Sensei (jap. 先生) je japanska riječ koja označava učitelja.

Sensei je japanski naslov koja se koristi u obraćanju učitelju, profesionalcima kao što su liječnici, odvjetnici, političarima, svećenstvu ili drugim ličnostima od autoriteta. Također se rabi u iskazivanju poštovanja nekome ko je dostigao određeni nivo majstorstva u nekoj vještini ili umjetnosti. Sensei je jedan o uobičajnih naslova koji se koriste u japanskim borilačkim vještinama.

Povezani članci
 Shihan
 Doshu
 Soke

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 What is a Sensei in Judo?
 Karate: What is a Sensei in Karate?

Japanske borilačke vještine
Titule

Sensei


Nguyễn Quang Hồng, né à Duy Xuyên le  octobre 1940, est un lexicographe vietnamien et chercheur au Viện nghiên cứu Hán nôm à Hanoï. Il est rédacteur en chef du dictionnaire standard de l'ancienne langue écrite vernaculaire Chữ Nôm.

Il a consacré sa vie à étudier de l'ancienne écriture Chữ Nôm, qui est tombée en désuétude au Viêt Nam au cours du  siècle, au profit de l'écriture chu ngu.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1940
Lexicographe du XXe siècle
Lexicographe du XXIe siècle
Naissance au Viêt Nam

Nguyễn Quang Hồng


Peter Kažimír (* 28. Juni 1968 in Košice) ist seit 1. Juni 2019 Gouverneur der Nationalbank der Slowakei. Zuvor war er ein slowakischer Politiker.

Kažimír studierte an der Fakultät für internationale Beziehungen der Wirtschaftsuniversität Bratislava. Er arbeitete in den Jahren 1993 bis 2006 in verschiedenen Positionen in Privatfirmen in der Slowakei und Tschechien. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2006, 2010 und 2012 kam er als Abgeordneter in den Nationalrat.

Zu Zeiten der ersten Fico-Regierung war er Staatssekretär am slowakischen Finanzministerium. Er ist auch ist der stellvertretende Vorsitzende der SMER sowie Vize-Premierminister und Minister für Finanzen der zweiten Fico-Regierung, die nach den Wahlen von 2012 am 4. April 2012 gebildet wurde.

Seit 2019 ist er Teil des wichtigsten Zinssetzungsgremium der Europäischen Zentralbank.
Am 3. April 2023 wurde ein Haftbefehl gegen Kažimír erlassen. Das Urteil wurde am 13. April 2023 veröffentlicht. Kasimir will dagegen Berufung einlegen. Der Richter verurteilte den Zentralbankgouverneur auch zu 100.000 Euro Geldstrafe.
Da Premierminister Eduard Heger daraufhin auf einer Pressekonferenz vor dem Hauptsitz der Zentralbank sagte, es sei "inakzeptabel, dass eine Person von einem Gericht wegen Bestechung verurteilt wird, um den Posten des Gouverneurs dieser angesehenen Institution zu bekleiden" und die Präsidentin des Landes, Zuzana Čaputová, diese Forderungen unterstützte, erklärt Kasimir, er lehne einen Rücktritt ab. Die Chefs der nationalen Zentralbanken der Eurozone werden von den Nationalregierungen ernannt und entlassen.
Eine Entlassung kann vom Zentralbanker selbst oder von der EZB vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof angefochten werden.
Die Anklage war Folge von Ermittlungen wegen mutmaßlicher Korruption nach der Ermordung des investigativen Journalisten Ján Kuciak und seiner Verlobten Martina Kušnírová im Jahre 2018.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Lebenslauf beim osobnosti.sk

Finanzminister (Slowakei)
SMER-Mitglied
Tschechoslowake
Slowake
Geboren 1968
Mann

Peter Kažimír


Bacillariophyta familia incertae sedis,  Alge kremenjašice čija pripadnost razredu i redu nije još ustanovljena. Postoji preko 170 rodova. Mnpogi rodovi su fosilni.

Rodovi

 Acanthodiscus Pantocsek, 1892 †
 Achnantheiopsis Lange-Bertalot, 1997, nom. illeg.
 Achnanthepyla M.Peragallo, 1921
 Actinoclava O.Müller, 1912 †
 Actinoneis Cleve ex Mereschkowsky, 1902
 Actinostephanos G.K.Khursevich, 1989 †
 Aggericorona S.Komura, 2006 †
 Ambistria K.E.Lohman & G.W.Andrews, 1968 †
 Ambo Witkowski, Ashworth, Lange-Bertalot & Klein, 2020
 Amphitropis Rabenhorst, 1868, nom. illeg.
 Amphoropsis (Cleve) Mereschkowsky, 1901
 Angulopyxidium A.G.Vologdin, 1962 †
 Anisodiscus Grunow, 1886 †
 Annellus Tempère, 1908
 Annularius S.Komura, 2005, nom. illeg. †
 Archaegoniothecium Witkowski, D.M.Harwood & M.Kulikovskiy, 2012 †
 Archepyrgus R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 †
 Arthrotoma Corda, 1840
 Auriculopsis Hendey, 1964
 Baikalia L.N.Bukhtiyarova & G.V.Pomazkina, 2013
 Belonastrum (Lemmermann) Round & N.I.Maidana, 2001
 Bolewskia B.Kwiencinska & J.Sieminska, 2000 †
 Brasiliella C.Zimmermann, 1918
 Brevilinea P.A.Siver, P.B.Hamilton & E.A.Morales, 2008
 Callimastogloia S.Komura, 2005 †
 Calodiscus Rabenhorst, 1853
 Calyptosporium D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 †
 Cavitatus D.M.Williams, 1989 †
 Ceratangula P.A.Sims, 2008 †
 Cheloniodiscus Pantocsek, 1889 †
 Cladogramma Ehrenberg, 1854 †
 Clavicula Pantocsek, 1886
 Clavularia R.K.Greville, 1865 †
 Clipeoparvus J.Woodbridge, E.J.Cox & N.Roberts, 2010
 Cohaesum Nikolaev & Harwood, 2007 †
 Colletonema Brébisson ex Kützing, 1849
 Corona Lefébure & Chenevière, 1938 †
 Coronodiscus I.Suto, 2004
 Cosmiodiscus Greville, 1866 †
 Cotyledon J.Brun, 1891, nom. illeg.
 Craspedoporus Greville, 1863
 Creania M.Olney, 2009 †
 Crossophialus D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 †
 Cussia H.J.Schrader, 1974 †
 Cylindropyxis Hendey, 1964
 Cymbelgeia L.N.Bukhtiyarova & G.V.Pomazkina, 2013
 Cypellachaetes D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 †
 Dasyangea D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 †
 Dendrella Bory, 1824
 Detonia Frenguelli, 1949, nom. illeg. †
 Dichotropiscus S.Komura, 1995 †
 Dicladia Ehrenberg, 1844
 Dimeractis S.Komura, 2001 †
 Dimerogramma H.Peragalllo & M.Peragallo
 Discoplea Ehrenberg, 1840, nom. inval.
 Dispinodiscus I.Suto, 2004
 Drepanotheca H.-J.Schrader ex Round, Crawford & Mann, 1990 †
 Eupterotrum S.Komura, 1997
 Exilaria Greville, 1827, nom. rejic.
 Fideliacyclus P.A.Siver, A.P.Wolfe & M.B.Edlung, 2016 †
 Fryxelliella Prasad, 1997
 Gleseria E.G.Lupikina & L.M.Dolmatova, 1984
 Gliwiczia Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski, 2013
 Gloionema C.Agardh, 1812
 Goldfishia L.N.Bukhtiyarova & G.V.Pomazkina, 2013
 Grachevia L.N.Bukhtiyarova, 2013
 Groentvedia Hendey, 1964
 Gyrodiscus Witt, 1886
 Gyropandorus S.Komura, 1997 †
 Halonetrum H.Lohmann, 1919
 Halopetitia S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016
 Halurina Zimmermann, 1918
 Helminthopsidella P.C.Silva, 1970
 Hendeyscoresbya S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016
 Heribaudia M.Peragallo, 1893 †
 Hesslandia A.Cleve, 1948
 Heterangion S.Komura, 2001 †
 Heterodictyon Greville, 1863
 Himantidium Ehrenberg, 1840
 Hobaniella P.A.Sims & D.M.Williams, 2018
 Horodiscus G D.Hanna, 1927
 Hustedtiella Simonsen, 1960
 Hyalogramma M.Garcia, 2012
 Hyalotrochus D.M.Harwood & R.Gersond, 1990 †
 Isomeria Chevallier, 1836, nom. inval.
 Janischia Grunow, 1883
 Jouserella Kozyrenko, 2012 †
 Kentrodiscus Pantocsek, 1889 †
 Klinodiscus A.Jurilj, 1948
 Kreagra R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 †
 Ktenodiscus Pantocsek, 1889 †
 Lacustriella Lange-Bertalot, Kulikovskiy & Metzeltin, 2012
 Leptoscaphos H.-J.Schrader, 1969
 Libellus P.T.Cleve, 1873
 Liradiscus Greville, 1865
 Liriogramma R.W.Kolbe, 1954
 Lyngbyea Sommerfelt, 1826, nom. rejic.
 Macrora Hanna, 1932 †
 Mammidion J.A.Long, D.P.Fuge & J.Smith, 1946 †
 Mastogonia Ehrenberg, 1844
 Mediopyxis Medlin & Kühn, 2006
 Medlinella Frankovich, M.P.Ashworth & M.J.Sullivan, 2016
 Meretrosulus G.D.Hanna, 1927 †
 Meristosolen D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 †
 Micromega C.Agardh, 1827
 Microneis Cleve, 1895
 Microorbis R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 †
 Monocladia I.Suto, 2003 †
 Monopsia Grove & Sturt, 1887 †
 Nadiya L.N.Bukhtiyarova, 2013
 Nanoneis R.E.Norris, 1973
 Naviculonema C.L.Graeff, Kociolek & S.R.Rushforth, 2013
 Navigeia L.N.Bukhtiyarova, 2013
 Nematoplata Bory, 1822
 Neodetonia S.Blanco, 2011
 Nephroneis M.C.Amspoker, 1989
 Ninastrelnikovia Lange-Bertalot & A.Fuhrmann, 2014
 Ochigma Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin, 2012
 Ocularia E.J.Quekett, 1844
 Odontodiscus Ehrenberg, 1845
 Odontotropis Grunow, 1884
 Omphalopsis Greville, 1863
 Opephoropsis Frenguelli, 1945
 Orthoneis Grunow, 1870
 Oshitea S.Komura, 1993 †
 Pantocsekia Grunow ex Pantocsek, 1886 †
 Peragallia F.Schütt, 1895
 Perithyra Ehrenberg ex Heurck, 1896
 Placogeia L.N.Bukhtiyarova, 2013
 Playaensis Spaulding & Kociolek, 2002
 Pleurodiscina P.C.Silva, 1970
 Podosphenia Ehrenberg, 1836
 Pogoneis Round & Basson, 1997
 Poretzkia Jousé, 1949
 Pravifusus Witkowski, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin, 2000
 Protorhaphoneis B.Kwiecinska & J.Sieminska, 2000 †
 Pseudoamphiprora (Cleve) Cleve, 1894
 Pseudocerataulus J.Pantocsek, 1889 †
 Pseudodictyoneis Cleve ex Pantocsek, 1892 †
 Pseudodimerogramma H.J.Schrader, 1976 †
 Pseudohyalodiscus T.F.Kozyrenko & I.V.Makarova, 1997 †
 Pseudopyxilla Forti, 1909
 Pseudotribrachia S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016
 Pyrgupyxis Hendey, 1969, nom. inval. †
 Ralfsiella P.A.Sims, D.M.Williams & M.Ashworth, 2018
 Rhipidophora Kützing, 1844
 Rouxia J.Brun & Héribaud, 1893
 Saeptifera R.M.Gogorev, 2014 †
 Sagittula S.Komura, 1997 †
 Scalariella C.Riaux-Gobin, 2012
 Sceptronema H.Takano, 1983
 Schizonema C.Agardh, 1824
 Schizostauron Grunow, 1867
 Scoresbya N.I.Hendey, 1937, nom. illeg.
 Semseyia Pantocsek, 1902 †
 Skvortzowia Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin, 2012
 Slavia L.N.Bukhtiyarova & G.V.Pomazkina, 2013
 Spinigera Heiden & Kolbe, 1928
 Stelodiscus S.Komura, 2001 †
 Stigmaphora Wallich, 1860
 Stoschiella C.Gardner & K.Wenderoth, 1966
 Streptommion S.Komura, 1997 †
 Terebraria Greville, 1864
 Thumia Cleve ex Lefébure & Chenevière, 1938
 Trifonovia Kulikovskiy & Lange-Bertalot, 2012
 Trochosirella S.Komura, 1996
 Trochus R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 †
 Tropidosiphonus S.Komura, 1994 †
 Truania Pantocsek, 1886 †
 Tubaformis A.M.Gombis Jr., 1983 †
 Tubulariella P.C.Silva, 1970
 Undatella Paddock & P.A.Sims, 1980
 Vanhoeffenus Heiden, 1928
 Vernadskowia Missuna, 1914
 Vulcanella P.A.Sims A.D.Mahood, 1998 †
 Xanthiopyxis (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1845 †

Izvori

Alge kremenjašice

Bacillariophyta familia incertae sedis


Josif Printesis (grego Ιωσήφ Πρίντεζης; nascido em 6 de fevereiro de 1970 em Posidonia) é um clérigo grego e arcebispo católico romano de Naxos, Andros, Tinos e Mykonos e administrador apostólico da Diocese de Chios.
Josif Printesis cresceu em Vissa e Posidonia, onde frequentou a escola primária. Depois de terminar o ensino médio em Ano Syros, ele foi para os EUA em 1987. Printesis estudou filosofia e teologia católica no Seminário de São João em Boston, onde obteve um diploma de bacharel em 1991 com uma tese sobre a Maiêutica de Platão. Em 1995 fez mestrado em teologia católica com especialização em direito canônico. Em 15 de julho de 1995 recebeu o sacramento da ordenação para a diocese de Siros.

De 1995 a 1999 Josif Printesis trabalhou como pároco em Pagos antes de se tornar vigário paroquial da paróquia de São Jorge em Ano Syros. Ele também esteve envolvido na pastoral juvenil e foi secretário pessoal do bispo de Syros, Frangiskos Papamanolis OFMCap, até 2006. Em 2004 Printesis tornou-se vigário paroquial em Vari e em 2014 também em Vissa. Desde 2017 é pároco da Catedral de São Jorge em Ano Syros. Além de seus deveres pastorais, Printesis é juiz do tribunal eclesiástico interdiocesano de segunda instância desde 1997 e é professor de religião em várias escolas públicas desde 2001, e é presidente da comissão litúrgica nacional desde 2017.

Em 25 de janeiro de 2021, o Papa Francisco o nomeou Arcebispo de Naxos, Andros, Tinos e Mykonos e Administrador Apostólico da Diocese de Chios. O arcebispo emérito de Naxos, Andros, Tinos e Mykonos, Nikolaos Printesis, o consagrou em 23 de maio do mesmo ano na Catedral de Nossa Senhora do Rosário em Xinara; Co-consagradores foram o arcebispo de Atenas, Sevastianos Rossolatos, e o bispo de Siros, Petros Stefanou. Seu lema Ἐμοὶ γὰρ τὸ ζῆν Χριστὸς ("Para mim Cristo é vida") vem de Phil 1:21 EU. Desde 27 de maio de 2021, Josif Printesis também é secretário-geral da Conferência Episcopal da Igreja Católica Romana na Grécia.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Grécia

Josif Printezis


Ten ships of the Royal Navy have carried the name HMS Spitfire, while an eleventh was planned but renamed before entering service.  All are named after the euphemistic translation of Cacafuego, a Spanish treasure galleon captured by Sir Francis Drake.
  was an 8-gun galley purchased in 1776 in North America for Mouatt's squadron at Falmouth, Massachusetts. When Admiral d'Estaing's squadron arrived in Narragansett Bay on 29 July 1778, she, , and  were all burnt the next day to prevent the French from capturing them. Spitfire was run ashore on North Sandy Point and then burnt.
  was an 8-gun galley purchased and commissioned in 1778. The  captured her on 19 April 1779, near the Azores. The French took her to Lorient where as Crachefeu she was sold that same month for £t16,147.
 HMS Spitfire was an 8-gun sloop launched in 1752 as . She was converted to a fireship and renamed HMS Spitfire in 1779 and was sold in 1780.
  was a 14-gun fireship purchased in 1780. Her fate is unknown.
  was a 16-gun fireship launched in 1782 and sold in 1825.
  was the French privateer schooner Poulette captured and purchased in 1793. She capsized in 1794.
  was a schooner of 64 tons burthen captured from the French in 1798. She was wrecked off the Amirante Islands in August 1801.
  was a wooden paddle vessel launched in 1834 and wrecked in 1842.
  was a wooden paddle gunvessel launched in 1845. She became a survey vessel in 1851, a tug in 1862 and was broken up in 1888.
  was a  launched in 1895 and sold in 1912.
  was an  launched in 1912 and sold for breaking up in 1921.
 HMS Spitfire was to have been a C-class destroyer. She was renamed  in 1942 and launched in 1943.

Also
Spitfire was a gunboat that the garrison at Gibraltar launched in June 1782 during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. She was one of 12. Each was armed with an 18-pounder gun, and received a crew of 21 men drawn from Royal Navy vessels stationed at Gibraltar.  provided Spitfires crew.

See also
 HMS Crachefeu, "Crachefeu" being French for "Spitfire".
 Supermarine Spitfire, the legendary fighter aircraft of World War II.

Citations

References

Drinkwater, John (1905) A History of the Siege of Gibraltar, 1779-1783: With a Description and Account of that Garrison from the Earliest Times. (J. Murray).

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Spitfire


وفيق رضا سعيد ولد في 21 ديسمبر 1939 في دمشق، وهو رجل أعمال سعودي سوري الأصل وملياردير له العديد من المشاريع والمؤسسات الخيرية. يقيم حالياً في موناكو وباريس. كوَّن ثورة تقدر بالمليارات بعد عمله في السعودية أيام ازدهارها في نهاية السبعينات والثمانينات في شركة مقاولات. انتقل إلى أوروبا ولديه الآن شركات في أوروبا وأمريكا والشرق الأوسط. يشتهر سعيد بدوره كوسيط في صفقة الأسلحة بين المملكة العربية السعودية وبريطانيا، والمعروفة بـ«صفقة اليمامة»، وهي من أكبر صفقات شراء الأسلحة في بريطانيا. ونظراً لسوء السمعة التي تحيط بصفقات الأسلحة، عبّر سعيد في مجلة الاقتصادي عام 2009 أنه فخور جداً بالدور «البسيط» الذي لعبه في مساعدة رئيسة الوزراء تاتشر، وإتمام صفقة اليمامة التي أطلق عليها «صفقة القرن» بالنسبة لبريطانيا.

قام بالتبرع لإنشاء كلية سعيد لإدارة الإعمال في جامعة أكسفورد بتبرع ابتدائي بلغ 20 مليون جنيه استرليني، وقامت الجامعة بتسمية الكلية باسمه. في عام 2005 حصل على الدكتوراة الفخرية من جامعة دمشق تقديراً له ولعطائه ومؤسساته الخيرية التي يملكها في أوروبا والشرق الأوسط. تواجد وفيق سعيد في قائمة «الاقتصادي 100» التي تصدرها مجلة الاقتصادي لأبرز 100 مئة أعمال سوري في العامين 2009 و2010. حصل وفيق سعيد على الجنسية الكندية في التسعينيات.

مصادر

مصادر خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لوفيق رضا سعيد

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من دمشق
أشخاص من مونت كارلو
أصحاب أعمال سعوديون
أصحاب أعمال سوريون
جامعو فنون سعوديون
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة دمشق
سعوديون مغتربون في المملكة المتحدة
سعوديون مغتربون في موناكو
سعوديون من أصل سوري
سوريون مغتربون في إنجلترا
سوريون مغتربون في موناكو
صفقة اليمامة
فاعلو خير سعوديون
كلية سعيد لإدارة الأعمال
مسلمون سعوديون
مسلمون سوريون
مغتربون سوريون في المملكة المتحدة
مليارديرات سعوديون
مليارديرات سوريون
مهاجرون سوريون إلى السعودية
مواليد 1358 هـ
مواليد 1939
مواليد في دمشق

وفيق رضا سعيد


Cegłów é um município no centro da Polônia. Pertence à voivodia da Mazóvia, no condado de Mińsk. É a sede da comuna de Cegłów. Está situado no rio Mienia, a 55 km de Varsóvia e a 42 km de Siedlce.

Cegłów está situado na antiga Terra de Czersk, que faz parte da histórica da Mazóvia. Localiza-se a cerca de 5 km a sul da estrada nacional n.º 92 e a cerca de 8 km da entrada da auto-estrada A2 (no cruzamento de Ryczołek). Há também uma parada de trem na cidade na linha ferroviária n.º 2 Varsóvia Zachodnia - Terespol.

Estende-se por uma área de 7,67 km², com 2 021 habitantes, segundo o censo de 31 de dezembro de 2021, com uma densidade populacional de 302,6 hab./km².

Ligações externas

Municípios da Polónia
Cidades da Mazóvia (voivodia)

Cegłów


La danse du cerf est une danse traditionnelle exécutée par une ou plusieurs personnes déguisées en cerfs. On la retrouve dans plusieurs endroits du monde.

Angleterre
 Abbots Bromley Horn Dance : L'Abbots Bromley Horn Dance est une danse traditionnelle anglaise qui remonte au Moyen Âge. La danse a lieu chaque année à Abbots Bromley, un village du Staffordshire. La version moderne de la danse met en scène des bois de rennes, un , Belle Marianne et un fou.

Belize
Festival de la danse du cerf à San Antonio

Birmanie
 Danse du cerf chez les Shans

Cambodge
Leng trott : .

États-Unis

Guatemala
 Danse du cerf, avec comme percussion le teponaztli. Cette danse, d'origine pré-hispanique, nécessite 26 danseurs, et « dans cette danse, un tigre et un lion se battent pour chasser un cerf. De même, un groupe de jeunes hommes accompagnés de chiens qui poursuivent le cerf en question »

Inde
 Manattam dans le Tamil Nadu

Japon

Mexique
 Danza del Venado chez les Mayos et Yaquis de Sinaloa et Sinaloa
Le cerf était une source de nourriture importante pour les Méso-Américains, et sa peau était utilisée à diverses fins, notamment pour envelopper les paquets rituels et comme feuilles (pages) pour les manuscrits sérigraphiés qui contenaient toutes sortes de connaissances, de l'histoire à la mythologie religieuse en passant par l'astrologie et l'astronomie. Le cerf était également l'animal spirituel de la mère de la divinité mexicaine Quetzalcóatl et de l'épouse du dieu du maïs chez les Mayas

Thaïlande

Tibet
 Shawa char cham.

Dans les royaumes sublimes des déités tantriques, tous les êtres sont transformés de leur état ordinaire en être éveillé afin d'accomplir les activités éveillées au bénéfice des autres. Le cerf représente une déité protectrice masculine dont les mouvements subjuguent les forces perturbant le développement spirituel. Cette danse est divisée en quatre étapes : inviter les bouddhas et bodhisattvas, leur faire des offrandes, accomplir des mouvements courroucés afin de surpasser les obstacles et enfin demander aux bouddhas et bodhisattvas de retourner dans leur royaume. La danse du cerf est très populaire au Tibet parce que la déité à tête de cerf était considérée comme étant un grand protecteur.

Sous la direction de Jamyang Dorjee Chakrishar, l'Institut tibétain des arts du spectacle et sa déléguée Dolma Choden enseignèrent à la troupe du Théâtre du Soleil la danse du cerf (shawa chukar) pour la création de la pièce Et soudain, des nuits d'éveil d'Hélène Cixous et mise en scène par Ariane Mnouchkine.

Articles connexes
Cerf dans la culture
Danse du dragon
Danse du lion
Danse du tigre

Références

Liens externes

Danse rituelle
Danse traditionnelle
Cerf dans la culture
Cerf
cerf

Danse du cerf


تقع بتاتر في قضاء عاليه أحد أقضية محافظة جبل لبنان، هذه المحافظة هي واحدة من ثمان محافظات يتشكل منها لبنان إدارياً.
تبعد بتاتر 30 كلم (18.642 ميل) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. وترتفع 1010 م (3313.81 قدم - 1104.536 يارد) عن سطح البحر
وتمتد على مساحة 995 هكتاراً (9.95 كلم²- 3.8407 ميل²).
شهدت بتاتر اقبالاً كبيرا مؤخراً من المصطافين الذين توجهوا للتنعم بربوعها من بيروت والمناطق وكذلك من الرعايا الخليجيين الذين لهم مشاريع عديدة فيها.
تمتاز بتاتر لطقسها المعتدل صيفاً، وبرقيها البارد نسبياً في الشتاء، وعادة ما تزين ربوعها الثلوج مرات عديدة خلال فصل الشتاء.

عائلات بتاتر
غريزي إحدى أكبر العائلات فيها ثم
 -أبومجاهد- ال مرعي - خويص - العسراوي - عبد الخالق - عبد الباقي -علم الدين - عبد الملك - حامد- أسطفان - الهبر - خاطر - شكاي - أبو عبسي - لطوف - السبع -حاتم - حداد

مقر لأقطاعية الجرد
كانت بلدة بتاتر مركزاً لأقطاعية الجرد التي كانت تضم منطقة الجرد والشوف السويجاني والعرقوب وكان تتراسها عائلة ال عبد الملك أنذاك.

بتاتر احتضنت أول معمل حرير في لبنان
في سنة 1841، بنى بروسبير ونقولا وجوزف وأنطوان فورتوني بورتاليس أول معمل لحل الشرانق وغزل الحرير (كرخانة) في بلدة بتاتر في منطقة الشوف. أحضروا آنذاك من فرنسا مجموعات من الغزّالات المحترفات لتدريب الفتيات (العاملات). كانت هذه أول مرة تغادر فيها المرأة بيتها للعمل. ممّا أحدث ثورة اجتماعية في هذه البيئة الريفية التقليدية. في كتابه «صناعة الحرير في سوريا ولبنان» الصادر في سنة ٬1912أحصى غاستون ديكوسو٬ قنصل فرنسا في بيروت٬ 183 كرخانة. من المهم أن نذكر حركة نقل الشرانق والحرير ما بين مرفأ بيروت ومرفأ مرسيليا. لقد تمّ على أثرها تأسيس شركات النقل البحرية في لبنان. كذلك كان الأمر، بالنسبة للقروض التي كانت تعطى للسماسرة والتجار الذين كانوا يرغبون في شراء المحاصيل من المزارعين.

أعلام
 ناصر الدين عبد الملك (1820 - 28 يناير 1894) سياسي ومن مشايخ آل عبد الملك.
 فؤاد عبد الملك (1878 - 1954) سياسي لبناني في عهد سقوط الدولة العثمانية.
 نجيب عبد الملك (1887 - 1923) سياسي ومحامي.
 نينا عبد الملك (25 سبتمبر 1992) مغنية.
 نجيب العسراوي (1 يناير 1891 - أكتوبر 1987) صحفي وناشط سياسي وكاتب لبناني - برازيلي.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان

بتاتر


Sindromul Hunter (Mucopolizaharidoza (MPS) de tip II) este o boală genetică de metabolism care apare și se manifestă ca urmare a deficitului enzimei iduronat-2-sulfatază implicată implicate în degradarea unor substanțe chimice numite glicozaminoglicani1).

Glicozaminoglicanii precum heparan-sulfatul sau dermatan-sulfatul sunt mucopolizaharide care nu pot fi degradate și se acumulează în celulele țesuturilor din corp în particulele numite lizozomi2). Această acumulare are loc în principal în ficat, splină, oase, articulații, părți ale sistemului respirator, inimă și creier3).

Se cunosc două forme de boală:

 Forma severă (tip A), cu debut rapid (în primul an de viață) și afectare neurologică progresivă
 Forma atenuată (tip B) cu debut întârziat (2-4 ani) și cu impact minim asupra dezvoltării cognitive.

Boala poartă numele medicului Charles A. Hunter (1873-1955), care a descris pentru prima dată în 19174), 5).

Cauze și simptomatologie
Sindromul Hunter este o boală genetică de metabolism din categoria bolilor de stocaj lizozomal. În condiții fiziologice normale mucopolizaharidele (glicozaminoglicanii) sunt degradate la nivelul lizozomilor unde se găsesc o serie de enzime care le descompun în molecule mici reutilizabile de către celulă. Cei care suferă de sindromul Hunter au un deficit enzimatic de iduronat-2-sulfatază și degradarea mucopolizaharidelor și evacuarea acestora din celule nu se poate realiza corect. Aceasta enzimă este produsă de gena IDS localizată pe cromozomul sexual X, în cazul pacienților cu sindrom Hunter existând la nivelul genei o mutație care este responsabilă pentru lipsa, reducerea sau producerea unei variante modificate, ineficiente de  iduronat-2-sulfatază6).

Fiziopatologie
Gena responsabilă pentru producerea enzimei iduronat-2-sulfatază este localizată pe cromozomul sexual X. Băieții au doar un singur cromozom X. Dacă moștenesc cromozomul X cu gena anormală, ei vor dezvolta acest sindrom. Astfel boala afectează doar băieții, cu toate acestea s-au raportat și cazuri de fete cu sindrom Hunter7).

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/pidds-genetics-inheritance

Boala își pune amprenta vizibila asupra aspectului fizic, afectand dezvoltarea staturală și ponderală, precum și celelalte sisteme și organe interne. Astfel, pacienții prezintă afectare importantă la nivelul sferei ORL, sistemului respirator, cardiac, digestiv, osteo-articular, neurologic.

Epidemiologie
Sindromul Hunter este o boală rară care afectează de regulă băieții (exceptional și fetele). Boala afectează toate populațiile. Prevalența (numărul de persoane afectate într – o populație la un moment dat) cumulativă a bolii în Europa este între 1:140 000 și 1: 156 000 de nașteri1). Formele severe de boală sunt mai frecvente, reprezentând 60-80% dintre cazuri1).

Sindromul Hunter este o boală cu evoluție cronică cu agravarea progresivă a manifestărilor clinice care duc la apariția unor complicații vitale. Evoluția bolii depinde de forma acesteia. Evoluția este diferită de la un copil la altul. Pacienții cu formă severă de boală (tipul A) au o speranță de viață foarte mult diminuată, decesul survine de obicei înaintea vârstei de adult. Problemele cardiovasculare și respiratorii sunt principalele cauze ale decesului. Pacienții cu formă atenuată de boală (tipul B) nu au regresie intelectuală și speranța lor de viață se apropie de 50 de ani3).

Diagnostic
Diagnosticul se stabilește între 2-4 ani după repetate episoade de infecții respiratorii și în sfera ORL precum și prezența herniei ombilicale și inghinale. Pentru diagnosticul de mucopolizaharidoză se efectueaza teste nespecifice si specifice.

Testele specifice confirmă diagnosticul prin:

 determinarea cantității mucopolizaharidelor (heparan-sulfatul și dermatan-sulfatul) din urină, valorile anormal de ridicate, indicând prezența mucopolizaharidozei);
 analiza activității enzimei iduronat-2-sulfatază într-o probă de sânge sau piele (activitatea scăzută sau absentă a enzimei confirmă diagnosticul de MPS de tip II);
 analiza genetică a genei IDS permite pentru anumiți pacienți identificarea mutației care a indus deficitul enzimatic și poate ajuta la determinarea severității clinice a bolii.

Tratament
În prezent, nu există niciun remediu care să vindece boala. În funcție de forma bolii, pacientul poate beneficia de abordări terapeutice pentru a-i îmbunătăți calitatea vieții.

Terapia de substituție enzimatică

Reprezintă tratamentul standard prin care se administreză pacientului o enzimă identică cu iduronat-2-sulfataza (idursulfază) pe cale intravenoasă. Terapia de substituție enzimatică face posibilă restabilirea unui nivel suficient de activitate enzimatică pentru a degrada parțial deșeurile acumulate în celule.

Terapia enzimatică duce la reducerea volumului ficatului și splinei afectate de boală, la o îmbunătățire a funcției cardiace, respiratorii și a calității vieții.

Cu toate că enzima administrată intravenos nu ajunge la nivelul creierului și nu poate să traverseze bariera hemato-encefalică neputând acționa asupra leziunilor neurologice existente, pierderea achizițiilor psihomotorii este mai lentă și întârziată datorită tratamentului.

În general, tratamentul este foarte bine tolerat de către pacienți.

Transplantul de celule stem
A fost studiată utilizarea ca tratament a transplantului de măduvă osoasă și a transplantului de celule stem hematopoietice8), 9). Deși transplantul a oferit beneficii, nu s-a demonstrat că ameliorează simptomele neurologice ale bolii. Deși această metodă și-a arătat potențialul în tratamentul altor tipuri de MPS, până în prezent rezultatele sale au fost nesatisfăcătoare în tratamentul MPS de tip II.

S-a demonstrat că  terapia de substituție enzimatică a condus la rezultate pozitive la pacienții cu MPS de tip II1).

Managementul interdisciplinar
Abordarea multidisciplinară are ca scop ameliorarea simptomatologiei asociate bolii și trebuie să integreze îngrijirea de la nivelul sferei ORL, sistemului respirator, cardiac, digestiv, osteo-articular, neurologic.

Dezvoltarea de noi soluții terapeutice
În speranța de a preveni declinul cognitiv asociat cu forma severă a bolii, începând din 2010, un studiu clinic de fază I / II a evaluat administrarea intratecală cu o doză mai concentrată de idursulfază decât formularea pentru administrarea intravenoasă10). Rezultatele au fost raportate în octombrie 201311).

În 2017, un pacient în vârstă de 44 de ani12), cu sindrom Hunter, a fost tratat prin terapie genică în încercarea de a preveni deteriorarea ulterioară bolii12). Acesta este primul caz în care terapia genică este utilizată in vivo la om 13). Studiul a fost extins la șase pacienți în 201814).

Bibliografie
1.Wraith JE, Scarpa M, Beck M, et al. (March 2008). "Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome): a clinical review and recommendations for treatment in the era of enzyme replacement therapy". Eur. J. Pediatr. 167 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1007/s00431-007-0635-4. PMC 2234442. PMID 18038146.

2. Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas; Hofmann, Jeffrey (2012). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1. McGraw-Hill. p. 117.

3. Scarpa et al.Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases2011,6:72http://www.ojrd.com/content/6/1/7

4. Hunter's syndrome (Charles A. Hunter) at Who Named It?

5. Hunter, C. A. (1917). "A Rare Disease in Two Brothers". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. London. 10 (Sect Study Dis Child): 104–116. PMC 2018097. PMID 19979883.

6. Bielicki J, Freeman C, Clements PR, Hopwood JJ. Human liver iduronate-2-sulphatase. Purification, characterization and catalytic properties. Biochemical Journal. 1990;271(1):75-86

7. Froissart R, Blond JL, Maire I, et al. Hunter syndrome: gene deletions and rearrangements. Hum Mutat. 1993;2:138–140. doi: 10.1002/humu.1380020214

8. Guffon, N (May 2009). "Bone marrow transplantation in children with Hunter syndrome: outcome after 7 to 17 years". 154 (5). Journal of Pediatrics. pp. 733–737. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.11.041. PMID 19167723.

9. Annibali, R (Oct 2013). "Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type II), severe phenotype: long term follow-up on patients undergone to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". 65 (5). Minerva Pediatrica. pp. 487–496. PMID 24056375.

10. A Phase I/II, Randomized, Safety and Ascending Dose Ranging Study of Intrathecal Idursulfase-IT Administered in Conjunction With Intravenous Elaprase in Pediatric Patients With Hunter Syndrome and Cognitive Impairment". Clinicaltrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2018.

11. A Safety and Dose Ranging Study of Idursulfase (Intrathecal) Administration Via an Intrathecal Drug Delivery Device in Pediatric Patients With Hunter Syndrome Who Have Central Nervous System Involvement and Are Receiving Treatment With Elaprase® - Results". Clinicaltrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health. 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2014-07-20.

12. Marchione, Marilynn (15 November 2017). "US scientists try 1st gene editing in the body". Associated Press. Retrieved 16 November 2017.

13. Marchione, Marilynne (2017-11-14). "Scientists Attempt First Gene Editing Inside a Patient". Time. Retrieved 2017-11-15.

14. Marchione, Mailynn (2018-09-05). "Early results boost hopes for historic gene editing attempt". AP News. Retrieved 2018-09-06.

Legături externe

Boli genetice
Boli ale sistemului endocrin
Hunter

Sindromul Hunter


An Vriesea cathcartii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harry Edward Luther. An Vriesea cathcartii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea cathcartii


Postnişin, tarikatlarda, dergâhta posta oturan, yani o dergâhın başında bulunan şeyhe verilen isim.

Postnişin olan kişi o tarikatta merkezi otorite hükmündedir. Onun destur verdiği, vekâlet verdiği halifeleri vardır. O vekiller dergahta olabileceği gibi postnişinin işaret ettiği coğrafi bölgelere de gönderilmiş olabilir.

Etimolojisine bakıldığında Farsça post "hayvan postu" ve nişīn "oturan" sözcüklerinden oluşmuştur.

Alevilik
Tasavvuf terimleri

Postnişin


A seguir está o sistema de qualificação e as nações classificadas a competição de Boliche nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023, a ser realizada em Santiago, no Chile, de 21 a 25 de outubro de 2023.

Sistema de classificação
Um total de 50 jogadores de boliche irão se classificar para competir. Cada nação pode inscrever o máximo de quatro atletas (dois por gênero). Os campeões dos Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021 só poderão competir nos eventos individuais dos Jogos Pan-Americanos Santiago 2023. Se os atletas classificados através dos Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior Cali 2021 não participarem de Santiago 2023, a vaga será perdida e não poderá ser transferida para outro CON ou atleta. Atletas classificados em Cali 2021 não poderão obter outra vaga para seu CON; todavia, outro atleta pode competir por vaga através do sistema de classificação para Santiago 2023 dentro da cota máxima por CON. Em cada gênero, haverá um total de 12 duplas classificadas, com uma vaga por evento (para um total de quatro jogadores) reservada para o país-sede, Chile. Haverá um total de quatro eventos classificatórios. Cada nação só poderá se inscrever para dois eventos classificatórios por gênero

Linha do tempo

Sumário de qualificação

Masculino

Feminino

Referências

P
P
Qualificação para os Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023
Boliche nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023

Boliche nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 - Qualificação


Olaylar

 1451 - Fatih Sultan Mehmet, ikinci kez tahta çıktı.
 1695 - Osmanlı donanması, Sakız Adası'nı Venedikliler'den geri aldı.
 1856 - Islahat Fermanı yayınlandı.
 1885 - Mark Twain'in Huckleberry Finn'in Maceraları adlı kitabı, ilk kez yayımlandı.
 1913 - Raymond Poincaré, Fransa Devlet Başkanı oldu.
 1930 - Amerikalı astronomi tutkunu Clyde Tombaugh, 33 cm'lik bir teleskopla Plüton cüce gezegenini keşfetti.
 1932 - Japon İmparatoru, Manzhouguo'nun (Mançurya'nın eski Çince adı) Çin'den bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1937 - İstanbul'da eşekle nakliyat yasaklandı.
 1941 - 16 yaşın üzerindeki erkek çocukların maden ocaklarında, 12 yaşın üzerindekilerin tekstil sanayiinde çalıştırılmasına ilişkin kararname çıktı.
 1941 - Anıtkabir için mimari yarışma açıldığı resmen ilan edildi.
 1941 - Petrol Ofisi kuruldu.
 1943 - Naziler, Beyaz Gül hareketi üyelerini tutukladılar.
 1943 - Joseph Goebbels, Sportpalast konuşmasını yaptı.
 1952 - TBMM, Türkiye'nin NATO üyeliğini onayladı. Türkiye, 21 Şubat günü NATO üyesi oldu.
 1957 - BM'de Kıbrıs görüşmelerine başlandı. BM, 26 Şubat'ta sorunun öncelikle ilgili taraflar arasında görüşülmesine karar verdi.
 1960 - 7 ülke, Latin Amerika Serbest Ticaret Birliğini (LAFTA) kurdu. 1980'de imzalanan yeni bir anlaşma ile ALADI adını aldı.
 1965 - Gambiya, Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını kazandı.
 1967 - Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı bütçesi görüşüldü; 35.000 köyden 15.000'inde okul olmadığı açıklandı.
 1971 - Elazığ Senatörü Profesör Celal Ertuğ, "Bir dikta ortamına adım adım yaklaşılmaktadır. Ordunun mesajı açıktır. Demirel derhal istifa etmelidir" dedi. Başbakan Süleyman Demirel ise, "Meşru yollardan geldim. Bulurlar 226'yı, bizi devirirler" dedi.
 1974 - Kiss müzik grubu, kendi adlarını taşıyan ilk albümlerini yayımladılar.
 1977 - Uzay mekiği Enterprise, bir Boeing 747'nin üstünde ilk yolculuğuna çıktı.
 1977 - İstanbul Yükseköğrenim Derneği, (İYÖD) "amaç dışı faaliyet" gösterdiği gerekçesiyle süresiz kapatıldı. İYÖD, Dev-Genç'in (Devrimci Gençlik Dernekleri Federasyonu) İstanbul Bölge Yürütme Kurulu'nu oluşturuyordu.
 1979 - Sahra Çölü'ne kar yağdı.
 1980 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'ne Giden Süreç (1979- 12 Eylül 1980): CHP'li Kemal Kayacan ile görüşen Genelkurmay Başkanı Orgeneral Kenan Evren, CHP ve AP'nin uzlaşmasını istedi: "Bizim dileğimiz, bizi istemediğimiz yollara itmemenizdir. İki büyük parti anlaşıp problemleri hâlle başlarsa büyük bir ferahlık duyacağız. Onlardan bu fedakârlığı bekliyoruz ve bunu beklemek de hakkımızdır."
 1985 - Bakanlar Kurulu ilk defa bir grev kararını erteledi. Tarım Koruma İlaçları A.Ş'nin İstanbul Kartal ve İzmit Derince'deki iş yerlerinde alınan grev kararının, 60 gün ertelenmesi kararlaştırıldı.
 1985 - Başbakanlık Yüksek Denetleme Kurulu, Ziraat Bankasının hamamcılara tarım kredisi verdiğini saptadı.
 1987 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül sonrası yaşanan en büyük grev olan NETAŞ grevi, bugün anlaşmayla sonuçlandı.
 1988 - İstanbul'daki Spor ve Sergi Sarayı'nın adı, "Lütfi Kırdar" olarak değiştirildi.
 1993 - Gazeteci Kemal Kılıç öldürüldü. Kılıç, İnsan Hakları Derneği'nin Urfa Şubesi Yönetim Kurulu üyesiydi.
 1994 - Demokrasi Partisinin (DEP) Genel Merkezi bombalandı, bir kişi öldü, 2'si ağır 16 kişi yaralandı. Demokrasi Partisi (DEP) yılbaşından beri 4 kez saldırıya uğramıştı. Olayı İslami Cihat Örgütü üstlendi.
 1995 - Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP çatısı altında birleşti. SHP'li Hikmet Çetin oy birliğiyle Genel Başkan seçildi.
 1997 - Tansu Çiller, TEDAŞ ve TOFAŞ soruşturmalarından aklandı. Refah Partisi milletvekilleri Tansu Çiller'in aklanmasından yana oy kullandılar.
 2003 - Güney Kore'nin Daegu metrosunda çıkan yangında, yaklaşık 200 kişi öldü.
 2004 - İran'ın Nişabur kenti yakınlarda kontrolden çıkan bir yük treninde meydana gelen patlama ve yangında, 200'ü kurtarma personeli olmak üzere 295 kişi öldü. Tren; kükürt, petrol ve gübre taşıyordu.
 2005 - SEKA İzmit Fabrikası çalışanlarının, iş yerine kapanma eyleminin 30. gününde polis panzerlerle fabrika bahçesine girdi. İşçiler bu gelişme üzerine kendilerini mekanik atölyesine kilitledi.
 2007 - NBA'de oynayan en iyi oyunculardan oluşan iki takımın karşılaşması şeklinde, her yıl gösteri amaçlı yapılan 2007 NBA All-Star Maçı, Las Vegas'ta yapıldı.
 2008 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Afganistan ve Türkiye; Kosova'nın tek taraflı bağımsızlığını tanıdığını açıkladı.
 2021 - NASA'nın keşif aracı Perseverance Mars'a indi.

Doğumlar
 1201 - Nasîrüddin Tûsî, Fars bilim insanı ve İslam filozofu (ö. 1274)
 1372 - İbn Hacer el-Askalanî, Arap hadis, fıkıh ve tefsir bilgini (ö. 1449)
 1374 - Polonyalı Jadwiga, Polonya Krallığı'nın ilk kadın hükümdarı (ö. 1399)
 1404 - Leon Battista Alberti, ressam, şair, dilbilimci, filozof, kriptograf, müzisyen, mimar, Katolik azizlerin biyografi yazarı ve İtalyan matematikçi (ö. 1472)
 1515 - Valerius Cordus, Alman botanikçi ve kimyager (ö. 1544)
 1516 - I. Mary, İngiltere ve İrlanda Kraliçesi (ö. 1558)
 1609 - Edward Hyde, İngiliz devlet adamı ve tarihçi (ö. 1674)
 1626 - Francesco Redi, İtalyan doktor (ö. 1697)
 1677 - Jacques Cassini, Fransız astronom (ö. 1756)
 1745 - Alessandro Volta, İtalyan fizikçi (ö. 1827)
 1807 - Kostaki Musurus Paşa, Rum asıllı Osmanlı paşası (ö. 1891)
 1826 - Julius Thomsen, Danimarkalı kimyager (ö. 1909)
 1836 - Sri Ramakrishna, Hindu aziz (ö. 1886)
 1838 - Ernst Mach, Avusturya-Çek kökenli fizikçi ve felsefeci (ö. 1916)
 1848 - Louis Comfort Tiffany, Amerikalı sanatçı ve tasarımcı (ö. 1933)
 1849 - Alexander Kielland, Norveçli yazar (ö. 1906)
 1854 - Jan Jakob Maria de Groot, Hollandalı Dilbilimci, Türkolog, Sinolog ve Din Tarihçisi (ö. 1921)
 1855 - Jean Jules Jusserand, Fransız diplomat, tarihçi ve yazar (ö. 1932)
 1857 - Max Klinger, Alman sembolist ressam ve heykeltıraş (ö. 1920)
 1860 - Anders Zorn, İsveçli ressam, oymacı, heykeltıraş ve fotoğrafçı (ö. 1920)
 1871 - Harry Brearley, İngiliz metalürji uzmanı (ö. 1948)
 1878 - Mariya Ulyanova, Rus kadın devrimci (ö. 1937)
 1880 - Ernst von Aster, Alman filozof (ö. 1948)
 1881 - Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, Macar avukat ve siyasetçi (ö. 1948)
 1882 - Petre Dumitrescu, Rumen Üst-orgeneral (ö. 1950)
 1883 - Nikos Kazancakis, Yunan yazar (ö. 1957)
 1895 - Semyon Timoşenko, Sovyet komutan (ö. 1970)
 1898 - Enzo Ferrari, İtalyan yarış arabaları sürücüsü ve üreticisi (ö. 1988)
 1903 - Nikolay Podgorni, SSCB Devlet Başkanlarından (ö. 1983)
 1906 - Hans Asperger Avusturyalı çocuk doktoru, Asperger sendromunu keşfetti (ö. 1980)
 1919 - Jack Palance, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu (ö. 2006)
 1920 - Eddie Slovik, Amerikalı er rütbesinde asker (2. Dünya Savaşı sırasında firardan dolayı idam edilen tek ABD askeri) (ö. 1945)
 1925 - Halit Kıvanç, Türk sunucu (ö. 2022)
 1925 - Marcel Barbeau, Kanadalı sanatçı (ö. 2016)
 1926 - Rita Gorr, Belçikalı mezzosoprano (ö. 2012)
 1929 - Ertem Eğilmez, Türk sinema yönetmeni (ö. 1989)
 1929 - Kamran İnan, Türk diplomat, hukukçu ve siyasetçi (ö. 2015)
 1929 - Roland Minson, Amerikalı basketbol oyuncusu (ö. 2020)
 1931 - Toni Morrison, Amerikalı yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2019)
 1932 - Milos Forman, Çekoslovak göçmeni Amerikalı film yönetmeni ve En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2018)
 1933 - Bobby Robson, İngiliz teknik direktör (ö. 2009)
 1933 - Yoko Ono, Japon müzisyen
 1936 - Jean Marie Auel, Amerikalı yazar
 1936 - Jozef Vengloš, Çekoslovak futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2021)
 1942 - Tolga Aşkıner, Türk oyuncu (ö. 1996)
 1950 - John Hughes, Amerikalı film yönetmeni, film yapımcısı ve senarist (ö. 2009)
 1950 - Cybill Shepherd, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu
 1954 - John Travolta, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu
 1964 - Matt Dillon, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu
 1967 - Abbas Lisani, Güney Azerbaycanlı gazeteci
 1967 - Roberto Baggio, İtalyan futbolcu
 1968 - Molly Ringwald, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1976 - Chanda Rubin, Amerikalı profesyonel tenis oyuncusu
 1983 - Roberta Vinci, İtalyan tenisçi
 1985 - Anton Ferdinand, İngiliz futbolcu
 1985 - Song Jae-in, Koreli aktör
 1985 - Park Sung Hoon, Koreli aktör
 1988 - Bibras Natho, İsrailli futbolcu
 1988 - Şükrü Özyıldız, Türk oyuncu
 1989 - Aleksey İonov, Rus millî futbolcu
 1990 - Park Shin Hye, Koreli oyuncu
 1990 - Kang Sora, Koreli oyuncu
 1991 - Jeremy Allen White, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1994 - J-Hope, Güney Koreli şarkıcı, dansçı ve söz yazarı

Ölümler

 901 - Sabit bin Kurre, Arap Matematikçi, astronomi, mekanik ve tıp bilgini (d. 821)
 999 - V. Gregorius, 996'dan 999 yılındaki ölümüne kadar Papa olarak görev yapmıştır (d. 972)
 1139 - II. Yaropolk, Kiev büyük prensi (d. 1082)
 1294 - Kubilay Han, Moğol İmparatoru (d. 1215)
 1405 - Timur, Timur İmparatorluğu'nun kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (d. 1336)
 1455 - Fra Angelico, İtalyan Dominikan rahibi ve ressam (d. 1395)
 1535 - Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, Alman astrolog ve simyacı (d. 1486)
 1546 - Martin Luther, Alman dini reformist (d. 1483)
 1564 - Michelangelo, İtalyan sanatçı (d. 1475)
 1585 - Takiyüddin, Türk hezârfen, gök bilimci, mühendis ve matematikçi (d. 1521)
 1799 - Johann Hedwig, Alman botanikçi (d. 1730)
 1851 - Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, Alman matematikçi (d. 1804)
 1899 - Sophus Lie, Norveçli matematikçi (d. 1842)
 1902 - Albert Bierstadt, Amerikalı ressam (d. 1830)
 1920 - Köprülü Hamdi Bey, Türk asker, Kuvâ-yi Milliye komutanlarından ve kaymakam (d. 1888)
 1925 - Abdurrahman Şeref Bey, Osmanlı Devleti'nin son vakanüvisi ve tarihçi (d. 1853)
 1937 - Grigol Orconikidze, SSCB Politbüro üyesi ve "Koba" lakaplı komünist lider (d. 1886)
 1956 - Gustave Charpentier, Fransız besteci (d. 1860)
 1957 - Şükrü Onan, Türk asker ("Atatürk'ün Amirali")
 1957 - Henry Norris Russell, Amerikalı astronom, astrofizikçi ve akademisyen (d. 1877)
 1960 - Bedri Ruhselman, Türk hekim, keman virtüözü ve deneysel Neo-spiritüalizm'in kurucusu (d. 1898)
 1963 - Fernando Tambroni, İtalyan politikacı (d. 1882)
 1966 - Robert Rossen, Amerikalı yönetmen, senarist ve yapımcı (d. 1908)
 1967 - J. Robert Oppenheimer, Amerikalı fizikçi (d. 1904)
 1981 - Şerif Yüzbaşıoğlu, Türk besteci ve orkestra şefi (d. 1932)
 1986 - Tezer Özlü, Türk yazar (d. 1943)
 1998 - Melahat Togar, Türk çevirmen (d. 1909)
 2001 - Dale Earnhardt, Amerikalı otomobil yarışçısı ve takım sahibi (d. 1951)
 2005 - Mustafa Güzelgöz, Türk kütüphaneci (eşekli kütüphaneci) (d. 1921)
 2007 - Barbara Gittings, Amerikalı gey eşitlik eylemcisi (d. 1932)
 2008 - Alain Robbe-Grillet, Fransız yazar, yönetmen ve senarist (d. 1922)
 2009 - Miika Tenkula, Fin müzisyen gitarist (d. 1974)
 2015 - Asuman Baytop Türk botanikçi ve eczacı (d. 1920)
 2015 - Jerome Kersey, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu (d. 1962)
 2016 - Pandelis Pandelidis, Yunan şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı (d. 1983)
 2016 - Angela Raiola, Amerikalı televizyon kişiliği ve aktris (d. 1960)
 2017 - Ömer Abdurrahman, Mısırlı İslami önder (d. 1938)
 2017 - Ivan Koloff, Kanadalı profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1942)
 2017 - Michael Ogio, Papua Yeni Gine'nin dokuzuncu Genel Valisi (d. 1942)
 2017 - Nadejda Olizarenko, Sovyet eski atlet (d. 1953)
 2017 - Richard Schickel, Amerikalı yazar, gazeteci ve belgesel film yapımcısı (d. 1933)
 2017 - Pasquale Squitieri, İtalyan film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1938)
 2017 - Clyde Stubblefield, Amerikalı davulcu (d. 1943)
 2017 - Daniel Vickerman, Avustralyalı profesyonel rugby oyuncusu (d. 1979)
 2018 - Günter Blobel, Alman-Amerikalı biyolog (d. 1936)
 2018 - Didier Lockwood, Fransız caz kemancısı (d. 1956)
 2018 - Georgi Markov, Bulgar futbolcu (d. 1972)
 2018 - Idrissa Ouédraogo, Burkina Fasolu film yönetmeni, yapımcısı ve senarist (d. 1954)
 2019 - O'Neal Compton, Amerikalı oyuncu, yönetmen, iş insanı ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1951)
 2019 - Toni Myers, Kanadalı belgesel film yapımcısı, yönetmeni, kurgucu ve senarist (d. 1943)
 2020 - Kishori Ballal, Hint aktris (d. 1938)
 2020 - Seda Vermişeva, Ermeni-Rus şair, yazar, ekonomist ve insan hakları aktivisti (d. 1932)
 2021 - Emir Aslan Afşar, İranlı siyasetçi ve diplomat (d. 1919)
 2021 - Sergo Karapetyan, Ermeni siyasetçi (d. 1948)
 2021 - Andrey Myagkov, Sovyet-Rus aktör ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1938)
 2022 - Boris Nevzorov, Sovyet-Rus aktör ve film yönetmeni (d. 1950)
 2022 - Lindsey Pearlman, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1978)
 2022 - Gennadi Yukhtin, Sovyet-Rus aktör (d. 1932)
 2023 - Clemens Arvay, Avusturyalı biyolog ve yazar (d. 1980)
 2023 - Christian Atsu, Ganalı futbolcu (d. 1992)
 2023 - Jim Broyhill, Amerikalı iş adamı ve siyasetçi (d. 1927)
 2023 - Huang Da, Çinli ekonomist ve akademisyen (d. 1925)
 2023 - Petar Jekov, Bulgar millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1944)
 2023 - David G. O'Connell, İrlandalı başpiskopos (d. 1953)
 2023 - Ahmet Suat Özyazıcı, Türk eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1936)

Tatiller ve özel günler
Dünya Asperger Sendromu Farkındalık Günü
Leh Günü (Amami Adaları, Japonya)
Bağımsızlık Günü, Gambiya'nın 1965'te Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını kutlar.
Kürt Öğrenciler Birliği Günü (Irak Kürdistanı)
Ulusal Demokrasi Günü, Rana hanedanının (Nepal) 1951'de devrilmesini kutluyor.
Eşler Günü (Konudagur) (İzlanda)

Kaynakça

0218
18

18 Şubat


Štreber (njemački: Streber) predstavlja kolokvijalni, i u pravilu pejorativni izraz koji se koristi za učenika ili studenta koji je toliko posvećen učenju ili studijama da zanemaruje igru i druženje s prijateljima ili kolegama. Uz njega vezuje se pojam štrebanje koji označava "robotsko" učenje gradiva napamet, bez ikakvog razumijevanja ili praktičke koristi.

Tijekom posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća također se koristi kao prijevod za dva pojma koja su pozajmljena iz engleskog jezika:

 nerd, i
 geek.

Izvori

Supkultura i kontrakultura

Štreber


Mendoza (), officially the City of Mendoza () is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina. It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern side of the Andes. As of the , Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679, making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country.

Ruta Nacional 7, the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago, runs through Mendoza. The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua (the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering, hiking, horse riding, rafting, and other sports. In the winter, skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes.

Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine. The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in South America. As such, Mendoza is one of the eleven Great Wine Capitals, and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route.

History

On March 2, 1561, Pedro del Castillo founded the city and named it Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja after the governor of Chile, Don García Hurtado de Mendoza.  Before the 1560s the area was populated by tribes known as the Huarpes and Puelches. The Huarpes devised a system of irrigation that was later developed by the Spanish. This allowed for an increase in population that might not have otherwise occurred. The system is still evident today in the wide trenches (acequias), which run along all city streets, watering the approximately 100,000 trees that line every street in Mendoza.

It is estimated that fewer than 80 Spanish settlers lived in the area before 1600, but later prosperity increased due to the use of indigenous and slave labor, and the Jesuit presence in the region. When nearby rivers were tapped as a source of irrigation in 1788 agricultural production increased. The extra revenues generated from this, and the ensuing additional trade with Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty on which it depended since its creation and transfer from the Captaincy General of Chile in 1776, no doubt led to the creation of the state of Cuyo in 1813 with José de San Martín as governor. It was from Mendoza that San Martín and other Argentinian and Chilean patriots organized the army with which they won the independence of Chile and Peru.
Mendoza suffered a severe earthquake in 1861 that killed at least 5,000 people. The city was rebuilt, incorporating innovative urban designs that would better tolerate such seismic activity. Mendoza was rebuilt with large squares and wider streets and sidewalks than any other city in Argentina. Avenue Bartolomé Mitre and additional small squares are examples of that design.

Tourism, wine production, and more recently the exploitation of commodities such as oil and uranium ensure Mendoza's status as a key regional centre. Important suburbs such as Godoy Cruz, Guaymallén, Las Heras and Luján de Cuyo have in recent decades far outpaced the city proper in population. Comprising half the metro population of 212,000 in 1947, these suburbs grew to nearly ⅞ of the total metro area of over 1,000,000 by 2015, making Mendoza the most dispersed metro area in Argentina.

Culture
Mendoza has several museums, including the Museo Cornelio Moyano, a natural history museum, and the Museo del Área Fundacional (Historical Regional Foundation Museum) on Pedro del Castillo Square. The Museo Nacional del Vino (National Wine Museum), focusing on the history of winemaking in the area, is  southeast of Mendoza in Maipú. The Casa de Fader, a historic house museum, is an 1890 mansion once home to artist Fernando Fader in nearby Mayor Drummond,  south of Mendoza. The mansion is home to many of the artist's paintings.

The Fiesta Nacional de la Vendimia (The National Grape Harvest Festival) occurs in early March each year. Part of the festivities include a beauty pageant, where 17 beauty queens from each department of Mendoza Province compete, and one winner is selected by a panel of about 50 judges. The queen of Mendoza city's department does not compete and acts as host for the other queens.

In 2008, National Geographic listed Mendoza as one of the top 10 historic destinations in the world.

Urban structure
The city is centred around Plaza Independencia (Independence Plaza) with Avenida Sarmiento running through its centre east–west, with the east side pedestrianized (peatonal). Other major streets, running perpendicular to Sarmiento, include Bartolomé Mitre, San Martín, and 9 de Julio (July 9th), those running parallel include Colón, and Las Heras. Four smaller plazas, San Martín, Chile, Italia, and España, are located 2 blocks off each corner of Independence Plaza. Unique to Mendoza are the exposed stone ditches, essentially small canals, which run alongside many of the roads supplying water to the thousands of trees.

Parque General San Martín (General San Martín Park) was designed by Carlos Thays. Its grounds include the Mendoza Zoological Park and a football stadium, and it is also the home of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. A view of the city is available from the top of Cerro de la Gloria (Mt. Glory).

One common point of interest is the Teatro Independencia ("Independence Theatre"), the premier performing arts venue in Mendoza. Supervised by the nation's Ministry of Public Works, the project was commissioned to architect Alfredo Israel, and its plans were approved in October 1923. The theatre was, as were many public works of this type in Argentina at the time, designed in a French Academy style. Its façade included a Neoclassical frontis featuring four Corinthian columns on a green marble base, a rococo frieze, the provincial escutcheon in bas-relief, and a balustrade above. The design for the interiors was based on those prevailing in Italian opera houses, and the formal vestibule is overlooked by grand marble steps leading to the concert hall. The auditorium itself includes four tiers of balconies, and its seating capacity is 730. The theatre serves as the home of the Provincial Philharmonic Orchestra. In addition, the theatre has received international personalities such as Erlend Øye and John Malkovich.

Education
Mendoza has a number of universities, including the major Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, as well as University of Mendoza, a branch of Universidad Congreso, Aconcagua University, UTN (Universidad Tecnologica Nacional) and Champagnat University.

Mendoza is a popular place to learn Spanish, and there are a number of Spanish language schools, including Intercultural, Green Fields and SIMA.

Transportation

Mendoza is  from Buenos Aires (14 hours by bus) and  from Santiago, Chile (6–7 hours by bus). Gov. Francisco Gabrielli International Airport serves Mendoza, with flights to/from Buenos Aires taking less than 2 hours and less than 1 hour to/from Santiago.

The public transport system includes buses, the Mendoza trolleybus system, and taxis. The trolleybuses are more comfortable than the diesel buses, but are slower, not as numerous nor is the system as extensive. In 2008, TransLink of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, sold most of its old trolleybus fleet to Mendoza.

A heritage railway, El Tren del Vino (The Wine Train), is being planned which will also provide local transportation; it will run through wine-producing districts of Mendoza.

Metrotranvía
A  light rail line, the Metrotranvía Mendoza, opened for regular service in October 2012. It serves the areas of Las Heras, Godoy Cruz and Maipú in the Greater Mendoza conurbation, as well as the central area of Mendoza itself. The line runs from Avellaneda station in the Panquehua neighborhood of Las Heras to Gutiérrez in Maipú, stopping also at the Mendoza Railway Station at the site of the former intercity passenger train station, near the city centre. The bright red railcars, Siemens-Duewag U2s, were purchased from the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) in 2010. They were built in 1980.

Transandine Railway
Mendoza's development was helped partly due to its position at the start of the Transandine Railway linking it to Santa Rosa de Los Andes in Chile. The only railway operable between Argentina and Chile, after many years of inactivity, it remains currently abandoned.

The railway is a  line, with sections of Abt rack, whilst the railways it links with are both  broad gauge. A journey from Buenos Aires to Chile involved two breaks-of-gauge, and therefore two changes of train, one at Mendoza, and the other at Santa Rosa de Los Andes.

Wine industry

Argentina's Malbec wines originate from Mendoza's high-altitude wine regions of Lujan de Cuyo and the Uco Valley. These districts are located in the foothills of the Andes mountains between 2,800 and 5,000 feet elevation.
Vintner Nicolas Catena Zapata is considered the pioneer of high-altitude growing and was the first, in 1994, to plant a malbec vineyard at 5,000 feet above sea level in the Mendoza region. His family is also credited with making world-class wines and giving status to the wines of Argentina.

The subject of elevation is of much interest to the wine world because with increased altitude, the intensity of the sunlight increases. The role of this increased light intensity is currently being investigated by Catena Zapata's research and development department headed up by Laura Catena, Alejandro Vigil and Fernando Buscema.

In film
Seven Years in Tibet, directed by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud and starring Brad Pitt, was shot in and around Mendoza. Several dozens of sets were built, ranging from a  long recreation of the Tibetan capital city of Lhasa (built in the foothills of the Andes), to a  recreation of the Hall of Good Deeds in the Potala, the ancient palace of the Dalai Lama (built in an abandoned garlic warehouse outside the city).

In video games
Mendoza appears as the penultimate level in the video game Hitman 3. It contains hints of Argentine culture, such as mate, tango, and wine production.

Climate

Mendoza's climate is characterised as an arid (Köppen climate classification BWk); with continental characteristics. Most precipitation in Mendoza falls in the summer months (November–March). Summers are hot and humid where mean temperatures exceed . Average temperatures for January (summer) are  during daytime, and  at night. Winters are cold and dry with mean temperatures below . Night time temperatures can occasionally fall below freezing during the winter. Because winters are dry with little precipitation, snowfall is uncommon, occurring once per year. July (winter) the average temperatures are  and , day and night respectively. Mendoza's annual rainfall is only , so extensive farming is made possible by irrigation from major rivers. The highest temperature recorded was  on January 30, 2003, while the lowest temperature recorded was  on July 10, 1976.

Sports

See

In 1978 Mendoza hosted six matches of the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The six were played at the Malvinas Argentinas Stadium.

In 1982, Mendoza was one of the hosts of the 1982 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship. It was also the host of the 1994 Padel World Championship.

The city boasts at least two significant football clubs—Independiente Rivadavia and Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza, although neither currently plays in the Primera División. A club from the nearby city of Godoy Cruz, Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba, is currently in the 1st division.

International rugby test matches featuring the Argentina national rugby team have also been held in Mendoza.

People

See

International relations

Mendoza is twinned with:
 Tarija, Bolivia
 São Paulo, Brazil
 Nashville, US

See also

 1985 Mendoza earthquake
 2006 Mendoza earthquake

References

Sources
 V. Letelier (1907). Apuntes sobre el terremoto de Mendoza. Santiago
 V. Blasco Ibánez (1910). Argentina y sus Grandezas. Madrid

External links

 Audio slideshow: Mendoza City, Argentina- An earthquake hotspot. Travel writer Christabelle Dilks discusses how earthquakes have shaped the city of Mendoza. Royal Geographical Society's Hidden Journeys project
 Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
 Tourism office

Populated places in Mendoza Province
Capitals of Argentine provinces
Populated places established in 1561
1561 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1561 establishments in South America
Cities in Argentina

Mendoza, Argentina


Dermochelyidae, Chelonioidea üstfamilyasına bağlı bir hayvan familyasıdır.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Chelonioidea
Leopold Fitzinger tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Dermochelyidae


Allium gunibicum, es una especie de planta bulbosa geófita del género Allium, perteneciente a la familia de las amarilidáceas, del orden de las Asparagales.
Se distribuye por el nordeste del Cáucaso.

Taxonomía

Allium gunibicum fue descrita por Miscz. ex Grossh. y publicado en Fl. Kavkaza 1: 208 (1928).
Etimología
Allium: nombre genérico muy antiguo. Las plantas de este género eran conocidos tanto por los romanos como por los griegos. Sin embargo, parece que el término tiene un origen celta y significa "quemar", en referencia al fuerte olor acre de la planta. Uno de los primeros en utilizar este nombre para fines botánicos fue el naturalista francés Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708).

gunibicum: epíteto
Sinonimia
 Allium charadzeae Tscholok.
 Allium chevsuricum Tscholok.
 Allium salthynicum Tscholok.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

gunibicum
Flora del Cáucaso
Plantas descritas en 1928
Plantas descritas por Misczenko
Plantas descritas por Grossheim

Allium gunibicum


Japan je otočna država, koja se sastoji od stratovulkanskog arhipelaga preko 3.000 km duž pacifičke obale istočne Azije. Sastoji se od 6.852 otoka. Pet glavnih otoka su: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku i Okinawa. Otoci Ryukyu i Nanpō nalaze se južno i istočno od glavnih otoka.

Teritorij se prostire na 377.975,24 km2. To je četvrta po veličini otočna država na svijetu i najveća otočna država u istočnoj Aziji. Japan ima 6. najdužu obalu s 29.751 km i 8. najveću ekskluzivnu ekonomsku zonu od 4.470.000 km2 na svijetu.

Teren je uglavnom surov i planinski s 66% šume. Stanovništvo Japana je skupljeno u urbanim područjima na obali, ravnicama i dolinama. Japan se nalazi u sjeverozapadnom Vatrenom prstenu na više tektonskih ploča. Istočno od japanskog arhipelaga nalaze se tri oceanske brazde. Japanska brazda nastaje dok se oceanska tihooceanska ploča podvlači ispod kontinentalne ohotske ploče. Kontinuirani proces subdukcije uzrokuje česte zemljotrese, tsunamije i stratovulkane. Otoci su također pogođeni tajfunima. Subdukcijske ploče povukle su japanski arhipelag prema istoku, pri čemu je nastalo Japansko more i odvojile ga od azijskoga kontinenta stražnjim lukom koji se širio prije 15 milijuna godina.

Klima varira od vlažne kontinentalne na sjeveru do vlažne suptropske i tropske prašumske na jugu. Te razlike u klimi i krajoliku omogućile su razvoj raznolike flore i faune, s nekim rijetkim endemskim vrstama, posebno na otocima Ogasawara.

Japan se proteže od 20° do 45° sjeverne širine (Okinotorishima do Benten-jima) i od 122° do 153° istočne dužine (Yonaguni do Minami Torishima). Japan je okružen morem. Na sjeveru ga Ohotsko more dijeli od ruskog Dalekog istoka, na zapadu ga Japansko more dijeli od Korejskog poluotoka, na jugozapadu Istočno kinesko more dijeli otoke Ryukyu od Kine i Tajvana, na istoku je Tihi ocean.

Izvori

Zemljopis Japana


Georg Christoph Wagenseil (29 January 1715 – 1 March 1777) was an Austrian composer.

He was born in Vienna, and became a favorite pupil of the Vienna court's
Kapellmeister, Johann Joseph Fux. Wagenseil himself composed for the
court from 1739 to his death. He also held positions as harpsichordist and
organist. His pupils included Johann Baptist Schenk (who was to teach
Ludwig van Beethoven), and Marie Antoinette. He traveled little, and died in Vienna having spent most of his life there.

Wagenseil was a well-known musical figure in his day — both Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are known to have been familiar with his works. His early works are Baroque, while his later pieces are in the Classical style. He composed a number of operas, choral works, symphonies, concertos,
chamber music and keyboard pieces.

Compositions
Operas
La generosità trionfante (1745)
Ariodante (1745)
La clemenza di Tito (1745)
Demetrio (1746)
Alexander der Grosse in Indien (1748)
Il Siroe (1748)
L'olimpiade (1749)
Andromeda (1750)
Antigono (1750)
Euridice (1750)
Armida placata (1750)
Vincislao (1750)
Le cacciatrici amanti (1755)
Prometeo assoluto (1762)
Catone (?)
Merope (1766)

Concertos
Concerto for alto trombone in E-flat major
Concerto for cello & orchestra in A major, WV 348
Concerto for cello & orchestra in C major, WV 341
Concerto for flute, strings & continuo in D major, WWV 342
Concerto for flute, strings & continuo in G major
Concerto for fortepiano, violin & strings in A major, WWV 325
Concerto for harpsichord/organ & strings No. 1 in C major
Concerto for harpsichord/organ & strings No. 2 in A major
Concerto for harpsichord/organ & strings No. 4 in E-flat major
Concerto for harpsichord/organ & strings No. 5 in B-flat major
Concerto for harpsichord/organ & strings No. 6 in B-flat major
Concerto for oboe, bassoon, winds, strings & continuo in E-flat major, WWV 345
Concerto for trombone & orchestra in E-flat major
Concerto for harp & orchestra in G major
Concertor for harp & strings in F major, WWV 281

Symphonic Works
Sinfonia in G minor
Symphonia in C major
Symphony in A major, WV 421
Symphony in A major, WV 432
Symphony in B-flat major, WV 441
Symphony in C major, WV 351
Symphony in C major, WV 361
Symphony in D
Symphony in D (WV 374, D10), Op. 3/1
Symphony in E major
Symphony in E major, WV 393
Symphony in F major, WV 398
Symphony in G major, WV 413
Symphony in B-flat major, WV 438

Chamber Works
Sonata for 3 cellos & double bass (or 2 violas, cello & double bass) No.4 in A major
Sonata for 3 cellos & double bass (or 2 violas, cello & double bass) No.6 in G major
Sonata for 3 cellos & double bass (or 2 violas, cello & double bass) No.3 in C major ("Suite des pièces")
Sonata for 3 cellos & double bass (or 2 violas, cello & double bass) No.1 in D major
Sonata for 3 cellos & double bass (or 2 violas, cello & double bass) No.2 in F major
Sonata for 3 cellos & double bass (or 2 violas, cello & double bass) No.5 in B major
Suite de pièces, for 2 clarinets, 2 horns, 2 bassoons & piano in E-flat major
Flute Sonata in E minor

Keyboard Works
Divertimento for keyboard in F major( from 6 Divertimenti, Op 3)
Suite for organ in C major

Vocal Works
Confitebor, for trombone and voice

References

External links
HOASM

Sonatas Op. 2 – Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection

1715 births
1777 deaths
Austrian Classical-period composers
Austrian opera composers
Male opera composers
18th-century Austrian people
Pupils of Johann Joseph Fux
18th-century classical composers
18th-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian male classical composers
18th-century Austrian musicians
Von Möller family

Georg Christoph Wagenseil


An Aristida rhizomophora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jason Richard Swallen. An Aristida rhizomophora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Florida. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aristida

Aristida rhizomophora


Ansamblul urban "Fabric" (II) este o zonă din cartierul Fabric al Timișoarei, declarată monument istoric, având codul LMI TM-II-a-A-06097. Construită după 1870, în special în jurul anilor 1900, zona este relativ omogenă din punct de vedere al stilului arhitectural, predominând stilul Art Nouveau, curentul Secession. Zona este una cu bogat potențial turistic.

Limite
Limitele ansamblului sunt Podul Neptun – Splaiul Nistrului – Str. Profesor Dionisie Linția – Bd. 3 August 1919 (până la nr. 33, inclusiv)  – Str. Mircești (până la intersecția cu Str. Abrud)  – Piața Romanilor – Str. Dr. Ernest Neumann (fostă Episcop Joseph Nischbach).

Istoric
Zona a început să fost construită după ce prin ordinul din 10 noiembrie 1868 al lui Franz Joseph zona Non Aedificandi (esplanada) a fost redusă de la 500 de stânjeni (948 m) la 300 de stânjeni (569 m), astfel suburbiile s-au putut apropia de cetate. Limita de 500 de stânjeni a esplanadei trecea cam la 100–150 m vest de actualele străzi Dacilor și Ștefan cel Mare. Imediat după 1868 a fost trasată actuala Piață a Romanilor și a fost completată latura ei de est cu clădiri, realizând un front închis. În anii 1880 s-a construit pe latura de sud clădirea societății de electricitate, iar după 1890 s-au construit casele de pe latura de vest. Tot în anii 1890 (între 1896–1901) s-a construit în piață biserica Millennium.

Tot după restrângerea esplanadei a început completarea arterei de legătură cu cartierul Cetate, actualul bulevard 3 August 1919. Prima casă construită aici a fost, în 1870, Casa Arhiducelui. Imediat după defortificarea orașului și demolarea zidurilor cetății frontul de nord al bulevardului s-a completat cu un șir de palate. Cu excepția casei Dr. Samuel Kohn, toate clădirile de pe bulevard au fost realizate înainte de Primul Război Mondial, ceea ce îi conferă zonei un caracter relativ unitar.

Turism
Zestrea arhitectonică a zonei este una din atracțiile cartierului Fabric, aici organizându-se tururi turistice.

Clădiri și statui care fac parte din ansamblu

Note

Bibliografie
 Mihai Opriș, Mihai Botescu, Arhitectura istorică din Timișoara, Timișoara: Ed. Tempus, 2014,
  Gyula Delesega, Temesvári kalauz téridőben, Timișoara: Editura Marineasa, 2003,
 Getta Neumann, Pe urmele Timișoarei evreiești, Timișoara: Ed. BrumaR, 2019,
 Alexandra Palconi-Sitov, Mihai-Claudiu Moldovan, Heritage Of Timișoara, Nr. 2/Vorpark, Timișoara, 2023,

Legături externe

Istoria Timișoarei
Monumente istorice din Timișoara

Ansamblul urban „Fabric” (II) din Timișoara


أبو الفضل جعفر بن يحيى بن خالد بن برمك بن جامامش بن بشتاسف البرمكي هو وزير هارون الرشيد، وحامل خاتم السلطة. كان أبوه قد أرسله إلى القاضي أبو يوسف لتعليمه وتفقيهه. اشتهر بمكانته من هارون الرشيد وعلو قدره ونفاذ كلمته. عرف بجوده وسخائه وبذل إلى جانب سماحة الخلق طلاقة الوجه. وكان من ذوي الفصاحة والمشهورين باللسن والبلاغة.

وعند تراجع نفوذ البرامكة بعد وفاة الخيزران والدة هارون الرشيد، أصدر الرشيد بعد فترة وجيزة من رحيل الخيزران أمرًا يقضي بإعفاء جعفر البرمكي من حمل خاتم السلطة، وموجهًا بذلك أول ضربة إلى عائلة البرامكة للحد من نفوذها.
له نظم بالعربية وشعره قليل وله ديوان رسائل قليل.

مصادر

 جعفر البرمكي - الموسوعة العربية
 هارون الرشيد ولعبة الأمم - إبراهيم غرايبة : الجزيرة - المعرفة.

أسر
أشخاص من الدولة العباسية في القرن 8
أشخاص من الدولة العباسية في القرن 9
إعدامات في الدولة العباسية في القرن 9
إيرانيون في القرن 8
إيرانيون في القرن 9
برامكة
شخصيات من ألف ليلة وليلة
فرس قروسطيون
مسلمون في القرن 8
مسلمون في القرن 9
مواليد 150 هـ
مواليد 767
مواليد في بغداد
هارون الرشيد
وزراء عباسيون
وفيات 803
وفيات في بغداد
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 8

جعفر البرمكي


Donanım yazılımı (veya bellenim) (İng: firmware), sayısal veri işleme yeteneği bulunan her tür donanımın kendisinden beklenen işlevleri yerine getirebilmesi için kullandığı yazılımlara verilen addır. Elektronikte ve bilişimde donanım yazılımı, kalıcı bellek, program kodu ve veri deposudur. Donanım yazılımının bulunduğu cihazlara tipik örnekler; (beyaz eşya, elektronik saat, trafik lambaları gibi) gömülü sistemler, bilgisayar çevre birimleri, cep telefonu, dijital fotoğraf makinesi verilebilir. Bu cihazlarda bulunan yazılım, cihazın kontrol programını barındırır. Donanım yazılımı ROM, EPROM, flaş bellek gibi kalıcı bellekte saklanır. Bir cihaz yazılımının değiştirilmesi, cihazın ömrü boyunca ya hiç yapılmaz ya da sadece birkaç kez yapılır. Bazı cihazların yazılımları üretim aşamasından sonra değiştirilemez. Donanım yazılımında güncelleştirme ya yazılım hatası ya da cihaza yeni bir özellik eklemek için yapılır. Bunun için mikroçip ROM'u değiştirilmesi gerekebilir veya flaş belleğin özel bir yöntemle tekrar programlanması gerekir. Bilgisayardaki BIOS yazılımı yalnızca, cihazın temel işlevlerini saklar, işletim sistemi gibi yüksek seviye yazılımlara önayak olur.

Donanım yazılımları genellikle kullanılan mikroişlemcinin komut seti ile yazılmış olan yazılımlardır. Bazı mikroişlemci kontrollü elektronik donanımların yazılımları; olası hata ve eksikliklerin giderilmesi veya güncel gereksinimlerin karşılanabilmesi gibi amaçlar ile yenilenebilir.

Genel bakış

Gelişen teknoloji ile maliyetleri azalan, yetenekleri artan ve boyutları küçülen mikroişlemciler, karmaşık işlevler yerine getiren elektronik gereçlerde ile sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Mikroişlemcilerin kullanımı ile elektronik cihazların yapılarını basitleştirmek, yeteneklerini ileri derecede arttırmak ve maliyetlerini ucuzlatmak mümkün hale gelmiştir.

Cep telefonları, dijital fotoğraf makineleri, MP3 çalarlar gibi bilgisayarlar ile iletişim kurabilen donanımlar ve CD-ROM, ekran kartı, anakartlar gibi bilgisayar donanımları mikroişlemci kontrollü elektronik donanımlara örnek olarak verilebilir.

Güncelleme

Yenilenebilir/güncellenebilir yazılım özelliği olan donanımlarda dahili yazılımlar EPROM veya EEPROM gibi (Elektrikle silinebilir yazılabilir sadece okunabilen bellek - İng: Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) belleklerde saklanılır. Dahili yazılımlar gerek duyulan durumlarda, üretici kuruluşlar tarafından genellikle ücretsiz olarak dağıtılan yenilemeler ile güncellenebilir.

Türkçe desteği olmayan bir cep telefonunun, Türkçeyi destekler hale gelmesi için dahili yazılımının Türkçe destekli olanı ile değiştirilmesi işlemi güncelleme/yenileme işlemine örnek olarak verilebilir.

Genellikle bir bilgisayar ile kurulan bağlantı aracılığı ile yapılan bu işleme güncel kullanımda "ROM'u update etme", "ROM'u flash etme" gibi kendine has adlar da verilmektedir.

Gömülü sistemler

Donanım yazılımı


Mihailo Janković (arhitekt)
Mihailo Janković (sudac), sudac na Beogradskom procesu
Mihajlo Janković - Inajet, jedan od pionira leskovačke industrije

Mihailo Janković


تأثير شتارك ظاهرة انشقاق خطوط الطيف الصادرة من الذرات تحت تأثير مجال كهربائي خارجي، هذا التأثير مشابه لتأثير زيمان الذي يظهر فيه انشقاق خطوط الطيف للذرات تحت تأثير
مجال مغناطيسي خارجي، وأول من اكتشف تأثير المجال الكهربائي على خطوط الطيف هو العالم الألماني جوهانس شتارك عام 1913م، ويُعتبر هذا التأثير من الظواهر المتعلقة بالتركيب الإلكتروني للذرة، وهو أحد الظواهر التي ساعدت على إدراك هذا التركيب بشكل أكثر دقة.

انظر أيضاً

 ذرة
 تأثير زيمان
 طيف الانبعاث
 مطيافية

مراجع

أساسيات فيزياء الكم
ظاهرة فيزيائية
فيزياء ذرية
مطيافيات

تأثير شتارك


خديجة محمد عبد الله الجهمي أو «بنت الوطن» (مواليد بنغازي 15 مارس 1921 - 11 أغسطس 1996) أديبة وإذاعية ليبية، ومن أوائل المدافعات عن حقوق المرأة في ليبيا، حصلت على عدد من الأوسمة بينها جائزة الفاتح التقديرية للفنون والآداب العام 1995، ووسام الفاتح.

تعتبر خديجة الجهمي احدي رائدات المطالبة بحقوق المرأة مند فترة الاستعمار الإيطالي، تولت الاشراف على إصدار مجلة المرأة (مجلة البيت لاحقا) في 5 يناير 1964 وتولت رئاسة تحريرها العام 1965، كما أسست أول مجلة للأطفال وهي مجلة الأمل ورأست تحريرها في 1 أكتوبر 1974، وساهمت في تأسيس الاتحاد النسائي الليبي، وتولت رئاسته عام 1972.

السيرة الذاتية
ولدت خديجة محمد عبد الله الجهمي، في مدينة بنغازى في 15 مارس 1921، والدها هو الشاعر محمد عبد الله الجهمي وكان يعمل في مطبعة تطبع الجريدة التي كانت الإدارة الإيطالية آنذاك تصدرها وهي جريدة بريد برقة وكان يتحدث ويكتب العربية والإيطالية.

في صغرها كتبت رسالة بالإيطالية وأرسلتها إلي زعيم إيطاليا الفاشي بينيتو موسيليني ذكرت فيها: «..أنا معجبة بك كونك تريد أن توحد بلادك، لكن احتلالك لبلادي غير صحيح، ولابد أن تفكر كثيرا كي تترك ليبيا لأهلها وتخرج منها، وإلا سيأتي يوم سيكون جحيما على إيطاليا..» وعلى اثر هذه الرسالة تم استجواب والدها من قبل قوات الاحتلال الإيطالية، حول كيفية كتابة طفلة رسالة كهذه.

التحقت بالمدرسة في سن السابعة في العام 1928 باصرار من والدها، وكانت الدراسة بالمدرسة إيطالية الإدارة والمنهج مع حصتان أسبوعيا للغة العربية وقواعد النحو والقرآن الكريم، لتتوقف عن الدراسة لمدة عامين بداعي العمل ولتعاود الدراسة حتى نالت الشهادة الابتدائية، كما عملت كممرضة متطوعة أثناء سنوات الحرب العالمية الثانية وقصف مدينة بنغازي، تنقلت الأسرة بين القوارشة في ضواحي بنغازي وقمينس. ثم التحقت بمدرسة الأميرة ببنغازى في أكتوبر 1947، ودرست حتى أغسطس 1952م، غادرت إلى مصر لتدرس الإعدادية والثانوية بمدرسة عابدين بالقاهرة حيث انضمت لاحقا لنادي ليبي في مصر هو نادي الشباب الطرابلسي (لاحقا عرف باسم نادي الشباب الليبي)، وكان يضم الطلبة والطالبات الليبيين الذين يدرسون في ليبيا، لتتخرج العام 1956.

العمل الإذاعي
بعد تخرجها عادت إلى بنغازي في أكتوبر 1956 لتلتحق بالعمل كمذيعة في إذاعة بنغازي، وذلك بمبادرة من حميدة العنيزي، لتصبح ثاني مذيعة ليبية بعد حميدة أبو عامر وأول مذيعة تقرأ نشرات الأخبار، ولتنتقل منها لاحقا إلى طرابلس كما استمرت في عملها الصحفي، كما أوفدت إلى تونس لتلقي دورة تدريبية لمدة 100 يوم حيث التقت بالرئيس التونسي الحبيب بورقيبة.

قدمت العديد من التمثيليات الإذاعية وذلك عبر برنامج «المسرح المسموع»، كما قامت باعداد وتقديم عشرات البرامج في الإذاعة منها: صور من الماضي «يتحدث عن سيرة المجاهدين»، سل طبيبك، اسهر معانا، ركن الأطفال وأضواء على المجتمع (استمر 18 عاما)، ندوة الإذاعة، ربع ساعة، صباح الخير، يا فتاح يا عليم، جولة الميكرفون، فكر معى، ركن المرأة، من حياة الناس، لقاءات مع الفنانين العرب.

قامت خديجة الجهمي بتأليف العديد من المؤلفات والقصائد في القصة والزجل الشعبي. كما تغنى من كلماتها عديد المغنين والمغنيات الليبيين.
توفيت خديجة الجهمي في 11 أغسطس 1996 ودفنت في مسقط رأسها ببنغازي. تم إطلاق اسمها على عدة مؤسسات ليبية من مدارس ومكتبات بينها مكتبة النساء في طرابلس.

كتب صدرت عنها
 بنت الوطن (اعداد عزيزة الشيباني)
 خديجة الجهمي نصف قرن من الابداع (اعداد حميدة بن عامر)
 أنا خديجة الجهمي (اعداد أسماء الأسطى)

مراجع

أشخاص من بنغازي
إعلاميون ليبيون
صحفيات ليبيات
صحفيون ليبيون
كاتبات ليبيات
كتاب وكاتبات ليبيون
ليبيات في القرن 20
مذيعات ليبيات
مواليد 1339 هـ
مواليد 1921
ناشطات ليبيات
نسويون ليبيون
وفيات 1417 هـ
وفيات 1996

خديجة الجهمي


Le Voyage chez les Bulgares de la Volga est un récit de voyage du  du voyageur arabe Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān. Ce dernier faisait partie de l'ambassade abbasside envoyée par le calife al-Muqtadir le  en direction du roi des Bulgares de la Volga, Almish.

Cette relation de voyage est une œuvre importante dans la littérature géographique arabe d'un point de vue historique, géographique et ethnographique. C'est une source historique intéressante pour la connaissance des peuples turcs nomade au nord du dār al-islām, tel que les Oghouzes, les Petchénègues ou encore les Bachkirs. Cette relation de voyage d'Ibn Faḍlān est surtout connue pour la description détaillée des funérailles d'un chef varègue.

Découverte du livre
Jusqu'au début du , la relation de voyage d'Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān n'était connue que de manière parcellaire grâce aux citations qu'en propose le Dictionnaire géographique de Yāqūt () dans les articles "Itil", "Bachgird", "Bulġār", "Khazar", "Ḫwārizm", "Rūs".

Ahmed Zeki Validi Togan découvre en 1923, à Machhad (Iran), un manuscrit qui comprenait le texte d'Aḥmad Ibn Faḍlān, une partie du Kitāb al-buldān d'Ibn al-Faqīh et deux Risāla-s d'Abū Dulaf Misʿar. L'ouvrage d'Ibn Faḍlān est traduit pour la première fois en 1939, en allemand. Une seconde traduction, russe, voit le jour en 1956, accompagnée d'une nouvelle étude et d'un commentaire développé par l'historien Kovalevsky. En France, c'est Marius Canard qui traduit l'ouvrage complet en 1958, offrant en plus une critique de l'œuvre.

Étude concernant l'œuvre
Il semblerait que le texte du manuscrit de Machhad ne soit pas l'original mais un abrégé réalisé par un vizir samanide de Boukhara. Marius Canard pense qu'il existait une version originale destinée à l'administration califale, contenant des informations politiques d'une grande importance pour l'époque et qui ne devaient pas être divulguées. La version originale semble perdue et seule un texte adapté au grand public existe aujourd'hui. L'œuvre a en effet connu un grand succès auprès des musulmans lettrés de l'époque, curieux d'en connaitre plus sur les populations avec lesquelles ils entretenaient des relations en dehors du territoire de l'Islam .

Résumé
Le 21 juin 921, une ambassade partit de Bagdad en direction de la ville de Bolgar, proche de la Volga. Ce départ faisait suite à la réception d'une lettre envoyée par Almish Yiltiwar, le roi des Bulgares de la Volga, au calife al-Muqtadir. L'ambassade, composée d'un peu moins d'une dizaine de membres, n'atteignit sa destination que le 12 mai 922.

Le roi Almish s'était converti à l'islam et entretenait des liens avec certaines personnes de la cour d'al-Muqtadir, notamment l'eunuque Naḍīr al-Ḥaramī. Le roi Almish réclamait des enseignants et des juristes pour instruire son peuple dans la religion musulmane, ainsi qu'une aide financière afin d'édifier une forteresse contre les Khazars.

Durant son voyage, Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān croisa plusieurs peuples. Au commencement, il croisa principalement des nomades turcs : Ghuzz (Oghouzes), Petchénègues et Bachkirs. Il arriva ensuite chez les Bulgares de la Volga qu'il nomme les Ṣaqāliba (Slave). À Bulġār, la capitale des Bulgares de la Volga, il croisa des Rūs venus commercer et assista à une cérémonie funéraire d'un dignitaire rūs. Ibn Faḍlān termine son récit en évoquant les Khazars et leur Khaqan, notamment à partir d'informations orales .

L'ambassade abbasside
L'ambassade était composée d'une dizaine de membres. Naḍīr al-Haramī fut chargé de constituer l'ambassade, d'en recruter le personnel et de financer la mission ; il ne fit cependant pas partie du voyage. Sawsan al-Rassī, affranchi de Naḍīr al-Haramī, était le représentant du calife. ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāštū, un musulman d'origine khazar qui accompagné l'ambassade, était le représentant du roi des Bulgares de la Volga. L'expert local des régions turques était Takīn al-Turkī. Le soldat Bārs al-Ṣaqlābī était probablement un ancien commandant samanide qui avait fait défection en 908 ou en 909 de l'armée samanide. Aḥmad ibn Mūsā al-Ḫwārazmī, qui quitta Bagdad après le départ de l'ambassade, était chargé de transporter l'argent demandé par le roi des Bulgares pour la construction de sa forteresse ; il fut cependant arrêté en chemin. Ahmad ibn Faḍlān avait pour sa part pour rôle de lire les lettres destinées au roi Almish et de présenter formellement les cadeaux destinés à honorer les hôtes de la mission. Des juristes, des instructeurs ainsi qu'un interprète complétèrent l'ambassade.

L'ambassade poursuivait un but politico-religieux. Selon l'historienne Paule Charles-Dominiques, le calife al-Muqtadir pouvait craindre un rapprochement entre les Bulgares et les Sâmânide ou les Alides du Tabaristan. Kovalevsky y voit un autre intérêt pour al-Muqtadir, le développement de l'Islam chez les Bulgares et les Oghouzes permettrait au calife de s'allier à ces deux peuples face aux Khazars.

Une œuvre ethnographique
Durant son voyage, Ahmad ibn Faḍlān croisa plusieurs peuples et la relation de voyage qu'il rédigea a une forte portée ethnographique. Il propose ainsi une description physique des peuples rencontrés, mais s'intéresse aussi à leur culture, à leurs mœurs, à leurs croyances ainsi qu'à leur style de vie. Il décrit par exemple les Rūs en ces termes : « Je n'ai jamais remarqué d'hommes si bien faits. Ils ressemblent en effet à des palmiers. Ils sont blonds et rougeauds. Ils ne portent ni tuniques, ni caftans, mais ils mettent un vêtement qui recouvre un côté du corps et laisse une main libre. […] Ils ont sur le corps, de l'extrémité des ongles au cou, des tatouages représentant des arbres, des figures et autres. » Il n'hésite pas non plus à critiquer leur hygiène « Les Rūs sont les hommes les plus sales au monde. Ils ne se lavent ni après avoir déféqué et uriné, ni après les relations sexuelles. Ils ne se nettoient pas les mains après le repas. Ils ressemblent à des ânes errants. » Ibn Faḍlān présente les Rūs comme mi-commerçants, mi-guerriers.

Annexes

Traductions

En français
 Ibn Fadlân, Voyage chez les Bulgares de la Volga , trad. Marius Canard, (1988, rééd. 1999), éd. Sindbad, Paris, 130 p.
 Ibn Fadlân, Ibn Jubayr, Ibn Battûta et un auteur anonyme, Voyageurs arabes, trad. Paule Charles-Dominiques, éditions Gallimard, 1995, France, 1472 p.

En anglais
 Ibn Fadlân, Ibn Fadlân's journey to Russia: A tenth-century travellers from Baghdad to the Volga River, traduction et commentaire par Richard Frye, Markus Wiener Publishing Inc, États-Unis, 2005, 160 p.
 Ibn Fadlân, Ibn Fadlân and the Land of Darkness. Arab Travellers in the Far North, Introduction et traduction par Paul Lunde et Caroline Stone, éditions Penguin Classics, 2012, 256 p
 Abū Zayd al Sīrāfī, Ibn Fadlân, Two Arabic Travel Books: Accounts of China and India and Mission to the Volga, édité et traduit par Tim Mackintosh-Smith et James E. Montgomery, éditions New York University Press, 2014, 320 p.
 Ibn Fadlân, Mission to the Volga, traduction James E. Montgomery et préface de Tim Severin, éditions NYU, 2017, 108 p.

Bibliographie

Articles
Amitai, Reuven, « Towards a pre-history of the Islamization of the Turks: A re-reading of Ibn Fadlân's Rihla », dans Étienne de la Vaissière (éd.) Islamisation de l'Asie centrale, Processus locaux d'acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle, L'association pour l'avancement des études iraniennes, Studia Iranica, 39, Paris, 2008, p. 277-296.
Ducène, Jean-Charles, « Le paganisme européen dans les sources arabes (9e -11e siècles) », Acta Orientalia Belgica, XXX (2017), p. 137-150.
Frye, Richard et Blake P., « Notes on the Risala of Ibn-Fadlan », dans Clifford E. Bosworth (éd.), The Turks in the Early Islamic World, Routledge, États-Unis, 2007, p. 7-37.
Giusti, Francesco, « Encountering the Other in the Middle Ages: from Ibn Fadlan's Account to Michael Crichton's Fiction. », dans Nijolė Vaičiulėnaitė-Kašelionienė (dir.) Transformations of the European landscape: Encounters between the Self and the Other, , Acta littetaria comparative, vol. V, 2010-2011, p. 381-393.
Hraundal, Thorir Jonsson, « New Perspectives on Eastern Vikings/Rus in Arabic Sources » Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 2014
Lahmar, Hajer, « Le « je » et/est l'« autre ». Lecture du Voyage d'Ibn Faḍlān chez les Bulgares de la Volga. », dans Omar Fertat (dir.), L'« autre » et ses représentations dans la culture arabo-musulmane, PU Bordeaux, France, 2016, p. 81-104.
Lajoye, Patrice, « Les Rous d'ibn Fadlân : Slaves ou Scandinaves ? Une approche critique », Presses universitaires de Caen (Publications du CRAHAM/Histoire médiévale), 2014
Montgomery, James E., « Ibn Faḍlān and the Rūssiyyah », Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, vol. III (2000), p. 1-25.
Montgomery, James E., « Travelling autopsies: Ibn Faḍlān and the Bulghār », Middle Eastern Literatures, vol. VII (2004), p. 3-32.
 Treadwell, Luke, « Who Compiled and Edited the Mashhad Miscellany? », Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, vol. XXVIII (2020), p. 45-76.

Ouvrages

 Boyer, Régis, La mort chez les anciens scandinaves, Les Belles lettres, Paris, 1994, p. 241.
 Boyer, Régis, Les Vikings : histoire et civilisation, éditions Perrin, 2015, 442 p.
 Donini, Pier Giovanni, Arab travelers and geographers, Immel Pub, États-Unis, 1991, 107 p.
 Ducène, Jean-Charles, L'Europe et les géographes arabes du Moyen Âge, CNRS éditions, 2018, 504 p.
 Hraundal, Thorir Jonsson, The Rus in Arabic Sources: Cultural Contacts and Identity, thèse de doctorat, Centre for Medieval Studies University of Bergen, 2013, 220 p.
 Levi, Scott C. et Sela, Ron, Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources, Indiana University Press, États-Unis, 2009, 338 p.
 Lewicki, Tadeusz, l'apport des sources arabes médiévales, IXe – Xe siècles, à la connaissance de l'Europe centrale et orientale, Spoleto, 1965
 Miquel, André, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du 11e siècle. Tome 1, éditions EHESS, 2001, 342 p.
Miquel, André, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du 11e siècle. Tome 2. Volume 1, éditions EHESS, 2001, 426 p.
Miquel, André, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du 11e siècle. Tome 2. Volume 2, éditions EHESS, 2001, 705 p.
 Mockers, Elizabeth, Géographes arabo-musulmans du Xe au XIVe siècle, Mélis éditions, France, 2006, 139 p.
 Roux, Jean-Paul, La mort chez les peuples altaïques anciens et médiévaux d'après les documents écrits, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve, Paris, 1963, 215 p.
 Roux, Jean-Paul, La religion des Turcs et des Mongols, Payot, France, 1984, 323 p.

Articles connexes

 Ahmad Ibn Fadlân
 Khanat bulgare de la Volga
 Varègues
 Petchénègue
 Oghuz
 Bachkirs

Notes et références

Œuvre littéraire arabe
Littérature musulmane
Littérature de langue arabe
Œuvre du haut Moyen Âge
Œuvre scientifique du haut Moyen Âge

Voyage chez les Bulgares de la Volga


Garfield Kart est un jeu de course de kart édité par Microids et développé par Artefacts Studio. Le jeu est basé sur The Garfield Show, qui est basé sur la bande dessinée américaine Garfield. Le créateur de Garfield, Jim Davis, était le producteur exécutif. Le jeu est sorti pour Microsoft Windows, Macintosh et Nintendo 3DS, iOS et Android. Les versions iOS et Android ne sont plus disponibles.

Système de jeu
Garfield Kart est un jeu de course de kart similaire à la série Mario Kart. Le joueur peut concourir sur différentes pistes, collecter des objets et des bonus qui interfèrent avec les autres coureurs. Les joueurs peuvent également personnaliser leurs véhicules et jouer en ligne, bien que la fonctionnalité en ligne ne soit disponible que sur Windows. Le joueur peut choisir huit personnages, mais seuls Garfield et Jon sont disponibles dans un premier temps, les autres devant être débloqués. Il y a des défis quotidiens que le joueur peut relever, ce qui lui donnera des options pour personnaliser son véhicule.

Vous avez le choix entre trois coupes : Lasagne, Pizza et Hamburger. Il y a aussi la coupe de Crème Glacée cachée, qui est déverrouillée en complétant toutes les autres coupes en difficulté 150cc. Chaque coupe contient quatre cartes, pour seize au total. Vous avez également le choix entre trois difficultés : 50cc, 100cc et 150cc. La Lasagna Cup est toujours gratuite et la Pizza Cup est gratuite pour 50cc, mais pour les 100cc et 150cc, le joueur doit déverrouiller les coupes ou peut payer pour les essayer en utilisant des pièces en jeu.

Accueil
Garfield Kart a reçu un accueil principalement négatif de la part des critiques en raison de ce que la presse a appelée un gameplay sans imagination, une faible valeur de production et des mécanismes mal conçus. Cependant, le jeu a reçu un accueil très positif dans les avis des utilisateurs sur Steam et d'autres plateformes, probablement parce que le jeu est devenu un mème Internet.

Dans sa critique, Nintendo Life a attribué à Garfield Kart une note de 3/10 tout en le décrivant comme « un jeu de Kart fade et horriblement déséquilibré ». Hardcore Gamer a donné à Garfield Kart une note de 1,5, critiquant le jeu comme « absolument épouvantable ».

Suite
Le , il a été annoncé que Garfield Kart obtiendrait une suite intitulée Garfield Kart : Furious Racing. Le jeu est sorti le  pour Windows et Macintosh (Steam) et le  pour Nintendo Switch,  et Xbox One.

Références

Jeu vidéo développé en France
Adaptation d'une série animée en jeu vidéo
Jeu vidéo de karting
Jeu Windows
Jeu Nintendo 3DS
Jeu Android
Jeu iOS
Jeu vidéo Garfield
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2013

Garfield Kart


Vailate ist eine norditalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Cremona in der Lombardei. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 48,5 Kilometer nordwestlich von Cremona und etwa 33,5 Kilometer östlich von Mailand. Vailate grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Bergamo.

Persönlichkeiten
 Jacobinus de Vaylate (* um 1415 in Vailate; † nach 1476 ebenda ?), Maler tätig in der Kirche Santa Maria in Selva zu Locarno
 Pierino Baffi (1930–1985), Radrennfahrer
 Giancarlo Perego (* 1960), römisch-katholischer Geistlicher, Erzbischof von Ferrara-Comacchio
 Adriano Baffi (* 1962), Radrennfahrer und Sportmanager

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in der Lombardei

Vailate