A full authority digital engine (or electronics) control (FADEC) is a system consisting of a digital computer, called an "electronic engine controller" (EEC) or "engine control unit" (ECU), and its related accessories that control all aspects of aircraft engine performance. FADECs have been produced for both piston engines and jet engines.

History
The goal of any engine control system is to allow the engine to perform at maximum efficiency for a given condition. Originally, engine control systems consisted of simple mechanical linkages connected physically to the engine. By moving these levers the pilot or the flight engineer could control fuel flow, power output, and many other engine parameters. The  mechanical/hydraulic engine control unit for Germany's BMW 801 piston aviation radial engine of World War II was just one notable example of this in its later stages of development. This mechanical engine control was progressively replaced first by analog electronic engine control and, later, digital engine control.

Analog electronic control varies an electrical signal to communicate the desired engine settings.  The system was an evident improvement over mechanical control but had its drawbacks, including common electronic noise interference and reliability issues. Full authority analogue control was used in the 1960s and introduced as a component of the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engine of the supersonic transport aircraft Concorde. However, the more critical inlet control was digital on the production aircraft.

Digital electronic control followed. In 1968, Rolls-Royce and Elliott Automation, in conjunction with the National Gas Turbine Establishment, worked on a digital engine control system that completed several hundred hours of operation on a Rolls-Royce Olympus Mk 320.  In the 1970s, NASA and Pratt and Whitney experimented with their first experimental FADEC, first flown on an F-111 fitted with a highly modified Pratt & Whitney TF30 left engine. The experiments led to Pratt & Whitney F100 and Pratt & Whitney PW2000 being the first military and civil engines, respectively, fitted with FADEC, and later the Pratt & Whitney PW4000 as the first commercial "dual FADEC" engine.  The first FADEC in service was the Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine developed for the Harrier II by Dowty and Smiths Industries Controls.

Function

True full authority digital engine controls have no form of manual override nor manual controls available, placing full authority over all of the operating parameters of the engine in the hands of the computer.  If a total FADEC failure occurs, the engine fails.  If the engine is controlled digitally and electronically but allows for manual override, it is considered to be an EEC or ECU.  An EEC, though a component of a FADEC, is not by itself FADEC.  When standing alone, the EEC makes all of the decisions until the pilot wishes to intervene. The term FADEC is often misused for partial digital engine controls, such as those only electronically controlling fuel and ignition.

FADEC works by receiving multiple input variables of the current flight condition including air density, power lever request position, engine temperatures, engine pressures, and many other parameters.  The inputs are received by the EEC and analyzed up to 70 times per second.  Engine operating parameters such as fuel flow, stator vane position, air bleed valve position, and others are computed from this data and applied as appropriate.  FADEC also controls engine starting and restarting.  The FADEC's basic purpose is to provide optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition.

FADEC not only provides for efficient engine operation, it also allows the manufacturer to program engine limitations and receive engine health and maintenance reports.  For example, to avoid exceeding a certain engine temperature, the FADEC can be programmed to automatically take the necessary measures without pilot intervention.

Safety

With the operation of the engines relying on automation, safety is a great concern.  Redundancy is provided in the form of two or more separate but identical digital channels. Each channel may provide all engine functions without restriction.  FADEC also monitors a variety of data coming from the engine subsystems and related aircraft systems, providing for fault tolerant engine control.

Engine control problems simultaneously causing loss of thrust on up to three engines have been cited as causal in the crash of an Airbus A400M aircraft at Seville Spain on 9 May 2015. Airbus Chief Strategy Officer Marwan Lahoud confirmed on 29 May that incorrectly installed engine control software caused the fatal crash. "There are no structural defects [with the aircraft], but we have a serious quality problem in the final assembly."

Applications

A typical civilian transport aircraft flight may illustrate the function of a FADEC.  The flight crew first enters flight data such as wind conditions, runway length, or cruise altitude, into the flight management system (FMS).  The FMS uses this data to calculate power settings for different phases of the flight.  At takeoff, the flight crew advances the power lever to a predetermined setting, or opts for an auto-throttle takeoff if available.  The FADECs now apply the calculated takeoff thrust setting by sending an electronic signal to the engines; there is no direct linkage to open fuel flow.  This procedure can be repeated for any other phase of flight.

In flight, small changes in operation are constantly made to maintain efficiency.  Maximum thrust is available for emergency situations if the power lever is advanced to full, but limitations can not be exceeded; the flight crew has no means of manually overriding the FADEC.

Advantages

 Automatic engine protection against out-of-tolerance operations
 Safer as the multiple channel FADEC computer provides redundancy in case of failure
 Care-free engine handling, with guaranteed thrust settings
 Ability to use single engine type for wide thrust requirements by just reprogramming the FADECs
 Provides semi-automatic engine starting
 Provides high-idle control appropriate for piston engine warmup
 Better systems integration with engine and aircraft systems
 Can provide engine long-term health monitoring and diagnostics
 Number of external and internal parameters used in the control processes increases by one order of magnitude
 Reduces the number of parameters to be monitored by flight crews
 Due to the high number of parameters monitored, the FADEC makes possible "Fault Tolerant Systems" (where a system can operate within required reliability and safety limitation with certain fault configurations)

Disadvantages

 Full authority digital engine controls have no form of manual override available, placing full authority over the operating parameters of the engine in the hands of the computer. (see note)
If a total FADEC failure occurs, the engine fails. (see note)
Upon total FADEC failure, pilots have no manual controls for engine restart, throttle, or other functions. (see note)
Single point of failure risk can be mitigated with redundant FADECs (assuming that the failure is a random hardware failure and not the result of a design or manufacturing error, which may cause identical failures in all identical redundant components). (see note)
 High system complexity compared to hydromechanical, analogue or manual control systems
 High system development and validation effort due to the complexity
 Whereas in crisis (for example, imminent terrain contact), a non-FADEC engine can produce significantly more than its rated thrust, a FADEC engine will always operate within its limits. (see note)

Note: Most modern FADEC controlled aircraft engines (particularly those of the turboshaft variety) can be overridden and placed in manual mode, effectively countering most of the disadvantages on this list. Pilots should be very aware of where their manual override is located, because inadvertent engagement of the manual mode can lead to an overspeed of the engine.

Requirements

 Engineering processes must be used to design, manufacture, install and maintain the sensors which measure and report flight and engine parameters to the control system itself.
 Formal systems engineering processes are often used in the design, implementation and testing of the software used in these safety-critical control systems.  This requirement led to the development and use of specialized software such as model-based systems engineering (MBSE) tools. The application development toolset SCADE (from Ansys) (not to be confused with the application category SCADA) is an example of an MBSE tool and has been used as part of the development of FADEC systems.

Research
NASA has analyzed a distributed FADEC architecture rather than the current centralized one, specifically for helicopters. Greater flexibility and lower life cycle costs are likely advantages of distribution.

See also
Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics

References

Moren, Chuck. Interview with student. FADEC. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach. 2007-03-13.

External links
 Harrier flies with digitally controlled Pegasus - a 1982 article in Flight International magazine
 Active-control engines a 1988 Flight International article on FADEC engines

Avionics
Aircraft instruments
Engine technology

FADEC


Regen (češki: Řezná) je rijeka u Bavarskoj, lijevi pritok Dunava, u koji se ulijeva kod njemačkog grada Regensburga. Izvor glavnog toka, Großer Regen ("Veliki Regen"), je u Češkoj Šumi u blizini naselja Železná Ruda. Rijeka prelazi njemačko-češku granicu nakon nekoliko kilometara, kod sela Bayerisch Eisenstein. Naziv na njemačkom je evoluirao od latinskog Regana (ženski rod), Reganus (muški rod) i Reganum (srednji rod), čije je porijeklo i značenje nepoznato.

Kod mjesta Zwiesel Großer Regen se spaja sa Kleiner Regenom ("Mali Regen") i stvara Schwarzer Regen ("Crni Regen"). Schwarzer Regen teče kroz Regen i Viechtach i spaja se s Weißer Regenom ("Bijeli Regen") u Bad Kötztingu. Nakon ovog sutoka, rijeka je se naziva samo Regen. Ukupna duljina, računajući Großer Regen i Schwarzer Regen, je 190,9 km.

Dolina Regena čini glavni dio Bavarske šume, a duž obale nalaze se mnoga naselja. Važniji gradovi su Cham i Regensburg.

Vidi još
 Regen (grad u Njemačkoj)

Izvori

 Franz Bogner: Der Regen. Ein Luftbildporträt vom Arber bis Regensburg. Pustet, Regensburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-7917-2054-8 (Bildband).
 Bärbel Kleindorfer-Marx (Hrsg.): Der Regen. Kultur und Natur am Fluss. Buch & Kunstverlag Oberpfalz, Amberg 1996, ISBN 3-924350-56-6.

Rijeke u Njemačkoj
Rijeke u Češkoj
Pritoke Dunava

Regen (rijeka)


Britanija metal je kositrena slitina, u Njemačkoj je zovu tvrdim kositrom, dok bi je u Velikoj Britaniji okarakterizirali kao slitinu tipa pewter. Metal je plavkaste srebrno bijele boje. Topi se na temperaturi od 255 °C. Za razliku od starijih slitina ovog tipa, britanija metal ne sadrži olovo. Osim kositra, slitina sadrži i male količine antimona, bizmuta, nikla i bakra.

Povijest
Slitinu je 1770. godine otkrio James Wickers. Od 1846. godine posrebreni britanija metal proizvodi se elektroplatiranjem. Predmeti na sebi obično nose i žig EPBM (electroplated Britannia metal). Danas se koristi za izradu ukrasnih predmeta, dugmadi, ležajeva te tiskarskih ploča. Od britanija metala je izrađena i skulptura najpoznatije filmske nagrade Oscar.

Sastav
Kao britanija metal možemo deklarirati sve slitine koje sadrže od 65 do 97 % kositra, 1 - 24 % antimona, te do 1 - 5 % bakra i bizmuta. Encyclopedia Britannica britanija metal definira kao slitinu od 93 % kositra, 5 % antimona i 2 %  bakra.

Slične slitine:

Dodatna literatura
 Karl Richter (Hrsg.): ''Zink, Zinn und Blei. Eine ausführliche Darstellung der Eigenschaften dieser Metalle, ihrer Legierungen untereinander und mit anderen Metallen sowie ihrer Verarbeitung auf physikalischem und chemischem Wege., Wien/ Leipzig 1927.

Piersig, W. Zinn - Metall der Antike, Gegenwart, Zukunft, München 2011.

Vanjske poveznice

Slitine

Britanija metal


Charles François Ribart de Chamoust (fl. 1776–1783 ) was an 18th-century French architect.

Architectural career
In 1758, Ribart planned an addition to the Champs-Élysées in Paris, to be constructed where the Arc de Triomphe now stands. It consisted of three levels, to be built in the shape of an elephant, with entry via a spiral staircase in the underbelly. The building was to have a form of air conditioning, and furniture that folded into the walls. A drainage system was to be incorporated into the elephant's trunk. The French Government, however, was not amused and turned him down.  Napoleon would later conceive a similar construction, the Elephant of the Bastille.

Little of his work now survives.

Notes

See also
James V. Lafferty, American architect who built 3 similar elephant-shaped buildings
Elephant of the Bastille, a Napoleon-era proposal to build an elephant-shaped fountain in Place de la Bastille.

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
18th-century French architects

Charles Ribart


Karl-Heinz Schreiber, auch Carlo Schreiber (* 21. Februar 1940 in Habelschwerdt in Schlesien) war ein deutscher Politiker (SPD) in Bremen. Er war Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft.

Biografie

Ausbildung und Beruf
Schreiber war als Berufssoldat bei der Bundeswehr tätig.

Politik
Schreiber ist Mitglied in der SPD in einem Ortsverein von Bremen.

Er war von 1983 bis 1999 rund 16 Jahre Mitglied in der Bremischen Bürgerschaft und wirkte in verschiedenen Deputationen und Ausschüssen der Bürgerschaft. Er war Vorsitzender der Baudeputation in der Bürgerschaft und baupolitischer Sprecher der SPD-Fraktion.

Quellen
 Norbert Korfmacher: Mitgliederverzeichnis der Bremischen Bürgerschaft 1946 bis 1996 (= Kommunalpolitik. Band 1). LIT, Münster 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3212-0.

Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft (ab 1945)
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1940
Mann

Karl-Heinz Schreiber (Politiker)


Honduras, Orta Amerika'da bir demokratik cumhuriyettir. Britanya Hondurası'ndan (yani Belize) farklı olarak İspanyol Hondurası olarak da bilinir. Batısında Guatemala, güneybatısında El Salvador, güneydoğusunda Nikaragua bulunur.

Coğrafya

Orta Amerika'da, Karayip Denizi kıyısında, Guatemala ve Nikaragua arasında ve Kuzey Pasifik Okyanusu kıyısında, El Salvador ve Nikaragua arasında yer alır. Alçak arazilerde subtropikal iklim, yükseklerde ve dağlarda ise ılıman iklim görülmektedir. İç kısımlarda çoğunlukla dağlar, kıyı bölgelerinde dar ovalar yer almaktadır. Ülkenin en yüksek noktası: Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m olup ülkede kereste, altın, gümüş, bakır, kurşun, çinko, demir, antimon, kömür, balık, hidro enerji gibi doğal kaynaklar bulunmaktadır. Hafif depremler yaygındır; Karayip kıyılarında kasırga ve su baskınları zarara yol açar. Yazları sıcak ve kurak kışları bol yağışlıdır.

Nüfus
Nüfusu 6,7 milyona varan Honduras'ta kilometrekareye 60 kişi düşmektedir. Halkın yarısından çoğu kırsal (%53) alanda yaşamaktadır fakat 1998'deki Mitch kasırgasının ardından şehre göçte artış gözlenmiştir.

Honduras halkı kökenlerine göre üç ana gruba ayrılır:
 ladinos: Maya soyundan gelirler ve halkın %90'ını oluştururlar.
 garífuna: Siyah tenli Karayip bölgesi insanlarıdırlar. Nüfusun %2'sini (180.000) oluştururlar.
 indígenas: (yerliler)
 Miskitolar: 35.000 kişi
 Sumu Twahka: 730 kişi
 Paya: 3000 kişi
 Lenca: 80.000 - 100.000 kişi
 Chortí: 55.000 kişi
 Jicaque/Tolupane

Son dönemde ortalama yaşam süresi kadınlarda 67, erkelerde ise 65 yıla yükselmiştir. Ülkede her 1600 kişiye bir doktor düşerken her 900 kişiye de hastanede bir yatak düşmektedir. Binde 30 bebek ölümlerine rastlanmaktadır.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü verilerine göre halkın gıda gereksinimi %98'lik bir oranla giderilmesine rağmen halkın yarısına yakın bir kısmı hatalı veya yetersiz beslenmeden muzdariptir.

Ülkede okuma yazma oranı %76'dır (kadınlarda ve erkeklerde ortalama aynı). Kırsal alanda okuma yazma oranı şehre kıyasla oldukça düşüktür.

Son yıllarda gözlenen hızlı nüfus artışı (2004 verilerine göre %2,2) nedeniyle Honduras'ta nüfusun yarısından çoğunu 18 yaşın altındaki çocuklar ve gençler oluşturmaktadır. Nüfus, son dönemdeki hızıyla artmaya devam ederse 2025'te toplam nüfusun 14 milyona ulaşması beklenmektedir. Yalnız hızlı nüfus artışı Honduras'ta fakirliğin sebebi olarak görülmemektedir.

Siyaset
Honduras tarihinde İspanyol tesiri büyüktür. Uzun yıllar İspanyolların ticari dominyonu olarak kalan Honduras, bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra da kargaşa bitmemiştir. Bağımsızlıktan sonra El Salvador ile savaş durumuna gelen Honduras, bu olaydan dolayı ekonomik açıdan büyük kayıplar yaşamıştır. Hatta bir dünya kupası maçında El Salvadorlu futbolcuların kaldığı otel, Honduraslı vatandaşlar tarafından kundaklanmak istenmiştir. Bu olayın yankıları Honduras'ta hâlâ sürmektedir. Bugün Honduras dünyanın birçok ülkesine göç veren ülkelerin başında gelmektedir.

San Pedro Sula şehrinde, son yıllarda Meksika ve Kolombiyalı uyuşturucu kartellerinin faaliyetlerini artırdığı ve buna bağlı şiddet olaylarının artış gösterdiği bildiriliyor.

BM Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi'nin bilgilerine göre, Honduras'taki cinayet vakaları 2005-2010 arasında iki katına çıkarak, her 100 bin kişiden 87'sinin cinayete kurban gitmesiyle dünyanın en yüksek oranına sahip bulunuyor.

2009 Darbesi

28 Haziran 2009'da askerî güçler, cumhurbaşkanını halkın seçmesi ve seçilen kişinin ikinci bir dönem daha görev yapmasını mümkün kılacak anayasa değişikliklerini referanduma sunmaya hazırlanan solcu devlet başkanı Manuel Zelaya'ya karşı darbe yapmış ve onu iktidardan indirmişlerdir. Bu konuda Dünya'da, özellikle Amerika kıtasında büyük bir kriz başlamıştır.

Ekonomi
Honduras'ın ekonomisi tropik fırtına Mitch'den önce ve Mitch'den sonra olmak üzere iki ayrı şekilde ele alınabilir. 1998 öncesi %80'lerde olan fakirlik, 1998'de yaşanan felaketten sonra daha da artmıştır. Bu değişim işsizlik oranında da sayılara yansır. Fırtına öncesi %31 olan işsizlik oranı 1998'i takip eden yıllarda %44'e kadar ulaşmıştır. 2003 yılında bu oranın tekrar %27'ye düştüğü belirtilmektedir.

Latin Amerika ve Karayip Ülkeleri Ekonomi Komisyonu (ECLAC)'nin hesaplamalarına göre Mitch 3,8 milyar dolarlık maddi hasara yol açmıştır ve bu rakam Honduras'ın Gayri safi millî hasıla'sının %70'ine denk gelmektedir. Hükûmet yeniden yapılanmanın 5 milyar dolara mal olacağını tahmin etmektedir.

Dünya Bankası, Honduras'ı düşük orta gelirli bir ülke olarak sınıflandırmaktadır. Ülkenin kişi başına geliri 600 ABD doları civarındadır ve bu da onu Kuzey Amerika'daki en düşük gelirlerden biri yapmaktadır. 2010 yılında nüfusun %50'si yoksulluk sınırının altında yaşıyordu. 2016 yılına kadar %66'dan fazlası yoksulluk sınırının altında yaşıyordu. Son birkaç yıldaki ekonomik büyüme, Latin Amerika'daki en yüksek oranlardan biri olan yılda ortalama %7 olmuştur (2010). Buna rağmen, Honduras tüm Orta Amerika ülkeleri arasında en az gelişmeyi gördü. Honduras, ülkeyi orta kalkınmaya sahip olarak sınıflandıran 625 İnsani Gelişme Endeksi ile 188 ülke sıralamasında 130'uncu olarak yer almaktadır (2015).

Kaynakça

 Hans-Gerd Spelleken: Honduras (2005), Reise Know-How Verlag Peter Rump GmbH

Dış bağlantılar

Seyahat rehberleri
 Honduras Tips - The official Travel Guide of Honduras(İngilizce ve İspanyolca)
 Honduras.com (İngilizce)
 Lets Go Honduras (İspanyolca ve İngilizce)

Gazeteler
 El Heraldo (İspanyolca)
 La Prensa  (İspanyolca. Okumak için siteye kaydolmak gerekiyor [ücretsiz])
 El Tiempo (İspanyolca)
 La Tribuna (İspanyolca)
 Honduras This Week (İngilizce)

Honduras


An Spathoglottis papuana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frederick Manson Bailey. An Spathoglottis papuana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spathoglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Papua New Guinea.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 S. p. papuana
 S. p. puberiflora

Mga kasarigan

Spathoglottis

Spathoglottis papuana


Sense Field fue una banda de post-hardcore estadounidense provenientes de California. Fue formado directamente de la banda hardcore punk Reason to Believe. Sus influencias fueron Fugazi y Pixies. Sense Field fue uno de los pioneros del emo en establecer un sonido evolutivo a base del punk rock con el indie rock. Esto se ve claramente reflejado en sus álbumes musicales como "Killed for Less" y "Building", lanzado por la discográfica "Revelations Records" en 1995 y 1996. Su primer álbum fue "Sense Field" en 1994 por Revelation Records. Han salido de giras varias veces con Jimmy Eat World, Texas Is The Reason y Dashboard Confessional. Después de su última gira mundial en el 2003, la banda se separa dejando numerosos álbumes, EP's y Split's.

El vocalista Jonathan "Jon" Bunch se suicidó el 31 de enero del 2016, a los 45 años.

Discografía

Álbumes
 Sense Field (1994)
 Killed for Less (1994)
 Building (1996)
 Tonight and Forever (2001)
 Living Outside (2003)

EP
 Sense Field casete EP (1990)
 Sense Field EP (1991)
 Premonitions EP (1992)
 Sense Field / Jimmy Eat World / Mineral split EP (1997)
 Part of the Deal EP (1999)
 Fun Never Ends EP (2001)
 Sense Field / onelinedrawing split EP (2000)
 The musings of Sense Field and Running From Dharma split EP (2004)

Compilatorios
 "Caribou" - Where is My Mind? - a tribute to The Pixies (Glue Factory Records, 1999)
 To End a Letter (2004)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página No Oficial de Sense Field
 Fansite de la banda
 Biografía Completa de Sense Field

Artistas de Revelation Records
Grupos de música de Estados Unidos
Grupos de música de California
Grupos de música emo
Grupos de indie rock de Estados Unidos
Grupos de rock de Estados Unidos
Grupos de punk rock de Estados Unidos
Grupos de post-hardcore de Estados Unidos
Grupos de hardcore punk de Estados Unidos
Grupos de música formados en 1994
Grupos de música formados en los años 1990

Sense Field


Emiliano Buendía Stati (Mar del Plata, 25 de dezembro de 1996) é um futebolista profissional argentino que atua como extremo. Atualmente joga pelo Aston Villa, clube da Premier League, e representa a Seleção Argentina.

Buendía começou a sua carreira profissional no Getafe, onde esteve 4 anos, incluindo um período de empréstimo ao Cultural Leonesa. Em 2018, mudou-se para Inglaterra, assinando pelo Norwich City. Em 2021, transferiu-se para o Aston Villa.

Carreira
Infância e Início de Carreira

Nascido em Mar del Plata, Argentina, Buendía começou a jogar no seu clube local, Cadetes de San Martín, com 5 anos de idade.  Em 2008, com 11 anos, foi recrutado pela academia do Real Madrid, mudando-se para Espanha.

Getafe
Em 2010, com 13 anos, Buendía trocou a formação do Real Madrid pela do Getafe. A 30 de março de 2014, com 17 anos, fez a sua estreia sénior pelo Getafe B, numa vitória por 2–1 em casa do Puerta Bonita, na Segunda División B. Emiliano marcou o seu primeiro golo a 13 de abril, numa vitória por 2–0 no terreno do Peña Sport.

No início da temporada 2014–15, Buendía integrava ainda a equipa B, atuando na 3ª divisão espanhola, pela qual se destacou ao bisar numa vitória caseira por 3–0 sobre o Fuenlabrada. A 5 de dezembro de 2014, fez a sua estreia pela equipa principal do Getafe, entrando como substituto de Ángel Lafita numa vitória em casa por 3–0 sobre o Eibar, na Copa del Rey.

A 1 de fevereiro de 2015, Buendía fez a sua estreia na La Liga, entrando como substituto nos últimos minutos de uma derrota por 1–0 em casa do Almería. A 27 de setembro, marcou o seu primeiro golo na competição, numa vitória caseira por 3–0 sobre o Levante.

A 5 de julho de 2016, embora o Getafe tivesse sido despromovido à La Liga 2 no final da temporada 2015–16, Buendía renovou por 5 anos com o clube. A 27 de julho de 2017, foi emprestado a clube da 2ª divisão, o Cultural Leonesa, até ao final da época.

Norwich City

2018–2020

A 8 de junho de 2018, Buendía assinou um contrato de 4 anos com o Norwich City, do Championship. A 27 de outubro, marcou o seu primeiro golo pelo clube, numa vitória por 1–0 sobre o Brentford. Durante a temporada 2018–19, tornou-se uma peça fundamental do ataque dos Canaries, contribuindo com 7 golos no Championship, que ajudaram o Norwich a vencer o campeonato e garantir a promoção à Premier League. Emiliano ficou em 3º lugar na votação dos adeptos do Norwich para Jogador da Temporada do clube.

A 8 de julho de 2019, Buendía renovou contrato pelo Norwich até junho de 2024. No mês de dezembro de 2019, Emiliano criou 29 oportunidades de golos para os seus colegas de equipa - um recorde da Premier League desde 2003–04, época em que se começou a contabilizar tal estatística.

A 7 de julho de 2020, Buendía marcou o seu primeiro golo na Premier League, numa derrota por 2–1 em casa do Watford. Na jornada seguinte, os Canaries perderam com o West Ham, confirmando a despromoção de volta ao Championship, apenas 1 temporada após a subida à Premier.

2020–21
A 6 de abril de 2021, Buendía fez 1 golo e 3 assistências numa vitória por 7–0 sobre o Huddersfield Town. A 17 de abril, o Norwich garantiu a promoção automática de volta à Premier League. A 1 de maio, garantiu a conquista do Championship, após uma vitória por 4–1 sobre o Reading.

A 29 de abril, após ter somado 15 golos e 16 assistências na temporada 2020–21, Buendía foi eleito Jogador da Temporada do Championship. Além disso, tornou-se apenas o 4º jogador nascido fora das Ilhas Britânicas a conquistar o prémio de Jogador da Temporada do Norwich.

Aston Villa
A 7 de junho de 2021, o Aston Villa, também da Premier League, anunciou um acordo para a contratação de Buendía, que se juntaria ao clube quando regressasse de jogos internacionais pela Argentina. A transferência foi oficializada a 10 de junho, por cerca de 33 milhões de libras, podendo atingir 38 milhões de libras mediante cumprimento de objetivos. O negócio correspondeu, simultaneamente, à mais cara contratação da história do Villa e à maior venda alguma vez efetuada pelo Norwich City.

A 14 de agosto de 2021, Buendía fez a sua estreia pelo Aston Villa, numa derrota por 3–2 em casa do Watford, na 1ª jornada da Premier League 2021–22. A 28 de agosto, marcou o seu primeiro golo pelo Villa, num empate em casa por 1 1Efrente ao Brentford

Carreira Internacional
A 16 de setembro de 2014, Buendía foi convocado pela Seleção Espanhola Sub-19.

A 29 de abril de 2015, foi convocado pela Seleção Argentina Sub-20 para o Mundial Sub–20 de 2015.

Em maio de 2021, Buendía foi pela primeira vez convocado pela Seleção principal da Argentina. A 1 de fevereiro de 2022, fez a sua estreia internacional sénior, numa vitória caseira por 1–0 sobre a Colômbia.

Estatísticas de Carreira

Clube

Internacional

Títulos
Getafe

 Play-offs da Segunda División: 2017

Norwich City

 Championship: 2018–19, 2020–21

Individual

 Jogador da Temporada do Championship: 2020–21
 Equipa do Ano da PFA: Championship 2020–21
 Equipa da Temporada do Champiosnhip: 2020–21
 Jogador da Temporada do Norwich City: 2020–21

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1996
Naturais de Mar del Plata
Futebolistas da Argentina
Futebolistas do Getafe Club de Fútbol
Futebolistas da Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa
Futebolistas do Norwich City F.C.
Futebolistas do Aston Villa F.C.
Argentinos expatriados na Espanha
Argentinos expatriados no Reino Unido
Jogadores da Seleção Argentina de Futebol Sub-20
Jogadores da Seleção Argentina de Futebol

Emiliano Buendía


8111 Hoepli este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8111 Hoepli este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Sormano de Augusto Testa și Valter Giuliani. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,65 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 13,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

8111 Hoepli


Le No. 3 Flying Training School RAF ou 3 FTS  est une école de formation militaire de la Royal Air Force, qui gère la formation élémentaire au pilotage pour la Royal Navy et la Royal Air Force et également pour la formation de tous les équipages non pilotes de la RAF et abrite l'Escadron de tutorat du Central Flying School.

Bien que l'école soit théoriquement basée au RAF Cranwell, seuls les pilotes multimoteurs et les étudiants du  volent depuis cet aérodrome, les éléments de la Marine étant basés à proximité de la RAF Barkston Heath et les autres pilotes stagiaires basés à la RAF Wittering.

Historique

Origine
Le 3 FTS a été formé pour la première fois à Scopwick (rebaptisé plus tard RAF Digby) le  à partir du No. 59 Training Squadron du . Ce mois-là, le chef d'escadron Arthur Travers Harris, plus tard AOC-in-C Bomber Command, a été nommé conjointement commandant de la station et de l'école. Le 3FTS a été transféré au  le  mais dissout le .

L'école s'est reformée à  près de Grantham le , équipée d'Avro 504N et d'Armstrong Whitworth Siskin, qui ont ensuite été remplacés par l'Avro Tutor, l'Armstrong Whitworth Atlas et le Hawker Hart.

Service

Unités subordonnées

Les Escadrilles faisant partie du 3 FTS.
 RAF Cranwell :
 - Embraer Phenom T1
 - Grob Perfect T1
703 Naval Air Squadron de la Fleet Air Arm - Grob perfect T1
 RAF Wittering :
 - Grob Tutor T1

En raison de sa proximité et à cause du circuit plus fréquenté du RAF Cranwell, les unités élémentaires d'entraînement au pilotage utilisent RAF Barkston Heath pour une part importante de leurs opérations.

Le  a formé le contingent du 3 FTS de l'Army Air Corps jusqu'à sa démission en avril 2021.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 No. 1 Flying Training School RAF
 No. 2 Flying Training School RAF

Liens externes
  Site officiel de la Royal Air Force
  RAF Flying Training Schools

Unité de la Royal Air Force
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1920

No. 3 Flying Training School RAF


ඖ

භෞතික විද්‍යාවෙහිදී, FASOR හෙවත් ෆේසර් යනු ප්‍රකාශ විකිරණ ප්‍රතිපාදක සංඛ්‍යාත ඓක්‍යය මූලාශ්‍රය යන්නට ඉංග්‍රීසි වහර වන    Frequency Addition Source of Optical Radiation   ෆ්‍රික්වන්සි ඇඩිෂන් සෝර්ස් ඔෆ් ඔප්ටිකල් රේඩියේෂන් යන්නට කෙටි පදයයි.  ලේසරය ට සමරූපි මෙවලමක් වන මෙයින් විමෝචනය වන ආලෝකය නිෂ්පාදනය වන්නේ වෙනස් තරංග ආයාමයන් දෙකක් සහිත ලේසර් මූලාශ්‍ර දෙකක්  ඓක්‍යය-තුලින්-සංඛ්‍යාත ජනන ක්‍රියාවලියට භාජනය කෙරුමෙනි. මූලාශ්‍රයන්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාත වල සෘජු ඓක්‍යයෙන් ප්‍රතිපාදන සංඛ්‍යාතය නිපැයේ. එනයින්, මූලාශ්‍ර තරංග ආයාමයන්   and  නම්, ඵලිත තරංග ආයාමය වන්නේ

භාවිතයන්
රූපයේ දැක්වෙන ෆේසරය (FASOR) භාවිතා කරනුයේ ලේසර් ගයිඩ් ස්ටාර් පර්යේෂණයන් සඳහාය.  සෝඩියම් D රේඛාවෙහි  D2A අධිසූක්ෂ්ම සංරචකයට සුසර කර ඇති එය මධ්‍යගෝලීය උච්ච වායුගෝලයෙහි සෝඩියම් පරමාණු උද්දීපනය කෙරුමට භාවිතා වෙයි. ෆේසරය (FASOR ) සමන්විත වන්නේ 1064 සහ 1319 නැනෝ මීටර තරංග ආයාමයන්ට කිට්ටු හා ලිතියම් ට්‍රයිබෝරේට් (LBO) ස්ඵටිකයක් සහිත කුහරයක ඒ දෙකම අනුනාදිත  තනි-සංඛ්‍යාත නික්ෂේපන-බද්ධිත  Nd:YAG ලේසර වලින් වන අතර, ඒවා‍යේ සංඛ්‍යාතයන්හී  ඓක්‍යයෙන් 589.158 නැනෝ මීටර ආලෝකය ජනිත වෙයි.

ලේසර
භෞතික විද්‍යාව


Baron Thomson of Fleet, of Northbridge in the City of Edinburgh, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1964 for Roy Thomson, a Canadian-born newspaper magnate. He was succeeded in 1976 by his son, the second baron. , the title is held by the first Baron's grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2006.

Barons Thomson of Fleet (1964)
 Roy Herbert Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet (1894–1976)
 Kenneth Roy Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet (1923–2006)
 David Kenneth Roy Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet (b. 1957)

The heir to this title is the present holder's son, the Hon. Benjamin James Ludwick Thomson (b. 2006)

Line of Succession

  Roy Herbert Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet (1894—1976)
  Kenneth Roy Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet (1923—2006)
  David Kenneth Roy Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet (born 1957)
 (1) Hon. Benjamin James  Ludwick Thomson (b. 2006)
 (2) Hon. Peter John Thomson (b. 1965)

Arms

References

Additional sources
 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1964
Thomson family

Baron Thomson of Fleet


Wardruna je norveška glazbena grupa koju su 2003. osnovali Einar Selvik, Gaahl i Lindy Fay Hella. Namjera projekta jest glazbom popratiti nordijsku kulturnu i ezoteričnu tradiciju i pritom se služiti nordijskim povijesnim i tradicionalnim glazbalima kao što je primitivni okvirni bubanj od jelenje kože, flauta, kravik-lira, jouhikko, drombulja, kozji rog i lur. Skupina se koristi i netradicionalnim instrumentima i ostalim izvorima zvuka, među kojima su drveće, kamenje, voda i baklje.

Objavila je ukupno četiri studijska albuma; prva su tri utemeljena na nordijskoj mitologiji, dok je posljednji na Odinovim izrekama u Völuspi i ostalim staronordijskim izvorima.

TeamRock.com je Wardruninu glazbu opisao kao "spoj zemljanog, organskog i eteričnog" s "obrednim tekstovima utemeljenim na runama koji se nalaze na frekvenciji za koju ćete, kad je jednom čujete, vjerovati da je uvijek bila nadomak svakodnevne svijesti".

Povijest
Wardruna je osnovana 2003. godine. Selvik i Gaahl prethodno su bili članovi sastava Gorgoroth i zajedno su se pojavili na albumu Twilight of the Idols i koncertnom DVD-u Black Mass Krakow 2004. Selvik je snimao glazbu i s ostalim projektima, među kojima su Det Hedenske Folk, Bak de Syv Fjell, Jotunspor, Sahg, Dead to this World, Skuggsjá i Faun. Gaahl je pak snimao pjesme s Trelldomom, Gaahlskaggom i God Seedom.

Debitantski album grupe, Runaljod – gap var Ginnunga, diskografska kuća Indie Recordings objavila je 19. siječnja 2009., dok je drugi album, Runaljod – Yggdrasil, objavila 15. ožujka 2013. godine.

Selvik je 2014. godine na službenoj stranici skupine na Facebooku izjavio da će sastav s Trevorom Morrisom skladati glazbu za drugu sezonu serije Vikinzi. Selvik se kasnije pojavio i kao glumac u toj seriji. Gaahl je 2015. napustio Wardrunu.

Treći album Wardrune, Runaljod – Ragnarok, objavljen je 21. listopada 2016. godine. Debitirao je na prvom mjestu Billboardove ljestvice svjetskih albuma, djelomično zahvaljujući uspješnosti serije Vikinzi.

U kolovozu 2017. Wardruna je bila glavni izvođač na dvadesetom izdanju festivala alternativne, narodne i eksperimentalne glazbe Mėnuo Juodaragis, koji se održavao na otoku u jezeru Duburys u Litvi. Početkom 2018. otišla je na prvu sjevernoameričku turneju.

Četvrti album skupine, akustični Skald, objavljen je 23. studenog 2018. godine.

U listopadu 2019. sastav je izjavio da je potpisao ugovor s većim diskografskim kućama SONY Music i Columbia Records i da će od ožujka do kolovoza 2020. biti na europskoj turneji.

Grupa je u veljači 2020. godine najavila da će peti studijski album biti objavljen u lipnju te godine. Ime će mu biti Kvitravn, što znači 'Bijela vrana'. Objava tog uratka na kraju je odgođena do 22. siječnja 2021. zbog pandemije COVID-19.

Članovi sastava

Sadašnja postava
Einar "Kvitrafn" Selvik – vokali, sva glazbala, semplovi (2003. – danas)
Lindy Fay Hella – vokali (2003. – danas)
Bivši članovi
Gaahl – vokali (2003. – 2015.)
Hallvard Kleiveland – violina (? – 2013.)

Sadašnji koncertni članovi
Arne Sandvoll – vokali, udaraljke (2009. – danas)
Eilif Gundersen – bukkehorn, lur (2016. – danas)
H.C. Dalgaard – bubnjevi, udaraljke (2016. – danas)
Jørgen Nyrønning – violina (2018. – danas)
Sondre Veland – bubnjevi, udaraljke (2018. – danas)
John Stenersen – moraharpa (2018. – danas)
Kjell Braaten – vokali, udaraljke (2018. – danas)
Bivši koncertni članovi
Erlend Gjerde – bubnjevi, udaraljke (2009. – 2016.)
Egil Furenes – violina (2009. – 2016.)
Tor Jaran Apold – violina (2016. – 2018.)
Olav Mjelva – violina (2016. – 2018.)

Diskografija
Studijski albumi
Runaljod – gap var Ginnunga (2009.)
Runaljod – Yggdrasil (2013.)
Runaljod – Ragnarok (2016.)
Skald (2018.)
Kvitravn (2021.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sestrinski projekti

Mrežna mjesta
Službene stranice sastava

Norveški glazbeni sastavi
Neofolk sastavi

Wardruna


Europe first, also known as Germany first, was the key element of the grand strategy agreed upon by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II after the United States joined the war in December 1941. According to this policy, the United States and the United Kingdom would use the preponderance of their resources to subdue Nazi Germany in Europe first. Simultaneously, they would fight a holding action against Japan in the Pacific, using fewer resources. After the defeat of Germany—considered the greatest threat to the UK and the Soviet Union—all Allied forces could be concentrated against Japan.

At the December 1941 Arcadia Conference between President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in Washington, shortly after the United States entered the War, the decision for the "Europe First" strategy was affirmed. However, U.S. statistics show that the United States devoted more resources in the early part of the war to stopping the advance of Japan, and not until 1944 was a clear preponderance of U.S. resources allocated toward the defeat of Germany.

Grand strategy
Germany was the United Kingdom's primary threat, especially after the Fall of France in 1940, which saw Germany overrun most of the countries of Western Europe, leaving the United Kingdom alone to combat Germany.  Germany's planned invasion of the UK, Operation Sea Lion, was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain, and by its marked inferiority in naval power. At the same time, war with Japan in East Asia seemed increasingly likely.  Although the U.S. was not yet at war, it met with the UK on several occasions to formulate joint strategies.  In the March 29, 1941 report of the ABC-1 conference, the Americans and British agreed that their strategic objectives were: (1) "The early defeat of Germany as the predominant member of the Axis with the principal military effort of the United States being exerted in the Atlantic and European area;" and (2) "A strategic defensive in the Far East."

Thus, the Americans concurred with the British in the grand strategy of "Europe first" (or "Germany first") in carrying out military operations in World War II.  The UK feared that, if the United States was diverted from its main focus in Europe to the Pacific (Japan), Hitler might crush the Soviet Union, and would then become an unconquerable fortress in Europe. The wound inflicted on the United States by Japan at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 did not result in a change in U.S. policy. Prime Minister Churchill hastened to Washington shortly after Pearl Harbor for the Arcadia Conference to ensure that the Americans didn't have second thoughts about Europe First. In 1941, Roosevelt appointed John Gilbert Winant ambassador to Britain, and Winant remained in that post until he resigned in March 1946. In a 2010 book, Citizens of London: The Americans Who Stood with Britain in Its Darkest, Finest Hour, author Lynne Olson described Winant as dramatically changing the U.S. stance as ambassador when succeeding pro-appeasement ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Also of note, in the spring of 1941, W. Averell Harriman served President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a special envoy to Europe and helped coordinate the Lend-Lease program. The two countries reaffirmed that, "notwithstanding the entry of Japan into the War, our view remains that Germany is still the prime enemy and her defeat is the key to victory. Once Germany is defeated the collapse of Italy and the defeat of Japan must follow."

United States

The Europe first strategy, in conjunction with a "holding action" against Japan in the Pacific, had originally been proposed to Roosevelt by the U.S. military in 1940. When Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941, the United States faced a decision about how to allocate resources between these two separate theaters of war. On the one hand, Japan had attacked the United States directly at Pearl Harbor, and the Japanese Navy threatened United States territory in a way that Germany, with a limited surface fleet, was not in a position to do. On the other hand, Germany was considered the stronger and more dangerous threat to Europe; and Germany's geographical proximity to the UK and the Soviet Union was a much greater threat to their survival.

Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, American planners foresaw the possibility of a two-front war. Chief of Naval Operations Harold Rainsford Stark authored the Plan Dog memo, which advocated concentrating on victory in Europe while staying on the defensive in the Pacific. However, the U.S. reassurance to the UK notwithstanding, the U.S.'s immediate concern was with Japan. As Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall later said, "we had a fair understanding of what we had best do rather than the necessity of engaging in prolonged conversations... This understanding, which included a recognition that Germany was the main enemy and that the major effort would be made initially in Europe, was obviously not applicable in the present situation. Of first importance now was the necessity to check the Japanese." Nonetheless, Marshall and other U.S. generals advocated the invasion of northern Europe in 1943, which the British rejected. After Churchill pressed for a landing in French North Africa in 1942, Marshall suggested instead to Roosevelt that the U.S. abandon the Germany-first strategy and take the offensive in the Pacific. Roosevelt "disapproved" the proposal saying it would do nothing to help Russia. With Roosevelt's support, and Marshall unable to persuade the British to change their minds, in July 1942 Operation Torch was scheduled for later that year.

The Europe First strategy remained in effect throughout the war but the terms "holding action" and "limited offensive" in the Pacific were subject to interpretation and modification by U.S. senior military commanders and at allied leaders conferences. The strategic situation in the Pacific and related logistical requirements dominated the United States' actions after its entry into the war and led to an initial focus on the Pacific. Even in the later stages of the war, there was intense competition for resources as operations in both regions were scaled up.

Opposition
The "Europe First" strategy was not well received by factions of the US military, driving a wedge between the Navy and the Army. While USN Fleet Admiral Ernest King was a strong believer in "Europe First", contrary to British perceptions, his natural aggression did not permit him to leave resources idle in the Atlantic that could be utilized in the Pacific, especially when "it was doubtful when—if ever—the British would consent to a cross-Channel operation". King once complained that the Pacific deserved 30% of Allied resources but was getting only 15%, perhaps partly because the two men did not get along, the combined influence of King and General Douglas MacArthur increased the allocation of resources to the Pacific War.

General Hastings Ismay, chief of staff to Winston Churchill, described King as:
tough as nails and carried himself as stiffly as a poker. He was blunt and stand-offish, almost to the point of rudeness. At the start, he was intolerant and suspicious of all things British, especially the Royal Navy; but he was almost equally intolerant and suspicious of the American Army. War against Japan was the problem to which he had devoted the study of a lifetime, and he resented the idea of American resources being used for any other purpose than to destroy Japanese. He mistrusted Churchill's powers of advocacy, and was apprehensive that he would wheedle President Roosevelt into neglecting the war in the Pacific.

At the Casablanca Conference, King was accused by Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke of favoring the Pacific war, and the argument became heated. The combative General Joseph Stilwell wrote: "Brooke got nasty, and King got good and sore. King almost climbed over the table at Brooke. God, he was mad. I wished he had socked him."

The American people favored early action against Japan. In one of the few public opinion polls taken during the war, in February 1943, 53% of Americans said that Japan was the "chief enemy" compared to 34% choosing Germany. A later poll showed that 82% of Americans believed that the Japanese were more "cruel at heart" than Germans. As a consequence of the immediate threat and the need to contain Japan's advance across the Pacific, American resources allocated to the defeat of Japan initially exceeded those allocated to Europe. In the first six months the U.S. was in the war, the U.S. army deployed more than 300,000 soldiers overseas to the Pacific while less than 100,000 were sent to Europe.  The U.S.'s first major offensive during World War II was in the Pacific: Guadalcanal in August 1942. Concurrently, Australian forces attacked and pushed back the Japanese in the Kokoda Track Campaign in New Guinea.

Analysis

Three U.S. Army divisions were deployed to Australia and New Zealand in February and March 1942 at the request of Prime Minister Churchill so that divisions from those countries could remain on operations in the Middle East. Through this sizeable deployment to the Pacific, the U.S. aided the Europe First strategy by defending Australia and New Zealand and thus enabling experienced troops from those countries to remain deployed against German forces. Nonetheless, the inability of the two allies to mount an invasion of German-controlled northern Europe in 1943 permitted the U.S. to maintain more military forces arrayed against Japan than Germany during the first two years the U.S. was in the war. As late as December 1943, the balance was nearly even. Against Japan, the U.S. had deployed 1,873,023 men, 7,857 aircraft, and 713 warships. Against Germany the totals were 1,810,367 men, 8,807 airplanes, and 515 warships. In early 1944, the military buildup of American forces for the invasion of France shifted the balance of American resources toward the European theater and made Europe First a reality. However, despite the majority of American resources going into Europe in 1944, the U.S. still had sufficient resources to mount several major military operations in the Pacific that year: Saipan (June 1944); Guam (July 1944); Peleliu (September 1944); and the liberation of the Philippines at Leyte in October 1944.

In 1944 and 1945, the balance of U.S. resources shifted heavily toward Europe as the Europe First strategy became a reality rather than just a stated objective. At war's end in Europe, the U.S. Army had 47 divisions in Europe and 21 divisions, plus 6 Marine Corps divisions, in the Pacific. 78% of Army and Army Air Force manpower was deployed against Germany versus 22% deployed in the Pacific. The plan to invade Japan envisioned that 15 of the European divisions would be transferred to the Pacific.<ref>Frank, Richard B. Downfall: The End of the Japanese Empire New York: Random House, 1999, p 123</ref123</ref>

The uncritical view that "Europe First" dictated the allocation of resources throughout the war has caused many scholars to underestimate the resources required to defeat Japan. For example, historian H. P. Willmott stated that the United States "allocated little more than one-quarter of her total war effort to the struggle against Japan." That may be an underestimate which does not take into account that, according to official U.S. statistics, 70% of the U.S. Navy and all the Marine Corps were deployed in the Pacific as well as the 22% of the Army deployed to the Pacific at the time of Germany's surrender in May 1945.

See also
Asia First
Declarations of war during World War II
Diplomatic history of World War II
List of Allied World War II conferences
Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II
Military history of the United States during World War II
Plan Dog memo
Theaters of World War II
European
Mediterranean and Middle East
Pacific

Bibliography

References
Hornfischer, James D. Neptune's Inferno: The US Navy at Guadalcanal. New York: Bantam Books, 2011.  .

Politics of World War II
United Kingdom–United States relations

Europe first


عمر عبد الرازق (1958 في سلفيت - ) أستاذ وباحث في قسم الاقتصاد في جامعة النجاح الوطنية وأحد مرشحي كتلة التغيير والإصلاح. اعتقلته سلطات الاحتلال عدة مرات نتيجة توليه منصب وزير المالية الفلسطيني في الحكومة العاشرة الفلسطينية عام 2006. اعتقل في يونيو 2006  وأفرج عنه في عام 2008.

نشأته وتحصيله العلمي
ولد الدكتور عبد الرازق في سلفيت سنة 1958 ونشأ في مجتمع ريفي وأكمل تعليمه في مدارس سلفيت للبنين. حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه في مايو 1986 من جامعة آيوا في الولايات المتحدة وتخصص في الاقتصاد الرياضي (النظرية الكلية)،أمّا التخصّص الفرعي فهو اقتصاد دولي.

حصل عبد الرازق على عددٍ من الجوائز ودرجات الشرف كجائزة عبد الحميد شومان للعلماء الشبان العرب في العلوم الاجتماعية لعام 1991 وعلى منحة التفوّق العلمي وحاصل على درجة شرف في امتحان التخصص الرئيس للدكتورة ودرجة الشرف من الرتبة الثانية البكالوريوس 1982، وعلى عضوية جمعية التميّز وعلى جائزة علماء نوكس.

المراجع

أشخاص من سلفيت
أعضاء حركة المقاومة الإسلامية (حماس)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة النجاح الوطنية
اقتصاديون فلسطينيون
مسلمون فلسطينيون
مواليد 1377 هـ
وزراء حكومة السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية
وزراء مالية فلسطين
مواليد في سلفيت

عمر عبد الرازق


Knurrenborg Vang er en skov i Fredensborg Kommune. Skoven er fredskov. Skoven er overvejende en blandingskov. Skovens størrelse er 109 ha.

Geologi og jordbund
Skoven ligger i et morænelandskab fra sidste istid med dødispræg. Jornbunden er præget af grus og sand.

Plantevækst
Skoven er helt domineret af bøg, eg og rødgran med mindre områder af birk, ask og ær.

Fredninger m.m.
Egentlige fredninger er ikke foretaget.

Skoven er fredsskov.

Anvendelse

Skoven fungerer som ekstensiv udflugtsskov. Skoven ligger sydøst for Fredensborg.

Noter

Litteratur

Statsskove i Danmark
Skove i Fredensborg Kommune

Knurrenborg Vang


Moritz Carl Georg Wiggers (né le  à Rostock et mort le  dans la même ville) est un avocat et homme politique allemand.

Biographie
Moritz Wiggers est le cadet des deux fils du théologien, professeur d'université et recteur de l'université de Rostock, , et de Wilhelmine Henriette, née Wolff (née le 13 septembre 1789 et mort le 30 septembre 1860). Son frère aîné est le théologien, homme politique et écrivain .

Moritz Wiggers étudie le droit et les sciences politiques à l'Université de Heidelberg et à l'Université Georges-Auguste à Göttingen. À partir d'octobre 1835, il étudie la philosophie à l'Université de Rostock. Il rejoint le  (1836), Hanseatia Rostock (1837) et le  (1837). Après avoir obtenu son diplôme avec succès, il s'installe dans sa ville natale en tant qu'avocat et notaire en 1843.

Intéressé et engagé politiquement depuis ses études, il devient rapidement l'un des principaux membres de l'Association de la presse démocratique de Rostock. Lors de la révolution allemande de 1848/1849, Wiggers est élu président de l' le 3 novembre 1848. C'est le premier parlement démocratiquement élu de l'histoire du Mecklembourg, avec lequel le Mecklembourg-Schwerin devient un État de droit moderne pendant deux ans. Wiggers représente la 10e circonscription de Mecklembourg-Schwerin.

Lorsque, dans la nuit du 7 novembre 1850, le révolutionnaire Carl Schurz libère le théologien Gottfried Kinkel de la prison de Spandau près de Berlin, au cours d'une action qui fait grand bruit, et que tous deux s'enfuient en Angleterre via Warnemünde avec le soutien des démocrates du Mecklembourg, Wiggers fait partie des personnes qui ont joué un rôle déterminant dans cette évasion. Il est accusé plus tard de complicité, mais est acquitté de toutes les accusations.

Wiggers, qui est finalement sur la liste noire de la réaction, est impliqué avec son frère Julius dans le procès pour haute trahison de Rostock en 1853. Pour ces accusations, Wiggers est en détention préventive à la  entre le 1er mai 1853 et le 9 janvier 1857. Le procès se termine par une peine de trois ans de prison, qu'il a purgée à l'établissement pénitentiaire d'État de Dreibergen. Le grand-duc Frédéric-François II le gracie le 24 octobre 1857 ; mais est interdit de retourner à sa profession à vie. Wiggers s'installe donc comme écrivain à Rostock, comme son frère Julius Wiggers. Pendant ce temps, il participe également à la fondation de l'Association centrale pour la promotion de la navigation fluviale et des canaux allemande. L'Association nationale allemande trouve un employé et un conseiller zélé en Wiggers.

Wiggers représente le Parti progressiste allemand au Reichstag de la Confédération de l'Allemagne du Nord et - de l'élection du Reichstag de 1871 à l'élection du Reichstag de 1881 - au Reichstag de l'Empire allemand. Il est élu en 1867 dans la 3e circonscription de Berlin et à partir de 1871 dans la  (Parchim–Ludwigslust).

Voir aussi

Œuvres (sélection)
 [Mit :] Geschichte der drei Mecklenburgischen Landesklöster Dobbertin, Malchow und Ribnitz. Rostock, 1848
 Die mecklenburgische Steuerreform. 1861
 Zwei Vorträge über die agrarischen Zustände in Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Leipzig, 1861
 Preußen und der Zollverein. 1862
 Der Vernichtungskampf wider die Bauern in Mecklenburg. Zur Geschichte des Junkerthums in Deutschland und zum Verständnis seiner Politik. Leipzig, 1864
 Die Finanzverhältnisse des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Schwerins. 1866

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Député du Reichstag (Empire allemand)
Député du Reichstag (confédération de l'Allemagne du Nord)
Membre du Zollparlament
Personnalité du Parti progressiste allemand
Naissance en octobre 1816
Naissance à Rostock
Naissance dans le grand-duché de Mecklembourg-Schwerin
Décès en juillet 1894
Décès à Rostock
Décès dans le grand-duché de Mecklembourg-Schwerin
Décès à 77 ans

Moritz Wiggers


Oldenswort, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı bölge. 45.84 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2003 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1309 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Peter Thomsen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-eiderstedt.kommunen.nordfriesland.city-map.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Oldenswort


Edward Duncan Ernest Gould ou apenas Edd Gould (28 de outubro de 1988 - 25 de março de 2012) foi um animador, artista, escritor, diretor e dublador britânico. Ele era mais conhecido por criar Eddsworld, uma franquia de mídia composta por animações em flash e quadrinhos da web com versões fictícias de si mesmo e dos colaboradores de longa data Thomas Ridgewell, Matt Hargreaves e outros.

Após a morte de Gould em 2012, a produção de Eddsworld foi passada para Ridgewell e depois para Hargreaves.

Vida
Edd Gould nasceu em 28 de outubro de 1988 em Isleworth, na Grande Londres, filho de sua mãe, Susan "Sue" Gould e seu pai Duncan Gould. Ele tinha uma irmã, Victoria "Vicky" Gould, e o irmão George Gould. Gould frequentou a Orleans Park School, (como mostrado em seu primeiro desenho animado, intitulado "Edd") e conheceu Matt Hargreaves em um evento esportivo. Embora não gostasse dele no início, Gould se tornou amigo de Hargreaves após a partida de seu ex-melhor amigo, David Chapman, e depois que Hargreaves foi transferido para a sala de aula de Gould. Gould declarou que tinha o hábito de atrair seus amigos para os quadrinhos, então incluiu Hargreaves no que se tornaria Eddsworld. Apesar de reclamar de sempre ser morto em suas primeiras animações, Hargreaves se tornou uma parte proeminente de Eddsworld.

Gould conheceu Tom Ridgewell online, um fã de seu trabalho, pouco depois de começar a fazer animações de bastão. Da mesma forma que conheceu Tom, Gould conheceu Tord Larsson online, tornando-se bons amigos. Ridgewell e Larsson foram eventualmente incluídos no elenco de Eddsworld junto com Hargreaves, aparecendo no Eddsworld Christmas Special 2004.

Carreira
Em 2002, Gould começou a animar usando um programa de animação GIF para publicar no Stick Figure Death Theatre. Ao descobrir que o site não aceitava mais nada com um GIF, Gould mudou-se para o Macromedia Flash em novembro de 2002. Após sete meses aprendendo o básico da animação em Flash com seu mentor Lavalle Lee, Gould publicou sua primeira entrada em Newgrounds em 6 de junho de 2003, intitulada "Edd".

Em setembro de 2008, Gould logo começou sua carreira em animação e estudou como animador independente na University for the Creative Arts, Maidstone, Inglaterra. Gould mais tarde se juntou ao Cake Bomb, um grupo de mídia criativa fundado por Ridgewell. Ele também dublou o garoto "I Like Trains" na série "Asdfmovie" de TomSka no YouTube e animou o segundo episódio de Asdfmovie.

Doença e morte
Na tarde de 16 de abril de 2011, Gould revelou que havia sido diagnosticado com leucemia linfoblástica aguda, um câncer dos glóbulos brancos. Esta foi a segunda vez que ele foi diagnosticado com esse câncer, tendo sido diagnosticado anteriormente em 2006. Ele postou um vídeo no YouTube intitulado "Edd vs Cancer", que apresentava Gould, Ridgewell e Hargreaves discutindo o diagnóstico. Apesar de sua saúde, Gould usou sua doença como plataforma para vários esboços nas contas do YouTube de seus amigos.

Na manhã de 25 de março de 2012, Gould morreu de uma infecção recorrente causada por seu câncer. Ridgewell e Hargreaves anunciaram a morte de Gould em um pequeno vídeo, "RIP Edd Gould (1988–2012)", em 27 de março de 2012. O funeral de Gould foi realizado em 10 de abril de 2012 na Igreja de Todos os Santos em Isleworth, e um elogio foi compilado de vários videoclipes de fãs e amigos dando condolências a Gould, mostrados no funeral. O último episódio que ele dirigiu para Eddsworld foi "Space Face (Part 1)", que foi lançado no YouTube em 2 de junho de 2012. A produção de Eddsworld foi passada para Ridgewell e ele continuou a produzir episódios como parte da vontade de Gould. Sob a direção de Ridgewell, o dinheiro e os lucros excedentes foram para o CLIC Sargent, um programa que dava apoio a pacientes com câncer infantil.

Gould foi cremado no Crematório de Mortlake após seu funeral. Em julho de 2012, Hargreaves e Ridgewell espalharam algumas das cinzas de Gould em Hollywood, supostamente perto do letreiro de Hollywood, depois de terem participado da VidCon.

Filmografia

YouTubers do Reino Unido
Mortes por leucemia
Mortes por câncer na Inglaterra

Edd Gould


හෝනා  යනු යුරෝපයේ ගංගා අතුරින් ප්‍රධාන එකක් වන අතර, එය ස්විට්ස්ර්ලන්තයෙන් ඇරඹී අග්නිදිග ප්‍රංශය ඔස්සේ ගලා බසියි.

හෝනා


الإسقاط المركزي في الهندسة الوصفية هي عملية لتمثيل الاشكال الهندسية على سطح مستوي. من خلال عملية الإسقاط والتقاطع.
العناصر الأساسية في الإسقاط المركزي هي:
 نقطة نهائية تمثل مركز الإسقاط
 وسطح مستوي يسمى مستوى الإسقاط.

مثلاً, إذا اسقطنا خطين متوازيين (a, b) من نقطة نهائية (C)، فان صورتهما (a',b') سيلتقيان في نفس النقطة Ia التي تسمى نقطة التلاشي والتي تمثل صورة النقطة الانهائية أو صورة اتجاه تلك الخطوط (a, b).

من التطبيقات العملية للإسقاط المركزي هي المنظور.

طالع أيضا
 الاسقاطات المتوازية

مصادر

طرق الاظهار الهندسي
هندسة إسقاطية

إسقاط مركزي


El término Anisoptera se puede referir a:

 Anisoptera, suborden de insectos del orden Odonata.
 Anisoptera, género de plantas del orden Malvales.

Anisoptera (desambiguación)


George C. Lee (Highland Park, Míchigan, ) es un exjugador y exentrenador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó siete temporadas en la NBA, además de ejercer como entrenador dos temporadas más. Con 1,93 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas con los Wolverines de la Universidad de Míchigan, en las que promedió 15,8 puntos por partido.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la vigésimo sexta posición del Draft de la NBA de 1959 por Detroit Pistons, donde en su primera temporada actuó como titular, promediando 12,1 puntos y 6,6 rebotes por partido.

Jugó una temporada más con los Pistons, hasta que en 1962 fue traspasado a los San Francisco Warriors. Allí permaneció 5 temporadas, aunque entre las tres últimas sólo contabilizó 30 partidos en total debido a las lesiones. En la temporada 1963-64 llegó a disputar las Finales ante Boston Celtics, cayendo derrotados por 4-1. Lee colaboró con 3,2 puntos y 1,8 rebotes por partido a lo largo de la temporada regular.

Entrenador
Los últimos 4 años de su estancia en los Warriors los compaginó con el puesto de entrenador asistente, hasta que, una vez colgadas las botas, asumió el puesto de entrenador principal, sustituyendo a Bill Sharman. en su primera temporada logró clasificar al equipo para los playoffs, con un balance de 41 victorias y 41 derrotas en la temporada regular, cayendo en primera ronda ante Los Angeles Lakers.

Al año siguiente fue destituido mediada la temporada, tras 52 partidos en los que había conseguido 22 victorias, siendo sustituido por Al Attles.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estadísticas como entrenador

 Ficha de George Lee en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Míchigan
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Detroit Pistons
Baloncestistas de los Michigan Wolverines
Baloncestistas de los San Francisco Warriors
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Estados Unidos
Entrenadores de la NBA
Entrenadores de los San Francisco Warriors
Nacidos en Highland Park (Míchigan)

George Lee


Claire Henderson (* 8. Oktober 1971) ist eine nordirische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Claire Henderson gewann 1996 die irischen Meisterschaften im Mixed mit Bruce Topping und 1998 den Titel im Damendoppel mit Jayne Plunkett. 1998 und 2002 nahm sie an den Commonwealth Games teil.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen

Badmintonspieler (Nordirland)
Irischer Meister (Badminton)
Nordire
Brite
Geboren 1971
Frau
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Nordirland)

Claire Henderson


Jean-Baptiste-François Jehannin de Chamblanc, né à Dijon en 1722 et mort à Dompierre le  est un juriste, conseiller du Parlement de Bourgogne et collectionneur d'objets d'art français.

Biographie
Jean-Baptiste-François Jehannin de Chamblanc naît à Dijon en 1722.

Sa première formation se déroule au collège Jésuite des Godrans de Dijon puis à la faculté de droit.

Fils et petit-fils de conseillers au Parlement de Bourgogne, il exerce à son tour la charge de conseiller de 1741 à 1762. En 1762, il renonce à cette charge pour se consacrer à ses activités de collectionneur. Dans ce but, il vend une partie de ses domaines. Il transforme son hôtel particulier pour accueillir au mieux ses livres et objets d'art.

En 1789, malade, Jehannin de Chamblanc se rend en cure sur les conseils de son médecin. Il prend d'abord les eaux en Auvergne, avant de gagner, en 1790, Fribourg en Suisse. En son absence, sa collection et ses biens sont saisis.

Depuis la Suisse, il entame des démarches pour se faire retirer de la liste des émigrés. Il y meurt le  sans avoir pu revenir à Dijon ni récupérer ses biens.

Les collections de Jehannin de Chamblanc
À partir de 1750 environ, Jehannin de Chamblanc se lance dans la constitution d'une collection de type encyclopédique. En quelques décennies, il rassemble 284 tableaux, 3000 empreintes et moulages d'intailles, , ainsi que des dessins. Son goût ne s'arrête pas au dessin occidental : il acquiert également des dessins indiens et chinois. Sa collection comporte un cabinet de chinoiseries, des armes, des émaux et des bronze. Sa bibliothèque compte près de . Cet ensemble est complété par un cabinet d'histoire naturelle et un cabinet de physique de plus de 800 instruments.

Le contenu de la collection et de la bibliothèque sont précisément connus grâce à un inventaire, probablement tenu par Jehannin de Chamblanc lui-même. Le collectionneur annotait par ailleurs chaque estampe, livre, dessin en sa possession à l'aide d'un système de cotation renvoyant à l'inventaire. Il marquait enfin chaque feuille du prix qu'il avait consacré à son acquisition.

Les saisies révolutionnaires
Durant la Révolution, ses biens sont saisis, Jehannin de Chamblanc étant considéré comme émigré. Le mobilier et les tapisseries sont vendus. L'essentiel des collections est cependant sauvegardé par la Convention de 1792, qui les « réserve pour l'instruction publique ». François Devosges est chargé d'en dresser l'inventaire.

Les différentes pièces de la collection sont versées aux institutions patrimoniales dijonnaises, pour la plupart tout juste fondées : 58 tableaux, ainsi que de nombreux dessins rejoignent le Musée des Beaux-Arts. Le cabinet d'histoire naturelle est versé au muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Dijon, tandis que la plupart de ses livres et estampes intègrent la Bibliothèque de Dijon.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

 Présentation des collections numérisées de Jehannin de Chamblanc sur le site de la Bibliothèque municipale de Dijon.
 Description de la marque de collection de Jehannin de Chamblanc dans le  Dictionnaire des marques de collections de Lugt.

Juriste français
Collectionneur français d'œuvres d'art
Collectionneur d'estampes
Naissance à Dijon
Naissance en 1722
Décès dans le canton de Vaud
Décès en février 1797

Jean-Baptiste Jehannin de Chamblanc


Pernille Vallentin, née le  à Horsens (Danemark), est une actrice et chanteuse danoise.

Biographie

Filmographie partielle

 2005 :  : Tilde
 2007 :  : Mette-Inge
 2009-2011 :  : Skytsengel (série télévisée)
 2009 : Nedenunder (court métrage)
 2009 :  : Scarlett
 2009 :  : Rikke (court métrage)
 2010 :  : Maria (court métrage)
 2016 : Aqua Mamas : Pernille (court métrage)
 2017 : Gristina : Sofie (court métrage)

Récompenses et distinctions

 2010 : Bodil de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle pour
 2010 : Robert de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle pour

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice danoise
Chanteuse danoise
Naissance en février 1979
Naissance à Horsens
Actrice danoise de cinéma
Actrice danoise de télévision
Actrice danoise de théâtre

Pernille Vallentin


In mathematics, the Radon transform is the integral transform which takes a function f defined on the plane to a function Rf defined on the (two-dimensional) space of lines in the plane, whose value at a particular line is equal to the line integral of the function over that line. The transform was introduced in 1917 by Johann Radon, who also provided a formula for the inverse transform. Radon further included formulas for the transform in three dimensions, in which the integral is taken over planes (integrating over lines is known as the X-ray transform). It was later generalized to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces and more broadly in the context of integral geometry. The complex analogue of the Radon transform is known as the Penrose transform. The Radon transform is widely applicable to tomography, the creation of an image from the projection data associated with cross-sectional scans of an object.

Explanation

If a function represents an unknown density, then the Radon transform represents the projection data obtained as the output of a tomographic scan.  Hence the inverse of the Radon transform can be used to reconstruct the original density from the projection data, and thus it forms the mathematical underpinning for tomographic reconstruction, also known as iterative reconstruction.

The Radon transform data is often called a sinogram because the Radon transform of an off-center point source is a sinusoid.  Consequently, the Radon transform of a number of small objects appears graphically as a number of blurred sine waves with different amplitudes and phases.

The Radon transform is useful in computed axial tomography (CAT scan), barcode scanners, electron microscopy of macromolecular assemblies like viruses and protein complexes, reflection seismology and in the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations.

Definition
Let  be a function that satisfies the three regularity conditions:

  is continuous;
 the double integral , extending over the whole plane, converges;
 for any arbitrary point  on the plane it holds that

The Radon transform, , is a function defined on the space of straight lines  by the line integral along each such line as:
Concretely, the parametrization of any straight line  with respect to arc length  can always be written:where  is the distance of  from the origin and  is the angle the normal vector to  makes with the -axis. It follows that the quantities  can be considered as coordinates on the space of all lines in , and the Radon transform can be expressed in these coordinates by: More generally, in the -dimensional Euclidean space , the Radon transform of a function  satisfying the regularity conditions is a function  on the space  of all hyperplanes in .  It is defined by:

where the integral is taken with respect to the natural hypersurface measure,  (generalizing the  term from the -dimensional case). Observe that any element of  is characterized as the solution locus of an equation , where  is a unit vector and .  Thus the -dimensional Radon transform may be rewritten as a function on  via: It is also possible to generalize the Radon transform still further by integrating instead over -dimensional affine subspaces of .  The X-ray transform is the most widely used special case of this construction, and is obtained by integrating over straight lines.

Relationship with the Fourier transform

The Radon transform is closely related to the Fourier transform. We define the univariate Fourier transform here as:  For a function of a -vector , the univariate Fourier transform is:  For convenience, denote . The Fourier slice theorem then states:  where

Thus the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the initial function along a line at the inclination angle  is the one variable Fourier transform of the Radon transform (acquired at angle ) of that function. This fact can be used to compute both the Radon transform and its inverse. The result can be generalized into n dimensions:

Dual transform
The dual Radon transform is a kind of adjoint to the Radon transform.  Beginning with a function g on the space , the dual Radon transform is the function  on Rn defined by: The integral here is taken over the set of all hyperplanes incident with the point , and the measure  is the unique probability measure on the set  invariant under rotations about the point .

Concretely, for the two-dimensional Radon transform, the dual transform is given by:  In the context of image processing, the dual transform is commonly called back-projection as it takes a function defined on each line in the plane and 'smears' or projects it back over the line to produce an image.

Intertwining property
Let  denote the Laplacian on  defined by:This is a natural rotationally invariant second-order differential operator. On , the "radial" second derivative  is also rotationally invariant. The Radon transform and its dual are intertwining operators for these two differential operators in the sense that: In analysing the solutions to the wave equation in multiple spatial dimensions, the intertwining property leads to the translational representation of Lax and Philips. In imaging and numerical analysis this is exploited to reduce multi-dimensional problems into single-dimensional ones, as a dimensional splitting method.

Reconstruction approaches

The process of reconstruction produces the image (or function  in the previous section) from its projection data. Reconstruction is an inverse problem.

Radon inversion formula
In the two-dimensional case, the most commonly used analytical formula to recover  from its Radon transform is the Filtered Back-projection Formula or Radon Inversion Formula: where  is such that . The convolution kernel  is referred to as Ramp filter in some literature.

Ill-posedness
Intuitively, in the filtered back-projection formula, by analogy with differentiation, for which , we see that the filter performs an operation similar to a derivative. Roughly speaking, then, the filter makes objects more singular. A quantitive statement of the ill-posedness of Radon inversion goes as follows:
where  is the previously defined adjoint to the Radon Transform. Thus for , we have:
The complex exponential  is thus an eigenfunction of  with eigenvalue . Thus the singular values of  are . Since these singular values tend to ,  is unbounded.

Iterative reconstruction methods

Compared with the Filtered Back-projection method, iterative reconstruction costs large computation time, limiting its practical use. However, due to the ill-posedness of Radon Inversion, the Filtered Back-projection method may be infeasible in the presence of discontinuity or noise. Iterative reconstruction methods (e.g. iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance) could provide metal artefact reduction, noise and dose reduction for the reconstructed result that attract much research interest around the world.

Inversion formulas

Explicit and computationally efficient inversion formulas for the Radon transform and its dual are available. The Radon transform in  dimensions can be inverted by the formula: where , and the power of the Laplacian  is defined as a pseudo-differential operator if necessary by the Fourier transform: For computational purposes, the power of the Laplacian is commuted with the dual transform  to give: where  is the Hilbert transform with respect to the s variable.  In two dimensions, the operator  appears in image processing as a ramp filter. One can prove directly from the Fourier slice theorem and change of variables for integration that for a compactly supported continuous function  of two variables: Thus in an image processing context the original image  can be recovered from the 'sinogram' data  by applying a ramp filter (in the  variable) and then back-projecting. As the filtering step can be performed efficiently (for example using digital signal processing techniques) and the back projection step is simply an accumulation of values in the pixels of the image, this results in a highly efficient, and hence widely used, algorithm.

Explicitly, the inversion formula obtained by the latter method is: The dual transform can also be inverted by an analogous formula:

Radon transform in algebraic geometry

In algebraic geometry, a Radon transform (also known as the Brylinski–Radon transform) is constructed as follows.

Write

for the universal hyperplane, i.e., H consists of pairs (x, h) where x is a point in d-dimensional projective space  and h is a point in the dual projective space (in other words, x is a line through the origin in (d+1)-dimensional affine space, and h is a hyperplane in that space) such that x is contained in h.

Then the Brylinksi–Radon transform is the functor between appropriate derived categories of étale sheaves

The main theorem about this transform is that this transform induces an equivalence of the categories of perverse sheaves on the projective space and its dual projective space, up to constant sheaves.

See also
 Periodogram
 Matched filter
 Deconvolution
 X-ray transform
 Funk transform
 The Hough transform, when written in a continuous form, is very similar, if not equivalent, to the Radon transform.
 Cauchy–Crofton theorem is a closely related formula for computing the length of curves in space.
 Fast Fourier transform

Notes

References

 ;Translation: .
 .
 .

Further reading

External links

Integral geometry
Integral transforms
Tomography

Radon transform


Zimirina moyaensis est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la Grande Canarie aux îles Canaries en Espagne. Elle se rencontre vers Moya.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Wunderlich en 1992.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce, composé de moya et du suffixe latin , « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Moya.

Publication originale
 Wunderlich, 1992 : « Die Spinnen-Fauna der Makaronesischen Inseln: Taxonomie, Ökologie, Biogeographie und Evolution. » Beiträge zur Araneologie, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Grande Canarie

Zimirina moyaensis


الشويخ التعليمية، منطقة من مناطق محافظة العاصمة في الكويت. سميت بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى وجود وزارة التربية، جامعة الكويت وكليات ومعاهد الهيئة العامة للتعليم التطبيقي والتدريب.

التعليم في الكويت

الشويخ التعليمية


8431 Haseda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8431 Haseda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Ōizumi de Takao Kobayashi. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,81 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 1,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

8431 Haseda


يوم الاستقلال الأمريكي ، والمعروف شعبياً بالرابع من يوليو . هو عطلة فدرالية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بمناسبة اعتماد وثيقة إعلان الاستقلال في 4 يوليو من عام 1776، مُعلنةً استقلالها عن بريطانيا العظمى. وعادةً ما يرتبط بعيد الاستقلال المسيرات والألعاب النارية وحفلات الشواء والكرنفالات والمعارض والرحلات والحفلات الموسيقية ومباريات البيسبول وحتى لم شمل العائلة. وكذلك الخطب السياسية والاحتفالات وغيرها من المناسبات العامة والخاصة للاحتفال بتاريخ، وحكومة، وتقاليد الولايات المتحدة.

الخلفية التاريخية
خلال الثورة الأمريكية، وقع الانفصال القانوني للمستعمرات الثلاثة عشر عن بريطانيا العظمى في 2 يوليو، 1776، عندما أعطى الكونغرس القاري الثاني موافقته على قرار الاستقلال الذي كان قد اُقترح في شهر يوليو من قبل ريتشارد هنري لي من ولاية فرجينيا مُعلناً أن الولايات المتحدة مُستقلة عن بريطانيا العظمى. وبعد التصويت لصالح الاستقلال، حول الكونغرس اهتمامه إلى إعلان الاستقلال، الذي كان عبارة عن بيان يوضح هذا القرار، وقد أُعد من قبل لجنة مكونة من خمسة اشخاص، من ضمنهم توماس جيفرسون ككاتبها الأساسي. وقد قام الكونغرس بمناقشة ومراجعة الإعلان، حتى وافق أخيراً عليه في 4 يوليو. وفي اليوم التالي، كتب جون آدامز إلى زوجته أبيجيل:

وكان تنبؤ آدمز متأخراً بيومين. فمنذ البداية، احتفل الأمريكيين بالاستقلال في 4 من شهر يوليو، وهو التاريخ المبين على «إعلان الاستقلال» المعلن عنه كثيراً، بدلاً من أن يكون الثاني من يوليو، تاريخ قرار الاستقلال الذي تمت الموافقة عليه في جلسة مغلقة للكونغرس.

ولا شك في أن الرابع من تموز 1776 م هو التاريخ الذي أقر الكونغرس فيه الوثيقة الرسمية النهائية، بالرغم من انهم صوتوا لإعلان الاستقلال قبل يومين. ولاحقا، كتب كلا من توماس جيفرسون وجون آدامز وبنجامين فرانكلين انهم جميعا وقعوا عليه في ذلك اليوم. غير أن معظم المؤرخين استنتجوا بأن الإعلان تم توقيعهُ بقرابة الشهر من اعتماده، وليس يوم 4 يوليو كما يُعتقد.

وفي مصادفة جديرة بالانتباه، كلاً من جون آدامز وتوماس جيفرسون، الموقعين الوحيدين لـ «إعلان الاستقلال» عملوا كرؤساء للولايات المتحدة، وكذلك توفيوا في اليوم نفسه في الرابع من تموز من عام 1826 م، الذي كان الذكرى الخمسين للإعلان. وأيضا وبالرغم من كونه من غير الموقعين لــ«إعلان الاستقلال»، جيمس مونرو، رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية الخامس، توفي في 4 تموز 1831 م. ووُلد كالفين كوليدج، الرئيس الـ 30، في 4 تموز 1872 م، وحتى اليوم هو الرئيس الوحيد الذي وُلد في عيد الاستقلال.

الاحتفال
 في 1777، أطلقت ثلاثة عشر طلقة نارية كنوع من التحية، مرة في الصباح ومرة في مساء في يوم 4 يوليو في بريستول، رود آيلاند.و احتفلت ولاية فيلادلفيا بالذكرى السنوية الأولى بطريقة سيجدها أمريكي معاصر مألوفة تماما: وهي عشاء رسمي للــ «الكونغرس القاري»، وتبادل الانخاب، والمسيرات، و13 تحية بالبنادق، وخطب صلاة، والموسيقى وظهور القوات وكذلك الألعاب النارية. وقد زُينت السفن باعلامٍ حمراء وبيضاء وزرقاء.
 وفي 1778، ميَزَ جورج واشنطن الرابع من تموز بمضاعفة حِصَة جنودهِ ومحييً المدافع من مشروب الرم. وعبر المحيط الأطلسي، عقد s السفيرين جون آدامز وبنجامين فرانكلين مأدبة عشاء لزملائهم الأمريكيين في باريس، فرنسا.
 وفي 1779، صادف 4 تموز/يوليو يوم أحد. فأُحتفل بالعطلة يوم الاثنين، 5 تموز/يوليه.
 وفي 1781 أصبحت محكمة ماساتشوستس العامة أول هيئة تشريعية للدولة تعترف بالرابع من يوليو كاحتفال للدولة.
 وفي عام 1783، المورافبين في سايلم، نورث كارولينا، اقاموا حفلاً في 4 تموز/يوليو بموسيقى صعبة ومعقدة جمعها يوهان فريدريش بيتر. وكان هذا العمل بعنوان «مزمور الفرح».
 وفي 1791 سُجل أول استخدام لمصطلح «يوم/عيد الاستقلال».
 وفي عام 1820 أُقيم أول أحتفال للرابع من يوليو في ايستبورت، ماين الذي ما زال الأكبر في الدولة.
 وفي 1870، جعل الكونغرس الأمريكي يوم الاستقلال عطلة غير المدفوعة للموظفين الفدراليين.
 وفي عام 1938، غير الكونغرس يوم الاستقلال لعطلة مدفوعة الأجر للموظفين الفدراليين.

معرض صور

وصلات خارجية
 وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية مُتحدثة عن يوم الاستقلال.
 «معنى» الرابع من تموز/يوليه للسود فريدريك دوغلاس
 جمع خطب في الرابع من يوليو في تقسيم المجموعات الخاصة، والمحفوظات، والكتب النادرة، مكتبة إيليس، جامعة ميزوري
 «الرابع من يوليو»، في اليوم – عرض الشرائح مجلة الحياة

المصادر

Becker, Carl L. (1922). The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas. New York: Harcourt, Brace. ISBN 0-394-70060-0. http://books.google.com/?id=tpMaAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
Heintze, James R. "Fourth of July Celebrations Database". American University of Washington, D.C. http://www.american.edu/heintze/fourth.htm. Retrieved July 4, 2007.

أحداث سنوية في الولايات المتحدة
أعياد رسمية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
أيام وطنية
تاريخ الولايات المتحدة
مناسبات يوليو
عطلات متعلقة بالثورة الأمريكية

يوم الاستقلال (الولايات المتحدة)


Mið-Austurbotn (finnska: Keski-Pohjanmaa) er hérað í vestur-Finnlandi. Íbúar eru tæplega 70.000 (2019) og er flatarmál héraðsins rúmlega 5.700 ferkílómetrar. Höfuðborgin er Kokkola.

Héruð Finnlands

Mið-Austurbotn


L'Association Solidarité France Pologne (ASFP) est une association civile crée à Paris en soutien au mouvement des grèves initié en Pologne en 1980, au syndicat Solidarność et au mouvement dissident polonais. Elle est actuellement consacrée à la coopération internationale entre la France et la Pologne et à diverses activités de soutien à la société civile polonaise.

Histoire
En juillet 1980, la Pologne connait la naissance d'un fort mouvement de grèves qui suscitent de l'intérêt en France et dans le monde entier. Krystyna Vinaver et Karol Sachs, Polonais résidant en France, entament alors la création de l'Association Solidarité France Pologne avec l'objectif de fournir une information de qualité en France sur ce qui se passe en Pologne, d'organiser des manifestations de soutien et de favoriser une coopération avec le nouveau syndicat Solidarność qui voit le jour en 1981. Piotr Słonimski, chercheur polonais en biologie vivant en France depuis 1947, en devient le premier président.

Durant plusieurs mois et jusqu'à l'instauration de l'état de siège en Pologne, le 13 décembre 1981, avec à la tête le général Wojciech Jaruzelski, l'activité de l'ASFP consistera à collecter des informations sur Solidarność, à établir des contacts, à construire un réseau d'aide, à organiser des réunions publiques avec des militants du syndicat en France et aussi des événements culturels, comme des concerts, dont les recettes alimentent le soutien au syndicat polonais. Participent à ce mouvement des syndicalistes français, principalement ceux de la Confédération française démocratique du travail, ainsi que des intellectuels polonais comme Georges Mink et Krzysztof Pomian. En 1983, l'ASFP rejoint le Comité de coordination Solidarność en France dans sa condamnation du procès mené contre des membres du Comité de défense des ouvriers (Komitet Obrony Robotników). L'organisation met également en place une opération de parrainage afin d'apporter aux familles victimes de la répression un soutien moral et matériel. Elle organise enfin un soutien financier aux éditions clandestines dont Karta, CDN, NOWa, MOST, Kurs, Krąg, Rytm, Myśl, le financement de bourses, le soutien à la clandestinité en Pologne et l'installation des dissidents polonais immigrés en France. À partir de 1989, à la suite des négociations de la Table ronde en Pologne et dans le contexte de démocratisation du pays, l'Association réoriente son activité vers le domaine socio-économique, en apportant son soutien à diverses initiatives concernant le développement social et économique du pays, autant que le renforcement du mouvement associatif.

Actuellement, l'ASFP est toujours active, bien que son action soit retreinte à des projets plus modestes, entre autres le cofinancement d'expositions d'artistes polonais en France et en Pologne, le soutien financier aux divers projets associatifs et, depuis l'arrivée du parti Droit et Justice (PiS) au pouvoir en 2015, le soutien aux initiatives démocratiques en Pologne.

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Boulte, Patrick, Sachs, Karol et Vinaver Krystyna, De Solidarność à l'entrée de la Pologne dans l'Union européenne. Un engagement citoyen, Paris, Solidarité France Pologne, 2008.
 Frybes, Marcin, Merci pour votre solidarité !, Varsovie, Instytut im. Adama Mickiewicza, Lech Majewski Studio, 2005.
 Heruday-Kiełczewska, Magdalena, Inventaire des archives de l'Association Solidarité France Pologne 1980–2004. Inwentarz archiwum Stowarzyszenia Solidarité France Pologne1980-2004, trad. du polonais par Ewa Tartakowsky, Paris, Association Solidarité France Pologne, Société historique et littéraire polonaise, 2013.
 Kula, Marcin, Niespodziewani przyjaciele, czyli rzecz o zwykłej ludzkiej solidarności, Varsovie, TRIO, 1995.
 Tartakowsky, Ewa, « Archives de l'Association de Solidarité France Pologne », carnet en ligne de La contemporaine. (dernier accès : 3 mars 2022).

Archives
Les archives de la ASFP sont actuellement conservées à la Bibliothèque polonaise de Paris.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Association ou organisme ayant son siège en France
Relations entre la France et la Pologne

Association Solidarité France Pologne


Crooner é um termo usado para descrever principalmente cantores masculinos que se apresentavam usando um estilo suave possibilitado por microfones melhores que captavam sons mais silenciosos e uma gama mais ampla de frequências, permitindo que o cantor utilizasse uma faixa mais dinâmica e atuasse de maneira mais íntima. É derivado do antigo verbo "to croon" (que significa "falar ou cantar baixinho"). Essa sugestão de intimidade era supostamente extremamente atraente para as mulheres, especialmente as mais jovens, como as adolescentes, conhecidas na época como "bobby soxers". O estilo crooning se desenvolveu a partir de cantores que se apresentavam com big bands, e atingiu seu auge na década de 1940 até o final dos anos 60.

Crooning é simbolizado por vocalistas de jazz como Bing Crosby e Frank Sinatra, embora Sinatra tenha dito uma vez que não considerava a si mesmo ou a Crosby como "crooners". Outros artistas, como Russ Columbo, também rejeitaram o termo.

Frank Sinatra

Crooner


Paolo Bianchini est un réalisateur et scénariste italien né le  à Rome.

Biographie
Paolo Bianchini a commencé son activité dans le cinéma en tant qu'assistant réalisateur dans une soixantaine de films avec des réalisateurs italiens renommés comme Mario Monicelli, Luigi Comencini, Vittorio De Sica, Eduardo De Filippo, Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, Mauro Bolognini, Sergio Leone et surtout Luigi Zampa avec lequel il collabore plusieurs fois. À la même époque, il écrit également des scénarios, dont certains connaissent un certain succès, comme Sept Hommes en or et Le Carnaval des truands. Il poursuit son activité de réalisateur dans le cinéma de genre, réalisant une dizaine de films artisanaux, dont certains, comme Hypnose et , s'accompagnaient d'un petit succès commercial. Ils ont depuis été cités par des cinéastes comme Quentin Tarantino ou David Cronenberg.

Il s'est ensuite orienté vers la publicité, travaillant comme réalisateur pour des agences internationales. Il réalise environ deux mille publicités en Italie et à l'étranger.

En 1997, il quitte la publicité et revient au cinéma en réalisant le film  ( « Le grand chêne »), dont il a également écrit le scénario. Le film a connu le succès et a été primé dans de nombreux festivals internationaux, notamment le Prix de la critique du premier rôle féminin à la Berlinale.

Depuis 2002, il est ambassadeur de l'Unicef pour son engagement en faveur des questions liées à l'enfance, qui sont abordées dans nombre de ses œuvres.

En 2002, en tant que réalisateur et scénariste, il a réalisé le téléfilm  pour la RAI, qui a été parrainé par l'UNICEF ; en 2003, il a réalisé le drame en deux parties Vite a perdere, qui a été sélectionné pour le prix Italia ; et en 2004,  En 2005, il a réalisé le téléfilm Il bambino sull'acqua pour RAI 1. En 2007, il a réalisé Codice Aurora, un film en deux parties.

Avec Paola Rota, il a fondé Alveare Cinema, une société de production cinématographique qui a produit le film  réalisé par Bianchini lui-même et sponsorisé par l'Unicef.

Il a réalisé la mini-série Mal'aria librement basée sur le roman homonyme d' et produite par Feelmax avec Rai Fiction, qui a été diffusée sur Rai Uno en . Avec L'Alveare, il a tourné en 2011 le film , dont il est également le scénariste et le producteur. En 2014, il a coproduit avec Rai Fiction la web-série Il bar del Cassarà et en 2015, toujours avec Rai Fiction, il a produit Angelo, dont il était également le coscénariste.

En 2019, il est le responsable du projet Sa.rà. Un film, promu par le Ministère de l'Éducation, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche et le Ministère de la Culture dans le cadre du plan national Cinéma pour les écoles, grâce auquel le long métrage collaboratif Frammenti a été réalisé par des étudiants sous la supervision de Bianchini.

Filmographie

Réalisateur
 1964 : Sept contre la mort (Sette contro la morte), coréalisé avec Edgar George Ulmer
 1966 : Bagarre à Bagdad pour X-27 (Il gioco delle spie)
 1967 : Hypnose (Hypnos - Follia di massacro)
 1967 :  (Devilman Story)
 1968 : Dieu les crée, moi je les tue (Dio li crea… io li ammazzo!)
 1968 : Superargo contre les robots (L'invincibile Superman)
 1968 : Clayton l'Implacable (Lo voglio morto)
 1968 : Avec Django, ça va saigner (Quel caldo maledetto giorno di fuoco)
 1970 : Killer amigo (Ehi amigo... sei morto!)
 1972 :  (Decameron nº 4 - Le belle novelle del Boccaccio)
 1973 :
 1979 :
 1997 :
 2007 :
 2012 :
 2020 : Frammenti
 2021 : Qualcos'altro che ancora non c'è

Scénariste

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Rome
Réalisateur italien de cinéma
Scénariste italien de cinéma
Naissance en septembre 1933

Paolo Bianchini


Tisbury est une ville du Comté de Dukes dans l'État du Massachusetts.

Elle a été incorporée en 1671.

Sa population était de  en 2020.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Comté de Dukes
Town au Massachusetts

Tisbury (Massachusetts)


Linda Dégh (Budapeste, 18 de março de 1918 – Bloomington, Indiana, 19 de agosto de 2014) foi uma folclorista e professora de folclore e etnomusicologia na Universidade de Indiana, no Estados Unidos.

Dégh nasceu em Budapeste, na Hungria, e é conhecida como folclorista por seu trabalho com lendas, identidade e comunidades rurais e urbanas na Europa e na América do Norte. Em 2004, como professora emérita na Universidade de Indiana, ela foi premiada com o AFS Lifetime Scholarly Achievement Award. Dégh também atuou como presidente da American Folklore Society em 1982.

Vida pessoal
Dégh nasceu em Budapeste, Hungria, em 18 de março de 1920 e morreu em Indiana em 19 de agosto de 2014. Ela foi casada com Andrew Vázsonyi (1906-1986) por 28 anos.

Carreira
Linda Dégh formou-se na Universidade Péter Pázmány, na Hungria. Depois de se formar, ela começou a ensinar na Universidade Eötvös Loránd no departamento de folclore. Em 1965, ela começou a ensinar no Instituto Folclórico of Universidade de Indiana, na cidade de Bloomington, e em 1982 Dégh tornou-se uma professora distinta da Etnomusicologia Folclórica da Universidade de Indiana.

Enquanto lecionava, Dégh fundou a revista Indiana Folklore em 1968, que ela editou até o fechamento da revista. A revista continuou a publicação até 1980 e foi o jornal oficial da Hoosier Folklore Society. Ela também serviria como presidente da Hoosier Folklore Society em 1967 e 1968.

Dégh tornou-se membro da American Folklore Society em 1971. Folcloristas são escolhidos como membros da American Folklore Society por "suas contribuições extraordinárias para o campo". Em 1982, Dégh foi presidente da American Folklore Society e em 2004, ela foi homenageada pela Sociedade por seu trabalho como folclorista com o Lifetime Scholarly Achievement Award.

Dégh publicou 18 livros e escreveu mais de 200 artigos e ensaios. Ela é conhecida por seu trabalho com lendas e por aplicar o conceito de ostentação ao estudo de lendas contemporâneas. Em 1983, ela e Andrew Vázsonyi escreveram Does the Word 'Dog' Bite? Ostensive Action: A Means of Legend Telling ("A palavra 'cachorro' morde? Ação Ostensiva: Um Meio de Contar Lendas"), e argumentam que as lendas podem ser encenadas assim como contadas. Com base na obra semiótica de Ivo Osolsobě, Umberto Eco, Ludwig Wittgenstein e Bertrand Russell, eles propuseram cinco formas teoricamente possíveis de ostenção no folclore: ostenção, pseudo-ostenção, quase-ostenção, falsa ostenção e proto-ostenção.

Honraria e prêmios

 1968: American Philosophy Fellowship
 1970: Bolsa Guggenheim
 1971: Fellow da American Folklore Society
 1984: Bolsa de Pesquisa Fulbright na Alemanha
 1989: American Folklore Society: Prêmio de Reconhecimento do Centenário
 1990-91: Bolsa do Centro Nacional de Humanidades
 1991: Prêmio Hoosier Folklore Society Achievement
 1993: International Society for the Study of Contemporary Legend Outstanding Contribution Award
 1993: Folclore Fellows da Academia Finlandesa de Ciências, Helsinque, Finlândia
 1995: Sigillo D'Oro, Prêmio Pitrè-Salomone Marino, Palermo, Itália
 1995: Medalha Ortutay - Sociedade Etnográfica Húngara Budapeste
 2002: Prêmio de Folclore de Chicago da American Folklore Society for Legend and Belief: Dialética de um gênero de folclore
 2003: Melhor livro acadêmico para lenda e crença: dialética de um gênero folclórico
 2004: Lifetime Scholarly Achievement Award da American Folklore Society

Obras publicadas

Bibliografia

Professores da Universidade de Indiana
Mortos em 2014
Nascidos em 1920
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Linda Dégh