A helical antenna is an antenna consisting of one or more conducting wires wound in the form of a helix. A helical antenna made of one helical wire, the most common type, is called monofilar, while antennas with two or four wires in a helix are called bifilar, or quadrifilar, respectively.

In most cases, directional helical antennas are mounted over a ground plane, while omnidirectional designs may not be. The feed line is connected between the bottom of the helix and the ground plane. Helical antennas can operate in one of two principal modes: normal or axial.

In the normal mode or broadside helical antenna, the diameter and the pitch of the aerial are small compared with the wavelength. The antenna acts similarly to an electrically short dipole or monopole, equivalent to a  wave vertical and the radiation pattern,  similar to these antennas is omnidirectional, with maximum radiation at right angles to the helix axis. For monofilar designs the radiation is linearly polarized parallel to the helix axis. These are used for compact antennas for portable hand held as well as mobile vehicle mount two-way radios, and in larger scale for UHF television broadcasting antennas. In bifilar or quadrifilar implementations, broadside circularly polarized radiation can be realized.

In the axial mode or end-fire helical antenna, the diameter and pitch of the helix are comparable to a wavelength.  The antenna functions as a directional antenna radiating a beam off the ends of the helix, along the antenna's axis.  It radiates circularly polarized radio waves.  These are used for satellite communication. Axial mode operation was discovered by physicist John D. Kraus

Normal-mode helical
If the circumference of the helix is significantly less than a wavelength and its pitch (axial distance between successive turns) is significantly less than a quarter wavelength, the antenna is called a normal-mode helix.  The antenna acts similar to a monopole antenna, with an omnidirectional radiation pattern, radiating equal power in all directions perpendicular to the antenna's axis. However, because of the inductance added by the helical shape, the antenna acts like a inductively loaded monopole; at its resonant frequency it is shorter than a quarter-wavelength long.  Therefore, normal-mode helices can be used as electrically short monopoles, an alternative to center- or base-loaded whip antennas, in applications where a full sized quarter-wave monopole would be too big.  As with other electrically short antennas, the gain, and thus the communication range, of the helix will be less than that of a full sized antenna.  Their compact size makes helicals useful as antennas for mobile and portable communications equipment on the HF, VHF, and UHF bands.

The loading provided by the helix allows the antenna to be physically shorter than its electrical length of a quarter-wavelength. This means that for example a  wave antenna at 27 MHz is  long and is physically quite unsuitable for mobile applications. The reduced size of a helical provides the same radiation pattern in a much more compact physical size with only a slight reduction in signal performance.

An effect of using a helical conductor rather than a straight one is that the matching impedance is changed from the nominal 50 Ω to between 25 and 35 Ω base impedance. This does not seem to be adverse to operation or matching with a normal 50 Ω transmission line, provided the connecting feed is the electrical equivalent of a  wavelength at the frequency of operation.

Mobile HF helicals
Another example of the type as used in mobile communications is spaced constant turn in which one or more different linear windings are wound on a single former and spaced so as to provide an efficient balance between capacitance and inductance for the radiating element at a particular resonant frequency. Many examples of this type have been used extensively for 27 MHz CB radio with a wide variety of designs originating in the US and Australia in the late 1960s. To date many millions of these 'helical antennas' have been mass-produced for mainly mobile vehicle use and reached peak production during the CB Radio boom-times during the 1970s to late 1980s and used worldwide.

Multi-frequency versions with manual plug-in taps have become the mainstay for multi-band single-sideband modulation (SSB) HF communications with frequency coverage over the whole HF spectrum from 1 MHz to 30 MHz with from 2 to 6 dedicated frequency tap points tuned at dedicated and allocated frequencies in the land mobile, marine, and aircraft bands. Recently these antennas have been superseded by electronically tuned antenna matching devices. Most examples were wound with copper wire using a fiberglass rod as a former. The usually flexible or ridged radiator is then covered with a PVC or polyolefin heat-shrink tubing which provides a resilient and rugged waterproof covering for the finished mobile antenna. The fibreglass rod was then usually glued and/or crimped to a brass fitting and screw mounted onto an insulated base affixed to a vehicle roof, guard or bull-bar mount. This mounting provided a ground plane or reflector (provided by the vehicle) for an effective vertical radiation pattern.

These popular designs are still in common use  and the constant turn design originating in Australia have been universally adapted as standard FM receiving antennas for many factory produced motor vehicles as well as the existing basic style of aftermarket HF and VHF mobile helical. Another common use for broadside helixes is in the so-called rubber ducky antenna found on most portable VHF and UHF radios using a steel or copper conductor as the radiating element and usually terminated to a BNC/TNC style or screw on connector for quick removal.

Helical broadcasting antennas
Specialized normal-mode helical antennas are used as transmitting antennas for FM radio and television broadcasting stations on the VHF and UHF bands.

Axial-mode helical

When the helix circumference is near the wavelength of operation, the antenna operates in axial mode.  This is a nonresonant traveling wave mode, in which instead of standing waves, the waves of current and voltage travel in one direction, up the helix from the feedpoint in a transmitting antenna and down the helix toward the feedpoint in a receiving antenna.   Instead of radiating linearly polarized waves normal to the antenna's axis, it radiates a beam of radio waves with circular polarisation along the axis, off the ends of the antenna.  The main lobes of the radiation pattern are along the axis of the helix, off both ends.  Since in a directional antenna only radiation in one direction is wanted, the other end of the helix is terminated in a flat metal sheet or screen reflector to reflect the waves forward.

In radio transmission, circular polarisation is often used where the relative orientation of the transmitting and receiving antennas cannot be easily controlled, such as in animal tracking and spacecraft communications, or where the polarisation of the signal may change, so end-fire helical antennas are frequently used for these applications.  Since large helices are difficult to build and unwieldy to steer and aim, the design is commonly employed only at higher frequencies, ranging from VHF up to microwave.

The helix of the antenna can twist in two possible directions: right-handed or left-handed, the former having the same form as that of a common corkscrew. The 4-helix array in the first illustration uses left-handed helices, while all other illustrations show right-handed helices. In an axial-mode helical antenna the direction of twist of the helix determines the polarisation of the emitted wave. Two mutually incompatible conventions are in use for describing waves with circular polarisation, so the relationship between the handedness (left or right) of a helical antenna, and the type of circularly-polarized radiation it emits is often described in ways that appear to be ambiguous. However, J.D. Kraus (the inventor of the helical antenna) states "The left-handed helix responds to left-circular polarisation, and the right handed helix to right-circular polarisation (IEEE definition)". The IEEE defines the sense of polarisation as:
 "the sense of polarization, or handedness ... is called right handed (left handed) if the direction of rotation is clockwise (anti-clockwise) for an observer looking in the direction of propagation"
Thus a right-handed helix radiates a wave which is right-handed, the electric field vector rotating clockwise looking in the direction of propagation.

Helical antennas can receive signals with any type of linear polarisation, such as horizontal or vertical polarisation, but when receiving circularly polarized signals the handedness of the receiving antenna must be the same as the transmitting antenna; left-hand polarized antennas suffer a severe loss of gain when receiving right-circularly-polarized signals, and vice versa.

The dimensions of the helix are determined by the wavelength () of the radio waves used, which depends on the frequency. In order to operate in axial-mode, the circumference should be equal to the wavelength. The pitch angle should be 13°, which is a pitch distance (distance between each turn) of 0.23 times the circumference, which means the spacing between the coils should be approximately one-quarter of the wavelength (). The number of turns in the helix determines how directional the antenna is: more turns improves the gain in the direction of its axis at both ends (or at one end, when a ground plate is used), at a cost of gain in the other directions. When  it operates more in normal mode where the gain direction is a donut shape to the sides instead of out the ends.

Terminal impedance in axial mode ranges between 100 and 200 Ω, approximately

where  is the circumference of the helix, and  is the wavelength. Impedance matching (when  to standard 50 or 75 Ω coaxial cable is often done by a quarter wave stripline section acting as an impedance transformer between the helix and the ground plate.

The maximum directive gain is approximately:

where  is the number of turns and S is the spacing between turns. Most designs use  and  so the gain is typically  In decibels, the gain is

The half-power beamwidth is:

The beamwidth between nulls is:

The gain of the helical antenna strongly depends on the reflector. The above classical formulas assume that the reflector has the form of a circular resonator (a circular plate with a rim) and the pitch angle is optimal for this type of reflector. Nevertheless, these formulas overestimate the gain by several dB. The optimal pitch that maximizes the gain for a flat ground plane is in the range 3–10° and it depends on the wire radius and antenna length.

See also
 Telstar

References

General

External links

Radio frequency antenna types
Antennas (radio)
Helices

Helical antenna


Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (10 Aralık 1830 - 15 Mayıs 1886), Amerikalı şair.

Massachusetts eyaletindeki Amherst kentinde doğdu. Babası kentin önde gelen avukatlarından ve politikacılarındandı. Dedesi de orada birkaç okul kurmuş biriydi. Kendisi de, kız kardeşi de evlenmediler ve aileleriyle birlikte yaşadılar. Emily, yaşamı boyunca pek seyrek olarak Amherst'ten çıkmıştır. Yakınlardaki bir okula devam etmiş, bir kez Washington'a, ve iki-üç kez de Boston'a gitmiştir. 1862'de tümüyle eve kapanmış, en yakın arkadaşlarıyla bile ölünceye değin bir daha hiç görüşmemiştir. Kapandığı odasında kendisini yazmaya vermiştir. İlk mektupları ve kendisiyle ilgili betimlemeleri, canlı bir ruha sahip çekici bir kızı yansıtmaktadır. Daha sonra dünyadan elini eteğini çekmesinin nedeninin umutsuz bir aşk deneyimine dayanıyor olabileceği eleştirmenlerce düşünülmektedir. Dış dünyayla olan ilişkisi ve deneyimleri sınırlı olsa da, yazılarında yaratıcı ve imge gücü yüksek bir edebiyatçıdır.

Emily Dickinson ilk şiirlerini yazmaya başladığında, neredeyse hiçbir eğitim almamıştı. Henüz Shakespeare'i ve klasik mitolojiyi bilmiyordu. İlk başlarda daha çok Elizabeth Browning ve Bronte Kız Kardeşler gibi kadın yazarlarla ilgileniyordu. Bu arada, Ralph Waldo Emerson'ı, Thoreau'yu ve Hawthorne'u da tanıyordu. Geleneksel anlamda dinle bağlantılı birisi olmasa da, İncil'i inceledi ve pek çok şiirinde dinsel formlar kullandı.

Yaşamının değişik dönemlerinde ona esin kaynağı olan ya da öğretmenlik yapan insanlar, özellikle erkekler olmuştur. İlki babasının avukatlık bürosunda çalışan genç bir avukat olan Benjamin Newton'dır. Kendisi Emily Dickinson'ın yazınsal duyarlığının ve kültürünün gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Dickinson, onunla ilgili olarak daha sonraları, "Bana ölümsüzlüğü öğreten bir dost" diye yazacaktır.

Emily Dickinson'ın sonraki öğretmeni, evli bir din adamı olan Charles Wadsworth'tür. Dickinson'ın entelektüelliğine katkısı olmuş ve dış dünyayla ilişkisinin artmasını sağlamıştır. Yazdıklarından, ona yönelik karşılık göremediği bazı duygular beslediği anlaşılmaktadır. 1862'de evine geri dönmüş ve Wadsworth'ü tanımadan önceki haline göre daha içine kapalı bir kişiliğe bürünmüştür. Wadsworth'ün, şiirlerinde geçen sevgili olduğuna ilişkin yazın çevrelerinde güçlü bir görüş birliği vardır.

Evine kapandığı için, o sıralarda ABD'de sürmekte olan iç savaş onu pek etkilememiştir. İnzivadayken yazdığı şiirlerin bir bölümünü dönemin önde gelen eleştirmenlerinden ve yazarlarından olan Thomas Higginson'a göndermiştir. Higginson, şiirlerini okuyarak, beğendiğini, ama serbest bir biçem kullanmak yerine daha geleneksel şiir anlayışına yönelmesi gerektiğini belirten bir yanıt yazmış ve şiirlerini bu öneri doğrultusunda düzeltmesini önermiştir. Dickinson, bu önerileri dikkate almayarak, daha da içine kapanmıştır. Yaşarken yalnızca yedi şiiri basılmıştır.

Yaşamının son yıllarında artık eve pek ziyaretçi de kabul etmemiş, ancak arkadaşlarıyla olan ilişkilerini onlara mektuplar ve küçük hediyeler gönderme yoluyla sürdürmüştür.

1886'daki ölümünden sonra odasına giren kız kardeşi, odasında ondan kalan 1.800 kadar şiir bulmuştur. Ölümünden sonraki dört yılda, yani 1890'a değin, şiirlerinin neredeyse tamamı yayımlanmıştır.

1920'lerde ise, ABD'deki en çok sevilen şairlerden biri olmuş ve ünü bugüne değin sürmüştür.

Şiir Anlayışı
Şiirlerinde patlamalar halinde duygu akımı görülür. Çoğu tek bir imgeye ya da simgeye dayalı olan kısa şiirler yazmıştır. Ancak kısa şiirlerinde, yaşamındaki en önemli şeyleri en etkili biçimde yansıtmaktadır. Şiirlerinde asla yaşayamadığı aşkı ve kavuşamadığı sevgiliyi anlatır. Doğa hakkında şiirleri de vardır. Ulaşamadığı başarıdan ve hep arkadaşı olarak gördüğü başarısızlıktan söz ettiği şiirleri de vardır. Bu tür öğeleri şiirlerinde o denli etkileyici bir dille yansıtır ki, o nedenle ABD'de tüm zamanların en iyi şairlerinden sayılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

1830 doğumlular
Amherst, Massachusetts doğumlular
Massachusetts doğumlu yazarlar
1886 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı şairleri
Amerikalı Hristiyanlar
Amerikan İç Savaşı'nda kişiler

Mount Holyoke College'da öğrenim görenler
Nefritten ölenler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde hastalıktan ölenler
Massachusetts'te defnedilenler
Amerikalı kadın şairler

Emily Dickinson


Filiz Ahmet (Skoplje, 15. travnja 1981.), turska kazališna i filmska glumica, rođena u Makedoniji. Najpoznatija je po ulozi Nigar Kalfe u turskoj TV seriji Sulejman Veličanstveni i Zarife u Zbogom, Rumelijo.

Rani život
Filiz Ahmet rođena je u Skoplju, SR Makedonija. Turskog je podrijetla. Ima dvostruko državljanstvo, makedonsko i tursko. Mati joj radi kao voditeljica, a njezin djed Lüftü Seyfullah bio je makedonski scenski glumac i suosnivač makedonsko-turskog kazališta.

Zbog velikosrpske vojne kampanje 1990-ih, djetinjstvo nije provela u domovini, nego je radi udaljavanja od sukoba, njezina obitelj odlučila je otići u Švedsku. Ahmet se je vratila poslije u Makedoniju, kad joj je bilo 15 godina.

Ahmet govoriti makedonski, albanski, turski, švedski, engleski, srpski i bugarski jezik.

Filmografija

Filmovi

 Bal Kaymak
 Görevimiz Tatil
 Sonsuz Aşk
 Kendime İyi Bak
 Kadın İşi Banka Soygunu
 Mutlu Aile Defteri
 Aşk Tutulması
 Başka Semtin Çocukları
 Amor de familia

Serije

 Hayat Şarkısı
 Ruhumun Aynası
 Muhteşem Yüzyıl
 Balkan Düğünü
 Elveda Rumeli  (Zbogom, Rumelijo)
 Zavedeni

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica
 Službeni YouTube kanal

Sjevernomakedonski umjetnici
Turski glumci
Filmski glumci
Kazališni glumci

Filiz Ahmet


المكتبة الوطنية الفنلندية (بالفنلندية Kansalliskirjasto) في هلسنكي هي أقدم مكتبة في فنلندا. وتتبع جامعة هلسنكي. وكانت تسمى قبل 1 أغسطس 2006 مكتبة جامعة هلسنكي. فضلاً عن كونها أهم مكتبات البلاد، تقوم بمسئولية حفظ التراث الثقافي الفنلندي. وحسب القانون فإنها تستلم خمس نسخ من كل مطبوعة في البلاد، تحتفظ بواحدة وترسل الأربع الأخرى إلى خمسة مكتبات أخرى. كما من حقها الاحتفاظ بكل ما ينشر على الإنترنت. ومن حق كل مواطن فنلندي الإطلاع على مواد المكتبة، واستعارة أي منها. كما تحتوي المكتبة على أكبر عدد من الكتب الروسية من العصر القيصري أكثر من أي مكتبة أخرى في العالم.

وتقع المكتبة الوطنية في مجمع المكتبة قلب هلسنكي بجانب ميدان سيناتينتوري. أقدم بناء في المجمع هو بناء المكتبة الذي يعود بناؤه إلى عام1844 وقد صممه كارل لودفيج إنجل. أهم جزء في المكتبة هو مخزن الكتب الذي يقع تحت المكتبة مباشرة وهو بمساحة 57.600 متر مكعب وهو منحوت في الصخور الصلبة، ويمتد إلى 18 مترا عمقا.

مراجع

الثقافة في هلسنكي
تأسيسات سنة 1640 في السويد
تأسيسات سنة 1640
جامعة هلسنكي
حكومة فنلندا
مبان ومنشآت في هلسنكي
مكتبات إيداع
مكتبة وطنية فنلندية
مكتبات وطنية
مواقع جذب سياحي في هلسنكي
مبان مكتبات اكتملت في 1844
مكتبات أسست في 1640

المكتبة الوطنية الفنلندية


Drivhuspotentiale (på engelsk global warming potential eller GWP) er et tal som angiver forholdet mellem hvor meget varmeenergi en bestemt mængde af en bestemt drivhusgas gennem et bestemt tidsrum fastholder i atmosfæren, og den varmeenergi som samme mængde kuldioxid gennem samme tidsrum fastholder. Drivhuspotentialet er dermed bl.a. et mål for, hvor meget andre drivhusgasser bidrager til den globale opvarmning sammenlignet med kuldixoid, hvis drivhuspotentiale pr. definition har værdien 1. Drivhuspotentialer udregnes over bestemte tidsrum, normalt 20, 100 eller 500 år. Tidsrummet er afgørende, for de forskellige drivhusgasser har forskellig levetid i atmosfæren, som vist i tabellen nedenfor.

Drivhuspotentialet for en bestemt drivhusgas styres især af to forhold:

 gassens evne til at absorbere infrarød stråling, mest i form af varmeudstråling fra jordens overflade,
 gassens levetid i atmosfæren, den tid der går før et gasmolekyle nedbrydes til et andet stof.

Højt drivhuspotentiale har derfor gasser, som kan absorbere store mængder infrarød stråling og som har lang levetid. Specielt interessant er her det atmosfæriske vindue, bølgelængdeintervallet omkring 3-15 mikrometer, hvor hverken vanddamp eller kuldioxid absorberer særlig megen stråling. Internationale klimaaftaler, som fx Kyoto-protokollen og Paris-aftalen, sigter bl.a. mod at begrænse mængden af drivhusgasser med højt drivhuspotentiale.

Referencer

Klimaforandringer
Geofysik

Drivhuspotentiale


Luis Gerardo Hernández Méndez (Aguascalientes; 12 de marzo de 1982) es un productor y actor mexicano. Tras haber aparecido principalmente en películas menores y en televisión, Méndez saltó a la fama con su papel protagónico en la película de comedia de 2013 Nosotros, los Nobles, que durante unos meses fue la película más taquillera de la historia de México. Al año siguiente, interpretó un papel en la película Cantinflas y, de 2015 a 2019, fue coproductor (con su amigo Gary Alazraki) y coprotagonista (con Mariana Treviño) en Club de Cuervos, la primera producción original de Netflix en español. Más recientemente, su compañía de producción Cine Vaquero tuvo un primer acuerdo con ViacomCBS International Studios.

Filmografía

Televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Diosas de Plata

Agrupación de Críticos y Periodistas de Teatro (ACPT)

Premios ACE (Nueva York)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Aguascalientes (ciudad)
Actores de cine de México
Actores LGBT de México
Actores de televisión de México
Actores de teatro de México
Reparto de Club de Cuervos
Reparto de Vecinos

Luis Gerardo Méndez


Die Stadtbahn Houten war eine provisorische Stadtbahnlinie in der niederländischen Stadt Houten. Sie verband von 2001 bis 2008 den damals neuen Houtener Stadtteil Castellum mit dem Houtener Bahnhof. Betreiber waren die niederländischen Staatsbahnen.

Geschichte
Die Stadtbahn wurde am 8. Januar 2001 eröffnet, um den neuen Stadtteil Castellum im Süden Houtens zu erschließen.
Sie verlief auf gesamter Länge parallel zur Bahnstrecke Utrecht–Boxtel, welche zur Zeit des Stadtbahnbetriebs zweigleisig ausgebaut war. Ein weiterer Halt auf der Eisenbahnstrecke war aufgrund des vielen Verkehrs unmöglich.
Für den viergleisigen Ausbau der Strecke wurde die Stadtbahn 2008 stillgelegt, und am 12. Dezember 2010 wurde ein neuer Regionalbahnhalt in Houten-Castellum eröffnet.

Fahrzeuge

Auf der Strecke fuhren TW 6000 mit den Nummern 6016 und 6021, welche gebraucht von der Stadtbahn Hannover übernommen wurden. Für den Einsatz auf der Strecke wurden in den Stadtbahnwagen Transformatoren installiert, welche die Fahrspannung von 1500 Volt auf 600 Volt Gleichstrom reduzierten.
Die Bahnen wurden vom Den Haager Verkehrsbetrieb Haagsche Tramweg Maatschappij gekauft und an die NS vermietet.
Jeweils eine Bahn war auf der Strecke im Einsatz, die andere wurde als Reserve vorgehalten. Nach dem Ende der Stadtbahn wurde Nr. 6016 verschrottet, 6021 hingegen kam zurück nach Hannover und wurde 2011 schließlich nach Budapest in Ungarn verkauft.

Das Personal der Stadtbahn kam zu Anfang von Gemeentevervoerbedrijf Utrecht (GVU, städtischer Verkehrsbetrieb Utrecht) und der HTM, wurde dann später durch Mitarbeiter der Staatsbahn ersetzt.

Tickets
NS-Fahrkarten zum Bahnhof Houten galten auch für eine anschließende Einzelfahrt mit der Stadtbahn. Für Fahrgäste, die nur mit der Straßenbahn fahren wollten wurde eine Hin- und Rückfahrkarte angeboten.

Wegen der Integration in den Eisenbahntarif war die nationale Strippenkaart (welche bis 2009 auf allen niederländischen Bus-, Straßenbahn- und U-Bahnlinien, auf der Eisenbahn jedoch nur sehr eingeschränkt gültig war) auf der Strecke nicht gültig.

Streckenverlauf

|}

Houten
Houten
Houten
Verkehr (Provinz Utrecht)
Houten

Stadtbahn Houten


HMS Ardent was a Royal Navy Type 21 frigate. Built by Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd, Glasgow, Scotland. She was completed with Exocet launchers in 'B' position. Ardent took part in the Falklands War, where she was sunk by Argentine aircraft in the Falkland Sound on 21 May 1982.

Falklands War
On 19 April 1982 Ardent sailed from HMNB Devonport near Plymouth for the Falkland Islands. En route, she escorted task force ships that had left late, on their way to Ascension Island, arriving on 3 May and sailing on the morning of the 7 May.  On 9 May 1982 while 700 miles south west of Ascension, Ardent closed to within 200 yards of the starboard side of the troopship  and provided a gun power demonstration to the troops sailing south.

On 21 May 1982, whilst lying in Falkland Sound and supporting Operation Sutton by bombarding the Argentine airstrip at Goose Green, Ardent was attacked by at least three waves of Argentine aircraft. The air strikes caused Ardent to sink the next day.

British account
The first attack took place when a A-4 Skyhawk dropped two bombs at 16:00 Z (UTC), which straddled the frigate but both failed to explode.

The bulk of the air strikes began at 17:40 Z. Ardent was ordered to proceed west of North West Island along with Yarmouth to "split air attacks from the south". A group of three aircraft, either Skyhawks or IAI Daggers crossed the Falklands Sound from the west and then turned to their left to attack from the north east. Cannon fire and three bombs struck home as the Argentine aircraft pressed their attack from the port side. The only defensive weapons which reacted properly were the 20 mm AA cannons.

The Sea Cat anti-aircraft missile system failed to lock onto the attackers, who also outmanoeuvred the 4.5" gun by carrying out their run out of its arc of fire. Two bombs exploded in the hangar area, destroying the Westland Lynx helicopter and blowing the Sea Cat launcher 80 ft (24 m) into the air before it crashed back down onto the flight deck, and the third crashed through the aft auxiliary machinery room but failed to explode. The aft switchboard was severely damaged, causing loss of power for some key assets, such as the main gun. The hangar was left in flames, and the crew suffered a number of casualties.

Still in full control of her engines and steering, but virtually defenceless, Ardent was told to head north, toward Port San Carlos. But at 18:00 Z five Skyhawks approached the frigate and dropped numerous free-fall and retard bombs. A pattern of two to four bombs exploded in the port quarter (aft), while an undetermined number of others which failed to explode penetrated into the ship. Some of the remaining bombs exploded in the water nearby, battering the ship and causing minor flooding in the forward auxiliary machine room.

The dining hall was shattered, communications between the bridge and the ship control centre were cut off, and the frigate lost steering. This attack caused many casualties, especially among the damage-control teams working in the hangar.

Ardent stopped in the shallow waters of Grantham Sound, the fires in her stern now out of control. With the ship listing heavily, Commander Alan West gave the order to abandon the ship. Yarmouth came alongside to take off survivors, and the crew was transferred to . At that time it was known that 22 men were killed. Ardent continued to burn throughout the night, accompanied by the occasional explosion, until she sank at 6:30 the next day, with only her skewed radar antenna on the foremast remaining above the water.

Able Seaman John Dillon was able to remove debris from an injured sailor and, despite his own burns, got the man topside and into the water where they were both rescued.  For his heroism he received a George Medal, one of three awarded for the war.

The last man to leave was her captain, Commander Alan West, who was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, and served as First Sea Lord from 2002–2006.

Within days naval divers removed her light AA guns for fitting to other ships and her foremast was used as a navigational warning and datum by her sister ship Arrow whilst she bombarded Goose Green.

The wreck is designated as a prohibited area under the Falkland Islands Protection of Wrecks Act.

Argentine account

Air Force attacks

According to the Argentine Air Force official website Ardent was the subject of two attacks from FAA aircraft:
 14:00 Argentine time (UTC-3) by a lone A-4B Skyhawk of 5th Air Group. Four A-4B took off from Rio Gallegos at 11:30 UTC-3. After experiencing problems during the air-to-air refuelling, two aircraft were forced to abort and fly back to their base. Once over the Falklands Sound, the remainder Skyhawks chanced upon an unidentified transport ship – she was apparently the abandoned Argentine cargo vessel Río Carcaraña – which was attacked by one of the jets. The other fighter, piloted by the flight commander, Captain Pablo Carballo, dropped one  dumb bomb on a frigate he found at Grantham Sound. He reported heavy anti-aircraft fire but returned safely. The bomb exploded on the stern. Carballo went on to attack Broadsword a few days later.
 14:40 UTC-3 by IAI Daggers of 6th Air Group. A flight of two Daggers, led by Captain Mir González, was joined by a third Dagger returning from an aborted sortie. They headed together towards San Carlos, but were intercepted by a patrol of Sea Harriers vectored by Brilliant, and the attached aircraft was shot down over West Falkland. The pilot ejected and was recovered later. The two original Daggers successfully outran the British air patrol and entered Falklands Sound from the south. They discovered a frigate and dropped two  bombs on her stern. They also hit the craft with their 30 mm cannon. According to this report, the warship responded to the attack by firing anti-aircraft missiles.

Navy aircraft sortie
 15:01 UTC-3 three Argentine Navy A-4Q Skyhawks of 3rd Fighter and Attack Naval Sqd. hit Ardent with at least two bombs on the stern, a number of unexploded bombs which ripped into the hull, and several near-misses. These fighters usually operated off the carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, but this mission was carried out from a land base at Rio Grande. Navy aircraft used a dozen  retarding tail bombs during the attack.

During their escape they were shot down by Sea Harriers. The pilot who made the final run, Lt. Gustavo Marcelo Márquez was killed in action after his A-4Q was hit by 30 mm fire and exploded. Lt. Philippi, shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder missile, ejected safely; afterwards being sheltered by local farmer Tony Blake during the night he rejoined Argentine forces. Lt. Arca, with his A-4Q also struck by 30 mm rounds, bailed out safely after an unsuccessful attempt to land at Stanley. The pilot was rescued from the water by the Argentine Army Huey UH-1H of Captain Svendsen. Arca ejected at Cape Pembroke, two miles (3 km) from Stanley airstrip.

Commanding officers

Notes

References

 HMS Ardent Association

 UK MOD Board of Inquiry Report Into The Loss Of HMS Ardent

Further reading

External links
  Gulf Patrol 1981 – HMS Ardent (F184) escorting the Mary R. Koch during the Operation Armilla

Type 21 frigates
Shipwrecks of the Falklands War
Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1982
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1975 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Ships sunk by Argentine aircraft
Frigates sunk by aircraft

it:HMS Ardent

HMS Ardent (F184)


Mavi Gözlü Dev, şair Nâzım Hikmet'in 1941 yılından sonra Bursa Hapishanesinde geçirdiği dönemi anlatan 2007 yapımı film. Ünlü şairi Yetkin Dikinciler'in canlandırdığı filmin yönetmenliğini Biket İlhan üstlendi.

Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığından 175.000 TL destek alan filmin çekimleri, sanat yönetmeni Mustafa Ziya Ülkenciler'in Beykoz'da kurduğu cezaevi setinde gerçekleşti. Nazım Hikmet'in hayatını konu alan ilk film olarak dünya sinema tarihine geçen filmin senaryosu, dört yılı aşkın bir sürede, sekiz defa yeniden yazılarak tamamlandı. Filmin müziklerini yapan Cem İdiz, Hikmet'in "Davet" şiirini de besteledi ve bu beste Onur Şentürk tarafından yorumlandı.

Filmin adı, Nazım Hikmet'in "Mavi Gözlü Dev, Minnacık Kadın ve Hanımelleri" adlı şiirinden derlenmiştir.

Oyuncu kadrosu ve karakterler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Nazım Hikmet'in "Davet" adlı şiiri, Milli Kütüphane
Filmin fragmanı, YouTube

2007 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Biket İlhan'ın yönettiği filmler
Türk politik dram filmleri
Türk biyografik dram filmleri
2000'lerde Türkçe filmler
2007 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Mavi Gözlü Dev (film)


A Seleção São-Bartolomense de Futebol representa São Bartolomeu, uma coletividade territorial da França, nas competições de futebol.

Por não ser membro da FIFA, São Bartolomeu não pode disputar eliminatórias para Copa do Mundo, e está em processo de filiação à CONCACAF e à União Caribenha de Futebol (CFU).

História
A primeira partida da Seleção São-Bartolomense foi contra São Martinho, em julho de 2010, e a equipe mandate venceu por 3 a 0. Sua maior vitória foi um 5 a 3 sobre Sint Maarten, em maio de 2018, enquanto a maior derrota foi um 8 a 1 para Guadalupe, em setembro de 2012.

Sem disputar nenhuma partida oficial desde 2019, São Bartolomeu possui 3 vitórias, um empate e 4 derrotas, marcando 18 gols e sofrendo 26. No mesmo ano, o Comitê Territorial de Futebol de São Bartolomeu (órgão que controla o futebol na ilha) iniciou o processo de adesão à CONCACAF e à CFU.

São Bartolomeu
Futebol de São Bartolomeu

Seleção São-Bartolomense de Futebol


Planktococcomyxa, monotipski rod zelenih algi iz porodice Selenastraceae. Opisan je 2002. godine. Jedina vrsta je slatkovodna alga P. lacustris iz Ukrajine (Tsarenko 2011) i Brazila (Fernandes & Bicudo 2009).

Bazionim
 Dactylococcus lacustris Chodat, 1897

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Vrste Selenastraceae

Planktococcomyxa lacustris


La lame parpendiculaire de l'os ethmoïde est une lame mince et aplatie faisant partie de la lame verticale de l'os ethmoïde.

Description
La lame perpendiculaire se situe en dessous de la lame criblée et contribue à la constitution du septum nasal. Généralement, elle dévie d'un côté ou de l'autre.

Elle présente :

 un bord supérieur qui fusionne avec la lame criblée ;
 un bord antéro-supérieur qui s'articule avec l'épine nasale de l'os frontal et avec le sillon inter-nasal des os nasaux ;
 un bord antéro-inférieur sur lequel se fixe le cartilage du septum nasal ;
 un bord postéro-inférieur qui s'articule avec l'os vomer ;
 un bord postéro-supérieur qui s'articule avec la crête sphénoïdale.

Les surfaces de la lame sont lisses, sauf dans sa partie supérieure, où de nombreuses rainures et canaux, partant des foramens de la lame criblée, qui logent les rameaux du nerf olfactif.

Notes et références

Crâne

Lame perpendiculaire de l'os ethmoïde


Prof.Dr. Suna Kili (1929 - 29 Temmuz 2015), Türk akademisyen ve Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesidir. Bu üniversitede siyasal bilimler ve devrim tarihi dersleri verdi.

Prof. Kili, İstanbul Amerikan Kız Kolejini bitirdikten sonra yüksek öğrenimini Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yaptı. Lisans, master ve doktora derecelerini, Bryn Mawr College'den siyasal bilimler ve uluslararası ilişkiler dallarında aldı, Berkeley'de Kaliforniya Üniversitesi'nde lisansüstü çalışmalar yaptı, doktora sonrası araştırmalarını da Londra Ekonomi Okulu, Columbia Üniversitesi ve Princeton Üniversitesi'nde sürdürdü. Prof. Kili, Los Angeles California Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi 1977-1978 akademik yılında da konuk öğretim üyesi olarak ders verdi.

Prof. Kili, yurt içinde ve yurt dışında pek çok seminer, kongre, sempozyum ve benzeri bilimsel toplantıya katıldı, çeşitli konularda bildiriler sundu. "Uluslararası Siyasi İlimler Dergisi" (IPSA) ve "Arap Bölgesi, Türkiye ve İran Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi" (ASSARTI) gibi çeşitli bilim kuruluşlarının üyesi olan Prof. Kili, IPSA'''nın "Siyasal Eğitim Komitesi" İkinci Başkanlığı'nı da yaptı.

Kili, 29 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde zatürre tedavisi gördüğü hastanede 86 yaşında hayatını kaybetti. Cenazesi Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığına defnedildi.

 Eserleri
 Türk Devrim Tarihi (Türk Dil Kurulu Bilim Ödülünü almıştır).
 Osmanlı ve Türk Anayasaları.
 Çayırhan: Bir Orta Anadolu Köyünde Toplumsal Değişme ve Siyasal Davranış.
 1960-1975 döneminde Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nde Gelişmeler-Siyaset BilimiAçısından Bir İnceleme.
 Turkish Constitutional Developmanets And Assembly Debates On The Constitutions of 1924 And 1961 (Türk Anayasa Gelişmeleri ve 1924 ve 1961 Anayasaları Üzerinde Meclis Görüşmeleri).
 Kemalism.
 Turkey: A Case Study Of Political Development (Türkiye: Bir Siyasal Gelişme Örneği).
 Türk Anayasa Metinleri: Tanzimattan Bugüne Kadar.
 Atatürk Devrimi Bir Çağdaşlaşma Modeli'' (1981 yılında Toplum ve İnsan Bilimleri alanı Siyasal Bilim dalında Türkiye İş Bankası Büyük Ödülü'nü almıştır). ISBN 975-7720-45-3.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1929 doğumlular
2015 yılında ölenler
İstanbul ilinde hastalıktan ölenler
Türkiye'de zatürreden ölenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk akademisyenler
Türk kadın profesörler

Suna Kili


Et kastespyd er et spyd, der bruges til at kaste med. Det adskiller sig fra en lanse, der er et stikvåben. Kastespyd blev brugt i antikken, til der blev udviklet buer og pile, der kunne gøre lige stor skade som et kastespyd. Spydkast var en vigtig del af den militære oplæring både i Oldtidens Grækenland og Romerriget, og spydkast er fortsat en klassisk øvelse i de Olympiske lege.

Kastespyd er et af de ældste våben i menneskets arsenal. Der er fundet flintspidser fra kastespyd som er 280.000 år gamle i Etiopien. Flere træspyd med ildhærdede spids er fundet ved Schöningen i Tyskland og er ca. 400.000 år gamle og har sandsynligvis været lavet af neandertalere eller Homo heilelbergensis. For at øge rækkevidden på våbnene har flere kulturer udviklet kastetræ.

I antikken brugte grækerne soldater, peltaster, som angreb fjenden med små, lette kastespyd.
Romerske soldater kastede dem på fjenden lige før de gik i nærkamp. Disse kastespyd hed pilum og havde en speciel konstruktion med en lang uhærdet modhage bag spidsen, som bøjede sig når spyddet ramte målet eller jorden, så modstanderne ikke kunne kaste dem tilbage. Senere udviklede de en lettere variant en spiculum og en kort kastepil en plumbata.

I Norden blev kastespyd brugt af vikingerne, og det hed sig, at Olav Tryggvason (963-1000) kunne kaste to spyd samtidigt. Det er dog usandsynligt, at det blev brugt i kamp, da kraft, præcision og rækkevidde i to kast vil være langt ringere end i ét.

Referencer

Spyd
Kastevåben

Kastespyd


Islas Hans Lollik (en inglés: Hans Lollik Islands) son dos islas en las Islas Vírgenes de los EE. UU. Las islas, que están actualmente en venta, son propiedad privada, se encuentran aproximadamente a 2,5 km más allá de la costa norte central de St. Thomas, separados de esta por el paso de sotavento. El pequeño Hans Lollik y el Cayo Pelican se encuentran al norte de Hans Lollik grande. La mayor parte de la zona alrededor de Hans Lollik es rocosa y soporta una densa diversidad de hábitats coralinos.

Islas
Isla Hans Lollik Grande (Great Hans Lollik Island)
Isla Hans Lollik Pequeña (Little Hans Lollik Island)

Véase también
Geografía de las Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos
Geografía de Estados Unidos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización de la Isla principal

Archipiélagos e islas de las Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos

Islas Hans Lollik


Obermühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Großen Kreisstadt Rothenburg ob der Tauber im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Die Einöde liegt an der Schandtauber, die ein linker Nebenfluss der Tauber ist. Ein Anliegerweg führt nach Bettenfeld zur Kreisstraße AN 6 (0,3 km südwestlich).

Geschichte
Die Obermühle wurde 1383 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Sie lag im Fraischbezirk der Reichsstadt Rothenburg. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde sie als unterschlächtige Mühle mit zwei Mahlgängen und einem Gerbgang beschrieben.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Obermühle dem Steuerdistrikt Lohr und der Ruralgemeinde Bettenfeld zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Obermühle am 1. Mai 1978 nach Rothenburg eingemeindet.

Baudenkmal
 Haus Nr. 25: Ehemalige Wassermühle mit Scheune

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Wendel und Hl. Kreuz (Bettenfeld) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Laurentius (Gebsattel) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung
Ersterwähnung 1383

Obermühle (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)


Cartago (în ) este o provincie din Costa Rica. Acesta este situată în partea centrală a țării, având granița cu Nicaragua la nord. Este una dintre cele mai mici provincii, cu toate astea probabil una dintre cele mai bogate din perioada colonizării spaniole.

Geografie
Aceasta este situată în partea centrală a țării și se învecinează cu provinciile Limon la est și San José la vest. Capitala este Cartago; până în 1823 a fost și capitala Costa Ricăi, care este acum San José.  Provincia se întinde pe o suprafață de 3,124.61 km² și are o populație de 490,903. Este împărțită în opt cantoane și este legată de San José printr-o autostradă cu patru benzi. Cel mai înalt vârf este Cerro de la Muerte având 3.600 de metri deasupra nivelului mării, iar cel mai de jos punct al provinciei este Turrialba, care se află la 90 de metri deasupra nivelului mării.

Sport

Cartago este reședința echipei din Primera Division echipa, C.S. Cartaginés, care joacă pe stadionul Jose Rafael Fello Meza, situat la sud de orașul Cartago, în Barrio Asís.

Cantoane

Gallery

Referințe

Legături externe
 Harta provinciei Cartago

Provincii din Costa Rica

Provincia Cartago


An Platycaulos quartziticola in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Hans Peter Linder, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Hans Peter Linder och C.R.Hardy. An Platycaulos quartziticola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platycaulos, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platycaulos

Platycaulos quartziticola


الرايخ الألماني  هو الاسم الرسمي لألمانيا في الفترة من 1871 إلى 1945 باللغة الألمانية. ترجمته الحرفية هي «الإمبراطورية الألمانية»، تخلت الإمبراطورية الألمانية بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى عن كلمة رايخ والتي تعني «الإمبراطورية» وتحول الاسم الرسمي  بصورة غير رسمية، ببساطة إلى ألمانيا.

اسم «دويتش رايخ» تم تطبيقه في كثير من الأحيان في خرائط معاصرة للإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة (911 - 1806). في تاريخ ألمانيا خلال فترة الرايخ الألماني (الثاني) تقليدياً تنقسم لثلاث فترات متميزة:
 في ظل النظام الملكي لبيت هوهنتسولرن كانت معروفة بالامبراطورية الألمانية (1871 - 1918).
 في ظل الجمهورية الديمقراطية، كانت تعرف بجمهورية فايمار (1919 - 1933).
 في ظل الديكتاتورية الشمولية لأدولف هتلر كانت تعرف باسم الرايخ الثالث أو ألمانيا النازية (1933 - 1945).
بعد عملية آنشلوس بضم النمسا في عام 1938، وأصبح اسم ألمانيا بصورة غير رسمية رايخ ألمانيا الكبرى . كان الاسم الرسمي للدولة خلال عامين فقط (1943 - 1945) من الحكم النازي.

أعلام
 إلين بانغ
 خواكيم فيرنر

انظر أيضًا
 الرايخ الجرماني الأكبر

المراجع

ألمانيا النازية
الإمبراطورية الألمانية
جمهورية فايمار
قومية ألمانية

الرايخ الألماني


Ricardo Cavalcante Ribeiro (født 23. februar 1977) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Vegalta Sendai og Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Ricardo Cavalcante Ribeiro


Sasia é um género de aves da família dos pica-paus.

Lista de espécies
O género Sasia é composto por três espécies:

 Sasia africana, pica-pau-pigmeu
 Sasia abnormis, picapauzinho-ruivo
 Sasia ochracea, picapauzinho-de-sobrancelhas-brancas

Géneros de aves
Picidae

Sasia


Le  musée de la défense héroïque d'Odessa  (en ukrainien : Мемориал героической обороны Одессы) se situe au 150 Dacha Kovalevskogo à Odessa.

Historique
C'est un mémorial de la défense de la ville et un musée à ciel ouvert.

Images

Articles connexes

Notes et références

Sources

Odessa
Musée à Odessa
Musée de plein air en Ukraine
Musée militaire en Ukraine

Musée-mémorial de la défense héroïque d'Odessa


Lavegadas Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Poiares belediyesine bağlı olan, 11,23 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 249 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova de Poiares

Lavegadas


The Scottish Examination Board (SEB), formerly known as the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB), was the academic examination board for Scottish schools from 1965 to 1997.

History
From their introduction in 1888 until 1964, Scottish school qualifications were awarded directly by the UK Government's Scottish Education Department.

The Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB) was established in 1964 to take over the awarding of Scottish school qualifications from 1965. The SCEEB became known as the Scottish Examination Board (SEB) in 1982.

The SEB used to administer all of Scotland's academic qualifications, including Standard Grades and Highers.

On 1 April 1997, the Scottish Examination Board merged with the Scottish Vocational Education Council (SCOTVEC) to form the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA).

References

Examination boards in the United Kingdom
Educational organisations based in Scotland
Government agencies established in 1964
Government agencies disestablished in 1997
1964 establishments in Scotland
1997 disestablishments in Scotland

Scottish Examination Board


Ark (oft auch ARK; dt.: "Arche") war eine norwegische Progressive-Metal-Band aus Toten, die im Jahr 1990 gegründet, 2002 getrennt, 2009 wiedervereint und 2011 erneut aufgelöst wurde.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde im Jahr 1990 von John Macaluso, Schlagzeuger der Band TNT, und Tore Østby, Gitarrist der Band Conception, gegründet. Als Sänger kam kurze Zeit später Jørn Lande zur Gruppe. Ihr selbstbetiteltes Debütalbum veröffentlichten sie im Jahr 1999.

Für das zweite Album begab sich die Band in die Area 51 Studios, wo sie das Album Burn the Sun unter der Leitung von Tommy Newton aufnahmen. Als Bassist war dabei Randy Coven (Steve Vai, Steve Morse) und als Keyboarder Mats Olausson (Yngwie Malmsteen) zu hören. Das Album wurde im Jahr 2001 über InsideOut Music veröffentlicht. Im Jahr 2002 trennte sich die Band, fand im Jahr 2009 kurzzeitig wieder zusammen, bis sie sich im Jahr 2011 endgültig auflöste. Mats Olausson wurde am 19. Februar 2015 tot in einem Hotel in Rayong aufgefunden.

Stil
Die Band spielt klassischen, technisch anspruchsvollen Progressive Metal, wobei der Gesang von Jørn Lande besonders markant ist.

Die Titel The Hunchback of Notre Dame vom Album Ark und Just a Little vom Album Burn the Sun weisen unverkennbare Flamenco-Elemente auf.

Tore Østby erklärte gleichermaßen den Bandnamen und die stilistische Offenheit: "So wie Noah alle möglichen Tierarten auf seine Arche verfrachtete, verarbeiten wir alle musikalischen Stile, die uns gefallen, in unserem Sound."

Diskografie
 Ark (Album, 1999, InsideOut Music)
 Burn the Sun (Album, 2001, InsideOut Music)

Einzelnachweise

Norwegische Band
Progressive-Metal-Band

Ark (Band)


The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (Savunma İleri Araştırma Projeleri Ajansı), Amerikan ordusu tarafından kullanılmak üzere, yeni teknolojiler üretmekle sorumlu ABD Savunma Bakanlığı'na bağlı bir devlet kurumudur.

Soğuk savaş döneminde Rusya'nın Sputnik füzesini uzaya göndermesinin ardından 1958'de ARPA adıyla kurulmuştur. DARPA bugünkü İnternetin geliştirilmesinden sorumludur, ve Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Berkeley Unix ve TCP/IP'yi de içeren birçok geliştirme projesini finanse etmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi DARPA sitesi

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri devlet kurumları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde araştırma ve geliştirme
1958'de kurulan kuruluşlar
Kurumsal yan kuruluşlar

DARPA


An Agrostis pallescens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Frederic Cheeseman. An Agrostis pallescens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis pallescens


Corrado John "Junior" Soprano Jr., portrayed by Dominic Chianese, is a fictional character from the HBO TV series The Sopranos. Usually referred to as "Junior" or "Uncle June,"  he is the official boss of the DiMeo crime family for most of the series. A younger Corrado sometimes appears in flashbacks and is played by Rocco Sisto. Corey Stoll portrays a young Junior Soprano in the 2021 prequel film, The Many Saints of Newark. Dominic Chianese's performance as Junior was universally lauded.

Junior is depicted as being smart, old-fashioned, stubborn and insecure about his power. Although Junior is portrayed as bitter and deceitful in season one, he shows a more considerate and humorous side of himself in the later seasons and reveals a more sensitive aspect of his personality during his illness and house arrest. According to series creator David Chase the name Junior was taken from one of his cousins. Chianese landed the role of Junior over Tony Sirico who plays Paulie Gualtieri, and Frank Vincent who plays Phil Leotardo.

Background
In season one, it is stated that Junior is 70 years old, placing his birth date in 1928 or 1929. Corrado Soprano, Jr. is the son of Corrado and Mariangela D'Agostino Soprano, who were from Ariano in the Province of Avellino and immigrated to the United States in 1911. Junior is the lead character Tony Soprano's uncle, and Junior's younger brother is Tony's father Johnny Soprano. He tells the court-ordered psychologist, when feigning mental incompetence, that he was getting a haircut when he heard about the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

He tells Tony that he admired John F. Kennedy but did not like his brother Robert because of the latter's involvement with the United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management, as well as the prosecution of Jimmy Hoffa and investigation into the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Tony fondly recalls how as a child, Junior taught him how to play baseball and took him to New York Yankees games.

Both Junior and Johnny dropped out of high school and turned to a life of organized crime, joining the DiMeo crime family. In the episode "In Camelot", Junior Soprano reveals that he was on a date with Fran Felstein at the 500 Club in Atlantic City, New Jersey to see Enzo Stuarti perform when Fran met his brother Johnny. Junior was in love with Fran and wanted to propose, even buying a ring for her, but could not allow a marriage to affect his status in organized crime, and could not summon the courage to ask her.

Junior always watched over Tony, especially after Johnny's death from emphysema in 1986. Junior guided Tony's ascension in the crime family when Tony took over his father's crew becoming the family's youngest captain.

Following the arrest of longtime boss Ercole "Eckley" DiMeo in late 1995, Junior got into a trucking dispute with new acting boss Jackie Aprile Sr. He fled to Boca Raton to avoid any possible repercussions, but Tony and Soprano soldier "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero arranged a meeting to solve the problem. Junior sometimes resented having to answer to the young Aprile, who used to fetch Junior sambucas.

Junior never married and has no children. He lives in Belleville, New Jersey.  He tells Bobby Baccalieri that he has a problem with feet, and does not even like talking about bunions.

Plot details
In The Many Saints of Newark, Junior Soprano briefly takes over as caporegime of his brother Giovanni "Johnny Boy" Soprano's crew from 1967, after he is sent to prison. At the funeral of "Hollywood Dick" Moltisanti, Junior takes Richard "Dickie" Moltisanti aside and tells him he considers them to be brothers. He offers Dickie his hand in friendship and promises to provide any favors he requires.

Five years later, in 1972, Johnny Boy is released from prison and takes back the reins of his crew. To Junior's chagrin, Johnny reprimands him for apparently letting his neighborhood "fall apart" in his absence. Johnny urges his brother to follow Dickie's "example", but this only fractures the close relationship that Corrado once had with Dickie. It is clear that  Johnny is beginning to hold Dickie favorably to his brother, who now sees Dickie as a rival, not a partner.

Sometime later, Junior attends the funeral of Buddha, a made man killed by Harold McBrayer's African-American mob in a gangland hit. Corrado slips down the stairs of the mortuary, and Dickie laughs, mocking Junior as he struggles to get back onto his feet. Months later, Junior is further frustrated when his injury prevents him from having sex with his comare. Humiliated and enraged, Junior secretly orders a hit on Dickie Moltisanti, knowing it will be blamed on Harold's crew. Moltisanti is shot in the head from behind in the driveway of his home by an unknown assailant. At Moltisanti's own funeral, Corrado stares coldly at his corpse, content with the knowledge that Dickie's death will never come back to him.

In the opening episode of The Sopranos, Junior plans to kill "Little Pussy" Malanga at a restaurant owned by Tony's childhood friend, Artie Bucco. Tony makes many attempts to prevent the murder and eventually resorts to fire bombing the restaurant to force its closure so the hit would happen elsewhere, enraging Junior. Tensions escalate further when two of Tony's criminal associates Christopher Moltisanti and Brendan Filone hijack a truck owned by a Harrison, New Jersey, company that pays protection to Junior. Junior constantly expresses outrage and threats over the issue despite Tony's attempts to resolve it. When Brendan hijacks another truck, and the driver is accidentally killed, Junior orders Brendan's murder. He spares Christopher's life because he is a surrogate nephew of Tony's, ordering a mock execution instead.

Junior has been waiting a long time to become boss and, with his senior rank, feels he is next in line. Upon Jackie Aprile's death, Tony has the support to take over the family but fears Junior will start a war if he is not named boss. Tony resolves the situation by letting Junior become boss in order to steer law enforcement attention away from the rest of the family. With the support of the other captains, Tony runs things behind the scenes, especially as Junior becomes greedier and more abusive of his authority. When Junior finds out about this from Tony's mother, he is furious.

Around this time, Junior's longtime goomah, Bobbi Sanfillipo, inadvertently causes word of Junior's talent for oral sex to spread among the mob wives, eventually reaching Tony, who mocks him in front of several other men. Junior furiously breaks up with Bobbi over this, smashing a lemon meringue pie in her face. He also learns through Livia that Tony is seeing a psychiatrist. Junior then orders Tony's failed assassination, which, due to his fondness for Tony, upsets him. Junior vomits while discussing details of the hit and is visibly upset when his associates discuss the hit with him. Tony retaliates by having two of Junior's enforcers, Mikey Palmice and Chucky Signore, murdered. Junior is spared only because the FBI arrests him on racketeering charges.

Junior's acting captain, Philly "Spoons" Parisi, comments on the conflict between Tony and his uncle and also Livia's involvement, so Tony has him killed. With Junior and his main supporters either in jail or dead, Tony takes full control of the family. He lets Junior keep the title of boss while Tony runs everything as the street boss. Junior is allowed to run his old crew but must give 95% of the proceeds to Tony. Along with a bigger share from his old high-end poker game, union rackets, and car theft ring, this enables Junior to live on a subsistence level while also making enough to pay his legal fees.

Finally, Tony moves two soldiers from Junior's crew, Patsy Parisi (Philly's twin brother), and Gigi Cestone, over to his own crew. This leaves Junior the senile Murf Lupo as capo, Beppy Scerbo, and Bobby Baccalieri as soldiers.

Soon, Junior is released from jail and placed under house arrest in his Belleville, New Jersey home while awaiting trial, after his attorney convinces the judge that Junior is much sicker than he actually is. While he is under house arrest, Soprano captain Richie Aprile is released from prison after serving ten years, and actively seeks Junior's friendship. Richie wants him and Junior to kill Tony and take over the crime family.

While Junior wants to take back control, he is cautious of Richie's plans. Junior is conflicted over which side to favor but eventually decides that while Tony can be selfish and impulsive, Richie simply is not respected enough by the rest of the family. Junior tells Tony of Richie's plans against him. Grateful for the warning, Tony increases Junior's take of his former rackets from 5% to 7.5%, and the two (more or less) bury the hatchet.

During this time, Bobby Baccalieri becomes Junior's replacement, right-hand man, and closest confidant. Bobby accompanies Junior on hospital visits during his battles with stomach cancer, which he eventually overcomes. Junior finds various ways to get around his house arrest—using his doctor's office and lawyer's office to conduct business and attending as many funerals and family functions as possible. Despite their disputes, Tony often seeks Junior's advice as the voice of experience.

In season four, Junior's trial ends in a mistrial after they are able to intimidate one of the jurors into voting not guilty and forcing a hung jury. Although Junior has survived cancer and possible prison time, the toll of a series of 'mini-strokes' and the confinement of house arrest has left him confused, depressed, and in failing health. By season five, Junior starts to show signs of dementia, requiring care and support. In "Where's Johnny?", Junior wanders the streets in his bathrobe and slippers, looking for his deceased brother.

In season six of The Sopranos, Junior's dementia has worsened, as he becomes paranoid that his long-deceased enemy, "Little Pussy" Malanga, is after him. Tony refuses to put his uncle in a nursing home, feeling obligated to care for Junior himself with the aid of his sisters and Bobby. In the season six debut episode, Tony arrives at Junior's house one evening. Junior, believing his nephew to be Malanga, shoots Tony in the abdomen. Frightened, Junior runs upstairs, hiding away in his bedroom closet while Tony struggles to dial 9-1-1 before losing consciousness.

Junior is arrested and taken into federal custody over the shooting, but his lawyer secures him a release into a cushy mental institution, claiming he is currently unfit to stand trial. Junior remains confused and distressed, denying that he could have deliberately shot his own nephew. Junior's dementia has progressed to such an extreme state that when his great-nephew A.J. Soprano visits him with the intention of killing him as revenge, Junior thinks A.J. is Tony and greets him with excitement. A.J.'s plan is botched when he inadvertently drops the knife on the floor. Tony pulls some strings with former Assemblyman, now State Senator, Ronald Zellman to get A.J. released without charges being filed.

In the Wyckoff therapeutic center, Junior begins to put his old life back together. He still collects weekly payments from his organizations and is occasionally visited by Pat Blundetto and Beppy Scerbo. Within the confines of the mental home, Junior behaves like a typical Mafia chieftain; bribing orderlies, organizing card games, and even physically abusing a rival. A young patient named Carter Chong looks up to Junior as a mentor and father figure and admires his aggressive, imposing, and rebellious nature.

After Junior loses control of his bladder, the center's administrators conclude that he is not taking his medications. Junior is confronted with the choice of either taking the medication or being moved to a less pleasant facility. Junior agrees to take the medication and begins to become more docile. He is badly beaten by his anger-prone protégé, who doesn't want to lose Junior as a mentor. In the final scene of "Remember When" Junior sits passively, black and blue, with broken glasses from his beating, silently sitting and petting a cat sitting on his lap.

In the episode "The Blue Comet", Janice approaches Tony and tells him that Junior has run out of money, and will be removed from the Wyckoff therapeutic center. She implores Tony to help him out. Tony shows no sympathy for Junior and offers no support, telling Janice that she and Bobby are cut out of his life too, although it is just an empty threat. In the final episode, "Made in America", Junior is moved to a state facility. When Janice goes to visit him, Junior thinks she is her mother, Livia, and thinks that a picture of Janice's daughter is Janice herself.

She tries to tell him that Bobby has been murdered, but Junior does not comprehend, thinking she means Bobby Kennedy. Tony later visits a now sick and wheelchair-bound Junior for the first time since the shooting. Junior recognizes him as someone he used to play catch with, remembering playing with Tony 40 years earlier. Tony tries to remind Junior of who he was, and even who his brother was, but Junior cannot remember.

Tony tells him that he and his father used to run North Jersey, to which Junior simply smiles and replies, "Well, that's nice". Tony finally realizes Junior is in an advanced stage of dementia and is saddened and frustrated that Junior is lost for good. Tony simply looks at Junior and then tearfully leaves his uncle for the last time without saying another word.

References

External links
 HBO Profile: Corrado "Junior" Soprano

American male characters in television
Fictional characters from New Jersey
Fictional characters with cancer
Fictional characters with dementia
Fictional crime bosses
Fictional Italian American people
Fictional drug dealers
Fictional gangsters
Fictional murderers
Fictional World War II veterans
Male characters in film
Male villains
Film characters introduced in 2021
The Sopranos characters
Television characters introduced in 1999

Junior Soprano


Smrdáky este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Senica din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 667 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Smrdáky este atestată documentar din 1436.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Smrdáky


Iljitschjowka () ist ein Ortsname in der Republik Moldau und Russland:

in der Republik Moldau:
 Iljitschjowka (Floreschti) im Rajon Floreschti

in Russland:
 Iljitschjowka (Kaliningrad) im Rajon Bagrationowsk, Oblast Kaliningrad (Lank, Kreis Heiligenbeil, Ostpreußen)
 Iljitschjowka (Omsk) im Rajon Moskalenki, Oblast Omsk
 Iljitschjowka (Primorje) im Rajon Oktjabrsko, Region Primorje

Iljitschjowka


Richard Feder (geboren am 26. August 1875 in Václavice, Böhmen, Österreich-Ungarn; gestorben am 18. November 1970 in Brünn) war ein tschechischer Gelehrter, Rabbiner, Häftling des KZ Theresienstadt, Übersetzer und Autor.

Leben

Feder besuchte eine deutsch-jüdische Schule in Benešov, die Abitur legte er auf einem piaristischen Gymnasium in Prag ab. Danach studierte er in Wien Philosophie und besuchte später ein Rabbinerseminar der Stadt. Von 1896 bis 1903 studierte er am Institut zur Übersetzung hebräischer Literatur. Er schrieb historische Werke über die Geschichte jüdischer Gemeinden sowie mehrere Lehrbücher und populärwissenschaftliche Werke über den jüdischen Glauben.

Nach seiner Einsetzung als Rabbiner in 1903 wirkte er zuerst in Kojetín, Louny und Roudnice nad Labem, bis er 1917 nach Kolín kam, wo er in der Zeit 1917–1942 und  1945–1953 als Rabbiner für die Jüdische Gemeinde Kolín tätig war. Außerdem lehrte er an der Handelsakademie in Kolín.

Nach dem Einmarsch der deutschen Truppen ist ihm die Gefahr für die jüdische Bevölkerung klar geworden und versuchte, die Auswanderung der Juden in ein Land zu organisieren, das sich nicht im Machtbereich des Nationalsozialismus befand. Bereits am 26. April 1939 verfasste er einen Brief an das Ministerium für Soziales und Gesundheit, in dem er seine Vorstellungen für solche Massenauswanderung der Juden darstellte. Er schlug in dem brief bereits die ersten organisatorischen Schritte vor und sprach von einer Gruppe von etwa 500 Juden aus der Stadt. Keines dieser Projekte (von denen die Auswanderung nach Französisch-Guayana die erfolgversprechendste war) konnte jedoch realisiert werden.

1942 wurde Feder im Alter von fast 67 Jahren in das KZ Theresienstadt nördlich von Prag deportiert. Er überlebte die Haft und übernahm nach seiner Befreiung 1945 wieder das Amt des Rabbiners in Kolín. 1953 wurde er nach Brünn geschickt, wo er zuerst regionaler mährisch-schlesischer Rabbiner für Brün und 1961 Oberlandesrabbiner wurde und in diesem Amt 17 Jahre bis zu seinem Tod blieb.

Rezeption

Feder schrieb 1947 das Buch Židovská tragedie, eine der ersten Veröffentlichungen über die Shoa in der Tschechoslowakei. Es ist einer der wenigen Erlebnisberichte eines Rabbiners als KZ-Häftling. Der Journalist Moritz Reininghaus beschreibt Feders Erlebnisse anlässlich einer Buchlesung, die die Schauspielerin Barbara Geiger 2006 in Potsdam vortrug: Obwohl der Autor weitgehend auf die Beschreibung eigener extremer Erfahrungen wie körperlicher Schmerzen verzichtet, vermag sein Text eine Legende zu zerstören, die man auch eine Lüge nennen kann. Bekanntlich wollte die nationalsozialistische Propaganda anhand des "Ghettos" Theresienstadt aller Welt vorgaukeln, dass man ausgesprochen menschlich mit den Juden umgehe. Nicht nur das Rote Kreuz ließ sich täuschen, sogar die Verfolgten selbst glaubten nicht selten, dass hier ein sicherer Ort für Ältere und Privilegierte sei. Oft genug gaben sie ihr letztes Geld, damit sie in die "Musterstadt" kamen.

Familie
Feder verlor seine ganze Familie in der Shoah. Sein Sohn Viktor wurde am 28. April 1942 ins Ghetto Zamość deportiert und schließlich ermordet. Seine Frau Hilda starb am 24. Dezember 1942 in Theresienstadt. Sein Sohn Evžen, dessen Frau Růžena und deren zweieinhalbjähriger Sohn Josef wurden am 15. Mai 1944 nach Auschwitz deportiert und dort ermordet. Seine Tochter Ruth, ihr Ehemann Pavel Heller und deren 15-jähriger Sohn Walter wurden am 28. Oktober 1944 in Auschwitz ermordet.

Veröffentlichungen
 Židé a křesťané (1919)
 Hebrejská učebnice (1923)
 Židovská tragédie <Die jüdische Tragödie>, Kolín 1947
 Kolínští židé (historická skizza) <Koliner Juden, historische Skizze>, in: Českožidovský kalendář (1927/28), 197–207
 Sinaj (učebnice židovského náboženství) (1955)
 Religiöses Leben in Theresienstadt, in:Theresienstadt, hg. vom Rat der jüdischen Gemeinden in Böhmen und Mähren, Wien 1968
 Židovské besídky. Kniha první. Pro zábavu a poučeni dospělejší mládeže židovské, Ph. Dr. Richard Feder, Rabin.
 Jüdisches Unterhaltungsbuch, I. Band. Für die Unterhaltung und Belehrung der erwachsenen
 Geschichte der Juden in Olfen: Jüdisches Leben im katholischen Milieu einer Kleinstadt, Braunschweig, 1879
 Jüdische Tragödie – letzter Akt, Potsdam : Verl. für Berlin-Brandenburg, 2004, Dt. Ausg., 1. Aufl.
 Haleluja. Hebrejská řeč (1936) Reprint 2006 (ISBN 80-86057-39-9)

Literatur
 Zuzana Peterová: Richard Feder. Michael Philipp Verlag. Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam  2004. Serien: Schriftenreihe des Wilhelm-Fraenger-Instituts Potsdam, Bd. 7. G plus G, Prag 2004.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Großrabbiner
Person des Judentums (Tschechien)
Judentum in Kolín
Häftling im Ghetto Theresienstadt
Träger des Tomáš-Garrigue-Masaryk-Ordens (3. Klasse)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Tschechoslowake
Geboren 1875
Gestorben 1970
Mann
Person (Kolín)

Richard Feder


San Juan y San Pedro Tezompa  en ocasiones nombrado únicamente como San Juan Tezompa es una población mexicana del Estado de México, y unos de los doce pueblos localizado en el Municipio de Chalco y en los límites con la Delegación Tláhuac del Distrito Federal.

Localización y demografía
San Juan y San Pedro Tezompa se encuentra localizado en el extremo suroeste del territorio municipal de Chalco y hace límite con el Distrito Federal en particular con la Delegación Tláhuac, siendo las poblaciones más próximas en el Distrito Federal San Nicolás Tetelco y San Antonio Tecómitl, una carretera estatal la une a ellas hacia el oeste, mientras que hacia el noreste lo hace con las comunidades de Santa Catarina Ayotzingo, San Mateo Huitzilzingo y la cabecera municipal, la ciudad de Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias de la que la separa una distancia de 20 kilómetros; sus coordenadas geográficas son  y su altitud es de 2 245 metros sobre el nivel del mar. San Juan y San Pedro Tezompa se encontraba originariamente en la rivera sur del antiguo Lago de Chalco, del que hoy solo quedan como remanente, entre otros, los llamados Humedales de Tláhuac y la zona de Chinampería de Míxquic, ubicada directamente al norte de San Juan y San Pedro Tezompa y que lo separa del pueblo de San Andrés Mixquic.

De acuerdo con los resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda realizado en 2010 por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, la población total de San Juan y San Pedro Tezompa es de 11 819 habitantes, de los 5 781 son hombres y 6 038 son mujeres.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de San Juan y San Pedro Tezompa

Localidades del estado de México
Toponimia náhuatl del estado de México
Chalco

San Juan Tezompa


El quádbol, antes conocido como quidditch, es un deporte no tradicional creado en 2005 en el que dos equipos de siete jugadores montados en escobas juegan en un campo del tamaño de una pista de hockey. El campo es rectangular y mide 60 metros por 44 metros y tiene 3 aros de diferentes alturas a cada lado del campo. Habiéndose creado en 2005. El objetivo final es tener más puntos que el equipo rival cuando el flag, una pelota de tenis metida en una media colgada de la cintura de un jugador imparcial oficial (flag runner) vestido de amarillo, es capturada. Este deporte está gobernado por la International Quadball Association (IQA) y los eventos se organizan por la IQA, los comités continentales o los órganos de gobiernos nacionales.

Historia

El quádbol tiene sus raíces en el deporte ficticio de Harry Potter Quidditch, y fue creado en 2005 en la Universidad de Middlebury  en Middlebury, Vermont, EE. UU. Ha crecido y se ha desarrollado como deporte propio después de once ediciones del reglamento para Estados Unidos y dos de la Asociación Internacional.

Juego

Tres aros-portería son situados a cada lado del campo. Las porterías suelen ser tubos circulares montados sobre cañerías de PVC. Todos los jugadores deben llevar una escoba entre las piernas en todo momento, no llevarla es considerado falta. Un balón de voleibol es utilizado para anotar puntos, mientras que pelotas de balón prisionero se derribar a losr ivales. El flag es una simple bola de tenis dentro de un calcetín atado a la parte posterior de la cintura del corredor de la snitch. En los últimos años ya se comercializan pantalones de flag con el flag colgando de un velcro adherido a la parte posterior de la cintura. El corredor de la snitch es un jugador neutral habitualmente vestido de amarillo. Una vez liberado, el corredor del flag puede moverse en la zona central entre las dos líneas de área de guardián.

El partido empieza con el balón de vóleibol colocado en el centro del campo y los balones de dodgeball colocados dos en el centro de la línea del área de guardián de cada equipo y la tercera a medio camino entre la banda y el balón de vóleibol. El partido comienza cuando el árbitro grita "Brooms Up!" ("¡Escobas arriba!"). El partido continúa hasta que el flag es atrapado. Cada gol vale 10 puntos y se otorgan 30 puntos al equipo que captura el flag y el equipo con mayor número de puntos gana. En el caso en el que el equipo que captura el flag empate el partido o siga por detrás, se pasa al tiempo extra o prórroga, en el que ambos equipos tendrán que alcanzar el marcador objetivo. El marcador objetivo se decide sumando 30 puntos a la cantidad de puntos que tiene el equipo que vaya por delante en el momento de la captura del flag.

Jugadores

Los Cazadores son los responsables de pasarse el balón de voleibol y anotar puntos, lanzando el balón de voleibol a través de los aros oponentes. Cada gol vale 10 puntos. Hay tres cazadores por equipo en el campo. Cuando un cazador es golpeado por un balón de dodgeball mientras lleva el balón de voleibol, debe dejarlo caer, desmontar de su escoba y volver a uno de sus aros antes de volver a participar en el juego. Los cazadores se identifican por una cinta blanca.
Los Golpeadores intentan golpear a los jugadores del equipo contrario lanzando balones de dodgeball para neutralizarlos, a la vez que intentan evitar que el equipo contrario haga lo mismo. Hay dos golpeadores por equipo en el campo. En cada partido se usan 3 balones de dodgball para que cada equipo tenga, al menos, una disponible para usar. Los golpeadores se identifican por una cinta negra.
El Buscador intenta atrapar el flag. El corredor del flag entra en el juego en el minuto 19 y los buscadores en el 20. Hay un buscador por equipo en el campo y se le identifica por una cinta amarilla.
El Guardián que tiene por objetivo prevenir que los oponentes lancen, pateen o de cualquier manera pasen el balón de voleibol a través de los aros de su equipo.

El número de jugadores es de 7 jugadores o jugadoras por equipo.

Equipamiento

El partido se juega con seis aros verticales, tres a cada lado del campo. Todos los jugadores deben sujetar una escoba entre las piernas. Hay tres tipos diferentes de balones en juego, sumando un total de cuatro: un balón de vóleibol y tres balóones de dodgeball. El último elemento sería el flag a capturar por los buscadores.

Escoba

Probablemente la pieza de equipamiento más curiosa del quádbol, la escoba hace de función de ser un "handicap", una dificultad, al igual que en el baloncesto se debe botar la pelota para avanzar o usar solo los pies en el fútbol. El jugador debe permanecer montado en su escoba en todo momento durante el partido, a no ser que haya sido eliminado por un balón de dodgeball. En ese caso, debe volver a los aros para volver a montarse y volver así al juego. Estar montado en la escoba significa sujetarla entre las piernas y que no esté completamente en el suelo. Se puede aguantar tanto con las manos como con las piernas, siempre que no se utilice ayuda externa.

Las escobas deben tener un metro de longitud y estar fabricadas con PVC.

Aros

A cada lado del campo se encuentran 3 aros de diferentes alturas, 1m, 1'4m y 2m, con un espacio entre ellos de aproximadamente dos escobas, 2'34 m. Los cazadores y guardianes pueden anotar lanzando el balón de voleibol a través de cualquiera de ellos, tanto por delante como por detrás, sumando 10 puntos por anotación. Cualquier jugador "noqueado" por desmontarse de la escoba o por ser golpeado por un balón de dodgeball, debe tocar con la mano (no la escoba) cualquiera de los aros antes de poder participar de nuevo en el juego.

Balón de vóleibol
El balón de vóleibol debe estar ligeramente deshinchado y solo puede ser llevado por los cazadores y los guardianes. Usado para anotar, puede ser lanzada a los aros por cualquiera de su dos lados. Independientemente de quien lance el balón, si el juego está activo, se anota un gol en contra de los defensores del aro, existiendo los goles en propia puerta. Un gol equivale a 10 puntos. Una vez se ha anotado un gol, el juego se vuelve a poner en marcha con el guardián del equipo que ha recibido el gol.

Balón de dodgeball

El balón de dodgeball debe estar ligeramente deshinchado y solo puede ser llevada por los golpeadores. Hay cuatro golpeadores en el campo, pero solo tres balones de dodgeball. Los balones de dodgeball son usados para golpear a cualquier jugador en el campo. Cuando el lanzamiento impacta en un jugador contrario, el jugador es "noqueado". Esto significa que deben desmontarse de su escoba, dejar caer cualquier balón que tuvieran y volver a tocar alguno de sus aros antes de volver a participar. No hay fuego amigo, por lo que un balón de dodgeball lanzada por un golpeador del mismo equipo no aplica el efecto noqueado a sus compañeros.

Flag
El flag es una pelota de tenis metida en un calcetín. El calcetín se ata en la parte posterior de la cintura del corredor del flag, como si fuera una cola. El corredor del flag puede hacer lo que crea conveniente para impedir que los buscadores atrapen el flag. Solo los buscadores pueden intentar capturarla y no pueden hacer ejercer fuerza sobre el corredor del flag. Cuando el flag es atrapado, se otorgan 30 puntos al equipo que la ha capturado y se finaliza el partido, si este equipo está por delante en el marcador.

Reglas

La IQA (Asociación Internacional de Quádbol) ha ido publicando diferentes y actualizadas versiones de las reglas del juego, siendo la más actual la edición 2022-2023.

Juego

Cada partido empieza con seis jugadores titulares de cada equipo (el ausente es el buscador) alineados en la banda contraria a donde esté la mesa de árbitros en su lado de campo, dejando a un jugador propio en el campo del rival, con las escobas en el suelo. Los balones se colocan del siguiente modo: El balón de vóleibol se coloca en el centro del campo, un balón de dodgeball a medio camino entre el balón de vóleibol y la línea de banda. Se designa un corredor de balón vóleibol y un corredor de balón de dodgeball. Los corredores del balón de dodgeball se colocan sobre la línea de banda a una distancia máxima de la línea de medio campo y los corredores del vóleibol se colocan sobre el balón de dodgeball. Estos corredores son los únicos que pueden tocar los balones del medio al principio del partido. Los otras dos balones de dodgeball se colocan en el centro de las dos áreas de guardián. El árbitro principal, tras comprobar que ambos equipos y el cuerpo arbitral están preparados, grita la señal "Brooms up!", que sirve de pitido inicial, y a la que los jugadores reaccionan para ir a buscar los balones de juego. El flag runner debe aparecer en el campo al minuto 19 de juego y los buscadores ingresan al juego en el minuto 19.

El estilo de juego es rápido, con rápidos cambios de posesión, ya que cada gol da el control del balón de vóleibol al equipo que lo ha recibido. Una vez se anota un gol, el balón de vóleibol debe ser entregada al guardián y la acción se reanuda. Los golpeadores no están sujetos a esta norma, y pueden usar cualquiera de los 3 balones de dodgeball del campo para golpear a cualquier persona que se encuentre en juego, salvo en los supuestos de inmunidad. Los partidos suelen durar entre 25 y 40 minutos, dependiendo de la habilidad y la resistencia de los buscadores y el flag runner.

Una vez se alcanza el minuto 19 de juego entra en el campo el flag runner, tras la cual salen al minuto 20 del juego los buscadores. El objetivo del buscador es obtener la pelota de tenis que lleva el flag runner colgando de la parte de atrás de sus pantalones, para lo cual se requiere una gran capacidad física, suma de destreza, agilidad y reflejos, ya que el contacto con la persona que porta el flag está ampliamente limitado.

El partido se termina después de que cualquiera de los buscadores logre una captura limpia del flag, y el equipo que la captura recibe 30 puntos. El ganador se determina por la suma total de puntos, no por quien atrapa el flag. En caso de empate o que el equipo que captura el flag vaya por detrás, se pasa al tiempo extra o prórroga. En este tiempo extra, el objetivo es llegar, mediante goles, al marcador objetivo. El marcador objetivo se determina sumando 30 puntos al marcador de quien vaya por delante en ese momento. El primer equipo en llegar a esa cifra gana.

Faltas y jugadas ilegales

Hay un gran número de faltas y jugadas ilegales que un jugador puede cometer, recibiendo cada una de ellas una penalización distinta, desde una amonestación verbal a una tarjeta roja y su consecuente expulsión del partido.

Las reglas de contacto son directas y similares a otros deportes de contacto. Los placajes son legales por encima de las rodillas y por debajo de los hombros. Los jugadores solo pueden placar a rivales de su misma posición (contando los guardianes como cazadores) siempre que porten un balón en ese momento. El placaje por la espalda se permite en circunstancias marcadas.

Cuando se cometa una falta, el árbitro principal pitará dos veces seguidas para parar el juego. Con el juego parado, los jugadores deben dejar la escoba y cualquier balón que controlaran en el suelo para indicar su posición. A partir de ese momento, el árbitro comunicará su decisión a los jugadores implicados y, en su caso, a los capitanes y a la mesa.

Las amonestaciones más leves se representan mediante la tarjeta azul. Esta tarjeta produce la misma penalización que una tarjeta amarilla, pero a diferencia de esta última, no resulta acumulable para desembocar en una sanción de mayor gravedad, por lo que un jugador puede ver un número ilimitado de tarjetas azules durante un mismo partido, sin mayores consecuencias. La sanción es de un minuto en la zona de castigo o hasta que su equipo reciba un gol.

En el caso de una tarjeta amarilla, el jugador amonestado debe ir a la zona de penalización y esperar un minuto o hasta que el equipo contrario marque, lo que ocurra antes. Los jugadores no pueden realizar sustituciones con un jugador penalizado. Sin embargo, si el jugador amonestado es un guardián, debe intercambiar su posición con uno de los cazadores del campo, ya que un equipo debe tener obligatoriamente un guardián en el campo en todo momento.

En el caso de una falta de tarjeta roja, el jugador amonestado es sustituido por alguien de su equipo. El jugador que ha recibido la tarjeta es expulsado del partido y debe abandonar el área de juego. El sustituto debe servir un tiempo de penalización de dos minutos en la zona de castigo, sin que sea liberado en caso de encajar un gol. La tarjeta roja solo puede ser directa.

En el caso de recibir dos tarjetas amarillas, el jugador amonestado debe abandonar el campo y, como en el caso de la roja, un compañero del banquillo debe cumplir su penalización en la zona de castigo. En este caso, la penalización es como la de la tarjeta amarilla: Un minuto o hasta que su equipo reciba un gol.

Campo

El campo de quádbol está delimitado con líneas o una serie de conos, formando un rectángulo de 60x33m alrededor del campo. No está permitido lanzar los balones fuera del campo, bajo penalización, ni está permitido jugar fuera del campo.

En el borde del campo hay dos zonas de penalización, donde deben permanecer los jugadores que hayan cometido faltas que acarreen una amonestación, o sus sustitutos, en caso de lesión o expulsión..

Oficiales

Cada partido oficial requiere varios árbitros, así como un corredor de flag oficial. Los árbitros son el árbitro principal, cuyo trabajo es controlar el campo y administrar las faltas y tarjetas a los jugadores amonestados, árbitros asistentes, encargados de ayudar al principal en la observación de jugadas ilegales, el árbitro de flag, que sigue al flag runner cuando entra al campo y decide si la captura fue limpia o no, y los árbitros de gol, que determinan si el balón de voleibol atraviesa alguno de los aros. Los árbitros asistentes son considerados muchas veces como los árbitros de los golpeadores, y su trabajo es indicar los "noqueados" cuando el balón de dodgeball golpea a un oponente, ayudando así a decidir si un gol fue anotado estando en "noqueado" y ayudar indicando acciones ilegales y advirtiendo a los jugadores. Los árbitros de snitch actúan como un árbitro asistente más cuando el corredor no está en el campo.

El corredor del flag, siendo un jugador neutral y árbitro asistente, tiene la labor de entrar al campo a partir del minuto 19, y a partir de la salida de los buscadores, en el minuto 20, evitar ser capturado durante el mayor tiempo posible, tratando de permanecer lo más cerca posible de la línea de centro del campo, para favorecer la igualdad y la neutralidad. Como no son de ninguno de los dos equipos y son considerados árbitros, también se encargan de ayudar a los árbitros a determinar si la captura fue limpia o no.

La regla del género o del "máximo tres" y la comunidad LGBTIQ+

Desde su creación, el quádbol ha buscado igualdad en el campo en términos de género. Una de las obligaciones más importante es "un equipo puede tener máximo tres jugadores del mismo género dentro del campo, mientras no esté el flag runner en el campo" obligando así a que haya al menos tres jugadores (cuatro cuando entra el buscador) de un género distinto al mayoritario. El género con el que se identifique un jugador es el considerado para este límite, independientemente de aquel asignado al nacer. Con esta norma, el quádbol es uno de los deportes pioneros en cuanto a igualdad para las mujeres y la comunidad LGTBIQ+. En 2013, la IQA creó una rama llamada "Title 9 ¾", que promociona de forma activa la defensa y la concienciación tanto de la igualdad de género como de su inclusividad.

Competiciones
En el quádbol se disputan diferentes competiciones, desde campeonatos nacionales a internacionales por clubes y selecciones.

El asterisco (*) indica el equipo que capturó la flag.

Nacionales

Internacionales por clubes

Internacionales de selecciones

Por países

Argentina
En Argentina, el quádbol está organizado por la AQArg (Asociación de Quidditch Argentina).

Equipos

 Qymeras Quidditch (Mar del Plata)
 Vikingos (Buenos Aires)
 Deathly Dragons (Rosario)
 Black Birds (Buenos Aires)

Chile
En Chile, el quádbol está organizado por la Asociación Chilena de Quidditch.

Club

España
En España, el quádbol está organizado por la Asociación Quádbol España.

Equipos

  Bizkaia Boggarts (Vizcaya)
  Dementores (La Coruña)
  Draco Dormiens (Tarrasa)
  Lucus Centauri (Lugo)
  Madrid Lynx (Madrid)
  Madrid Wolves (Madrid)
  Malaka Vikings (Málaga)
  Sevilla Warriors (Sevilla)

Perú
En Perú, el quádbol está organizado por la Federación Deportiva Peruana de Quidditch (FDPQ).

Equipos

 Alchemist Dragons (Lima)
 Black Basilisks (Lima)
 Golden (Lima)
 Inti Warriors (Lima)
 Leones (Lima)
 Magic Warriors (Lima)
 Yana Amaru (Lima)
 Black Thestrals (Tacna)
 Quimeras Rojas (Tacna)
 Halcones Hiniesta (Junin)
 Wayayo (Junin)
 Dark Phoenixes (Arequipa)
 Nundus (Arequipa)
 Obscurials (Arequipa)
 Centauros (Lambayeque)
 (También se juega en España).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial de la International Quidditch Association
 Asociación Quidditch España

Deportes de equipo

Quádbol


Charles Scribner's Sons, sau pur și simplu Scribner's sau Scribner, este o editură americană cu sediul în New York, cunoscută pentru publicarea unor autori americani precum Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Kurt Vonnegut, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Stephen King, Robert A. Heinlein, Thomas Wolfe, George Santayana, John Clellon Holmes, Don DeLillo și Edith Wharton.

Firma a publicat Scribner's Magazine timp de mulți ani. Mai recent, mai multe cărți și autori ai editurii Scribner au obținut premii Pulitzer, National Book Awards și alte distincții. În 1978, compania a fuzionat cu Atheneum și a devenit The Scribner Book Companies. La rândul său, ea a fuzionat în cadrul Macmillan în 1984.

Simon & Schuster a cumpărat Macmillan în 1994. în acest moment doar comerțul de carte mai purta încă numele familiei. Fosta marcă, denumită simplu acum "Scribner", a fost păstrată de către Simon & Schuster. Începând din 2012, Scribner este o divizie de Simon & Schuster, sub denumirea Scribner Publishing Group, care include, de asemenea, marca Touchstone Books.

Președintele Scribner este în 2017 Susan Moldow (care a deținut, de asemenea,funcția de redactor-șef din 1994 până în 2012), iar redactorul-șef actual este Nan Graham.

Istoric
Firma a fost fondată în 1846 de către Charles Scribner I și Isaac D. Baker ca "Baker & Scribner". După moartea lui Baker, Scribner a cumpărat restul companiei și a redenumit-o "Charles Scribner Company". În 1865, compania a început să editeze revista Hours at Home.

Divizia de carte pentru copii a fost înființată în 1934, sub conducerea lui Alice Dalgliesh. Ea a publicat lucrări ale unor autori și ilustratori renumiți precum N. C. Wyeth, Robert A. Heinlein, Marcia Brown, Will James, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings și Leo Politi.

Simon & Schuster a reorganizat lor editura pentru adulți în patru divizii în 2012. Scribner a devenit Scribner Publishing Group și s-a extins, încorporând Touchstone Books care a făcut parte anterior din Free Press. Alte divizii sunt Atria Publishing Group, Simon & Schuster Publishing Group și Galeria Publishing Group. Noua divizie Scribner este condusă de Susan Moldow în calitate de președinte.

Președinți
 Charles Scribner I (1821–1871), din 1846 până în 1871
 John Blair Scribner (1850–1879), din 1871 până în 1879
 Charles Scribner II (1854–1930), din 1879 până în 1930
 Arthur Hawley Scribner (1859–1932), circa 1900
 Charles Scribner III (1890–1952), din 1932 până în 1952
 Charles Scribner IV (1921–1995), din 1952 până în 1984

Autori notabili

Autori notabili în timpul lui Charles Scribner II
 Edith Wharton
 Henry James

Autori notabili în timpul fiilor lui Charles Scribner
 Ernest Hemingway
 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
 Ring Lardner
 Thomas Wolfe

Autori notabili în timpul lui Maxwell Perkins și John Hall Wheelock
 F. Scott Fitzgerald
 Thomas Wolfe

Nume
 Baker & Scribner, până la moartea lui Baker în 1850
 Charles Scribner Company
 Charles Scribner's Sons
 Scribner

Referințe

Legături externe

 The House of Scribner

 Charles Scribner's Sons at Thomson Gale
 Archives of Charles Scribner's Sons at the Princeton University Library, Manuscript Division
 Charles Scribner's Sons Art Reference Department records at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
 Charles Scribner's Sons: An Illustrated Chronology Princeton Library

Edituri din Statele Unite ale Americii
Universitatea Princeton

Charles Scribner's Sons