The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs are an Australian professional rugby league football club based in Belmore, a suburb in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney. They compete in the NRL Telstra Premiership, as well as competitions facilitated by the New South Wales Rugby League, including the Canterbury Cup NSW, the Jersey Flegg Cup, Harvey Norman Women's Premiership, Tarsha Gale Cup, S. G. Ball Cup and the Harold Matthews Cup.

The club was admitted to the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership, predecessor of the current NRL competition, in 1935. They won their first premiership in their fourth year of competition with another soon after, and after spending the 1950s and most of the 1960s on the lower rungs went through a very strong period in the 1980s, winning four premierships in that decade.

Known briefly in the 1990s as the Sydney Bulldogs, as a result of the Super League war the club competed in that competition in 1997 before changing their name to the geographically indistinct Bulldogs and continuing to play every season of the re-unified NRL, winning their most recent premiership in 2004. In 2012, Canterbury won the minor premiership, but lost to the Melbourne Storm 14–4 in the grand final. In 2014, they came from 7th to make the grand final against South Sydney, but lost 30–6. They are commonly referred to as Canterbury, the Bulldogs or just the Dogs.

History

In 1935—thirteen years after a meeting above "The Ideal Milk Bar" in Campsie led to the creation of the Canterbury-Bankstown Junior Rugby League—the Canterbury club was admitted into the elite New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership. It took the new club, nicknamed "Country Bumpkins" because of their rural recruiting and CB emblem, four years to win their first premiership in 1938. The grand final-winning effort was repeated in 1942 before a 38-year premiership drought.

In 1967, having ended the 11-year premiership reign of St. George by defeating them in the final, "The Berries" (as they were known at the time) lost to South Sydney in the grand final. But the return to the top end of the table set the scene for off-field restructuring that laid the foundations for the club to become one of the most consistent achievers in the remaining decades of the 20th century.

In 1978, Canterbury became known as "The Bulldogs". Nicknames such as "Cantabs" "CBs" and "Berries" were seen to be "soft" and the club wanted something to signify determination and grit. The new name and logo was purchased from a local Sydney Liquor Store owner Bill Caralis. A grand final appearance in 1979, followed by a grand final win in 1980 with a young, enthusiastic and free-running side dubbed "The Entertainers", was the beginning of a golden era that was to produce three more grand final wins in the 1980s: 1984, 1985 and 1988.

During the mid-1990s' Super League war, Canterbury aligned themselves with the Super League competition, playing in the 1997 premiership season. In 1998 the Bulldogs came close to adding another premiership trophy after qualifying for the grand final where they met the Brisbane Broncos and lost 38–12. On the way to the 1998 Grand Final, Canterbury had two come-from-behind wins. The first was against the Newcastle Knights in the third week of the finals—behind 16–0 in the second half, they fought back to 16 all at full time and went on to win in extra time. A week later they trailed arch rivals Parramatta in the preliminary final by 16 points with 9 minutes remaining. Three tries and a conversion from the sideline by Daryl Halligan in the final minutes got them back level at 18 all and send the game into extra-time. Canterbury eventually went on to win 32–20 in one of the greatest finals comebacks in the history of the game.

Following indifferent form in 1999, 2000 and 2001 where they had varying levels of success, the club was found to have systematically and deliberately breached the NRL salary cap in 2002 (for the 2001–02 seasons), and was penalised all 37 competition points which it had amassed up to that point for 2002. This resulted in the club falling from first to last place on the ladder, and at the end of the season the Bulldogs received their first "wooden spoon" (a reference to the club which finishes last in the competition) since 1964.

The Bulldogs returned to finals contention in 2003; however, they fell one step short of yet another grand final after losing to the Roosters 28–18 in the preliminary final.

The club went through some off-field dramas in 2004, the most serious of which included rape allegations during a pre-season match in Coffs Harbour. The team managed to focus on football and triumphed when they held out the Sydney Roosters 16–13 with a try-saving tackle by Andrew Ryan in the dying seconds of the 2004 Grand Final. The game was to be the last for departing captain Steve Price, but he missed the match due to a leg injury. Price is now taking over at the club as the General Manager of Football,  this position becoming effective in 2020 as he looks to turn the club's fortunes around to that of 2004.

2005 saw Canterbury-Bankstown unable to mount a serious defence of their premiership title as injuries and contract negotiations saw the year start and finish on a sour note for the club. Due to the extent of injuries suffered, the team was under-strength for most of the year. This took its toll in the final six weeks of the season, with the club suffering successive heavy losses and missing the finals series. In 2006, little was expected from the club after a poor 2005 season, but despite some doubt over the strength of their side, Canterbury's forward pack helped them to a better than expected result for the year, finishing a game short of the grand final, losing to eventual premiers the Brisbane Broncos. Inconsistency and a poor finish to the 2007 season meant Canterbury were knocked out of the finals in week two.

In 2008, having already lost Mark O'Meley to the Sydney Roosters, Willie Mason left the club. Further into the off-season Canterbury-Bankstown also lost halfback Brent Sherwin, and prospects for the 2008 NRL season began to look dim. Although they recorded at the start of the season a couple of victories, the injury toll and the departure Sonny Bill Williams mid-season demoralised the club and players, and the Canterbury-Bankstown club earned their second wooden spoon of the decade.

Another source of discontent in 2008 was the battle for election to the football club board. Many contenders believed that the board of the time was steering the club in the wrong direction, particularly then-CEO Malcolm Noad. New members were elected to the board early in 2008, and later in the season Noad resigned as CEO. His replacement as head of the football club was Todd Greenberg.

Greenberg's influence became apparent during the 2009 season. Premiership-winning coach Steve Folkes was replaced with his assistant Kevin Moore. The purchases of several key players, including former Melbourne and Cronulla playmaker Brett Kimmorley changed Canterbury from a poorly run and poorly performing club to one of the best clubs both on and off the field in 2009. Canterbury finished second in the regular season (losing the minor premiership to the St. George Illawarra Dragons due to a loss of two competition points for an interchange breach against Penrith in Round 2), and players and officials took out a number of Dally M awards. 2009 was also the final season for Hazem El Masri, who became the highest all-time pointscorer in Australian rugby league history with a penalty goal in the Bulldogs' Round 1 match against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles.

From 2010, Canterbury-Bankstown returned to the name Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. The Canterbury-Bankstown club celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010.

In the 2012 NRL season, Canterbury finished first on the competition ladder to take out their first minor premiership since 1994. They made it to the grand final, losing to Melbourne 14–4.

In May 2013, former Netball New Zealand chief executive Raelene Castle was appointed CEO, the first female in the NRL's history. They finished the regular season sixth on the ladder and bowed out in the semi-final.

In 2014, Canterbury-Bankstown made history by winning three consecutive games by one point, from Round 5 to Round 7. They finished runners up to South Sydney in the 2014 NRL Grand Final. Canterbury reached the grand final after winning three sudden death finals matches against Melbourne, Manly-Warringah and Penrith.

On 10 August 2017, Canterbury announced Rugby League World Cup CEO Andrew Hill as the replacement for outgoing boss Raelene Castle. On the appointment, chairman Ray Dib noted that "Andrew was appointed from a very strong list of candidates and has exceptional experience in the game of rugby league."

In September 2017, Canterbury announced that former premiership winning player Dean Pay would be the new coach at the club starting in 2018.

The 2018 NRL season started off badly for Canterbury with the club only winning 3 of its first 10 matches. In May 2018, the new Canterbury board admitted that they would not be able to make any major signings until the end of the 2021 season due to the salary cap drama engulfing the club. The issue with the salary cap problems involved the previous administration and former coach Des Hasler who signed numerous players on back ended deals. In the wake of the scandal, the club was forced to offload players to free up room in the cap. This resulted in Moses Mbye departing for the Wests Tigers and star recruit Aaron Woods being sold to Cronulla after only signing with Canterbury months prior. On 16 June 2018, Canterbury suffered a humiliating 32–10 loss to the Gold Coast Titans at Belmore, in the press conference coach Dean Pay said "Physically, we just weren't good enough. The way they turned up, the way they trained during the week wasn't good enough, I feel sorry for the fans".
On 20 July 2018, Canterbury played against arch rivals Parramatta in what the media had dubbed as the "Spoon Bowl" with both sides sitting at the bottom of the ladder. There were fears before the game that the match would attract the lowest NRL crowd in over 20 years. Parramatta went on to win the match 14–8.
After the defeat by Parramatta, Canterbury were facing the prospect of finishing with the wooden spoon for the first time since 2008 but over the coming four weeks the club managed to pull off upset wins against the Wests Tigers, the Brisbane Broncos and St. George to finish the season in 12th place. The lower grades of Canterbury performed better in 2018 with the club winning the Intrust Super Premiership defeating Newtown 18–12 in the final and also winning the NRL State Championship defeating Redcliffe 42–18.

Canterbury started off the 2019 NRL season losing their two first games in convincing fashion against the New Zealand Warriors and rivals Parramatta. Due to the bad start to the season, there were rumours that coach Dean Pay would be relieved of his duties but he was then granted a 12-month contract extension to remain as Canterbury coach until the end of 2020.

By the midway part of the 2019 season, Canterbury-Bankstown found themselves sitting last on the table and in real danger of finishing with the wooden spoon. However, for the third straight season, Canterbury achieved four upset victories in a row over Penrith, the Wests Tigers, South Sydney and Parramatta who were all competing for a place in the finals series and were higher on the table. Pay was credited with the late season revival as the side focused heavily on defence.

In the 2020 NRL season, Canterbury-Bankstown were defeated in both of their opening fixtures. The season was then temporarily postponed. Following the season resumption, they were defeated by Manly-Warringah at Central Coast Stadium. They then defeated the St George Illawarra Dragons 22–2 at Bankwest Stadium. After round 9, they have not won a game. They were defeated in round 9 by the Brisbane Broncos at Suncrop Stadium 26–8. The speculation that then Head Coach Dean Pay would be sacked grew. By Tuesday 14 July 2020, Canterbury-Bankstown released a statement saying that Pay had resigned from his position. In this statement, the club announced that Pay's assistant coach Steve Georgallis would take over the role. Following this, it was reported that Dean's other assistant, Steve Antonelli, also resigned from his position. The clubs Canterbury Cup NSW head coach Brad Henderson would fill in as Georgallis's assistant coach.

On Wednesday 22 July 2020, the club announced that they had secured the services of former Manly Warringah Sea Eagles head coach and current (at 22 July 2020) Penrith Panthers assistant coach, Trent Barrett to coach the club from the start of season 2021 on a three-year deal.

Canterbury finished the 2020 NRL season in 15th place on the table after a horror year on and off the field. Canterbury finished on equal points with Brisbane but avoided the wooden spoon due to a slightly better for and against record.

Canterbury started the 2021 NRL season poorly losing their opening three matches including being kept scoreless in round 2 & round 3 against Penrith and Brisbane respectively.  This was the first time in the club's history that this had occurred. In round 4 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury were defeated 38-0 by South Sydney in the traditional Good Friday game. Canterbury became only the second team in the NRL era to lose three straight games without scoring a point after Cronulla who achieved this in the 2014 NRL season.

It was also the worst start to a season by any team since Glebe in the 1928 NSWRFL season who managed to only score 12 points in their first four matches. On 30 June 2021, Canterbury were fined $50,000 by the NRL after failing to communicate the increased COVID restrictions to players. The incident was in relation to five Canterbury players visiting Sydney's Eastern Suburbs which was a COVID-19 hotspot.

In round 16 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury suffered their third heaviest defeat in club history losing 66–0 to Manly-Warringah at Western Sydney Stadium.

In round 22 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury were handed their sixth Wooden Spoon after losing 24–10 against the New Zealand Warriors.  Canterbury needed to win the match and their remaining three fixtures to avoid finishing last.

Despite a number of off-season recruits, Canterbury started the 2022 NRL season poorly winning only two of their first ten matches.  On 16 May 2022, Canterbury head coach Trent Barrett resigned from his position with the club sitting bottom of the table.
On 18 May 2022, Michael Potter was named as interim coach of the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs after the resignation of Barrett. Under Potter, the club won five of their last 14 matches to avoid the wooden spoon by finishing 12th.

In round 18 of the 2023 NRL season, Canterbury suffered their equal third worst loss as a club when they were defeated 66-0 by Newcastle.
Canterbury would finish the 2023 NRL season in 15th place. The club also finished with the worst for and against out of all 17 teams with a -331 points differential.

Name and emblem
The name and emblem of the club has changed several times over its history. At the club's foundation in 1935, it was known only as 'Canterbury-Bankstown', without an animal mascot. The nicknames 'Berries' and 'C-Bs' (or, derisively, 'Country Bumpkins') were often used informally, 'C-Bs' being used from the outset and 'Berries' coming into use by the mid-1940s. The club had been referred to as the 'Bulldogs' as early as 1977. In 1978, the Bulldog mascot and name was adopted, with the club becoming known as the 'Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs'. This was the name used throughout the team's 1980s glory era. In 1995 the club name was changed to 'Sydney Bulldogs', reflecting a similar change by Eastern Suburbs (to 'Sydney City Roosters'). The name changed again in 1996, returning to 'Canterbury Bulldogs' with 'Bankstown' omitted, and yet again in 2000, to the geographically indistinct 'Bulldogs'. Bob Hagan, the club boss at the time of the 2000 change, explained that the dropping of the name 'Canterbury' was intended to broaden the appeal of the club outside of its traditional supporter base, so that the club could attract a geographically diverse following like Manchester United or the Chicago Bulls. Despite the name change, some supporters, as well as many television and radio commentators, continued to refer to the club as 'Canterbury'. In the most recent change, board officials voted in late 2009 for the club to return to 'Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs' from the 2010 season onwards.

The initial crest was a 'C-B' in a shield. The adoption of the 'Bulldogs' name and mascot took place in 1978. There have been three main versions of the mascot logo. The first, which featured a snarling bulldog inside a circle, was replaced in 1998 by a more 'cartoonish' logo of a bulldog's head. In 2009, the club announced that the logo would be changing again, and asked members to vote on which of two similar proposed logos would be used from 2010. The rationale for the logo change was to celebrate the club's 75th anniversary in 2010 and to better reflect the club's "true essence and history". Two months later, the new design was unveiled, with the official change of logo taking place in November 2009. The current logo returns to the standing bulldog of the 1978–1997 logo, although it is no longer snarling. It also references elements of the club's history by incorporating the 'C-B' emblem, the club's year of foundation (1935), and the blue and white 'V' design which has featured on many of the club's jerseys over the years. The change of name from 'Bulldogs' to 'Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs' took place after the new logo was unveiled.

Colours
The Bulldogs have played in predominantly blue and white strip since the club entered the league in 1935. The only exception to this was during the Second World War, when rationing meant they had to wear a maroon jersey with a blue 'V'.

There have been four basic strip designs since the club's inception in the top-flight league competition:
 The irregular ("butcher stripes") stripes design – used from 1935 until 1962. This design had blue and white irregular stripes worn with black shorts. The irregular strip has been used recently in occasional 'heritage' matches (e.g. Heritage round in 2008 vs St. George Illawarra)
 Maroon with Blue V - used from 1943 until 1945 during the war. Due to the war effort, dye was in limited supply. Teams were asked to avoid stripes to conserve dye. This jersey design has been seen as 'unlucky' by fans.
 The 'V Strip' – used between 1963 and 1969, and revived in 1973. White shirt with blue V, blue shorts. The current "away" strip has blue shorts, but features a blue shirt with white V.
 Blue & White hoops - From 1970 to 1972, the club adopted a jersey featuring blue and white hoops. This reverted to the 'V Strip' from 1973 onwards.

Stadium

In their inaugural season, very few home matches were allocated to the Canterbury-Bankstown club. However, when the opportunity arose the club took their matches to either Marrickville or Pratten Park. From the following season, the club began to base itself at Belmore Sports Ground. The club had a long-time affinity with the ground and stayed there continuously until 1994.

In 1995 when the Super League War began to come about, the club changed its playing name to the "Sydney Bulldogs" in an attempt to broaden its fan base and played matches at Parramatta Stadium where spectator facilities were of a higher class. This move paid off with the club going on to become premiers that season. However, the club reverted its name to Canterbury for the 1996 season and once again played matches out of Belmore Sports Ground; something that lasted up until the inaugural National Rugby League season of 1998.

Once the new Stadium Australia had been finished and opened in preparation for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, the club began to play matches there between 1999 and 2000. From 2001 to 2005, the club then began to play matches out of the new Sydney Showground at Homebush Bay, with bigger matches played out of the then-Telstra Stadium from 2003. When fans began to complain about the poor quality of the Showground venue as a rugby league ground, the club eventually decided to move all future home matches to the Stadium, where the club remains. In 2008, Telstra Stadium became known as ANZ Stadium due to a naming rights change.

The club's training and administration offices remained at Belmore Sports Ground until the beginning of 2008, but were relocated to Sydney Olympic Park during the 2008 season. With the NSW Government committing to upgrading Belmore Sports Ground, the club administration and training has now been returned to the historical ground after a $9 million upgrade.

In 2015, the club played two home games at their traditional home ground Belmore Sports Ground as part of the club's 80th-anniversary celebrations. They have continued to play some games at Belmore every year since 2015. From 2019, the club started to schedule only one home fixture at Belmore Sports Ground. No game was held at Belmore in the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 season postponement and season rescheduling.

Supporters

The Bulldogs Army is the core supporter group for the Bulldogs, with the section they sit within known as 'The Kennel'. To be sitting in this section, supporters must become a member of the club itself and register any large flags and/or banners which are brought to the game. At all away games the Bulldogs Army locates themselves in the general admission section. The main aim of the Bulldogs Army is to show support and passion for the Bulldogs.

As the region's traditional local representatives, the Bulldogs predominantly draw on a support base in and around the districts of Canterbury and Bankstown in south-western Sydney, although in recent years club administration and home matches have relocated to Sydney Olympic Park. The Bulldogs are the most supported NRL club in regional NSW—over 25% of Bulldog fans are located in regional NSW, over 25% are located outside of NSW and over 10% are located in Queensland. The club has one of the highest average attendances in the league: over the 2010 season, it was one of only two clubs to record an average home crowd of more than 20,000.

The multicultural demographics of the suburbs in the club's support base, such as Lakemba, means the club has a large number of supporters from a range of non-Anglo ethnicities. In recent years the club has become particularly identified in the media with the Lebanese and the Greek community, particularly with the club's former star goalkicker Hazem El Masri, who migrated from Lebanon as a young child. The Greek community has a huge history of Greeks playing for the club dating back to the 1970s with club legend Dr George Peponis, who migrated from Greece as a very young child who captained the Bulldogs and Australia. El Masri retired at the end of the 2009 season.

Notable supporters

Rivalries

Parramatta Eels
The rivalry between the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and the Parramatta Eels is one of the fiercest in the NRL. The two clubs have been geographically close throughout their whole histories. In the 1980s, Canterbury and Parramatta both won four premierships each and met in two grand finals in 1984 and 1986.

In the 1990s, at the height of the super league war, Parramatta signed four of Canterbury's star players Jarrod McCracken, Dean Pay, Jim Dymock and Jason Smith which helped Parramatta reach the finals for the first time in eleven years, in the 1998 preliminary final, Parramatta were winning against Canterbury 18–2 with less than ten minutes to play when Canterbury staged one of the biggest finals comebacks defeating Parramatta 32–20 in extra time.

In the 2007 NRL season, the club's played each other in the elimination final at Telstra Stadium with Parramatta gaining revenge for the 1998 preliminary final as they defeated Canterbury 25–6.

In the 2009 NRL season, Parramatta defeated Canterbury in the preliminary final to cap off a remarkable run to the grand final. The crowd which attended the match was a non grand final record of 74,000 fans.

Speaking to the Herald Sun in 2007, former Canterbury-Bankstown player Craig Polla-Mounter described the rivalry between the two club's saying "I think the Parramatta and Canterbury fans can be the most unforgiving, especially when we play each other. I have no doubt it is the biggest rivalry in rugby league and part of the reason he didn't play again".  Polla-Mounter said this in reference to Parramatta player Paul Carige and his infamous performance in the 1998 preliminary final.

Speaking of the rivalry in 2015, former Canterbury player James Graham said "As soon as I came to this club, I was told that they were the closest club to us and that there was no love lost between players and fans". Andrew Ryan who played for both clubs said "Both clubs do speak about the rivalry, in the change room and leading into the clashes, they always want to get the wood on their rival, I went for Canterbury when I was a kid, but then got my first opportunity in first grade to play for Parramatta. They place a huge amount of emphasis on the game. I think I was one of the only players to go the other way, a lot of players who had played for the Bulldogs allayed first the Eels, not too many went the other way".

Sydney Roosters
The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs have a long-standing rivalry with fellow team the Sydney Roosters, Whilst both teams had crossed premiership paths in grand finals in four occasions. In 1938, Canterbury-Bankstown won their first premiership against the Eastern Suburbs as what they were known as back then winning 19–6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Two years later in 1940, the sides met again with the Easts winning the 1940 NSWRFL Grand Final 24–14. In 1980, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs broke a 38-year premiership drought defeating the Eastern Suburbs Roosters 18–4 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.

In 2002, the Sydney Roosters won the NRL premiership on the back of a 9-game winning streak. This was the same year the premiership favourite Canterbury were stripped of 37 points due to systematic breaches of the salary cap in 2001 and 2002, in 2003, the Roosters proved themselves worthy of defending premiers title when they defeated Canterbury in the preliminary final 28–18 in front of a sold out Aussie Stadium. In 2004, the Roosters defeated Canterbury 35–0 and fighting broke out in the stands during and after the game had been completed. While the Roosters finished the regular season with the minor premiership, Canterbury defeated them in the grand final 16–13 after trailing 13–6 at half time.

As of the 2021 NRL season, the last time the two clubs met in a finals game was the 2015 Elimination Final which the Roosters won 38–12 at the Sydney Football Stadium.

St. George Illawarra Dragons
The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs have a fierce rivalry with their neighbour the St. George Illawarra Dragons. Canterbury-Bankstown were founded in 1935, fourteen years after St. George Dragons, St. George inflicted a premiership record 91–6 victory over Canterbury in 1935 but Canterbury enjoyed premiership success first in 1938 and St. George in 1942. In the 1942 NSWRFL season, the two clubs met in the Grand Final with Canterbury-Bankstown defeating St. George 11–9 in a low-scoring affair at the Sydney Cricket Ground. After that however, St. George recorded eleven straight premierships in the years following 1955–1966. It was also Canterbury who put an end to their Premiership run in 1967, when they beat them by a point in the preliminary final to face South Sydney in the grand final. Since then, both clubs inflicted Premiership defeats on the other, with the St. George Dragons defeating the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in their last grand final success in 1979, the Bulldogs returned the favour in 1985.

The two teams subsequently met in the 1993 preliminary final which St. George defeated Canterbury 27–12. They would meet again in the 1995 and 1998 finals series with Canterbury running out winners on both occasions. The elimination final in 1998 was also St. George's last game as a stand-alone entity as the club elected to form a joint venture with Illawarra for the 1999 NRL season. Biggest loss 6–91 (85 pts) – 11 May 1935 – vs. St George.

South Sydney Rabbitohs

Souths and Canterbury-Bankstown have played each other every Good Friday since 2012. They met in the 1967 NSWRFL Grand Final with South Sydney winning 12–10. However, the competitive nature intensified when they met in the 2014 NRL Grand Final where Souths won 30–6 to claim their first premiership since 1971.

During their Good Friday clash in 2015, this game was labelled "Bad Friday" for its controversy, as South Sydney won 18–17 thanks to a late penalty goal. Canterbury fans were angry about the match officials decision and attacked the match officials when they walked off the field, throwing bottles at them, even causing one of them to slip over. Some fans were given lifetime bans for throwing bottles at the match officials.

In round 4 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury were defeated 38–0 by South Sydney in the traditional Good Friday game. Canterbury became only the second team in the NRL era to lose three straight games without scoring a point after Cronulla who achieved this in the 2014 NRL season. It was also the worst start to a season by any team since Glebe in the 1928 NSWRFL season who managed to only score 12 points in their first four matches. In round 6 of the 2023 NRL season, South Sydney recorded the most amount of points scored by a winning team in the Good Friday game as they defeated Canterbury 50–16.

Canterbury League Club
The Canterbury League Club is the licensed club of the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. Canterbury League Club first opened its doors for trade in September 1956 to service the needs of the football club and local community. The Salvation Army Hall became the first venue of the Canterbury League Club. Sixty people would fill the venue on a busy night.

In the first two years of trade the club was outgrowing itself and in 1960 the Club moved its premises to Bridge St which allowed the League Club to grow as well as cater for patron parking.

During the 1990s Canterbury managed one of the most successful league clubs in NSW and was quickly becoming known as one of the most progressive leisure facilities in Australia. With trade booming and patronage at an all-time high, the Club extended its trading to 24-hour trading.

In 2000, the Board had approved major renovations. The renovations started in 2000 and in 2002 the Banyan Brasserie, Dynasty Restaurant, new foyer, level 1 and health club were opened to the public.

The club also amalgamated with Lakemba Services Memorial Club (2008) & Belfield RSL (2013).

Canterbury League Club has since become one of Sydney's premier hospitality destinations with 5-star amenities including three restaurants, two coffee shops, multiple bars and entertainment lounges and a 24-hour health club.

Statistics and records

Hazem El Masri holds the NRL record for the most games played for the club, having made 317 appearances in total.

Hazem El Masri also holds records for the most points scored, the most tries scored and the most points scored for the Bulldogs. Since his debut in 1996, he has scored a total of 2,418 points—which was also a competition record for Rugby League in Australia until 2019. Former player Daryl Halligan, who retired with the club in 2000, had previously held the competition record for most points scored with 2,034, which included points scored whilst at his former club the North Sydney Bears.

The club's largest win occurred in 1995 when they played as the "Sydney Bulldogs." In a match against the newly formed North Queensland Cowboys, the Bulldogs won 66–4. In the club's first season in 1935 they were subject to the two heaviest defeats in competition history two weeks in succession. Firstly, they lost to St. George 91–6 and the following week to Eastern Suburbs 87–7. However, despite these big losses, the club was able to secure their first premiership three years later in 1938 in the Grand Final against Eastern Suburbs; at the same time setting the record for becoming the quickest non-foundation club to win a title. This record was not broken until 1999.

In 2002, the club won 17 matches in a row after getting beaten by the New Zealand Warriors; falling just two short of the record set by the Eastern Suburbs team of 1975.

In round 7 of the 2014 season, after beating the South Sydney Rabbitohs 15–14, Canterbury became the first club to win three consecutive matches by one point. They went on to be runners up to South Sydney in the grand final.

Canterbury are the only team in NSWRL/NRL history to win a premiership and then finish with back to back wooden spoon's. In 1942, Canterbury won their second premiership defeating St. George in the grand final but then finished last in 1943 and 1944. Canterbury also endured one of the longest premiership droughts in the competitions history with the club not winning a title between 1942 and 1980 which totalled 38 years.

Season summaries

|+ P=Premiers, R=Runner-Ups, M=Minor Premierships, F=Finals Appearance, W=Wooden Spoons  (brackets represent finals games)
|-
! Competition !! GamesPlayed !! GamesWon !! GamesDrawn !! GamesLost !! LadderPosition !! style="width:2%;"|P !! style="width:2%;"|R !! style="width:2%;"|M !! style="width:2%;"|F !! style="width:2%;"|W !! Coach!! style="width:16%;"|Captain!! Details
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1935 NSWRFL season || 16 || 2 || 0 || 14 || 8 / 9 || || || || || || Tedda Courtney || Jack Morrison / Tom Carey  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1935
|-
| 1936 NSWRFL season || 14 (1) || 9 || 2 || 3 (1) || 3 / 9 || || || ||   || || Frank Burge || rowspan="4" | Alan Brady || Canterbury-Bankstown 1936
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1937 NSWRFL season || 8 || 4 || 0 || 4 || 5 / 9 || || || || || || George Mason || Canterbury-Bankstown 1937
|-
| 1938 NSWRFL season || 14 (2) || 12 (2) || 2 || 1 || 1 / 8 ||  || ||  ||  || || Jimmy Craig || Canterbury-Bankstown 1938
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1939 NSWRFL season || 14 (1) || 10 || 0 || 4 || 3 / 8 || || || ||  || || Jerry Brien || Canterbury-Bankstown 1939
|-
| 1940 NSWRFL season || 14 (2) || 8 (1) || 0 || 6 (1) || 4 / 8 || ||  || ||  || || Alan Brady  || Alan Brady / Jack Bonnyman  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1940
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1941 NSWRFL season || 14 (1) || 9 || 0 || 5 (1) || 3 / 8 || || ||||  || || Ron Bailey || rowspan="2"| Ron Bailey || Canterbury-Bankstown 1941
|-
| 1942 NSWRFL season || 14 (2) || 10 (1) || 0 || 4 (1) || 1 / 8 ||   || ||  ||  || ||Jerry Brien || Canterbury-Bankstown 1942
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1943 NSWRFL season || 14 || 3 || 0 || 11 || 8 / 8 || || || || ||  || Roy Kirkaldy || Roy Kirkaldy || Canterbury-Bankstown 1943
|-
| 1944 NSWRFL season || 14 || 3 || 1 || 10 || 8 / 8 || || || || ||   ||  Ron Bailey/ Cec Fifield || Ron Bailey || Canterbury-Bankstown 1944
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1945 NSWRFL season || 14 || 4 || 1 || 9 || 6 / 8 || || || || || || Bill Kelly  || George Kilham  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1945
|-
| 1946 NSWRFL season || 14 (2) || 8 (1) || 1 || 5 (1) || 4 / 8 || || || || || ||  rowspan="2"| Ross McKinnon || Ron Bailey || Canterbury-Bankstown 1946
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1947 NSWRFL season || 18 (3) || 13 (1) || 1 || 4 (2) || 1 / 10 || ||  ||  ||  || || rowspan="2"  | Henry Porter || Canterbury-Bankstown 1947
|-
| 1948 NSWRFL season || 18 || 7 || 2 || 9 || 5 / 10 || || || || || || Arthur Halloway  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1948
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1949 NSWRFL season || 18 || 6 || 2 || 10 || 7 / 10 || || || || || || Henry Porter  || Bruce Hopkins  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1949
|-
| 1950 NSWRFL season || 18|| 9 || 0 || 9 || 6 / 10 || || || || || || Alby Why  || Eddie Burns ||  Canterbury-Bankstown 1950
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1951 NSWRFL season || 18 || 7 || 0 || 11 || 7 / 10 || || || || || ||  Vic Bulgin / Alby Why  ||  Vic Bulgin || Canterbury-Bankstown 1951
|-
| 1952 NSWRFL season || 18 || 5 || 1 || 12 || 9 / 10 || || || || || || Alby Why || Ken Charlton || Canterbury-Bankstown 1952
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1953 NSWRFL season || 18 || 9 || 2|| 7 || 6 / 10 || || || || || || rowspan="2" |  Jack Hampstead  || Cec Cooper  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1953
|-
| 1954 NSWRFL season || 18 || 4 || 0 || 14 || 8 / 10 || || || || || || Leo Trevena || Canterbury-Bankstown 1954
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1955 NSWRFL season || 18 || 4 || 0 || 14 || 9 / 10 || || || || || || rowspan="2" |  Vic Hey  || Ray Gartner  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1955
|-
| 1956 NSWRFL season || 18 || 6 || 0 || 12 || 7 / 10 || || || || || ||  rowspan="2"| Col Geelan || Canterbury-Bankstown 1956
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1957 NSWRFL season || 18 || 3 || 1 || 14 || 9 / 10 || || || || || || Col Geelan  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1957
|-
| 1958 NSWRFL season || 18 || 4 || 1 || 13 || 9 / 10 || || || || || || rowspan="2" |  Cec Cooper  || Ray Gartner  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1958
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1959 NSWRFL season || 18 || 5 || 1 || 12 || 9 / 10 || || || || || || rowspan="2" | Brian Davies || Canterbury-Bankstown 1959
|-
| 1960 NSWRFL season || 18 (2) || 11 (0) || 0 || 7 (2) || 5 / 10 || || || ||  || || rowspan="3" | Eddie Burns || Canterbury-Bankstown 1960
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1961 NSWRFL season || 18 || 6 || 1 || 11 || 8 / 10 || || || || || || Ray Gartner  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1961
|-
| 1962 NSWRFL season || 18 || 7 || 2 || 9 || 6 / 10 || || || || || || Ray Beavan / Brian Davies  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1962
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1963 NSWRFL season || 18 || 6 || 1 || 11 || 8 / 10 || || || || || || rowspan="2" |  Clive Churchill  || Ray Gartner  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1963
|-
| 1964 NSWRFL season || 18 || 1 || 1 || 16 || 10 / 10 || || || || ||   ||  Les Johns || Canterbury-Bankstown 1964
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1965 NSWRFL season || 18 || 5 || 0 || 13 || 9 / 10 || || || || || || Eddie Burns || Leo Toohey  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1965
|-
| 1966 NSWRFL season || 18 || 8 || 0 || 10 || 8 / 10 || || || || || || Roger Pearman  || Roger Pearman / George Taylforth  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1966
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1967 NSWRFL season || 22 (3) || 14 (2) || 1 || 7 (1) || 3 / 12 || ||   || ||   || ||  rowspan="4" | Kevin Ryan ||  rowspan="3" | Kevin Ryan  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1967
|-
| 1968 NSWRFL season || 22 || 9 || 1 || 12 || 9 / 12 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown 1968
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1969 NSWRFL season || 22 || 10 || 0 || 12 || 8 / 12 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown 1969
|-
| 1970 NSWRFL season || 22 (1) || 14 (0) || 0 || 8 (1) || 4 / 12 || || || ||   || ||  Ron Raper  || Canterbury-Bankstown 1970
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1971 NSWRFL season || 22 || 11 || 0 || 11 || 6 / 12 || || || || || || rowspan="2" |  Bob Hagan || rowspan="2" |  Johnny Greaves  ||  Canterbury-Bankstown 1971
|-
| 1972 NSWRFL season || 22 || 12 || 0 || 10 || 6 / 12 || || || || || ||  Canterbury-Bankstown 1972
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1973 NSWRFL season || 22 (1) || 12 (0) || 1 || 10 (1) || 5 / 12 || || || ||   || || rowspan="5" |  Malcolm Clift  || Geoff Conell  ||  Canterbury-Bankstown 1973
|-
| 1974 NSWRFL season || 22 (3) || 13 (2) || 0 || 9 (1) || 3 / 12 || ||   || ||   || ||  John McDonell  ||  Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1974
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1975 NSWRFL season || 22 (1) || 11 (0) || 0 || 9 (1) || 4 / 12 || || || ||   || || Tim Pickup  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1975
|-
| 1976 NSWRFL season || 22 (3) || 12 (2) || 3 || 7 (1) || 5 / 12 || || || ||   || ||   rowspan="2" |  Bob McCarthy  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1976
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1977 NSWRFL season || 22 || 10 || 1 || 11 || 7 / 12 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1977
|-
| 1978 NSWRFL season || 22 (1) || 13 (0) || 2 || 7 (1) || 5 / 12 || || || ||  || || rowspan="6" |  Ted Glossop ||  rowspan="5" |  George Peponis  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1978
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1979 NSWRFL season || 22 (4) || 13 (3) || 0 || 9 (1) || 5 / 12 || ||  || ||  || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1979
|-
| 1980 NSWRFL season || 22 (3) || 15 (3) || 0 || 7 (0) || 2 / 12 ||  || || ||  || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1980
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1981 NSWRFL season || 22 || 8 || 0 || 14 || 10 / 12 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1981
|-
| 1982 NSWRFL season || 26 || 12 || 3 || 11 || 9 / 14 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1982
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1983 NSWRFL season || 26 (3) || 18 (1) || 0 || 8 (2) || 3 / 14 || || || ||  || || Chris Anderson  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1983
|-
| 1984 NSWRL season || 24 (2) || 19 (2) || 0 || 5 (0) || 1 / 13 ||  || ||  ||  || || rowspan="4" | Warren Ryan ||   rowspan="4" | Steve Mortimer  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1984
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1985 NSWRL season || 24 (4) || 16 (3) || 2 || 6 (1) || 3 / 13 ||  || || ||  || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1985
|-
| 1986 NSWRL season || 24 (4) || 15 (2) || 1 || 8 (2) || 3 / 13 || ||  || ||  || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1986
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1987 NSWRL season || 24 || 13 || 0 || 11 || 6 / 13 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1987
|-
| 1988 NSWRL season || 22 (3) || 16 (3) || 0 || 6 (0) || 2 / 16 ||   || || ||  || ||rowspan="2" |  Phil Gould  ||  rowspan="2" |  Peter Tunks  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1988
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1989 NSWRL season || 22 || 10 || 2 || 10 || 9 / 16 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1989
|-
| 1990 NSWRL season || 22 || 12 || 1 || 9 || 7 / 16 || || || || || || rowspan="8" |  Chris Anderson ||  rowspan="6" |  Terry Lamb  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1990
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1991 NSWRL season || 22 (1) || 13 (0) || 1 || 8 (1) || 5 / 16 || || || ||   || ||  Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1991
|-
| 1992 NSWRL season || 22 || 10 || 2 || 10 || 7 / 16 || || || || || ||  Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1992
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1993 NSWRL season || 22 (2) || 17 (0) || 0 || 5 (2) || 1 / 16 || || ||  ||   || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1993
|-
| 1994 NSWRL season || 22 (2) || 18 (1) || 0 || 4 (1) || 1 / 16 || ||  ||   ||   || ||  Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1994
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1995 ARL season || 22 (4) || 14 (4) || 0 || 8 (0) || 6 / 20 ||   || || ||  || || Sydney Bulldogs 1995
|-
| 1996 ARL season || 21 || 11 || 0 || 10 || 10 / 20 || || || || || ||  rowspan="2" |  Simon Gillies  || Sydney Bulldogs 1996
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1997 SL season || 18 (1) || 10 (0) || 0 || 8 (1) || 4 / 10 || || || ||   || ||  Canterbury Bulldogs 1997
|-
| 1998 NRL season || 24 (5) || 13 (4) || 0 || 11 (1) || 9 / 20 || ||   || ||   || || rowspan="11" |  Steve Folkes  || rowspan="4"  | Darren Britt  || Canterbury Bulldogs 1998
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 1999 NRL season || 24 (2) || 15 (1) || 1 || 8 (1) || 5 / 17 || || || ||   || ||  Canterbury Bulldogs 1999
|-
| 2000 NRL season || 26 || 10 || 1 || 15 || 11 / 14 || || || || || ||  Bulldogs 2000
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2001 NRL season || 26 (2) || 17 (0) || 3 || 6 (2) || 2 / 14 || || || ||   || ||  Bulldogs 2001
|-
| 2002 NRL season || 24 || 20 || 1 || 3 || 15 / 15 || || || || ||   ||  rowspan="3" |  Steven Price  || Bulldogs 2002
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2003 NRL season || 24 || 16 (1) || 0 || 8 (2) || 3 / 15 || || || ||   || || style="text-align: center;" |   Bulldogs 2003
|-
| 2004 NRL season || 24 (4) || 19 (3) || 0 || 5 (1) || 2 / 15 ||   || || || style="text-align: center;" |  || ||  Bulldogs 2004
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2005 NRL season || 24 || 9 || 1 || 14 || 12 / 15 || || || || || ||   rowspan="7" |  Andrew Ryan  || Bulldogs 2005
|-
| 2006 NRL season || 24 (2) || 16 (1) || 0 || 8 (1) || 2 / 15 || || || ||  || || Bulldogs 2006
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2007 NRL season || 24 (2) || 12 (0) || 0 || 12 (2) || 6 / 16 || || || ||   || || Bulldogs 2007
|-
|  2008 NRL season || 24 || 5 || 0 || 19 || 16 / 16 || || || || ||  || Bulldogs 2008
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2009 NRL season || 24 (2) || 18 (1) || 0 || 6 (1) || 2 / 16 || || || ||   || || rowspan="2" |  Kevin Moore  || Bulldogs 2009
|-
| 2010 NRL season || 24 || 9 || 0 || 15 || 13 / 16 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2010
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2011 NRL season || 24 || 12 || 0 || 12 || 9 / 16 || || || || || || Kevin Moore/ Jim Dymock ||  Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2011
|-
| 2012 NRL season || 24 (3) || 18 (2) || 0 || 6 (1) || 1 / 16 || ||   ||   ||   || ||  rowspan="6" | Des Hasler  || rowspan="2" |  Michael Ennis  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2012
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2013 NRL season || 24 (1) || 13 (0) || 0 || 11 (1) || 6 / 16 || || || ||  || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2013
|-
| 2014 NRL season || 24 (4) || 13 (3) || 0 || 11 (1) || 7 / 16 || ||   || ||  || || Michael Ennis and Frank Pritchard  || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2014
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2015 NRL season || 24 (2) || 14 (1) || 0 || 10 (1) || 5 / 16 || || || ||   || ||  rowspan="3" | James Graham || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2015
|-
| 2016 NRL season || 24 (1) || 14 (0) || 0 || 10 (1) || 7 / 16 || || || ||   || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2016
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2017 NRL season || 24 || 10 || 0 || 14 || 11 / 16 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2017
|-
| 2018 NRL season || 24 || 8 || 0 || 16 || 12 / 16 || || || || || ||  rowspan="2" |  Dean Pay  || rowspan="5" |  Josh Jackson || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2018
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2019 NRL season || 24 || 10 || 0 || 14 || 12 / 16 || || || || || || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2019
|-
| 2020 NRL season || 20 || 3 || 0 || 17 || 15 / 16 || || || || || || Dean Pay / Steve Georgallis || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2020
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2021 NRL season || 24 || 3 || 0 || 21 || 16 / 16 || || || || ||   || Trent Barrett || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2021
|-
| 2022 NRL season || 24 || 7 || 0 || 17 || 12 / 16 || || || || || || Trent Barrett / Michael Potter || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2022
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| 2023 NRL season || 24 || 7 || 0 || 17 || 15 / 17 || || || || || || Cameron Ciraldo || Raymond Faitala-Mariner    Matt Burton and  Reed Mahoney   || Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 2023
|}

Players

2024 Squad

Hall of Fame
On 1 August 2015, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs announced the first five inductees into the Hall of Fame to celebrate their 80th anniversary.

Notable players
On 1 August 2015, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs announced a "Team of the Decade" to celebrate their 80th anniversary.

Honours

 New South Wales Rugby League, Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League premiers: 8
 1938, 1942, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1995, 2004
 New South Wales Rugby League, Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League runners-up: 10
 1940, 1947, 1967, 1974, 1979, 1986, 1994, 1998, 2012, 2014
 New South Wales Rugby League, Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League minor premierships: 7
 1938, 1942, 1947, 1984, 1993, 1994, 2012

Reserve/Pre-season Representative Honours
 New South Wales Rugby League Club Championships: 7
 1938, 1939, 1993, 1994, 2009, 2010, 2011
 Pre-Season Cup titles: 2
 1962, 1970
 Inter-City titles: 1
 1939
 NRL State Championship: 1
 2018

Junior Representative Honours:

 Jersey Flegg Premiers: 10
1963, 1971, 1976, 1979, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2023

(Record - Most Jersey Flegg Titles)

 SG Ball Premiers: 3
1972, 1978, 2009

 Harold Matthews Premiers: 4
2007, 2009, 2011, 2023

Canterbury-Bankstown District Juniors

Current Canterbury-Bankstown junior clubs are:

  Bankstown Bulls
  Bankstown Sports
  Berala Bears
  Chester Hill Hornets
  East Hills Bulldogs
  Greenacre Tigers
  Milperra Colts
  Moorebank Rams
  Revesby Heights Rhinos
  St Christophers
  St George Dragons
  St Johns Eagles

In 1908 and 1909 the only districts with Junior Leagues were South Sydney and Balmain. The first clubs from the Canterbury district to participate in rugby league were Belmore in the NSWRL 2nd grade competition, and Campsie Triers in the Western Suburbs A Grade. When the St George JRL was established in 1911, Canterbury clubs were allocated to this competition. In 1922 the Canterbury JRL was established and Campsie Iona with 17 points edged out Wattle Hill 16 for the A Grade title, Lakemba won B Grade and Wattle Hill the C Grade. Campsie Iona repeated their A grade success in 1923, 1924 and 1925 before Belmore stopped their run in 1926.

Footnotes

References
 Blaschke B (2008). Steve Price – Be Your Best. Hachette Australia Publishing.
 Woods B (2007). El Magic – The Life of Hazem El Masri. Harper Collins Publishing.
 Andrews M (2006). The ABC of Rugby League. ABC Publishing.
 Whiticker A & Hudson G (2005). Canterbury Bulldogs – The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players. Bas Publishing.
 Whittaker A & Collis I (2004). The History of Rugby League Clubs.
 Lane D (1996). A Family Betrayal – One Man's Super League War – Jarrod McCracken. Ironbark Publishing.
 Chesterton R (1996). Good as Gould – Phil Gould's Stormy Life in Football. Ironbark Publishing.
 Lester G (1991). The Bulldog Story.  Publishing.
 Whiticker A (1992). The Terry Lamb Story. Gary Allen Publishing.
 Tasker N (1988). Top-Dog – The Steve Mortimer Story. Century Hutchinson Publishing.
 Lester G (1985). Berries to Bulldogs. Lester – Townsend Publishing.
 NRL Official Information Handbook (2001–2010). Season Guide.
 Middleton D (1987–2009). The Official NSWRL, ARL, NRL Yearbook / Annual.
 Christensen EE (1946–1977). NSWRL Yearbook.
 Rugby League Review (2003–2010).
 Big League (1974–2010).
 Rugby League Week (1970–2010).
 The Rugby League News.

External links

 Official Canterbury-Bankstown District Junior League
 Bulldogs Statistics
 Back to Belmore – The Official Campaign
 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs contracted players
 Bulldogs Army
 Canterbury Bulldogs results - Latest scores for Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs

City of Canterbury-Bankstown
National Rugby League clubs
Rugby league teams in Sydney
Rugby clubs established in 1935
Fan-owned football clubs

Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs


An Nidularium apiculatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Nidularium apiculatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nidularium, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 N. a. apiculatum
 N. a. serrulatum

Mga kasarigan

Nidularium

Nidularium apiculatum


Gökçeler, Seyhan - Adana ili Seyhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, İvrindi - Balıkesir ili İvrindi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Gölpazarı - Bilecik ili Gölpazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Harmancık - Bursa ili Harmancık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Çerkeş - Çankırı ili Çerkeş ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökçeler, Tavas - Denizli ili Tavas ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Şiran - Gümüşhane ili Şiran ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökçeler, Cide - Kastamonu ili Cide ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökçeler, Altıntaş - Kütahya ili Altıntaş ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökçeler, Simav - Kütahya ili Simav ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökçeler, Akhisar - Manisa ili Akhisar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Yunusemre - Manisa ili Yunusemre ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Akyazı - Sakarya ili Akyazı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Düzköy - Trabzon ili Düzköy ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Gökçeler, Çaycuma - Zonguldak ili Çaycuma ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gökçeler, İzmit - Kocaeli ili İzmit ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Gökçeler


Jürgen Dönges, auch bekannt unter dem Künstlernamen Jean-Pierre Valance, (* Mai 1956; † 11. April 2012 in Morsbach) war ein deutscher Schlagerkomponist.

Dönges, in Morsbach wohnhafter gelernter Koch, der zuvor als solcher unter anderem bei der Bundeswehr in Siegen angestellt war, wirkte sowohl als Texter als auch als Komponist für Künstler wie Wolfgang Petry, Bernhard Brink, Jürgen Drews, Wencke Myhre und DJ BoBo. 1981 erschien seine erste und einzige Veröffentlichung unter eigenem Namen, "Ich bin ein deutsches Kindchen" auf dem Düsseldorfer Punklabel Pure Freude. 1983 erschien die Version der Bläck Fööss von diesem Titel.

Aus seiner Feder stammten zudem unter anderem die Lieder Irgendwann, irgendwo, irgendwie (Interpret: Jürgen Drews), "Verlieben, verloren, vergessen, verzeih'n", "Bronze, Silber und Gold" und  "Weiß der Geier" (Interpret: jeweils Wolfgang Petry).

Dönges wurde für seine Werke mit diversen Goldenen sowie Platin- und Doppelplatin-Schallplatten ausgezeichnet.

Er schied durch Freitod aus dem Leben. Sein Onkel ist der Roman- und Drehbuchautor Günter Dönges.

Weblinks

 Jürgen Dönges ist tot in Kölnische Rundschau vom 14. April 2012, abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2016

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Deutschland)
Komponist (Schlager)
Deutscher
Geboren 1956
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Jürgen Dönges


Glenea viridescens é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Maurice Pic em 1927. É conhecida a sua existência no Vietname.

Variedades
 Glenea viridescens var. bialbopunctata Breuning, 1956
 Glenea viridescens var. coeruleosuturalis Breuning, 1956

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

viridescens
Coleópteros descritos em 1927

Glenea viridescens


Henrique Pacheco Lima (født 16. maj 1985) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Henrique Pacheco Lima


Karaçal, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Yozgat'ın Çekerek ilçesine bağlıyken, 21 Ekim 1961'de Çorum'un Alaca ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 80 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Karaçal, Alaca


Minunea este un film românesc din 2017 regizat de Titus Mesaroș.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2017 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2017
Filme dramatice românești

Minunea


X19 ou X-19 peut faire référence à :
 Contact avec des sources de chaleur et des substances brûlantes, autres et sans précision, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 Curtiss-Wright X-19, un avion expérimental américain ;
 , un modèle d'automobile.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

X19


Max Lesmüller (* 27. April 1874 in München; † 29. Januar 1952 ebenda) war ein deutscher Apotheker.

Leben
Lesmüller war der Enkel des Apothekers Johann Gregor Lesmüller (1791–1841), dem Besitzer der noch heute existierenden Engel-Apotheke in München. Seine Mutter war Theresia Lesmüller, geborene Mayerle. Er besuchte das Ludwigsgymnasium und absolvierte ein Praktikum an der königlichen Hofapotheke unter Max Pettenkofer. Er studierte an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München und legte 1900 das Staatsexamen ab. 1902 übernahm er die väterliche Apotheke zunächst als Pächter, er kaufte sie 1907. Im Ersten Weltkrieg diente er als Stabsapotheker und war Vorstand des Sanitätskorps des I. Königlich Bayerischen Armee-Korps. Lesmüller übernahm ab 1905 Funktionen in den Apotheker-Standesvertretungen. So wurde er 1932 Präsident der Bayerischen Landes-Apothekerkammer, deren Vizepräsidentschaft er seit 1928 innegehabt hatte. 1933 wurde er als Präsident abgesetzt. Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde er von der US-amerikanischen Besatzung kommissarisch wieder in das Amt eingesetzt. 1948 wurde unter seiner Leitung die "Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Apothekerkammern des Vereinigten Wirtschaftsgebiets" gegründet. Er war zudem Vorsitzender des Verwaltungsrats des Deutschen Apothekenmuseums in Heidelberg. Mit 78 Jahren gestorben, wurde Lesmüller auf dem Waldfriedhof (München) beigesetzt. Die Engel-Apotheke übergab er 1948 an seinen Neffen und Adoptivsohn August Lesmüller. Dessen Ehefrau Anni Lesmüller, ehemalige Schulleiterin des Städtischen Luisengymnasiums,  gründete 1997 die Dr. August und Dr. Anni Lesmüller-Stiftung zur Förderung der pharmazeutischen Wissenschaften.

Ehrungen
 Lesmüller wurde mit dem Titel "Pharmazierat" auf Lebenszeit ausgezeichnet.
 1949 stiftete die Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Apotherkammern des Vereinigten Wirtschaftsgebietes aus Anlass von Lesmüllers 75. Geburtstag die Lesmüller-Medaille, die inzwischen von der Bundesapothekerkammer während des Deutschen Apothekertags verliehen wird. Lesmüller war der erste Inhaber der Medaille.
 An bayerische Apotheker wird der "Lesmüller-Ring" verliehen.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Apotheker (20. Jahrhundert)
Person (Apothekerkammer)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Person (München)
Deutscher
Geboren 1874
Gestorben 1952
Mann

Max Lesmüller


Jedi, Yıldız Savaşları filmlerinde, barışın koruyucuları olarak adlandırılan kurgusal gruptur.

Kökenleri çok eskiye dayansa da binlerce nesilden sonra Galaktik Cumhuriyet'in koruyucu ve savaşçıları haline gelmişlerdir. Jedi'lar, Coruscant adlı Galaktik Cumhuriyet'in başkentinde yer alan Jedi Tapınağı'nda eğitilip, Güç adı verilen bir metafizik kuvveti kullanmayı öğrenirler. Temel silahları ışın kılıcıdır.

Jedi kelimesinin olası etimolojisi: jedi kurgusal bir kelime olsa da bu kelimenin temsil ettiği kişilerin ışın kılıcı kullanlanıyorlar olması ve  bu ışın kılıçlarının parlaklığı ve keskinliğinin olmasıyla benzer özellikliklere sahip  tarihsel olarak neolitik sonlarına doğru ticaretine başlanan parlak turkuaz rengi, keskin   özellikleri olan  ve ya da taşı, yeşim taşı jade,  jat, jasper adlarla anılan bu taş cinsinde   esinlendiği görülebilir. Ayırca Jedi/jeday  aynı isim etimolojik olarak da ve teknik olarak aynı Jedi ile olduğu görülmektedir .   ayrıca Jade taşının çıkarıldığı Doğu Türkistan'a yakın bir bölge olan Kuzey Hindistan'da 'Jat' adında bir halk da bulunmaktadır jat people .

Jedi olmak
Jedi olmak için en çok zeka ve derin bir bağlılık gereklidir. Güce duyarlı olmak için gerekli olan bir başka özellik de midi-kloryan seviyesinin yüksekliğidir. Bu konuda yetenekli olduğu keşfedilenler doğumundan hemen sonra veya doğum üzerinden fazla zaman geçmeden Coruscant'daki Konsey merkezinin bulunduğu Jedi Tapınağı'nda eğitime alınır. Jedi hayatı günümüzdeki manastır hayatına benzer olup, kişinin kendini bu amaç uğruna feda etmesi ve her şeyden vazgeçmesidir.

Jedi Tapınağı
Jedi Tapınağı, Yıldız Savaşları bilimkurgu serisinde geçen hayali bir yapıdır. Coruscant, galaktik şehrinin yapılarının 1 km üzerinde yüksekliğe yerleştirilmiş çok büyük bir yapıdır. Jedi tapınağı eski cumhuriyette bulunan müthiş bilgiyle dolu bir yerdir. Usta jediler padawanlarını burada eğitirlerdi. Cumhuriyete klon ordusu yapıldıktan sonra Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) önderliğinde jedi tapınağı saldırıya uğrayınca çöküp harabe olmuştur. imparatorluk jedi tapınağındaki bilgileri alıp jedi tapınağını çökertme kararı almıştır.

Hiyerarşik düzen yapısı

Jedi şövalyelerinin eğitim ve sınıflandırmasını oluşturan hiyerarşik yapı kabaca şu şekildedir:

Başlangıç
Başlangıç aşamasında, (çocukluk çağında) çocuktaki "Güç" potansiyeline bakılır. Aday çok erken yaşlarda, Jedi eğitimine başlamak üzere evinden ayrılır. Eğer bu çağdaki bir çırak, 13 yaşına gelene dek bir Jedi Şövalyesi tarafından "Padawan" olarak seçilmezse, Jedi kurumu içerisinde başka bir göreve kaydırılır. Kişinin yeteneğine göre bu görev araştırma, tarım, sağlık vb. görevler olabilir.

Padawan
Bir çırak akademideki eğitiminin ardından, bir Jedi Şövalyesi veya Ustası ile bire-bir eğitime başladığında "Padawan" olur. Geleneklere göre, Padawan Jedi Şövalyesi olana dek saçının bir bölümünü uzatır ve bu uzun örgülü kısım, Şövalye olduğunda kesilir. Bir Jedi sadece bir çırağa sahip olabilir, bu çırak terfi ettikten sonra yeni bir çırak alıp yetiştirebilir. Usta Yoda, Bölüm II'de birçok çocuğa eğitim verirken görülür, fakat burada onlar "Padawan" olarak eğitilmeden önce Jedi öğretileri ile ilgili genel eğitim almaktadırlar. Bazı Jedi ustaları bir Padawan'dan fazlasını alırlar. "Padawan" sözcüğünün Edgar Rice Burroughs'un bilimkurgu kitabı Barsoom'da geçen düşük kıdemli subaylara verilen isim olan "padwar" sözcüğünün değişmiş hali olma olasılığından bahsedilmektedir.

Padawan, youngling ile jedi ustalığı arasında uzun bir yoldur.

Jedi Şövalyesi

Disipline edilmiş, deneyim kazanmış padawanlar "sınavlarını" başarı ile tamamladıktan sonra, tam anlamı ile Jedi halini alırlar. Bu sınavlar genellikle, yoğunlaşma testleri, fiziksel testler ve adayın seviye, bilgi ve kendini adamışlığını saptayan başka testlerdir. Bilinen sınavlar şunlardır; fakat burada belirtilerle sınırlı değildir: beden sınavı, cesaret sınavı, beceri sınavı ve yüzleşme sınavı. Usta Yoda, çırağı Luke Skywalker'a tam bir Jedi olma yolunda aldığı eğitim sırasında ikinci kez Darth Vader ile karşılaşması için eğitim vermiştir. Bazen, sıra dışı bir performans gösteren (genellikle kahramanlık) Padawan öğrenci, Jedi Şövalyesi statüsü kazanır, Obi-Wan Kenobi'de olduğu gibi, eğitiminin sonuna doğru Kenobi, Naboo Savaşı'nda,ustası Qui-Gon ölünce Karanlık Sith Lordu Darth Maul'u yenmek zorunda kalmıştır.Bu sırada bir padawandır.Jedi Şövalyesi, en genel olarak mevcut Jedi sınıfıdır, bundan dolayı, kelime sıklıkla Jedilar için genel söylem olarak da kullanılır. Ayrıca Jedi Konseyine girebilmek için en az bu mertebede olmak zorunludur.

Jedi Ustaları

Yanına bir padawan alıp, onu jedi şövalyesi olana dek başarıyla eğiten Jedi şövalyelerine verilen unvandır. Sistemin işleyişinden ötürü her Jedi'nin bir ustası vardır. Bu da her jedi'nin eğitimi süresince jedi topluluğuyla birey düzeyinde bir bağ kurmasını sağlar.
 Ki Adi Mundi
 Even Piell
 Saesee Tiin
 Yoda
 Obi Wan Kenobi
 Qui-Gon Jinn
 Mace Windu
 Plo Koon
 Kit Fisto
 Shaak Ti
 Luke Skywalker
 Galen Marek diğer adı (Starkiller)
bilinen Jedi Ustaları'nın birkaçıdır.

Jedi Konseyi Üyesi
Bir Jedi Konsey üyesi yeri boşaldığında, Konsey bu boş yeri, üstün özelliklere sahip bir Jedi Ustası ile doldurmaya çalışır. Mümkün olduğu durumlarda, olası adaylar Konsey üyeleri tarafından oylama ile belirlenir. Bazı durumlarda, Konsey üyeliği ile farklı bir bakış açısı verebilecek birkaç Şövalye'ye sahip olmuştur. Bununla beraber Sith'in İntikamı'ndaki gibi (Senatör Palpatine'in isteği ile Anakin'in Ustalığa yükselmeden Konsey'de yer alması) istisnai referanslar bulunabilir. Usta olmadan Jedi Konsey üyesi olarak bilinen tek Jedi, Anakin Skywalker'dır.

Jedi Konseyi içinde çok net sınıflamalar yoktur, fakat çok açık yetki merkezleri vardır. Yoda, Konsey'de kaldığı sürece Konsey'in en kıdemli üyesi ve Büyük Usta olarak saygı görmüştür, Mace Windu ise ondan sonra gelmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Sith
 Işın kılıcı
 Güç
 Yıldız savaşları

Kaynakça
 12 Ekim 2006 tarihli İngilizce Wikipedia Jedi maddesi

Jedi


Chilabothrus exsul, the Abaco Island boa or Northern Bahamas boa, is a boa species found in the Bahamas. No subspecies are currently recognized. Like all other boas, it is not venomous.

Description
Slender and terrestrial with an iridescent reddish sheen. It grows to a maximum of  in length and feeds on small mammals, birds and lizards.

Distribution and habitat
Found in the Bahamas on Grand Bahama Island and Great Abaco Island, including Elbow Cay and Little Abaco Island. The type locality given is "Near Blackrock (approximately 26°49'N. lat. and 77°25'30"W. long.) on the east coast of Great Abaco in the Bahamas."

References

Further reading

 Dirksen L, Auliya M. 2001. Zur Systematik und Biologie der Riesenschlangen (Boidae). -Draco, Münster, 2(1): 4–19.
 Netting, M.G. & C.J. Goin. 1944. Another new boa of the genus Epicrates from the Bahamas. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 30:71-76.
 Tolson PJ, Henderson RW. The natural history of West Indian boas. R & A Publishing Limited, Somerset, UK, 1993, 125 pp.

External links

exsul
Reptiles described in 1944
Taxa named by M. Graham Netting
Endemic fauna of the Bahamas
Reptiles of the Bahamas
Snakes of the Caribbean

Chilabothrus exsul


Această listă enumeră medaliații Fields afiliați la Institute for Advanced Study din Princeton, New Jersey, ca membri permanenți (activi sau emeriți), membri vizitatori, sau cu alte afilieri. Dintre cei 56 de medaliați Fields până în anul 2015, 41 au fost afiliați la IAS, cândva pe parcursul carierei lor.

Note

Vezi și

 Lista laureaților Nobel afiliați la Institute for Advanced Study

Institute for Advanced Study
Premii în matematică

Lista medaliaților Fields afiliați la Institute for Advanced Study


Neubau'da bulunan Justizpalast – Adliye Sarayı 1875 ile 1881 yılları arasında mimar Alexander Wielemans von Monteforte tarafından yapılmıştır.

Bina yeni Rönesans tarzında yapılmış olup, en ilgi çeken taraflarından biri de anamerdivenin olması ve eski Monarşi bölge armalarının bulunmasıdır.

Binanın başından geçen en önemli olay ise 15 Temmuz 1927'de eski bir Nazi nin yargılanması (Schattendorfer Olayı) esnasında verilen cezanın yeterli olmadığını düşünen halkın binayı basarak çıkarmış olduğu yangındır. Bu olayda 85 gösterici ve 4 polis ölmüştür.

Binada günümüzde tadilat olduğundan adliye işleri binanın karşısında bulunan Trautson Sarayı'da yapılmaktadır.

Galeri

Viyana'daki saraylar

Justizpalast


السَّرْو هو جنس نباتي شجري يتبع الفصيلة السروية من أهم أنواعه سرو المتوسط. يحوي السرو على زيت طيار يضم الباينين الكامفين السيدرول.

هو شجر تزيين له زهاء خمسة عشر نوعاً تتصف جميعاً بأن بناءها مورقة وبراعمها مغطاة بالأوراق. أما أوراقها فهي عروية مستديمة الخضرة، حرشفية متقابلة مفلوفة وتكون مرصوصة على أربعة صفوف.
أما أزهارها فهي وحيدة الجنس وأحادية المسكن والأزهار الذكرية تكون متماسكة يتراوح عددها بين 6-14، وبذورها تكون صغيرة ومجنحة. يصل ارتفاع شجرة السرو إلى 30متراً وهي بطيئة النمو وخشبها عطري.

أصل التسمية
أول ظهور لكلمة السرو، كان في اللغة السومرية بلفظة (شور-مان)، وفي الآشورية-البابلية شورمينو، وفي الفينقية بروش، وفي العبرية بروش، والآرامية شروينا وبروش، والسريانية شروينو وسرو وبروتو، وفي العربية سرو، والفارسية سرو.

الموطن الاصلي للسرو

موطنه الاصلي تركيا ويكثر في الاجواء المعتدله وخاصة في بلاد الشام وشمال العراق، كما انه يزرع حالياً في جميع دول حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط.

استعمال السرو
ما هو وارد في هذه الفقرة، ليس وصفة طبية بل مجرد معلومات

استعمال السرو في الطب الحديث
لوحظ في الطب الحديث أنه عندما يوضع السرو خارجيا كدهون، يحدث تقبضاً للأوردة الدوالية والبواسير ويضيق الأوعية الدموية. وعندما يؤخذ السرو داخليا يعمل مضاداً للتشنج ومقوياً عاماً ويوصف للشاهوق وبصق الدم والسعال التشنجي ويفيد هذا العلاج أيضا الزكام والإنفلونزا والتهاب الحلق.

استعمال السرو في الطب القديم
ولقد استعمل الإغريق المخاريط المهروسة والمنقوعة في الخمر لعلاج الزحار وبصق الدم بالسعال والربو والسعال.

ولقد عثر العلماء على بعض أخشاب هذا النبات من عهد الأسرة السادسة ومن عهد الأسرة الثانية عشرة في مصر القديمة. كما نقشت أشجار السرو على الجدران الخارجية لمعبد رمسيس الثالث بالكرنك، حيث كان هذا النبات مقدساً وما زالت أشجار السرو تنمو في جمهورية مصر العربية، ويطلق المسيحيون على هذا النوع من النبات «الشجرة الحزينة» رمزا للحزن وزينة للقبور.

لقد عرف الفراعنة بعض أنواع السرو ويعتقد بأن سفينة نوح كانت مصنوعة من خشب السرو.

وكان الفراعنة يستخدمون أوراق نبات السرو في عدة أغراض من أهمها وصفة فرعونية قديمة لصبغ الشعر وكانت تستخدم جذور النبات بعد سحقها وعجنها بالخل ثم توضع على شعر الرأس على شكل لبخه بغرض تقويته وصباغته.

وقال ابن سينا في السرو يذهب البهاق، مسود للشعر. ورقه الطازج مع الجوز والجميز للفتق إذا ضمد به، أذا دق جوز السرو ناعماً مع التين وجعل منه فتيلة في الأنف أبرأ اللحم الزائد. طبخه بالخل يسكن وجع الأسنان، نافع من أورام العين ضماداً، جوزه بالشرب لعسر التنفس ونقص الانتصاب وللسعال المزمن ينفع من عسر البول وقروح الأمعاء والمعدة.

أما داود الأنطاكي في تذكرته فقال "صمغه يلحم الجراح ويحبس الدم مطلقاً ويجفف القروح أين كانت، يحلل الأورام ويجلو الآثار خصوصاً البرحي طلاءً وشرباً.
الغرغرة بطبيخه حاراً تسكن أوجاع الأسنان وقروح اللثة ويشد رخاوتها. ثمره طرياً يشد الأجفان ويلحم الفتق أكلاً وضماداً. يطرد الهوام بخوراً، إذا عجن بالعسل ولعق ابرأ السعال المزمن وقوى المعدة. صمغه يقطع البواسير. إذا طبخ ورقه مع ثمره مع الاملج والماء والخل حتى يتهرى ثم طبخ ذلك في دهن وطلي به الشعر سوده وطوله ومنع تساقطه. ومع المر يصلح المثانة وتمنع البول في الفراش".

أما ابن البيطار في جامعه فيقول «ورق هذا النبات وقضبانه وجوزه ما دامت طريه لينه تذبل الجراحات الكبار الحادثة في الأجسام الصلبة، يستعمل أيضاً في مداواة الجمرة فيخلطونه غما مع الشعير والماء أو مع خل ممزوج مزجاً مكسوراً بالماء. إذا شرب ورقه مسحوقاً بطلاء وشيء يسير من المر نفع المثانة التي تصب اليها الفضول ومن عسر البول».

من أنواعه الأصيلة في الوطن العربي
 السرو الأطلسي  في المغرب العربي
 السرو الصحراوي  في المغرب العربي
 سرو المتوسط  في بلاد الشام وشمال مصر والمغرب العربي وحوض المتوسط عموماً

من أنواعه الأخرى
 السرو الأريزوني
 السرو البيكري
 السرو السارجنتي
 السرو الستيفنسوني
 سرو شنغي
 السرو العملاق
 السرو الغوادالوبي
 السرو الغويني
 السرو الفوربسي
 السرو الكبير الثمار
 السرو الكشميري
 السرو اللوسيتاني
 السرو الماكنابي
 السرو السارجنتي
 سرو اليابان

مصادر

موسوعة نباتات العالم.

جنس صنوبرية
سروية

سرو


An Festuca dentiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stancík ngan Paul M. Peterson. An Festuca dentiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca dentiflora


1942 yılında kurulan Salzgitter, başkenti Hannover olan Aşağı Saksonya (Almanca: Aşağı Saksonya) eyaletinde bir şehirdir.

Salzgitter, kuzey Harz bölgesinde, Aşağı Saksonya'nın güneydoğusunda bir şehir. Salzgitter, Braunschweig ve Wolfsburg birlikte ilçe düzeyinde bir şehirdir. Ülkenin dokuz bölgesel merkez şehri vardır, Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen metropol bölgesinin bir parçasıdır.

104.000 nüfusu ve 223,96 km²lik yüzölçümü ile Almanya'nın en büyük alan kentlerinden biridir. Salzgitter kentinin nüfusu 1942 yılında 100.000'di. Salzgitter birkaç yeni değişiklikle kurulduğu yıl olan 1942 yılında olduğu gibi 20. yüzyıla girmiştir.

Şehirde içinden su kanalları Mittelland Kanalı'ına bağlanmaktadır. Yakın şehirler, yaklaşık 23 km kuzeydoğusunda Braunschweig ve 51 km kuzeybatısında Hannover bulunmaktadır.

Coğrafi konumu ve yapısı

Salzgitter kentinin doğusunda Lichtenberg, kuzeybatı kesiminde Salzgitter dağı ve güneyinde Salzgitter silsilesi, kuzey orta kesiminde doğu arasında geniş bir havza vardır. Kentin alanının en büyük genişlemesi kuzey-güney yönünde 24 km, doğu-batı yönünde 19 km'dir. Kent alanının en yüksek noktası Salzgitter-Bad'ın kuzeybatısındaki, 275 metre yüksekliğindeki Hamberg tepesidir.

Komşular

Aşağıdaki kasaba ve köyler de Salzgitter kentinin yakındaki komşularıdır. Saat yönünde kuzeydoğudan başlayarak listelenmiştir. (Salzgitter, Wolfenbüttel ilçesi bölgesinde kurulduğundan, bu ilçe batıda ve doğuda Salzgitter ile sınır komşusudur ve bu nedenle iki kez listelenmiştir.)

 Braunschweig (şehir)
 Wolfenbüttel ilçesinde: Wolfenbüttel (Şehir), Wolfenbüttel, Cramme ve Flöthe (Samtgemeinde Oderwald), Gielde (Samtgemeinde Schladen)
 Goslar ilçesinde: Liebenburg, Wallmoden (Samtgemeinde Lutter am Barenberge)
 Wolfenbüttel ilçesinde: Sehlde, Haverlah, Elbe, Baddeckenstedt ve Burgdorf (Samtgemeinde Baddeckenstedt)
 Hildesheim bölgesinde: Söhlde
 Peine ilçesinde: Lengede ve Vechelde

Şehir yapısı

Salzgitter özel bir sanayi kentidir ve tüm Alman kentleri arasında özel bir yeri vardır. Tarihsel temeli yüzünden orta gelişmişliktedir. Sadece Salzgitter Lebenstedt büyüklüğü, konumu ve idari fonksiyonunun merkezi nedeniyle belli bir çizgidedir.

Salzgitter şehri 31 ilçe ve toplamda yedi köyden oluşmaktadır. Her kasabanın seçilmiş bir belediye başkanı ve belediye meclisi vardır.

Tarih

MÖ 50.000-MS 1829 yılları

Kentin tarihin "cevher olduğunu" bir cümleyle özetlenebilir. 50.000 yıl önce, "Aşağı Saksonya, Buz Çağı'ndaydı" o dönemlerden kalma avcıların kalıntıları 1952'de keşfedildi.

MS 772-804 yılları arası Şarlman'ın (Almanca: Karl I. der Große) Charlemagne Sakson savaşları sırasında, Sakson insanların şiddetine maruz kaldı. 1150 yılında Aslan Heinrich, Herzog von Sachsen ve Bayern - Braunschweig arasındaki ticaret yolunu korumak için Lichtenberg'de bir kale yaptırdı.

14. yüzyılda, tuz bulunması ile birlikte Salzgitter-Bad'da modern bir bölge oluşturuldu. Gelişim komşu köy ve ilçelere yayıldı. Salzgitter 1815 yılında Hannover Krallığı'na bağlandı.

1830-1932 yılları

1830 yılında Salzgitter tuz su havuzu kurulmuştur. 1868 yılında sanayi sitesi için ilk adımlar atıldı. 1824-1871 yılları arasında demir madenlerinin üretimi sürecinde Salzgitter AG kuruldu.

1892-1893 yıllarında Lichtenberg kalesinin restorasyonu yapıldı.

1946-1999 yılları

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Salzgitter, çok sayıda Amerikalı ve Britanyalı bombardımanıyla tahrip olmuştur. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra ülkenin Aşağı Saksonya ve Watenstedt-Salzgitter Braunschweig parçasıydı, şimdiki Braunschweig bir ilçesi olan şehir 1951 yılında kasaba Salzgitter olarak tescillendi. Tüm ilçelerine de Salzgitter adı verildi, örneğin Salder, Salzgitter-Salder oldu. Çünkü tuz bölgesi olan ve Salzgitter'in bir parçası olan Salzgitter-Bad hemen arkasında yer alıyordu.

1959-1963 yıllarında belediye Lebenstedt inşa edilmiştir. 1960 yılında Blaupunkt-Salzgitter fabrikası açıldı, bunu 1969 yılında Volkswagen izledi. 1960 yılında Salzgittersee başladı.

1985 yılı itibarıyla Salzgitter Robert Bosch GmbH üretime başladı.

2000 yılından günümüze

2001 yılında ilk kez doğrudan seçilmiş bir belediye başkanı oldu. İlk Belediye Başkanı Helmut Knebel'dir. Salzgitter, Aşağı Saksonya bölgesel merkezi konumundadır. 2003 yılından itibaren Salzgitter Almanya'da benzersiz bir çocuk üniversitesi kuruldu.

Nüfus

Şu an Salzgitter'de 106.531 kişi yaşamaktadır. Bunların yaklaşık 10.000'i Türk'tür. Alman ağır sanayinin yakınında bulunan şehirde iş olanakları oldukça fazladır.

İlçeler

Bad Barum Beddingen Beinum Bleckenstedt Bruchmachtersen Calbecht Drütte Engelnstedt Engerode Flachstöckheim Gebhardshagen Gitter Groß Mahner Hallendorf Heerte Hohenrode Immendorf Lebenstedt Lesse Lichtenberg Lobmachtersen Ohlendorf Osterlinde Reppner Ringelheim Salder Sauingen Thiede Üfingen Watenstedt

Kardeş Kentler

  Imatra, Finlandiya, 1970
  Swindon, Birleşik Krallık, 1975
  Créteil, Fransa, 1980
  Stary Oskol, Rusya, 1987
  Gotha, Türingiya, Almanya, 1988

Görseller

Kaynakça

Web siteleri
 Balonla Salzgitter
 Salzgitter Şehri
 Seite der KZ-Gedenkstätte Salzgitter-Drütte
 Sagen und Erzählungen aus Salzgitter

Salzgitter


Águas Belas (en castellano: Aguas Bellas) es un municipio brasileño del estado de Pernambuco. Se localiza a una latitud 09º06'41" sur y a una longitud 37º07'23" oeste, estando a una altitud de 376 metros. Su población estimada en 2020 era de 43.686 habitantes. El municipio está formado por el distrito sede y por los poblados de Campo Grande, Corral Novo, Garcia, y Tanquinho.

Historia
La región donde se ubica la actual ciudad de Águas Belas fue originalmente habitada por los indios Tupiniquim, quienes tenían su tribu unificada con la tribu Carnijós, quienes vivían cerca de la Serra dos Cavalos. El pueblo era conocido como Lagoa, debido a una laguna existente en el sitio donde hoy se encuentra la sede de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, luego el pueblo se llamó Ipanema. Se dice que alrededor del año 1700 apareció en la región el primer hombre blanco (João Rodrigues Cardoso), con el objetivo de unificar las dos tribus existentes en la región.

El nombre Águas Belas ("Aguas Bellas") surgió cuando un viajero encontró en el lugar agua potable de excelente calidad y habría dicho: "Águas Belas, a este pueblo lo llaman Ipanema, cuando debieron llamarlo Águas Belas".

Se emancipó del municipio de Buíque el 13 de junio de 1871. Águas Belas fue elevado a la categoría de ciudad el 24 de mayo de 1904.

Las tierras indígenas fueron demarcadas en 1875, aunque los conflictos territoriales no se han resuelto por completo. En 2010 la FUNAI estuvo en Águas Belas para iniciar el proceso de re-demarcación, sin embargo, el proceso aún se encuentra en fase e identificación. La ciudad de Águas Belas se encuentra dentro de la reserva indígena. Se construyeron edificios dentro de la reserva, como la carretera 423, que corta a la mitad a los indígenas.

Geografía
Posee un área de 887,56 km². Está a aproximadamente 303 km de Arrecife.

El municipio está incluido en el área geográfica de cobertura del semiárido brasileño, definida por el Ministerio de Integración Nacional en 2005. Esta delimitación tiene como criterios el índice pluviométrico, el índice de aridez y el riesgo de sequía.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web del municipio

Localidades de Pernambuco
Localidades establecidas en 1871
Brasil en 1871

Águas Belas (Pernambuco)


بلدية فيلارالتو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قرطبة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.356 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات قرطبة

فيلارالتو (قرطبة)


Agrilus allectorellus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Thomson, 1879.

Referências

allectorellus

Agrilus allectorellus


Edvaldo Oliveira Chaves (født 4. august 1958) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Edvaldo Oliveira Chaves


Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner (1991), foi um caso de imposto de renda perante a Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos.

Casos da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos

Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue


An Dendrobium lamellatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Blume, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Dendrobium lamellatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium lamellatum


Esence, Eskişehir ilinin Alpu ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 53 km, Alpu ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 https://www.nufusune.com/190957-eskisehir-alpu-esence-mahallesi-nufusu

Kırım Tatarları'nın yaşadıkları bölgeler
Alpu'nun mahalleleri

Esence, Alpu


O "efeito teto" é um tipo de efeito de atenuação de escala. O outro efeito de atenuação de escala é o "efeito chão". O efeito teto é observado quando uma variável independente não tem mais efeito sobre uma variável dependente, ou o nível acima do qual a variância em uma variável independente não é mais mensurável. A aplicação específica para este termo varia ligeiramente na diferenciação entre duas áreas de uso: farmacológica ou estatística. Um exemplo de uso na primeira área (um efeito teto no tratamento) é o alívio da dor por alguns tipos de drogas analgésicas, que não têm mais efeito sobre a dor acima de um determinado nível de dosagem. Um exemplo de efeito teto na coleta de dados é uma pesquisa que agrupe todos os entrevistados em categorias de renda, não distinguindo as rendas dos entrevistados acima do nível mais alto medido no instrumento de pesquisa. O nível máximo de renda que pode ser relatado na pesquisa cria um "teto" que resulta em imprecisão de medição, pois a faixa da variável dependente não inclui os valores verdadeiros acima desse ponto.

Coleta de dados
Um efeito teto na coleta de dados (quando a variância em uma variável dependente não é medida ou estimada acima de determinado nível) é um problema prático comumente encontrado em muitas disciplinas científicas. Tal efeito é muitas vezes o resultado de restrições nos instrumentos de coleta.

Análise estatística
Os efeitos de teto na medição comprometem a verdade científica e a compreensão de dados empíricos por meio de várias aberrações estatísticas.

Primeiro, os tetos prejudicam a capacidade dos investigadores de determinar a tendência central dos dados. Quando um efeito de teto se refere a dados coletados sobre uma variável dependente, a falha em reconhecer esse efeito de teto pode "levar à conclusão equivocada de que a variável independente não tem efeito".

Notas

Covariância e correlação

Efeito teto (estatística)


Septe (; İspanyolca: Ceuta), İspanya'nın Kuzey Afrika'daki toprağıdır. İspanyol anayasasına göre Melilla ile birlikte özerk il statüsündedir. Fas sınırı ile çevrili olan şehir 19 km²'dir. Akdeniz'e 20 km sahili olan şehrin Fas'la olan sınırı 8 km'dir. İber Yarımadası'na 14 km mesafededir. 1415 yılında önce Portekizliler tarafından ele geçirilen şehir 1580 yılında İspanyol toprağı olmuştur. Nüfusu 1998 verilerine göre 72.117 kişidir. Bu nüfusun 54.000'i Hristiyan, 16.000'i Müslüman, 600 ilâ 700'ü Musevî ve 500 kadarı da Hindu'dur. 2010 yılı nüfusu ise 80.579 kişi olmuştur. Farklı dinlerin olması şehirde farklı kültürlerin oluşmasına da yol açmıştır. Resmî ve özel yaşamda dört kültür barış içerisinde uyumlu olarak yer almaktadır. Juan Jesús Vivas Lara şehrin hem başbakanı hem de belediye başkanıdır. Fas, Septe ile birlikte Melilla'yı da İspanya'dan istemektedir. Septe'de İspanyolca ve Arapça konuşulur.

Kaynakça

Septe


Olga Kovalkova également appelée Volha Kavalkova (  : Вольга Аляксандраўна Кавалькова , romanisé :  Voĺha Aliaksandraŭna Kavaĺkova ,  : Ольга Александровна Ковалькова) née le  à Minsk est une activiste biélorusse et un membre du présidium du Conseil de coordination de l'opposition en Biélorussie fondé par la candidate à la présidence, Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa en vue d'assurer la transition démocratique et pacifique du pouvoir en Biélorussie à la suite des élections de 2020.

Éléments biographiques
Olga Kovalkova est née à Minsk, alors en République socialiste soviétique de Biélorussie, le . En 2006, elle est diplômée en droit de l'. Elle a également été diplômée en comptabilité et obtenu un diplôme en sciences politiques de l'Europe de l'Est.

De 2004 à 2008, elle travaille pour des administrations du district de Minsk, puis en tant qu'avocate, présidente et chef comptable dans des coopératives de consommateurs de construction de logements, en 2011-2014 en tant que chargée de cours à l'Institut d'études avancées.

Activité politique
En 2011, Olga Kovalkova rejoint les rangs du parti démocrate-chrétien biélorusse. Elle assure désormais la co-présidence du parti aux côtés de trois autres co-présidents : Paval Sieviaryniets,  et Georges Dmitruk.

Lors des élections législatives biélorusses de 2019, elle est nommée candidate à la députation dans la circonscription  de Minsk Pouchkine. En , Olga Kovalkova annonce son intention de se présenter à la présidence de la Biélorussie en vue de l'élection présidentielle biélorusse de 2020. Elle déclare:  Lors de l'Élection primaire, elle obtient la troisième place.

À la suite de l'élection présidentielle une nouvelle fois entachée d'irrégularités dénoncées tant par l'opposition en Biélorussie qu'internationalement et des manifestions qui suivirent, elle rejoint, en , le présidium du Conseil de coordination qui coordonne la transition du pouvoir politique du président Alexandre Loukachenko, qui affirme avoir remporté l'élection présidentielle biélorusse de 2020. Olga Kovalkova a été la représentante de Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa lors de la formation du conseil.

Le , Alexander Konyuk, le procureur général de la Biélorussie, engage des poursuites pénales contre les membres du Conseil de coordination en vertu de l'article 361 du Code pénal biélorusse au motif qu'ils avaient tenté de s'emparer du pouvoir de l'État et porté atteinte à la sécurité nationale.

Le , Olga Kovalkova et son collègue membre du présidium, Sergueï Dylevski, sont arrêtés par les services de sécurité alors qu'ils tentaient de soutenir les grévistes de l'usine Belarus Minsk Tractor Works. Olga Kovalkova est condamnée à 10 jours d'emprisonnement le jour suivant. Elle est incarcérée à Okrestina.

Dans l'après-midi du 4 septembre 2020, Olga Kovalkova est secrètement emmenée par les forces de sécurité d'Okrestina à Minsk, et déjà le 5 septembre à 2 heures du matin, elle a été emmenée le long de la route Grodno-Varsovie jusqu'au point de contrôle frontalier de  à Kuźnica

Contrainte à l'exil, elle s'installe à Varsovie, en Pologne. Elle explique lors d'une conférence de presse que les autorités l'avaient menacée d'un emprisonnement long si elle ne quittait pas le pays .

Le , elle prend part à une réunion de la commission des affaires internationales du Parlement européen.

Le 31 mai 2021. Lors d'une manifestation faisant suite au détournement du vol Ryanair 4978 pour permettre au régime en place d'arrêter le militant de l'opposition et journaliste Roman Protassevitch et sa compagne, Sofia Sapega, Olga Kovalkova déclare y voir un , ,

Récompenses et distinctions
En , Olga Kovalkova parmi d'autres représentants de l'opposition démocrate biélorusse, est honorée du prix Sakharov décerné par le Parlement européen.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1984
Naissance à Minsk
Femme politique biélorusse
Exilé politique du XXIe siècle
Candidat à une élection présidentielle en Biélorussie
Droits de l'homme en Biélorussie
Avocate biélorusse
Lauréat du prix Sakharov
Personnalité biélorusse du XXIe siècle
Naissance en RSS de Biélorussie

Olga Kovalkova


An Ekmanochloa aristata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Erik Leonard Ekman. An Ekmanochloa aristata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ekmanochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ekmanochloa

Ekmanochloa aristata


ليلة الحنة هو احتفال يتم للعروس في بيت اهلها في الليلة السابقة لليلة زواجها ويتم نقش الحنة على يديها ورجليها.ويتم احتفال العروس مع صديقاتها ويقوموا بالغناء والرقص، ويقوم العريس بالاحتفال مع أصدقائه مثل العروس تماما .

مناسبات مصرية

ليلة الحنة


Der Begriff Open Textbook (englisch) bezeichnet ein frei verfügbares Lehrbuch. Es wird in der Regel von Autoren oder Verlegern online bereitgestellt. Im Gegensatz zu normalen Lehrbüchern erlaubt das freie Lizenzierungsmodell dem Benutzer das Lesen, den Download oder teilweise auch das Ausdrucken ohne zusätzliche Kosten. Einige Lizenzierungsarten bieten den Benutzern auch die Möglichkeit, anstelle des kostenlosen Online-Zugangs alternative Formate zu geringen Kosten zu nutzen. Dies (beispielsweise für Druck-, Ton- oder E-Book-Formate) kann dann dazu dienen den Autoren ein bescheidenes Honorar zukommen zu lassen oder einen Beitrag zu den Veröffentlichungskosten zu leisten.

Open Textbooks werden mehr und mehr als eine mögliche Lösung für einige der Probleme des traditionellen Lehrbuchverlagswesens gesehen. Im 2010 Horizon Report des New Media Consortium wurden sie als Komponente der Umsetzung von Open Content in der Hochschulbildung identifiziert.

Open Textbooks sind ein Bestandteil von Open Educational Resources.

Definition
Damit ein Lehrbuch als Open Textbook bezeichnet werden kann, muss es so lizenziert sein, dass es den Benutzern einige grundlegende Rechte einräumt, die über das normale Copyright hinausgehen. Eine Lizenz oder eine Liste der Berechtigungen muss durch den Autor klar angegeben sein.

Im Allgemeinen werden den Benutzern mindestens die folgenden Rechte eingeräumt:
 Das Lehrbuch darf ohne Zuwendungen an den Autor genutzt werden.
 Das Lehrbuch darf bei angemessener Erwähnung des Autors kopiert werden.
 Das Lehrbuch darf zu nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken weitergegeben werden.
 Das Lehrbuch darf in andere Formate umgewandelt werden (bspw. in Print- oder andere digitale Formate).

Viele Autoren gewähren darüber hinausgehende Rechte wie:
 Inhalte des Lehrbuchs hinzuzufügen, zu entfernen oder zu ändern, oft unter der Bedingung, dass bei solchen abgeleiteten Werken dieselbe Lizenz Gültigkeit behält.
 Das Lehrbuch auch ohne Erwähnung des Autors zu kopieren und weiterzugeben.
 Das Lehrbuch zu kommerziellen Zwecken zu nutzen.

Ein Beispiel der Community College Open Textbook Collaborative beschreibt die Anforderungen an ein Open Textbook als: fast oder komplett kostenlos; leicht zu benutzen, erhalten und weiterzugeben; inhaltlich anpassbar, damit Lehrende die Inhalte anpassen können; druckbar; sowie barrierefrei, damit es mit Hilfstechnologien für beeinträchtigte Lernende, einschließlich solchen mit Lernstörungen funktioniert.

Die CK-12 Foundation setzt auf ähnliche Standards, muss aber weiterhin sicherstellen, dass die Angebote staatlichen Anforderungen entsprechen.

Lehre

Open Textbooks sind weitaus flexibler als herkömmliche Lehrbücher, was den Lehrenden mehr Möglichkeiten bietet, sie besser auf die Lehrbedürfnisse zugeschnitten zu verwenden.

Ein häufiges Problem bei herkömmlichen Lehrbüchern ist die Häufigkeit, mit der neue Auflagen erscheinen. Diese machen Anpassungen des Lehrplans an das neue Buch notwendig. Ein Open Textbook hingegen ist zeitlich unbegrenzt verfügbar, so dass die Lehrenden die Ausgaben nur wechseln müssen, wenn sie es für notwendig halten.

Dadurch, dass viele Open Textbooks es erlauben Inhalte anzupassen, können Lehrende ihn besser auf die Erfordernisse des jeweiligen Kurses zurechtschneiden. Weiterhin können die Kosten von Lehrbüchern unter Umständen die Qualität der Lehre beeinflussen, wenn es Lernenden nicht möglich ist, benötigte Materialien zu kaufen.

Lizenzierungsmodelle

Die verbreitetsten freien Lizenzen sind:

 Creative Commons Attribution
 Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
 Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike
 GNU Free Documentation License

Projekte

Eine Reihe von Projekten hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, Open Textbooks zu entwickeln, unterstützen und für sie zu werben. Fürsprecher für Open Textbooks und verwandte Open-Education-Projekte sind die  William and Flora Hewlett Foundation und die Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Hochschulbildung

 Make Textbooks Affordable
 Open Textbook Catalog
 Faculty Statement on Open Textbooks
 The Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources
 The Open Textbook Project
 Flat World Knowledge
 Rice University Press
 Community College Open Textbook Collaborative
 Einstein University

Sekundarstufe

 California Open Source Textbook Project
 Global Text
 Free Textbooks Poland
 CK-12 Foundation FlexBooks
 Free High School Science Texts – South Africa

Allgemeinbildung
 Connexions
 Wikibooks
 The Collaborative Books
 MERLOT - Multimedia Educational Resources for Learning and Online Teaching
 Saylor Foundation Open Textbook Initiative

Autorenschaft

Die Autorenvergütung für Open Textbooks weicht stark von der herkömmlichen Lehrbuchveröffentlichung ab. Definitionsgemäß erlaubt der Autor eines Open Textbooks die kostenlose Nutzung des Lehrbuchs der breiten Öffentlichkeit, was eine Vergütung des Zugangs ausschließt. Es entwickelt sich jedoch eine Reihe von Modellen zur Unterstützung der Autoren. Beispielsweise bezahlt ein Open-Textbook-Verlag namens Flat World Knowledge seinen Autoren Anteile an den Erlösen verkaufter Printexemplare und Lernhilfen.  Weitere Kompensationsmodelle umfassen Stipendien, Förderprogramme und Finanzierung durch Werbung.

Einzelnachweise

Lernmittel

Open Textbook


The year 1744 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 Great Comet of 1744, first sighted in 1743, remains visible until April (perihelion about March 1).

Cartography
 César-François Cassini de Thury publishes a new triangulated map of France.

Earth sciences
 Susanna Drury's illustrations of the Giant's Causeway in northern Ireland are engraved by François Vivares in London (1743–4), bringing the rock formation to wide European notice.

Mathematics
 Leonhard Euler discovers the catenoid and proves it to be a minimal surface.

Medicine
 By July – Northampton General Hospital established as Northampton Infirmary in England.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Henry Baker

Births
 March 7 - Jean-Baptiste Dumangin, French physician (died 1826)
 June 22 – Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben, German naturalist (died 1777)
 August 1 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (died 1829)
 August 16 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (died 1804)
 October 17 – Andrew Duncan, Scottish physician (died 1828)

Deaths
 February 14 – John Hadley, English mathematician (born 1682)
 April 25 – Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer and thermometrician (born 1701)
 July 1 – Catherine Jérémie, French-Canadian botanist (born 1644)
 October 4/5 – John Serson, English inventor (in wreck of )

References

18th century in science
1740s in science

1744 in science


Lillian Beatrix Pierce () é uma matemática estadunidense, cuja pesquisa conecta a teoria dos números com a análise harmônica. Foi uma das primeiras matemáticas a provar limites superiores não triviais no número de elementos de ordem finita em um grupo de classes do ideal. Ganhou o Prêmio Sadosky de 2018 por pesquisa que "abrange e conecta um amplo espectro de problemas que vão desde somas de caracteres na teoria dos números até operadores integrais singulares em espaços euclidianos", incluindo em particular "um teorema de Carleson polinomial para variedades". É professora de matemática na Universidade Duke e bolsista von Neumann no Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Princeton.

Para o Congresso Internacional de Matemáticos de 2022 em São Petersburgo está listada como palestrante convidada.

Referências

Ligações externas
Página pessoal

Membros da American Mathematical Society
Professores da Universidade Duke
Matemáticas dos Estados Unidos
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XXI
Matemáticas do século XXI
Violinistas dos Estados Unidos
Alunos da Universidade de Princeton
Alunos da Universidade de Oxford
Bolsistas Rhodes dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas vivas

Lillian Pierce


İnönü Üniversitesi 3 Nisan 1975 tarihinde Malatya'da kurulan bir devlet üniversitesidir. İlk olarak Temel Bilimler Fakültesi ve Eğitim Fakültesi olarak kuruldu. 28 Şubat 1977 tarihinde Temel Bilimler Fakültesi'nin Fizik, Kimya ve Matematik bölümlerine öğrenci alınmasıyla fiilen eğitim ve öğretime başlandı.

İnönü Üniversitesi, 14 fakültesi, 1'i Devlet Konservatuvarı olmak üzere 2 yüksekokulu, 4 meslek yüksekokulu, 6 enstitüsü, 1 Teknokenti, Turgut Özal Tıp Merkezinin de aralarında bulunduğu 27 Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi 'yle yaklaşık 41.000 öğrenciye eğitim ve öğretim hizmeti veren bir üniversitedir. Şehir merkezine 10 km. mesafede bulunan üniversite, 7000 dekarlık merkez kampüsünün yanında şehir merkezinde yer alan Malatya Meslek Yüksekokulu ve Malatya 2. Organize Sanayi Bölgesi içerisinde yer alan Malatya OSB Meslek Yüksekokulu kampüsleriyle üç ayrı yerleşkede eğitim-öğretim, bilimsel araştırma ve uygulama faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. İnönü Üniversitesi kampüsü Türkiye'nin en güzel 10 kampüsü arasında gösterilmektedir. Ayrıca İnönü Üniversitesi 2020 Yılı Yeşil Kampüs (UI Green Metric) sıralamasında dünyada 340'ıncı, Türkiye'de ise 18'inci sırada yer almıştır.

İktisadi ve İdari Bölümler Fakültesi,1977 yılında Çukurova Üniversitesi'ne bağlı Adana İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Malatya İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Yüksekokulu adı altında kurulmuştur. 1977-1980 yılları arasında Adana İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi'ne bağlı olarak Malatya İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Yüksekokulu olarak öğrenime devam eden yüksekokulun adı yine Çukurova Üniversitesine bağlı olarak, önce Malatya İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi, 2547 sayılı Yükseköğretim Kanunu ile birlikte Malatya İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Fakültesi olarak değiştirilmiştir. 22.06.1982 tarih ve 41 sayılı Yükseköğretim Kurumları Teşkilâtı Hakkında Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile İnönü Üniversitesi 'nin yeniden yapılandırılmasından sonra, 28.03.1983 tarih ve 2809 sayılı kanunla adı İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi olarak değiştirilmiş ve İnönü Üniversitesine bağlanmıştır.

Görev yapmış rektörler
 Prof. Dr. Süreyya Aybar Kurucu Rektör (1975 - 1980)
 Prof. Dr. Ali Fuat Cesur (1981-1982) Rektör vekili
 Prof. Dr. Nihat Nirun (1982-1983)
 Prof. Dr. Cemal Aydın (1984-1984) Rektör vekili
 Prof. Dr. Safa Erkün (1984 -1985)
 Prof. Dr. Yüksel İşyar (1985 -1986)
 Prof. Dr. Engin Mevlüt Gözükara (1986 -1991)
 Prof. Dr. M. Ali Oto (1991-1992) Rektör vekili
 Prof. Dr. Behsan Önol (17 Şubat 1992 - 18 Ağustos 1992)
 Prof. Dr. Mehmet Yücesoy (1992-1996)
 Prof. Dr. Emekli Tümgeneral Ömer Şarlak (1996-2000)
 Prof. Dr. Fatih Hilmioğlu (2000-2008)
 Prof. Dr. Cemil Çelik (2008-2016)
 Prof. Dr. Ahmet Kızılay (2016 – Günümüz)

Akademik birimler

Fakülteler

 Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi
 Eczacılık Fakültesi
 Eğitim Fakültesi
 Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi
 Güzel Sanatlar ve Tasarım
 Hemşirelik Fakültesi
 Hukuk Fakültesi
 İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi
 İlahiyat Fakültesi
 İletişim Fakültesi
 Mühendislik Fakültesi
 Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi
 Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi
 Tıp Fakültesi

Enstitüler

 Alevilik Araştırmaları Enstitüsü
 Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Karaciğer Nakli Enstitüsü
 Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

Konservatuvar

 Devlet Konservatuvarı

Yüksekokullar
 Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu

Meslek Yüksekokulları

 Adalet Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Malatya Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Malatya OSB Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu

Rektörlüğe Bağlı Akademik Birimler

 Atatürk İlke ve İnkılapları Tarihi Bölüm Başkanlığı
 Enformatik Bölüm Başkanlığı
 Türk Dili Bölüm Başkanlığı

Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezleri

 Afrika Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Arıcılık Geliştirme Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Arslantepe Arkeoloji Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Avrasya Alevilik Bektaşilik Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Merkezi
 Çevre Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
 Deney Hayvanları Üretim ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Engelli Çocuklar Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Geleneksel El Sanatları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
 Geleneksel Halk İlaçları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Gök Bilimleri Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
 Güney Asya Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 İstatistik ve Ekonometri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Kadın, Aile ve Toplum Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Kataliz Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Klinik Araştırmalar Mükemmeliyet Merkezi
 Kültür Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
 Niyazi Mısrî Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
 Osmanlı Devri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Stratejik Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
 Sürekli Eğitim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Turgut Özal Tıp Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Türkçe Öğretimi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (TÖMER)
 Uzaktan Eğitim Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
 Üreme Bilimleri ve İleri Biyoinformatik Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
 Üstün Yetenekliler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.inonu.edu.tr
http://www.inonuguncel.com

Malatya ilinde bulunan üniversiteler
1975'te kurulan üniversiteler
Türkiye'deki devlet üniversiteleri

İnönü Üniversitesi