Hetzlos ist ein Ortsteil des Marktes Oberthulba im Landkreis Bad Kissingen in Bayern.

Geographische Lage

Das Kirchdorf Hetzlos liegt am Fuße des Büchelbergs westlich von Oberthulba. Die durch Hetzlos verlaufende KG 35 mündet westwärts in der B 27. Ostwärts führt die KG 35 nach Frankenbrunn und Reith. Durch Hetzlos verläuft der Fränkische Marienweg.

Geschichte

Anfänge

Die erste bekannte urkundliche Erwähnung des Büchelbergs, auf dem später der Ort Hetzlos entstand, stammt vom 7. Januar 777 im Rahmen einer Schenkung an das Kloster Fulda durch König Karl den Großen. Wenige Jahrhunderte später entstand auf dem Büchelberg eine Burganlage; es ist jedoch unbekannt, ob diese bereits im achten Jahrhundert bestand. Für das 13. und 14. Jahrhundert gibt es Nachweise über Mitglieder des Geschlechtes von Buchenberg. So war im Jahr 1230 ein Berthold von Buchenberg Zeuge bei einem Kaufvertrag zwischen Otto von Botenlauben und Bischof Hermann I. von Lobdeburg. Von Heinrich von Buchenberg, der im Jahr 1345 starb, ist bekannt, dass er 1303 und 1314 Lehnsstücke in der Region besaß. Als Äbtissin des Klosters Thulba ist eine Anna von Buchenberg bekannt. Auf dem heutigen Gebiet von Hetzlos wurde, nachdem das Geschlecht von Buchenberg möglicherweise ausgestorben war, den Herren von Erthal der Büchelberg und die Hetzloser Region zum Lehen gegeben. Für diese Zeit ist die Burg auf dem Büchelberg bereits belegt. Es wurden die drei Gemeinden Hetzlos, Obererthal und Untererthal gegründet, deren Grenzen im Jahr 1669 festgelegt wurden. Ferner entstand ein Dorf namens Igelweid, das für das Jahr 1311 erstmals belegt ist, vermutlich von Sachsen bewohnt war und später zur Wüstung wurde.

Die erste bekannte urkundliche Erwähnung von Hetzlos stammt aus dem Jahr 1447, als ein Hans Keller zu Lohr von den Brüdern Anton und Heinrich von Erthal den kleinen Wald Igels als Afterlehen bekam. Der Ortsname von Hetzlos entstand aus dem Hof "Hezzels", einem Namen für Heinrich, und wandelte sich von "Hetzles" über "Hötzles" zu "Hetzlar". Im Namen kommt zum Ausdruck, dass zu den Anfangszeiten des Ortes Adelige hier Jagden veranstalteten, wobei Hunde zur Hatz geschickt wurden.

Hetzlos zu Beginn der Neuzeit
Im Jahr 1473 wurde Hetzlos das Lehen der Hammelburger Schultheißen und kam erst 1558 unter Hans Jörg von Erthal, der im Jahr 1571 auch die Burg auf dem Büchelberg aufkaufte, wieder in den Besitz der Herren von Erthal zurück. Die ersten Bewohner von Hetzlos lebten von Viehzucht und Weinbau; der Boden war zu unfruchtbar für den Ackerbau. Die Nutzung einer gemeinsamen Markung durch Hetzlos, Obererthal und Untererthal für die Viehzucht führte zu häufigen Konflikten zwischen diesen Orten, so dass im Jahr 1566 ein Vertrag geschlossen wurde, der die Nutzung der Markung regelte. Als drei Hetzloser Bürger dem Junker Dietrich Holz in Erthal den Frondienst verweigerten und daraufhin mit einer Gefängnisstrafe belegt wurden, machte der Abt des Klosters Fulda auf eine Vereinbarung von 1522 aufmerksam, wonach Hetzlos Erbhuldigung und Gehorsam dem Stift Fulda zu leisten hatte. Da die Vogteirechte jeweils zur Hälfte den Herren von Erthal und dem Stift Fulda gehörten, kam es zwischen beiden Seiten zu Konflikten um die Vorherrschaft.

Im Jahr 1623 kam es zu einer Gerichtsverhandlung zwischen Frankenbrunn und Hetzlos, als Frankenbrunn den Hetzlosern das anfänglich zugebilligte Weiderecht in der Frankenbrunner Gemarkung absprechen wollte. Hetzlos verwies auf den Erbzins und den Zehnten, den der Ort für das Weiderecht an Frankenbrunn entrichtete. Auf Grund der Gerichtsentscheidung vom Mai 1624 konnte Hetzlos sein Weiderecht behalten. Der Dreißigjährige Krieg machte im Jahr 1629 die Pläne des verschuldeten Hans von Erthal, seine Güter an das Kloster Fulda zu verkaufen, unmöglich. Während eines Gewitters am 2. August 1631 kam es in Hetzlos zu Überschwemmungen, zur Vernichtung der Ernte und zur Zerstörung dreier Scheunen und eines Wohnhauses durch Blitzschlag. Im selben Jahr kam es kriegsbedingt zu zahlreichen Plünderungen durch schwedische Truppen. Zahlreiche Einwohner fielen der Pest zum Opfer; ebenfalls kriegsbedingt wuchs die Steuerlast. Nachdem es zu weiteren Plünderungen durch die Schweden gekommen war, die letzten Einwohner den Ort verließen und die Herren von Erthal im Jahr 1645 die verlassenen Anwesen zu Abbruchszwecken an Bauern veräußerten, verhinderte eine Feldbewirtschaftung durch fünf "Hausgesessene" im Jahr 1658 eine Wüstwerdung des Ortes. Auf Veranlassung des Würzburger Oberamtmanns Julius Gottfried von und zu Erthal wurden am 12. November 1669 die Grenzen des Ortes sowie der Erthalschen Güter zu den Nachbarorten festgelegt. Im Jahr 1697 forderte Hetzlos die Entrichtung der Steuern für die Äcker am Büchelberg nach Hetzlos und nicht nach Untererthal. Aus diesem Anlass pfändete Hetzlos 40 Garben Hafer vom Acker des Untererthaler Maurers Kunz Stichel, musste aber den Hafer auf Befehl des Fürstabtes wieder abgeben. Im Ja|hr 1714 kam es zum Konflikt mit den Untererthalern, die sich über das Hüterecht der Hetzloser am Büchelberg beschwerten und am 25. Juni 1714 die Hetzloser Herde von 56 Schweinen pfändete, diese verkaufte und den Erlös vertrank. Am 24. Oktober 1717 wurde vom Fuldaer Gericht entschieden, dass Untererthal für sein Vorgehen eine Entschädigung an Hetzlos zu entrichten hatte. Im Jahr 1775 entstand aus Steinen der durch den Dreißigjährigen Krieg zerfallenen Büchelburg die neue Hetzloser Kirche, die 1979 renoviert wurde. Im gleichen Jahr wurde die Schule des Ortes errichtet.

Bayerisches Königreich
Am 19. September 1803 wurde Hetzlos fuldisches Lehen. Am 4. Dezember 1805 kam der Ort durch den fuldischen Lehenshof an das Amt Hammelburg. Im Jahr 1806 wurde das Ackerland am Büchelberg Bestandteil der Hetzloser Gemarkung. Ab demselben Jahr gehörte der Ort zur Provence de Fulde; vier Jahre später ging er an das Großherzogtum Frankfurt und gehörte mit dem Amt Hammelburg zu Bayern.

Hetzlos nach 1945
Am 1. Mai 1978 wurde Hetzlos im Rahmen der Gemeindegebietsreform nach Oberthulba eingemeindet.

Weblinks

 Hetzlos auf www.oberthulba.de
 Geschichte von Hetzlos auf www.oberthulba.de
 Die Mariae-Himmelfahrt-Kirche auf www.oberthulba.de
 Die Mariae-Himmelfahrt-Kirche in Pfarreiengemeinschaft St. Michael im Thulbatal

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Bad Kissingen
Oberthulba
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Bad Kissingen)
Ersterwähnung 777
Gemeindeauflösung 1978
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)

Hetzlos


أبو تاشفين ابن أبو حمو موسى الأول هو خامس ملوك الدولة الزيانية، حكم من عام 1318 إلى غاية مقتله في عام 1337. واصل سياسة توطيد سلطة بني عبد الواد التي بدأها والده ليأخذ منطقة وادي الشلف والقبائل الزنتية المجاورة له توجين ومغراوة. تحكمت الدولة الزيانية في عهده على عدة موانئ وأهم سبل وطرق القوافل العابرة للصحراء. كما أقام علاقات مع مملكة أراغون ومايوركة لتتمكن تلمسان من الاستحواذ على التجارة من جنوب إلى شمال البحر المتوسط.

بنى المدرسة التاشفينية في عام 1327، بالقرب من الجامع الكبير في تلمسان الذي دمرها الاستعمار الفرنسي سنة 1873 لبناء دار البلدية على موقعها.

مقتله
في عام 1337 وقعت العاصمة تلمسان في يد أبو الحسن المريني وقُتل أبو تاشفين مع أسرته وثلة من قادته.

المصادر

أشخاص لم تذكر تاريخ الوفاة
بنو زيان
شخصيات تاريخية جزائرية
ملوك الأمازيغ
ملوك بني عبد الواد
وفيات 1337
وفيات في تلمسان
ملكيون في إفريقيا في القرن 14
ملكيون في إفريقيا القرن 14

أبو تاشفين الأول


Hjarðmaríustakkur (fræðiheiti Alchemilla monticola) er fjölær jurt af rósaætt (Rosaceae). Hann er frá Evrópu austur í Síberíu og mið-Kína.

Heimildir

Maríustakkar

Hjarðmaríustakkur


No es el premio ganar sin saber lo que fue perder es el cuarto álbum de la banda de rock argentina D-Mente, lanzado el 24 de octubre de 2011, y el último con la participación de Marcelo Baraj como baterista. El álbum consta de 10 canciones, entre las cuales destaca la séptima como la única acústica, entre las demás que poseen un sonido agresivo y pesado, característico del álbum.

La carátula del disco consiste en una fotografía de las manos empuñadas de Andrés Giménez, vocalista y guitarrista de la banda, en las que puede leerse "No es el premio ganar" tatuado en la derecha, y "Sin saber lo que fue perder" en la izquierda. Además, el título del álbum coincide con una parte del coro de la canción Enviciado, cuarto sencillo del primer disco de D-mente, que lleva el mismo nombre.

Hasta la fecha se han lanzado dos videoclips oficiales de este disco: "La soledad" y "Serás el juez".

Lista de canciones
 La soledad
 Himno de fe
 Óyeme
 Serás el juez
 Hasta el fin
 Grito para no callar
 En tus brazos
 Es el momento
 Nada ha sido en vano
 Sabes bien

Integrantes de la banda
 Andrés Giménez - Guitarra rítmica y voz
 Marcelo Baraj - Batería
 Lisandro Álvarez - Guitarra líder
 Cristian Cocchiararo - Bajo y coros

Enlaces externos
 D-Mente, página oficial

Álbumes de D-mente
Álbumes de 2011
Álbumes en español
Álbumes de groove metal


ljetni suncostaj
 Najduži dan (1962.), američki igrani film
 Najduži dan (dokumentarni serijal), hrvatski dokumentarni serijal
 Najduži dan (knjiga) Corneliusa Ryana iz 1959.

Najduži dan


Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), also Wernicke's encephalopathy, or wet brain is the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin reserves, in particular thiamine (vitamin B1). The condition is part of a larger group of thiamine deficiency disorders that includes beriberi, in all its forms, and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. When it occurs simultaneously with alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome it is known as Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome.

Classically, Wernicke encephalopathy is characterised by a triad of symptoms: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. Around 10% of patients exhibit all three features, and other symptoms may also be present. While it is commonly regarded as a condition peculiar to malnourished people with alcohol misuse, it can be caused by a variety of diseases.
It is treated with thiamine supplementation, which can lead to improvement of the symptoms and often complete resolution, particularly in those where alcohol misuse is not the underlying cause. Often other nutrients also need to be replaced, depending on the cause. Medical literature notes how managing the condition in a timely fashion can avoid worsening symptoms.

Wernicke encephalopathy may be present in the general population with a prevalence of around 2%, and is considered underdiagnosed; probably, many cases are in patients who do not have commonly-associated symptoms.

Signs and symptoms
The classic triad of symptoms found in Wernicke encephalopathy is:
 ophthalmoplegia (later expanded to other eye movement disorders, most commonly affecting the lateral rectus muscle. Lateral nystagmus is most commonly seen although lateral rectus palsy, usually bilateral, may be seen).
 ataxia (later expanded to imbalance or any cerebellar signs)
 confusion (later expanded to other mental changes. Has 82% incidence in diagnosis cases)

Other symptoms found in patients with this condition include:
 pupillary changes, retinal hemorrhage, papilledema, impaired vision and hearing, vision loss
 hearing loss,
 fatigability, apathy, irritability, drowsiness, psycho and/or motor slowing
 dysphagia, blush, sleep apnea, epilepsy and stupor
 lactic acidosis
 memory impairment, amnesia, depression, psychosis
 hypothermia, polyneuropathy, hyperhidrosis.

Although hypothermia is usually diagnosed with a body temperature of 35 °C (95 °F), or less, incipient cooling caused by deregulation in the central nervous system (CNS) needs to be monitored because it can promote the development of an infection. The patient may report feeling cold, followed by mild chills, cold skin, moderate pallor, tachycardia, hypertension, tremor or piloerection. External warming techniques are advised to prevent hypothermia.

Among the frequently altered functions are the cardio circulatory. There may be tachycardia, dyspnea, chest pain, orthostatic hypotension, changes in heart rate and blood pressure. The lack of thiamine sometimes affects other major energy consumers, the myocardium, and also patients may have developed cardiomegaly. Heart failure with lactic acidosis syndrome has been observed. Cardiac abnormalities are an aspect of the WE, which was not included in the traditional approach, and are not classified as a separate disease.
Infections have been pointed out as one of the most frequent triggers of death in WE. Furthermore, infections are usually present in pediatric cases.

In the last stage other symptoms may occur: hyperthermia, increased muscle tone, spastic paralysis, choreic dyskinesias and coma.

Because of the frequent involvement of heart, eyes and peripheral nervous system, several authors prefer to call it Wernicke disease rather than simply encephalopathy.

Early symptoms are nonspecific, and it has been stated that WE may present nonspecific findings. In Wernicke Korsakoff's syndrome some single symptoms are present in about one-third.

Location of the lesion
Depending on the location of the brain lesion different symptoms are more frequent:
 Brainstem tegmentum. - Ocular: pupillary changes. Extraocular muscle palsy; gaze palsy: nystagmus.
 Hypothalamus.  Medulla: dorsal nuc. of vagus. - Autonomic dysfunction: temperature; cardiocirculatory; respiratory.
 Medulla: vestibular region. Cerebellum. - Ataxia.
 Dorsomedial nuc. of thalamus. Mammillary bodies. - Amnestic syndrome for recent memory.
Mamillary lesion are characteristic-small petechial hemorrhages are found.
 Diffuse cerebral dysfunction.- Altered cognition: global confusional state.
 Brainstem: periaqueductal gray.- Reduction of consciousness
 Hypothalamic lesions may also affect the immune system, which is known in people who consume excessive amounts of alcohol, causing dysplasias and infections.

Korsakoff syndrome
Korsakoff syndrome, characterised by memory impairment, confabulation, confusion and personality changes, has a strong and recognised link with WE. A very high percentage of patients with Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome also have peripheral neuropathy, and many people who consume excess alcohol have this neuropathy without other neurologic signs or symptoms. Korsakoff's occurs much more frequently in WE due to chronic alcoholism. It is uncommon among those who do not consume excessive amounts of alcohol. Up to 80% of WE patients who misuse alcohol develop Korsakoff's syndrome. In Korsakoff's, is usually observed atrophy of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies, and frontal lobe involvement.  In a study, half of Wernicke–Korsakoff cases had good recovery from the amnesic state, which may take from 2 months to 10 years.

Risk factors
Wernicke encephalopathy has classically been thought of as a disease solely of people who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, but it is also found in the chronically undernourished, and in recent years had been discovered post bariatric surgery. Without being exhaustive, the documented causes of Wernicke encephalopathy have included:
 pancreatitis, liver dysfunction, chronic diarrhea, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, uremia, thyrotoxicosis
 vomiting, hyperemesis gravidarum, malabsorption, gastrointestinal surgery or diseases
 incomplete parenteral nutrition, starvation/fasting
 chemotherapy, renal dialysis, diuretic therapy, stem cell/marrow transplantation
 cancer, AIDS,  Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, febrile infections
 this disease may even occur in some people with normal, or even high blood thiamine levels, are people with deficiencies in intracellular transport of this vitamin. Selected genetic mutations, including presence of the X-linked transketolase-like 1 gene, SLC19A2 thiamine transporter protein mutations, and the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 gene, which may predispose to alcohol use disorder. The APOE epsilon-4 allele, involved in Alzheimer's disease, may increase the chance of developing neurological symptoms.

Pathophysiology
Thiamine deficiency and errors of thiamine metabolism are believed to be the primary cause of Wernicke encephalopathy. Thiamine, also called B1, helps to break down glucose. Specifically, it acts as an essential coenzyme to the TCA cycle and the pentose phosphate shunt. Thiamine is first metabolised to its more active form, thiamine diphosphate (TDP), before it is used. The body only has 2–3 weeks of thiamine reserves, which are readily exhausted without intake, or if depletion occurs rapidly, such as in chronic inflammatory states or in diabetes. Thiamine is involved in:
 Metabolism of carbohydrates, releasing energy.
 Production of neurotransmitters including glutamic acid and GABA.
 Lipid metabolism, necessary for myelin production.
 Amino acid modification. Probably linked to the production of taurine, of great cardiac importance.

Neuropathology
The primary neurological-related injury caused by thiamine deficiency in WE is three-fold: oxidative damage, mitochondrial injury leading to apoptosis, and directly stimulating a pro-apoptotic pathway. Thiamine deficiency affects both neurons and astrocytes, glial cells of the brain. Thiamine deficiency alters the glutamate uptake of astrocytes, through changes in the expression of astrocytic glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2, leading to excitotoxicity. Other changes include those to the GABA transporter subtype GAT-3, GFAP, glutamine synthetase, and the Aquaporin 4 channel. Focal lactic acidosis also causes secondary oedema, oxidative stress, inflammation and white matter damage.

Pathological anatomy

Despite its name, WE is not related to Wernicke's area, a region of the brain associated with speech and language interpretation.

Brain lesions in WE are usually credited to focal lactic acidosis. An absence of thiamine can lead to too much pyruvate within the cells since it's not available to help convert pyruvate through the TCA cycle. An increase in pyruvate causes an increase in lactate concentration leading to focal lactic acidosis.

Lesions can be reversed in most cases with immediate supplementation of thiamine.

Lesions are usually symmetrical in the periventricular region, diencephalon, the midbrain, hypothalamus, and cerebellar vermis. Brainstem lesions may include cranial nerve III, IV, VI and VIII nuclei, the medial thalamic nuclei, and the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. Oedema may be found in the regions surrounding the third ventricle, and fourth ventricle, also appearing petechiae and small hemorrhages. Chronic cases can present the atrophy of the mammillary bodies.

In 1949, the idea that WE lesions are a result of a disruption to the blood-brain barrier was introduced. Large proteins passing into the brain can put neurological tissue at risk of toxic effects. The blood-brain barrier junctions are typically found to have WE lesions located at that region of the brain.

An altered blood–brain barrier may cause a perturbed response to certain drugs and foods.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy or disease is made clinically.  Caine et al. in 1997 established criteria that Wernicke encephalopathy can be diagnosed in any patient with just two or more of the main symptoms noted above. The sensitivity of the diagnosis by the classic triad was 23% but increased to 85% taking two or more of the four classic features. These criteria are challenged because all the cases he studied were people who drank excessive amounts of alcohol. Some consider it sufficient to suspect the presence of the disease with only one of the principal symptoms. Some British hospital protocols suspect WE with any one of these symptoms: confusion, decreased consciousness level (or unconsciousness, stupor or coma), memory loss, ataxia or unsteadiness, ophthalmoplegia or nystagmus, and unexplained hypotension with hypothermia. The presence of only one sign should be sufficient for treatment.

The sensitivity of MR was 53% and the specificity was 93%. The reversible cytotoxic edema was considered the most characteristic lesion of WE. The location of the lesions were more frequently atypical among people who drank appropriate amounts of alcohol, while typical contrast enhancement in the thalamus and the mammillary bodies was observed frequently associated with alcohol misuse. These abnormalities may include:
 Dorsomedial thalami, periaqueductal gray matter, mamillary bodies, tectal plate and brainstem nuclei are commonly affected. Involvement is always bilateral and symmetric. Value of DWI in the diagnosis of WE is minimal. Axial FLAIR MRI images represent the best diagnostic MRI sequence. Contrast material may highlight involvement of the mamillary bodies.
There appears to be very little value for CT scans.

Thiamine can be measured using an erythrocyte transketolase activity assay, or by activation by measurement of in vitro thiamine diphosphate levels. Normal thiamine levels do not necessarily rule out the presence of WE, as this may be a patient with difficulties in intracellular transport.

Prevention
There are hospital protocols for prevention, supplementing with thiamine in the presence of: history of alcohol misuse or related seizures, requirement for IV glucose, signs of malnutrition, poor diet, recent diarrhea or vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, intercurrent illness, delirium tremens or treatment for DTs, and others.

Some experts advise parenteral thiamine should be given to all at-risk patients in the emergency department.

In the clinical diagnosis should be remembered that early symptoms are nonspecific, and it has been stated that WE may present nonspecific findings. There is consensus to provide water-soluble vitamins and minerals after gastric operations.

In some countries certain foods have been supplemented with thiamine, and have reduced WE cases. Improvement is difficult to quantify because they applied several different actions. Avoiding or moderating alcohol consumption and having adequate nutrition reduces one of the main risk factors in developing Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome..

Treatment
Most symptoms will improve quickly if deficiencies are treated early. Memory disorder may be permanent.

In patients suspected of WE, thiamine treatment should be started immediately. Blood should be immediately taken to test for thiamine, other vitamins and minerals levels. Following this an immediate intravenous or intramuscular dose of thiamine should be administered two or three times daily. Thiamine administration is usually continued until clinical improvement ceases.

Considering the diversity of possible causes and several surprising symptomatologic presentations, and because there is low assumed risk of toxicity of thiamine, because the therapeutic response is often dramatic from the first day, some qualified authors indicate parenteral thiamine if WE is suspected, both as a resource for diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis is highly supported by the response to parenteral thiamine, but is not sufficient to be excluded by the lack of it. Parenteral thiamine administration is associated with a very small risk of anaphylaxis.

People who consume excessive amounts of alcohol may have poor dietary intakes of several vitamins, and impaired thiamine absorption, metabolism, and storage; they may thus require higher doses.

If glucose is given, such as in people with an alcohol use disorder who are also hypoglycaemic, thiamine must be given concurrently. If this is not done, the glucose will rapidly consume the remaining thiamine reserves, exacerbating this condition.

The observation of edema in MR, and also the finding of inflation and macrophages in necropsied tissues, has led to successful administration of antiinflammatories.

Other nutritional abnormalities should also be looked for, as they may be exacerbating the disease. In particular, magnesium, a cofactor of transketolase which may induce or aggravate the disease.

Other supplements may also be needed, including: cobalamin, ascorbic acid, folic acid, nicotinamide, zinc, phosphorus (dicalcium phosphate) and in some cases taurine, especially suitable when there cardiocirculatory impairment.
Patient-guided nutrition is suggested. In patients with Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, even higher doses of parenteral thiamine are recommended. Concurrent toxic effects of alcohol should also be considered.

Epidemiology
There are no conclusive statistical studies, all figures are based on partial studies.

Wernicke's lesions were observed in 0.8 to 2.8% of the general population autopsies, and 12.5% of people with an alcohol use disorder. This figure increases to 35% of such individuals if including cerebellar damage due to lack of thiamine.

Most autopsy cases were from people with an alcohol use disorder. Autopsy series were performed in hospitals on the material available which is unlikely to be representative of the entire population. Considering the slight affectations, previous to the generation of observable lesions at necropsy, the percentage should be higher. There is evidence to indicate that Wernicke encephalopathy is underdiagnosed. For example, in one 1986 study, 80% of cases were diagnosed postmortem. Is estimated that only 5–14% of patients with WE are diagnosed in life.

In a series of autopsy studies held in Recife, Brazil, it was found that only 7 out of 36 had consumed excessive amounts of alcohol, and only a small minority had malnutrition.  In a reviewed of 53 published case reports from 2001 to 2011, the relationship with alcohol was also about 20% (10 out of 53 cases).

WE related to alcohol misuse is more common in males and is more common in females when not related to alcohol misuse. In alcohol-related cases, WE patients average the age of 40, and non-alcohol-related cases typically occur in younger people.

History
WE was first identified in 1881 by the German neurologist Carl Wernicke, although the link with thiamine was not identified until the 1930s.

Carl Wernicke discovered the sensory center of speech. Wernicke figured out that Broca's area was not the only center of speech, it was also able to distinguish motor aphasia from sensory aphasia. He also pointed to the possibility of conduction aphasia since he came to understand the arrangement of the brain's extrinsic and intrinsic connections. He demonstrated that the sensory information reached its corresponding area in the cerebral cortex through projection fibers. From there, this information, following the association system, would be distributed to different regions of the cortex, integrating sensory processing.

He reported three patients with WE, including two men (aged 33 and 36) who were alcoholics and one woman (aged 20) who ingested sulfuric acid, leading to pyloric stenosis. All three had ocular motor abnormalities and he performed an autopsy on each, providing a clinical-pathological correlation.

A similar presentation of this disease was described by the Russian psychiatrist Sergei Korsakoff in a series of articles published 1887–1891; where the chronic version of WE was described as Korsakoff's Syndrome, involving symptoms of amnesia.

References

External links

Alcohol and health
Malnutrition
Central nervous system disorders
Vitamin deficiencies
Thiamine
Medical triads

Wernicke encephalopathy


Beverly Hills Boys Club ist ein US-amerikanisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 1987 von Regisseur Michael Schultz. Der zweiteilige Fernsehfilm, der auch unter dem Alternativtitel Die tödlichen Spiele der Yuppies bekannt ist, basiert auf der wahren Geschichte um den Betrugsfall des Billionaire Boys Club, welcher sich 1983 ereignete.

Handlung
Der aus einer reichen Familie stammende Joseph 'Joe' Hunt zieht mit seinen Schulfreunden, die ebenfalls nicht länger auf ihre Erbschaften warten wollen, einen Investmentfonds auf, der auf einem Schneeballsystem basiert, um so viel Geld wie möglich zu generieren. Dieser wird unter dem Namen Billionaire Boys Club bekannt und sorgt dafür, dass die Gruppe immer reicher und einflussreicher wird. Doch ihrem Höhenflug droht ein jähes Ende, als das Geld wieder zur Neige geht. Nach einigen Morden und Zweifeln wird die Staatsanwaltschaft darauf aufmerksam und beginnt nach den Untersuchungen mit der Anklage.

Kritik

Hintergrund
Der wahre Joseph Hunt versuchte die Ausstrahlung des Zweiteilers zu verhindern. Allerdings hatte seine Klage keinen Erfolg. Anschließend vermarktete NBC die Ausstrahlung unter dem Motto, als den "Film, den Joe Hunt nicht sehen wollte".

Kurz vor der Ermordung ihrer Eltern sahen Lyle und Erik Menendez angeblich den Film, welcher sie, laut einigen Medienberichten, für ihre Tat inspiriert haben soll.

Nachdem der Film am 8. und 9. November 1987 auf dem US-amerikanischen Fernsehsender NBC zum ersten Mal ausgestrahlt worden war, erschien er in Deutschland im März 1989 direkt auf VHS.

Auszeichnungen
 zwei Nominierungen bei den Golden Globe Awards 1988, für Judd Nelson als Bester Hauptdarsteller – Mini-Serie oder TV-Film und Brian McNamara als Bester Nebendarsteller – Serie, Mini-Serie oder TV-Film
 vier Nominierungen bei der Primetime-Emmy-Verleihung 1988 (Beste Miniserie, Beste Regie, Bestes Drehbuch und Bester Nebendarsteller einer Miniserie)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1987
US-amerikanischer Film
Fernsehfilm (National Broadcasting Company)
Filmdrama

Beverly Hills Boys Club


බෙලාරුස් මායිම් වන්නේ උතුරින් රුසියාවට හා නැගෙනහිරින් හා යුක්රේනයටද, දකුණින් පෝලන්තයද, බටහිරින් ලිතුවේනියාවට සහ උතුරින් ලැට්වියාවටත් වන අතර එය ඊසානදිග යුරෝපීය භූමියකට අයත් රටකි. මින්ස්ක් එහි අගනුවරයි. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රධාන නගර වන්නේ බිරෙස්ට්, ප්‍රොඩ්නෝ, හරඩ්නා, ගෝමෙල් (හොමෙයිල්), මොගිලෙම් (මහිල්යෝව්) සහ පිටෙබ්ස්ත් (විසෙබ්ස්ත්) වේ. වර්ග කි.මී. 207600 කින් සියයට 40 ක්ම වනාන්තරයයි. එහි ප්‍රධානම ආර්ථික අංගය වන්නේ කෘෂිකර්මය සහ ඒ ආශ්‍රිත නිෂ්පාදනයන් ය. 20 වැනි ශතවර්ෂය තෙක් බෙලාරුසියානුවන්ට නිෂ්චිත ජාතික අනන්‍යතාවයක් ගොඩනංවා ගැනීමට නොහැකිවුයේ ශතවර්ෂ ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ එරට විවිධ ජාතීන්ට අයත් රටවල පාලනයට නතුවී බැවිනි. එවැනි රටවල් අතර පෝලෙස්ත්ට්, ලිතුවේනියාව, රුසියානු රාජ්‍ය, පෝලන්ත ලිතුආනියන් පොදුරාජ්‍ය වේ. කෙටි කලකට පැවැති බෙලාරුසියන් මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුව (1918 – 19) පසු බෙලාරස් ඡන්දදායක පදනමෙන් සෝවියට් සමූහාණ්ඩුව වන බයිලොරුසියන් SSR විය. බෙලාරුසියන් බිම එහි වර්තමාන මායිම් ගම අවසන් එක්සත් කිරීම 1939 දී සිදු වු අතර, දෙවන පෝලන්ත සමූහාණ්ඩුව විසින් අත්පත් කරනු ලැබු බෙලාරුසියන් රුසියානු වාර්ගික බිම් මොලොටෙව් රිබෙන්ට්‍රොප් පනත මඟින් එහි කොන්දේසි හා වරප්‍රසාද මත සෝවියට් සමූහාණ්ඩුවට බද්ධ කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රාදේශිය ජාතීන් දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාම සමයේ විනාශ වූ අතර, බෙලාරුස්හි ජනගහනයෙන් 30% හා එහි ආර්ථික සම්පත් වලින් භාගයක් පමණ විනාශ විය. යුද්ධයෙන් පසු වර්ෂවලදී මෙම සමූහාණ්ඩුව නැවත ගොඩනගන ලදී.

යුරෝපා රටවල්

බෙලාරස්


Thalassia, rod morskog bilja iz porodice žabogrizovki. Postoje dvije vrste, jedna iz područja Kariba i druga iz Indijskog oceana i zapadnog Pacifika

Vrste
 Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb. ex Solms) Asch.
 Thalassia testudinum Banks & Sol. ex K.D.Koenig

Sinonimi
 Schizotheca Ehrenb.

Izvori

Žabogrizovke

Thalassia


لقد بينت التجارب والنتائج المستخلصة من الزلازل الحديثة أن المنشآت المصممة والمنفذة بالشكل الصحيح قادرة على مقاومة زلازل عنيفة دون انهيار إلا ان معظم هذه المنشآت خاصة القديمة منها يمكن ان تتعرض إلى أضرار خطيرة أو انهيار مسبب إلى إزهاق أرواح السكان. كما أكدت الدراسات التي أجريت حول أداء المنشأ أثناء وقوع الزلازل أن الجمل الانشائية التي تمتلك قدرة كافية على مقاومة القوى الجانبية ويجب أن يكون لها أيضا مطاوعة كافية أي قدرة المحافظة على سلامتها عند زيادة الاجهادات من أجل حماية السكان.

كما أكدت الدراسات التي أجريت حول أداء المنشأ أثناء وقوع هذه الزلازل.ان الجمل الانشائية التي تمتلك قدرة كافية حتى مقاومة القوى الجانبية يجب أن يكون لها أيضا مطاوعة كافية، أو القدرة على المحافظة على سلامتها عند زيادة الاجهادات من اجل حماية السكان.

إن تأثير الزلازل على أي منشأ خرساني يتلخص في أنها تؤثر على هذا المنشأ بقوى أفقية متغيرة القيمة تبعا لموقع المنشأ وقربه أو بعده من المناطق الساحلية أو من مراكز وبؤر مناطق الزلازل الرئيسية.
وهذه القوى الأفقية تتعارض في مفهومها عن الإتزان للمنشأ عن نظيراتها من القوى الرأسية التي اعتاد المهندسين تصميم المنشأ على أساس مفعولها فقط وإهمال القوى الأفقية والتصميم على أساس هذه القوى.

القوى الأفقية

التصميم الأفقي لمبنى
هو تحقيق دراسة إتزانه الداخلي والخارجي تحت تأثير قوى الزلزال.

الإتزان الداخلي لمنشأ
هو تحقيق كفاية المقاومة الداخلية للقطعات الخرسانية لمنشأ للقوى الداخلية من عزم الانحناء وقوى قص وقوى عمودية.

الإتزان الخارجي لمنشأ
هو تحقيق إتزان المبنى تحت تأثير عزم الالتواء وعزم انقلاب وكذلك تأثير التغير في إجهاد تحول التربة

التصميم الرأسي للمنشأ
هو تصميم المنشأ ليقاوم الأحمال الميتة من وزن البلاطة الخرسانية والأعمدة ووزن الأرضيات والحوائط...وليقاوم الأحمال الحية من اوزان الأثاث والمفروشات واوزان المستخدمين لهذا المبنى.

شروط التصميم المعماري لمقاومة الزلزال
يجب أن يختار شكل المبنى في المسقط الأفقي بحيث يكون متماثل ويجب أن يتفادى الأشكال الزاوية وفي حالة وجود مبنى بشكل غير منتظم فيجب تقسيم المبنى بعمل فواصل الزلزال
حيث أنه منع بعد الزلازل المتكررة استخدام قطع الأراضي المثلثة أو متوازي الاضلاع وذلك لما تشكله من فرصة لتمركز إجهدات الزلازل في الأجزاء الضعيفة منها وكذلك لتولد إجهدات عزوم التواء شديدة بها نتيجة الزلزال.

التصميم الإنشائي المناسب لمقاومة الزلازل
المباني الخرسانية تنقسم إلى النوعين التاليين:

1-مباني هيكلية
تتكون من أعمدة خرسانية تحمل فوقها كمرات خرسانية تتحمل أوزان الاسقف الخرسانية وهذا النوع يتمتع بمقاومة جيدة للزلزال إذا تم تصميمه وتنفيذه بدقة وهذا النوع من المباني ينقسم بدوره إلى الأقسام التالية:
 مباني ذات ارتفاعات قصيرة: لا يزيد عدد أدوارها عن ستة أو سبعة طوابق.
 مباني ذات إرتفعات متوسطة: لا يزيد عدد أدوارها 14إلى15 طابقا.
 مباني ذات إرتفعات عالية: لا يزيد عدد أدوارها عن 30 طابقا.

مقاومة المباني الهيكلية للزلازل
 أولا اختيار النظام الإنشائي المناسب في حالة المباني ذات الارتفاعات المتوسطة والعادية.
 التصميم المعماري المناسب مع اختيار النظام الإنشائي المناسب.
 حساب ردود الأفعال الانتقالية المتولدة نتيجة الزلزال.
 تصميم القطعات الحرجة للعناصر الإنشائية.

أخذ بعين الاعتبار:
نظام أعمدة خرسانية وكمرات محملة عليها؛ يتحمل هذا النظام مباني ذات إرتفعات لا تزيد عن14طابق على حسب المنطقة الزلزالية.

أسباب انهيار المباني
إن الأسباب التي تؤدي إلى انهيار المباني بسبب الزلازل هو نقص الحديد أو ضعف الاسمنت ولا شك أن هذه العوامل تسهم بشكل ما في الانهيارات لكنها ليست على الغالب السبب الحقيقي..

الأسباب الحقيقية لانهيار المباني لا بد أن نبين عوامل الأمان التي تتخذ عند التصميم الإنشائي للمباني السكنية العادية:
 إن أول ما يفعله المهندس المصمم هو تقدير الحمولات الطابقية بدقة، وبما أن حمولات الوزن الذاتي ووزن البلاط وقواطع البلوك (الحمولات الميتة) تحسب بدقة فليس هناك مشكلة فيها.

أما الحمولات الحية فتختلف حسب طبيعة استثمار المبنى.
 بعد الانتهاء من تحليل الحمولات (الميتة والحية) يحسب التصميم على أساس مقاومة البيتون..
و هكذا تضمن عوامل الأمان في المباني من حيث تقدير حمولات مثالية عالية القيمة وتخفيض قيمة المقامومة للبيتون والحديد.

انهيار المباني

لا شك أن المبنى المنفذ وفق التصميم يكون أكثر أماناً من المبنى الذي استنفذ فيه المنفذ خيارات الأمان فقام بتعديل أقطار الحديد وخفض نسبة الاسمنت في البيتون مما أضعف القيمة الإجمالية لمقاومة المبنى.
لكن هذا نادراً ما يكون سبباً للانهيار المفاجئ.

تحصل الانهيارات المفاجئة نتيجة عدم الدراسة الوافية للتربة ونتيجة جهل المصمم لما تحت الأرض.. فهناك وسائل كثيرة لمعرفة باطن الأرض وهناك علم كامل يسمى علم (الجيوتكنيك) مختص بدراسة تربة الموقع قبل التنفيذ وتحديد مقاومة التربة.

-حساب أي منشأة يعتمد على حساب القوى المؤثرة فيها. بحيث تقاوم المنشأة هذه العوامل بنجاح ويجعلها مستقرة طول فترة حياتها المتوقعة للاستعمال.

.يجب أن يكون المهندس واعياً لمشكلات المنطقة من جميع النواحي.. نوع التربة والتضاريس.. المناخ.. الزلازل ومتوسط تواجدها ومعدلاتها... الخ.

تقوية المباني ومعالجتها لمقاومة الزلازل

المعالجة والإصلاح
هي إعادة تامين المقاومة الأساسية اللازمة للعناصر الإنشائية للمنشأ المتضرر غير الإنشائية وتحافظ العناصر الإنشائية التي تم إصلاحها بشكل جيد على نفس مقاومتها تقريبا قبل أن تتضرر.

التقوية أو التدعيم
هي تعديل وتصحيح مقاومة وصلابة العناصر الإنشائية منفردة أو الجملة الإنشائية ككل وذلك لتحسين أداء المنشأ ضد الزلازل اللاحقة، وتشمل التقوية غالبا زيادة مقاومة العناصر المنفردة أو مطاوعتها أو إضافة عناصر إنشائية جديدة لزيادة مقاومة المنشأ للقوى الجانبية بشكل جيد، وقد تستسلم التقوية أحيانا جعل العناصر الإنشائية المختارة أقل مقاومة ومطاوعة، وذلك لتحسين العمل المتبادل للعناصر الإنشائية ومنع الانهيار المبكر لعنصر مجاور أضعف.

اضرار الزلازل
إجراء تقييم أولي لكل منشأ من قبل فرق بحث متخصصة فور وقوع زلزال مدمر وذلك كي يتم وبشكل سريع تحديد المستوى العام لدمار المنشأهو امر مهم.
الرجاء من الجميع عند حدوث هذه الكارثة الطبيعية ان يلزموا اجراءات السلامة
تعتبر عملية البحث الأولي التي تأتي بعد عملية التقييم الأولي تقييما مستقلا وأكثر شمولية، يتم إعداده من قبل مهندس مصمم يبدأ بعملية التحديد التفصيلي لطبيعة ودرجة الدمار والحاجة إلى اتخاذ إجراءات الطوارئ أو التدعيم، أما المرحلة الثانية فتتطلب البحث التفصيلي للأضرار بحيث يمكن تصميم وع تفاصيل اجراءات الإصلاح والتقوية بعد التحريات الأولية للبدء بالإجرءات الطارئة للحماية المؤقتة وذلك بالتدعيم الفوري للأبنية التي تضررت بشكل بالغ ولكنها لم تنهار عند وقوع الزلزال.

تهدف الحماية المؤقتة إلى تأمين المقاومة أو التدعيم المؤقت للعناصر والوصلات المتضررة التي تتوقف عليها سلامة الجمل ككل. ويجب أن تؤمن إجراءات الحماية المؤقتة لسلامة الناس في المناطق المجاورة.
 يجب أن بقرر القيام بالتدعيم في حال وجود خطر بل يجب الأمر بهدم المنشآت التي يهددها الخطر.
إن الإجراء الأول في عملية الحماية المؤقتة هو تأمين تدعيم العناصر الشاقولية من أعمدة وجدران حاملة منهارة أو متضررة جدا، وتكون الحاجة إلى ضرورة تأمين التدعيم الشاقولي ضمن الطابق واضحة عندما يكون العنصرالشاقولي متضررا.
 يجب على المصمم أن يقدر الأضرار بشكل نموذجي مستفيدا من معطيات التحريات التي تم توثيقها ثم وضع إجراءات الإصلاح والتقوية التي تحسن تجاوب المنشأ في الزلازل اللاحقة عن طريق تجنب الشذوذات في المسقط الأفقي والتغيرات المفاجئة في القساوة بين البلاطات.
 ينصح بتقييم نتائج تقوية العناصر المضافة إلى المنشأ بحذر، وذلك للتأكد من أنها لن تؤدي إلى زيادة الأضرار في زلزال لاحق.

المراجع

 تقوية المباني ومعالجتها لمقاومة الزلازل<ترجمة وإعداد المهندس محمد بسام الجلي> دار الأندس للنشر والتوزيع
 تصميم المنشآت الخرسانية لمقاومة الزلزال <خليل إبراهيم واكذ> السلام الذهبية للطباعة.

التخفيف من مخاطر الزلازل
النقل في إيطاليا
تحليل إنشائي
عمارة
هندسة زلازل

تصميم مباني لمقاومة الزلازل


Sir Arnold Henry Nordmeyer  (born Heinrich Arnold Nordmeyer, 7 February 1901 – 2 February 1989) was a New Zealand politician. He served as Minister of Finance (1957–1960) and later as Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition (1963–1965). Although he was a prominent statesman, Nordmeyer never ascended to the role of Prime Minister. His political legacy primarily revolves around his economic policies, especially his introduction of New Zealand's comprehensive national health service as Minister of Health.

Early life

Nordmeyer was born on 7 February 1901 in Dunedin, New Zealand. His father was a German immigrant, his mother was from Northern Ireland. He was educated at Waitaki Boys' High School, and at the University of Otago where he completed his BA. After graduating he studied theology, having always been highly religious. At university he became known for his skills in debating which were to serve him well in his later career. Although he did not join the Labour Party until 1933, he became increasingly sympathetic to the party's views. It was at this time that he met Walter Nash who may have been influential in shaping his views in health and social policy. In 1925 Nordmeyer received his ordination as a Presbyterian minister and was appointed to a position in the small town of Kurow.

While in Kurow during the Great Depression, Nordmeyer witnessed firsthand the effects of the economic downturn on the community and people of the town, which lead him to study radical political theory in pursuit of a solution. He also became interested in the welfare of workers involved in the construction of a hydroelectric dam on the Waitaki River. He became increasingly politically active as a result witnessing both the working conditions of the labourers and the poor living conditions of the unemployed men and their families who were attracted to the area by the promise of work. At Kurow, Nordmeyer, along with local doctor and future Labour MP Gervan McMillan and school headmaster Andrew Davidson developed ideas of how to apply Christian ethics to politics to solve the miseries of unemployment, poverty and illness – ideas that were later implemented by the First Labour Government of New Zealand. It was also in Kurow that Nordmeyer met his future wife, Frances Kernahan whom he married in 1931.

Political career

Member of Parliament

Shortly before the 1935 election Nordmeyer stepped down from his church position, stating an intent to contest the Oamaru seat for the Labour Party. He was elected. The 1935 election itself was a huge victory for Labour and the party's leader, Michael Joseph Savage, became the country's first Labour Prime Minister.

In Parliament Nordmeyer proved to be a skilled debater but also had a somewhat troubled relationship with his party's leadership. Nordmeyer became part of the faction led by John A. Lee who criticised Savage's policies as too moderate. Gradually, however, Nordmeyer became disillusioned with Lee, alleging that Lee was egotistical and self-important. Nordmeyer later co-operated with more moderate politicians such as Walter Nash in drafting the party's social security policies. He chaired both the caucus committee and the parliamentary select committee which considered the matters in more depth. Eventually the committees recommended a scheme containing a means-tested pension, universal superannuation, and free healthcare for hospital treatments, maternity care and general practitioner consultations all to be financed via direct taxation. At Nordmeyer's insistence, the health and pensions schemes would be combined into a single measure which later became the Social Security Act 1938.

After the 1938 election that Labour won resoundingly, tensions between the moderate and extreme wings of the party became worse. Nordmeyer attempted to take a position between both groups but was generally closer to Lee's camp than to the other. The year 1940 saw both the death of Savage and the expulsion from the Labour Party of Lee, a move which Nordmeyer opposed. He was one of the few speakers against the motion to expel Lee at the party conference that year, an action which would in later years give him a reputation for political courage. Nordmeyer nominated Gervan McMillan, an old friend from Kurow and a supporter of Lee, as the party's new leader. McMillan, however, was defeated by Peter Fraser, Savage's chief lieutenant.

Cabinet minister
In 1941 Nordmeyer became Minister of Health. In this role, which he held until 1947, he was responsible (along with Walter Nash) for introducing state subsidies for doctor's visits. The New Zealand Branch of the British Medical Association had disagreed with the government on the process of free general practitioner consultations where they refused to accept a state fee for their services. Doctors argued that the relationship between themselves and patients was dependent on a direct payment by the patient. A compromise was eventually reached where doctors would continue to charge patients directly after which time patients could then claim a social security rebate. With this initial hurdle overcome, Nordmeyer progressed with the governments agenda over the next six years introducing further benefits for pharmaceutical prescriptions, dental care, hospital outpatients and X-ray diagnosis.

From 1947 to 1949, Nordmeyer was Minister of Industries and Commerce. He was charged with the administration of New Zealand's comprehensive system of import licensing controls and was an advocate for the establishment of new industries and having greater protection for local industries. He also pushed for development policies designed to make New Zealand more economically self-sufficient. By this time he came to be regarded as one of the most senior members of the government.

In the 1949 election, however, Labour was defeated by the National Party under Sidney Holland. Nordmeyer himself lost his seat of Oamaru against Thomas Hayman. In late 1950 Peter Fraser died and Nordmeyer was elected in the 1951 by-election as his replacement in the seat of Brooklyn. In 1954 he won the Island Bay seat, which he held until he retired in 1969.

In the short period between Fraser's death and Nordmeyer's return to Parliament Walter Nash had been hastily elected leader of the Labour Party. The speed of Nash's ascent is sometimes seen as evidence that his supporters considered Nordmeyer a threat. Nordmeyer, although he had worked with Nash before, opposed Nash's appointment as he objected to Nash's leadership style and considered Nash to be both autocratic and uninspiring. In 1954 Nordmeyer began a challenge for the leadership. Although Nordmeyer gained considerable backing from certain sectors of the party, Nash enjoyed strong union support and defeated the challenge in caucus on 23 June 1954.

Following the unsuccessful challenge to Nash, Nordmeyer together with Bill Anderton and Phil Connolly were called before The Labour Party National Executive and given warnings about the threat of divisiveness to the party.

Minister of Finance

When Labour won the 1957 election Nordmeyer was made Minister of Finance and was ranked third within the government. A short time after taking office Nordmeyer uncovered that the country was on the brink of a balance of payments crisis and decided to take strong measures in response. His first Budget (generally known as "the Black Budget") introduced a number of unpopular changes, including significant tax increases. The particularly large tax increases for alcohol and tobacco, coupled with Nordmeyer's strong religious background, created the impression that he was attempting to impose puritan-like reforms (Nordmeyer did not drink or smoke). Nordmeyer's idea was that a short sharp corrective budget would fix the economic situation and from then on there would be nothing other than improvement until the next election.

The crisis was largely averted and the balance of payments situation was resolved favourably. As a result, the taxes were reduced in Nordmeyer's next two budgets. However this did not quell the unpopularity of his first budget. Consequently, Labour was duly voted out of office in the 1960 election, something that many historians blame on Nordmeyer's "Black Budget".

Leader of the Opposition
Despite attracting considerable blame for Labour's loss of support Nordmeyer was elected to lead the Labour Party when Nash retired in 1963. Future interim prime minister Hugh Watt became Nordmeyer's deputy leader. His first test as leader came with a by-election in the normally safe seat of  which Labour managed to retain and slightly increase their majority. This boosted confidence ahead of the  where Nordmeyer led Labour to slightly increase its vote share and gain one seat from National.

The memory of the "Black Budget" still haunted Nordmeyer's profile, however, and many within the party believed that it was time for "a new generation" to take control. In 1965 a group of Labour MP's formed a group known as the 'Mafia' who were dedicated to replacing Nordmeyer with Norman Kirk. This was due to some within the Labour caucus thinking Nordmeyer "out of touch" with his Members and vice versa, some considering him an autocratic loner, despite his considerable debating abilities. Over time Nordmeyer had drifted to the right of the Labour Party despite being on the left and defending Lee in the 1930s. This caused him to lose support among Labour's more radical members. Even members on the right and those who were more appreciative of his abilities also came to the conclusion that Labour would be unelectable under Nordmeyer's leadership. Kirk eventually emerged as the favourite candidate to succeed Nordmeyer and in a vote on 9 December 1965, Nordmeyer was defeated by 25 votes to 10. His defeat severed a link with Labour's past as Nordmeyer, by then, was alone among his colleagues as having served in the first Labour government's cabinet. Historians regard his replacement with Kirk as transitioning Labour into a new generation.

After his defeat Nordmeyer did not wish for a shadow cabinet position and decided to sit on the backbench, but he did offer himself again as a candidate at the . He remained a respected figure in the Labour Party for his experience and service and continued to be regarded by historians as one of the best ministers the Labour Party had produced. A later Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand quipped about Nordmeyer:

Retirement from politics
Nordmeyer remained in Parliament for another four years, retiring at the 1969 election. At the 1971 local-body elections he was elected a member of the Wellington Hospital Board.

Nordmeyer later held a number of government appointments after retiring from parliament. In 1970 he was appointed chairman of the Freezing Industry Disputes Committee, an appointment which led to him becoming conciliator in several other industrial areas subsequently. In 1974 he was appointed chairman of the board of the New Zealand Superannuation Corporation which was the controlling organisation for the compulsory pension savings' scheme of the Third Labour Government (lead by Kirk). The posting was short-lived however as the subsequent Third National Government were to abolish the commission after winning power the next year. He then became the chairman of Maui Development Ltd and also was a director of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand.

Nordmeyer was one of the staunchest opponents of capital punishment and was also staunchly opposed to abortion, being a patron of New Zealand's main anti-abortion group Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child (SPUC).

Nordmeyer died in Wellington on 2 February 1989, survived by his wife Frances and their two children. His family declined the offer of a state funeral instead opting to scatter his ashes by Lake Ōhau.

Personal life
Nordmeyer married Frances Maria Kernahan in Oamaru on 28 October 1931. The couple had two children, Alan and Alison. Alison married Labour MP Jim Edwards. In the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours, Lady Nordmeyer was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service. Nordmeyer was a teetotaller and did not smoke.

Honours and recognition
In the 1970 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, for services to politics. In the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, for public services. On 6 February 1987, Nordmeyer was the fifth appointee to the Order of New Zealand.

See also
Electoral history of Arnold Nordmeyer – An article about his electoral history.

Notes

References

Further reading

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1901 births
1989 deaths
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
New Zealand Labour Party leaders
Members of the Order of New Zealand
University of Otago alumni
People educated at Waitaki Boys' High School
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
New Zealand people of German descent
Politicians from Dunedin
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
New Zealand Presbyterians
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand MPs for Wellington electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1949 New Zealand general election
New Zealand Christian socialists
Presbyterian socialists
Wellington Hospital Board members

Arnold Nordmeyer


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ඇතැම්විට කෙටි කාලීන මතකය " ප්‍රාථමික" "වැඩ කරන" "ක්‍රියාකාරී" මතකය ලෙස සඳහන් ව අතර තත්පර 20 ක පමණ කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයක තොරතුරු ඊට ඇතුළත් වෙයි.

කෙටි කාලීන මතකය ධාරිතාව කොටස් 3 හෝ 4 සිට (වචන, අංක, හෝ අකුරු) කොටස් 9 දක්වා වෙනස් වෙයි. පොදුවේ දැක්වෙන ධාරිතාව කොටස් 7±2 වෙයි. ඊට පටහැනිව දිගු කාලීන ස්මරණයට නියමයක් නැතිව අසීමිත තොරතුරු ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇතුළත් වේ.

කෙටි කාලීන මතකය මනසේ ක්‍රියාකාරීව ක්ෂණිකව භාවිතා කළ හැකි තත්ත්වයෙන් පවතින සුළු ප්‍රමාණයේ තොරතුරු ප්‍රමාණයක් අල්ලන ධාරිතාවක් ලෙස විස්තර කළ හැකිය. කෙටි කාලීන සංවේදකවල අඩංගු තොරතුරු මෙසේය.

කෙටිකාලීන මතකය ගබඩාව

වර්ෂ 1960 දී වර්ධනය වූ ස්මරණය පිළිබඳ සම්භාව්‍ය ආකෘතියකින් පිළිගත්තේ සියලු ස්මරණයන් කෙටිකාලීන ගබඩාවකින් දිගු කාලීන ගබඩාවකට මාරුවෙන බවයි. මේ මොඩලය ස්වරූප මොඩලයක්ය යනුවෙන් ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ විස්තර කළේ ඇට්කින්සන් හා ශීෆීන් යන දෙදෙනාය.

මෙම ගබඩා දෙක අතර පැහැදිලි වෙනසක් ඇත් ද යන්න, විශේෂඥයන් අතර විවාදයට තුඩු දුන් කරුණකි.

වෙන් වශයෙන් කෙටි කාලීන ගබඩාවක් පවතීය යන කාරණයට පක්ෂව සාක්ෂි ලැබෙන්නේ විස්මෘතියෙනි. අලුත් තොරතුරු හා සිදුවීම් දැන ගැනීමට ඇති නොහැකියාවෙනි. මොළයට හානි සිදුවීමෙන්  ඇතිවෙන මෙබඳු විස්මෘතියක් සහිත ආබාධිතයන්ට ද (තත්පර 30) සුළු තොරතුරු ප්‍රමාණයක් මතකයේ රඳවා ගත හැකිය. එහෙත් දිගු කාලයක් මතකයේ රඳවා ගැනීමට ඇති හැකියාව විස්මිත ලෙස අඩු වෙයි. (HM නැමැති රෝගියා, මීට ප්‍රකට උදාහරණයකි)

අනෙක් සාක්ෂිය හමුවන්නේ පර්යේෂණාත්මක අධ්‍යයනවලිනි. ඇතැම් ඉලක්කම් මෙහෙයවීමෙන් (වික්ෂිප්ත කාර්යයක් - distractor task) ලොකු සංඛ්‍යාවකින් තනි ඉලක්කමක් යළි යළිත් අඩු කිරීම වැනි) ඉතා මෑතකදී ඉගෙන ගත් වචන ලැයිස්තුවෙකින් වචන 3 හෝ 5 ක් පිළිබඳ ස්මරණය දුර්වල විය හැකිය. මේ සියලු සොයා ගැනීම්වලින් පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ කෙටි කාලීන ස්මරණය හා දිගු කාලීන ස්මරණය යන දෙකම එකිනෙකින් නිදහස්ව හා එකිනෙකට වෙනස්ව ක්‍රියා කරන බවයි.

සියලු පර්යේෂකයෝ කෙටි කාලීන ස්මරණය හා දිගු කාලීන ස්මරණය එකිනෙකට වෙනස් ක්‍රම බව නොපිළිගනිති. සමහර සෛද්ධාන්තිකයෝ ස්මරණය සියලු කාල පරිමාණවල ඒකීය ස්වරූපයෙන් මිලි තත්පරයේ සිට අවුරුද්ද දක්වා පවතින බව ප්‍රකාශ කරති. කෙටි කාලීන හා දිගු කාලීන ස්මරණ අතර සීමාවක් ලකුණු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වීමෙන් ඒකීය ස්මරණය පිළිබඳ මතයට සහායක් ලැබී ඇත.

කෙටි කාලීන මතකය


Marc Joseph John Crawford (born February 13, 1961) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently the head coach of the ZSC Lions of the National League (NL). Crawford won the Stanley Cup in 1996 as head coach of the Colorado Avalanche. He played as a forward for the Vancouver Canucks.

Early life
During his teenage years, Crawford attended Nicholson Catholic College in Belleville, Ontario. He is the son of professional hockey player Floyd Crawford. He is the brother of NHL hockey players Bob Crawford and Lou Crawford.

Playing career
Crawford played three seasons of major junior in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) with the Cornwall Royals. During this time, the team won back-to-back Memorial Cups. Crawford was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft in the fourth round, 70th overall. He joined the Canucks in 1981–82. As a rookie, Crawford was a part of Vancouver's 1982 run to the Stanley Cup finals, in which the Canucks were defeated by the New York Islanders.

During his six seasons in the NHL, Crawford would split time between Vancouver and their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Fredericton Express. As a result of constantly flying between the two cities, which are over 5,000 kilometers apart, he earned the nickname "747", though most contemporary Canucks fans know him as "Crow", a nickname coined during his tenure as a head coach with the team. In total, Crawford tallied 19 goals, 31 assists and 50 points in 176 games during his NHL career. After a season in the International Hockey League with the Milwaukee Admirals, Crawford retired as a professional player.

Coaching career

Early coaching career
Immediately after retiring as a player, Crawford became a head coach in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) with the Cornwall Royals, for whom he had previously played in the QMJHL. After two seasons with Cornwall, Crawford moved to the AHL, and in his first season with the St. John's Maple Leafs, he took his team to the 1992 Calder Cup finals, losing to the Adirondack Red Wings. The following season, Crawford was awarded the Louis A. R. Pieri Memorial Award as the AHL's coach of the year.

In 1994–95, Crawford broke into the NHL with the Quebec Nordiques and achieved immediate success. As a result, he won the NHL's Jack Adams Award as coach of the year. He is the youngest NHL coach in history to win the Jack Adams. The next season, the Nordiques franchise was relocated to Colorado as the Avalanche, and Crawford won his first and only Stanley Cup as a coach in 1996, defeating the Florida Panthers in four games in the finals.

Crawford would continue to post successful regular seasons with the Avalanche in the next two seasons, but after an early first-round exit in the 1998 playoffs, he resigned on May 27, 1998. Despite reportedly being offered a one-year contract extension by general manager Pierre Lacroix, Crawford decided to "move on and accept a new challenge".

Before his resignation with the Avalanche, Crawford was also the head coach of the Canadian Olympic hockey team at the 1998 Olympics, where they finished a disappointing fourth. Many fans questioned his choice of players to take part in the semi-final shootout with the Czech Republic, in which they lost, electing not to use future Hall of Famers Wayne Gretzky or Steve Yzerman.

Vancouver Canucks
After a brief stint as a color commentator on Hockey Night in Canada, Crawford replaced Mike Keenan as head coach of the Vancouver Canucks midway through the 1998–99 season. Joining Vancouver in the midst of a rebuilding period for the franchise, Crawford slowly developed the Canucks into a successful regular season team, playing a fast-paced and offensively emphasized style of play. After one-and-a-half seasons, he led Vancouver back to the playoffs. However, the Canucks were defeated in the first round by his former team, Colorado.

In 2002–03, Vancouver continued to improve under Crawford and posted a franchise record (since surpassed) of 104 points. The following season, they took the Northwest Division title from the Avalanche, who had finished first in their division every season since they won the Northeast Division during their last season playing in Quebec. Despite Vancouver's regular season success, they only managed to win one playoff series during Crawford's tenure. After the Canucks' failure to make the playoffs in the 2005–06 season, Crawford's position as head coach was terminated by management on April 25, 2006. He was replaced by Alain Vigneault.

In six-and-a-half seasons' work with the Canucks, Crawford marked himself as the longest-serving and winningest head coach in franchise history, coaching 529 games and 246 wins. On February 3, 2006, one of his last games in Vancouver, he also became the third-youngest head coach in NHL history to reach 400 wins. At 48 years and 342 days, this mark trails only Scotty Bowman and Glen Sather.

Later years
Nearly one month after being fired by Vancouver, Crawford was hired by the Los Angeles Kings, a team in a similar situation to that of the Canucks when Crawford first joined them. On June 10, 2008, Crawford was fired by the Kings, although he had one year remaining on his initial contract. He lasted only two years with the Kings, who thought a change was necessary in the coaching position. During his two seasons with the Kings, he missed the playoffs both times, making the 2004 playoffs as his last playoff appearance as a head coach.

During the 2008–09 season, Crawford did color commentary for Hockey Night in Canada late games alongside play-by-play announcer Mark Lee.

A year after being fired from the Los Angeles Kings, Crawford was hired by Dallas Stars general manager Joe Nieuwendyk to replace previous head coach Dave Tippett. The Stars fired Crawford on April 12, 2011, two days after the Stars' loss to the Minnesota Wild in the last game of the season, which ultimately cost the team the opportunity to capture the eighth playoff berth in the Western Conference. Just like in LA, Crawford's tenure in Dallas lasted only two seasons.

In the summer of 2012, Crawford was named the new coach of the ZSC Lions of the Swiss National League A, having signed a two-year contract. He won the NLA championship with the Lions in the 2013–14 season. In March 2014, he signed a two-year contract extension. In spring 2015, Crawford was responsible for convincing coveted draft prospect Auston Matthews to sign and play with the Lions for the 2015–16 season. Crawford was awed by Matthews' play during the 2015 U18 Championships and contacted Matthews' family and agent about a contract. Crawford would lead the Lions to winning the 2016 Swiss Cup. Crawford left ZSC when his contract expired in 2016. Besides winning the 2014 Swiss championship and 2016 Swiss Cup, he also guided the Lions to three NLA regular season championship titles, in 2013–14, 2014–15 and 2015–16.

In May 2016, following the hiring of Guy Boucher, Crawford was hired as associate coach for the Ottawa Senators. On March 1, 2019, Crawford became the interim head coach of the Senators following the firing of Guy Boucher for the rest of the 2018–19 season going 7–10–1. D. J. Smith was then hired as the Senators head coach for the 2019–20 season.

On June, 4, 2019 The Chicago Blackhawks announced Crawford as an assistant coach to Jeremy Colliton.

Awards and achievements
 Louis A. R. Pieri Memorial Award (AHL coach of the year) – 1993
 Jack Adams Award (NHL coach of the year) – 1995
 Stanley Cup champion (Colorado Avalanche) – 1996
 Canada Olympic head coach – 1998

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Head coaching record

Moore incident

On February 16, 2004, when Crawford was coach of Vancouver, Colorado player Steve Moore concussed Vancouver captain Markus Näslund on a questionable hit. No penalty was called on the play, and the NHL later reviewed the incident and decided no penalty was warranted. However, Crawford was vocal about the incident and the failure of the NHL to respond. During another game against Colorado on March 8, 2004, Todd Bertuzzi grabbed and punched Moore from behind, and rode him into the ice, causing Moore to suffer three broken vertebrae and multiple facial lacerations, which ultimately ended his career. According to a Colorado player, Crawford was laughing at the situation at the time it occurred and was the subject of substantial criticism following the incident.

Crawford, along with Bertuzzi and the Canucks organization, were named as defendants in a $19+ million (US) lawsuit by Moore. According to the suit, following the February 16 incident, Crawford encouraged his players to seek revenge, which led in part to the injury to Moore. Specifically, Moore alleged that Crawford, Bertuzzi and former general manager Brian Burke entered into "an unlawful plan and agreement to assault, batter and injure Moore at a future date for the injuries that Näslund had suffered during the Feb. 16 game". The Canucks were fined US$250,000 by the NHL for "...failure to prevent the atmosphere that may have led to the incident". As the case approached trial in 2014, Moore increased the damages claim to $68 million. In August 2014, the lawsuit concluded with all parties agreeing to a confidential settlement.

Abuse of players and apology
In December 2019, multiple former players Crawford coached in the past came forward with stories of abuse, including Brent Sopel, Patrick O'Sullivan, Harold Druken and Sean Avery. Sopel had since clarified it was not his intention "to make any allegations against anyone or any organization", and Avery also offered support for Crawford.

The Chicago Blackhawks suspended Marc from his role as assistant coach following these allegations and opened an investigation.  Crawford subsequently issued an apology to past players that brought forward stories of abuse.

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Canada men's national ice hockey team coaches
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Colorado Avalanche coaches
Cornwall Royals (OHL) coaches
Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) players
Dallas Black Hawks players
Dallas Stars coaches
Fredericton Express players
Jack Adams Award winners
Los Angeles Kings coaches
Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
National Hockey League broadcasters
Ottawa Senators coaches
Quebec Nordiques coaches
Ice hockey people from Belleville, Ontario
St. John's Maple Leafs coaches
Stanley Cup champions
Stanley Cup championship-winning head coaches
Vancouver Canucks coaches
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players

Marc Crawford


Mohamed Kamara, né le  à Kambia en Sierra Leone, est un footballeur international sierraléonais qui évolue au poste de gardien de but au East End Lions.

Biographie

En club
Né à Kambia en Sierra Leone, Mohamed Kamara commence sa carrière dans son pays natal, au Eze FC puis au  où il remporte notamment la coupe de Sierra Leone en 2016. Il rejoint en 2019 le East End Lions FC.

En sélection
Mohamed Kamara honore sa première sélection avec l'équipe nationale de Sierra Leone le , contre le Bénin. Il est titularisé et son équipe s'incline sur le score de un but à zéro.

En , Kamara est retenu par le sélectionneur John Keister pour participer à la coupe d'Afrique des nations. Titulaire lors de cette compétition, il se met en évidence dès le premier match, le , face au vainqueur de la dernière édition de la CAN, l'Algérie en gardant ses cages inviolées et permettant à son équipe de faire match nul et créant la surprise. Élu homme du match à l'issue de la rencontre, sa prestation est qualifiée d'héroïque par la presse. Sa performance ce jour-là lui vaut de nombreuses louanges et une comparaison flatteuse avec Manuel Neuer pour son jeu semblable à celui d'un libéro.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international sierraléonais
Gardien de but au football
Naissance en avril 1999
Naissance en Sierra Leone
Gardien de but du Horoya AC

Mohamed Kamara (football, 1999)


غلاوكوس ابن هيبولوخوس وحفيد بيليروفون وهو سلف ملوك أيونيا وكان أميرا ليكيا وساعد بريام في حرب طروادة ورافقه قريبه ساربيدون، وعندما وجد نفسه ضد ديوميدس، واللذان كانت تجمعهما روابط الضيافة فأوقفا القتال وتبادلا الدروع وكان درع غلاوكوس من الذهب بينما درع ديوميدس من البرونز، ومنه أخذ الأوروبيون مثلا (ذهب مقابل برونز) عن الصفقة السيئة، وتقابل مع أياكس في النهاية ولقي حتفه على يديه.

مراجع

أساطير إغريقية
أشخاص من حرب طروادة
شخصيات أسطورية إغريقية
شخصيات من الإلياذة
طرواديون
ليقيا

غلاوكوس (جندي)


Gabriel N. Ghanoum (nacido en el El Cairo), es el actual Gran Archmandrita de la Iglesia greco-católica melquita para México, América Central y el Caribe.

La formación académica de Gabriel Ghanoum incluye una título de grado de la Ain Shams University de El Cairo, una maestría en Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad de la Sorbona, una maestría en Administración de Negocios del Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México y una maestría en Teología de la Hellenic College and Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology en Brookline.

Monseñor Ghanoum fue ordenado presbítero en 1993. Ya desde 1994, Monseñor Ghanoum inició su trabajo pastoral en la zona de Miami. En 1999 Monseñor Ghanoum fue designado párroco de la Iglesia de San Judas, en Brickell y fue su pastor hasta 2010, cuando fue trasladado a la Iglesia de San Nicolás, en Delray Beach. En 2007, al fallecer el reverendo Antonio Mouhanna, Su Beatitud, el Patriarca greco-melquita de Antioquía, Alejandría y Jerusalén, Gregorio III Laham, designa a monseñor Ghanoum como Gran Archimandrita y Exarca de la Eparquía de México, América Central y el Caribe.

En 2011, Monseñor Ghanoum fue presentador de una serie de programas titulada La Iglesia Melquita Católica, que se transmitió por la cadena EWTN.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 St. Nicholas Melkit Greek Catholic Church

Ghanoum, Gabriel
Egipcios del siglo XX
Egipcios del siglo XXI
Católicos de Egipto

Gabriel Ghanoum


مطار دير الزور (English: Dier ezzor Airport) (IATA: DEZ, ICAO: OSDZ) هو مطار عسكري ومدني يخدم مدينة دير الزور في شرق سورية.

المرافق
يقع المطار على الارتفاع  فوق مستوى سطح البحر، وفيه مدرج اسفلتي  معبد بطول 3000 متر وعرض 45 متر.

الرحلات الجوية

المراجع

مصادر خارجية
 NWS
 Aviation Safety Network

مبان ومنشآت في دير الزور
مطارات سوريا
معالم دير الزور

مطار دير الزور


Roger (umro 28. lipnja, 1119., Antiohija, današnja Turska), normanski knez križarske države Kneževine Antiohije (1112. – 1119.), koja je tada bila na vrhuncu moći. Sin kneza Rikarda Salernskoga, naslijedio je svoga ujaka Tankreda kao regent Antiohije 1112. Spriječio je pokušaj Turaka Seldžuka da zauzmu Siriju pobjedom u bitci kod Sarmina (14. rujna 1115.). Poginuo je u bitci na Krvavom polju. Bitka na Ager Sanguinisu, doslovno bitka na Krvavom polju, ponekad navođena i kao Bitka kod Balata ili Bitka kod Sarmade odigrala se 28. lipnja 1119. između snaga križarske Kneževine Antiohije i muslimanske vojske alepskog atabega Ilghazija na drugoj strani. U njoj je križarska vojska uništena gotovo do posljednjeg čovjeka. Iako je predstavljala najveću pobjedu muslimana nad križarima od početka križarskih ratova i iako se Antiohija od tog poraza nikada nije oporavila, njena neposredna posljedica je Ilghazijevi poraz od jeruzalemskih križara u bitci kod Haba nepuna dva mjeseca kasnije. Antiohija je nakon Rogerove smrti bila pod upravom regenta Baldvina II., kralja Jeruzalema do 1126. kada iz Apulije dolazi Bohemund II.

Izvori

Hauteville

Roger od Salerna


Cueva de Harrison (en inglés: Harrison's Cave) es una atracción turística en el país caribeño de Barbados, mencionada por primera vez en 1795. Los turistas pueden acceder al medio subterráneo en un tranvía.

Las cuevas fueron registradas por primera vez en documentos históricos en 1795. Durante casi 200 años fueron olvidadas. En 1976 el espeleólogo danés Ole Sørensen, junto con un experto de Barbados, Tony Mason las redescubieron.

Las cuevas se abrieron como una atracción turística en el año 1981. Las cuevas permiten a los visitantes ver algunas de las más bellas características naturales geológicas de Barbados. Ahora es uno de los atractivos número uno de Barbados. Las cuevas fueron creadas de forma natural por la erosión del agua a través de la roca caliza.

Véase también
Geografía de Barbados
Geografía de América

Referencias

Cuevas de Barbados
Cuevas turísticas

Cueva de Harrison


لصناعة العطور تاريخ طويل فمنذ القدم يسعى الإنسان إلى تجميل حياته سواء بالروائح أو بالأشكال.

في العصور الحجرية
عرف الإنسان البدائي العطر من استنشاقه للورود والأعشاب ,فكان يقطع الأعشاب العطرية ويحرقها لتعطيه الروائح العطرة وكان ذلك غالبا مخصص للزينة.'

في الحضارة المصرية القديمة

كان لمصر الدور الأكبر في تأسيس صناعة العطور وكانت توجد طريقتان لصناعته : الأولى وهي وضع الأزهار في لوحة كبيرة من ورق البردي له طرفان تمسك به سيداتان ويوضع الورود مع قليل من الماء في داخل اللوح ثم تدور كل سيدة الطرف الذي تمسك به عكس اتجاه السيدة الأخرى فيتم عصر الورود وكان يوضع تحتهما إناء كبيرة ليسع الكمية المعصورة ثم بعد ذلك تحفظ في أواني خزفية وفخارية وكان يصنع للملكات وزوجات الأمراء والكهنة للتزين به عند الاحتفالات وكان للطبقات الغنية لا لباقي الشعب، الطريقة الثانية وهي وضع الورود في إناء فخاري صغير وحرقه لأعطاء رائحة عطرة للجو وكان هذا النوع من العطور جزء من القرابين المقدمة للآلهة أو لتوديع المتوفي ولم يكن لأغراض الزينة.

في الحضارة القبرصية القديمة

تاريخيا، أول عطر وجد في العالم كان في جزيرة قبرص على يد علماء إيطاليين في مايو 2004 الذي يرجع تاريخه إلى 4000 سنة مضت، وأيضا اكتشفت إحدى البعثات ان قطعة أرض تبلغ حوالي 4000 متر مربع كانت مخصصة لصناعة العطور والتي غالبا اخذت طريقة صناعتها من الحضارة المصرية القديمة لتشابه طريقة الصناعة والأغراض المستخدمة والتي تناقلت فيما بعد إلى روما إبان الإمبراطورية الرومانية.

في الحضارة القبطية
عندما نشأت الحضارة القبطية ورثت الكثير من الحضارات المختلفة لذا نجد أن صناعة العطور تنوعت في العصر القبطي، وكانت أهم طريقة لصنع العطر هي مزج سائل شجرة المر مع قرفة عادية ثم وضع عصير القصب والقرفة الصينية، وكانت هذه الطريقة ممنوع استخدامها إلا للقساوسة أو للمرأة في بعض الحالات.

في الحضارة الإسلامية
مع أن الحضارة الإسلامية ورثت الكثير عن الحضارة الأغريقية إلا أن العرب هم أول من استخدم تاج الزهرة لاستخراج ماء الزهور منذ 1300 عام، ولم يستعمل العرب تاج الأزهار كعطرٍ فقط بل استعملوها كدواء أيضاً. ولعل أقدم أنواع العطور في العالم يدعي «عطر الورد» وقد كان رائجاً جداً لدي القبائل العربية، تعتبر الأزهار مثل الياسمين والبنفسج وزهر الليمون والورد وغيرها، من المصادر المهمة لاستخراج العطور عند العرب، ولكن جوهر العطر يستخرج من مصادر أخرى غير الأزهار، كالخشب ولاسيما خشب الأرز وخشب الصندل، ومن الأوراق مثل النعناع والغرنوق والخزامى، ومن جذور معينة مثل الزنجبيل والسوسن ،إن الطريقة العربية لصناعة العطور تكمن في استقطار تيجان الأزهار مع الماء، وتكون عبر وضع رقائق من الزجاج في إطارات خشبية حيث تغلف بدهن نقي وتغطي بتيجان الأزهار وتكدس الواحدة فوق الأخرى. ويجري تبديل التيجان بين حين والآخر إلى أن يمتص الدهن النقي الكمية المطلوبة من العطر، ولعل أفضل العلماء في صناعة العطور هو بن سينا الذي اكتشف طريقة استخراج العطر من الورود والتي سميت فيما بعد بألتقطير، وأيضا من أبرز العلماء العرب في صناعة العطور هو الكندي الذي ذكر في كتابه (كيمياء العطور) قائمة طويلة لعطور مختلفة وكان في أغلب طرقه يستخدم المسك والعنبر كجزء أساسي في أغلب العطور.

في الحضارة الأوروبية الحديثة
ورثت أوروبا أغلب طرقها من العرب وكان أكثر الناس اهتماما بعلم العطور هم الهونجاريين الذين أضافوا الكحول إلى صناعة العطور ،ويعتبر أول عطر يستخدم فيه مادة الكحول كمادة أساسية كان في عام 1370 وكان تكليفا من إليزابيث ملكة المجر والذي أطلق عليه فيما بعد ماء هنغاريا نسبة للهنجاريين، ومن الملكات اللاتي اهتموا بصناعة العطور هي كاترين دي ميديشي ملكة فرنسا التي كلفت صانع العطور الخاص بها(رينى لن فلورينتن) بإدخال أنواع جديدة من العطور ولكن لم يعرف أي شيء عن طرقه وذلك لسرية مختبره، خلال عصور النهضة تمكنت فرنسا من السيادة في مجال صناعة العطور فقد كان يصنع في جنوب فرنسا أهم العطور ومستحضرات التجميل العالمية، وعرفت طائفة في فرنسا خلال القرن السابع عشر باسم (صناع العطور) والتي كان لها تأثير ضار في بعض الحالات حيث كانت تستخدم مواد سامة في صناعتها للعطور فعلى سبيل المثال توفيت إحدى الأميرات الفرنسيات بسبب استخدامها للعطور في تجميل بشرتها والتي أثرت على سمعة هذه الطائفة، واهتم ملوك فرنسا جميعا بالعطور فخلال القرن الثامن عشر كان الملك لويس الخامس عشر مهتم جدا بالعطور فقد كانت عربته الملكية تدهن كل صباح بالعطور وكان أثاثه يدهن يوميا بالعطور وكانت ملابسه تظل داخل إناء العطور لعدة أيام، ولم يهتم الملك لويس الخامس عشر بالعطور في حياته الخاصة فقط بل أمر بتحويل بعض المزارع إلى مزرعة للنباتات العطرية، النهضة التي أنشأها لويس الخامس عشر جعلت من باريس مركزا مهما في صناعة العطور وزراعة النباتات العطرية، ومن الملوك المهتمين بالعطور أيضا نابوليون بونبارت الذي عرف عنه بالاهتمام بالترف فقد اهتم أيضا بدهن العربة الملكية بالعطور ويقال أنه في وقت من الأوقات كان يستخدم 60 زجاجة من عطر الياسمين في الشهر وكان أحب العطور إليه هو عطر الجوزفين لاحتوائه على المسك العربي الأصيل، في إنجلترا لم تكن صناعة العطور شيء مهما إلا بعد مجئ هنرى الثامن الذي أدخل هذه الصناعة إلى إنجلترا وأيضا الملكة إليزابيث الأولى أهتمت كثيرا بصناعة العطور حيث يقال أنها لم تكن تستطيع تحمل أي رائحة كريهة الأمر الذي سبب لها مرض في لسانها، وكانت السيدات تأتي إلى بيت الملكة إليزابيث للتنافس في أفضل العطور رائحة، وحدث التغيير الكبير عندما جاءت الكيمياء الحديثة فقد شهدت صناعة العطور تقدما عظيما بعد الثورة الصناعية الكبرى كما بدأ استخدام العطور بشكل شائع في كل طبقات الشعب بل وعندما كان سعر العطور يزيد تحدث مظاهرات في لندن، قبل وصول الكيمياء الحديثة إلى الأمريكتين كانت هناك وصفة شعبية تعتمد على مياه من نهر فلوريدا (لاعتقادهم في جمال رائحته) ثم يخلط مع قرنفل وقرفة صينية وأوراق الليمون ،وتطورت طريقة صناعة العطور لتصبح استخدام مذيباً نقياً يتم استخراجه من النفط. ثم يدور هذا المذيب علي تيجان الأزهار النضرة إلي أن يصبح مركزاً بالعطر، ويتم فصل المذيب بواسطة عملية التقطير. ويُنقى العطر بالكحول ويكمن حالياً تركيب العطور من مواد كيميائية بحيث تبدو وكأنها روائح طبيعية وأصبحت صناعة العطور لها شركات كبرى متخصصة في هذا المجال.

تاريخ مستحضرات التجميل
تعطير
صناعة

تاريخ صناعة العطور


Miguel Ángel Echenausi de Ciancio (San Cristóbal, Estado Táchira, Venezuela, 21 de febrero de 1968) es un exfutbolista y entrenador venezolano. Jugaba como defensa y su último equipo fue el Deportivo Táchira de la Primera División de Venezuela.

Selección nacional
Jugó 28 partidos internacionales entre 1991 y 2000.

Fue nombrado el 20 de marzo de 2014 como entrenador de la Selección Sub 20, para los Juegos Centroamericanos 2014 y el Sudamericano 2015.

Clubes

Como jugador

Como entrenador

Enlaces externos
 Echenausi, Miguel en National Football Teams.

Sancristobalenses
Futbolistas de Venezuela
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Venezuela en los años 1990
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Venezuela en los años 2000
Futbolistas de Venezuela en la Copa América 1991
Futbolistas de Venezuela en la Copa América 1993
Futbolistas de Venezuela en la Copa América 1999
Futbolistas del Estudiantes de Mérida Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Deportivo Táchira Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Caracas Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Deportivo Galicia
Futbolistas del Cúcuta Deportivo
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Universidad de Concepción en los años 1990

Miguel Ángel Echenausi


Șoferul Doamnei Daisy (titlu original: Driving Miss Daisy) este un film american de dramă și comedie din 1989 regizat de Bruce Beresford și cu scenariul scris de Alfred Uhry, bazat pe piesa de teatru cu același nume a lui Uhry. Filmul îi are în rolurile principale pe Jessica Tandy, Morgan Freeman, și Dan Aykroyd. Freeman și-a reluat rolul din producția Off-Brodway cu același nume. Acțiunea se desfășoară pe parcursul a 25 de ani, în care sunt prezentate momente din viața lui Daisy și a șoferului acestuia acasă, relațiile acesteia cu prietenii, familia, temerile și preocupările sale.

La Gala Premiilor Oscar din 1990, "Driving Miss Daisy" a primit nouă nominalizări și a câștigat Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film, Cea mai bună actriță (Jessica Tandy), Cel mai bun machiaj și Cel mai bun scenariu adaptat. La vârsta de 81 de ani, Jessica Tandy a devenit cea mai bătrână actriță care a câștigat un Premiu Oscar.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Morgan Freeman - Hoke Colburn
 Jessica Tandy - Daisy Werthan
 Dan Aykroyd - Boolie Werthan
 Patti LuPone - Florine Werthan
 Esther Rolle - Idella
 Joann Havrilla - Miss McClatchey
 William Hall Jr. - Oscar
 Muriel Moore - Miriam
 Sylvia Kaler - Beulah
 Cristal R. Vulpe - Katie Bell

Recepție

Încasări
"Șoferul Doamnei Daisy" a fost lansat pentru prima dată 15 decembrie 1989, având încasări de 73.745$ din trei teatre. A fost lansat la nivel mondial pe 26 ianuarie 1990, câștigând 5.705.721$ în weekend-ul de deschidere în 895 teatre. Filmul a avut încasări totale de 106.593.296$ în America de Nord și 39.200.000$ în alte teritorii, adunând în total 145.793.296.

Reacția criticilor
"Șoferul Doamnei Daisy" a fost bine primit de critici, care au apreciat rolurile lui Morgan Freeman și Jessica Tandy. Filmul are un scor de 81% pe agregatorul Rotten Tomatoes bazat pe comentariile a 59 de criticii, cu un scor mediu de 7.2/10. Pe Metacritic are 81 din 100. Publicul sondat de CinemaScore i-a acordat nota "A+".

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme regizate de Bruce Beresford
Filme din 1989
Filme americane
Filme premiate cu Oscar
Filme în limba engleză
Filme despre bătrânețe
Filme despre rasism
Filme bazate pe piese de teatru
Filme în limba ebraică
Filme Warner Bros.

Șoferul Doamnei Daisy


Geórgios Klóntzas ou Georges Klontzas ( ; 1535-1608) est un peintre et enlumineur crétois, parmi les plus influents de l'époque post-byzantine. Appartenant au mouvement de la renaissance crétoise, il se met au service de clients catholiques et orthodoxes. Il travaille sur des icônes, des miniatures, des triptyques et des manuscrits enluminés. Sa technique, d'une grande complexité, est très reconnaissable et son œuvre la plus connue est sa peinture intitulée En toi se réjouit toute la Création. Il a influencé Théodore Poulakis et est lui-même inspiré par l'école vénitienne. Ses triptyques sont ainsi très proches de ceux de Gentile da Fabriano. De même, son Jugement dernier se rapproche de l'œuvre de Michel-Ange dans la chapelle Sixtine, sans qu'il soit possible de dire si Klontzas a pu l'admirer.

Biographie

Klontzas est né à Héraklion. Son père est Andréas Klontzas, proche des cercles lettrés de la société crétoise. Sa famille semble riche et il hérite de plusieurs propriétés. Il est de confession orthodoxe et se marie à Ergina Pantaléos, fille d'un prêtre du nom d'Emmanuel Pantaléos. Ils ont trois fils : Léon, Manéas et Nicolas, tous peintres. Il se remarie plus tard, avec Lia Vitzimanopoula, avec qui il a un quatrième fils.

En 1564, Klontzas est un peintre déjà actif sur toute l'île. Deux ans plus tard, il est embauché par Dominique Théotokopoulos (Le Greco) pour évaluer une icône et plusieurs sources attestent qu'il reçoit deux commandes en 1586. Une première représente la guérison d'un individu paralysé et la deuxième, issue de l'église catholique, est à destination de l'institution Saint-Antoine de Candie. En 1587, il reçoit une commande de l'évêque de Karpathos et c'est vers cette époque qu'il achète son atelier, situé sur la place Saint-Marc au centre de Candie. Il est alors particulièrement apprécié des différentes institutions de l'île, qu'elles soient grecques ou vénitiennes.

Un noble vénitien, Francesco Barozzi, né sur l'île, lui commande deux manuscrits enluminés pour Giacomo Foscarini, percepteur de l'île. Ils contiennent notamment plusieurs prophéties de l'empereur byzantin Léon VI le Sage. Un troisième manuscrit, plus complexe, est complété dans les années 1590, comprenant 217 folios et plus de 400 dessins. Le texte est issu de l'Apocalypse de Pseudo-Méthode, allant de l'expulsion d'Adam et Ève jusqu'au Jugement dernier. Il comprend notamment différents textes prophétiques, parfois inspirés des histoires byzantine et ottomane.

Peintre d'icône
Peintre grec

Georges Klontzas


A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses  an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e.,  bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes.
Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.

Cation (positively charged)

A hydrogen atom is made up of a nucleus with charge +1, and a single electron.  Therefore, the only positively charged ion possible has charge +1.  It is noted H+.

Depending on the isotope in question, the hydrogen cation has different names:

 Hydron: general name referring to the positive ion of any hydrogen isotope (H+)
 Proton: 1H+ (i.e. the cation of protium)
 Deuteron: 2H+, D+
 Triton: 3H+, T+
In addition, the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions:

 Hydronium ion: H3O+
 Zundel cation: H5O2+ (named for Georg Zundel)
 Eigen cation: H9O4+ (or HO •3HO) (named for Manfred Eigen)

Zundel cations and Eigen cations play an important role in proton diffusion according to the Grotthuss mechanism.

In connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" typically refers to hydrons.

In the image at left the hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron.  Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right).  The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation. Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived.

Anion (negatively charged)

Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired:

 Hydride: general name referring to the negative ion of any hydrogen isotope (H−)
 Protide: 1H−
 Deuteride: 2H−, D −
 Tritide: 3H−, T −

Uses
Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis. This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm. However, because of osmosis, the H+ will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase. Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP. This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Hydrogen ions concentration, measured as pH, is also responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a compound. Water molecules split to form H+ and hydroxide anions. This process is referred to as the self-ionization of water.

Ocean acidification
The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and subsequently, an acidic product. By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (H2O) to form a hydronium ion (H3O+), a conjugate acid of water. For simplistic reasoning, the hydrogen ion (H+) is often used to abbreviate the hydronium ion.

Ocean acidification is the direct consequence of elevated concentrations of hydrogen ions and carbonate saturation from significant absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the world's oceans. The pre-industrial state of the ocean's carbonate chemistry has been notably stable, including the balance of its pH. Following the industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of burning fossil fuels, cement production, and changes in land use, have increased the oceans uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by 30%. In the ocean, the absorption capacity of this greenhouse gas is 59 times higher than in the atmosphere; the ocean acts as the largest carbon sink on the planet, playing a significant role in climate regulation. In addition to carbon fluxes, the natural process of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere into the deep ocean is facilitated by two systems, the biological pump and the solubility pump. The solubility pump is a physico-chemical process that transfers CO2 at the air-sea interface. Based on Henry's Law, the amount of dissolved CO2 in an aqueous solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. To maintain equilibrium, a state of high atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 leads to an increased oceanic exchange of this gas by molecular diffusion.

In the surface waters, dissolved atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2(aq)) reacts with water molecules to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), a weak diprotic acid. Diprotic acids consist of two ionizable hydrogen atoms in each molecule. In an aqueous solution, partial dissociation of carbonic acid releases a hydrogen proton (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3−), and subsequently, the bicarbonate ion dissociates into an additional hydrogen proton and a carbonate ion (CO32-).  The dissolving and dissociating of these inorganic carbon species generate an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions and inversely lowers ambient surface ocean pH.  The carbonate buffering system governs the acidity of seawater by maintaining dissolved inorganic carbon species in chemical equilibrium.

The chemical equation consists of reactants and products that may react in either direction. More reactants added to a system yield more product production (the chemical reaction shifts to the right) and if more product is added, additional reactants will form, shifting the chemical reaction to the left. Therefore, in this model, a high concentration of the beginning reactant, carbon dioxide, produces an increased amount of end-product (H+ and CO32-), thus lowering pH and creating a more acidic solution. The natural buffering system of the ocean resist the change in pH by producing more bicarbonate ions generated by free acid protons reacting with carbonate ions to form an alkaline character.  However, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations may exceed the buffering capacity threshold, consequently resulting in higher rates of ocean acidification. Shifts in the ocean's carbonate chemistry has the potential to manipulate ocean biogeochemical cycles for many elements and compounds causing profound impacts on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, the solubility of CO2 is temperature dependent; elevated surface water temperatures reduce CO2 solubility. A continual rise in atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 could potentially convert the ocean from acting as sink (the vertical transport of carbon to the depths of the ocean) to becoming a source (CO2 degassing from the ocean), further increasing global temperatures.

See also
 Acid
 Protonation
 Dihydrogen cation
 Trihydrogen cation

References

Ocean Acidification

Hydrogen ion


Shivaragudda er en film instrueret af Per B. Holst.

Handling
En redegørelse for arbejdet på landbrugsskolen Shivaragudda, der er et led i Mellemfolkeligt Samvirkes Mysore-projektet, som har til formål dels at yde direkte teknisk og undervisningsmæssig hjælp på det landbrugsfaglige område, dels gennem gensidigt oplysningsarbejde at bidrage til udveksling af kulturelle værdier.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1963
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Shivaragudda


Neuberend Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 4,42 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1106 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Hans-Helmut Guthardt tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-suedangeln.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Neuberend


See No Evil es una película de terror dirigida por Gregory Dark, escrita por Dan Madigan, producida por Joel Simon, y protagonizada por el luchador profesional Kane. Es la primera película importante producida por WWE Films y fue estrenada por Lions Gate Entertainment el 19 de mayo de 2006.

La película pasó por muchos títulos diferentes de trabajo antes que el título definitivo de See No Evil fuese elegido. El título de trabajo original de la película era Eye Scream Man, pero fue cambiado posteriormente a The Goodnight Man, luego Goodnight antes de decidirse por See No Evil.

Trama
El oficial de policía Frank Williams (Steven Vidler) y su compañero, Blaine (Corey Parker Robinson), entran en una casa abandonada donde encuentran a una joven rehén, con los ojos arrancados. De repente, Frank es atacado y luego Blaine salvajemente asesinado por un desconocido con un hacha. Frank se las arregla para luchar contra el hombre, pero su brazo se rompe en el proceso. En la secuela, los detectives encuentran siete cuerpos en la casa, todos los cuales tienen sus ojos arrancados.

Cuatro años más tarde, Frank está tomando un grupo de delincuentes -Russell Wolf (Mikhael Wilder), Richie Bernson (Craig Horner), Christine Zárate (Christina Vidal), Zoe Warner (Rachael Taylor), Michael Montross (Luke Pegler), Vanning Kira (Samantha Noble), Tyson Simmons (Michael J. Pagan) y Melissa Beudroux (Penny McNamee)-, para limpiar el abandonado hotel Blackwell con el fin de convertirlo en un refugio para indigentes, según ha explicado la propietaria Margaret (Cecily Polson). A medida que los delincuentes trabajan, no se dan cuenta de que un psicópata solitario llamado Jacob Goodnight (Kane) ha entrado en el hotel. Tyson y Richie deciden buscar la caja fuerte del dueño anterior, que nunca se recuperó después del incendio que se desató en el hotel, mientras que Kira va a reunirse con Michael, su abusivo exnovio, que fue quien la envió a la cárcel.

Buscando la caja fuerte, Tyson y Richie descubren un cadáver. Richie se asusta e intenta irse pero es atacado por Goodnight, que lo arrastra hasta un ascensor frente a Tyson que estaba aterrorizado. Margaret se da cuenta de que el ascensor está siendo utilizado e informa a la compañera de Frank, Hannah (Tiffany Lamb), que va a comprobar si todos están en sus habitaciones. Sin embargo, el ascensor no se detiene y lleva a Hannah a los pisos dañados del hotel, donde es rápidamente asesinada por Goodnight, arrancándole los ojos. Por otra parte, Christine se compromete a ayudar a Kira a escapar del hotel después de encontrar a Michael hiriéndola en el baño.

Mientras Kira intenta escapar, es atacada por Goodnight y la arrastra hacia el montacargas. Christine, Frank y Margaret llegan justo cuando es asaltada, y Christine informa a Frank de que los demás se han ido a un club de alterne para hacer una fiesta. Mientras que Margaret se queda atrás para llamar a la policía, Christine y Frank entran en el ascensor, donde encuentran la sangre de Hannah, antes de chocar contra Tyson, quien les advierte de que el hombre se llevó a Richie.

Frank se da cuenta de que es Goodnight, antes de que un gancho le pase por la barbilla y lo arrastre lejos, descargando su cuerpo delante de Tyson y Christine. Kira es tomada como rehén por Goodnight debido a sus tatuajes religiosos. Ella despierta en la guarida de Goodnight, donde Richie está atado. Goodnight pronto aparece y le saca los ojos a Richie, antes de que veamos un retroceso a la infancia de Goodnight (encerrado en una jaula, ahogándose en la ducha, y viendo a una mujer atada con los ojos arrancados por su madre), lo que sugiere que la cantidad de muertes se deben a abuso religioso.

Mientras tanto Zoe, Michael, Russell y Melissa están tomando drogas en el club. Poco después, Russell y Melissa se marchan para tener intimidad. Mientras se lían, son atacados por Goodnight. Se las arreglan para escapar y esconderse en una habitación, donde se dan cuenta de que pueden salir por la ventana para llegar a la planta baja del hotel. Russell baja a Melissa por la ventana con una cuerda, pero es apuñalado a muerte por Goodnight, y deja caer a Melissa. La cuerda se detiene antes de que se golpe la cabeza contra el suelo, pero ella se rompe la mano en el impacto, lo que lleva a un grupo de perros callejeros a devorarla. Zoe y Michael se hartan uno del otro y tratan de volver a sus habitaciones, pero son atacados por Goodnight. Se esconden, pero Zoe es encontrada cuando su teléfono móvil suena. Ella pide ayuda, pero Goodnight mete el teléfono en su garganta, matándola.

Christine y Tyson deciden quedarse y tratar de encontrar a Kira, y se topan con Michael. Goodnight los encuentra y Christine junto con Tyson escapan a través del hueco del ascensor, olvidándose de Michael, que es violentamente golpeado por Goodnight. Christine y Tyson encuentran la guarida de Goodnight y crean una distracción para liberar a Kira. Cuando Christine intenta abrir la jaula de Kira, Tyson intenta distraer a Goodnight combatiéndolo, pero se electrocuta con su pistola eléctrica antes de ser aplastado por una bóveda. Christine se esconde de Goodnight.

Margaret aparece inesperadamente y se revela ser la madre de Goodnight. Margaret le dice a Kira que atrajo a Frank de vuelta al hotel para vengarse de él por herir a su hijo cuatro años antes, y que los presos tenían que morir porque todos estaban llenos de pecado, incluso ella. Margaret intenta dispararle a Kira, pero Goodnight la mata por accidente, tirándola hacia un clavo grande que la empala. Goodnight se pone furioso por la muerte de su madre, y está a punto de matar a Kira cuando esta trata de ayudar a Christine. Goodnight ahorca a Kira y a Christine al mismo tiempo pero Kira es lanzada lejos y los intentos de arrancar los ojos de Christine son frustrados por Michael, que aparece y lo golpea desde detrás, dando a las niñas el tiempo de esconderse. Goodnight las busca en la habitación en la que se han escondido, pero los tres lo toman por sorpresa, enviándolo a la ventana para caer a su muerte. Los tres sobrevivientes salen hacia la libertad. Después un perro orina en los orificios oculares de Goodnight.

Recepción

La película se estrenó el 19 de mayo de 2006 y recaudo 4.581.233 dólares de apenas 1,257 cines. Se llegó a recaudar 15.003.884 dólares en la taquilla de EE.UU. con un presupuesto de $ 8.000.000. La película ha recibido críticas muy negativo con Rotten Tomatoes dándole un 9% en calificación general.

Estreno en DVD
See No Evil se lanzó en DVD el 28 de noviembre de 2012. El DVD incluye comentario en audio por el escritor Dan Madigan, director Gregory Dark, coproductor ejecutivo Jed Blaugrund y Kane. La película finalmente hizo 45.160.000 dólares en siete semanas. En Australia, See No Evil fue lanzado el Miércoles 28 de mayo de 2013.

Secuela
El 6 de agosto de 2013, WWE Studios anunció una secuela de la película, con Kane retomando su papel como Jacob Goodnight. La película fue dirigida por las hermanas Soska, y protagonizada por Danielle Harris, Katharine Isabelle, Chelan Simmons, Kaj-Erik Eriksen, Greyston Holt, Lee Majdoub y Michael Eklund. El rodaje comenzó el 23 de septiembre en Vancouver, Columbia Británica, y terminó el 11 de octubre de 2013. See No Evil 2 se estrenó directamente en DVD el 21 de octubre de 2014.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial

Películas de 2006
Cine de terror de los años 2000
Películas de terror de Estados Unidos
Películas de asesinos en serie
Películas de Lions Gate Entertainment

See No Evil (película)


بكالوريوس علوم الحاسب (اختصارًا B.CompSC. أو B.CS.) هو أحد الدرجات العلمية في مرحلة البكالوريوس، يمنح عادة بعد أربع سنوات من الدراسة الجامعية لعلوم الحاسب. عمومًا درجات علوم الحاسب تركز على الأسس الرياضية والنظرية للحوسبة إلى حد ما أكثر من تعلم تقنيات محددة قد تتغير بسرعة.

شهادة البكالوريس في علوم الحاسب عادة ما تطلب للعمل في مجالات تطوير البرمجيات.

قد ينتج عن نفس المنهج الأساسي، اعتمادًا على الجامعة، درجات أخرى، بما في ذلك:
 بكالوريوس الآداب (BA) في علوم الكمبيوتر
 بكالوريوس في العلوم التطبيقية (BASc) في علوم الكمبيوتر
 بكالوريوس في التكنولوجيا في علوم وهندسة الكمبيوتر (B.Tech)
 بكالوريوس العلوم في تقنية المعلومات
 بكالوريوس رياضيات في علوم الحاسوب
 بكالوريوس في الهندسة (BEng أو BE) في علوم الكمبيوتر
 بكالوريوس الحوسبة في علوم الكمبيوتر
 بكالوريوس العلوم في الهندسة (علوم الكمبيوتر) - BSE (CS)
 بكالوريوس أمن الحاسوب في علوم الحاسب
 بكالوريوس العلوم (BSc أو BS) في علوم الكمبيوتر (BSc CS أو BSCS أو BSc (Comp))

المتطلبات النموذجية
بما أن علوم الحاسب مجال واسع، فإنها تتطلب عدد من المقررات المتنوعة. فيما يلي قائمة نموذجية بالمقررات القياسية التي كثيرًا ما تتطلبها علوم الحاسب:
 برمجة
 نمط برمجة
 خوارزمية
 بنية بيانات
 المنطق وحوسبة
 معمارية الحاسوب

بعض الجامعات تركز أكثر على الرياضيات، مثال على ذلك:
 جبر خطي
 تفاضل وتكامل
 نظرية الاحتمال وإحصاء
 تركيبات ورياضيات متقطعة
 تفاضل ورياضيات

فيما يلي مجموعة من المقررات الأساسية في علوم الحاسب، بشكل نموذجي يمكن للطالب اختيار مقررات في مجالات متنوعة، مثل:
 نظرية الحوسبة
 نظام تشغيل
 تحليل عددي
 محول برمجي، محول برمجي
 حوسبة في زمن حقيقي
 حوسبة موزعة
 شبكة حاسوب
 نقل البيانات
 رسوميات حاسوبية
 ذكاء اصطناعي
 تفاعل إنساني حاسوبي
 نظرية المعلومات
 فحص البرمجيات
 Information assurance

درجات علمية ذات علاقة
 بكالوريس حوسبة
 بكالورس الحوسبة وعلوم الرياضيات
 بكالوريس هندسة الحاسبات
 بكالوريس تقنية المعلومات
 بكالوريس نظم المعلومات
 بكالوريس هندسة الحاسبات
 بكالوريس رياضيات

انظر أيضّا
 علم الحاسوب
 هندسة وعلوم الحاسوب

المراجع

تعليم علم الحاسوب
درجات بكالوريوس
علم الحاسوب

بكالوريوس علوم الحاسب