CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built in 1862 for the Confederate States Navy. It was built in Birkenhead on the River Mersey opposite Liverpool, England by John Laird Sons and Company. Alabama served as a successful commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career. She was sunk in June 1864 by  at the Battle of Cherbourg outside the port of Cherbourg, France.

History

Construction
Alabama was built in secrecy in 1862 by British shipbuilders John Laird Sons and Company, in north-west England at their shipyards at Birkenhead, Wirral, opposite Liverpool. The construction was arranged by the Confederate agent Commander James Bulloch, who led the procurement of sorely-needed ships for the fledgling Confederate States Navy. The contract was arranged through the Fraser Trenholm Company, a cotton broker in Liverpool with ties to the Confederacy. Under prevailing British neutrality law, it was possible to build a ship designed as an armed vessel, provided that it was not actually armed until after it was in international waters. In light of this loophole, Alabama was built with reinforced decks for cannon emplacements, ammunition magazines below water level, etc., but was not fitted with armaments or any "warlike equipment" originally.

Initially known only by her shipyard number "ship number 0290", she was launched as Enrica on 15 May 1862 and secretly slipped out of Birkenhead on 29 July 1862. Union Captain Tunis A. M. Craven, commander of , was in Southampton and was tasked with intercepting the new ship, but was unsuccessful. Agent Bulloch arranged for a civilian crew and captain to sail Enrica to Terceira Island in the Azores. With Bulloch at his side, the new ship's captain, Raphael Semmes, left Liverpool on 13 August 1862 aboard the steamer Bahama to take command of the new cruiser. Semmes arrived at Terceira Island on 20 August 1862 and began overseeing the refitting of the new vessel with various provisions, including armaments, and 350 tons of coal, brought there by Agrippina, his new ship's supply vessel. After three days' work by the three ships' crews, Enrica was equipped as a naval cruiser, designated a commerce raider, for the Confederate States of America. Following her commissioning as CSS Alabama, Bulloch then returned to Liverpool to continue his secret work for the Confederate Navy.

Alabamas British-made ordnance consisted of six muzzle-loading, broadside, 32-pounder naval smoothbores (three firing to port and three firing to starboard) and two larger and more powerful pivot cannons. The pivot cannons were placed fore and aft of the main mast and positioned roughly amidships along the deck's center line. From those positions, they could be rotated to fire across the port or starboard sides of the cruiser. The fore pivot cannon was a heavy, long-range 100-pounder, 7-inch bore (178 mm) Blakely rifled muzzle-loader; the aft pivot cannon a large, 8-inch (203 mm) smoothbore.

The new Confederate cruiser was powered by both sail and by a two-cylinder John Laird Sons and Company  horizontal steam engine, driving a single, Griffiths-type, twin-bladed brass screw. (Note: At the time a cylinder was also called an engine. Therefore, the machinery involved, which had two cylinders, could also be referred to as a pair of engines as often found in literature.)

The telescopic funnel could be raised or lowered by chains to disguise the fact that the vessel was a steamer.

With the screw retracted using the stern's brass lifting gear mechanism, Alabama could make up to ten knots under sail alone and  when her sail and steam power were used together.

Commissioning and voyage

The ship was purposely commissioned about a mile off Terceira Island in international waters on 24 August 1862. All the men from Agrippina and Bahama had been transferred to the quarter deck of Enrica, where her 24 officers, some of them Southerners, stood in full dress uniform. Captain Raphael Semmes mounted a gun-carriage and read his commission from President Jefferson Davis, authorizing him to take command of the new cruiser. Upon completion of the reading, musicians assembled from among the three ships' crews began to play the tune "Dixie" as the quartermaster finished hauling down Enricas British colors. A signal cannon was fired and the ship's new battle ensign and commissioning pennant were broken out at the peaks of the mizzen gaff and mainmast. With that the cruiser became the  Confederate States Steamer Alabama. The ship's motto: Aide-toi et Dieu t'aidera (French which approximately translates as "God helps those who help themselves") was engraved in the bronze of the great double ship's wheel.

Captain Semmes then made a speech about the Southern cause to the assembled seamen (few of whom were American), asking them to sign on for a voyage of unknown length and destiny. Semmes had only his 24 officers and no crew to man his new command. When this did not succeed, he offered signing money and double wages, paid in gold, and additional prize money to be paid by the Confederate congress for all destroyed Union ships. The men began to shout "Hear! Hear!" in response.  83 seamen, many of them British, signed on for service in the Confederate Navy. Bulloch and the remaining seamen then boarded their respective ships for the return to England. Semmes still needed another 20 or so men for a full complement, but there were enough to at least handle the new commerce raider. The rest would be recruited from the captured crews of raided ships or from friendly ports-of-call. Many of the 83 crewmen who signed on completed the full voyage.

Under Captain Semmes, Alabama spent her first two months in the Eastern Atlantic, ranging southwest of the Azores and then redoubling east, capturing and burning northern merchant ships. After a difficult Atlantic crossing, she continued her cruise in the greater New England region. She then sailed south, arriving in the West Indies where she raised more havoc before finally cruising west into the Gulf of Mexico. There, in January 1863, Alabama had her first military engagement. She came upon and quickly sank the Union side-wheeler  just off the Texas coast, near Galveston, capturing that warship's crew. She then continued further south, eventually crossing the Equator, where she took the most prizes of her raiding career while cruising off the coast of Brazil.

After a second, easterly Atlantic crossing, Alabama sailed down the southwestern African coast where she continued the campaign against northern commerce. After stopping in Saldanha Bay on 29 July 1863 in order to verify that no enemy ships were in Table Bay, she finally made a much-needed refitting and reprovisioning visit to Cape Town, South Africa. Alabama is the subject of an Afrikaans folk song, "Daar kom die Alibama" still popular in South Africa today. She then sailed for the East Indies where she spent six months, destroying seven more ships before finally returning via the Cape of Good Hope en route to France. Union warships hunted frequently for the Confederate raider, but on the few occasions Alabama was spotted, she eluded her pursuers by vanishing over the horizon.

All together, she burned 65 Union vessels of various types, most of them merchant ships. During all of Alabamas raiding ventures, captured ships' crews and passengers were never harmed, only detained until they could be placed aboard a neutral ship or placed ashore in a friendly or neutral port.

Expeditionary raids

All together, Alabama conducted a total of seven expeditionary raids, spanning the globe, before heading to France for refit and repairs:

 CSS Alabamas Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid (August–September 1862) commenced immediately after commissioning. She set sail for the shipping lanes southwest and then east of the Azores, where she captured and burned ten prizes, mostly whalers.
 CSS Alabamas New England Expeditionary Raid (October–November 1862) began after Captain Semmes and his crew departed for the northeastern seaboard of North America, along Newfoundland and New England, where she ranged as far south as Bermuda and the coast of Virginia, burning ten prizes while capturing and releasing three others.
 CSS Alabamas Gulf of Mexico Expeditionary Raid (December 1862 – January 1863) began as Alabama effected a needed rendezvous with her supply vessel, CSS Agrippina. Afterward, she rendered aid to Confederate land forces during the Battle of Galveston in coastal Texas, by sinking the Union side-wheeler .
 CSS Alabamas South Atlantic Expeditionary Raid (February–July 1863) was her most successful raiding venture, taking 29 prizes while raiding off the coast of Brazil. Here she recommissioned the bark Conrad as .
 CSS Alabamas South African Expeditionary Raid (August–September 1863) occurred primarily while ranging off the coast of South Africa, as she worked together with CSS Tuscaloosa.
 CSS Alabamas Indian Ocean Expeditionary Raid (September–November 1863) involved a journey of nearly 4,500 miles  (7,250 km) across the Indian Ocean. Successfully evading the Union gunboat Wyoming, she took three prizes near the Sunda Strait and the Java Sea.
 CSS Alabamas South Pacific Expeditionary Raid (December 1863) was her final raiding venture. She took a few prizes in the Strait of Malacca before finally turning back toward France for refit and repair.

Upon the completion of her seven expeditionary raids, Alabama had been at sea for 534 days out of 657, never visiting a Confederate port. She boarded nearly 450 vessels, captured or burned 65 Union merchant ships, and took more than 2,000 prisoners without any loss of life among either prisoners or her own crew.

Final cruise

On 11 June 1864, Alabama arrived in port at Cherbourg, France. Captain Semmes soon requested permission to dry dock and overhaul his ship, necessary after naval action and  so long at sea. Pursuing the raider, the American sloop-of-war, , under the command of Captain John Ancrum Winslow, arrived three days later and took up station just outside the harbor. While at his previous port-of-call, Winslow had telegraphed Gibraltar to send the old sloop-of-war  with provisions and to provide blockading assistance. Kearsarge now had Alabama boxed in with no place left to run.

Having no desire to see his worn-out ship decay at a French dock while quarantined by Union warships and given his instinctive aggressiveness and a long-held desire once again to engage his enemy, Captain Semmes chose to fight. After preparing his ship and drilling the crew for the coming battle during the next several days, Semmes issued, through diplomatic channels, a challenge (or hoped-for intimidation) to the Kearsarges commander, "my intention is to fight the Kearsarge as soon as I can make the necessary arrangements. I hope these will not detain me more than until to-morrow or the morrow morning at farthest. I beg she will not depart until I am ready to go out. I have the honor to be Your obedient servant, R. Semmes, Captain."

On 19 June, Alabama sailed out to meet the Union cruiser. Jurist Tom Bingham later wrote, "The ensuing battle was witnessed by Manet, who went out to paint it, and the owner of an English yacht who had offered his children a choice between watching the battle and going to church."

As Kearsarge turned to meet her opponent, Alabama opened fire. Kearsarge waited until the range had closed to less than 1,000 yards (900 m). According to combatants, the two ships steamed on opposite courses in seven spiraling circles, moving southwesterly with the 3-knot current, each commander trying to cross the bow of his opponent to deliver a heavy raking fire (to "cross the T"). The battle quickly turned against Alabama due to the superior gunnery displayed by Kearsarge and the deteriorated state of Alabamas contaminated powder and fuses. Her most telling shot, fired from the forward 7-inch (178 mm) Blakely pivot rifle, hit very near Kearsarges vulnerable stern post, the impact binding the ship's rudder badly. That rifled shell, however, failed to explode. If it had done so, it would have seriously disabled Kearsarges steering, possibly sinking the warship, and ending the contest. In addition, Alabamas too rapid rate-of-fire resulted in poor gunnery, with many of her shots going too high, and as a result Kearsarge's outboard chain armor received little damage. Semmes later said that he did not know about Kearsarge's armor at the time of his decision to issue the challenge to fight, and in the following years firmly maintained he would have never fought Kearsarge if he had known.

Kearsarge's hull armor had been installed in just three days, more than a year before, while she was in port at the Azores. It was made using  of  single link iron chain and covered hull spaces  long by  deep. It was stopped up and down to eye-bolts with marlines and secured by iron dogs. Her chain armor was concealed behind 1-inch deal-boards painted black to match the upper hull's color. This "chaincladding" was placed along Kearsarges port and starboard midsection down to the waterline, for additional protection of her engine and boilers when the upper portion of her coal bunkers were empty (coal bunkers played an important part in the protection of early steam vessels, such as protected cruisers).

A hit to her engine or boilers could easily have left Kearsarge dead in the water, or even caused a boiler explosion or fire that could destroy the cruiser. Her armor belt was struck twice during the fight. The first hit, by one of Alabamas 32-pounder shells, was in the starboard gangway, cutting the chain armor and damaging the hull planking underneath. A second 32-pounder shell exploded and broke a link of the chain armor, tearing away a portion of the deal-board covering. Had those rounds come from Alabamas more powerful 100-pounder Blakely pivot rifle, they would have easily penetrated, but the likely result would not have been very serious, as both shots struck the hull a little more than five feet above the waterline. Even if both shots had penetrated Kearsarges side, they would have missed her vital machinery. However, a 100-pound shell could have done a great deal of damage to her interior; hot fragments could have easily set fire to the cruiser, one of the greatest risks aboard a wooden vessel.

A little more than an hour after the first shot was fired, Alabama was reduced to a sinking wreck by Kearsarges powerful  Dahlgrens, forcing Captain Semmes to strike his colors and to send one of his two surviving boats to Kearsarge to ask for assistance.

According to witnesses, Alabama fired about 370 rounds at her adversary, averaging one round per minute per gun, a fast rate of fire compared to Kearsarges gun crews, who fired less than half that number, taking more careful aim. In the confusion of battle, five more rounds were fired at Alabama after her colors were struck. (Her gun ports had been left open and the broadside cannon were still run out, appearing to threaten Kearsarge.) A hand-held white flag at Alabamas stern spanker boom finally halted the engagement.

Prior to this, she had her steering gear damaged by shell hits, but the fatal shot came later when one of Kearsarges  shells tore open a mid-section of Alabamas starboard waterline. Water quickly rushed through the hull, eventually flooding the boilers and taking her down by the stern to the bottom. As Alabama sank, the injured Semmes threw his sword into the sea, depriving Kearsarges commander, Winslow, of the traditional surrender of the sword (an act which was seen as dishonorable by many  at the time).

Of her 170 crew, the Alabama had 19 fatalities (9 killed and 10 drowned) and 21 wounded Kearsarge rescued most of the survivors, but 41 of Alabamas officers and crew, including Semmes, were rescued by John Lancaster's private British steam yacht Deerhound, while Kearsarge stood off to recover her rescue boats as Alabama sank. Captain Winslow had to stand by and watch Deerhound spirit his adversary away to England. Semmes and the 41 crew members successfully reached England. Semmes eventually returned to the Confederacy and became a Confederate admiral in the last weeks of the war.

The sinking of Alabama by Kearsarge is honored by the United States Navy with a battle star on the Civil War campaign streamer.

Officers

  Died in Saldanha Bay from accidental gunshot on 3 August 1863.
  Drowned in the sinking of the Alabama 19 June 1864.
  Lt of CS Marines. Brother-in-law of CS President Jefferson Davis
  Drowned in the sinking of the Alabama 19 June 1864.
  Killed in action in the sinking of the Alabama 19 June 1864

Dr. David Herbert Llewellyn, a Briton and the ship's assistant surgeon, tended the wounded during the battle. At one point the operating table was shot away. He worked in the wardroom until the order to abandon ship was finally given. As he helped wounded men into Alabamas only two functional lifeboats, an able-bodied sailor attempted to enter one, which was already full. Llewellyn, understanding that the man risked capsizing the craft, grabbed and pulled him back, saying "See, I want to save my life as much as you do; but let the wounded men be saved first."

An officer in the boat, seeing that Llewellyn was about to be left aboard the stricken Alabama, shouted "Doctor, we can make room for you." Llewellyn shook his head and replied, "I will not peril the wounded." Unknown to the crew, Llewellyn had never learned to swim, and he drowned when the ship went down.

His sacrifice did not go unrecognized in England. In his native village, a memorial window and tablet were placed at Easton Royal Church. Another tablet was placed in Charing Cross Hospital, London, where he attended medical school.

Repercussions

During her two-year career as a commerce raider, Alabama damaged Union merchant shipping around the world. The Confederate cruiser claimed 65 prizes valued at nearly $6,000,000 (about $ in today's dollars); in 1862 alone 28 were claimed. In an important development in international law, the U.S. government pursued the "Alabama Claims" against Great Britain for the losses caused by Alabama and other raiders fitted out in Britain. A joint arbitration commission awarded the U.S. $15.5 million in damages.

Ironically, in 1851, a decade before the Civil War, Captain Semmes had observed:

However, she and other raiders failed in their primary purpose, which was to draw Union vessels away from the blockade of the southern coastline that was slowly strangling the Confederacy. The Confederate government had hoped that panicking shipping companies would force the Union to dispatch ships to protect merchant shipping and hunt down the raiders, a task which always requires a proportionately greater force when compared with the numbers of ships attacking (see Battle of the Atlantic). Union officials proved immovable on the blockade, however, and although insurance prices soared, shipping costs went up, and many vessels transferred to a neutral flag, very few naval vessels were taken off the southern blockade. In fact, with clever use of resources and a mammoth shipbuilding program, the Union managed to steadily increase the blockade throughout the war. It also sent vessels to protect merchant shipping and to hunt and destroy the few Confederate raiders and privateers still operating.

The wreck
In November 1984 the French Navy mine hunter Circé discovered a wreck under nearly 200 ft (60 m) of water off Cherbourg at . Captain Max Guerout later confirmed the wreck to be Alabamas remains.

In 1988 a non-profit organization, the CSS Alabama Association, was founded to conduct scientific exploration of the shipwreck. Although the wreck is in French territorial waters, the United States Government, as the successor to the former Confederate States of America, is the owner. On 3 October 1989 the US and France signed an agreement recognizing this wreck as an important heritage resource of both nations and establishing a Joint French-American Scientific Committee for archaeological exploration. This agreement established a precedent for international cooperation in archaeological research and in the protection of a unique historic shipwreck.

The Association CSS Alabama and the Naval History and Heritage Command signed on 23 March 1995 an official agreement accrediting Association CSS Alabama as operator of the archaeological investigation of the remains of the ship. The association, which is funded solely from private donations, is continuing to make this an international project through its fundraising in France and in the US, thanks to its sister organization, the CSS Alabama Association, incorporated in the State of Delaware.

Alabama was fitted with eight pieces of ordnance after she arrived at the Azores; six of those were 32-pounder smooth bores. Seven cannon were identified at the wreck site: Two were cast from a Royal Navy pattern and three were of a later pattern produced by Fawcett, Preston, and Company in Liverpool.

One of the Blakely pattern 32-pounders was found lying across the starboard side of the hull, forward of the boilers. A second Blakely 32-pounder was identified outside the hull structure, immediately forward of the propeller and its lifting frame; the forward 32-pounder was recovered in 2000. Both of the Royal Navy pattern 32-pounders were identified: One lies inside the starboard hull, forward of the boilers, adjacent to the forward Downton pump. The second was identified as lying on the iron deck structure, immediately aft of the smoke pipe; it was recovered in 2001. The sole remaining 32-pounder has not been positively identified, but it could be underneath hull debris forward of the starboard Trotman anchor.

Alabamas heavy ordnance were one Blakely Patent 7-inch 100-pounder shell rifle mounted on a pivot carriage forward and one 68-pounder smoothbore similarly mounted aft. The Blakely 7-inch 100-pounder was found beside its pivot carriage, atop the forward starboard boiler; this was the first cannon recovered from Alabama. The 68-pounder smoothbore was located aft, at the stern, immediately outside the starboard hull structure; it is possible that the remains of its truck and pivot carriage lie underneath the gun barrel. Both heavy cannon were recovered in 1994.

In addition to the seven cannon, the wreck site contained shot, gun truck wheels, and brass tracks for the gun carriages; many of the brass tracks were recovered. Two shot were recovered, and one conical projectile was inside the barrel of the 7-inch Blakely rifle. A shell for a 32-pounder was recovered from the stern, forward of the propeller; that shot was attached to a wood sabot having been packed in a wood box for storage. Additional round shot were observed scattered forward of the boilers and in the vicinity of the aft pivot gun, one possibly having been fired from Kearsarge.

In 2002, a diving expedition raised the ship's bell along with more than 300 other artifacts, including more cannons, structural samples, tableware, ornate commodes, and numerous other items that reveal much about life aboard the Confederate warship. Many of the artifacts are now housed in the Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command conservation lab.

Folklore and heritage

Alabama is the subject of a sea shanty, Roll, Alabama, Roll which was also the basis of a 2014 record of the same name by British contemporary folk band Bellowhead.

Alabamas visit to Cape Town in 1863 has passed (with a slight spelling change) into South African folklore in the Afrikaans song, Daar Kom die Alibama.

The Alabama Hills in Inyo County, California, are named after the vessel.

Claimed Links between the CSS Alabama and Captain Nemo's fictional submarine the Nautilus

In 1998 the Jules Verne scholar William Butcher was the first to identify a possible link between the Birkenhead built Alabama and Captain Nemo's Nautilus from the Jules Verne 1869 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas. Butcher stated The Alabama, which claimed to have sunk 75 merchantmen, was destroyed by the Unionist Kearsarge off Cherbourg on 11th June 1864…. This battle has clear connections with Nemo's final attack, also in the English Channel.

Jules Verne had himself made a previous comparison between the Birkenhead built CSS Alabama and the Nautilus in a letter to his publisher Jules Hetzel in March 1869.

In September 2021 the Birkenhead born geography teacher John Lamb noted that both the hull of the fictional Nautilus and the hull of the real-life Confederate warship CSS Alabama had both been built in secret at the Laird's shipyard in Birkenhead, lying opposite the port of Liverpool. Furthermore, both vessels had been completed on a 'desert island' - in the case of the Alabama on the Azores Island of Terceira

In Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1869) Captain Nemo explains how he built the Nautilus... Each of its components, Dr Arronax, was sent to me from a different point on the globe via a forwarding address. ….  the iron plates for its hull by Laird's of Liverpool…. I set up my workshops on a small desert island in the middle of the ocean. There with my workmen, that is my good companions whom I instructed and trained, I completed our Nautilus.

According to the historian Stephen Fox, Captain Raphael Semmes had portraits of General Robert E Lee and the Confederate President Jefferson Davis on the cabin wall of the CSS Alabama. In Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, Captain Nemo has portraits of Abraham Lincoln and the radical abolitionist John Brown adorning the cabin walls of the Nautilus. Raphael Semmes was a supporter of slavery while Captain Nemo is a militant anti-slaver.

The two-year voyage of the CSS Alabama had covered a distance of approximately 75,000 miles which equates to just over 21,700 leagues and Jules Verne may have chosen Captain Nemo's motto of 'Mobilis in Mobile' quite simply because the captain of the CSS Alabama – Raphael Semmes, was a resident of Mobile, Alabama.

In 1869 Captain Raphael Semmes released his American Civil War memoirs entitled Memoirs of Service Afloat During the War Between the States. In the same year of 1869, Jules Verne released his classic novel Twenty Thousand leagues Under the Seas John Lamb catalogued the many similarities between the two books on his website Jules Verne and the Heroes of Birkenhead in August 2022.

John Lamb hypothesized that to Jules Verne the CSS Alabama and Captain Nemo's Nautilus might essentially be one and the same and that the militant abolitionist Captain Nemo is the 'alter ego' of the pro slavery Raphael Semmes - i.e. the 'opposite of oneself'https://julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/25.-Revealing-Captain-Nemo-Jules-Verne-in-Conversation-with-Raphael-Semmes.-2.pdf

In the sequel novel to Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea entitled The Mysterious Island Captain Nemo returns and is revealed as the rebel Indian Prince Dakkar a possible derivation of the Afrikaan song Daar Kom die Alibama (see above) whereby moving the letter 'k' two spaces to the left gives the phrase Dakar om die Alibama.

In November 2021, Alan Evans the Director of Regeneration and Place at Wirral Borough Council endorsed the further claim by John Lamb that Jules Verne had set his 1874 novel The Mysterious Island in Birkenhead and the surrounding Wirral Peninsula, so marking the return of the Birkenhead built Nautilus and Captain Nemo back to their 'hometown'.

In August 2022 the British Member of Parliament for Birkenhead, Mick Whitley also endorsed John Lamb's discovery that Robert Louis Stevenson had also set his classic pirate novel Treasure Island (1881) in the town of Birkenhead and the surrounding Wirral Peninsula.

The letters of support for both novels were posted on the Jules Verne and the Heroes of Birkenhead website.

Battle ensigns and other naval flags

Both the United States Navy and the Confederate States Navy flew an ensign and a jack (primary and secondary naval flags) following British naval tradition that originated in the 17th century. The fledgling Confederate Navy therefore adopted and used jacks, commissioning pennants, battle ensigns, small boat ensigns, designating flags, and signal flags aboard its warships during the Civil War.

Surviving flags

At the beginning of Alabamas raiding ventures, the newly commissioned cruiser may have been forced, out of necessity, to fly the only battle ensign available to Captain Semmes: an early 1861, 7-star First National Flag, possibly the same battle ensign flown aboard his previous command, the smaller commerce raider CSS Sumter. Between 21 May and 28 November 1861, six more Southern states seceded and joined the Confederacy. Well before Alabama was launched as Enrica at Birkenhead, Merseyside in North West England, six more white, 5-pointed stars had been added to the "Stars and Bars" far away across the Atlantic on the Confederate mainland.

One such early "Stars and Bars" battle ensign was salvaged from Alabamas floating debris, following her sinking by Kearsarge. It still survives and is held by the Alabama Department of Archives and History. It is listed there as "Auxiliary Flag of the C.S.S. Alabama, Catalogue No. 86.3766.1." According to their provenance reconstruction, DeCost Smith, an American from New England, discovered this "Stars and Bars" ensign in a Paris upholstery shop in 1884, where he purchased it for 15 francs. Smith's nephew, Clement Sawtell of Lincoln Square, Massachusetts, later inherited the ensign from his uncle. At the suggestion of retired Rear Admiral Beverly M. Coleman, Sawtell donated it to the State of Alabama on 3 June 1975.

This battle ensign's overall dimensions are different from the Confederate flag regulations' required 2:3 ratio. It is 64-inches high (hoist) by 112-inches long (fly), a proportion of 5:9, and its dark blue canton contains eight white stars, 8-inches (203 mm) high, in an unusual arrangement: The stars are not organized in a circle but configured in three, centered, horizontal rows of two, then three, and finally two. The additional 8th star is tucked into the lower left corner (and in the lower right corner on the opposite side), giving the canton's layout a unique, asymmetrical appearance. It seems plausible this was Alabamas original 7-star battle ensign, possibly flown aboard CSS Sumter as noted earlier, and later altered at some point when the long-delayed news of an 8th state joining the Confederacy finally reached the far distant cruiser.

Two "Star and Bars" battle ensigns, labeled as having belonged to Alabama, also still exist. The first is a mounted and framed, 14-star ensign located at the Mariner's Museum in Virginia. (A small number of these unusual 14-star national flags have survived to the modern era and are held in several Civil War archives.) From the several color photo available on the Internet, this ensign appears to have an approximate hoist-to-fly aspect ratio of 1:2.5 (i.e., very rectangular). A second "Stars and Bars" battle ensign is on display at the Pensacola Historical Museum. Its canton contains a circle of 12 stars surrounding a centered, larger 13th star.

Surviving stainless banners

Four of Alabamas later-style ensigns have survived to the modern era. The first measures  and is located in South Africa at Cape Town's Bo-Kaap Museum. Its Southern Cross canton is oversize and made after the British navy fashion: Instead of being square, it has a very rectangular 1:2 aspect ratio. It was also made without any white stripes outlining its diagonal blue bars. A central 5-pointed white star, located where the two blue saltires' cross, is larger than the other twelve. This ensign appears to have been made by her British crew sometime between Alabamas two visits to Cape Town. This flown ensign was finally given in thanks to William Anderson, whose ship's chandler company helped make repairs and provide supplies to Alabama in Cape Town, shortly before the raider returned to Cherbourg, France (and her fateful battle with the sloop-of-war, USS Kearsarge).

A second Stainless Banner ensign of South African origin was made and then presented to Alabama on one of her two port visits to Cape Town; it resides in the Tennessee State Museum, according to their website.

The third surviving Stainless Banner is one of Alabamas original small boat ensigns. This official-looking  ensign is marked in brown pigment on its hoist: "Alabama. 290. C.S.N. 1st Cutter." In 2007 it was offered and sold through Philip Weiss Auctions. It was being sold by the grandson of its second owner, who had originally purchased it from the granddaughter of a USS Kearsarge sailor. Its buyer has since resold this small boat ensign through a later auction.

A fourth surviving ensign appears, from various clues observed in on-line photos, to be roughly . Because Alabama was forced to replace several of her original small boats lost at different times during her lengthy cruise, this is likely a larger replacement boat ensign. While it could have been made aboard, its somewhat more accurate details suggest it might have been commissioned ashore during a port-of-call visit. This ensign was rescued from the sinking Alabama by W. P. Brooks, the cruiser's assistant-engineer. It was last flown, along with other historic flags, during a ceremony held on the parade ground at Fort Pulaski, GA, sometime during 1937. This ensign has since been mounted and framed and continues to reside with the Brooks family; four modern photos of it can be found at the website for the "Alabama Crew," a British-based naval reenactor group.

The Alabama Department of Archives and History has in its collection one more important Stainless Banner ensign listed as "Admiral Semmes' Flag, Catalogue No. 86.1893.1 (PN10149-10150)". Their provenance reconstruction shows that it was presented to Semmes after the sinking of Alabama by "Lady Dehogton and other English ladies". Such presentations of ceremonial colors were uncommon to ships' captains of the Confederate Navy, but a few were known to have received such honors. This Second National Flag is huge and made of pure silk, giving it an elegant appearance. While this ensign is in a remarkable state of preservation, its large size and delicate condition have made its up-close details and measurements unavailable. When Semmes returned to the Confederacy from England, he brought this ceremonial Stainless Banner with him. It was inherited by his grandchildren, Raphael Semmes III and Mrs. Eunice Semmes Thorington. Following his sister's death, Raphael Semmes III donated the ensign to the state of Alabama on 19 September 1929.

See also

Irvine Bulloch – James's half-brother who was the youngest midshipman and officer on the ship
James Dunwoody Bulloch – Confederate agent and uncle of Theodore Roosevelt who covertly bought the AlabamaBlockade runners of the American Civil War
Bibliography of American Civil War naval history
List of ships captured in the 19th century
List of ships of the Confederate States Navy
Trent Affair

References

BibliographyThis article contains public domain material from the Naval History and Heritage Command, entry here. Barnett, Gene. "Alabama," Dictionary of American History, Volume 1, Third Edition.
Bowcock, Andrew. CSS Alabama, Anatomy of a Confederate RaiderChatham Publishing, London, 2002. .

Delaney, Norman C. "'Old Beeswax': Raphael Semmes of the Alabama." Harrisburg, PA, Vol. 12, #8, December, 1973 issue, Civil War Times Illustrated. No ISSN.
Fox, Stephen. Wolf of the Deep; Raphael Semmes and the Notorious Confederate Raider CSS Alabama. 2007, Alfred A. Knopf Publishing. .
Gindlesperger, James. Fire on the Water: The USS Kearsarge and the CSS AlabamaBurd Street Press, 2005. .
Hearn, Chester G., Gray Raiders of the Sea Louisiana State Press, 1996. .
Luraghi, Raimondo. A History of the Confederate Navy. U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1996. .
Madaus, H. Michael. Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant MarineWinchester, MA, Flag Research Center, 1986. ISSN 0015-3370. (An 80-page special edition of "The Flag Bulletin" magazine, #115, devoted entirely to Confederate naval flags.)
Marvel, William. The Alabama & the Kearsarge: The Sailor's WarUniversity of North Carolina Press, 1996. .
Roberts, Arthur C., M. D. "Reconstructing USS Kearsarge, 1864," Silver Spring, MD., Vol. 44, #4; Vol. 45, #s 1, 2, and 3, 1999, 2000, Nautical Research Journal. ISSN 0738-7245.
Secretary of the Navy. Sinking of the Alabama — Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge. Washington, D.C., Navy Yard, 1864. (Annual report in the library of the Naval Historical Center.)
Semmes, R., CSS, Commander. The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter,(Two Volumes In One)Carlton, Publisher, New York, 1864.
Semmes, Raphael, Admiral, CSN. Memoirs of Service Afloat During the War Between the States. Blue & Grey Press, 1987. .

Still Jr., William N.; Taylor, John M.; Delaney, Norman C.(1998). Raiders and Blockaders, the American Civil War AfloatBrassy's, Inc., .
Uncredited reporter. Confederate Flag Flies At Pulaski, Savannah News-Press, Savannah, GA., printed around 1937. (Depression-era newspaper article about W. P. Brooks' rescued CSS Alabama ensign being flown as part of a ceremony held on the parade ground at Fort Pulaski, GA.)
Wilson, Walter E. and Gary L. Mckay. James D. Bulloch; Secret Agent and Mastermind of the Confederate Navy. Mcfarland & Co. Inc., 2012. .
Styles, Showell "Number Two-ninety" 1966.

External links

Cruisers, Cotton and Confederates
Semmes, Raphael, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, Carleton, 1864, Digitized by Digital Scanning Incorporated, 2001, .
C.S.S. Alabama: A Virtual Exhibit, Marshall University
Edwin Maffitt Anderson photographs (University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama) - photo album containing cartes de visite of Raphael Semmes and crew members, as well as drawings of the ship.
"High Seas Duel" from Civil War Quarterly'' magazine, 2014. Numerous photos and first-hand accounts.

Ships built on the River Mersey
Cruisers of the Confederate States Navy
Shipwrecks in the English Channel
Alabama in the American Civil War
Maritime incidents in June 1864
Archaeological sites in France
Commerce raiders
1862 ships
Shipwrecks of the American Civil War
1984 archaeological discoveries

CSS Alabama


L'attentat du 18 juin 2009 de Beledweyne est un attentat à la bombe survenu le 18 juin 2009 visant l'hôtel Medina, ayant fait 57 morts et 307 blessés.

Attentat
Le 18 juin 2009, vers  heure locale, une voiture Toyota chargée d'explosifs a commencé à se diriger vers l'hôtel Medina. La voiture piégée a été repérée avant qu'elle n'atteigne l'entrée de l'hôtel Medina. , le ministre de la Sécurité nationale de la Somalie, était sur le point de quitter l'hôtel lorsque la voiture piégée a traversé l'entrée de l'hôtel, s'écrasant sur des voitures en stationnement avant de faire exploser son dispositif explosif. L'explosion a gravement endommagé l'hôtel et a tué 57 personnes et fait 307 blessés.

Victimes
Plusieurs personnes influentes ont été tuées dans l'attentat à la voiture piégée, notamment des ambassadeurs, des ministres, des colonels militaires et des anciens du clan :
 Omar Hashi Aden, ministre de la sécurité de la Somalie
 Abdikarim Farah Laqanyo, ancien ambassadeur de Somalie en Éthiopie et auprès de l'Union africaine
 Mohamed Abdi Yarow, colonel des forces armées somaliennes
 Mohamed Barre Fidow, colonel des forces armées somaliennes
 Omar Hasan Dhudi, colonel des forces armées somaliennes
 Yusuf Husen, colonel des forces armées somaliennes

Notes et références

Juin 2009
2009 en Somalie
Terrorisme en 2009
Attentat en Somalie
Harakat al-Chabab al-Moudjahidin

Attentat du 18 juin 2009 de Beledweyne


Gillingham  /ˈdʒɪlɪŋəm/ es una villa del autoridad unitaria de Medway, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Gillingham tiene una superficie de 21,52 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Gillingham tenía 98 403 habitantes (49,43% varones, 50,57% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 4572,63 hab/km². El 22,37% eran menores de 16 años, el 71,94% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 5,7% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 36,44 años.

El 90,67% eran originarios de Inglaterra y el 2,92% de otras naciones constitutivas del Reino Unido, mientras que el 2,06% eran del resto de países europeos y el 4,35% de cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 94,86% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 1,17% mestizos, el 2,68% asiáticos, el 0,68% negros, el 0,41% chinos y el 0,2% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 72,48%, el budismo por el 0,2%, el hinduismo por el 0,7%, el judaísmo por el 0,07%, el islam por el 1,09%, el sijismo por el 0,87% y cualquier otra religión por el 0,31%. El 16,75% no eran religiosos y el 7,53% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 28,46% estaban solteros, el 52,92% casados, el 2,78% separados, el 8,7% divorciados y el 7,14% viudos. Había 38 718 hogares con residentes, de los cuales el 26,14% estaban habitados por una sola persona, el 9,71% por padres solteros con o sin hijos dependientes, el 41,85% por parejas casadas y el 9,43% sin casar, con o sin hijos dependientes en ambos casos, el 7,41% por jubilados y el 5,45% por otro tipo de composición. Además, había 1003 hogares sin ocupar y 50 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent

Gillingham (Kent)


Gürcü alfabesi (), Güney Kafkas dillerinin (Gürcüce, Megrelce, Svanca ve Lazca), özellikle Gürcücenin yazımında kullanılan alfabedir. 1940'larda Osetçe ve 1937-1954 arasında Abhazcanın yazımında da kullanılmıştır. Gürcü alfabesi Dağıstan'da Avarlar tarafından da yüzyıllarca Avar dilini yazmak için kullanılmıştır. Avarlar Gürcü krallıkları ile Alazan vadisi yüzünden çatışmaya başlayınca Gürcü alfabesi, 16. yüzyıldan itibaren yerini Avar dili için düzenlenmiş Arap harflerinden oluşan Ajam alfabesine bıraktı.

Gürcü alfabesi, günümüzde dünyada kullanılan en eski yazı sistemilerinden biridir. Beşi sesli olmak üzere 33 harften oluşur. Büyük-küçük harf ayrımı olmayıp hepsi aynı şekilde yazılır.

Alfabenin ortaya çıkışı
Gürcü tarih yazıcılığında Gürcü alfabesini geliştiren kişi olarak Kral I. Parnavaz kabul edilir. Gürcü alfabesinin geliştirildiği tarih olarak kabul edilen zaman dilimi, MÖ 4. yüzyıl ile MS 3. yüzyıl arasında değişir. Hiç kuşkusuz Gürcüce çok eski tarihlerden beri vardı; ama Gürcistan eski çağlardan beri bir kültür bölgesiydi ve değişik halkların temsilcileri bu coğrafyada kendi dillerini konuşuyor ve kendi yazı sistemlerini kullanıyorlardı.

Alfabeler

Asomtavruli
Asomtavruli (Gürcüce): ასომთავრული) en eski Gürcü yazısıdır.  Asomtavruli "büyük harf" anlamına gelir; bu kelime "harf" anlamına gelen aso (ასო) ile  "asıl, baş" anlamına gelen mtavari (მთავარი) kelimelerinden oluşur.

Nushuri

Mhedruli

Yazı biçimleri

Gürcü alfabesinin üç farklı biçimi vardır. Mrgvlovani (Parnavaz döneminden kalmıştır) İÖ 3. yüzyıldan, Nushuri 9. yüzyıldan, Mhedruli 11. yüzyıldan ortaya çıkmıştır.

Mrgvlovani yazı biçimine en son 11. yüzyıl metinlerinde rastlanır. Sonraki yüzyıllarda bu yazı biçimi unutulmuş değildi; ama daha çok yazı başlıklarında kullanılıyordu. Bundan dolayı da, "başlık harfleri" anlamında Asomtavruli olarak adlandırılmıştır. Nushuri alfabesi, ilk olarak 9. yüzyıldaki metinlerde görülür. Mhedruli alfabesi ise 10. yüzyılda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Nushuri yazısı, Mhedruli yazısıyla eşzamanlı olarak kullanıldı. Ancak zaman içinde Nushuri dinsel ve bilimsel metinlerde, Mhedruli ise, bu alanların dışında, resmi ve askeri yazışmalarda kullanıldı. Bundan dolayı da Mhedruli (askeri) adıyla anılmaya başlandı. Nushuri bugün de kilisede kullanılan bir yazı biçimidir. Gündelik ve dinsel törenlere özgü metinler bu yazı biçimiyle yazılmaktadır.

Eski Gürcücede 38 harf bulunuyordu. 19. yüzyılda alfabede basitleştirilmeye gidildi. Bugün Gürcü alfabesinde 5'i sesli olmak üzere 33 harf vardır. Gürcücede her harf bir fonemi karşılar ve Gürcü alfabesi yazıldığı gibi okunur. Bu üç Gürcü yazı biçimi, yalnızca harflerin yazılış biçimiyle birbirinden ayrılır. Bugün kullanılan yazı, kolay yazılabilir biçime uygun hale getirilmiş bir alfabedir. Mrglovani yazı biçimi görece zor yazılan harflerden oluşur; çünkü bir harfi tek bir el hareketiyle yazmak olanaklı değildir. Bir harfi yazabilmek için eli birkaç kez kaldırmak gerekir. Ama her yazı biçiminin giderek gelişmiş bir biçim olduğu söylenebilir.

İlk yazı örnekleri

Arkaik dönem bir yana bırakılırsa eski Gürcüceyi bugün de anlamak mümkündür. Zamanın gerektirdiği gibi alfabede değişiklikler olmuş; ama dilde bir değişiklik olmamıştır.
Gürcü alfabesinin eskiliğine karşın bu alfabeyle yazılmış en eski metinler İS 5. yüzyıla tarihlenmektedir. Bu en eski yazılı belge, Filistin'deki Gürcü manastırında mozaikle çevrelenmiş biçimde Mrglovani alfabesiyle yazılmış dört Gürcü yazıtıdır. Bu yazıtlar, 433 yılına tarihlenmektedir. Yaklaşık bu tarihlerde Gürcüstan'da Asomtavruli yazısıyla yazılmış yazıtlar vardır. Bolnisi manastırındaki bu yazıtların tarihi 493/494 yılı olarak belirlenmiştir. 5-6. yüzyıllardan kalma başka yazıtlar da günümüze ulaşmıştır. Mtsheta'daki Cvari Kilisesi'nde yazıtlar ise 6-7. yüzyıllara aittir.

Gürcü edebiyatının en eski metinleri de gene 5. yüzyıla tarihlenmektedir. Şuşanikis Martviloba (Şuşanikis Tsameba) adlı bu en eski edebi metin, o kadar gelişmiş bir yazıyla ve dille yazılmıştır ki bunun ilk edebiyat metni olmadığı açıktır. Ancak daha eski metinler günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Bu metinde ayrıca bir İncil çevirisinden de söz edilmektedir. Biraz daha geç bir dönemde Evstati Mtshetelis Martviloba yazılmış ve bunu pek çok yeni metin izlemiştir.

İstanbul'da, Pirosmani  adıyla Türkçe ve Gürcüce olarak yayımlanan dergi, Türkiye'de Gürcü alfabesini kullanan bir yayın organıdır.

Transkripsiyon
Günümüzde kullanılan Gürcü alfabesi, 5'i sesli olmak üzere 33 harften oluşmaktadır.

Türk alfabesinde karşılıklar

Gürcü alfabesi fonetik bir alfabe olup harflerinin çoğunun, yine fonetik bir alfabe olan Türk alfabesinde karşılıkları bulunmaktadır. Türk alfabesinde bulunmayan fonemler birden fazla harf (ც-ts; ძ-dz; წ-tz) kullanılarak ve Türk alfabesi harflerine işaretler (კ-k'; პ-p'; ტ-t'; ჭ-ç') konarak karşılanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Türkçede bulunmayan Gürcüce fonemler ancak duyarak algılanabilir.

Kaynakça

Gürcü alfabesi
Somut olmayan kültürel miras

Gürcü alfabesi


Public holidays in Saudi Arabia ( Arabic: العطل الرسمية في السعودية ) In Saudi Arabia there are few holidays, compared with other countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council, but they have long-term holidays from 10 to 12 days. Where the expense of public holidays in Saudi Arabia only as days of work, in addition to the daily Friday and Saturday weekend, amounting to vacations up to more than two weeks.

Government departments and institutions are suspended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the festival holidays for holiday Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha to the public sector if there is a time and one day the reality of the weekend and the Eid holiday, this day is added to the Eid vacation.

Calendar
Saudi Arabia follows the Islamic calendar, which consists of 12 months but only 354 or 355 days.

Working time and official holidays
Working hours begin at 8:00 AM and end at 2:00 PM for government departments. Businesses operate Sunday - Thursday and some businesses operate on Saturday as well. The operation hours are in the morning from 10:00 AM–12:00 PM and in the afternoon from 4:00 PM–10:00 PM but close shortly during prayer time. School hours are from 7:30 AM – 1:00 PM.

References

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabian culture
Holidays

Public holidays in Saudi Arabia


Nikolai Prokofievici Prajevski (în ) a fost un om de stat rus și guvernator al Basarabiei în anii 1828 – 1829.

Referințe

Anul nașterii lipsă
Guvernatori ai guberniei Basarabia
Anul decesului lipsă

Nikolai Prajevski


Sistan, İran'ın doğusuyla (Sistan ve Belucistan) Afganistan'ın güneybatısını (Nimruz) kapsayan coğrafi bölge.

Bölge topraklarının yaklaşık 18,000 km² genişliğindeki, yüzde 40'lık bölümü İran sınırları içinde kalır. Nüfusunun yaklaşık yarısı da İran'daki Zabol ilçesinde yaşar. Yüksekliği 450–520 m arasında değişen büyük bir çöküntü alanını kapsayan bölgede, zaman zaman kuruyan göl havzalarına boşalan çok sayıda ırmak vardır. Bu ırmakların taşkın dönemlerinde oluşturdukları sığ gölün sularını güneydeki başka çöküntü alanına boşalır. Yerleşmeler üç büyük delta bölgesinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Bunlar, her ikisi de Afganistan'da bulunan, Ferah Nehri kıyısındaki Laş-ı Cuveyn ve Haş Nehri kıyısındaki Şahansur'la İran'da, Hilmend Nehri kıyısında yer alan Sistan'dır. Sistan'da tam bir çöl iklimi hüküm sürer. Çok düzensiz olan yağış miktarı yılda ortalama 100 mm kadardır; yazları aşırı sıcak geçer, kışın don görülür. Yazın kuzeyden esen 120 gün rüzgarları önemli ölçüde toprak aşınmasına neden olur.

Nüfusunun çoğunu Tacikler oluşturur. Öbür topluluklar arasında göçebe Beluciler ve Brahuilerle hayvancılıkla uğraşan Catlar, Gucarlar ve Gavdarlar sayılabilir.

Sistan'ın İran sınırları içinde kalan kesimi 1959'da Belucistan'la birleştirilmiş ve Sistan-ı Belucistan ili (ostan) oluşturulmuştur. İl merkezi Zahedan'ın Pakistan'daki Kuetta'yla demiryolu bağlantısı vardır. Zabol da, bir yolla Meşhed-Zahedan karayoluna bağlanır. Sistan'ın Afganistan'da kalan kesiminin başlıca kenti Şahansur'dur.

Başka bölgelerden kopuk oluşu ve sulama sorunları nedeniyle fazla gelişmemiş olan Sistan, bölgedeki uzun süreli savaşlardan da büyük zarar görmüştür. Bugün bölgede yaklaşık 130 bin hektarlık bir arazinin sulanmasını sağlayan iki baraj vardır. Başlıca ürünler buğday ve arpadır; az miktarda pamuk ve darı da yetiştirilir.

Tarih

Pers İmparatorluğu'nu yöneten efsanevi Kayan hanedanının, bugün Sistan'ı oluşturan topraklarda ortaya çıktığı söylenir. MS 226'da yöreye egemen olan Sasani hükümdarları, o dönemde Sakastan adını taşıyan bölgede birçok baraj ve sulama kanalı yaptırdılar. 7. yüzyılın ortalarındaki Arap istilasıyla birlikte bölgede İslam dini de yayılmaya başladı, ama İslamın tutunması öteki bölgelere göre çok daha yavaş oldu. Sonraki yüzyıllarda çeşitli yerel ve yabamcı hanedanlarca yönetilen Sistan, 14. yüzyılda Timur'un egemenliği altına girdi. Daha sonra kendi meliklerince yönetilen bağımsız bir ülke oldu. Melikler Şah I. İsmail'in (hükümdarlığı 1501-24) bölgeyi işgal etmesinden sonra da yönetimdeki denetimlerini korudular. 1747'de bir Afgan hükümdarın denetimine giren Sistan, onun ölümünden sonra uzun yıllar İran'la Afganistan arasında çekişme konusu oldu. Sonunda İngiltere'nin hakemliğine başvuruldu ve 1872'de başlayan sınır belirleme görüşmeleri ancak 1903-05 yılları arasında tamamlanabildi. İran hükûmeti, 1970'lerin başında bölgede geniş bir sulama şebekesinin kurulması için çalışmalar başlattı.

Kaynakça
 Encyclopædia Britannica

Sistan


Bahtiyar Vahabzade (, 16 Ağustos 1925, Şeki – 13 Şubat 2009, Bakü), Azerbaycanlı şair ve yazar.

Yaşam öyküsü
Bahtiyar Mahmud oğlu Vahabzade, 16 Ağustos 1925 tarihinde Şeki'de doğdu. 9 yaşında ailesiyle beraber Bakü'ye taşındı. İlk ve orta öğrenimini bu şehirde tamamladı. 1942 yılında girdiği Bakü Devlet Üniversitesi Filoloji Bölümü'nden 1947 yılında mezun oldu ve aynı bölümde öğretim üyesi olarak ders vermeye başladı. 1964 yılında tamamladığı ünlü Azeri şair Samed Vurgun'un hayatı ve yaradıcılığı isimli monografisi ile filoloji doktoru unvanını aldı.

1980 yılında Azerbaycan İlimler Akademisi üyeliğine seçilen Vahabzade, 2001 yılında emekli olana kadar üniversitede ders vermiştir.

Vahabzade, 1960'larda başlayan özgürlük hareketlerinin öncülerindendir. Bu konuda kaleme aldığı 1959 tarihli Gülistan isimli şiirinde, ikiye bölünen (İran ve Rusya) Azerbaycan halkının yaşadığı felaketleri anlatmıştır. Adı geçen eserinden dolayı 1962 yılında milliyetçi damgası vurulan şair 2 yıllığına üniversitedeki görevinden de uzaklaştırılmıştır. Bu olumsuzluklara ve Sovyet rejiminin baskılarına rağmen özgürlük mücadelesinden hiç yılmamıştır. Azerbaycan halkının sıkıntılarını konu ettiği pek çok eserini yurt dışına kaçırarak yayınlanmasını sağlamıştır.

1960 yılında başlayan özgürlük hareketine kayıtsız kalamayan Vahabzade, bu konu için kaleme aldığı "Gülistan" isimli şiirinde İran ve Rusya olmak üzere ikiye bölünen Azerbaycan Türkleri'nin yaşadığı felaketleri dillendirmiştir.1962 yılında millî duyguları uyandıran bu şiir, Vahabzade'yi "milliyetçi" olarak damgalamış ve sonra da üniversitedeki görevinden uzaklaştırılmıştır.

Eserlerinde Azerbaycan Türkçesi'ni en temiz şekilde  kullanmaya özen gösteren ve halkının duygularına tercüman olan Vahabzade Azerbaycan'da Halk Şairi adıyla anılır. 1995 yılında Azerbaycan özgürlük mücadelesindeki hizmetlerinden dolayı İstiklal nişanı ile ödüllendirilmiştir. Ülkesinin özgürlük simgelerinden biridir.
Vahabzade 1980-2000 yılları arasında 5 defa milletvekili seçilmiştir. 2002 yılında kendisine Benim Garibim isimli kitabına istinaden Romanya Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından Komutan Madalyası verilmiştir. 13 Şubat 2009 tarihinde Azerbaycan'ın başkenti Bakü'deki evinde öldü. Bahtiyar Vahabzade'nin cenazesi, uzun yıllar ders verdiği Bakü Devlet Üniversitesinin salonunda düzenlenen törenden sonra tanınmış şair, edebiyatçı, bilim ve siyaset adamlarının mezarlarının bulunduğu Fahri Hıyaban'da toprağa verildi.

Vahabzade Türkiye'de Fuzuli'ye yapılan eleştirilere bir yanıt olarak Varlık dergisinde yayınlanan Yel Kaya'dan Ne Aparır? başlıklı makalesiyle tanınmıştır. Ayrıca yazıları, şiirleri Türk Edebiyatı dergisinde birçok edebi eleştirinin konusu olmuştur. Vahabzade şiirin yanında birçok manzum hikâye ve oyuna imza atmış, çeviriler yapmıştır. Eserlerinden Yollar-Oğulları'ı Cezayir'in bağımsızlık hareketine, Mugam'ı ise bestekâr Üzeyir Hacıbeyli'ye ithaf etmiştir. Lord Byron'ın "Abidon Fellini" isimli eserini Azerice'ye çevirmiştir.

Edebi Kişiliği
Halkı uyandırmak amacıyla eserlerini  kaleme alan Bahtiyar Vahabzade şiirlerinde; vatan, millet, aile, tabiat, dil, azadlık (hürriyet) hasreti gibi temaları, en güçlü ve derin mazmunlarla anlatmıştır.

Vahabzade'nin şiirlerine baktığımızda göze çarpan ilk tema vatan sevgisi olmaktadır.

Şiirleri
Toplumsal yönü ağır basan ve Azerbaycan'da "Halk şairi" olarak tanımlanan Vahabzade'nin toplumsal şiirleri önemli bir yere sahiptir.

Eserleri
Bahtiyar Vahabzade, 40'ı aşkın şiir kitabı, 11 ilmi eser, 2 monografi, çeşitli piyesler ve yüzlerce makale yayınlamıştır. Eserlerinde genellikle özgürlük, yurt sevgisi, din gibi temaları işlemiştir.

Türkiye'de Basılan Eserleri
 Ömürden Sayfalar (Ötüken, 2000)
 Vatan, millet, ana dili (Atatürk Kültür Başkanlığı yayınları, 2000)
 Soru işareti (Kaynak yayınları, 2002)

Diğer Dillere Çeviriler

 Türkçe (Türkiye Türkçesi) 15 kitap
 Rusça  14 kitap
 İran'da Azerbaycan Türkçesi  5 kitap
 Ermenice  3 kitap
 Özbek Türkçesi  2 kitap
 Almanca  2 kitap
 İngilizce  2 kitap
 Türkmen Türkçesi  1 kitap

Ayrıca bakınız
 Azeri yazarlar listesi
 Erdoğan İran şiir tartışması

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Bextiyar Vahabzade Bahtiyar Vahabzade'nin resmi web sitesi
 Güney Azerbaycan'ın Sesi

1925 doğumlular
Şeki doğumlular
2009 yılında ölenler
Azeri şairler
20. yüzyıl Azeri yazarları
21. yüzyıl Azeri yazarları
Azeri akademisyenler
Azeri siyasetçiler
Azerbaycan Millî Meclisi 1. dönem milletvekilleri
Azerbaycan Millî Meclisi 2. dönem milletvekilleri
Azeri milliyetçileri

Bahtiyar Vahapzade


Georgina "Gina" McKee (Sunderland, 14 de abril de 1964) es una actriz británica, más conocida por haber interpretado a Mary Cox en Our Friends in the North, a Lalla en The Lost Prince, a Irene Forsyte en The Forsyte Saga y a Bella en la película Notting Hill.

Biografía
Es hija de un minero; desde 1982 Gina es vegetariana.

En agosto de 1989, se casó con Stephen J. "Kez" Cary.

Carrera
En 1997 apareció en la serie Brass Eye, donde interpretó a Vivian Banch durante el episodio "Decline"; previamente ese mismo año había interpretado a Libby Shuss durante los episodios "Crime" y "Sex".

En 2002 fue ganadora del Honorary Doctorate of Arts de la Universidad de Sunderland. Ese mismo año apareció en la miniserie The Forsyte Saga, donde interpretó a Irene Forsyte Heron. En 2005 interpretó a Joanne Campbell en la película MirrorMask.

Desde 2011 apareció como personaje recurrente en la serie The Borgias, donde interpretó a la condesa de Forli e Imola Catherine Sforza hasta el final de la serie en 2013. En 2012 se unió al elenco de la serie Line of Duty, donde interpretó a Jackie Laverty. Ese mismo año apareció en Hebburn, donde interpretó a Pauline Pearson hasta 2013.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Gina McKee
 Gina McKee on TV.com
 Gina McKee - Zimbio

Actrices de cine de Inglaterra
Actrices de televisión de Inglaterra
Ganadores del premio BAFTA a la mejor actriz de televisión

Gina McKee


Krater ile şu maddeler kastedilmiş olabilir:

Yeryüzü şekilleri
 Çarpma krateri veya meteor krateri, astronomide, bir gökcismine bir diğer gökcisminin çarpması sonucu yüzeyde oluşan çöküntüye verilen ad
 Yanardağ krateri veya kaldera, yanardağ ağzına verilen ad.

Diğer
 Krater, Antik Yunanistan'da bir çeşit çömlek
 Krater (video oyunu)

Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Krater


جون بالداتشي هو سياسي أمريكي ينتمي إلى الحزب الديمقراطي ولد جون بالداتشي في 30 يناير من سنة 1955 في بانجور في ولاية مين الأمريكية درس بالداتشي التاريخ في جامعة ولاية مين خدم بالداتشي في مجلس النواب الأمريكي ما بين الأعوام 1995 إلى عام 2003 وجون بالداتشي حاكم على ولاية مين الأمريكية منذ عام 2003.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الديمقراطي
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من مين
أعضاء مجلس شيوخ ولاية مين
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
حكام ولايات أمريكية من الحزب الديمقراطي
حكام ولاية مين
خريجو جامعة مين
ديمقراطيون من ولاية مين
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
سياسيون أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
سياسيون أمريكيون من أصل لبناني
مسيحيون شرق أوسطيون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1955
مواليد في بانجور (مين)
أعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من مين

جون بالداتشي


Marie Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin (4 April 1902 – 26 December 1969) was a French novelist, poet and journalist. Vilmorin was best known as a writer of delicate but mordant tales, often set in aristocratic or artistic milieu.

Early life

Born 4 April 1902 in the family château at Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, a suburb southwest of Paris, she was heir to a great French seed company fortune, that of Vilmorin. She was afflicted with a slight limp that became a personal trademark.

Louise was the younger daughter of Philippe de Vilmorin (1872–1917) by his wife Berthe Marie Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan (1876–1937), daughter of Roger de Gaufridy de Dortan (1843–1905) and his wife, Adélaïde de Verdonnet (1853–1918).

Her siblings included a sister, Marie "Mapie" Pierre (1901–1972), who married, as her first husband, a cousin, Guy Marie Félix Lévêque de Vilmorin (1896-1984) in 1922 (div. 1932) by whom she had three children. She married again in 1933, Guillaume de Toulouse-Lautrec-Montfa, comte de Toulouse-Lautrec (1902–1955), a relative of the painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec; by him she had further issue a son and a daughter. She became a popular food columnist in French magazines as Mapie de Toulouse-Lautrec. In addition, Louise had four brothers: Henry (1903–1961), Olivier (1904–1962), André (1907–1987), and Roger (1905–1980), who was fathered by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.

Career
Her most famous novel was Madame de..., published in 1951, which was adapted into the celebrated film The Earrings of Madame de... (1953), directed by Max Ophüls and starring Charles Boyer, Danielle Darrieux and Vittorio de Sica. Vilmorin's other works included Juliette, La lettre dans un taxi, Les belles amours, Saintes-Unefois, and Intimités. Her letters to Jean Cocteau were published after the death of both correspondents. She was awarded the Renée Vivien prize for women poets in 1949.

Francis Poulenc literally sang her praises, considering her an equal to Paul Éluard and Max Jacob, found in her writing "a sort of sensitive impertinence, libertinage, and an appetite which, carried on into song [is] what I tried to express in my extreme youth with Marie Laurencin in Les Biches". (Ivry 1996)

Relationships
As a young woman, in 1923, she had been engaged to novelist and aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry; however, the engagement was called off, even though Saint-Exupéry gave up flying for a while after her family protested such a risky occupation. Vilmorin's first husband was an American real-estate heir, Henry Leigh Hunt (1886–1972), the only son of Leigh S. J. Hunt, a businessman who once owned much of Las Vegas, Nevada by his wife, Jessie Noble. They married in 1925 (1924 according to other sources), moved to Las Vegas, and divorced in the 1930s. They had three daughters:
 Jessie Leigh Hunt (b. 3 February 1929, Hauts-de-Seine, Neuilly-sur-Seine not 1928 as misreported). She married in 1951 (divorced by 1962) Albert Cabell Bruce Jr. (b. 11 August 1925), only son of Albert Cabell Bruce (nephew of William Cabell Bruce) by his wife, Helen Eccleston Whitridge (granddaughter of Gov. Oden Bowie), by whom she had issue, four sons: Cabell, Leigh, Thomas, and James, all born 1952–1959 in Midland, Texas. She then married Clement Biddle Wood, an editor of The Paris Review, in 1965.
 Alexandra Leigh Hunt (b. 1 April 1930, Hauts-de-Seine, Neuilly-sur-Seine) married Henry Ridgeley Horsey (b. 18 October 1924, Dover, Delaware, USA). Her children were Henry Ridgely Horsey Jr., Edmond Philip de Vilmorin Horsey, Alexandra Thérèse Leigh-Hunt Horsey, Randall Revell Horsey, Philippa Ridgely Horsey,
 Helena Leigh Hunt (23 June 1931, Hauts-de-Seine, Neuilly-sur-Seine – 28 December 1995, Southampton Hospital, Long Island, New York, aged 64), a realist still-life painter. She was married (div) to John Tracy Baxter (b. 23 August 1926, Macon, Georgia), with whom according to the New York obituary, she had three daughters, Elizabeth Baxter, Etienne Baxter, and Leigh Baxter (Mrs Warre).

Her second husband was Count Paul Pálffy ab Erdöd (1890–1968), a much-married Austrian-born Hungarian playboy, who had been second husband to the Hungarian countess better known as Etti Plesch, owner of two Epsom Derby winners. Palffy married Louise as his fifth wife in 1938, but the couple soon divorced.

Vilmorin was the mistress of another of Etti Plesch's husbands, Count [Maria Thomas] Paul Esterházy de Galántha (1901–1964), who left his wife in 1942 for Vilmorin. They never married. For a number of years, she was the mistress of Duff Cooper, British ambassador to France. Louise spent the last years of her life as the companion of the French Cultural Affairs Minister and author André Malraux, calling herself "Marilyn Malraux".

Death and legacy

Louise de Vilmorin died 26 December 1969.
She is memorialised in placenames across France, including in Limeil-Brévannes, Mantes-la-Jolie, Draveil, Saint-Pierre-du-Perray, Mennecy and Avrainville.

In popular culture
She was a significant character in Antonio Iturbe's 2017 Spanish language novel A cielo abierto which was translated into English and published in 2021 with the title The Prince of the Skies.

See also
 Philippe André de Vilmorin (1776–1862)
 Louis de Vilmorin (1816–1860)
 Le Lit à colonnes (1942 film)
 Julietta (1953 film)
 The Lovers (1958 film) (1958 film)

References

Bibliography

 Ivry, Benjamin (1996): Francis Poulenc, 20th-Century Composers series. Phaidon Press Limited, .
 Bothorel, Jean (1993): Louise ou la Vie de Louise de Vilmorin, Bernard Grasset, Paris
 Wagener, Françoise (2008), Je suis née inconsolable: Louise de Vilmorin (1902–1969), Albin Michel, Paris, .

1902 births
1969 deaths
People from Verrières-le-Buisson
French women journalists
20th-century French novelists
French women novelists
French women poets
20th-century French poets
20th-century French women writers

Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin


Pütürge, Malatya ilinin bir ilçesidir. Malatya'ya 74 km mesafededir. Denizden yüksekliği 1.250 metredir. İlçenin 1 bucağı, 1 beldesi, 2 belediyesi ve 62 köyü ile 325 mezrası vardır.

İlçe, arazi olarak engebeli ve sarptır. Düz arazi yok denecek kadar azdır. İlçe toprakları Fırat Nehri'ne dökülen Şiro Çayı'nın geniş vadisinin tabanı ile bu vadi etrafında bulunan dağlık kesimlerden oluşur. Yerleşim yerleri dağlık ve tepelik alanlarda yoğunlaşmıştır. Bunun için tarıma elverişli arazileri dağ ve tepelerin yamaçlarında bulunmaktadır.

Buraya ilk yerleşmenin ne zaman yapıldığı bilinmemektedir. İlçede Kütahya'dan gelen Samanoğulları'nında var olduğu söylenmektedir. Bunlardan başka, nereden geldiği bilinmeyen Kopuzoğulları da daha sonra buraya gelerek yerleşen bir topluluktur.

İlçede dil olarak Türkçe, Kürtçe ve Zazaca kullanılmaktadır. İnanç bakımından Sünni ve az da olsa Alevi köylerinin yer aldığı bölgede tarımcılık, hayvancılık ve arıcılık başta gelen geçim kaynaklarıdır.

Pütürge halkının büyük çoğunluğu tekstil ve plastik sektöründe çalışmaktadır. Pütürge İstanbul, Ankara, Kayseri, İzmir gibi şehirlere büyük göç vermektedir.

İlçeye bağlı köylerin tamamında tarım ve hayvancılık yapılmaktadır. Bölge halkı gelenek ve göreneklerine bağlıdır. İlçede okuma yazma oranı 1985-1994 dönemlerinde %95'e ulaşmıştır. İlçeye bağlı Uzuntaş Köyünde Perieş (Dilbersen) kalesi bulunmakta M.S. 450 yılında yapıldığı ve yapımında 10.000 askerin çalıştığı söylenmektedir. Yine dünyanın 7. harikası olarak bilinen Nemrut Dağı'nın doğu yakası ilçe hudutları içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Kerar Kalesi Nan-ı Guni ve Battalgazi ziyareti gibi tarihi yerler vardır.

Tarih
İlk adı güzel yer, istenen yer anlamına gelen İmrunyada "Mürün" bundan 300 yıl önce köy olarak kurulmuş. 1877 yılında bucak haline getirilerek Adıyaman'ın Kâhta ilçesine bağlanmıştır. 1892 yılında ilçe olarak mülki taksimatta Elazığ iline bağlanan Pütürge, Cumhuriyetin ilanıyla Malatya'ya bağlanmıştır.

Önceleri Şiro ve İmran adlarıyla anıldı. Kahta'ya bağlı bir nahiye iken 1870 senesinde Elâzığ'a bağlanarak bir kaza merkezi oldu. Bir süre sonra da Malatya'ya bağlandı. Buraya ilk yerleşmenin ne zaman yapıldığı bilinmiyor. İlçe halkının büyük bir bölümünün Kütahya'dan gelen Samanoğulları tarafından meydana geldiği söylenmektedir. Bunlardan başka, nereden geldiği bilinmeyen Kopuzoğulları da daha sonra buraya gelerek yerleşen bir topluluktur.

Etimolojisi
Pütürge kelimesi Kars ve çevresinde görülür, fakat kökeni Rusça bir kelime olan "Butylka/ Budulga"dır. 'Şişe' anlamındadır, tam karşılığı ise; "Kiloluk şişelere benzer şekilde, tenekeden yapılma, tepesi ters huni, gövdesi silindir biçiminde kap."dır. Zanaat Terimleri Sözlüğü'nde "Pütürge" olarak geçer, [Bkz. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, XVIII/2, 189/216]. Malatya Pütürge adının kökeni belirsizdir, eğer Kars ve çevresinde kullanılan kelimenin uzantısı ise bu bölgede bu şişenin üretimi yapılmış olabilir. Bir ihtimal ise 93 harbinin akabinde Anadolu'ya' göçen yüz binlerce göçmenden Malatya ve çevre bölgesine yerleştirilen Müslüman Boşnakların (Türkiyede Bosna Göçmenleri, Muammer Demirel) adları olan "Poturice/ Poturce" adının yöreye uymuş şekliydi. Eski adı olan "Şîro" ise kökeni orta-Farsça (Pahlavi/Pehlevi) kuzey ağzında "Şer/ Şîr" olan ve "Aslan" anlamına gelen bir kelimeydi.("A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary" D.N. MacKenzi, Oxford Universty Press.)Pütürge ile ilgili olarak sürgün inek adlı bir filmde çekilmiştir.

Nüfus

Bağlı bucak ve köyler
Pütürge ilçesine bağlı bucak ve köylerin nüfusu 23.587'dir. İlçenin 1 bucağı, 1 beldesi, 2 belediyesi ve 62 köyü ile 325 mezrası vardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Pütürge Kaymakamlığı

Malatya (il)

Pütürge


Wario Land II is a 1998 platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy. It was later re-released and optimised for the Game Boy Color. In the game, Wario has to recover his treasure from Captain Syrup. The Game Boy Color version was released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in 2012.

Gameplay

Unlike in most video games of the time, the game's challenge comes mostly through impeding player progress by implementing physical obstacles, puzzle-solving or paths blocked by coin or treasure locks, or forcing Wario back to previously-visited areas. By finding hidden exits in some stages, the player can change the direction of the game's plot and uncover different endings, as well as find more treasure. In addition to the Really Final Chapter, five other endings can be unlocked by collecting all the treasures. An enemy-themed Simon Says minigame based on the Game & Watch game Flagman can be unlocked by collecting all the picture tiles. Wario does not have any life points and cannot die; some enemy attacks simply knock him backward and cause him to drop some coins. He can take advantage of certain enemy attacks however to undergo transformations which allow him to reach areas that he cannot normally get to. For example, exposure to fire makes Wario run around and later become entirely engulfed by flames, which allows him to defeat enemies on contact. In contrast to its predecessor, the game does not have a time limit, which allows the player to explore the areas in unlimited time, a feature which is incorporated in subsequent installments.

Plot
The game features the return of Wario's nemesis, Captain Syrup. Early one morning, she and a few of her soldiers, the Pirate Gooms, sneak into Wario's castle and cause havoc. They steal his precious treasure, set off his giant alarm clock, and leave the tap running, flooding much of his castle. After Wario wakes up and figures out what's going on, he gives chase across the surrounding lands.

Reception

Wario Land II received critical acclaim. Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it their "Game of the Month" award, with their four reviewers praising its vast size, numerous secrets, and varied gameplay. Dan Hsu especially enjoyed how the player character cannot die, only suffer a variety of comic misfortunes which can sometimes allow him to access secret areas, and remarked that "Wario Land II reminds me of so many old-school platformers, yet it's like nothing I've seen before."

The Game Boy Color version held an aggregate score of 88.04% at GameRankings based on 14 reviews. IGN insisted that "It's the perfect game to accompany you on a long road trip because of its lastability and replayability." Allgame considered it a disappointment that it offered no improvements over the original Game Boy version apart from the addition of color, but said the game still held up at the time of its Game Boy Color release due to the well-thought-out puzzle elements and consistently outstanding platforming.

Nintendo Life, reviewing the Virtual Console re-release, argued that "Big fans of the first game might lament Wario Land II's sudden significant change in gameplay, but if you give it a try, you'll find that it's actually quite good." In 2019, PC Magazine included Wario Land II on their "The 10 Best Game Boy Games".''

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

1998 video games
1999 video games
Game Boy games
Game Boy Color games
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
Platformers
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
Wario Land
Single-player video games
Video games about pirates
Video games set in castles

Wario Land II


Bakal es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Katni, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 451  a 350 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 4 655 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Bakal (India)


Esta é a lista de prefeitos de Rio do Fogo, município brasileiro do estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

OBS: N/C - Não consta.
R

Lista de prefeitos de Rio do Fogo


Víðiglæða (fræðiheiti: Pyla fusca) er fiðrildi í glæðufiðrildaætt. Víðiglæða er víða á norðurhveli og finnst alls staðar á Íslandi.

Lirfurnar nærast á lyngi og líklega öðrum lágvöxnum jurtum.

Tilvísanir

Ytri tenglar
 Microplepidoptera.nl
 Lepidoptera of Belgium
 UK Moths
 Fauna Europaea

Glæðufiðrildaætt
Skordýr á Íslandi

Víðiglæða


Imrich Bugár () este un aruncător de disc cehoslovac. Un etnic maghiar, care a reprezentat Cehoslovacia și apoi Cehia, are în palmares o medalie olimpică de argint în 1980, un Campionat European în 1982 și o medalie de aur la ediția inaugurală a Campionatului Mondiale din 1983. Cel mai bun aruncare a lui 71,26 metri îl clasează pe locul al unsprezecelea printre cei mai buni aruncători de disc din toate timpurile.

Carieră
S-a născut la Ohrady, lângă Dunajská Streda, Slovacia, și a făcut parte din cluburile Inter Bratislava și Dukla Praga. El s-a bucurat de mult succes în primii ani ai carierei, obținând o medalie de bronz la Campionatul European din 1978 din Cehoslovacia, medalia de argint la Jocurile Olimpice din 1980, locul al treilea la Cupa Mondială din 1981, medalia de aur la Campionatul European din 1982 și medalia de aur la Campionatul Mondial din 1983. În 1982 a primit premiul de sportiv al anului în Cehoslovacia.

El a terminat al patrulea la Jocurile Goodwill din 1986, al optulea la Campionatul European din 1986, a șaptelea la Campionatul Mondial din 1987, al doisprezecelea la Jocurile Olimpice din 1988, și al șaptea la Campionatul European din 1990. Apoi a concurat la Campionatele Mondiale din 1991 și 1993, Jocurile Olimpice din 1992  și la Campionatul European din 1994, fără să ajungă în finală. A devenit campion al Cehoslovaciei în 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991 și 1992 și campion al Cehiei în 1993 și 1994.

Cea mai bună aruncare a sa a fost de 71,26 metri, reușită în mai 1985 în San Jose. Acesta este recordul Cehiei, iar această aruncare îl clasează pe locul al unsprezecelea printre cei mai buni aruncători de disc din toate timpurile.

Realizări

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1955
Nașteri pe 4 aprilie
Maghiari din Slovacia
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1980
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1988
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1992
Medaliați olimpici cu argint cehoslovaci
Atleți cehi
Atleți cehoslovaci
Aruncători cu discul
Sportivi cehi în viață

Imrich Bugár


Jörg Klocke (* 25. Januar 1960) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Weitspringer.

1980 wurde er Siebter bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften in Sindelfingen, und 1982 kam er bei den Leichtathletik-Europameisterschaften in Athen auf den 14. Platz.

1982 wurde er Deutscher Meister, 1981 Vizemeister. In der Halle wurde er 1980 und 1983 Deutscher Vizemeister.

Seine persönliche Bestleistung von 8,09 m stellte er am 25. Juli 1982 in München auf.

Jörg Klocke startete für den TV Wattenscheid 01 Leichtathletik. Derzeit ist er Vorsitzender dieses Vereins.

Weitspringer (Deutschland)
Mann
Geboren 1960
Deutscher
Sportfunktionär (TV Wattenscheid 01)

Jörg Klocke


Jorvik Viking Centre er et kulturhistorisk museum og oplevelsescenter i York i England. Det udstiller viden om vikinger og vikingetiden i byen og England. Det blev etableret i 1984 af York Archaeological Trust, og navnet er afledt af det norrøne navn Jórvík for York. Museet indeholder udover en traditionel udstilling med genstande fundet ved en udgravning i Coppergate i York også et rekonstrueret vikingemiljø med værksteder og figurer i rekonstrueret tøj.

Jorvik Viking Centre blev slemt skadet under en oversvømmelse i julen 2015, men det genåbnede den 8. april 2017.

Jorvik Viking Centre er kaldt "en af Storbritanniens mest populære attraktioner." BBC har omtalt "Time Warp" som "en ny kuntsform".

Historie

Konfekturfirmaet Cravens i York blev grundlagt i 1803 , og i 1966 flyttede det fra bygninger i Coppergate i den centrale del af byen. Mellem 1976 og 1981 blev bygningen revet ned, og inden man opførte indkøbscenteret Coppergate Shopping Centre udførte York Archaeological Trust, der var grundlagt i 1972 af Peter Addyman, omfattende arkæologiske udgravninger i området. Her blev der fundet en lang række velbevarede genstande fra vikingetiden, samt tømmerbygninger fra skandinavisk York. Der blev også fundet værksteder, hegn, dyrefolde, udbygninger, affaldsdynger og brønde, potteskår, metalgestande og knogler. Normal forgår organisk materiale som træ, læder, tekstiler og planter hurtigt, men i den iltfattige lerjord var det bevaret. I alt blev der fundet over 40.000 genstande.

York Archaeological Trust rekonstruerede den udgravede del af York på stedet med menneskefigurer, lyde og lugte, samt svinesti, fiskemarked og latriner for at udstille byens vikingearv. Jorvik Viking Centre, der blev designet af John Sunderland, åbnede i april 1984, og siden har omkring 20 millioner personer gæstet museet.

I 2001 blev hele museet renoveret og udvidet for omkring £5 mio., og der blev investeret yderligere £1 miio. i 2010. Dette blev gjort for at "intensivere budskabet" i Jorvik, og inkluderede en udvidelse forlængelse af turen til 12 minutter samt flere high-tech element som justeringer af lugt, varme, kulde og fugtighed under turen.

I december 2015 blev Nordengland hærget af en oversvømmelse, som også ramte museet. Både bygningen og udstillingerne blev vandskadet. De mest værdifulde vikingegenstande blev flyttet fra museet, for at redde dem. The museum reopened on 8 April 2017.

Udstilling

Besøgende på museet bliver taget tilbage til den 25. oktober 975 kl. 17:30, hvor de kan opleve den rekonstruerede vikingebosættelse, hvor stemmer taler norrønt, og der er lugte og lyde for at give indtryk af at være trådt ind i en tidskapsel. På baggrund af nogle af de skeletter, der blev fundet, har man fremstillet livagtige dukker, der er iklædt vikingetøj, som er opstillet i udstilling. Ud over det er der et stort museumsområde, som fremviser omkring 800 af de fund, som blev gjort under udgravningen. I udstillingen er også en rekonsturktion af Coppergatehjelmen, som blev fundet tæt ved museet, og som nu findes op Yorkshire Museum. Museet åbnede den 13. februar 2010, samtidig med den årlige Viking Festival i York.

Modellerne

Graham Ibbeson har fremstillet livagtige dukker, der indgår i museets udstilling. Ansigterne blev først udført på baggrund af moderne mennesker. Via avanceret rekonstruktionsteknik, som også bruges retsmedicinsk, blev der fremstillet yderligere otte dukker, der benytter en laserstråle og et videokamera. Rekonstruktionerne blev baseret på kranier der blev fundet på en vikingegravplads. De er dog muligt, at disse skeletter ikke har været af nordisk oprindelse, men i stedet har været saksere.

Viking Festival
Hvert år afholder museet Viking Festival i anden uge af februar. Festivalen er baseret på historisk vikingefestival kaldet "Jolablot" (jule-blot). Festivalen inkluderer reenactment med krigere der kæmper mod hinanden. Frivillige fra store dele af Europa deltager i denne begivenhed.

Time Warp
Jorvik Viking Centre slår sig op på at være en "oplevelse" med et element af uddannelse (edutainment). Det har siden inspireret steder som "Canterbury Pilgrims Way", hvor besøgende kan slutte sig til Geoffrey Chaucers pilgrimsrejse.

Kritik
Jorvik Viking Centre er blevet kritiseret som en "pop-up bogs-kig i historien" og dens fremstilling af fortiden er blevet kaldt "Disney-agtig". Anthony Gaynor bag museet har svaret: "vi gør historien tilgængelig og underholdende for den brede offentlighed. Det kan man ikke, hvis man pakker den i en masse akademiske lag."

I slutningen af 2013 og begyndelsen af 2014 rapporterede flere medier, at ragnarok, som er en serie katastrofale begivenheder, som ifølge nordisk mytologi varsler enden på verden, ville ske den 22. februar 2014. I stil med 2012-fænomenet mente nogle, at dette ville være enden på verden ifølge en "vikingekalender". Der findes ingen vikingekalender, og kilden til denne "forudsigelse" viste sig at være Jorvik Viking Centre i et forsøg på at skabe opmærksomhed på vikingetiden. Museet blev kritiseret for bevidst eller eller ubevidst at have vildledt offentligeden. I en artikel om begivenheden kaldte Joseph S. Hopkins dog mediernes interesse i udmeldingen som et eksempel på den øgede interesse for vikingetiden og gamle germanske emner.

Referencer

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

York
Vikingetidsmuseer
Museer i England
Museer etableret i 1984

Jorvik Viking Centre


An Chloris montana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Roxburgh. An Chloris montana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chloris, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chloris

Chloris montana


Kenneth I. MacAlpin (škot. Cináed mac Ailpín), nazivan Kenneth Osvajač (?, o. 800. – Forteviot, Škotska, oko 858.), tradicionalno kralj keltskog kraljevstva Dalriade (od 834.) i Pikta (od 843.), zbog čega se u nacionalnom mitu smatra prvi kraljem ujedinjene Škotske. Osnivač je dinastije Alpin, koja je vladala Škotskom do 1034. godine.

Zavladao je velikim područjem sjeverno od rijeka Forth i Cylde, pri čemu je ženidbenim vezama, proširio svoju vlast i na teritorij istočnih Pikta. Ratovao je protiv Normana, koji su pokušali osvojiti njegovo kraljevstvo. Pokopan je na otoku Iona, sjeverezapadno od današnjeg Glasgowa. Naslijedio ga je brat Donald I.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Kenneth I. MacAlpin - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Kenneth I. (Kenneth I. MacAlpin) - Proleksis enciklopedija
 Kenneth I., kralj Škota i Pikta - Britannica Online

Životopisi, Škotska
Škotski vladari
Alpini

Kenneth I. MacAlpin


Hooliganisme i Danmark blev et fokus for danske medier og dansk politi i 1990'erne, hvor de første voldsomme optøjer fandt sted i forbindelse med fodboldkampe. Det var især ved opgør mellem ærkerivalerne F.C. København og Brøndby IF, at der opstod ballade og blev begået hærværk. I samme periode opstod en række hooligangrupperinger i fanmiljøerne omkring diverse topklubber. I 2008 blev der ved lov indført et nationalt register over hooligans i et forsøg på at udelukke ballademagere fra danske stadioner. Hooliganisme er sidenhen blevet et betydeligt mindre problem på stadioner og foregår i stedet afsides steder i form af aftalte slåskampe mellem rivaliserende grupperinger.

Historie

Første tiltag og Sorte Fredag
I 1990'erne kom der øget fokus på hooliganisme i forbindelse med fodboldkampe i Danmark. I den første halvdel af 1990'erne fandtes hooliganisme primært omkring de københavnske klubber BK Frem, F.C. København og Brøndby IF. For de to sidstnævnte klubbers vedkommende var det henholdsvis i form af grupperne Copenhagen Ultras og South Side Brigade. Uroligheder mellem netop disse grupperinger betød, at politiet med inspiration fra engelsk fodbold begyndte at risikovurdere kampe og indførte fanadskillelse på stadion ved særligt risokobetonede opgør. Fanadskillelse blev praktiseret for første gang ved en kamp mellem BK Frem og FCK den 11. oktober 1992. Få år efter blev konceptet udvidet til at gælde efter kampen ved, at tilhængere af udeholdet skulle blive på stadion, indtil hjemmeholdets fans var kommet på behørig afstand.

Ifølge medierne gjorde hooliganismen for alvor sit indtog i Danmark, da FCK og Brøndby spillede i Parken fredag den 23. september 1994. På dagen, der efterfølgende blev døbt Sorte Fredag, havde Brøndby IFs officielle fanafdeling, Brøndby Support, arrangeret en march fra Hovedbanegården til Parken. På vejen mod stadion blev en kiosk bestjålet, mens biler og cykler blev udsat for hærværk. Under kampen var der flere interne slagsmål på Brøndbys tilskuerafsnit, og situationen eskalerede, da stadionkontrollørerne forsøgte at komme frem til uromagerne, hvilket fik politiet til at sætte ind med trukne stave. Da FCK kom foran 2-1 på et mål af Allan Nielsen i overtiden, opstod der igen tumult på Brøndbys afsnit, hvor sæder blev ødelagt og antændt. Efter kampen fortsatte uroen på Brøndbytilhængernes vej væk fra stadion, og i alt 22 personer blev anholdt. I lang tid blev der ikke længere afviklet Superligakampe om fredagen, da optøjerne til dels blev tilskrevet fans, der ikke kunne styre deres brandert.
I 2000 besluttede Brøndby IF at udelukke alle fans med tilknytning til grupperingen Southside United fra at se klubbens kampe.

Hooliganregisteret

I 1999 foreslog en arbejdsgruppe under Rigspolitiet at indføre et centralt register over danske hooligans. Forslaget blev i første omgang afvist af den daværende justitsminister, Lene Espersen (K), da problemet med fodboldbøller blev vurderet til at være for lille. Politiet udstedte og opretholdt karantæner fra stadions med hjemmel i restaurationsloven, men især Københavns Politi ønskede en landsdækkende karantæneordning specifikt for fodboldfans. En arbejdsgruppe nedsat af Rigspolitiet udgav i 2005 en rapport, der redegjorde for problemerne med fodbolduroligheder og en mindre gruppe voldelige tilhængere i særdeleshed. Rapporten fremhævede behovet for en landsdækkende karantæneordning, og politiet vurderede, at der i 2005 var 300-400 personer, der var kendt for at skabe problemer ved fodboldkampe. Rapporten førte ikke umiddelbart til lovændringer, men der blev dog påbegyndt en landsdækkende registrering af lovovertrædelser ved fodboldkampe.
Efter uroligheder ved et derby mellem FCK og Brøndby den 30. april 2006, hvor 120 personer blev anholdt, begyndte en politisk debat om et eventuelt hooliganregister. I december 2007 blev der fremsat et lovforslag til en national karantæneordning. Forslaget blev kritiseret af både tilhængere og Retssikkerhedsfonden, da en national karantæne ville blive udløst blot ved en sigtelse uden mulighed for at anke. Der blev i den endelige udformning inkluderet en ankemulighed, og ordningen trådte i kraft den 1. juli 2008. Indtil den 23. januar 2013 var der blevet uddelt 94 karantæner.

Sorte Søndag
Under et derby i Parken søndag den 19. september 2010 opstod der store optøjer på Brøndbys tilskuerafsnit. Romerlys blev kastet ind på banen, og 478 sæder blev revet i stykker eller brændt af. Da kampklædt politi bevægede sig ind på tribunen, opstod der slagsmål, hvilket resulterede i 38 anholdelser. Der blev i alt ødelagt faciliteter for omkring 600.000 kroner. Urolighederne, der gav mindelser om Sorte Fredag seksten år tidligere, ledte medierne til at døbe dagen Sorte Søndag. Brøndby IF blev meddelt, at de risikerede en pointstraf i ligaen og kunne miste hjemmebanefordelen i en række kampe som konsekvens af balladen. Dansk Boldspil-Union (DBU) udstedte desuden en historisk stor bøde på 200.000 kroner til klubben.

Derbyet i august 2022

I august 2022 opstod der uroligheder både på og uden for stadion i forbindelse med en Superligakamp mellem FCK og Brøndby i Parken. De to foregående rivalopgør mellem de to hold var blevet afviklet uden udebanefans på opfordring fra politiet. Inden kampen lavede flere Brøndbytilhængere et stormløb mod de dialogbetjente, der stod ved indgangen til stadion. Personer i gruppen kastede sten og kanonslag efter betjentene, som trak deres stave for at holde gruppen på afstand. Under kampen ødelagde tilskuere på Brøndbys afsnit omkring 120 sæder, der blandt andet blev kastet efter kontrollører og ind på banen. Ifølge FCKs kommunikationschef ville det koste over 100.000 kroner at reparere de ødelagte sæder. Inden kampen var Hovedbanegården blevet evakueret, da der opstod panik, efter at fodboldfans havde affyret kanonslag. Der blev desuden forårsaget skader på et S-tog, og ifølge øjenvidner blev der kastet kanonslag ud af togets vinduer. En mobiloptagelse fra et S-tog gik viralt og skabte stor medieomtale; optagelsen viste en mand iført Brøndbytrøje, der med trusler om vold tvang en mand til at tage sin FCK-trøje af. Søndag aften var der blevet anholdt otte personer i forbindelse med urolighederne, og Københavns Politi registrerede syv sager om vold mod politiet. Københavns Politi bad efterfølgende Rigspolitiet om at vurdere muligheden for at forbyde udebanefans til det næste opgør mellem de to hold.

Hooliganmiljøet

Grupperinger
Der findes en række hooligangrupperinger i udkanten af fanmiljøerne omkring landets største fodboldklubber. Nogle af de mest notoriske grupperinger er White Pride (AGF), Southside United (BIF) og Copenhagen Casuals (FCK). Rigspolitiet har vurderet, at flere personer i hooliganmiljøet har tæt kontakt til dele af rockermiljøet.
I 2009 beskrev medierne, at det ledende Hell's Angels-medlem Brian Sandbergs livvagt var blevet rekrutteret fra Copenhagen Casuals. Det blev også beskrevet, at flere skikkelsesr fra det ekstreme fanmiljø var blevet rekrutteret til HAs kampgruppe, AK81.
I 2014 var det Rigspolitiets opfattelse, at der i de senere år var sket en større rekruttering fra hooligan- til rockermiljøet.

Brøndbys anfører, Andreas Maxsø, omfavnede i minutterne efter Brøndbys sidste kamp i 2020/21-sæsonen en fremtrædende hooligan fra grupperingen Fri Sport. Hændelsen, der blev vist i tv-transmissionen af kampen, blev af en hooliganekspert omtalt som et stort problem, der kan fungere som rekruttering til miljøet.

Symbolforklaring

 : Grupperingen er officielt nedlagt.

Rivaliseringen mellem FCK og Brøndby

Danmarks mest markante hooligangrupperinger findes blandt tilhængere af de rivaliserende fodboldklubber F.C. København og Brøndby IF. FCK- og Brøndby-hooligans har haft adskillige konfrontationer med både politiet og hinanden. Foruden at skabe uro under de to holds indbyrdes opgør mødes disse hooligans også i arrangerede slagsmål uden for stadion.

I 2016 overfaldt op mod tyve maskerede FCK-hooligans en større gruppe Brøndby-tilhængere med køller foran fangruppen Alphas klubhus, og omtrent tredive Brøndby-hooligans gengældte senere overfaldet ved at angribe en FCK-hooligan på Hvidovre Hospital.

I 2020 stødte omkring halvtreds FCK- og Brøndby-hooligans sammen i et aftalt slagsmål ved et værtshus på Vesterbro kort inden et derby. 15 FCK-hooligans blev i 2021 dømt i Københavns Byret for et voldsomt overfald begået mod en Brøndby-tilhænger under optøjerne.

Men In Black-bevægelsen
Under coronaviruspandemien demonstrerede en protestbevægelse ved navn Men In Black mod regeringens restriktioner. Flere af demonstrationerne udviklede sig voldeligt, og adskillige demonstranter blev anholdt. Bevægelsens grundlægger havde gennem syv år været aktiv i hooligangrupperingen Fri Sport Brøndby, og flere af bevægelsens demonstranter var kendt fra det danske hooliganmiljø. Demonstrationerne, der til dels mindede om fodboldrelaterede fanoptog, blev af politiet håndteret på samme måde som højrisikofodboldkampe.

Henvisninger

Noter

Referencer

Litteratur og podcasts

Fodboldkultur
Fodbold i Danmark

Hooliganisme i Danmark


Liga Nogometnog saveza područja Slavonski Brod, također i kao Područna liga Slavonski Brod, Područna liga NSP Slavonski Brod je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1973./74.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "Amater" iz Slavonskog Broda.
U ligi su također sudjelovali i klubovi s područja Bosanskog Broda u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Ljestvica

 "Ukrina" Novo Selo i "Mladost" Kričanovo  – klubovi iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Slavonska zona Posavska skupina 1973./74.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 "Sportske novosti",1974. godina
 "Sportske novosti", izdano 12. lipnja 1974., str. 17
 Željko Čeglaj: Čudnovate zgode stoljetne "Bubamare" : stoljeće nogometa Brodsko-posavske županije : 1909. – 2009., Slavonski Brod, 2009., , str. 144-146
 Željko Čeglaj: Brodske športske priče iz davnine - II. dio, Slavonski Brod, 2017.,   (Dio 2), str. 26-30
 nkposavacruscica.wordpress.com, Seniori 1970-1990, pristupljeno 14. kolovoza 2020.
 nkposavacruscica.wordpress.com, Seniori 1970-1990, wayback arhiva

1973-74 1
Slavonski Brod
1973-74 Slavonski Brod

Liga Nogometnog saveza područja Slavonski Brod 1973./74.


Cortinarius gentilis (Elias Magnus Fries, 1821 ex Elias Magnus Fries, 1838) din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Cortinariaceae și de genul Cortinarius, denumită în popor văloasă delicată, este o ciupercă otrăvitoare răspândită cu consecință mortală, conținând atât de multă orelanină ca de exemplu Cortinarius orellanus, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord trăiește de la deal la munte pe terenuri acre și umede, în păduri de conifere, solitar sau în grupuri mici, mai ales sub pini, și molizi tineri, unde pământul este acoperit cu mușchi, dar se dezvoltă de asemenea cu mare drag printre afine.Timpul apariției este din iunie până în noiembrie.

Taxonomie

Cunoscutul micolog bur Christian Hendrik Persoon a descris trei specii de ciuperci care contează astăzi drept sinonime ale lui Cortinarius gentilis, anume Agaricus helvolus (1796)  precum Agaricus punctatus și Agaricus spurius, ambele în 1801.

Numele binomial hotărât este Agaricus gentilis, determinat de cunoscutul savant suedez Elias Magnus Fries, în volumul 1 al trilogiei sale Systema Mycologicum din 1821.

Apoi, în 1838, Fries însuși a transferat specia la genul Cortinarius sub păstrarea epitetului, de verificat în cartea sa Epicrisis systematis mycologici, seu synopsis hymenomycetum, fiind și numele curent valabil (2021).

Toți ceilalți taxoni sunt acceptați sinonime.

Epitetul specific bazează încă de la începutul secolului al XIX-lea, de la împrumutarea dovedită fără contradicții al cuvântului francez (=drăguț, prietenos", învechit și "nobil") care se trage din cuvântul latin (=de același gen, trib; nu păgân), datorită calităților frumoase în aspect, miros și gust ale ciupercii (fără toxicitate).

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 2,5-5,5 cm, este tare higrofană, inițial conică, ascuțit cocoșată, aplatizându-se odată cu vârsta. Marginea atunci este răsfrântă unghiular în sus, ondulată inegal și brăzdată cu rupturi. Cuticula este netedă până fin solzoasă și de obicei umedă. Când vremea este uscată are un colorit galben, de altfel, el poate fi brun-gălbui, brun-portocaliu, ruginiu sau brun-roșiatic, pălind la bătrânețe.
 Lamelele: sunt largi, foarte distanțate, slab bombate, bifurcate și intercalate inegal precum aderente la picior, fiind galben-portocalii, brun-gălbuie până ruginii, ocazional cu nuanțe brun-măslinii. La început sunt acoperite de o cortină gălbuie, repede trecătoare, rest al vălului parțial.
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de  2,5-7 (8) cm și o lățime de 0,3-0,6 (0,8) cm, este de aceiași grosime, țeapăn, radial-fibros pe dinafară și mai întâi împăiat, apoi gol în interior precum de un colorit similar cu pălăria, galben-maroniu până brun-portocaliu, spre vârf mai deschis, spre bază mai închis, având o zonă pseudo-inelară sesizabilă, rest al vălului parțial.
 Carnea: destul de subțire este pronunțat galbenă până brun-gălbuie, relativ fragilă în pălărie, iar în picior mai tare, în tinerețe cu un miros imperceptibil, apoi ușor ca de ridiche sau de cartofi cruzi precum un gust delicat. Nu degeaba buretele poartă acest nume.
 Caracteristici microscopice  sporii aurii-gălbui sunt elipsoidali până slab ovoidali cu o suprafață aspru-verucoasă, lipsiți de un por germinal și fără apendice hilare, măsurând 6-9 x 4-6 microni. Pulberea lor este ruginie până brun-măslinie. Basidiile clavate cu 4 sterigme fiecare au o dimensiune de 30-40 x 8-9 microni. Cistidele (elemente sterile situate în stratul himenal sau printre celulele din pielița pălăriei și a piciorului, probabil cu rol de excreție) sunt ceva mai scurte, în formă de măciucă cu vârfuri rotunjite.
 Reacții chimice: nu sunt cunoscute.

Toxicitate

Toxine
Văloasa delicată conține o doză mai mică a toxinei orelanină care provoacă sindromul orelanian (parafaloidian). Dar orelanina nu este singura toxină activantă, în afară de aceasta sunt dovedite și polipeptide (în total zece) ca de exemplu phallatoxina și amatoxina. Cercetările sublinez aceeași toxicitate pentru animale (șobolani) ca la om. Cazurile de deces au fost relativ puține, aproximativ numai 15 la sută dintre consumatori. Acest fapt este probabil datorit mărimii ciuperci, care astfel a fost adăugată la mâncăruri împreuna cu bureți comestibili. Sindromul orelanian este unul grav, cu debut foarte tardiv (se manifestă după 5-14 zile, chiar trei săptămâni de la consum)  și cu efecte distructive asupra rinichilor care pot fi distruși complet.

Simptome
Tot ca și rudele lui mai mari, Cortinarius orellanus și Cortinarius rubellus, manifestările încep deseori foarte târziu de la ingerare (vezi mai sus), astfel, identificarea cauzei fiind foarte grea. Ele sunt la început nespecifice, asemănătoare unei intoxicații digestive, incluzând greață, vărsături, crampe, dureri musculare, sete și urinări dese. Abia mai târziu apar semne specifice ale disfuncționalității rinichilor cauzate de aceste toxine, concret printr-o nefropatie tubulointerstizială acompaniată de albuminurie, edeme) și meningiene, imitând o boală infecțioasă, pentru ca în final să se instaleze insuficiența renală. Caracteristică este senzația de arsură epigastrică, ce nu dispare la consumul de lichide precum reducerea masivă a urinării în stadiul avansat. Un antidot efectiv nu există, tratamentul cu corticosteroizi este îndoielnic.

Confuzii
Acest burete poate fi confundat, pe lângă cu Cortinarius varius și Cortinarius rubellus, în primul rând cu alte specii mici de genul Cortinarius, ca de exemplu: Cortinarius brunneus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius callisteus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius cinnamomeoluteus (otrăvitor) Cortinarius croceus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius colus (necomestibil), Cortinarius fasciatus (necomestibil), Cortinarius fulvescens (necomestibil), Cortinarius hinnuleus (necomestibil), Cortinarius limonius (posibil letal), Cortinarius palustris (suspect) , Cortinarius puniceus (suspect) + imagini, Cortinarius rigens (necomestibil), Cortinarius saniosus (mortal) + imagini,Cortinarius sertipes (necomestibil), Cortinarius speciosissimus (mortal), Cortinarius tophaceus (otrăvitor), Cortinarius tortuosus (otrăvitor) sau Cortinarius uraceus (necomestibil).

Culegeți și consumați niciodată ciuperci de genul Cortinarius mici și cu carne colorată.

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Note

Bibliografie
 Bruno Cetto: "I funghi dal vero", vol. 1-7, Editura Arte Grafiche Saturnia, Trento 1976-1993 (pentru cercetarea în total)
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 René Flammer, Egon Horak: "Giftpilze – Pilzgifte. Pilzvergiftungen - Ein Nachschlagewerk für Ärzte, Apotheker, Biologen, Mykologen, Pilzexperten und Pilzsammler", Editura  Schwabe, Basel 2003, ISBN 3-7965-2008-1.
 Meinhard Michael Moser în Helmut Gams: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

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 Cortinarius gentilis, mai multe imagini 1
 gentilis, mai multe imagini 2

Cortinarius
Micoriză
Ciuperci otrăvitoare
1796 în știință

Cortinarius gentilis