"You Know You're Right" is a song by the American rock band Nirvana, written by lead vocalist and guitarist, Kurt Cobain. It is the first song on the greatest hits album Nirvana, released by DGC Records in October 2002. It is also the final song the band recorded before Cobain's suicide in April 1994.

For years after Cobain's death, the song was known only from a bootlegged live version, recorded in October 1993 at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago, Illinois, and from a cover by American rock band Hole, fronted by Cobain's widow, Courtney Love. Surviving Nirvana members Dave Grohl and Krist Novoselic had intended to release the studio version on a posthumous Nirvana box set, but Love blocked its release in 2001, asserting that a recording of such "extraordinary artistic and commercial value" belonged on a cheaper, single disc compilation instead.

In September 2002, "You Know You're Right" was subject to a high profile Internet leak, which led to it being put into heavy rotation on radio stations around the world, despite cease and desist orders from DGC's parent company Geffen Records. Shortly after, it was announced that the lawsuit between Love and Grohl and Novoselic was settled, and that the song would appear on a greatest hits album later that year.

"You Know You're Right" was released as a promo single in October 2002, and reached number one on both Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts.

Early history

"You Know You're Right" was written in 1993. A boombox-recorded home demo, featuring Cobain on vocals and guitar, was released posthumously on the Nirvana box set, With the Lights Out, in November 2004. The same version was re-released on the compilation album, Sliver: The Best of the Box, in November 2005.

The full song was only performed once in concert, at the Aragon Ballroom on October 23, 1993. Contemporary reviews of the show did not mention the then-unknown song, but Chicago music journalist Jim DeRogatis later described hearing it at the concert in a 2002 Spin article,  recalling that "it was classic Nirvana, hitting with the same impact as 'Smells Like Teen Spirit' and boasting a similar structure-a slow, creepy verse, suddenly exploding into a painfully cathartic but undeniably catchy chorus."

Robert Lang session

"You Know You're Right" was recorded in the studio by Adam Kasper at Nirvana's final session, on January 30, 1994 at Robert Lang Studios in Seattle, Washington. The band had booked the studio for three days during a tour break, but Cobain had been absent for the first two days, leaving Novoselic and Grohl to work on their own songs. Upon Cobain's arrival on the third day, he immediately went to the studio's mixing console and listened to the material his bandmates had recorded, offering support. Despite his apparent enthusiasm for the session, he had arrived at the studio without his gear, and ended up using a Univox guitar that the band's guitar technician, Ernie Bailey, had reworked for him, along with the studio's 50 Watt Marshall amp, which he disliked, and a pedal board with a Boss distortion pedal.

The band jammed for approximately 20 minutes, and then began working on the arrangement of "You Know You're Right", then known as "Kurt's Tune #1". According to a May 2004 Mojo article by Gillian G. Gaar, the band rehearsed the song three times, with the structure "pretty well hashed out" on the first take, and the chiming intro featured in the final version, achieved by Cobain playing the guitar above the nut, first appearing on the third take. Robert Lang, the studio's owner, recalled being "speechless" hearing the song while in the control room with Kasper.

After recording the master instrumental take, the band and others present at the recording session took a break away from the studio to visit a local pizzeria and for Cobain to buy cigarettes, and then returned and recorded another instrumental song, titled "Jam After Dinner". Cobain then recorded the vocals to "You Know You're Right," completing the main vocals in one take, and then adding two additional vocal overdubs. These were the only vocals that Cobain recorded during the session. His final contribution to the recording was a guitar overdub. Novoselic and Grohl recorded six more songs without Cobain, who had likely left by then, after signing the studio door and adding a drawing of a cat next to his signature.

Nirvana's touring guitarist, Pat Smear, lived in Los Angeles and was not present during the session. In a 2002 interview with the website Nirvana Fan Club, he said Cobain had sent him a cassette of the recording and told him he could add his part later. The band dissolved before Smear had the chance. The band reportedly planned to continue work at Lang's studio after their upcoming European tour, but Cobain died just over two months later, after cancelling the tour and returning to Seattle.

The masters of the sessions remained in Novoselic's basement until 1998, when work began on a posthumous Nirvana box set with an intended release date of September 2001, the 10th anniversary of the band's major label debut, Nevermind. The song, now retitled "You Know You're Right," was mixed on July 14 and 15 of that year at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California, in anticipation of its release. According to Novoselic, the final mix does not sound significantly different from the way it sounded when it was recorded in 1994, with the most dramatic changes being the addition of compression and reverb.

Post-Robert Lang session

Unlike many unreleased Nirvana recordings, the studio version of "You Know You're Right" had never been bootlegged and remained unheard by the public until 2002, when clips provided by Love were played on an episode of the NBC show Access Hollywood. However, an audience recording of the Aragon Ballroom version began appearing on commercial bootlegs as early as 1994, under erroneous titles such as "On a Mountain" and "Autopilot."

The song received further exposure when Hole performed it, under the title "You've Got No Right," during their MTV Unplugged appearance on February 14, 1995. Love introduced it as "a song that Kurt wrote; [the] last song, almost."

In 1995, Love offered the song to American rock musician Mark Lanegan, a friend of Cobain's, to cover with his band, Screaming Trees. As Screaming Trees guitarist Gary Lee Conner recalled in the 2023 book Lanegan, "When we were working on songwriting for Dust...Mark is like, 'Courtney wants us to do a song… And it was that song — 'You Know You're Right.' So, I got a tape of it and we learned it. We never recorded it. But we learned it without Mark, and Mark came down to sing it… and he couldn't. He changed his mind. And that was the end of it." Conner acknowledged that the band "could have had a big hit" by releasing a cover of a then-unknown Nirvana song, but believes Lanegan may have been wary of capitalizing on Cobain's death.

Lawsuit and release

In 2001, the studio version of "You Know You're Right" became the center of a legal dispute between Love and surviving Nirvana members Grohl and Novoselic. Love blocked its release, saying that it would be "wasted" on the planned box set, and was better suited to a single-disc collection similar to the Beatles' compilation album 1. Her lawsuit called the song a "potential 'hit' of extraordinary artistic and commercial value", and her manager asserted that a release with the song could sell 15 million copies. Novoselic said he did not necessarily disagree with Love: "I've always considered everything she said. We've considered it and agreed and said, 'Hey, that's a great idea, Courtney.' I tried to get along with Courtney as best I could, but there's only so much you can do."

In August 2001, one of the earliest firsthand descriptions of the studio version appeared in the Cobain biography Heavier Than Heaven, written by the Seattle music journalist Charles R. Cross, who had been granted access to the recording by Love. Cross called the song "one of the high-water marks in [Cobain's] entire canon," and wrote that "the plaintive wail in the chorus couldn't be clearer: 'Pain,' he cried, stretching the word out for almost ten seconds, giving it four syllables, and leaving an impression of inescapable torment."

In March 2002, Love played the song at a private event in Hollywood, and also allowed a portion of the song to air on an episode of Access Hollywood that she was interviewed in. The latter marked the first time any part of the studio recording had been heard by the general public.

As the lawsuit continued, another description of the studio version appeared in print, in the Spin article The Nirvana Wars, written by DeRogatis and published in June 2002. Like Cross, DeRogatis had been allowed to hear the studio version and other unreleased Nirvana recordings by Love, and described it as "even stronger" than the live version he heard in person at the Aragon Ballroom in 1993.

Leak

In May 2002, four additional clips of "You Know You're Right" were leaked online, leading some to speculate that it had been placed on advance copies of Grohl's heavy metal side project, Probot. On May 17, Grohl issued a statement denying his involvement in the leak, and that the song was not included on any CD he had compiled or given to anyone.

On September 21, 2002, an unmastered MP3 of the full studio version of "You Know You're Right" was leaked online. The song was quickly put in rotation by a number of alternative rock radio stations, which led to cease-and-desist letters being issued by DGC Records' parent company Geffen Records; a number of stations defied the orders. The Seattle radio station 107.7 The End posted a banner on their website that announced: "We took your e-mails and flooded the server at Geffen Records with tons of choice words about their 'You Know You're Right' cease and desist order. Due to the huge publicity outcry, the label has released the track. Hear NEW Nirvana all this weekend, only on 107.7 The End."

In late September, Love, Grohl and Novoselic released a joint statement announcing that the lawsuit had been settled, and that "You Know You're Right" would be officially released on the Nirvana greatest hits album later that year. It was released as a promotional single, with a music video directed by Chris Hafner. It was rereleased on Nirvana's second greatest hits compilation, Icon, in 2010.

Composition
"You Know You're Right" is an alternative rock song that is three minutes and 38 seconds long. According to the sheet music published at Sheet Music Plus by EMI Music Publishing, it is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderately slow tempo of 84 beats per minute. "You Know You're Right" is composed in the key of F minor, while Kurt Cobain's vocal range spans one octave and three notes. The song follows a basic sequence of F5–D–E in the verses and pre-chorus and is mainly restricted to a droning chord of F5 throughout the refrain as its chord progression. The journalist Charles R. Cross said it featured the "soft-hard dynamics" of Nirvana's 1993 single "Heart-Shaped Box," with quiet verses followed by a loud screamed chorus.

Title

"You Know You're Right" did not have an official title at the time of Cobain's death in April 1994. According to Gaar's 2002 Mojo article, it was listed simply as "Kurt's Tune #1" on the tracking sheets from the Robert Lang Studios recording session. The title used by Hole, "You've Got No Right," was the one most commonly used by fans prior to the song's official release.

In the liner notes to Nirvana, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke erroneously states that the song had gone under the previous titles of "Autopilot" and "On a Mountain". The latter title was also cited by Cross in Heavier Than Heaven. These names were actually invented by bootleggers who had misheard Grohl's comment at the beginning of the live version. Grohl had announced, "This is our last song; it's called 'All Apologies'", unaware that Cobain had already started playing "You Know You're Right". Due to the relatively poor fidelity of the live recording, bootleggers believed Grohl had introduced the new song, and tried to interpret what they thought was its title. Cross also seems to misrepresent the lyrics in Heavier Than Heaven, citing the lyric, "I am walking in the piss," which appears in Hole's 1995 version of the song, but in no known Nirvana recording.

Music video

A music video for "You Know You're Right" was released in October 2002. Directed by Chris Hafner, it features a montage of band footage, drawn mostly from live performances and interviews, occasionally edited to give the effect of the song being performed. The video peaked at number two of the Billboard Video Monitor, a chart of the most-played clips as monitored by the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, for the week ending October 20, 2002.

Reception

"You Know You're Right" was the fourth Nirvana song to enter the Billboard Hot 100 chart, reaching number 45. It was their fifth song to reach number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, where it remained for four consecutive weeks, the longest of any Nirvana song. With an increase of 1,616 spins, Nirvana also broke the record for the largest detected jump by an act already on the chart. It also became the first Nirvana song to top the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

Amy McAuliffe from BBC called the song "a poignant reminder of what might have been" and described it as "listening to a dead man snarling out his last gasp of righteous sarcasm." Will Hermes of Spin remarked that it was "amazing how a merely good Nirvana song still scorches everything within earshot." David Samuels of Slate wrote that "unlike most post-mortem rock releases, 'You Know You're Right' is not B-side material or the result of recording studio wizardry—it's a real Nirvana song" that showed that "Cobain was at the peak of his powers as a vocalist and songwriter—the most gifted and popular writer that rock music had seen since Lennon/McCartney." Likewise, Larry Flint from Billboard stated, "Unlike most previously unreleased cuts tacked onto best-of sets, 'You Know You're Right' is a potent addition to Nirvana's cache of classic material."

"You Know You're Right" was ranked at the fifth-best single of the year by Spin, with Charles Aaron calling it a "gnarly little heart-shaped box crammed with feedback, bile, and a gut-shredding chorus." In 2002, the song received a BDS Spin Award for 50,000 radio spins in the US, and in 2003 it received a BDS award for 100,000 radio spins in the US.

Legacy
In 2011, "You Know You're Right" was ranked at number two on NME's list of the 10 best Nirvana songs. In 2015, Rolling Stone listed it at number 21 on their ranking of 102 Nirvana songs. In 2023, it was ranked at number 30 by Stephen Thomas Erlewine on the A.V. Club's "Essential Nirvana: Their 30 greatest songs, ranked" list. Shortly before its release, Kasper described "You Know You're Right" as one of the band's "best songs, probably in the Top Ten."

Grohl reflected on the song in a 2019 interview with The Guardian, telling interviewer Eve Barlow that "I listened to it for the first time in 10 years. Oh God, it's hard to listen to. It was not a pleasant time for the band. Kurt was unwell. Then he was well. Then he was unwell. The last year of the band was tough." In addition to calling the lyrics "heartbreaking" in retrospect, Grohl added that "I used to think it sounded like [Cobain] was singing the chorus. Now I listen to it and it's like he's wailing."

In May 2020, American director Cameron Crowe revealed in an interview with Stereogum that he had hidden the studio recording of "You Know You're Right," given to him by Love, in his film Vanilla Sky, which was released almost a year prior to the song's official release. "We couldn't credit it in the movie and it was actually illegal," Crowe explained, "but Courtney Love gave it to us. She said, 'This is the only Nirvana song that's never been released. Hide it in your movie somewhere.'

In a 2022 retrospective article on the song, Brad Shoup of Billboard described it as "the most anticipated rock single of 2002," and wrote that its posthumous chart success "was a testament to Kurt Cobain's bone-deep sense of songcraft – and the still-sizable fanbase Nirvana had established before Cobain's April 1994 suicide."

Accolades
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:6em;"| Publication
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Country
! scope="col"| Accolade
! scope="col"| Rank
|-
! scope="row"| 2003
| Spin
| style="text-align:center;"| United States
| Singles of the Year
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
! scope="row"| 2004
| Q
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| United Kingdom
| High Spirits: 10 Greatest Nirvana Songs Ever
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
|-
! scope="row"| 2011
| NME
| Nirvana: Their 10 Best Tracks
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
|-
! scope="row"| 2019
| The Guardian
| Dave Grohl's Landmark Songs
| style="text-align:center;"| N/A
|-
|-
! scope="row"| 2023
| The A.V. Club
| style="text-align:center"| United States
| Essential Nirvana: Their 30 greatest songs, ranked
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
|-
|}

Personnel
Kurt Cobain – guitar, vocals
Krist Novoselic – bass guitar
Dave Grohl – drums
Adam Kasper – recording and mixing, producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Recording and release history

Six versions of "You Know You're Right" are known to exist: the final studio version along with three rehearsal takes from the same session, the live version from the band's show at the Aragon Ballroom in October 1993, and the solo acoustic demo that appeared on With the Lights Out'' in November 2004.

Demo and studio versions

Notes

References

External links

"You Know You're Right" discography information

1994 songs
2002 singles
Nirvana (band) songs
Hole (band) songs
Songs written by Kurt Cobain
Song recordings produced by Adam Kasper
Songs released posthumously

You Know You're Right


Morrão é uma grande elevação situada no Vale do Capão na cidade de Palmeiras, uma das principais atrações do Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, região central do estado brasileiro da Bahia.

Descrição
Com altitude de 998 metros, é um morro testemunho da Serra do Sincorá, junto ao seu vizinho Morro do Pai Inácio e o Morro do Camelo mais ao norte, e foi descrito pela Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais: "o vale e a formação do morro foram condicionadas pelas fraturas instaladas na charneira da dobra (com direções N60W e N60E, subverticais) e pelo contato das rochas do Grupo Chapada Diamantina (arenito) com as rochas subjacentes do Grupo Paraguaçu (argila arenosa) de maneira que, inicialmente, o entalhamento se dá preferencialmente na vertical e passa a ser lateral, ao atingir as rochas do Grupo Paraguaçu".

Turismo
Apesar de ser "um dos ícones da paisagem da Chapada Diamantina" e sua "feição notável no relevo da região" o Morrão não é visitado com frequência uma vez que a trilha que leva ao cume ser considerada bastante difícil. O acesso, até 2017, não possuía medidas de controle.

Em 2013 um incêndio de grandes proporções atingiu a região e houve um grande esforço dos brigadistas para evitar que atingisse o morro. Em parte por conta do risco de incêndios a prática de camping no lugar foi proibida.

Imagens

Geografia de Palmeiras
Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina
Morros da Chapada Diamantina

Morrão (Vale do Capão)


Erşen Çilingir (* 19. Juni 1983 in Üsküdar) ist ein türkischer Fußballtorhüter, der für Kartalspor spielt.

Karriere

Vereinskarriere
Erşen Çilingir begann mit dem Vereinsfußball als Zehnjähriger in der Jugendabteilung von Kartalspor und erhielt dort im Sommer 1998 einen Profivertrag. Er spielte auf Anhieb als Stammspieler bei den Profis.

Nachdem er dort ein Jahr verbracht hatte, wechselte er zum Drittligisten Maltepespor. Nach vier Jahren bei diesem Verein spielte er bei Elazığspor und Yalovaspor.

Zur Saison 2010/11 wechselte er wieder zu Elazığspor und feierte mit diesem Verein am Ende seiner ersten Saison die Meisterschaft der TFF 2. Lig und damit den direkten Aufstieg in die TFF 1. Lig. In seinem zweiten Jahr kam er als Ergänzungsspieler lediglich zu einigen wenigen Einsätzen. Am vorletzten Spieltag schaffte man den sicheren Aufstieg in die Süper Lig.

Zur neuen Saison wechselte er zum Zweitligisten Kartalspor.

Erfolge

 Mit Elazığspor:
 2010/11 Aufstieg in die TFF 1. Lig
 2010/11 Meisterschaft der TFF 2. Lig
 2011/12 Aufstieg in die Süper Lig

Weblinks

Fußballtorhüter (Elazığspor)
Fußballtorhüter (Kartalspor)
Fußballtorhüter (Maltepespor)
Fußballtorhüter (Yalovaspor)
Türke
Geboren 1983
Mann
Fußballtorhüter (Şile Yıldızspor)

Erşen Çilingir


El arroyo del Tala es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Flores perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica del Río de la Plata.

Nace en la cuchilla Grande Inferior y desemboca en el arroyo Maciel tras recorrer alrededor de 19 km.

Referencias

Tala
Tala
Cuenca del río Yí

Arroyo del Tala (Arroyo Maciel)


The Royal College of Saint Peter in Westminster, más conocida como la Westminster School, es una de las escuelas independientes más importantes del Reino Unido. Situada en el recinto de la Abadía de Westminster en Londres, fue inaugurada en 1179 cuando el papa Alejandro III obligó a los monjes de la Orden Benedictina de la abadía a abrir una escuela.

Entre sus alumnos destacan Ben Jonson, Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren, John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, Edward Gibbon, John Dryden, Henry Purcell y A. A. Milne.

Westminster School es uno de los nueve grandes "Clarendon Schools", los public schools británicos incorporados a la Ley de Colegios Privados de 1868 (Public Schools Act 1868), junto con Charterhouse School, Eton College, Harrow School, Merchant Taylors' School, Rugby School, Shrewsbury School, St Paul's School y Winchester College.

Antiguos alumnos
 Richard Hakluyt (1553-1616)
 Ben Jonson (1573-1637)
 Arthur Dee (1579-1651)
 George Herbert (1593-1633)
 John Dryden (1631-1700)
 John Locke (1632–1704)
 Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723)
 Robert Hooke FRS (1635-1703)
 Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
 Augustus FitzRoy (1735-1811)
 Charles Wesley (1707-1788)
 Edward Gibbon FRS (1737-1794), historian
 Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
 Matthew Gregory "Monk" Lewis (1775-1818)
 John Russell (1792-1878)
 A. A. Milne (1882-1956)
 Robert Southey (1774-1843)
 Sir Adrian Boult (1889-1983)
 Sir John Gielgud (1904-2000)
 Sir William Deakin (1913-2005)
 Sir Andrew Huxley (n. 1917)
 Sir Peter Ustinov (1921-2004)
 Tony Benn (n. 1925)
 Peter Brook (n. 1925)
 Nigel Lawson (n. 1932)
 Simon Gray (1936-2008)
 Andrew Lloyd Webber (n. 1948)
 Martin Amis (n. 1949)
 Stephen Poliakoff (n. 1952)
 Ian Bostridge (n. 1964)
 Shane MacGowan (n. 1957)
 David Heyman (n. 1961)
 Helena Bonham Carter (n. 1966)
 Jason Kouchak (n. 1967)
 Nick Clegg (n. 1967)
 Ruth Kelly (n. 1968)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web

Westminster School
Abadía de Westminster
Escuelas independientes del Reino Unido
Instituciones educativas establecidas en 1179
Instituciones educativas establecidas en 1560
Inglaterra en el siglo XII
Inglaterra en el siglo XVI
Escuelas anglicanas

Westminster School


Screaming for Vengeance osmi je studijski album britanskog heavy metal-sastava Judas Priest. Diskografska kuća Columbia Records objavila ga je 17. srpnja 1982. Smatra se albumom kojim se skupina probila u veće glazbeno tržište – stekao je dvostruku platinastu nakladu u SAD-u i platinastu u Kanadi. S tog je albuma objavljen i uspješni singl "You've Got Another Thing Comin'".

Snimanje i objava
Screaming for Vengeance snimljen je u Ibiza Sound Studiosu na španjolskom otoku Ibizi (u to su vrijeme britanski glazbenici često snimali izvan Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva zbog nižeg poreza), a miksan je i masteriran u Beejay Recording Studiosu i Bayshore Recording Studiosu u Coconut Groveu na Floridi. U stilskom je smislu skupina na albumu napustila melodičniji stil pjesama s prethodnog uratka Point of Entry i odlučila je slijediti stil pjesama s albuma British Steel, no u žešćoj varijanti. Screaming for Vengeance također je prvi album na kojem je sudjelovao bubnjar koji je svirao na više od dva albuma skupine; Dave Holland prethodno je svirao na British Steelu i Point of Entryju.

Singl "You've Got Another Thing Comin'", tržišno najuspješnija pjesma s albuma, na album je uvršten u posljednji trenutak. Gitarist K. K. Downing izjavio je: "Bili smo vrlo zadovoljni albumom, ali smo kasno odlučili da bismo mu mogli dodati još jednu pjesmu. Znao sam da imamo neke dijelove [za nju], ali smo dovršili "Another Thing Comin'" dok smo miksali album u studiju Bee Jay. Brzo smo je dovršili, a sjećam se i da smo imali dobar predosjećaj u vezi s njom jer je zvučala kao dobra pjesma za vožnju i vjerojatno kao dobra pjesma na radiju." Rob Halford komentirao je da ga je iznenadio uspjeh pjesme: "[T]u su pjesmu zakopale [druge pjesme]. Uglavnom misliš da će najupečatljivije pjesme biti na početku albuma, no naši su prijatelji iz Sonyja rekli 'Uzet ćemo ovu pjesmu.' Nismo znali što se događa, a onda su do nas došle povratne informacije: 'Pazi ovo, album je postao popularan u ovom gradu i ovom gradu'. Jednostavno je postao uspješan."

Screaming for Vengeance objavljen je 17. srpnja 1982., a njegova je remasterirana inačica na CD-u objavljena u svibnju 2001. Skladba "Fight for Your Life" snimljena je tijekom rada na tom albumu, no nije se pojavila na njemu – objavljena je kao dodatna pjesma na remasteriranoj inačici albuma Killing Machine iz 2001. Do tridesete godišnjice objave albuma 2012. ostao je najprodavaniji album u karijeri Judas Priesta. U sklopu proslave navedene godišnjice objavljena je remasterirana inačica na CD-u s koncertnim snimkama iz 1982. i dodatnim DVD-om na kojem se nalaze snimke nastupa na američkom glazbenom festivalu iz 1983.

Turneja
World Vengeance Tour počeo je ubrzo nakon objave albuma u srpnju 1982.; turneja se održavala diljem Sjeverne Amerike za ljeta i jeseni te godine, a koncerti u Europi počeli su tek u prosincu 1983. Skupina se usredotočila na američku publiku jer je željela uspostaviti čvrste temelje na tamošnjem glazbenom tržištu i zato što je pjesma "You've Got Another Thing Comin'" ondje bila veoma uspješna. Ta pjesma i "Electric Eye" često se izvode na koncertima skupine. Grupa je na turnejama od 1982. do 2008. također svirala pjesmu "Devil's Child", a na određenim su turnejama izvedene i pjesme "Riding on the Wind", "Bloodstone" i "Screaming for Vengeance". Međutim, pjesma "Fever" odsvirana je samo na prvim dvama nastupima turneje 1982., "(Take These) Chains" izvođena je samo na koncertima 2019., a "Pain and Pleasure" i kraća instrumentalna skladba "The Hellion" do danas nijednom nisu odsvirane uživo. Na inačici albuma objavljenoj 2012. u sklopu tridesete godišnjice objave uratka nalazi se i DVD koji sadrži snimke nastupa održanog na posljednji dan turneje u svibnju 1983. na festivalu u Kaliforniji. Tijekom američke turneje 1982. predgrupe Judas Priestu bile su skupine kao što su Iron Maiden, Krokus i Uriah Heep.

Recenzije
Iako su određeni kritičari British Steel proglasili remek-djelom sastava, Screaming for Vengeance popularizirao je Judas Priest u Sjevernoj Americi. Iako je skupina ondje već bila stekla kultni status do 1979. i mogla je ići na turneje kao glavni sastav, ondje je prodano "relativno malo" njezinih albuma do Screaming for Vengeancea. Prodaja uratka također je bila uspješna diljem svijeta.

Steve Huey s internetskog mjesta AllMusic dodijelio mu je četiri zvjezdice od njih pet i izjavio je: "Nakon što se [sastav] malo previše odveo u vode jednostavnijeg hard rocka, na Vengeanceu se ponovno usredotočio na heavy metal i bolje je uravnotežio komercijalizam i kreativnost. To je polučilo pamtljive i pristupačne rezultate, no istovremeno su bili žešći i lišeni neugodno očitih kalkulacija koje su oblikovale najslabije trenutke na prethodnim dvama albumima. Screaming for Vengeance naposljetku je dosljedniji čak i od neporecivo ključnog British Steela – i s tematskog i s glazbenog gledišta." Recenziju je zaključio tvrdnjom da je "[u]z British Steel jedan od najboljih i najvažnijih metal-albuma u glavnoj struji iz osamdesetih." Pierre Tombale iz internetskog časopisa Metal Storm dodijelio mu je deset bodova od deset i izjavio je da je "taj album veoma bogat atmosferom i energijom".

Uspjeh na tržištu
Screaming for Vengeance pojavio se na 11. mjestu Britanske ljestvice albuma i 17. mjestu američke ljestvice Billboard 200. Dana 29. listopada 1982. stekao je zlatnu, 18. travnja 1982. platinastu, a 16. listopada 2001. dvostruku platinastu nakladu u SAD-u, čime je postao prvi album skupine koji je osvojio dvije potonje nagrade.

Priznanja
Uradak je uvršten na 15. mjesto IGN-ova popisa 25 najutjecajnijih metal-albuma. Također se pojavio na desetom mjestu popisa 100 najboljih metal-albuma internetskih stranica Metal-Rules.com. Časopis Kerrang! postavio ga je na 46. mjesto popisa "100 najboljih heavy metal-albuma svih vremena". Godine 2017. postavljen je na 12. mjesto popisa "100 najboljih metal-albuma svih vremena časopisa Rolling Stone.

U popularnoj kulturi
"You've Got Another Thing Comin'" pojavljuje se u videoigri Guitar Hero. "Electric Eye" (uz "The Hellion", pjesmu koja joj prethodi na albumu) nalazila se u videoigrama Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s i Guitar Hero Smash Hits. Screaming for Vengeance prvi je album koji se mogao preuzeti u cijelosti u sklopu videoigara Rock Band i Rock Band 2.

Naslovna se pjesma reproducirala na glavnoj internetskoj stranici za videoigru Brütal Legend. U toj igri Rob Halford posuđuje glas zlikovcu Generalu Lionwhyteu i liku heroju čije je ime Fire Baron; taj je lik oblikovan prema samom Halfordu. Pjesma "You've Got Another Thing Comin'" pojavila se u videoigri Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, u kojoj ju je reproducirala radijska postaja V-Rock, a pjesmu "Electric Eye" reproducirala je ista radijska postaja u prednastavku Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. Skladba "Riding on the Wind" pojavila se u videoigri Twisted Metal.

Pjesma "You've Got Another Thing Comin'" pojavila se u prvoj epizodi jedanaeste sezone animirane serije Archer''.

Popis pjesama
Sve su pjesme, osim pjesme "(Take These) Chains" koju je napisao Bob Halligan Jr., napisali Glenn Tipton, Rob Halford i K. K. Downing.

Zasluge

Judas Priest
Rob Halford – vokali
Glenn Tipton – gitara
K. K. Downing – gitara
Ian Hill – bas-gitara
Dave Holland – bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje
Tom Allom – produkcija
Lou Austin – tonska obrada
John Berg – dizajn
Doug Johnson – ilustracije
Steve Joester – fotografija

Ljestvice

Izvori

Albumi iz 1982.
Albumi sastava Judas Priest

Screaming for Vengeance


Die Scottish Open 1984 im Badminton fanden vom 27. bis zum 29. Januar 1984 in Edinburgh statt. Durch die Verlagerung des Austragungsdatums der Scottish Open von Januar zu November gab es im Jahr 1984 zwei Auflagen der Titelkämpfe.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
 Martin Knupp: YONEX Badminton Handbuch 1985, S. 151

1984
World Badminton Grand Prix 1984
Badmintonwettbewerb in Edinburgh

Scottish Open 1984


13679 Shinanogawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13679 Shinanogawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nanyo de Tomimaru Okuni. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,57 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 14,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

13679 Shinanogawa


A diplomatic bag, also known as a diplomatic pouch, is a container with certain legal protections used for carrying official correspondence or other items between a diplomatic mission and its home government or other diplomatic, consular, or otherwise official entity. The physical concept of a "diplomatic bag" is flexible and it can take many forms (e.g., a cardboard box, briefcase, duffel bag, large suitcase, crate or even a shipping container).

Additionally, a diplomatic bag usually has some form of lock and/or tamper-evident seal attached to it to deter or detect interference by unauthorized third parties. The most important point is that as long as it is externally marked to show its status, the "bag" has diplomatic immunity from search or seizure, as codified in article 27 of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. It may only contain articles intended for official use, though there have been numerous cases where the privileges of the diplomatic bag have been used to facilitate smuggling. Bags are often escorted by a diplomatic courier, who is similarly immune from arrest and detention.

Noteworthy shipments
 During World War II, Winston Churchill reportedly received shipments of Cuban cigars by this method.
 Triplex was a British espionage operation in World War II which involved secretly copying the contents of diplomatic pouches of neutral countries.
 In 1964, a Moroccan-born Israeli double agent named Mordechai Louk was drugged, bound, and placed in a diplomatic mailing crate at the Egyptian Embassy in Rome, but was rescued by Italian authorities. The box that he had been sealed into "had almost certainly been used before for human cargo," including possibly for an Egyptian military official who had defected to Italy several years before but then disappeared without a trace before reappearing under Egyptian custody and facing trial.
 The Canadian government sent Canadian passports and other material via a diplomatic bag to Tehran to assist in the exfiltration of six American diplomats who had evaded capture during the seizure of the United States embassy.
 During the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentine government used a diplomatic bag to smuggle several limpet mines to their embassy in Spain, to be used in the covert Operation Algeciras, in which Argentine agents were to blow up a British warship in the Royal Navy Dockyard at Gibraltar. The plot was uncovered and stopped by the Spanish police before the explosives could be set.
 In the 1984 Dikko Affair, a former Nigerian government minister, Umaru Dikko, was kidnapped and placed in a shipping crate in an attempt to transport him from the United Kingdom back to Nigeria for trial. However, it was not marked as a diplomatic bag, which allowed British customs to open it.
 In 1984, the Sterling submachine gun used to kill WPC Yvonne Fletcher from inside the Libyan Embassy in London was smuggled out of the UK in one of 21 diplomatic bags.
 In March 2000, Zimbabwe became the object of international political attention when it opened a British diplomatic shipment.
 In May 2008, a replacement pump for the toilet on the International Space Station was sent in a diplomatic pouch from Russia to the United States to arrive before liftoff of the next shuttle mission.
 In 2012, a 16 kilogram shipment of cocaine was sent to the United Nations in New York in a bag disguised as a diplomatic pouch.
 In January 2012, Italy detected 40 kilograms of cocaine smuggled in a diplomatic pouch from Ecuador, arresting five. Ecuador insisted it had inspected the shipment for drugs at the foreign ministry before it was sent to Milan.
In November 2013, the UK government alleged that a British diplomatic bag had been opened by the Guardia Civil at the Gibraltar-Spanish border, sparking a formal diplomatic protest. The Spanish government responded that the bag, being transported from the Governor of Gibraltar by a courier company, and contained in a mailbag that held other packages, did not meet the criteria of being in transit between a diplomatic mission and a home government.
 In July 2020, Indian customs department detected 30 kilograms of gold smuggled in a concealed diplomatic consignment from the United Arab Emirates, which was seized at Thiruvananthapuram Airport in Kerala by the Indian Customs Department. India's National Investigation Agency revealed that former local UAE consulate employees were involved in gold smuggling.

See also
 Military mail
 Diplomatic cable

References

External links
 eDiplomat.com: Glossary of Diplomatic Terms
  article with extensive detailed references.

Bags
Cryptography
Diplomatic documents
Diplomatic immunity and protection

Diplomatic bag


Hotel Slavija je hotel kategorije tri zvjezdice otvoren davne 1900. godine, smješten u povijesnom dijelu grada Splita, unutar zidina antičke Dioklecijanove palače. Naziv je dobio po imenu zemlje Slavena, naroda koji naseljava prostor Balkana.

Kratak opis
Najstariji hotel u Splitu, dio je kulturne baštine grada Splita. Hotel ima dugogodišnju tradiciju i pod zaštitom je Ministarstva kulture Republike Hrvatske i UNESCO-a.

Arhitektura i povijest
Povijest zgrade hotela pratimo od srednjeg vijeka, točnije kraja 16. i početka 17. stoljeća. Tada se iznad zapadnih Dioklecijanovih termi izgrađenih u 4. stoljeću, gradi palača Brešan koja se početkom 20. stoljeća adaptira u hotel Slaviju. Prvo veliko preuređenje hotela Slavije događa se desetljeće kasnije, točnije 1926. godine kada se podižu dva nova kata na zgradi. Hotel tada ima 35 luksuzno opremljenih soba. Moderno uređenje hotela bilo je zanimljivo stanovnicima grada Splita, a velika novost za grad Split bilo je uvođenje centralnog grijanja te vodovodne cijevi po sobama.

Restoran i bar
U prizemlju zgrade hotela nalazi se restoran Para di šoto. Restoran je smješten iznad arheološkog nalazišta privatnih termi cara Dioklecijana, koje su velikim dijelom konzervirane i prekrivene.

Lokacija
Hotel je smješten u najstrožem centru Splita, unutar zidina Dioklecijanove palače u centru Splita, u njenom jugozapadnom dijelu.

Slavija danas
Zgrada hotela Slavija je kao nacionalna kulturna baština pod zaštitom Ministarstva kulture Republike Hrvatske. Vanjski izgled zgrade je sačuvan u potpunosti tijekom renoviranja pri čemu se konzultiralo konzervatorski odjel Uprave za zaštitu kulturne baštine Ministarstva Kulture Republike Hrvatske. Unutrašnjost hotela prilikom nedavnog renoviranja postao je izvanredan spoj modernog uređenja u koji se savršeno uklapaju sačuvani ostaci kasnoantičke Rimske kulture. Hotel sada ima 25 soba.

Uz idealnu lokaciju u samom srcu grada Splita u neposrednoj blizini povijesnih znamenitosti Splita (katedrala sv. Duje, Jupiterov hram, palača Milesi), posebnost hotelu predstavljaju i sobe s malim renesansnim balkonima i prostranim terasama. Terasa na vrhu zgrade hotela pruža nezaboravan pogled na cijeli grad.

Hotel Slavija aktivno sudjeluje u društvenom i kulturnom životu lokalne zajednice. Slavija je često puta mjesto boravka gostiju i učesnika različitih priredaba i zbivanja u gradu, u sklopu pokroviteljstva raznih događanja poput Splitskih jazz večeri, Mosor film festivala, festivala Mali Marul i Pričigin, Splitskog polumaratona, itd.

Poveznice
www.hotelslavija.hr

Slavija

Hotel Slavija, Split


La frontière entre la Nouvelle-Zélande et les Samoa est une frontière, entièrement maritime, séparant les Tokelau et les Samoa, dans l'océan Pacifique. Le segment fait à peine 50 km.

En 2021, aucun traité n'établit précisément de tracé, une situation encore très fréquente dans le Pacifique.

Pour définir les zones économiques exclusives respectives, la ligne de base est établie jusqu'à  () de ses côtes au maximum et les zones se recoupent sur une ligne d'équidistance basée sur la définition du trait de côte.

La ligne sépare l'île samoane de Savai'i face à l'atoll d'Atafu.

Les extrémités de cette frontière sont deux tripoints :
 Au nord, une jonction avec Wallis-et-Futuna, territoire français : le point se trouve à 175 nm de chaque île sachant que la frontière entre la France et la Nouvelle-Zélande fait l'objet d'un traité signé en 2003.
 Au sud, une jonction avec les Samoa américaines, territoire américain, en prenant en compte l'île d'Swains: le point à environ 115 nm de chaque île sachant que la frontière entre les États-Unis et la Nouvelle-Zélande fait lui aussi l'objet d'un traité signé en 1980.

Le tracé suivrait donc un segment de ligne entre les points  et  sur une distance de 33 nm .

Plusieurs discussions sont en cours, notamment en 2019, au sein du Forum des îles du Pacifique pour aboutir à un traité officiel avec un objectif pour les Samoa de finaliser les traités avant 2025. Un des enjeux est une meilleure précision vu la différence d'échelle entre la côte de Savai'i (57 km) et celle d'Atafu (5 km).

Références

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Délimitation maritime
 Traité de Tokehega

Nouvelle-Zélande-Samoa
Samoa
Nouvelle-Zélande

Frontière entre la Nouvelle-Zélande et les Samoa


Fitas do desafio, também conhecidas como fitas da vergonha, é um termo que se refere a uma prática de gestão japonesa de dar fitas com críticas aos funcionários que não atendem às expectativas da gestão. De acordo com alguns autores, nos programas de gestão japoneses, os funcionários que participam de exercícios de verdade declaram as fraquezas que são conhecidas por causar erros no passado. Também faz parte da aula de treinamento em administração japonesa de Kanrisha Yosei Gakko.

Na cultura popular
As fitas da vergonha ganharam popularidade no Ocidente após aparecem no filme de 1986 Fábrica de Loucuras, estrelado por Michael Keaton.

Cultura do Japão
Punições

Fitas do desafio


Woodsiaceae (Herter) é uma família monofilética de samambaias terrestres ou litófitas inseridas na subordem Aspleniineae dentro da ordem Polypodiales. A família foi descrita inicialmente em 1949, por Wilhelm Gustav Franz Herter (1884-1958) na Revista Sudamericana de Botânica. A partir de então tem sofrido severas mudanças na classificação. Woodsiaceae possui um único gênero chamado de Woodsia R.Br.

Morfologia
Essa família é constituída principalmente por plantas terrestres, no entanto, também podem ser rupícolas. Seu caule possui indumento com aspecto escamoso e pode crescer de forma reptante, ereta ou ascendente.

Woodsiaceae é reconhecida por conter o pecíolo subcilíndrico e com dois feixes vasculares na base, dispostos frente a frente ou de forma lateral.

Suas folhas são monomorfas e em alguns casos dimorfas, são pinadas e seguem continuamente a raque, podendo ser sulcada ou não. As nervuras podem ser livres ou areoladas.

Seus soros são abaxiais, possuindo formas diversas desde arredondadas, alongadas e lineares. Não apresentam paráfises, contudo, apresentam indúsio inferior possuindo as mesmas variações de formas dos soros, podendo ser também membranáceo.

Os esporângios possuem pedicelo que interrompe o ânulo vertical, este pedicelo possui em torno de 3 fileiras de células posicionadas abaixo da cápsula, seus esporos não contêm clorofilas e podem ser monoletes, alados, cristalados ou equinados.

Relações Filogenéticas
Desde que foi criada, a família Woodsiaceae tem passado por grandes mudanças referentes à sua classificação. Em estudos anteriores baseados em semelhanças morfológicas, os gêneros associados à família foram incluídos em Polypodiaceae, Aspidiaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae, Athyriaceae ou Dryopteridaceae. Posteriormente, na classificação dada por Christenhusz e Chase em 2014, Woodsiaceae foi rebaixada como a subfamília Woodsioideae Schmakov, dentro da família Aspleniaceae Newman, um status mantido pela Plants of the World Online em março de 2022.

Em Smith et al, as famílias Athyriaceae e Cystopteridaceae foram incluídas na família Woodsiaceae. Porém, em 2016, o Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group estabeleceu um consenso acerca da classificação de pteridófitas. O documento denominado PPG I se baseou em estudos filogenéticos anteriores da área para corroborar que as famílias são consistentemente segregadas, determinando também que a família Woodsiaceae é monofilética e pertence à subordem Aspleniineae (antes clado eupolypods II), dentro da ordem Polypodiales.

O seguinte cladograma de Aspleniineae define as relações filogenéticas de Woodsiaceae com as demais famílias da subordem:

Diversidade Taxonômica
Há uma grande divergência na classificação taxonômica dos gêneros de Woodsiaceae, devido à sua grande diversidade morfológica. Em 2003, Alexander Shmakov realizou uma revisão taxonômica onde definiu que a família Woodsiaceae era composta pelos gêneros Cheilanthopsis Hieron, Protowoodsia Ching, Woodsia R.Br. sensu stricto e Hymenocystis C.A.Mey. Em 2011, Christenhusz et al. instituiu os gêneros Cheilanthopsis, Hymenocystis e Woodsia como pertencentes à Woodsiaceae. Porém, em 2012, uma pesquisa filogenética molecular com marcadores plastidiais múltiplos, de Rothfels et al., reuniu os gêneros Cheilanthopsis, Hymenocystis, Physematium Kaulf, Protowoodsia em um único gênero denominado Woodsia, sendo corroborado por Shao et al. em 2015.

Em estudos mais recentes descritos no PPG I, além dos subgêneros Cheilanthopsis, Hymenocystis, Physematium e Protowoodsia, os autores incluíram mais dois subgêneros dentro de Woodsia: Eriosoriopsis (Kitag.) Ching & S.H.Wu, e Woodsiopsis Shmakov, totalizando 6 subgêneros com cerca de 40 espécies. Já no Plants of the World Online considera, em março de 2022, um total de 59 espécies, sendo elas:

Woodsia alpina (Bolton) Gray

Woodsia andersonii (Bedd.) Christ

Woodsia angolensis Schelpe

Woodsia appalachiana T.M.C.Taylor

Woodsia asiatica Kiselev & Shmakov

Woodsia burgessiana Gerrard ex Hook. & Baker

Woodsia calcarea (Fomin) Shmakov

Woodsia canescens (Kunze) Mett.

Woodsia caucasica (C.A.Mey.) J.Sm.

Woodsia cinnamomea Christ

Woodsia cochisensis Windham

Woodsia cycloloba Hand.-Mazz.

Woodsia cystopteroides Windham & Mickel

Woodsia elongata Hook.

Woodsia glabella R.Br.

Woodsia gorovoii Krestsch. & Shmakov

Woodsia guizhouensis P.S.Wang, Q.Luo & Li Bing Zhang

Woodsia hancockii Baker

Woodsia heterophylla (Turcz. ex Fomin) Shmakov

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br.

Woodsia indusiosa Christ

Woodsia kangdingensis H.S.Kung, Li Bing Zhang & X.S.Guo

Woodsia kungiana Li Bing Zhang, N.T.Lu & X.F.Gao

Woodsia lanosa Hook.

Woodsia macrochlaena Mett. ex Kuhn

Woodsia macrospora C.Chr. & Maxon

Woodsia manchuriensis Hook.

Woodsia mexicana Fée

Woodsia microsora Kodama

Woodsia mollis (Kaulf.) J.Sm.

Woodsia montevidensis (Spreng.) Hieron

Woodsia neomexicana Windham

Woodsia nikkoensis H.Ogura & Nakaike

Woodsia oblonga Ching & S.H.Wu

Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr.

Woodsia okamotoi Tagawa

Woodsia oregana D.C.Eaton

Woodsia phillipsii Windham

Woodsia pilosa Ching

Woodsia pinnatifida (Fomin) Shmakov

Woodsia plummerae Lemmon

Woodsia polystichoides D.C.Eaton

Woodsia pseudoilvensis Tagawa

Woodsia pseudopolystichoides (Fomin) Kiselev & Shmakov

Woodsia pubescens Spreng.

Woodsia pulchella Bertol.

Woodsia rosthorniana Diels

Woodsia saitoana Tagawa

Woodsia scopulina D.C.Eaton

Woodsia shensiensis Ching

Woodsia sinica Ching

Woodsia subcordata Turcz.

Woodsia taigischensis (Stepanov) Kuznetsov

Woodsia taishanensis F.Z.Li & C.K.Ni

Espécies híbridas:

Woodsia × abbeae Butters

Woodsia × gracilis (G.Lawson) Butters

Woodsia × kansana R.E.Brooks

Woodsia × maxonii R.M.Tryon

Woodsia × tryonis B.Boivin

Nota: Duas espécies sofreram modificações na base de dados desde 2019: Woodsia fragilis (Trevis.) T.Moore, que se tornou sinônimo de Woodsia caucasica; e Woodsia subintermedia Tzvelev, também se tornou sinônimo, porém, de Woodsia taishanensis.

Domínios e Estados de Ocorrência no Brasil
No Brasil, a família Woodsiaceae é nativa da Mata Atlântica nas regiões sul e sudeste, com ocorrência apenas da espécie Woodsia montevidensis (Spreng.) Hieron nos estados de Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul.

Referências

Woodsiaceae


Der Sender Marnach war ein Rundfunksender auf dem Westhang des Schwaarzenhiwwel, einer 540 Meter hohen Erhebung in der Gemeinde Clerf im Großherzogtum Luxemburg.

Er arbeitete auf der Frequenz 1.440 kHz im Mittelwellenbereich und war mit einer Sendeleistung bis zu 1.200 Kilowatt einer der stärksten Rundfunksender.

Aufbau
Die Sendeanlage bestand aus zwei Richtantennen: der Hauptantenne mit drei gegen Erde isolierten Sendemasten von 105 Meter Höhe sowie der England-Antenne mit einem 60 Meter hohen, gegen Erde isolierten abgespannten Stahlfachwerkmast (Ende 2014 abgebaut) und einem als Reflektor dienenden freistehenden 65 Meter hohen Stahlfachwerkturm mit dreieckigem Querschnitt. Der Abbau der drei Masten der Hauptantenne und des Reflektorturmes der früheren England-Antenne erfolgte Anfang 2016.

Geschichte

Aufbau der Sendeanlage und Sendebeginn
Radio Luxembourg strahlte sein englischsprachiges Programm ab dem 15. Januar 1951 vom Sender Junglinster aus. Ab 1953 wurden auch niederländische Sendungen über die Mittelwelle ausgestrahlt. Um jedoch den Empfang zu verbessern sowie ein deutschsprachiges Programm senden zu können, war eine Erweiterung des Sendeanlage nötig. So wurde 1955 auf dem Schwaarzenhiwwel, ca. 1,5 Kilometer südöstlich des Ortes Marnach eine neue Sendeanlage gebaut. Diese ging am 14. Dezember 1956 mit 200 Kilowatt Leistung und zwei Sendemasten in Betrieb und ersetzte den Sender in Junglinster. Die Zuführung des Programms zum Sender Marnach erfolgte mittels einer direkten Kabelverbindung zu den Studios in der Villa Louvigny.

Im Verlauf des Jahres 1956 wurde ein weiterer Mittelwellensender mit einer Leistung von 150 Kilowatt von Junglinster nach Marnach verlagert und die Sendeleistung auf 350 Kilowatt erhöht.

Am 15. Juli 1957 nahm das deutschsprachige Programm von Radio Luxemburg über den Sender Marnach seinen Betrieb auf. Die Sendezeit war zuerst täglich von 14 bis 15 Uhr, ab Ende 1957 von 14 bis 18 Uhr. Von morgens bis zum Beginn des deutschen Programms sendete Radio Luxemburg Unterhaltungsprogramme in niederländischer Sprache, abends folgte das englische Programm. Auch eine tägliche luxemburgischsprachige Sendung wurde über Mittelwelle verbreitet.

Aufbau und Einsturz des UKW-Senders
Von April 1958 an wurde das deutsche Programm schrittweise zu einem Ganztagesprogramm ausgebaut, jedoch vormittags und in den Abendstunden, in denen weiterhin das niederländisch- bzw. englischsprachige Programm verbreitet wurde, nur über UKW. Von November 1962 bis zur Inbetriebnahme der neuen Sendeanlage in Hosingen waren in Marnach UKW-Sender für die UKW-Frequenz 97,0 MHz (Kanal 33) installiert. Im Mai 1967 kam ein weiterer UKW-Sender auf der Frequenz 88,9 MHz (Kanal 6) hinzu. Die UKW-Frequenzen waren ausschließlich für die Verbreitung des deutschen Programmes vorgesehen, das die Mittelwellenfrequenz weiterhin stundenweise an das niederländische Programm und abends vollständig an das englische Programm abtreten musste. Nach einer Kürzung der niederländischen Sendungen von 7.30 bis 14 Uhr auf 9 bis 12 Uhr Ende der 1960er Jahre wurden diese zu Beginn der 1970er Jahre auf die Abendstunden (zwischen das deutsche und das englische Mittelwellenprogramm) verschoben und erneut verkürzt (18 bis 19.30 Uhr, sonntags bis 19 Uhr). Die luxemburgische Sendung wurde auf UKW-Kanal 18 verlagert und von da an stufenweise zu einem Ganztagesprogramm für das Großherzogtum ausgebaut (bis in die 1980er Jahre zunächst drei Sendeblöcke morgens, mittags und abends, zwischen denen Kanal 18 das deutschsprachige Programm übernahm).

Am 17. Januar 1969 stürzte der 1960 errichtete und 220 Meter hohe UKW-Sendemast um und beschädigte das Sendergebäude. Bis zur Inbetriebnahme des neuen Senders in Hosingen wurde für die UKW-Ausstrahlungen eine provisorische Sendeantenne benutzt.

Weiterer Ausbau
Im Jahr 1963 wurde ein weiterer Mast zu der Tagantenne hinzugefügt, um die Richtwirkung der Tagausstrahlungen nach Deutschland (90°) und die Nachtausstrahlungen nach Großbritannien (314°) zu verbessern. Durch unterschiedliche Anspeisung der Masten konnte eine umschaltbare Richtstrahlung erzielt werden.

Im Sommer 1964 folgten Gebäudeerweiterungen und im September 1965 die Inbetriebnahme eines weiteren 300-Kilowatt-Senders, womit die Sendeleistung auf 600 Kilowatt erhöht werden konnte. Im November 1967 wurde ein weiterer Mittelwellensender installiert, welcher drei alte Sender von 1952 und 1955 ersetzte. Im Oktober 1968 konnte durch Inbetriebnahme eines weiteren 600 Kilowatt starken Senders die Sendeleistung auf 1.200 Kilowatt erhöht werden. Durch die hohe Sendeleistung war ein Empfang von Großbritannien über Skandinavien bis hin nach Osteuropa möglich.

Am 14. Januar 1970 wurde der 60 Meter hohe Sendemast der Nachtantenne in Betrieb genommen, welcher die Richtstrahlung nach Großbritannien verbessern sollte. Der dazugehörige Reflektormast wurde am 3. Dezember 1976 in Betrieb genommen.

Mitte der 1970er Jahre kamen weitere zwei Masten zur Hauptantenne hinzu, die die Richtstrahlung nach Deutschland (90°) verbessern sollten. Diese Masten wurden 1979 wieder abgebaut, da die Antenne nicht den gewünschten Anforderungen entsprach.

Aufgrund des neuen Genfer Wellenplans (von 1975) wurde die Mittelwellenfrequenz Radio Luxemburgs im Jahr 1978 von 1439 kHz auf 1440 kHz verschoben.

1981 wurde der 300 Kilowatt starke Mittelwellensender aus dem Jahr 1967 abgebaut und durch einen neuen 300 Kilowatt starken Mittelwellensender ersetzt. Im folgenden Jahr wurde auch der 600 Kilowatt starke Mittelwellensender aus dem Jahr 1965 durch einen neuen gleich starken Mittelwellensender mit der Bezeichnung Telefunken S4006 ersetzt.

Für die Stromversorgung der Sender bei Stromausfall standen zwei Generatoren zur Verfügung.

Spätere Jahre
Bis zum 30. Dezember 1991 wurde der am 31. Dezember 1992 schließlich ganz eingestellte englischsprachige Dienst von Radio Luxemburg vom Sender Marnach aus ausgestrahlt. Seitdem wurde über den Sender das deutschsprachige Programm RTL Radio ausgestrahlt. Später kamen auch andere Programmveranstalter hinzu, darunter auch seit 1. Januar 2002 Radio China International, das am Abend einige Stunden Sendezeit gemietet hat. Von Januar 2001 bis April 2003 sendete auch das deutschsprachige Programm Megaradio von diesem Sender aus. In dieser Zeit wurden die Programme von Megaradio und von RTL Radio mit 300 Kilowatt Sendeleistung ausgestrahlt, während für die religiösen Programmanbieter 1.200 Kilowatt Sendeleistung genutzt wurde. Ab dem 8. September 2003 wurde die Sendeleistung aufgrund eines Relaunchs der Morgensendung von RTL Radio von 5.30 bis 10 Uhr auf 1.200 Kilowatt erhöht. Diese morgendliche Leistungserhöhung wurde 2005 jedoch wieder rückgängig gemacht.

Im Jahr 2005 wurde ein neuer Mittelwellensender des Typs TRAM/P 600 von der Firma Transradio Sendersysteme Berlin (vormals Telefunken Sendersysteme) installiert, der bereits am 20. Dezember 2004 an der Sendestation in Marnach eintraf. Der Sender ermöglichte eine Ausgangsleistung von 600 Kilowatt in der analogen Amplitudenmodulation und 280 Kilowatt in der digitalen Digital Radio Mondiale. Meist wurde die Sendeanlage digital tagsüber mit 240 Kilowatt bzw. nachts mit 120 Kilowatt betrieben. Die Richtstrahlung war dabei tagsüber in Richtung Deutschland (45°) und nachts in Richtung Großbritannien (320°). Die drei alten Sender (zwei Telefunken S4006 als Hauptsender und ein Telefunken S1445/2 als Reservesender mit jeweils 600 Kilowatt Leistung) blieben jedoch weiterhin erhalten. Da die Antenne nur eine maximale HF-Leistung von 1.200 Kilowatt zulässt, wäre kein Zusammenschalten der alten Sender mit dem neu installierten zu 2.000 Kilowatt möglich.

Am 1. Januar 2005 startete RTL Radio mithilfe dieses neu installierten Senders nach im Dezember 2004 erfolgten Tests in der Zeit zwischen 1.05 bis 4.50 Uhr sowie zwischen 9 und 18 Uhr Ausstrahlungen in DRM vom Sender Marnach aus. Diese Sendungen wurden Anfang 2011 jedoch wieder eingestellt.

Seit dem Ende der DRM-Sendungen war der Sender in der Zeit zwischen 9 Uhr und 18 Uhr außer Betrieb. Anfang Dezember 2011 wurde der Sendebetrieb in dieser Zeit allerdings wieder mit analogen Sendungen aufgenommen.

Mit Stand Oktober 2015 wurden vom Sender Marnach von 5 bis 8 Uhr (darin mehrere Sendungen von verschiedenen Missionswerken) sowie von 17.55 bis 19.30 Uhr RTL – Deutschlands Hit-Radio, von 19:30 bis 20 Uhr (mittwochs bereits ab 19.25 Uhr) religiöse Sendungen von verschiedenen Missionswerken (unter anderem von 1958 bis Anfang 2015 das Missionswerk Werner Heukelbach sowie zuletzt seit 1959 das Schweizer Missionswerk Freundesdienst und seit längerer Zeit auch das das Missionswerk Lutherische Stunde) und von 8 bis 13 sowie von 20 Uhr bis 1 Uhr Radio China International in deutscher Sprache in analoger Modulation ausgestrahlt. In der restlichen Zeit war der Sender Off-Air. Zur täglichen Abschaltung des Senders um 1 Uhr wurde nach dem Ende der Sendungen von Radio China International die luxemburgische Nationalhymne gespielt. Nach dem Einschalten des Senders einige Minuten vor 5 Uhr wurde das Pausenzeichen von RTL Radio gespielt; manchmal auch ein 1000 Hz Testton, bis um punkt 5 Uhr in das laufende Programm von RTL eingeblendet wurde. Die Sendungen von RTL – Deutschlands Hit-Radio und von den religiösen Programmanbietern wurden meist mit 300 Kilowatt Leistung ausgestrahlt, während die Sendungen von Radio China International mit 600 Kilowatt Leistung ausgestrahlt wurden.

Streit um die Strahlenbelastung und abgewendete Schließung der Sendeanlage
Im Jahr 2002 wurde die Bürgerinitiative "Fir méi Liäwensqualitéit" (dt. für mehr Lebensqualität) gegründet. Sie führte seit 2003 mehrere Sammelklagen und Petitionen gegen den Betreiber BCE durch, da es gehäuft Meldungen über Störungen von elektrischen Geräten seitens der Bürger gab. Die von der Bürgerinitiative geforderte Immissionsgrenze von 3 V/m wurde in Messungen teils um das Neunfache überschritten. Auslöser war eine von 2003 bis 2005 stattgefundene morgendliche Sonderausstrahlung mit 1.200 Kilowatt Leistung, für die BCE laut Angaben der Bürgerinitiative 2002 eine Erlaubnis bekam. Da die Sendeanlage stets mit einer maximalen Sendeleistung von 1.200 Kilowatt betrieben werden durfte und die Sendeleistung seit den 90er Jahren auf 250 Kilowatt reduziert wurde, war dieses Argument jedoch unberechtigt. Aufgrund des Streits war 2007 sogar ein Neubau der Sendeanlage in der Ortschaft Helzingen angedacht. In den Jahren 2010 und 2011 wurde in einem Urteil einer Sammelklage entschieden, dass der Betreiber die Immissionsgrenze einhalten muss. Am 3. Oktober 2011 gab es vorläufige Ankündigungen des Kommunikationsministers, dass die Sendeanlage stillgelegt werden soll; die Betriebserlaubnis des Senders wurde noch ein letztes Mal bis zum 3. Oktober 2014 verlängert. Nach der Stilllegung sollte auf dem heutigen Sendergelände ein neues Rechenzentrum gebaut werden. Später wurde jedoch ein Aufschub bis zum 30. Dezember 2014 erwirkt. In der Folge ging BCE in Berufung und erreichte eine Aufhebung des Urteils, da es auf EU-Ebene keine Immissionsgrenze für Sendeanlagen gibt. Das Gericht entschied, dass die von der Bürgerinitiative geforderte Immissionsgrenze von 3 V/m nicht auf Sendeanlagen anzuwenden sei. Somit durfte RTL die Sendeanlage auch über den 30. Dezember 2014 hinaus betreiben; das Gebiet um die Sendeanlage hätte nicht so dicht bebaut werden dürfen. Gleichzeitig verlängerte China Radio International den Ausstrahlungsvertrag mit BCE über diesen Termin hinaus. Besonders stark ausgeprägt waren die Störungen laut Presseberichten beim Betrieb der nach England gerichteten Antenne, die jedoch bereits seit September 2013 nicht mehr genutzt wird.

Im Zuge der endgültigen Abschaltung des Senders sah sich "Fir méi Liäwensqualitéit" als Sieger und richtete einige Wochen vor der Abschaltung einen Countdown bis zur endgültigen Abschaltung mit dem Titel "End of interferences in..." ein.

Stilllegung
Einem Bericht des Tageblatts von Ende 2014 zufolge sah der Senderbetreiber BCE eine Abschaltung der Sendeanlage zum Jahresende 2015 als "sehr wahrscheinlich" an.

Im März 2015 wurde bekannt, dass BCE das 5 Hektar große Sendergelände an das Großherzogtum Luxemburg verkauft hat, das die Sendeanlage nach der zum Jahresende 2015 erfolgten Stilllegung bis spätestens April 2016 abreißen möchte, um darauf ein Wirtschaftszentrum für Unternehmen im Telekommunikations- und im audiovisuellen Medienbereich zu errichten. BCE plante nach Angaben dessen technischen Direktors Eugène Muller auf die Mittelwellenfrequenz 1422 kHz vom Sender Heusweiler zu wechseln, da der Mittelwellenbetrieb vor allem aufgrund der Übertragung von Radio China International und den Missionswerken hochprofitabel war. Trotz konkreter Verhandlungen mit dem Saarländischen Rundfunk sind die Pläne gescheitert, weil der entsprechende Markt in kurzer Zeit zu stark geschrumpft war. Der 60 Meter hohe Sendemast der bereits seit September 2013 nicht mehr genutzten England-Antenne wurde Ende 2014 abgebaut.

Im Dezember 2015 wurde beschlossen, das eigentlich für diesen Standort geplante Wirtschaftszentrum stattdessen im benachbarten Ortsteil Fischbach zu bauen und auf dem heutigen Sendergelände ein Wohnheim für 300 Flüchtlinge zu errichten.

In der Nacht zum 31. Dezember 2015 von 1 bis 3 Uhr sowie am Mittag von 13 bis 15 Uhr wurde nochmals die letzte Sendung des englischsprachigen Radio Luxembourg vom 31. Dezember 1991 übertragen; am 1. Januar 2016 um 1 Uhr sollte der Sender nach Beendigung der Sendung von Radio China International mit der luxemburgischen Nationalhymne dann endgültig abgeschaltet werden. Aus rechtlichen Gründen sah sich BCE jedoch kurzfristig gezwungen, das laufende Programm von Radio China International bereits um 23:57 Uhr abzubrechen und nach dem Ausspielen der luxemburgischen Nationalhymne den Sender um 23:59 Uhr endgültig abzuschalten.

Die drei 105 Meter hohen Sendemasten wurden am 11. Februar 2016 durch Kappen der Ankerseile demontiert. Der 65 Meter hohe Reflektorturm der ehemaligen England-Antenne folgte dann schließlich im März 2016.

Sonstiges
 Wegen der Umstellung der Richtstrahlung waren bis zur Aufgabe der England-Antenne im September 2013 täglich jeweils gegen 18 und 22 Uhr kurze Betriebsunterbrechungen zu beobachten.
 Der Mittelwellenfrequenz 1440 kHz Sender Marnach zählte neben der Kurzwellenfrequenz 6090 kHz des Senders Junglinster und den UKW-Frequenzen 88,9 MHz und 97,0 MHz des Senders Düdelingen bzw. des Senders Hosingen (bis 1969 ebenfalls aus Marnach) zu den "vier fröhlichen Wellen" des einstigen Radio Luxemburg.

Bilder

Weblinks

 Informationen über die Sendeanlage bei wabweb.net
 Website der Bürgerinitiative Fir méi Liäwensqualitéit
 Infoseite des Sendernetzbetreibers BCE

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk aus Metall
Marnach Sender

Sender Marnach


Patronyme

 Deutsch de la Meurthe, famille célèbre pour sa fortune et son mécénat ;
 Simon Deutsch (v. 1822-1877), 1877), bibliographe, homme d'affaires et révolutionnaire juif autrichien ;
 Lev Deutsch (1855-1941), révolutionnaire russe ;
 Gotthard Deutsch (1859-1921), rabbin et historien austro-hongrois ;
 Otto Erich Deutsch (1883-1967), musicologue autrichien ;
 Julius Deutsch (1884-1968), homme politique autrichien ;
 Hélène Deutsch (1884-1982) psychanalyste américaine  ;
 Ernst Deutsch (1890-1969), acteur autrichien ;
 Max Deutsch (1892-1982), compositeur, chef d'orchestre et professeur de composition franco-autrichien ;
 Adolph Deutsch (1897-1980), compositeur britannique ;
 Alexandre Nikolaïevitch Deutsch (1899-1986), astronome soviétique ;
 Gerhard Deutsch (19?-19?), nageur allemand ;
 Peter Deutsch (1901-1965), compositeur germano-danois ;
 Abraham Deutsch (1902-1992), grand rabbin originaire d'Alsace, professeur de religion à Strasbourg ;
 Arnold Deutsch (1904-1942), agent illégal soviétique ;
 Ernst Deutsch (1906-1995), réalisateur français ;
 Charles Deutsch (1911-1980) ingénieur français dans le domaine automobile ;
 Karl Deutsch (1912-1992), sociologue et politologue tchèque ;
 André Deutsch (1917-2000), éditeur anglais d'origine hongroise ;
 Morton Deutsch (1920-2017), psychologue américain ;
 Michel Deutsch (1924-1996), traducteur français ;
 Émeric Deutsch (1924-2009), sociologue, psychanalyste français ;
 Lea Deutsch (1927-1943), enfant-star croate victime du génocide juif ;
 Hans E. Deutsch (1927-2014), peintre suisse ;
  (1932-), compositeur américain ;
 Richard Deutsch (1945-), écrivain, journaliste et professeur ;
 Patti Deutsch (1945-2017), actrice américaine ;
 L. Peter Deutsch (1946-), créateur du logiciel Ghostscript ;
 Michel Deutsch (1948-), auteur français ;
 Gustav Deutsch (1952-2019), artiste multidisciplinaire, réalisateur, décorateur et directeur artistique autrichien ;
 David Deutsch (1953-) physicien britannique ;
 Xavier Deutsch (1965-), écrivain belge ;
 Lorànt Deutsch (1975-), acteur français  ;
 Armelle Deutsch (1979-), actrice française ;
 Judith Deutsch-Haspel (1918-2004),  championne de natation et détentrice de records féminins autrichiens de nage libre moyenne et longue distance en 1935 ;

Toponyme

 Deutsch Goritz, commune autrichienne de Styrie ;
 Deutsch-Griffen, commune autrichienne de Carinthie ;
 Deutsch Jahrndorf, commune autrichienne du Burgenland ;
 Deutsch Kaltenbrunn, commune autrichienne du Burgenland ;
 Deutsch Schützen-Eisenberg, commune autrichienne du Burgenland ;
 Deutsch-Wagram, commune autrichienne du Gänserndorf.

Autres

 Deutsch, mot allemand ;
 Deutsche Mark (1948-2001), monnaie officielle ouest-allemande, puis allemande ;
 Deutsch-Bonnet, marque d'automobiles de courses française ;
 Deutsche Grammophon (1898-) société d'édition de disques de musique classique allemande ;
 Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft (1978-), groupe de rock allemand.

Patronyme allemand
Patronyme lorrain
Patronyme alsacien
Patronyme germanique
Patronyme juif

Deutsch (homonymie)


Fisil izotop, yavaş nötronlarla da parçalanabilen izotoplara denir. Fisil izotoplar, fisyon reaktörlerinde ve nükleer silahlarda yakıt olarak kullanılırlar. Fisil izotoplardan en yaygın kullanılanları U235 ve Pu239'dur.

Nükleer fizik
Atom fiziği
Nükleer silah yapımı

Fisil


Nahija Jasim () je nahija u okrugu Izra', u sirijskoj pokrajini Daraa. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 39.624 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Jasim.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Daraa

Jasim (nahija)


1881 වසර (MDCCCLXXXI) යනු  ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර  සෙනසුරාදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත) වන අතර දින-12ක් මන්දගාමී ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර   බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දකි.

1881


Avant les Actes d'Union de 1707, les barons du comté de Dumbarton élisaient des commissaires pour les représenter au Parlement monocaméral d'Écosse et à la Convention des États.

À partir de 1708, le Dumbartonshire était représenté par un Membre du Parlement à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne.

Liste des commissaires du comté
 1593: Sir James Seton de Touch
 1593: Sir James Edmonstone de Duntreath
 1608: Sir Aulay MacAulay de Ardincaple
 1612: Alexander Colquhoun de Luss
 1617: William Semple de Fulwood
 1621: John Colquhoun de Luss
 1621: Henry Stirling de Ardoch
 1628-33, 1645, 1649 et 1651: Sir Ludovic Houston de Houston
 1630: nom inconnu
 1633: James Muirhead de Lachop, yr
 1639-41, 1648: Duncan Campbell de Carrick
 1640–41; 1643-49: Sir Humphrey Colquhoun de Balvie
 1643, 1645-47, 1648–49: William Semple de Fulwood
 1650, 1661-63, 1665 convention, 1667 convention et 1669–74: Sir John Colquhoun de Luss
 1661-63, 1665 convention, 1667 convention, 1669-74: John Napier de Kilmahew
 1678 convention: William Hamilton de Orbiston
 1678 convention et 1681–82: Sir Patrick Houston
 1681–82: William Noble de Dalnotter
 1685–86: Nicoll Buntine de Ardoch
 1685–86: Alexander Gartshore
 1689 (convention), 1689–1702: Claude Hamilton de Barnes
 1689 (convention), 1689–98: William Colquhoun de Craigtoun
 1700–01: John Haldane de Gleneagles
 1702–07: William Cochrane de Kilmaranock
 1702–07: Sir Humphrey Colquhoun de Luss

Références

 Margaret M. Young, The Parliaments of Scotland: Burgh and Shire Commissioners (Edinburgh, 1993) vol. 2, p. 792.

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans le Dunbartonshire

Dunbartonshire (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


Der St Paul's Bay Tower, auch Wignacourt Tower genannt, ist eine während der Zeit der Herrschaft des Johanniterordens 1609 erbaute Festung in Malta. Der Turm steht am Südufer der St Paul's Bay. Er gehört zu einer Reihe von sechs Befestigungsanlagen, die während der Herrschaft des Großmeisters Alof de Wignacourt von 1609 bis 1620 erbaut worden sind und als Wignacourt Towers bezeichnet werden. Er wurde in das Nationale Inventar der Kulturgüter der maltesischen Inseln aufgenommen.

Vorgeschichte
Die im Norden der Insel Malta gelegene Bucht von St. Paul wurde von osmanischen Truppen bereits 1551 als auch 1565 als Landungsplatz genutzt. Auch gingen hier immer wieder Korsaren an Land, die Dörfer auf der Insel überfielen und die Bevölkerung in die Sklaverei verschleppten. Obwohl diese Überfälle an sich nicht für die im Bereich des Grand Harbour liegenden Einrichtungen des Ordens waren, konnten diese doch beträchtliche Schäden anrichten und die Versorgung der Insel empfindlich stören. Die Verschleppung der indigenen Bevölkerung der Insel in die Sklaverei würde langfristig die Insel unbewohnbar machen und damit die Stellung der Johanniter insgesamt gefährden. Trotz ihrer Bedeutung war die Bucht lange Zeit unbefestigt geblieben. Erst 1609 ermöglichten die Ressourcen des Ordens den Bau einer Befestigungsanlage an dieser Stelle.

Bau und Konstruktion
Der Entwurf des Turms wird dem maltesischen Architekten Vittorio Cassar zugeschrieben. Der Bau begann im Jahr 1609 und war bereits im Folgejahr abgeschlossen. Die Kosten beliefen sich auf 6.748 Scudi.

Der Turm hat einen quadratischen Grundriss und besitzt zwei Stockwerke. Der Turm hat vier Ecktürme. Die Ecktürme sind als Pseudobastionen ausgebildet. Jedoch waren die Flanken dieser Bastionen sehr schmal. Auch lag die Basis der Kurtine in einer Linie mit der der Türme. Dies verringerte die Effektivität des flankierenden Feuers. Zwei der vier Ecktürme überragten den Turm und dienten als Wetterschutz für Beobachtungsposten. Ursprünglich besaß der Turm Wehrerker. In beiden Stockwerken befindet sich je ein mit einem Tonnengewölbe überwölbter Lager- bzw. Unterkunftsraum. Der Zugang erfolgte über eine steinernen Treppe und eine Zugbrücke in das erste Stockwerk. Sowohl das fensterlose Untergeschoss als auch das flache Dach wurden über Treppen im Inneren des Turms erschlossen. Die Hauptbewaffnung war hinter der Brustwehr auf dem Dach aufgestellt.

Britische Kolonialherrschaft
Zu Beginn der britischen Kolonialherrschaft wurde der Turm zunächst weiter genutzt. Pläne von 1813 zum Ausbau kamen nicht zur Ausführung. 1828 wurde der Abbruch aller von den Ordensrittern angelegten Türme, Redoubts und Batterien vorgeschlagen und 1832 auch verfügt, jedoch blieb der St Paul's Bay Tower erhalten. Er wurde wie die anderen nicht mehr genutzten Türme an die lokalen Behörden übergeben.

Literatur
 Quentin Hughes: Malta. A guide to the fortifications. Said International, Valletta 1993, ISBN 99909-43-07-9.
 Stephen C. Spiteri: The Knights' Fortifications: An Illustrated Guide of the Fortifications Built by the Knights of St. John in Malta. Book distributors limited, Valletta 2001, ISBN 978-99909-72-06-1.
 Charles Stephenson: The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945. Osprey Publishing Limited, 2004, ISBN 1-84176-836-7.

Weblinks

 Wignacourt Tower & Battery + (Fotos) auf burgenwelt.org

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in San Pawl il-Baħar
Festung in Europa
Paulus von Tarsus als Namensgeber
Erbaut in den 1600er Jahren
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
Wignacourt Towers

St Paul’s Bay Tower


A timidez da copa (também desprendimento da copa, ou espaçamento entre copas) é um fenômeno observado em algumas espécies arbóreas, em que as copas das árvores totalmente estocadas não se tocam, formando um dossel com aberturas tipo canal. O fenômeno é mais prevalente entre árvores da mesma espécie, mas também ocorre entre árvores de espécies diferentes. Existem muitas hipóteses sobre por que a timidez da coroa é um comportamento adaptativo, e pesquisas sugerem que isso pode inibir a propagação de larvas de insetos comedores de folhas.

Possíveis explicações fisiológicas
A base fisiológica exata da timidez da coroa não é certa. O fenômeno vem sendo discutido na literatura científica desde a década de 1920. A variedade de hipóteses e resultados experimentais podem sugerir que existem múltiplos mecanismos em diferentes espécies, um exemplo de evolução convergente.

Algumas hipóteses afirmam que a interdigitação dos ramos da copa leva à "poda recíproca" das árvores adjacentes. Árvores em áreas ventosas sofrem danos físicos ao colidirem umas com as outras durante os ventos. Como resultado de abrasões e colisões, há uma resposta induzida de timidez da coroa. Estudos sugerem que o crescimento do ramo lateral não é influenciado pelos vizinhos até ser perturbado por abrasão mecânica. Se as coroas são impedidas artificialmente de colidir com os ventos, elas gradualmente preenchem as lacunas do dossel. Isso explica os casos de timidez da coroa entre ramos do mesmo organismo. Os defensores dessa ideia citam que a timidez é particularmente vista em condições propícias a essa poda, incluindo florestas ventosas, povoamentos de árvores flexíveis e florestas de sucessão inicial onde os galhos são flexíveis e limitados em movimento lateral. Por essa explicação, a flexibilidade variável nos ramos laterais tem grande influência no grau de timidez da copa.

Da mesma forma, algumas pesquisas sugerem que a abrasão constante nos nódulos de crescimento interrompe o tecido do broto, de modo que é incapaz de continuar com o crescimento lateral. O silvicultor australiano MR Jacobs, que estudou os padrões de timidez da copa em eucalipto em 1955, acreditava que as pontas de crescimento das árvores eram sensíveis à abrasão, resultando em lacunas no dossel. Miguel Franco (1986) observou que os ramos de Picea sitchensis (abeto Sitka) e Larix kaempferi (larício japonês) sofreram danos físicos devido à abrasão, que matou os brotos principais.

Uma hipótese proeminente é que a timidez do dossel tem a ver com a percepção mútua de luz por plantas adjacentes. A resposta de evitação de sombra mediada por fotorreceptores é um comportamento bem documentado em uma variedade de espécies de plantas. Acredita-se que a detecção de vizinhos seja uma função de vários fotorreceptores exclusivos. As plantas são capazes de sentir a proximidade dos vizinhos ao detectar a luz vermelha distante retrodifundida, uma tarefa que se acredita ser realizada pela atividade dos fotorreceptores de fitocromo. Muitas espécies de plantas respondem a um aumento na luz vermelha distante (e, por extensão, invadindo vizinhos) direcionando o crescimento para longe do estímulo vermelho distante e aumentando a taxa de alongamento. Da mesma forma, a luz azul é usada pelas plantas para induzir a resposta de evitação de sombra, provavelmente desempenhando um papel no reconhecimento de plantas vizinhas, embora essa modalidade estivesse apenas começando a ser caracterizada a  .

A caracterização desses comportamentos pode sugerir que a timidez da coroa é simplesmente o resultado do sombreamento mútuo baseado em respostas de evitação de sombra bem compreendidas. O estudioso malaio Francis SP Ng, que estudou Dryobalanops aromatica, sugeriu que as pontas de crescimento eram sensíveis aos níveis de luz e paravam de crescer ao se aproximar da folhagem adjacente devido à sombra induzida.

Um estudo de 2015 sugeriu que Arabidopsis thaliana mostra diferentes estratégias de colocação de folhas quando cultivadas entre parentes e coespecíficos não relacionados, sombreando vizinhos diferentes e evitando parentes. Essa resposta mostrou-se condicionada ao bom funcionamento de múltiplas modalidades fotossensoriais. Um estudo de 1998 propôs sistemas semelhantes de inibição do crescimento mediada por fotorreceptores como explicações para a timidez da coroa, embora uma ligação causal entre fotorreceptores e assimetria da coroa ainda não tenha sido comprovada experimentalmente. Isso pode explicar casos de espaçamento entre coroas que são exibidos apenas entre coespecíficos.

Espécies
As árvores que exibem padrões de timidez da coroa incluem:

 Espécies de Dryobalanops, incluindo Dryobalanops lanceolata e Dryobalanops aromatica (kapur)
 Algumas espécies de eucalipto
 Pinus contorta ou pinheiro lodgepole
 Avicennia germinans ou mangue negro
 Schefflera pittieri
 Clusia alata
 K. Paijmans observou timidez da coroa em um grupo de árvores de várias espécies, compreendendo Celtis spinosa e Pterocymbium beccarii

Referências

Ligações externas

Ecologia florestal
Morfologia vegetal

Timidez (botânica)


Julian Wyatt Glover, CBE (født 27. marts 1935) er en britisk skuespiller, hvis filmroller inkluderer en lang række ikoniske figurer som; General Maximilian Veers i Star Wars Episode V: Imperiet slår igen, James Bond-skurken Aristotle Kristatos i For Your Eyes Only, Walter Donovan i Indiana Jones og det sidste korstog, og Brian Harcourt-Smith i Den fjerde protokol. Han har også stemmelagt kæmpeedderkoppen Aragog i Harry Potter og Hemmelighedernes Kammer og blandt andet spillet rollen som Grand Maester Pycelle i tv-serien Game of Thrones.

I 2013 blev han udnævnt til Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)

Udvalgt filmografi

Film
 Han-dyret (1977) – Teddy
 Star Wars Episode V: Imperiet slår igen (1980) – General Maximilian Veers
 For Your Eyes Only (1981) – Aristotle Kristatos
 Den fjerde protokol (1987) – Brian Harcourt-Smith
 Indiana Jones og det sidste korstog (1989) – Walter Donovan
 Skatteøen (1990) – Dr. Livesey
 Harry Potter og Hemmelighedernes Kammer (2002) – Aragog, stemme
 Troy (2004) – Triopas
 The Young Victoria (2009) – Hertug af Wellington

 Tv-serier
 Doctor Who – The Crusade (1964; 4 afsnit) – Richard Løvehjerte
 Doctor Who – City of Death (1979; 4 afsnit) – Scaroth/Count Scarlioni
 Wish Me Luck (1987–89; 15 afsnit) – Colonel James Cadogan
 Game of Thrones (2011–16; 31 afsnit) – Grand Maester Pycelle
 Merlin'' (2012; afsnittet "Arthur's Bane (Part 1)") – Lochru

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Teaterskuespillere fra England
Filmskuespillere fra England
Tv-skuespillere fra England
Personer fra London
Personer tildelt Commander of the Order of the British Empire
James Bond-skurke

Julian Glover


In grammar, the delative case (abbreviated ; from  "to bear or bring away or down") is a grammatical case in the Hungarian language which originally expressed the movement from the surface of something (e.g. "off the table"), but has also taken on several other meanings (e.g. "about people"), some of which are related to the original (e.g. "from the post office").

In addition to obvious movement off a surface (such as a table), Hungarian uses the delative case to express the origin of movement from some cities and places; when one is expressing that something comes from (or is coming from) a place, the name of the place is put into the delative case. Generally, Hungary itself and most Hungarian cities are placed into the delative case (foreign cities and some Hungarian cities use the elative case in this context).

I came from Budapest ().
The train from Hungary () is coming ().

With the same meaning as in Hungarian (where something comes from, origin of movement), the delative is also used for some words as an adverbial case in Finnish, e.g.:

 - from here
 - from over there
 - from there
 - from elsewhere
 - from elsewhere, on the other hand
 - from one place

References

External links
The delative case - a discussion of the delative case in Hungarian from HungarianReference.com.

Grammatical cases
Hungarian language
Finnish language

Delative case