, 1862: Culmination of the Failed Kentucky Campaign. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2005. .
 Gillum, Jamie. "Understanding the Battle of Perryville: The Discovery of the Hafley Cabins and its Impact on Historiography of the Battlefield". Jamie Gillum, 2022. .
 Harrison, Lowell Hayes. The Civil War in Kentucky. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010. .
 Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. :
 McWhiney, Grady. "Controversy in Kentucky: Braxton Bragg's Campaign of 1862". Civil War History (1960) 6 #1 pp. 5–42.

Selected articles

External links

1862 in Kentucky
1862 in the American Civil War
Perryville
Perryville
Boyle County, Kentucky
Perryville
October 1862 events
Perryville

Battle of Perryville


මහනුවර මහ නගර සභාව යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය සහ කඳුකරයේ අගනුවර වන මහනුවර සඳහා වන පළාත් පාලන ආයතනයයි. සභාව 1865 මහ නගර ආඥාපනත යටතේ පිහිටුවන ලද අතර ප්‍රථම වරට රැස්වූයේ 1866 දීය. මහ නගර සභාව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙවන පැරණිතම සහ විශාලතම පළාත් පාලන අධිකාරිය වේ. එහි තේරී පත් වූ නියෝජිත සංඛ්‍යාව 41 කි.

මහනුවර යනු නගරාධිපති කවුන්සිල ආණ්ඩු ක්‍රමයක් සහිත වරලත් නගරයකි. වසර පහකට වරක් පැවැත්වෙන පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණයෙන් මහනුවර නගරාධිපතිවරයා සහ මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත් කර ගනු ලැබේ. පරිපාලනයේ ප්‍රධානියා නාගරික කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන අතර, එය සමන්විත වන දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 16 හි දෛනික මෙහෙයුම් හසුරුවයි.

මහනගර සභාව මගින් මලාපවහන, මාර්ග කළමනාකරණ සහ අපද්‍රව්‍ය කළමනාකරණ සේවා සපයන අතර, ජලය, විදුලිය සහ දුරකථන උපයෝගිතා සේවා සම්බන්ධයෙන් සභාව ජල සම්පාදන හා ජලාපවහන මණ්ඩලය, ලංකා විදුලිබල මණ්ඩලය සහ දුරකථන සේවා සපයන්නන් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.

2011-2015 කාලය හැර අනෙකුත් සෑම විටම කවුන්සිලයේ පාලනය එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය සතුවේ.

රැස්වීම් ස්ථානය
මහනුවර මහනගර සභාව සහ මහනුවර නගරාධිපති නිල කාර්යාලය ස්ථාපනය කොට තිබෙන ප්‍රධාන මූලස්ථාන ගොඩනැගිල්ල එකල දුනුවිල වලව්ව ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබූ අතර මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල 1870 වසරේදී මහනුවර මහනගර සභාව විසින් සිය නගර ශාලාව පිහිටුවීම පිණිස අයත් කර ගත් බව සඳහන් වෙයි.

ව්‍යුහය
2018 වසරේ දී එම සභාවේ මන්ත්‍රී ධුර සංඛ්‍යාව 41 දක්වා වැඩි වූ අතර එම වසරේ පැවති පළාත් පාලන මැතිවරණයෙන් අනතුරුව එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය ආණ්ඩු පක්ෂය බවට පත් විය.

කොට්ඨාශ
මැතිවරණ හා පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා සභාව කොට්ඨාශ 22 කට බෙදා ඇත.
 යටිවාවල
 සෙංකඩගල
 ගාලේවත්ත
 මාවිල්මඩ
 මහවැලිඋයන
 වටපුළුව
 වට්ටාරන්තැන්න
 මාපනාවතුර
 අනිවත්ත දොඩම්වල
 අස්ගිරිය
 පූර්ණවත්ත බටහිර
 මහයියාව
 අරුප්පල
 බූවැලිකඩ
 අම්පිටිය
 මල්වත්ත
 දෙයියන්නේවල
 කටුකැලේ
 සුදුහුම්පොල
 මුල්ගම්පල
 බෝවල
 ගැටඹේ

යොමු කිරීම්

මහනුවර මහනගර සභාව


Un gentilhomme es una novela del novelista y dramaturgo francés Octave Mirbeau, publicada en el año 1920, después de su muerte. Solo tres capítulos fueron escritos y publicados.

Una novela que no se podía acabar

Durante los años 1890, Octave Mirbeau comenzó a pensar a una novela sobre el latifundo en Francia. Se trataba de un libro de dimensiones épicas, el equivalente, para la Francia del último cuarto del , de Guerra y Paz, la novela de León Tolstoi, para la Rusia del primo cuarto. Mientras  que la trama de la novela debía de empezar con el golpe de Estado de Mac-Mahon, el 16 de mayo de 1877, los tres capítulos publicados por su viuda, Alice Regnault, se interrumpieron el día anterior del golpe...

En efecto, este proyecto excedía a las capacidades de Mirbeau y también estaba en contradicción con sus propios puntos de vista sobre la evolución de la novela. Mientras que Mirbeau había sido cada vez más atraído por las narraciones sin trama convencional, sin estructura lineal (ver El Jardín de los suplicios y Los 21 días de un neurasténico ), con su nuevo proyecto tenía que dar una gran cantidad de explicaciones para contextualizar la trama de su libro, como si la historia fuese inteligible.

Una confesión

El principal interés de los tres capítulos publicados es la confesión del novelista, a propósito de sus años de proletariado intelectual. Al igual que Mirbeau, su protagonista-narrador, Charles Varnat, entra como secretario personal al servicio de un hidalgo Normando, el marqués de Amblezy-Sérac, un hombre de gran ambición política. Así Mirbeau vuelve sobre los años en que había sido obligado a ganarse el pan de cada día mediante la contratación de su pluma a diversos empleadores.

Estas experiencias habían dejado Mirbeau amargado por el recuerdo de sus humillaciones y de sus frustraciones. El novelista compara la situación de este intelectual proletarizado con la condición de las prostitutas.

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Octave Mirbeau, Un gentilhomme (texto francés).
 Pierre Michel, Prólogo de la novela (en francés).

Novelas de Francia
Novelas de Octave Mirbeau
Novelas en francés
Novelas inacabadas

Un gentilhomme


Die Abeille Liberté ist ein etwa 80 Meter langer, französischer Hochsee-Bergungsschlepper des Typs UT 515.

Das 2005 gebaute und unter französischer Flagge fahrende Schiff dient der Abwehr von Gefahr im Falle einer Havarie. Stationiert ist das Schiff in Cherbourg.

Bei der Abeille Liberté handelt es sich um einen von insgesamt fünf Notschleppern in Frankreich. Es existiert ein beinahe baugleiches Schiff, die Abeille Bourbon.

Technik
Das Schiff verfügt über eine Leistung von 16.000 kW. Der Pfahlzug des Schleppers beträgt 200 t.

Bekannte Einsätze
Im Januar 2007 kam der Schlepper bei der Havarie des Containerschiffs MSC Napoli zum Einsatz.

Weblinks

 Infos zum Schiff, Bourbon
 Infos zum Schiff, Kleven

Einzelnachweise

Schiff (Frankreich)
Motorschiff
Schlepper
Küstenwache
Katastrophenschutz

Abeille Liberté


An Cyclopogon casanaensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Cyclopogon casanaensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyclopogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyclopogon

Cyclopogon casanaensis


Bruno-Plache-Stadion Almanya'nın Leipzig şehrinde 1922 yılında çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum.

Stadyumda çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. Almanya'nın 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 13.500 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Leipzig'deki yapılar
Almanya'daki stadyumlar

Bruno Plache Stadyumu


T'cho (T-cho, Tso ili P'tso na Yuchi jeziku. Sunce) U tradicijama Yuchija Sunce je, a ne Zemlja, mitološka majka. Iz tog razloga Yuchi sebe nazivaju Tsoyaha, "djeca sunca".

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija
Uchean

T'cho


El Primer Frente Bielorruso () fue un Frente (Grupo de Ejércitos) del Ejército Rojo que estuvo operativa durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en combate contra la Wehrmacht alemana. Este frente era el equivalente soviético a un grupo de ejércitos en Europa Occidental y alcanzó la distinción de encabezar el ataque final soviético durante la Batalla de Berlín, que culminó en la ocupación de la capital del Tercer Reich, el suicidio de Adolf Hitler y final de la guerra.

Historial de combate

Este frente se derivó del antiguo Frente Central que la Stavka soviética había considerado dentro de su esquema defensivo ante la invasión alemana de junio de 1941.

Después que las victorias soviéticas en Stalingrado y Kursk otorgaron la iniciativa ofensiva al Ejército Rojo, la Stavka determinó el 20 de octubre de 1943 que el Frente Central fuese reforzado y denominado Primer Frente Bielorruso en tanto el teatro de operaciones se desplazaba hacia el oeste, alcanzando Bielorrusia. Su primer jefe fue el general que ya lideraba el Frente Central, Konstantín Rokossovski.

El Primer Frente Bielorruso fue la principal fuerza que participó en la Operación Bagration, destacando en la destrucción de las fuerzas alemanas de Babruysk y del resto de Bielorrusia, penetrando decisivamente en las defensas de la Wehrmacht hasta alcanzar la ciudad polaca de Lublin. Fue esta ofensiva, la que generó las mayores ganancias de territorio para el Ejército Rojo en toda la guerra.

En vísperas de la Ofensiva del Vístula-Óder, las fuerzas soviéticas se encontraban compuestas de dos grandes unidades: el 1.º Frente Bielorruso al mando del mariscal Gueorgui Zhúkov y el 1.º Frente Ucraniano al mando del mariscal Iván Kónev. A estos dos ejércitos les estaba previsiblemente reservada la toma de Berlín y, en consecuencia, en octubre de 1944 Iósif Stalin había sustituido a Konstantín Rokossovski del mando del 1.º Frente Bielorruso para destinarlo al 2.º Frente Ucraniano, al que se había encargado la conquista de Prusia Oriental: Rokossovski era de origen polaco y Stalin no quería que nadie relacionado con esa nacionalidad pudiera reivindicar la simbólica conquista de Berlín.

En 1945, bajo órdenes de Zhúkov, el Primer Frente Bielorruso participó también decisivamente en la ofensiva del Vístula-Óder (12 de enero - 2 de febrero de 1945) convirtiéndose en una de las más exitosas ofensivas soviéticas contra la Wehrmacht en el frente Oriental. En menos de un mes los soldados soviéticos cruzaron la llanura polaca desde el río Vístula hasta alcanzar la Línea Oder-Neisse, situándose a menos de 60 km de Berlín. Los alemanes sufrieron graves bajas tanto en hombres como en material, mientras que el avance soviético dejó aisladas a muchas de sus unidades en Breslau, Poznan, Pomerania y Prusia Oriental.

Posteriormente el 1.º Frente Bielorruso participó en las ofensivas soviéticas contra Berlín, siendo la fuerza encargada de liderar el asalto final soviético sobre la capital del Tercer Reich.

Tras la guerra, las divisiones del Primer Frente Bielorruso que no fueron desmovilizadas permanecieron en Alemania y dentro del marco del Pacto de Varsovia integraron el Grupo de Fuerzas Soviéticas en Alemania estacionado en territorio de la antigua RDA.

Mando

Comandantes

 General de ejército, desde junio de 1944 Mariscal de la Unión Soviética Konstantín Rokossovski (octubre de 1943 - noviembre de 1944)
 Mariscal de la Unión Soviética Gueorgui Zhúkov (noviembre de 1944 - hasta el final de la guerra)

Miembros del Consejo Militar

 Teniente general Konstantín Telegin (octubre de 1943 - mayo de 1944; noviembre de 1944 - junio de 1945);
 Coronel general, desde noviembre de 1944 General de Ejército Nikolái Bulganin (mayo - noviembre de 1944)

Jefe de Estado Mayor

 Coronel general Mijaíl Malinin (octubre 1943 - hasta el final de la guerra).

Composición

A 23 de junio de 1944, durante la Operación Bagration, el Primer Frente Bielorruso se encontraba bajo el mando del general de ejército Konstantín Rokossovski e incluía las siguientes unidades:

  Ejército (13 divisiones de fusileros, 1 cuerpo de tanques, 3 regimientos de tanques, 8 regimientos de cazacarros SU), comandante coronel general Aleksandr Gorbatov;
28.º Ejército (9 divisiones de fusileros, 3 regiones fortificadas, 1 regimiento de tanques, 4 regimientos de cazacarros SU), comandante teniente general Aleksandr Luchinski;
48.º Ejército (9 divisiones de fusileros, 1 región fortificada, 2 regimiento de tanques, 3 regimientos de cazacarros SU), comandante teniente general Prokofi Romanenko.
65.º Ejército (8 divisiones de fusileros, 1 cuerpo de tanques de la Guardia, 1 regimiento de tanques, 4 regimientos de cazacarros SU), comandante teniente general Pável Bátov.
Grupo de caballería mecanizada o KMG (1 cuerpo de caballería de la Guardia, 1 cuerpo mecanizado de la Guardia), comandante teniente general Issá Plíyev.
61.º Ejército, comandante teniente general Pável Belov;
8.º Ejército de la Guardia, comandante coronel general Vasili Chuikov.
70.º Ejército, comandante teniente general Vasili Popov.
2.º Ejército de Tanques de Guardias (2 cuerpos de tanques, 1 cuerpo de tanques de la Guardia), comandante coronel general Alexéi Radzievsky.
47.º Ejército, comandante teniente general Nikolái Gúsev.
69.º Ejército, comandante teniente general Vladímir Kolpakchi.
16.º Ejército Aéreo (4 divisiones de bombarderos, 4 divisiones de asalto, 1 división de cazabombarderos, 9 divisiones de cazas), comandante coronel general Serhiy Rudenko
Posteriormente y en diferentes momento de su existencia también encuadró las siguientes unidades:
 33.º Ejército, comandanteː Vyacheslav Tsvetayev, fue transferido al 1.º Frente Bielorruso durante la Ofensiva del Vístula-Óder.
 Ejército Polaco, comandante Teniente General Zygmunt Berling, fue transferido al 1.º Frente Bielorruso durante la batalla de Berlín en sustitución del 2.º Ejército Polaco que fue asignado al 1er Frente Ucraniano
 Ejército Polaco, comandante general Stanisław Popławski, fue transferido al 1.º Frente Bielorruso durante la Ofensiva del Vístula-Óder.
  Ejército de Choque, comandante coronel general Vasili Kuznetsov, fue transferido al 1.º Frente Bielorruso durante la batalla de Berlín.
 5.º Ejército de Choque, comandante teniente general Nikolái Berzarin, fue transferido al 1.º Frente Bielorruso durante la Ofensiva del Vístula-Óder
  Ejército de Tanques de Guardias, comandante Mijaíl Katukov, fue transferido al 1.º Frente Bielorruso durante la Ofensiva del Vístula-Óder
18.º Ejército Aéreo

Véase también

Primer Frente Báltico
 Segundo Frente Báltico
 Tercer Frente Báltico
 Segundo Frente Bielorruso
 Tercer Frente Bielorruso
 Primer Frente Ucraniano
 Segundo Frente Ucraniano
 Tercer Frente Ucraniano
 Cuarto Frente Ucraniano

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Zaloga, Steven J. (1996) Bagration 1944 - The Destruction of Army Group Center. New York: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-478-4

Enlaces externos
Datos en inglés sobre la evolución del 1° Frente Bielorruso

Frentes soviéticos
Historia de Berlín
Unidades militares soviéticas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Primer Frente Bielorruso


Det skinbarlige øje er en dokumentarfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Peter Klitgaard.

Handling
Det skinbarlige øje er et medrivende og poetisk indblik i alle aspekter af den kunstneriske skabelsesproces - en fortælling om alle de overvejelser, overmalinger og overstregninger, der går forud for det værk, vi ser på museets væg. Instruktør Peter Klitgaard har de seneste 3 år filmet Michael Kvium i hans atelier. Det er blevet til mere end 30 timers optagelser, hvor vi ser værkerne blive til. Materialet er klippet ned til en film på 1 time med fokus på den kunstneriske proces. Filmen skildrer, hvordan tanker og idéer bliver til titler, skitser og tegninger for til sidst at ende på lærredet som malerier. Ved at følge processen og tilblivelsen af værkerne indvier filmen os i de personlige og kunsthistoriske lag, der ligger til grund for Michael Kviums malerier.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

Det skinbarlige øje


El auto rojo es el último álbum de la banda argentina de hard rock Pappo's Blues. Fue lanzado en 1999 por el sello independiente De la Buena Estrella.

El álbum incluye mayormente canciones de Pappo, algunas escritas con el bajista Yulie Ruth, más algunos covers, con una buena mezcla de hard rock y blues, algo habitual en los lanzamientos de Pappo.
El disco presenta tres temas instrumentales: "Cissy Strut", "La isola" y "El reglamento".
Entre los covers se destaca la versión en español de "The Wind Cries Mary" de Jimi Hendrix, rebautizada como "El viento llora a Mary".

Grabación y detalles
La placa fue registrada entre junio y agosto de 1999 en Pichón Mobile Studio, con la producción artística del mismo Pappo y como ingeniero de grabación participó Pichón Dal Pont, para el sello De La Buena Estrella, a cargo de Sergio "Chuchu" Fasanelli.

Pappo grabó con Yulie Ruth en bajo y "Bolsa" González en batería -"el mejor Pappo's Blues, junto con el trío del primer disco", según había manifestado el músico-, y con el aporte de dos invitados, Gabriel Carámbula y Miguel Botafogo.

El disco contiene los clásicos rocks suburbanos que realiza Pappo, con ricas combinaciones de blues y hard rock, con un sonido potente y efectivo de violas crudas.

En este marco, integran la producción temas como "Cruzando América en un taxi", "No sé inglés", "Auto rojo", "Dos caras", "Cuando dos trenes chocan", "Pueblo del norte", "Whisky malo", "Es algo de amor", "La isola", "Todavía sigo en pie", "El reglamento" y "La sombra maldita", todos compuestos por Pappo, aunque en algunos contó con la colaboración del bajista Yulie Ruth.

Además, "El Carpo" incluyó dos gustos personales, como "Cissy Strut" de The Meters y una versión muy especial de "El viento llora a Mary", del virtuoso y malogrado Jimi Hendrix.

El material fue estrenado en vivo el 18 de octubre de 1999 en los estudios del Canal CM. El 17 de diciembre del mismo año fue presentado oficialmente en el local porteño "El Marquee".

Lista de temas

Músicos
 Pappo - guitarras y voz.
 Yulie Ruth - bajo.
 "Bolsa" González - batería.

Músicos invitados
 Botafogo
 Gabriel Carámbula

Producción
 Pappo - producción artística.
 Pichón Dal Pont - ingeniero de grabación.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 http://www.rock.com.ar/artistas/pappo-s-blues.shtml
 http://www.rock.com.ar/discos/0/923.shtml
 "El auto rojo" en Spotify

Álbumes de 1999
Álbumes de Pappo's Blues
Álbumes en español
Álbumes de hard rock
Álbumes de rock and roll
Álbumes de rock de Argentina

El auto rojo


Hyundai Universe (hangul: 현대 유니버스) je luksuzni model autobusa kojeg proizvodi južnokorejska auto industrija Hyundai. Primarno je namijenjen transportu turista više klase. Naziv Universe je Hyundaijev prefiks za klasu autobusa luksuznog dizajna.

Osim što je prisutan na domaćem, Hyundai Universe se izvozi i na japansko, azijsko-pacifičko, afričko, bliskoistočno te južnoameričko tržište. Konkurenciju mu predstavljaju Kia Granbird i Daewoo FX.

Modeli
Postoje dva osnovna modela koji se dijele na podmodele:

Space:
Comfort: nasljednik modela Aero Space LD.
Classic
Elegance: nasljednik modela Aero Space LS.
Luxury

Express
Prime: nasljednik modela Aero Hi-Space.
Noble: jednostavan moderni autobus.
Noble Queen: nasljednik modela Aero Queen Hi-Class.

Vojni korisnik
: bangladeška vojska je od Hyundaija naručila Universove modele Express Noble te joj je u konačnici dostavljeno 30 autobusa.

Galerija slika

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Universe autobusi na službenim stranicama Hyundai Motor Companyja

Autobusi
Južnokorejska cestovna vozila
Hyundaieva cestovna vozila

Hyundai Universe


Albrecht Günther Graf von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (* 8. August 1582 in Rudolstadt; † 20. Januar 1634 in Erfurt) war von 1612 bis 1634 regierender Graf von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt und gehörte zum Geschlecht der Schwarzburger.

Leben

Albrecht wurde am 8. August 1582 als Sohn von Albrecht VII. von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt und seiner Ehefrau Juliane geboren. Seine Brüder waren Karl Günther und Ludwig Günther I. Der Graf wurde 1598 zusammen mit seinem Bruder Ludwig Günther zur Ausbildung an die Universität Jena geschickt. 1601 folgte eine Bildungsreise verbunden mit Studien nach Straßburg. Als Reiseziel folgte anschließend 1602 Paris. Die Reisegruppe kehrte 1604 nach Rudolstadt zurück.

Im Jahr 1605 verstarb der Vater Graf Albrecht VII. Sämtliche drei Söhne hatten Anspruch auf die Regierung. Es wurde beschlossen, Karl Günther solle als der älteste Bruder sechs Jahre lang die Regierungsgeschäfte führen. Albrecht Günther ging nach Paris zurück und lebte dort von 1606 bis 1612. Die Aufwendungen für die Lebensführung des Grafen in Paris waren beachtlich. Im Jahr 1612 wurde dann die Grafschaft in drei Teile aufgeteilt. Albrecht Günther erhielt den Ilmschen Teil, Karl Günther den Rudolstädter Teil und Ludwig Günther den Frankenhäuser Teil. Als Residenz hatte Albrecht Günther nunmehr Stadtilm. Dort war ein Schlossbau in Angriff zu nehmen. Die Brüder arbeiteten auf bestimmten Gebieten wie bei Behörden, beim Schuldendienst und bei der Versorgung von Schwestern zusammen. 1624 wurde die Regentschaft in der Grafschaft Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt neu organisiert, und es kam zu einem Wechsel der Besitzungen. Albrecht Günther erhielt nun Frankenhausen, Karl Günther Rudolstadt und Ludwig Günther Stadtilm. Das Verhältnis der Brüder war wegen der Besitzteilungen angespannt. Am 24. September 1630 starb Karl Günther kinderlos. Albrecht Günther erhielt nach Verhandlungen Rudolstadt.

Der Graf starb am 20. Januar 1634 auf einer Reise in Erfurt. Der überlebende Bruder Ludwig Günther regierte bis 1646.

Literatur
 Heinrich Friedrich Theodor Apfelstedt: Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit: dargestellt in den Stammtafeln seiner Haupt- und Nebenlinien und mit biographischen Notizen über die wichtigsten Glieder derselben, Bertram, Sondershausen 1890, ISBN 3-910132-29-4
 Horst Fleischer: Die Grafen von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt: Albrecht VII. bis Albert Anton, Rudolstadt 2000, ISBN 3-910013-40-6
 Johann Christian August Junghans: Geschichte der schwarzburgischen Regenten, Leipzig 1821 E-Text
 Heinrich Schöppl: Die Regenten des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Rudolstadt 1915

Siehe auch
 Stammliste des Hauses Schwarzburg

Graf (Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
Familienmitglied des Adelsgeschlechts Schwarzburg (Linie Rudolstadt)
Geboren 1582
Gestorben 1634
Mann

Albrecht Günther (Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)


Alexandru Văitoianu (n. 9 august 1866 – d. 1939, București) a unul dintre generalii Armatei României din Primul Război Mondial.

A îndeplinit funcția de comandant al Brigăzii 41 Infanterie din Divizia 16 Infanterie în campania anului 1916.. În luna noiembrie 1916 a fost numit la comanda Grupului Dunărea care este încercuit și capitulează la Izbiceni, la 23 noiembrie/6 decembrie 1916, colonelul Văitoianu fiind făcut prizonier.

Biografie
A fost fratele mai mic al generalului Arthur Văitoianu.

în 1924 a fost implicat  în "afacerea pașapoartelor", procurând contra cost pașapoarte false câtorva mii de țărani români care doreau să emigreze în America. A fost arestat după declanșarea scandalului.

Cariera militară
După absolvirea școlii militare de ofițeri cu gradul de sublocotenent, Alexandru Văitoianu a ocupat diferite poziții în cadrul unităților de artilerie, infanterie sau în eșaloanele superioare ale armatei, cea mai importantă fiind cea de comandant al Regimentului 1 Infanterie.

După revenirea din prizonierat a fost avansat la gradul de general de brigadă, la 1 noiembrie 1918. A demisionat din armată la sfârșitul anului 1919.

Lucrări
 Directive de învațămănt și educațiune 1908, [de Maior A. Văitoianu, Comandantul gimnaziului de fii de militari]. Craiova (Inst. grafic Samitca, I. Samitca și D. Baraș), 1908

Decorații
  Ordinul "Steaua României", în grad de ofițer (1912)
  Ordinul "Coroana României", în grad de ofițer (1906)

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918, vol. 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Nașteri în 1866
Decese în 1939
Generali români din Primul Război Mondial
Ofițer al Ordinului Steaua României
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României

Alexandru Văitoianu


Tennis Europe ist der europäische Dachverband im Tennissport unter der Schirmherrschaft der International Tennis Federation (ITF). Er wurde 1975 als European Tennis Association von 17 nationalen Tennisverbänden Europas gegründet. Mit dem Jahr 2002 erfolgte die Namensänderung zum heutigen Namen. Mit 50 Mitgliedsverbänden ist Tennis Europe mittlerweile der größte Kontinentalverband der ITF.

Der Sitz von Tennis Europe ist in Basel in der Schweiz. Der Verband spielt eine wichtige Rolle in Europa bei der Durchführung und Organisation von eigenen, von der ITF unabhängigen europäischen Jugend-Wettbewerben, in den Altersklassen 12&Under, 14&Under und 16&Under. Ivo Kaderka wurde bei den Wahlen im September 2021 zum Präsidenten bis 2024 gewählt. Der aktuelle CEO von Tennis Europe ist Thomas Hammerl. Strategisch fokussiert sich Tennis Europe auf Wettbewerbe, Entwicklungshilfe und Ausbildung.

Veranstaltungen
Tennis Europe unterstützt, organisiert und ist verantwortlich für die Durchführung von mehr als 1000 internationalen Tennisveranstaltungen in Europa.

Junioren-Veranstaltungen
Einzel
 European Junior Championships (18/16/14 Jahre und jünger)
 Tennis Europe Junior Tour (16/14/12 Jahre und jünger)
 Tennis Europe Junior Masters (16/14 Jahre und jünger)
 ITF/Tennis Europe Development Championships (14/16 Jahre)

Team
 Tennis Europe Summer Cups (18/16/14 Jahre und jünger)
 Tennis Europe Winter Cups by Dunlop (16/14 Jahre und jünger)
 Tennis Europe Summer Cups by Dunlop (12 Jahre und jünger)

Senioren-Veranstaltungen
 Europameisterschaften der Senioren (alle offiziellen Altersklassen)
 Europameisterschaften der Vereine (Herren über 35/40/45/55/60/65/70 Jahre, Damen über 40/50/60 Jahre)

Professionelle Turniere
Die Abteilung von Tennis Europe für Profis ist das durchführende Organ der ITF für alle europäischen Turniere der ITF Pro Circuits. Dazu gehören die Turniere der ITF World Tennis Tour der Herren mit einem Preisgeld von 15.000 bis 25.000 Dollar plus Hospitality, ebenso wie die Damenbewerbe der ITF World Tennis Tour mit einem Preisgeld von 15.000 bis 100.000 Dollar plus Hospitality.

Verschiedenes
Tennis Europe kooperiert mit der ITF bei der Durchführung der 16&Under Turniere, die mit Startplätzen bei den ITF 18&Under Turnieren belohnt werden, und bei der Durchführung der European Championships 18&Under. Auch bei der Organisation der Europameisterschaften im Beachtennis kooperiert Tennis Europe mit der ITF.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Tennis Europe

Tennisverband
Sportverband (Kanton Basel-Stadt)
Sport (Basel)
Verein (Basel)
Kontinentaler Sportverband (Europa)

Tennis Europe


අයනීකාර විකිරණය යනු එහි ඇති අධික ශක්තිය හෙයින් ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනයන් පරමාණු හෝ අණුවලින් නිදහස් කර, එම පරමාණු හෝ අණු අයනීකරණයට ලක්කරන විකිරණය යි. අයනීකාර විකිරණය උපපරමාණුක අංශූන්, අයන හෝ අධිවේගී (සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ආලෝක වේගයෙන් 1%ට වඩා වැඩි) පරමාණු, සහ විද්‍යුත්චුම්බක ආවලියේ අධිශක්ති අන්තයේ ඇති විද්‍යුත්චුම්බක තරංග වලින් සුසැදේ.

වර්ග

ඍජු අයනීකාර

ඇල්ෆා අංශු

බීටා අංශු

පොසිට්‍රෝන හා වෙනත් වර්ගවල ප්‍රතිපදාර්ථය

ආරෝපිත න්‍යෂ්ටි

වක්‍ර අයනීකාර

ෆෝටෝන විකිරණ

නියුට්‍රෝන

විකිරණශීලීතාවය

අයනීකාර විකිරණය


RFA Tidespring may refer to:

 , Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, in service 1963–1991
 ,  of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary in service since 2017

Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship names

RFA Tidespring


1173 Anchises este un asteroid troian al lui Jupiter. A fost descoperit la 17 octombrie 1930 de către astronomul Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth, la Heidelberg, în Germania.

Caracteristici
Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă majoră egală cu 5,3212114 ua și de o excentricitate de 0,1374969, înclinată cu 6,90992° în raport cu ecliptica.

Își folosește orbita împreună cu Jupiter în jurul Soarelui în punctul Lagrange L5, adică este situat la 60° în urma lui Jupiter.

Calculele după observațiile făcute de IRAS i-au estimat diametrul la circa .

Denumirea asteroidului
Numele său face referire la Anchise, tatăl lui Enea, eroi troieni, personaje ale epopeii lui Vergilius, Eneida. Denumirea sa provizorie era 1930 UB.

Note

Legături externe
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Vezi și
 Asteroid troian
 Lista planetelor minore: 1001–2000

Asteroizi troieni jovieni
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1930
Asteroizi cu nume din mitologia greacă
Asteroizi cu nume din mitologia romană
Asteroizi cu nume de personaje literare

1173 Anchises