Sven Nilsson (Landskrona (Skåne), 8 de março de 1787 — Lund, 30 de novembro de 1883) foi um naturalista, paleontólogo e arqueólogo que se destacou nos campos da ictiologia e da ornitologia. Foi professor na Universidade de Lund de 1832 a 1856, da qual foi reitor de 1845 a 1846. Pelo seu trabalho pioneiro é geralmente conhecido por «pai da ornitologia sueca». Além do seu trabalho como naturalista, foi um dos pioneiros da arqueologia na Escandinávia.

Biografia
Sven Nilsson era o mais novo dos seis filhos do lavrador Nils Nilsson e de sua esposa Tora Svensson. Alguns anos após o nascimento de Sven, a família mudou-se alguns quilómetros para o norte, para Lilla Ryckeltofta, onde o jovem cresceu e se começou a interessar por zoologia. Começou por caçar pequenos animais com uma espingarda e por utilizar uma armadilha para pássaros no outono. Em 1806, matriculou-se na Universidade de Lund com o objectivo de realizar estudos teológicos e ingressar no clero, mas o professor de zoologia Anders Jahan Retzius, que era discípulo de Linnaeus, reconhecendo os seus conhecimentos empíricos de zoologia, convenceu-o a estudar história natural em vez de teologia. Frequentou aquela Universidade de 1806 a 1811.

Nilsson estreou-se no campo da zoologia escrevendo um brilhante ensaio sobre a sistemática dos mamíferos. Em 1811 obteve o grau de Mestre em Filosofia e em 1812 foi contratado como docente de História Natural na Universidade de Lund.

Em 1814 publicou a dissertação Analecta Ornithologica, obra que descreve as aves de Skåne, incluindo não apenas as espécies da família Motacillidae, mas todos os grupos de aves presentes naquela região sueca. Este foi o primeiro trabalho ornitológico de Sven Nilsson e nele, entre outras coisas, descreveu a espécie Curruca nisoria pela primeira vez como um pássaro que ocorre na Suécia.

Recorrendo uma bolsa de estudos concedida pelo conde Hans Gabriel Trolle-Wachtmeister, Sven Nilsson teve a oportunidade de viajar e de estagiar na Universidade de Copenhaga por um período mais longo de estudos. Também viajou para Vallox-Säby, nos arredores de Uppsala, para estudar com o naturalista Gustaf von Paykull, cuja coleção de história natural era então a maior coleção sueca de espécimes de animais (incluindo insetos).

O resultado do seu trabalho de investigação foi a obra Ornithologica suecica, impressa em Copenhaga em 1817, com ilustrações de Anders Arvidsson, instrutor da Universidade de Lund. Quatro anos depois, foi publicada uma adenda final a esta obra.

Em 23 de abril de 1816, Sven Nilsson partiu numa viagem ao norte na Escandinávia para ali fazer estudos ornitológicos. Apenas publicou as notas dessa viagem 60 anos depois. Nessa viagem, partiu de Lund ao longo da costa oeste da Suécia até Kristiania (hoje Oslo), continuando depois por Hedemarken e Gudbrandsdalen em direção a Dovrefjäll. Em seguida, passou por Trondheim e viajou ao longo da costa sueca até Bodø, o ponto mais ao norte atingido no seu percurso. No regresso, primeiro passou por Trondheim e depois por Dalarna e terminou em Uppsala. Durante essa viagem, descreveu pela primeira vez na Escandinávia, entre outras espécies, a felosa Phylloscopus collybita.

Iniciou em 1820 a publicação da colectânea intitulada Skandinaviens fauna (Fauna da Escandinávia), cujo primeiro volume leva o subtítulo Handbok för Jägare och zoologer (Manual para Caçadores e Zoólogos), o qual contém as descrições dos mamíferos  que ocorremna península escandinava. Em 1824, foi publicada o volume com o subtítulo Svensk Ornithologi eller Beskrifning öfver Sveriges Foglar (Ornitologia Sueca ou Descrição dos Pássaros da Suécia"), obra que foi o primeiro manual de ornitologia publicado na Suécia. Os dois volumes com os títulos Foglarna I e Foglarna II (As aves I e As aves II), considerados clássicos da ornitologia sueca, cuja terceira edição revista foi publicada em 1858. A obra Amfibierna  (Os anfíbios) foi publicado em 1842 e Fiskarne (Os peixes) nos anos 1852-1855. Muitos dos nomes populares que Sven Nilsson escolheu para usar nesses livros tornaram-se os nomes das aves hojes aceites na Suécia.

Em 1828, Nilsson tornou-se diretor do Museu Sueco de História Natural, em Estocolmo, e desempenhou um papel importante quando este foi transferido para as novas instalações na Drottninggatan. Entretanto, em 1832, retornou para Lund onde assumiu o cargo de professor de zoologia, que ocupou até 1856. Além das suas pesquisas, expandiu e modernizou o Museu Zoológico de Lund, cujas coleções zoológicas reviu. O objetivo era possuir todas as espécies de vertebrados suecos, bem como representantes dos grupos exóticos mais importantes.

Em 1838, Nilsson foi ordenado sacerdote da Igreja Luterana da Suécia e recebeu no mesmo ano como prebenda pessoal o pastorado régio das paróquias de Västra Nöbbelövs e de Skivarps. Nilsson foi eleito em 1821 como o membro número 390 da Academia Real das Ciências da Suécia (Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien).

Sven Nilsson também se dedicou à paleontologia. Os primeiros estudos paleontológicos que Sven Nilsson realizou foram sobre os fósseis que encontrou em depósitos de calcário de Skåne. Em 1827, publicou a obra Petrificata suecana formationis cretaceæ. Nilsson também colectou grandes quantidades de esqueletos fósseis das turfeiras de Skåne e descreveu fósseis de plantas das formações carboníferas daquela região.

Na segunda edição da obra Fauna da Escandinávia, apresentou um relato das suas investigações geológicas glaciais. Numa série de palestras realizadas em Estocolmo no mesmo ano, intitulada Sverige och dess inbyggare före den historiska tiden (A Suécia e os seus habitantes antes dos tempos históricos), Nilsson apresentou uma teoria sobre a origem dos períodos glaciais postulando que o soerguimento do território seria a causa da queda das temperaturas. Nessas palestras também apresentou dados arqueológicos para explicar a história da migração de diferentes espécies animais e a sua distribuição durante diferentes períodos históricos.

 Arqueólogo
Além dos seus estudos ornitológicos, Nilsson investigou a evolução das condições ambientais, especialmente os efeitos dos períodos glaciais, o que o levou a interessar-se pela arqueologia. Seguindo os ensinamentos que haviam sido deixados pelo paleontólogo Georges Cuvier, tentou determinar quais os artefactos de pedra e osso que teriam sido usados em tempos remotos e, por essa via, tentar inferir como a caça e a pesca ocorreram durante a pré-história.

A contribuição pioneira de Nilsson para a pesquisa arqueológica foi propor que a leitura das descrições etnográficas modernas de culturas de baixa tecnologia pode servir para determinar como as ferramentas antigas foram usadas, em vez de seguir as opiniões de autores humanisticamente orientados como Snorri Sturluson e outros escritores islandeses medievais.

Nilsson integrou na arqueologia e na etnografia as consequências das novas descobertas da geologia do seu tempo, concluindo que houve um período pré-histórico muito longo sobre o qual nenhum escrito mais antigo poderia fornecer qualquer informação. Com isso lançou as bases para a arqueologia comparativa da forma como é hoje internacionalmente seguida. Uma das teorias de Nilsson era que o crescimento populacional havia sido a razão mais importante pela qual os caçadores e coletores escandinavos foram forçados a se tornarem pastores e depois agricultores.

Entre os anos de 1838 e 1843, o seu trabalho arqueológico mais importante foi publicado em quatro partes na obra Skandinaviska nordens urinvånare (Povos indígenas dos países nórdicos escandinavos). A obra foi traduzida para inglês em 1866, dando-lhe uma dimensão internacional e uma larga influência sobre os estudiosos da época. Embora os argumentos por ele usados sejam baseados em observações craniológicas sobre um material extremamente escasso e numa comparação entre calçado e igloos esquimós, Sven Nilsson é geralmente considerado o pai da antropologia sueca.

Trinta anos após a primeira edição, uma nova edição foi publicada, na qual incorporou uma teoria altamente pessoal, que afirmava que a Idade do Bronze era o resultado da colonização fenícia. Numa pesquisa inspirada por Olof Rudbeck, considerou ter encontrado na Escandinávia traços do culto de Baal.

Na obra Fenisiska Kolonier i Scandinavien (Colónias fenícias na Escandinávia), publicada em 1875, Sven Nilsson defende a convicção de que os povos da fase mais antiga da Idade do Bronze na Escandinávia seriam de origem fenícia, com religião fenícia.. A recepção a esta teoria foi fria, sendo logo rejeitada. Oscar Montelius escreveu em 1877 que a suposição parecia tão improvável que se aproximava do impossível.
 Prémios e distinções
Sven Nilsson morreu em 30 de novembro de 1883, após mais de 70 anos de constante investigação. Está enterrado no Östra kyrkogården em Lund. O seu espólio está preservado na Biblioteca da Universidade de Lund.

Ao longo da sua vida recebeu as seguintes distinções:
 1821 - Membro da Academia Real das Ciências da Suécia (Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien)
 1862 - Prémio Real da Academia Sueca (Kungliga priset)
 1870 - Comandante com grã-cruz da Ordem da Estrela Polar (Nordstjärneorden)
 Obras
Entre outras, é autor das seguintes obras:

 De variis mammalia disponendi modis (1812)
 Ornithologia suecica (1817–1821)
 Collectanea Zoologiae Scandinavicae (1817)
 Prodromus ichthyologiae scandinavicae (1832)
 Observationes ichthyologicae (1835)
 Skandinavisk fauna (1820–1853)
 Historia molluscorum Sueciae (1823)
 Petrificata suecana (1827)
 Illuminerade figurer till skandinavisk fauna (1832–1840)
 Prodromus ichthyologiae (1832)
 Skandinaviska Nordens urinvånare (1862–1866)
 Die Ureinwohner des skandinavischen Nordens'' (1863–1868)

Referências

Links

 Litteraturbanken: Sven Nilsson (1787-1883)

Naturalistas da Suécia
Naturais de Landskrona
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Sven Nilsson


Så kort og mærkeligt livet er er en portrætfilm fra 2008 instrueret af Anders Østergaard efter manuskript af Anders Østergaard.

Handling
Vi kommer med Dan Turéll som guide med på en forunderlig rejse gennem tilværelsen - fra Vangede og ud i den vide verden. Vi får hans dybt personlige beretning om livet, døden og kærligheden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2008

Så kort og mærkeligt livet er


The Mologa () is a river in Maksatikhinsky, Bezhetsky, Lesnoy, and Sandovsky Districts of Tver Oblast, Pestovsky District in Novgorod Oblast, and Ustyuzhensky and Cherepovetsky Districts in Vologda Oblast Russia. It is a left tributary of the Volga. The lower course of the Mologa has been turned into the Rybinsk Reservoir. It is  long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributaries of the Mologa are the Osen (right), the Volchina (left), the Kobozha (left), the Chagodoshcha (left) and the Sit (right, now it is a tributary of the Rybinsk Reservoir).

The towns of Bezhetsk, Pestovo, and Ustyuzhna, and the urban-type settlement of Maksatikha are on the banks of the Mologa River. A historic town of Mologa used to stand at the confluence of the Mologa river with the Volga, but it was submerged under water as the Rybinsk Reservoir was filled between 1939 and 1947. The town of Vesyegonsk was also previously on the banks of the Mologa, however, it was relocated when the Rybinsk Reservoir was filled, and is on the banks of the reservoir.

The source of the Mologa is in the southeastern part of Maksatikhinsky District, in the eastern outskirts of Valdai Hills. The river flows east, enters Bezhetsky District, turns north, flows through the town of Bezhetsk, and flows into Lake Verestovo. It flows out of the lake in the western direction, reenters Maksatikhinsky District, flows through the urban-type settlement of Maksatikha and turns north. A stretch of the Mologa forms the border between Maksatikhinsky and Lesnoy Districts. The river crosses over to Lesnoy District, crosses it, flows at the border between Lesnoy and Sandovsky District and crosses into Novgorod Oblast. Downstream of the town of Pestovo the Mologa turns northeast and enters Vologda Oblast. There, it flows through the town of Ustyuzhna, accepts from the left the Kobozha and the Chagodoshcha, sharply turns southeast and flows into the Rybinsk Reservoir.

The river basin of the Mologa comprises vast areas in the north of Tver Oblast, in the east of Novgorod Oblast, in the southeast of Leningrad Oblast (Boksitogorsky District), as well as the southeast of Vologda Oblast.

The lower course of the Mologa, downstream of the mouth of the Chagodoshcha, belongs to Tikhvinskaya water system, one of the waterways constructed in the early 19th century to connect the river basins of the Volga and the Neva. Currently, it is not used for any commercial navigation.

Until the 1990s, the Mologa was used for timber rafting. The timber collecting facilities were in Pestovo.

The river freezes up in late October through early December and stays under the ice until April or early May.

References

External links

Rivers of Novgorod Oblast
Rivers of Tver Oblast
Rivers of Vologda Oblast

Mologa (river)


Bond Street in the West End of London links Piccadilly in the south to Oxford Street in the north. Since the 18th century the street has housed many prestigious and upmarket fashion retailers. The southern section is Old Bond Street and the longer northern section New Bond Street—a distinction not generally made in everyday usage.

The street was built on fields surrounding Clarendon House on Piccadilly, which were developed by Sir Thomas Bond. It was built up in the 1720s, and by the end of the 18th century was a popular place for the upper-class residents of Mayfair to socialise. Prestigious or expensive shops were established along the street, but it declined as a centre of social activity in the 19th century, although it held its reputation as a fashionable place for retail, and is home to the auction houses Sotheby's and Bonhams (formerly Phillips) and the department store Fenwick and jeweller Tiffany's. It is one of the most expensive and sought after strips of real estate in Europe.

Geography
Bond Street links Oxford Street and Piccadilly. Old Bond Street is at the southern end between Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens. The northern section, New Bond Street, extends to Oxford Street. The entire street is around  long. Many shop frontages are less than  wide.

The nearest tube stations are Green Park on Piccadilly, and Bond Street station on Oxford Street. Bond Street station does not directly connect to either New or Old Bond Street. No buses use the street, although the 22 service crosses New Bond Street. Part of New Bond Street is numbered B406 but the remainder and all of Old Bond Street is unclassified. New Bond Street is pedestrianised between Grafton Street and Clifford Street to prevent through traffic and to stop the road being used as a rat run.

History

There is evidence of Roman settlement around what is now Bond Street. In 1894, a culvert made from brick and stone was discovered in the area. The street was named after Sir Thomas Bond, the head of a syndicate of developers who purchased a Piccadilly mansion called Clarendon House from Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle in 1686, and proceeded to demolish the house and develop the area. At that time, the house backed onto open fields, known as Albemarle Ground, and the development of estates in Mayfair had just begun.

New Bond Street was laid out during the second phase of construction 14 years after Bond's syndicate began developing the area. Most of the building along the street occurred in the 1720s, on what was the Conduit Mead Estate. John Rocque's map of London, published in 1746, shows properties along the entire length of Bond Street, including the fully constructed side streets. The two parts of the street have always had separate names, and a plan by the council to merge the two into a singular "Bond Street" in the 1920s was rejected by locals.

During the 18th century, the street began to be popular with the bourgeoisie living around Mayfair. Shop owners let out their upper storeys for residential purposes, attracting lodgers such as Jonathan Swift, George Selwyn, William Pitt the Elder and Laurence Sterne. In 1784, Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, an active socialite, demanded that people boycott Covent Garden as its residents had voted against Whig member of parliament Charles James Fox. This had caused him to lose his seat in Parliament, leading to the dissolution of the Fox–North Coalition. She insisted people should look for nearer shopping streets, and encouraged people to go to Bond Street. Consequently, the street became a retail area for people living in Mayfair. By the end of the century, an upper-class social group known as the Bond Street Loungers had appeared, wearing expensive wigs and parading up and down the street in a pretentious manner.

Lord Nelson stayed at temporary lodgings in New Bond Street between 1797 and 1798, as did his mistress Emma, Lady Hamilton between 1811 and 1813. Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford lived in Bond Street and was unhappy about the presence of the Bond Street Loungers. Already notorious for a violent and abusive temper, on 7 October 1801 he refused invitations to join in celebrations of peace between Britain and France (which led to the Treaty of Amiens), resulting in an altercation with several Loungers at his doorstep. Camelford retreated upstairs and fired upon the crowd with a pistol.

During the 19th century, Bond Street became less known for its social atmosphere but increased its reputation as a street for luxury shopping. The auctioneer Phillips was established in 1796 at No. 101 Bond Street, specialising in stringed instruments and sheet music. The jewellers Asprey originally opened in 1830 at Nos. 165–169 New Bond Street. Opposite Asprey was the luxury luggage and trunk maker Finnigans, originally established in Manchester in 1830. The house of Finnigans opened their New Bond Street shop in 1879. The Jewish practice of Kabbalah has been associated with the street after former East End trader Sarah Levenson opened a shop on No. 50 New Bond Street in 1856 which immediately became profitable, albeit through exaggerated and questionable product claims. Levenson was twice taken to court and prosecuted for fraud; each prosecution resulted in a five-year prison sentence. She died midway through the second. Nevertheless, the practice regained popularity and a Kabbalah Centre remains on the street.

The Royal Arcade links Old Bond Street with Albemarle Street. It was originally proposed in 1864 as a longer link between Old Bond Street and Regent Street, but this plan was rejected because of the scale of proposed demolition and reduced access to existing properties. It was subsequently redesigned in its current layout, opening in 1879 and replacing the Clarendon Hotel, which had been demolished in 1870.

The Grosvenor Gallery opened on New Bond Street in 1877 by Sir Coutts Lindsay. It cost over £100,000 to build and included a restaurant and library downstairs, and two exhibition rooms upstairs. A negative review by John Ruskin of exhibits by James McNeill Whistler led to Whistler suing Ruskin for libel, winning a farthing in compensation. This case was satirised in Gilbert and Sullivan's Patience, with the line, "greenery-yallery, Grosvenor Gallery".

The street has maintained its reputation for luxury shopping into the 21st century, and has on occasion been regarded as the best retail location in Europe. In 2011, Bloomberg News reported that New Bond Street was the most expensive retail street in Europe after the Champs-Élysées in Paris. As a consequence, though, the street has many times suffered from armed robbery, as robbers are attracted by the high value of the goods. The Graff Diamonds robbery in Bond Street in 2009 resulted in an estimated loss of £40 million.

Properties

According to Westminster City Council, Bond Street has the highest density of haute couture stores anywhere in the world, attracting "the rich, the famous, and the simply curious". The entire length of Bond Street has been part of the Mayfair Conservation Area controlled by Westminster City Council since 1969. Building alterations and constructions are tightly controlled to ensure the street's appearance and upkeep are unaltered. Many buildings are listed. The council regulates the style and materials used on shop front advertising.

At one time, Bond Street was best known for top-end art dealers and antique shops that were clustered around the London office of Sotheby's auction house, which has been at Nos. 34–35 Bond Street since 1917, and the Fine Art Society, founded in 1876. The sculpture over the entrance to Sotheby's is from Ancient Egypt and is believed to date from around 1600 BC. It is the oldest outdoor sculpture in London.

Some dealers and antique shops remain, but others are fashion boutiques or branches of global designer brands. The street still has a reputation as a fashionable place for shopping, including the flagship stores of Ralph Lauren and Cartier. Fenwick have had a department store on Bond Street since 1891. The Phillips building at No. 101 is still used for auctions; the company was bought in 2001 by Bonhams, who spent £30 million expanding and refurbishing the premises. In 2015, Valentino announced plans to build a new flagship store on Old Bond Street.

The street features Allies, a statue of Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, who are portrayed sitting in conversation on a park bench, sculpted by Lawrence Holofcener. The statue, popular with tourists, was erected by the Bond Street Association to commemorate 50 years since the end of World War II, and was unveiled in May 1995 by Princess Margaret. In 2013, maquettes of the sculpture (which are replicas, as Holofcener did not make any as part of the original artwork or design) were sold at Bonhams. Henry Moore has four sculptures engraved into the building work of no.153 (a Loro Piana branch), which he subsequently attempted to buy back when he felt no one noticed them.

The construction of Crossrail, part of which runs between Bond Street and Tottenham Court Road stations, involved demolition of property in nearby Hanover Square, some of which backs onto New Bond Street. This affected Nos. 64–72, which required refurbishment.

Cultural references
Bond Street has been mentioned in several works of literature, including Jane Austen's novel Sense and Sensibility and Virginia Woolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway. The plot of the 1948 film Bond Street is based on items purchased from shops in the street. In Susanna Clarke's novel Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell, Bond Street is described as having "the most fashionable shops in all the kingdom".

Bond Street is also a square on the British Monopoly board and is the most expensive of the green-coloured set that also includes Regent and Oxford Streets. The three streets are grouped together because of their shared retail history.

References
Citations

Sources

Further reading
London's Mansions by David Pearce (1986). . (Development details.)

External links

Official website

Mayfair
Shopping streets in London
Streets in the City of Westminster

Bond Street


4-bit este o arhitectură a unui microprocesor ale cărui registre interne, adrese de memorie, date transferate pentru fiecare citire sau scriere în memoria centrală, utilizează o lungime a cuvântului de 4 biți, (1/2 octet sau semioctet, 24 = 16 valori posibile).

Primele microprocesoare de 4 biți au fost Intel 4004, TMS1000, HP Saturn,  NEC  uPD75X produse în anii 1970 și 1980.

Majoritatea microprocesoarelor pe 4 biți au fost folosite aproape exclusiv în computerele timpurii, microcontroleri, și console de jocuri video.

Microprocesoarele pe 4 biți continuă să fie utilizate și în prezent (de obicei ca parte a unui microcontroler) în aplicații sensibile la costuri și consum redus de energie care necesită o putere minimă de calcul (dispozitive wireless, internet of things, sisteme înglobate cum ar fi familiile S1C60 și S1C63 ale Epson, sau Atmel MARC4 (până în 2014).

Microprocesoare pe 4 biți

AMD Am2900
AMI 9209
Fairchild 4700
Hitachi HD35404
HP Saturn
Intel 4004
Intel 4040
Motorola 10800
National IMP-4
Rockwell PPS-4

Microcontrolere pe 4 biți

Atmel MARC4
AMI S2000
Epson S1C60
Epson S1C63
Fujitsu MB88200
Hitachi HD404720
ITT 7150
Matsushita MN1400
Mitsubishi M50430 / 440
MMI 5700

National MAPS (MM570x)
NEC μCOM-4
OKI OLMS-40 / 50 / 60 / 64 / 65
Rockwell PPS-4/1
Sanyo LC65
Sharp SM
Sony SPC500
TI TMS1000
Toshiba T3400
WD CR1872

Vezi și
1-bit
8-bit
Legea lui Moore
Microcontroler
Sistem înglobat

Note

Legături externe
 Design and Fabrication of 4-bit processor

Arhitectura calculatoarelor

4-bit


Die Draug war ein kleiner Zerstörer, ein so genannter Torpedojager, der norwegischen Marine, der von 1908 bis 1943 im Dienst war.

Bau und Technische Daten
Die Draug war der erste für die norwegische Marine gebaute Zerstörer und das Typschiff der in den Jahren 1908 bis 1913 gebauten Draug-Klasse. Die drei Boote der Klasse – Draug, Troll und Garm – wurden gleichzeitig geordert, um die 1896 bei Schichau gebaute Valkyrjen zu ersetzen, die wegen ihrer unzureichenden Geschwindigkeit von nur 23 Knoten, ihrer relativ schwachen Bewaffnung und ihrer mangelhaften Wendigkeit ihrer Hauptaufgabe, dem Fernhalten ausländischer Torpedoboote von der norwegischen Küste, nicht gewachsen war.

Die Draug lief am 18. März 1908 bei der Marinewerft in Karljohansvern mit der Baunummer 103 vom Stapel und wurde noch im gleichen Jahr in Dienst gestellt. Sie war 69,2 m lang und 7,3 m breit, hatte 2,9 m Tiefgang und verdrängte 578 Tonnen (standard). Sie hatte eine Dreifach-Expansions-Dampfmaschine mit 8000 PS bei 340/min, die eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 27 Knoten (50 km/h) ermöglichte. Die Bewaffnung bestand aus sechs 7,6-cm-Schnellfeuerkanonen in Einzelaufstellung (eine auf dem Vorschiff, zwei rechts und links hinter der Brücke, zwei rechts und links unmittelbar hinter dem vierten und letzten Schornstein, und eine achtern hinter dem Bootskran), einem 12,7-mm-Colt-Fla-Maschinengewehr sowie drei schwenkbaren 45-cm-Torpedorohren in Einzelaufstellung (je eins rechts und links neben dem zweiten und dritten Schornstein, eins auf dem Heck). Die Besatzung bestand aus 76 Mann.

Geschichte

1912–1939
Während des Ersten Weltkriegs diente die Draug, wie die anderen Schiffe der norwegischen Marine, zur Sicherung der norwegischen Neutralität und im Geleitdienst für Handelsschiffe in norwegischen Küstengewässern. Nach dem Ende des Kriegs war das Boot bis 1927 hauptsächlich damit befasst, Schmuggler aufzubringen, die während der norwegischen Prohibition Alkohol ins Land zu bringen versuchten.

In den 1930er Jahren wurde die Draug, ebenso wie ihre beiden Schwesterschiffe, aus Kostengründen eingemottet, die Draug in Bergen, die Troll und die Garm in Horten. Obwohl die drei Boote beim Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs bereits sehr veraltet waren, wurden sie reaktiviert, um die norwegische Neutralität zu sichern, die Troll und die Garm am 28. August, die Draug am 5. September 1939. Es dauerte jedoch einige Zeit, ehe die Boote soweit überholt waren, dass sie wieder einsatzbereit waren. Allerdings waren sie nur noch zum Sicherungs-, Geleit- und Wachdienst tauglich.

April 1940

Die drei Boote wurden zur 1. Zerstörerdivision (1. Jagerdivisjon) zusammengefasst und im 2. Seeverteidigungsabschnitt (Mittelnorwegen) stationiert, wobei jedoch jedes Boot verhältnismäßig unabhängig in dem ihm zugewiesenen Küstenabschnitt operierte. Die Draug war in Haugesund stationiert und führte Sicherungs- und Geleitaufgaben entlang der norwegischen Westküste durch. So eskortierte sie auch am 8. April 1940, dem Tag vor dem deutschen Überfall auf Norwegen, das deutsche Kombischiff Seattle (7369 BRT), dem der Durchbruch von Curacao durch den Nordatlantik, die Dänemarkstraße und nördlich um Island nach Norwegen gelungen war, nach Süden, um eine Verletzung der norwegischen Neutralität zu verhindern. Nach Beendigung dieser Aufgabe erhielt die Draug Anweisung, sofort nach Haugesund zu laufen und dort Kohlen zu bunkern. Dort erreichte ihren Kommandanten, Korvettenkapitän (später Vizeadmiral) Thore Horve, am Nachmittag des 8. April die Nachricht vom Marsch deutscher Seestreitkräfte durch die dänischen Meerengen und von der Versenkung des deutschen Transportschiffs Rio de Janeiro durch das polnische U-Boot Orzeł vor Lillesand. Gleichzeitig liefen Berichte von britischen Minenlegeaktionen vor der norwegischen Küste ein. Horve erhielt vom Kommandeur des 2. Seeverteidigungsabschnitts, Konteradmiral Carsten Tank-Nielsen, die Mitteilung, dass dieser den im Raum Bergen stationierten Schiffen den Befehl zum bewaffneten Widerstand gegen alle ausländischen Kriegsschiffe gegeben hatte, die nach Bergen einzulaufen versuchten, und dass Horve in den folgenden Stunden seiner eigenen Einschätzung der Sachlage folgen solle. Horve ließ sein Schiff gefechtsklar machen.

In der Nacht zum 9. April patrouillierte die Draug im Karmsund. Um etwa 2:00 Uhr früh kam die Nachricht, dass die Küstenbatterien im Oslofjord das Feuer auf feindliche Kräfte unbekannter Herkunft eröffnet hatten. Um 4:00 Uhr brachte die Draug nach Warnschüssen ein ohne Flagge nordwärts durch den Karmsund fahrendes Schiff auf, das sich bei der Untersuchung in Haugesund als das deutsche Frachtmotorschiff Main (7.624 BRT) herausstellte. Ihre Frachtpapiere besagten, sie bringe 7.000 Tonnen Koks nach Bergen, aber die Ladung bestand aus Kriegsmaterial für die deutschen Invasionstruppen in Trondheim, darunter insbesondere 2.000 Minen. Da inzwischen Berichte von der deutschen Besetzung von Bergen und Stavanger eintrafen, beschloss Kapitän Horve, mit der Main als Prise nach Großbritannien zu entkommen; dabei ignorierte er einen Befehl, zum Hardangerfjord zu laufen und dort deutschen Marineeinheiten die Einfahrt zu verwehren.

Der Kapitän der Main weigerte sich zwar zunächst, Kurs auf die britischen Inseln zu nehmen, musste aber nach mehreren Warnschüssen und der Androhung der Torpedierung einlenken. Etwa 40 Seemeilen vor Haugesund wurden die beiden Schiffe am 9. April um 9:00 Uhr morgens von einem Bombenflugzeug der Luftwaffe angegriffen. Der Angriff galt der Main, und obwohl die Bomben ihr Ziel verfehlten, gab ihr Kapitän, angesichts seiner gefährlichen Ladung, sofort den Befehl zur Selbstversenkung und zum Verlassen des Schiffs. Nachdem die Besatzung in großer Hast die Boote gegangen war (der Bootsmann ertrank dabei), feuerte die Draug etwa zehn Granaten in die Wasserlinie der Prise, um sie endgültig zu versenken. Mit den 67 Besatzungsmitgliedern der Main als Kriegsgefangenen an Bord fuhr die Draug nach Sullom Voe auf den Shetlandinseln. Auf dem Weg dorthin wurde sie am Morgen des 10. April von den britischen Zerstörern Sikh und Matabele aufgenommen und den Rest des Wegs begleitet. Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen wurden am Abend an Land gesetzt und dann auf dem französischen Zerstörer Brestois nach Kirkwall gebracht.

Die Draug fuhr in Begleitung des französischen Zerstörers Boulonnais nach Scapa Flow, wo sie am Morgen des 11. April eintraf. Dort wurden eine Anzahl ihrer Besatzungsmitglieder auf verschiedene Schiffe der Royal Navy transferiert, auf denen sie im weiteren Verlauf des Norwegen-Kriegs dienten. Nur der Leitende Ingenieur blieb zunächst mit etwa 20 Mann technischem Personal an Bord, um das Schiff fahrbereit zu halten.

1940–1943

Am 7. Mai verlegte die Draug nach Portsmouth, wo sie bis zum 5. August 1940 als Mutterschiff für die zwei neuesten Einheiten der norwegischen Exilmarine diente, die beiden Motortorpedoboote MTB 5 und MTB 6, die noch vor der Invasion Norwegens bestellt, aber erst im Mai 1940 ausgeliefert worden waren. Vom 6. August bis zum 27. Oktober 1940, als die Gefahr einer deutschen Landung in England imminent war, wurde sie, inzwischen mit angemessen Flugabwehrwaffen bestückt, als Wachschiff (Guard Destroyer) in Lowestoft eingesetzt. In dieser Zeit war sie zwar mehrfach deutschen Luftangriffen ausgesetzt, ohne jedoch Schaden zu erleiden. Von November 1940 bis ins Frühjahr 1941 wurde sie in Grimsby modernisiert und neu bewaffnet. Dabei wurde der vordere Schornstein entfernt und die Brücke umgebaut, die hintere 7,6-cm-Kanone durch eine 7,6-cm-Flak ersetzt, und in beiden Brückennock je ein Lewis-Fla-MG eingebaut. Als Schutz gegen Minen wurde um den Rumpf ein Entmagnetisierungskabel gelegt. Während dieser Zeit in Grimsby führte sie außerdem Geleitdienst entlang der Küste und Wachdienst im Humber durch. Einen Angriff einer deutschen HE 111 mit Bomben und Bordwaffen konnte sie abwehren. Danach versah sie bis April 1942 vor allem Geleitdienst entlang der südenglischen Küste.

Zusätzlich schleppte sie mehrfach norwegische MTBs in die Nähe der norwegischen Küste und wieder zurück, damit diese dort Angriffe auf deutsche Geleitzüge durchführen konnten. Der erste Angriff dieser Art erfolgte am 3./4. Oktober 1941, als MTB 56 von der Draug aus Scapa Flow kommend etwa 120 Seemeilen vor der norwegischen Küste in Position gebracht wurde und dann bei der kleinen Insel Kyrholmen im Krossfjord (südlich von Bergen und der Insel Sotra) den von den deutschen Besatzern requirierten norwegischen Tanker Borgny (3015 BRT) vor Kyrholmen mit zwei Torpedos versenkte, der 3500 Tonnen Flugbenzin für die Luftwaffe von Son nach Trondheim bringen sollte. 14 Mann der norwegischen Borgny-Besatzung kamen ums Leben; die 13 Überlebenden wurden, mit teilweise schweren Verbrennungen, von den beiden Geleitfahrzeugen, M1101 und V5505 Seeteufel, aufgenommen. MTB 56 entkam dem Abwehrfeuer der deutschen Geleitboote und der Küstenartillerie bei Korsneset, traf die Draug am nächsten Morgen und wurde von dieser nach Lerwick auf den Shetlandinseln geschleppt.

Ab April 1942 wurde die Draug nur noch in Port Edgar am Firth of Forth als Wohnschiff für Angehörige der norwegischen Marine genutzt. Am 5. Februar 1943 wurde das alte Boot aus der norwegischen Marine ausgemustert.  Danach wurde es leihweise von der britischen Royal Navy für Übungen und Versuche genutzt.

Die endgültige Ausmusterung erfolgte am 19. November 1943. 1944 wurde die Draug zum Abwracken verkauft.

Literatur
 Frank Abelsen: Norwegian naval ships 1939–1945. Sem & Stenersen, Oslo 1986, ISBN 82-7046-050-8 (norweg. & engl.).
 Nils Bjørnsson: Å være eller ikke være – Under orlogsflagget i den annen verdenskrig. Sjømilitære Samfund ved Forlaget Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen, Haakonsvern 1994, ISBN 82-990969-3-6 (norweg.)
 Ole F. Berg: I skjærgården og på havet – Marinens krig 8. april 1940 – 8. mai 1945. Marinens Krigsveteranforening, Oslo 1997, ISBN 82-993545-2-8.
 Ola Bøe Hansen (Hrsg.): Sjøkrigens skjebner – deres egne beretninger. Sjømilitære Samfund ved Forlaget Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen, Gjøvik 2005, ISBN 82-92217-22-3.
 Svein Carl Sivertsen (Hrsg.): Sjøforsvaret dag for dag 1814–2000. Sjømilitære Samfund ved Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen, Hundvåg 2001, ISBN 82-92217-03-7. (norweg.)

Weblinks
 Torpedojager KNM Draug
 Draug destroyers auf navypedia

Fußnoten

Torpedoboot (Norwegen)
Zerstörer (Norwegen)
Deutsche Besetzung Norwegens 1940–1945
Schiff im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Dampfmaschinenschiff

Draug (Schiff, 1908)


The Mini-14 is a lightweight semi-automatic rifle manufactured by Sturm, Ruger & Co. Introduced in 1973, the design was outwardly based on the M14 rifle and is, in appearance, a scaled-down version chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO, though with its own gas system design.

Since 1973, Ruger has introduced a number of variants, including: variants chambered in both .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO, the Ranch Rifle with a civilian style rear aperture sight and integral scope ring mounts on the receiver, the Mini-14 GB with a bayonet lug and flash suppressor, variants with folding stocks, stainless steel versions of the most popular variants, a target version featuring a heavyweight barrel and barrel tuner, the Mini Thirty, which is chambered for 7.62×39mm, as well as variants chambered in 6.8mm Remington SPC and 300 AAC Blackout. The rifle is currently used by military personnel, law-enforcement and corrections personnel, and civilians in the United States and around the world.

History and design

Introduced in 1973 by Sturm, Ruger & Co., the Mini-14 resembles a smaller version of the military M14 rifle. Designed by L. James Sullivan and William B. Ruger, it incorporated numerous innovations and cost-saving engineering changes. The Mini-14 rifle has an investment-cast, heat-treated receiver and is mechanically similar to the M1 rifle in the receiver area, but with a self-cleaning, fixed-piston gas system.

Initial rifles were produced with a complex, exposed-bolt hold-open device with no button for manual engagement. Stocks were somewhat angular, and heat shields were made of wood. These rifles, with serial number prefixes before 181, were tooled and redesigned with a new stock, new bolt hold-open mechanism, and other small changes.

The original Mini-14 rifle had a rear aperture sight with large protective wings and no integral scope bases. In 1982, Ruger introduced the Ranch Rifle with an integral scope base on the receiver, a new folding-aperture rear sight, and factory scope rings.

In 1987, Ruger introduced the Mini Thirty rifle chambered for the Russian 7.62×39mm cartridge. At the time, large quantities of surplus military ammunition were being imported into the United States at rock-bottom prices. Also, the 7.62×39mm is ballistically similar to the .30-30 Winchester cartridge. As a result, the Mini Thirty proved to be an effective deer rifle.

In 2003, the design was overhauled to improve accuracy, update the styling, and reduce production costs. The standard Mini-14 was discontinued and the name became the family name for all Mini-14-type rifles. As of 2005, all Mini-14-type rifles are based on the Ranch Rifle design, with integral scope bases, a nonfolding ghost ring aperture rear sight, and a winged front sight similar to that used on the Ruger Police Carbine. They have serial numbers beginning with 580 and are sometimes referred to as 580-series Ranch Rifles. They also have a new modified gas system designed to reduce barrel vibration and can shoot two-inch groups at 100 yards, which is 2 minute of angle (MOA) accuracy.

Around 2007 or 2008, Ruger added a heavier, larger-diameter barrel visibly tapered from gas block to muzzle. These changes combined with tighter tolerances result in greater potential accuracy.

All Mini-14-type rifles are available in stainless steel or blued finish with hardwood, synthetic, or laminated stocks with  or  barrels.

Variants

Ranch Rifle

The Ranch Rifle is a basic model offered in a wood or synthetic rifle stock paired with a blued or stainless steel receiver and a standard 18.5" tapered barrel (1:9" RH twist rate). These rifles feature an adjustable ghost ring rear sight and winged front sight, and they are sold with a detachable Picatinny scope rail mount and a choice of two 20-round or 5-round detachable box magazines to comply with some U.S. states and other countries, which have laws restricting magazine capacity. All models are chambered in both .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition except the Target Rifle variant (which is .223 only).

Target Rifle
In 2007, the "Target Rifle" version was introduced with a  cold hammer-forged heavy barrel, adjustable harmonic tuner with adjustable MOA accuracy, and either a laminated wood or Hogue overmolded synthetic stock. The Target Rifle does not have iron sights but includes the standard scope rings and Picatinny rail mount. It is designed for use with the .223 Remington round only; 5.56 NATO is not warranted by Ruger.

Tactical Rifle

Introduced in 2009, the "Tactical Rifle" is the newest variant, which includes the shorter 16.12" barrel with flash suppressor, and is available with a standard fixed stock/fore end, or a collapsible ATI-brand stock with Picatinny rails. This model is chambered in both .223 Remington/5.56×45mm NATO and .300 AAC Blackout as of 2015.

Mini Thirty

In 1987, Ruger began production of the Mini Thirty, which is chambered for the Russian 7.62×39mm cartridge, used in the SKS and AK-47, as many states prohibit hunting of deer with calibers smaller than 6 mm (.243 in). The 7.62×39mm has ballistics similar to the well-known .30-30 Winchester. The Mini Thirty is available with a 16.12" (Tactical Model) or 18.50" barrel having a twist rate of 1:10" RH, and is sold with two 20-round or 5-round box magazines. Ruger does not currently produce 30-round Mini Thirty magazines. The Mini Thirty shares many of the same design and accessory options with those of the smaller caliber Mini-14 Ranch Rifle.

Mini Thirty Tactical Rifle
The "Mini Thirty Tactical Rifle" variant was introduced in 2010. It closely mimics the Mini-14 Tactical Rifle variant, but in 7.62x39mm. It also has a shorter 16.12" barrel with flash suppressor, and is available with a standard fixed stock/fore end, or a collapsible ATI-brand stock with Picatinny rails.

Government models

Mini-14 GB

The Mini-14 GB ("government barrel") models feature either a pistol grip, side-folding stock, or a standard semipistol grip rifle stock, a 20- or 30-round magazine, bayonet lug, threaded barrel, and flash suppressor. Proof that GB stands for "government barrel" and not "government bayonet" can be seen in Ruger's new Tactical models and Ruger continuing to use "GB", which are catalogued for example KM-14/20GBCP. These models have no bayonet lug but do have the flash hider. Sales of the models with bayonet lug were intended only for law enforcement, military, and private security markets, and could only be found in Ruger's Law Enforcement Catalog. Many have entered the civilian market, though.

AC-556
Introduced in 1979, the AC-556 is a selective-fire version of the Mini-14 marketed for military and law-enforcement use. The design incorporates a selector on the right/rear of the receiver to select either semi-automatic, three-round burst, or full automatic fire modes; the manual safety at the front of the trigger guard operates the same as a standard Mini-14. The front sight is winged and incorporates a bayonet lug. The  or  barrel incorporates a flash suppressor, which can be used to launch approved tear-gas and smoke rifle grenades. A folding stock was used on the AC-556F and AC-556K. The rifle came equipped with 20-round magazines and a 30-round version was available for a time. The AC-556 was dropped from production in 1999 and Ruger stopped offering service for the rifle in 2009. By that time, some models became available for private civilian purchase in the NFA market.

Mousqueton A.M.D.

In France, the AC-556 is known as the Mousqueton A.M.D. where it was used by several governmental agencies within the French Interior Ministry: the Police Aux Frontières ("P.A.F."—Border Police), the Police Nationale Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (or "C.R.S."—Riot Control Brigade), and  the Groupe d'Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale ("GIGN") special-operations unit. The A.M.D. was made in two versions, the first has the standard Ruger aperture rear sight. On the other, the aperture rear sight has been completely removed and replaced with a tangent rear sight located on top of the barrel just forward of the receiver.

Straight-pull action
A small number of straight-pull only (or bolt-action only) Mini-14 and Mini Thirty rifles were manufactured for sale in the United Kingdom as a result of legislation that banned semi-automatic centerfire rifles in 1988.

Other calibers and accessories

.222 Remington
Ruger produced a .222 Remington caliber model as early as 1984. Designated Mini-14/5R.222, these rifles were made mostly for civilian markets overseas where .223 caliber and 5.56 mm firearms are generally banned. These were discontinued in the early 1980s.

6.8 mm Remington
In 2007, Ruger began production of the Mini-6.8 using the commercial 6.8 mm Remington SPC cartridge. However, they were discontinued in 2012 and are no longer listed in the Ruger catalog.

Accessories
A wide range of aftermarket accessories are available for the Mini-14 and Mini Thirty, including numerous stocks, magazines, and Weaver and Picatinny rail mounts.

Users

: Currently used by the New South Wales Department of Corrective Services
:Used by some police agencies. The Rio de Janeiro Civil Police uses the folding stock variant
 : Mini-14GB and AC-556 used by the National Civil Police
: Mousqueton A.M.D. variant used by French police forces (Police Aux Frontières, GIGN, CRS).

: Used by the Hong Kong Police Force Hit Team and Hong Kong Correctional Services.
: Used by Indonesian National Police
: Used by Rhodesian security forces during the Rhodesian Bush War.
: The Royal Ulster Constabulary had used the AC-556 model prior to its inventory being destroyed by 1995. The Surrey Constabulary Firearms Support Team (now known as the Tactical Firearms Unit) was armed with Mini-14s in the 1980s modified with folding stocks.
: The Royal Bermuda Regiment has used the Mini-14GB/20 as its standard service rifle since 1983, replacing the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle. Original wooden stocks were replaced with Choate black plastic stocks about 1990. The regiment received L85A2 rifles in August, 2015, and the Ruger was phased out in January, 2016.
: Mini-14s were used by the New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit with mostly 13 inch barrels, factory flash hiders and AC556 gas block front sights in both standard & folding stocks, the rifles eventually being replaced by the M4 carbine. The NYPD's Organized Crime Control Bureau is armed with the Mini-14s. The Mini-14 is the main rifle used by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, and the North Carolina Department of Correction. US Marines that serve as guards at certain US embassies are sometimes issued Mini-14s. Delta Force has some Mini-14s in inventory.  The Rajneeshpuram Peace Force employed some Mini-14s in addition to Galils and Uzis. The Nevada Department of Corrections uses the Mini-14.

Criminal use
The Ruger Mini-14 was used in several notable crimes:

 Michael Lee Platt used a Mini-14 in the 1986 FBI Miami shootout, which resulted in FBI agents and other American law-enforcement agencies adopting stronger body armor and discarding revolvers in favor of more powerful, higher-capacity handguns.
 Marc Lépine used a Mini-14 in the École Polytechnique massacre, which resulted in the Canada Firearms Act, 1995 and new police response procedures.
 Anders Behring Breivik used a Mini-14, along with a Glock 34, in the 2011 Norway attacks, during which he fatally shot 69 people on an island summer camp and was further responsible for eight additional deaths in a bombing in Oslo. It was Norway's deadliest attack since World War II.
 Gabriel Wortman reportedly used a Mini-14, along with several other firearms, in the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks. This resulted in the reclassification of the Mini-14 and at least 1,500 models and variants of other "assault-style" firearms as prohibited weapons in Canada.
Douglas Williams used a Mini-14 in the Lockheed Martin shooting.
Martin Peyerl Were used Mini-14 with scope during 1999 German mass shooting

See also
 Ruger XGI

References

External links

.300 BLK firearms
5.56×45mm NATO semi-automatic rifles
7.62×39mm semi-automatic rifles
Carbines
Mini-14
Semi-automatic rifles of the United States
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1973

Ruger Mini-14


In der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Reform sind alle Kulturdenkmale des zur Stadt Magdeburg gehörenden Stadtteils Reform aufgelistet. Grundlage ist das Denkmalverzeichnis des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt, das auf Basis des Denkmalschutzgesetzes vom 21. Oktober 1991 erstellt und seither laufend ergänzt wurde (Stand: 31. Dezember 2020).

Kulturdenkmale

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Legende

Quellen
 Kleine Anfrage und Antwort Olaf Meister (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), Prof. Dr. Claudia Dalbert (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), Kultusministerium 19.03.2015 Drucksache 6/3905 (KA 6/8670) Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt

Weblinks

Digitales Denkmalverzeichnis der Stadt Magdeburg
 Denkmalinformationssystem Sachsen-Anhalt

Einzelnachweise

Reform

Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Reform (Magdeburg)


Nepačka (Lat. Salvinia), rod listopadnih vodenih trajnica od desetak vrsta (11, plus 2 hibrida) iz porodice nepačkovki. Raširene su po svim kontinentima, osim u Australiju gdje su neke vrste naknadno uvezene.

Salvinia natans ili plivajuća nepačka jedina je vrsta koja raste u Hrvatskoj.

Vrste
 Salvinia auriculata Aubl.
 Salvinia biloba Raddi
 Salvinia cucullata Bory
 Salvinia hastata Desv.
 Salvinia martynii Kopp
 Salvinia minima Baker
 Salvinia natans (L.) All.
 Salvinia nuriana de la Sota & Cassa
 Salvinia nymphellula Desv.
 Salvinia oblongifolia Mart.
 Salvinia sprucei Kuhn
 Salvinia ×delasotae C.V.Miranda & Schwartsb.
 Salvinia ×molesta D.S.Mitch.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Nepačkolike

Nepačka


Oscar Albuquerque (4 de septiembre de 1954, Lima, Perú) es un exfutbolista. Jugó como mediocampista. Pasó la mayor parte de su carrera jugando fútbol indoor con equipos de Estados Unidos, aunque también jugó en las primeras divisiones o ligas de fútbol profesional de Estados Unidos y Canadá. Actualmente es el presidente de Pro Soccer International, un grupo que tiene los derechos de equipos de Chicago y Rockford (Illinois) de la American Indoor Soccer League.

Cuando tenía 15 años, Albuquerque se trasladó con su familia de Perú a Toronto, Canadá. Cursó sus estudios universitarios en la Laurentian University, donde fue miembro del equipo de fútbol masculino entre 1976 y 1979. Forma parte del Athletic Hall of Fame de la universidad.

Tras salir de la universidad, Albuquerque empezó a jugar profesionalmente con Denver Avalanche. Durante su carrera se trasladó varias veces de equipo, hasta concluir con dos temporadas con los Illinois Thunder antes de retirarse definitivamente.

Selección nacional
En 1979, Albuquerque fue convocado para hacer parte del equipo olímpico canadiense de fútbol que representaría al país en los Juegos Olímpicos de Moscú 1980. Canadá, sin embargo, no clasificó a la competición. El jugador sí representó al país en los Juegos Panamericanos.

Entrenador
Durante las dos temporadas que jugó con los Illinois Thunder, Albuquerque también trabajó como entrenador asistente. El 4 de julio de 2004 se convirtió en entrenador asistente del Chicago Storm bajo la dirección del entrenador Frank Klopas.

Clubes

Referencias

Nacidos en Lima
Futbolistas de Perú
Futbolistas de Lima
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Canadá

Oscar Albuquerque


Matthew ist als englische Form von Matthäus und Matthias ein englischer männlicher Vorname und Familienname.

Vornamensträger

A
 Matthew Abela (* 1999), maltesischer Badmintonspieler
 Matthew Amoah (* 1980), ghanaischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Antoine (* 1985), US-amerikanischer Skeletonfahrer
 Matthew Arnold (1822–1888), englischer Dichter und Kulturkritiker
 Matthew Ashton (* 1988), britischer Pokerspieler

B
 Matthew Barnaby (* 1973), kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
 Matthew Barlow (* 1970), US-amerikanischer Metal-Sänger
 Matthew Barney (* 1967), US-amerikanischer Medienkünstler
 Matthew Bates (* 1986), englischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Beard (* 1989), britischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Bentley (* 1979), US-amerikanischer Wrestler
 Matthew Best (* 1957), britischer Dirigent
 Matthew Kiprotich Birir (* 1972), kenianischer Hindernisläufer
 Matthew Bomer (* 1977), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Booth (* 1977), südafrikanischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Boulton (1728–1809), englischer Ingenieur und Unternehmer
 Matthew Brammeier (* 1985), irischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Brannon (* 1971), US-amerikanischer Maler
 Matthew Breeze (* 1972), australischer Fußballschiedsrichter
 Matthew Brettingham (1699–1769), britischer Architekt
 Matthew Broderick (* 1962), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Burrows (* 1985), nordirischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Burton (* 1949), Schauspieler
 Matthew Busche (* 1985), US-amerikanischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Butler (1836–1909), US-amerikanischer Politiker und Generalmajor

C
 Matthew Carle (1984), US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler
 Matthew H. Carpenter (1824–1881), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Matthew Carter (* 1937), britischer Schriftgestalter
 Matthew Centrowitz (* 1989), US-amerikanischer Mittelstreckenläufer
 Matthew Charlton (1866–1948), australischer Politiker (Australian Labor Party)
 Matthew Harvey Clark (1937–2023), US-amerikanischer Geistlicher, Bischof von Rochester
 Matthew Connolly (* 1987), englischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Couch (* 1974), englischer Snookerspieler
 Matthew Cowdrey (* 1988), australischer Schwimmer
 Matthew Crampton (* 1986), englischer Radsportler
 Matthew Cream (* 1975), australischer Fußballschiedsrichterassistent
 Matthew Croucher (* 1983), britischer Soldat

D
 Matthew Davis (* 1978), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Dear, US-amerikanischer DJ und Produzent
 Matthew B. J. Delaney, US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller
 Matthew Denmark (* 1980), US-amerikanischer Volleyballspieler
 Matthew James Doherty (* 1992), irischer Fußballspieler, siehe Matt Doherty
 Matthew Dubourg (1703–1767), irischer Violinist
 Matthew Dunn (* 1973), australischer Schwimmer
 Matthew Durrans (* 1998), kanadisch-englischer Fußballspieler

E
 Matthew Ebden (* 1987), australischer Tennisspieler
 Matthew Elias (* 1979), britischer Leichtathlet
 Matthew Emmons (* 1981), US-amerikanischer Sportschütze
 Matthew Etherington (* 1981), englischer Fußballspieler

F
 Matthew Ferguson (* 1973), kanadischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Festing (1949–2021), englischer Großmeister des Malteserordens
 Matthew Fisher (* 1946), englischer Musiker
 Matthew Flinders (1774–1814), britischer Forschungsreisender
 Matthew Fox (* 1966), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Fox (* 1940), US-amerikanischer Priester und Theologe
 Matthew Fries (* 1968), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker und Hochschullehrer
 Matthew Fuerbringer (* 1974), US-amerikanischer Beachvolleyballspieler

G
 Matthew Garber (1956–1977), englischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Gee (1925–1979), US-amerikanischer Jazz-Posaunist
 Matthew Gilmore (* 1972), belgischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Glaetzer (* 1992), australischer Radsportler
 Matthew Glave (* 1963), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Good (* 1971), kanadischer Rockmusiker
 Matthew Goode (* 1978), britischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Goss (1986), australischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Gray (* 1973), australischer Bogenschütze
 Matthew Gray Gubler (* 1980), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler, Filmemacher, Fotomodell und Maler
 Matthew Griswold (1714–1799), US-amerikanischer Politiker, Gouverneur von Connecticut
 Matthew Griswold (1833–1919), US-amerikanischer Politiker (Pennsylvania)

H
 Matthew Hale (1609–1676), britischer Rechtsgelehrter und Staatsmann
 Matthew Harvey (1781–1866), US-amerikanischer Politiker (New Hampshire)
 Matthew Hayden (* 1971), australischer Cricketspieler
 Matthew Haydock (* 1986), neuseeländischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Hayward (* 1989), kanadischer Freestyle-Skier
 Matthew Heafy (* 1986), US-amerikanischer Sänger und Gitarrist
 Matthew Henry (1662–1714), britischer presbyterianischer Pfarrer und Bibelkommentator
 Matthew Henson (1866–1955), US-amerikanischer Polarforscher
 Matthew Herbert (* 1972), britischer DJ und Musikproduzent
 Matthew Hindman (* 1976), US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler
 Matthew J. Holman (* 1967), US-amerikanischer Astrophysiker
 Matthew Hoppe (* 2001), US-amerikanischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Hughes (* 1989), kanadischer Hindernisläufer
 Matthew Lee Hughes (* 1978), walisischer Badmintonspieler

J
 Matthew Jarvis (* 1984), kanadischer Pokerspieler, siehe Matt Jarvis (Pokerspieler)
 Matthew Thomas Jarvis (* 1986), englischer Fußballspieler, siehe Matt Jarvis (Fußballspieler)
 Matthew Joyce (* 1984), US-amerikanischer Baseballspieler
 Matthew Jurman (* 1989), australischer Fußballspieler

K
 Matthew Kemp (* 1980), australischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Kneale (* 1960), britischer Autor
 Matthew Knight (* 1994), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Krok (* 1982), australischer Schauspieler

L
 Matthew Laborteaux (* 1966), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Lawrence (* 1980), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew F. Leonetti (* 1941), US-amerikanischer Kameramann
 Matthew Le Tissier (* 1968), englischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Lewis (* 1989), britischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Lewis (* 1990), australischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Gregory Lewis (1775–1818), britischer Schriftsteller
 Matthew Libatique (* 1968), US-amerikanischer Kameramann
 Matthew Lillard (1970), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Linville (* 1983), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Lipman (1923–2010), US-amerikanischer Logiker und Hochschullehrer
 Matthew Lloyd (* 1983), australischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Locke (1621–1677), englischer Komponist
 Matthew Lombardi (* 1982), kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
 Matthew Lux (* 1973), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Matthew Lyon (1749–1822), US-amerikanischer Politiker

M
 Matthew Maguire (1850–1917), US-amerikanischer Maschinist und Gewerkschafter
 Matthew Marsden (* 1973), britischer Schauspieler und Sänger
 Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–1873), US-amerikanischer Marineoffizier und Hydrograph
 Matthew Mbu (1929–2012), nigerianischer Politiker und Diplomat
 Matthew Mbuta (* 1985), kamerunischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew MacFadyen (* 1974), britischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Macklin (* 1982), irischer Boxer
 Matthew McConaughey (* 1969), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew McGrory (1973–2005), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Mendy (* 1983), gambischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Meselson (* 1930), US-amerikanischer Genetiker, Biologe und Chemiker
 Matthew Mitcham (* 1988), australischer Wasserspringer
 Matthew Modine (* 1959), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Morison (* 1987), kanadischer Snowboarder
 Matthew Morrison (* 1978), US-amerikanischer Musicaldarsteller und Schauspieler
 Matthew Saad Muhammad (1954–2014), US-amerikanischer Boxer
 Matthew Mullen (* 1989), australischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Mullenweg (* 1984), US-amerikanischer Web-Entwickler

N
 Matthew Nagy (* 1978), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Trainer
 Matthew Nathan (1862–1939), britischer Offizier und Kolonialbeamter
 Matthew M. Neely (1874–1958), US-amerikanischer Politiker, Gouverneur von West Virginia
 Matthew Nielsen (* 1978), australischer Basketballspieler

O
 Matthew Oakley (* 1977), englischer Fußballspieler

P
 Matthew Parker (1504–1575), Erzbischof von Canterbury (1559–1575) und Reformator
 Matthew Parrish (* 1969), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Matthew Paterson (* 1967), britischer Politikwissenschaftler und Hochschullehrer
 Matthew Patrick (* 1986), US‐amerikanischer Webvideoproduzent, siehe MatPat
 Matthew Perry (1969–2023), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Pinsent (* 1970), britischer Ruderer
 Matthew Porretta (* 1965), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Prior (1664–1721), englischer Schriftsteller und Diplomat

R
 Matthew Rabin (* 1963) US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
 Matthew Reed (* 1975), neuseeländischer Triathlet
 Matthew Rees (* 1980), walisischer Rugby-Union-Spieler
 Matthew Reilly (* 1974), australischer Schriftsteller
 Matthew Rhule (* 1975), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Trainer, siehe Matt Rhule
 Matthew Rhys (* 1974), walisischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Rice (* 1979), australischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew B. Ridgway (1895–1993), US-amerikanischer General
 Matthew Robinson, 2. Baron Rokeby (1713–1800), britischer Adliger und Exzentriker
 Matthew Rolston (* 19**), US-amerikanischer Fotograf und Regisseur
 Matthew Rowe (* 1988), walisischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Rush (* 1972), US-amerikanischer Pornodarsteller, Schauspieler und Bodybuilder
 Matthew Ryan (* 1964), australischer Vielseitigkeitsreiter

S
 Matthew Sadler (* 1974), englischer Schachspieler
 Matthew Sands (1919–2014), US-amerikanischer Physiker
 Matthew Santos (* 1982), US-amerikanischer Sänger und Songwriter
 Matthew Selt (* 1985), englischer Snookerspieler
 Matthew Settle (* 1969), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Shepard (1976–1998), US-amerikanisches Verbrechensopfer
 Matthew Shipp (* 1960), US-amerikanischer Jazzpianist
 Matthew Sillars (* 1987), neuseeländischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Simmons (1943–2010), US-amerikanischer Investmentbanker
 Matthew Skoller, US-amerikanischer Mundharmonikaspieler
 Matthew Spiranovic (* 1988), australischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Stafford (* 1988), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Matthew Stephens (* 1970), englischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Stern, US-amerikanischer Biathlet
 Matthew Stevens (* 1977), walisischer Snookerspieler
 Matthew Stevens (* 1982), US-amerikanischer Jazzgitarrist
 Matthew Stewart, 4. Earl of Lennox (1516–1571), schottischer Adliger
 Matthew Stover (* 1962), US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller
 Matthew Sweeney (1952–2018), irischer Schriftsteller

T
 Matthew Talbot (1762–1827), US-amerikanischer Politiker, Gouverneur von Georgia
 Matthew Tasa (* 1978), US-amerikanischer Musikproduzent, Songwriter und Sänger
 Matthew Taylor, Baron Taylor of Goss Moor (* 1963), britischer Politiker
 Matthew Taylor (* 1964), englischer Komponist
 Matthew Taylor (* 1981), US-amerikanischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Taylor (* 1981), englischer Fußballspieler
 Matthew Tegenkamp (* 1982), US-amerikanischer Langstreckenläufer
 Matthew Thompson (* 1982), australischer Fußballspieler, siehe Matt Thompson
 Matthew Thornton (1714–1803), irisch-britisch-US-amerikanische Arzt
 Matthew Tindal (1657–1733), englischer Vertreter des Deismus
 Matthew Scott Timmons (* 1993), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Trott (* 1985), australischer Fußballtorhüter

U
 Matthew Underwood (* 1990), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Matthew Upson (* 1979), englischer Fußballspieler

V
 Matthew Vaughn (1971), britischer Filmproduzent, Regisseur, Drehbuchautor und Unternehmer

W
 Matthew Wachter (* 1976), US-amerikanischer Bassist
 Matthew Walker (* 1980), kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
 Matthew Walton (≈1750–1819), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Matthew Webb (1848–1883), britischer Schwimmer
 Matthew Weiner (* 1965), US-amerikanischer Drehbuchautor, Regisseur und Fernsehproduzent
 Matthew West (* 1977), US-amerikanischer Popmusiker
 Matthew White (* 1974), australischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Wilder (* 1953), US-amerikanischer Musiker
 Matthew Williams (* 1985), australischer Springreiter
 Matthew Wilson (* 1977), australischer Radrennfahrer
 Matthew Wilson (* 1987), britischer Rallyefahrer
 Matthew Wood (* 1972), US-amerikanischer Tontechniker und Synchronsprecher

Y
 Matthew Yates (* 1969), britischer Mittelstreckenläufer
 Matthew Yeats (* 1979), kanadischer Eishockeytorwart
 Matthew Yuricich (1923–2012), US-amerikanischer Matte Painter

Mathew
 Mathew Baker (1530–1613), englischer Mathematiker und königlicher Schiffsbaumeister
 Mathew B. Brady (1822–1896), US-amerikanischer Fotograf und Chronist des amerikanischen Sezessionskriegs
 Mathew Cronshaw (* 1988), britischer Straßenradrennfahrer
 Mathew Dumba (* 1994), kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
 Mathew Duncan Ector (1822–1879), US-amerikanischer Politiker, Jurist und Brigadegeneral der Konföderierten im Sezessionskrieg
 Mathew Harris Ellsworth (1899–1986), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Mathew Hayman (* 1978), australischer Radrennfahrer
 Mathew Jonson (* 1978), kanadischer Musikproduzent und Labelbesitzer
 Mathew Leckie (* 1991), australischer Fußballspieler
 Mathew Olorunleke (* 1983), nigerianischer Fußballspieler
 Mathew Quinn (* 1976), südafrikanischer Leichtathlet
 Mathew D. Rose (* 1954), amerikanischstämmiger Journalist in Deutschland
 Mathew St. Patrick (* 1968), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Mathew Tait (* 1986), englischer Rugby-Union-Spieler

Familiennamensträger
 Amenta Matthew (* 1952), marshallische Politikerin
 Colin Matthew (1941–1999), britischer Historiker und Herausgeber
 George Frederic Matthew (1837–1923), kanadischer Paläontologe
 Nick Matthew (* 1980), englischer Squashspieler
 Patrick Matthew (1790–1874), schottischer Landbesitzer, Agrarwissenschaftler, Politiker
 Scott Matthew, australischer Sänger, Gitarrist und Textdichter
 William Diller Matthew (1871–1930), kanadisch-US-amerikanischer Paläontologe

Siehe auch
 Mathew
 Matthews (Familienname), von Matthew abgeleiteter englischer Familienname

Weblinks
 Matthew auf en.wiktionary.org (engl.)

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Familienname
Englischer Personenname
Theophorer Personenname

Matthew (Name)


WeChat (chineză: 微信; pinyin: Wēixìn) este o aplicație mobilă chinezească de folosință multiplă, care îmbină mesageria, rețeaua de socializare și portmoneul electronic. A fost creată de Tencent în 2011 și a devenit una dintre cele mai mari aplicații mobile independente în 2018, cu 1 miliard de utilizatori activi lunar.  (Numărul de utilizatori activi pe zi este de 902 milioane.)

Popularitate
Fiindcă încorporează multe funcții și este independentă de platformă, a fost numită "aplicația pentru toate", prima "super aplicație" din lume, una dintre cele mai puternice aplicații.

În China este un instrument indispensabil pentru socializare pe Internet. Comunicarea de zi cu zi are loc în mare parte pe WeChat, care devine calea unică de comunicare, diminuând drastic rolul  telefoniei, mesageriei vocale sau de text și e-mail.  Ca urmare a satisfacției comunității de utilizatori chinezești, succesul acesteia este în creștere, iar străinii care trăiesc în China o folosesc în fiecare zi, deoarece are interfață în engleză, germană și în alte 18 limbi.

Servicii
Se pot trimite mesaje text către o persoană sau un grup, mesaje vocale de până la 60 de secunde, mesaje video de 10 secunde, imagini și fișiere. Sunt posibile căutarea mesajelor text și traducerea acestora, conversații video și apeluri vocale. WeChat Moments (în chineză 朋友 圈) este un perete de postări pe care se poate pune conținut propriu sau link-uri pentru a le distribui prietenilor care pot evalua și comenta.

Prin conectarea la un cont bancar chinezesc sau străin, WeChat devine o unealtă de plată mobilă ușor de operat și universală. 80% din utilizatorii WeChat folosesc portmoneul electronic. Nu numai că se poate utiliza în toate magazinele, automatele și plățile online, dar trimiterea de bani între prieteni (sau necunoscuți) se face, de asemenea, într-o clipeală. În China, adăugarea prietenilor noi se face de obicei, prin scanarea codului QR, folosind WeChat.

"Conturile oficiale" pentru firme sunt interfețe simple, dar puternice, unde, asemenea unui site web, o companie transmite informații și noutăți abonaților.

Cu toate că WeChat a fost dezvoltat numai pentru utilizare mobilă, există o versiune simplă pe calculator (Windows și OS X), folosită de multe companii și birouri din China pentru comunicare internă.

Note

Legături externe

  Site-ul oficial
  WeChat ca un mod de viață
  WeChat Pay
  theAsianIR  , partener internațional de marketing al WeChat

Pages with unreviewed translations
Android
IOS
Mesagerie instant
Aplicații software

WeChat


Jakob "Jaap" Stam (d. 17 Temmuz 1972), defans pozisyonunda görev yapmış Hollandalı millî futbolcu ve teknik direktördür.

Profesyonel futbolculuk kariyerine 1992 yılında PEC Zwolle kulübünde başladı. Daha sonra sırasıyla SC Cambuur, Willem II, PSV, Manchester United, Lazio, Milan ve Ajax kulüplerinde oynayıp defansın ortasında ve sağında görev yapmıştır.

Stam'ın ilk büyük transferi PSV'den Manchester United'a 16.7 milyon euro karşılığında gelmesiyle gerçekleşmiştir. Kendisi burada Avrupa'nın en iyi savunma oyuncularından biri olarak kabul edilmiş ve UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi ve Premier League şampiyonluğu gibi önemli başarılarda önemli katkıları olmuştur. Sir Alex Ferguson ile yaptığı bir tartışmadan dolayı SS Lazio'ya 26.8 milyon euroya gönderilmiştir. Burada 4 yıl geçiren Stam, daha sonra Milan'a 10.5 milyon euroya transfer olmuş ve burada da 2 yıl geçirmiştir.

Jaap Stam, önümüzdeki yıldan itibaren AFC Ajax'ın kadrosuna dahil olmuştur.

Hollanda ve Dünya futbolunun efsane defans oyuncusu Stam, 29 Ekim 2007 tarihi itibarı ile, Ajax ile olan iki yıllık sözleşmesinin sona ermesini beklemeden futbolu bırakmıştır.

Kaynakça

1972 doğumlular
Hollandalı futbolcular
Hollanda millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
SC Cambuur futbolcuları
PEC Zwolle futbolcuları
Willem II futbolcuları
PSV futbolcuları
Manchester United FC futbolcuları
SS Lazio futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
AFC Ajax futbolcuları
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Defans futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
Hollandalı gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Hollandalı gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki Hollandalı gurbetçiler
İtalya'daki Hollandalı gurbetçiler
Hollandalı teknik direktörler
English Football League teknik direktörleri
Eredivisie futbolcuları
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Reading FC teknik direktörleri
Feyenoord teknik direktörleri
Serie A futbolcuları
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazanan futbolcular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Hollandalı gurbetçiler
Eerste Divisie futbolcuları

Jaap Stam


Zeki Çağlar Namlı (d. 1981, Trabzon), Türk bağlama ustası.

Yaşamı
Bağlamada kendi stiliyle yeni bir tarz yarattı. Sırma tellerden oluşan bağlamasını el tekniklerini geliştirerek çaldı ve bu sistemiyle onlarca yeni enstrumantal besteye imza attı. 2002 yılında ise çift kutulu sistemi kullanarak telli çalgılarda yeni bir dönem başlattı. Patent enstitüsünün tescil ettiği bu buluşu ile dünyada ilk olarak, telli müzik aletleri doğal stereo ses verme özelliği kazandı. 2006 yılında La lune (Köy) isimli enstrumantal albümü yayınlandı.

Kendi buluşu olan doğal stereo bağlama ve doğal stereo gitar 21. yüzyıl enstrumanlarının gelişiminde rol oynayan "Experimental Musical Instruments" oluşumu tarafından ABD'de ve birçok Avrupa ülkesinde yayınlandı.

Kaynakça

Türk bağlamacılar
Trabzon doğumlu müzisyenler
1981 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar

Zeki Çağlar Namlı


An Axonopus equitans in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock ngan Mary Agnes Chase. An Axonopus equitans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Axonopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Axonopus

Axonopus equitans


Bellek haritalı G/Ç ve bağlantı kapılı G/Ç ( (PMIO)), bilgisayarda CPU ve G/Ç cihazları arasındaki G/Ç işlevini yerine getirmek için kullanılan iki metottur. Başka bir metot ise ayrı bir G/Ç işlemcisi kullanılarak yapılan bir metottur. (IBM'in büyükboy bilgisayarlarında kullanılmaktadır.

Bellek haritalı G/Ç, bellek ve G/Ç cihazları arasında G/Ç işlemleri için tek bir veriyolu kullanır ve G/Ç cihazlarına erişim için CPU talimatlarından yararlanır. CPU G/Ç cihazlarına hafızadan daha fazla yer ayırır. G/Ç cihazları CPU'nun adres veri yolunu gözlemler ve CPU'nun atanan adres alanlarına erişimine yanıt verir. G/Ç cihazları adresleri donanım yazmaçları ile eşler.

Bağlantı kapılı G/Ç, G/Ç işlemlerini yerine getirmek için CPU'nun özel birimlerini kullanır. Bağlantı kapılı G/Ç Intel mikroişlemcilerde bulunmaktadır. Bu sayede CPU giriş ve çıkış talimatları ile G/Ç cihazından bir byte okuma ve yazma yapabilmektedir.

Bellek haritalı G/Ç ve bağlantı kapılı G/Ç metotlarına ilişkin yararlar

Bağlantı kapılı G/Ç'deki en önemli avantaj CPU üzerinde limitli adresleme yeteneğidir. Çünkü bağlantı kapılı G/Ç, G/Ç'ye erişim ile memory erişimini ayırabilmektedir.

Bellek haritalı G/Ç'deki avantaj ise bağlantı kapılı G/Ç'nin getirdiği fazla karmaşıklığı yok edebilmesidir. Bu sayede CPU daha az dahilî mantık gereksinimi duyar. Dolayısıyla daha hızlı, daha ekonomik ve yapımı daha kolay olmaktadır. Bu mantık bilgisayarın kullandığı komutların büyük çoğunluğunu kapsayan bir yalın komut kümesinin hızlı ve verimli gerçekleşmesine dayalı mikroişlemci tasarımının temel prensibidir. Bunun sonucunda 16-bit'lik CPU mimarisi yerini 32-bit ve 64-bit'lik mimarilere bırakmıştır.

Örnek
8 bitlik mikroişlemci etrafına kurulmuş basit bir sistem düşünelim. Örneğin bir CPU 16-bit adres hatlarını desteklesin, hafızanın 64K baytlık adreslemesine izin versin. Bu sistem ilk 32K'lık adres uzayını RAM'e, 16K'dan daha fazlasını ROM'a ve kalan kısmı farklı aygıtlara yani zamanlayıcılar, sayaçlar, video görüntü chipleri, ses aygıtları ve bunun benzerlerine paylaştırır. Sistemin donanımındaki adres veriyolu üzerindeki aygıtlar sadece kendilerine ait özel adreslere cevap verir, diğer adresler engellenir. Bu adres çözümleme devresinin bir işidir ve bu sistemin bellek haritasını oluşturur. Bazı basit çözümleme devreleri aygıtların çok farklı adreslere yanıt vermesine izin verir, memory haritası içinde farklı bölgelerde aygıtların etkin ama gerçek olmayan kopyalarını oluşturur. Sadece gerçek bir aygıt olduğundan basitleştirici çözücüler hariç bunu yapmanın ayrı bir avantajı yoktur. Kendisini çözümlemesi programlanabilir, yeniden şekillendirmek için kendi bellek haritası gereklidir. Genellikle bu yapılır.

Örnek olarak eğer video denetleyicisinin dördüncü yazmacı ekranın arka plan rengini ayarlarsa, CPU bellek konumuna $E003 normal bellek komutunu yazarak bu rengi ayarlayabilir. Aynı metodu kullanarak RAM'in özel bir kısmına video denetleyicisi ile karakter değerleri yazılarak, ekranda karakterler görüntülenebilir.

Bilgisayar donanımları
Giriş/çıkış

G/Ç metotları


Crkva Našašća Sv. Križa u Zrinu bila je rimokatolička crkva u selu Zrinu, Hrvatska. Arheološki ostatci crkve su zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Povijest
Vrijeme nastanka je od 14. do 18. stoljeća. Arheološki ostatci Crkve Našašća Sv. Križa u Zrinu nalaze se u južnom dijelu naselja Zrin, podno južnih obronaka Zrinske gore, na području općine Dvor. Povijest lokaliteta seže do 1334. godine kada se župa u Zrinu spominje u popisu župa Zagrebačke biskupije Ivana Arhiđakona Goričkog. Tada je bila posvećena Blaženoj Djevici Mariji. Za vrijeme turske vlasti na tom području crkva je najvjerojatnije bila srušena. U arheološkom istraživanju 2013. pronađeni su ostatci gotičke crkve, većih dimenzija nego što se ranije mislilo- duljina crkve je 28 metara, širina broda 14 metara, a najširi dio crkve koji je uključivao i zvonik iznosio je 19 metara. Još jedno bitno otkriće je otkriće 3 razine podnice. Sama iskopana struktura je jednobrodna crkva s oblom apsidom koja ima četiri pripadajuća kontrafora, orijentacije istok-zapad. Unutar crkve nađeni su ostatci zida koji odvaja brod crkve od apside, a južno od apside nađeni su i postamenti nekadašnjeg zvonika crkve. Osim ostataka arhitekture, pronađeno je i 10 skeletnih grobova, uglavnom bez priloga i najčešće orijentacije istok - zapad.

Srušena je u četničko-partizanskom pohodu na Malu Gospu 1943. godine (9. i 10. rujna). Posljednji je put crkveno zvono s ove crkve zazvonilo 8. rujna 1943. i nakon toga se u Zrinu crkveno zvono nije čulo više od 76 godina, sve do blagoslova nove crkve. Nova spomen-crkva koja ima istog zaštitnika sagrađena je u suvremenom stilu i nije ista kao stara crkva na čijem je mjestu podignuta. Blagoslovljena je 14. rujna 2019. godine.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6571 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zrin
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Sisačko-moslavačkoj županiji

Crkva Našašća Sv. Križa u Zrinu


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Schwindegg

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Walkersaich

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Weitere Ortsteile

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Schwindegg

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

!
Schwindegg
Baudenkmaler Schwindegg

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Schwindegg


The Party's Over is the debut album by Talk Talk. It was released in 1982 and produced by Colin Thurston, who was a former engineer for David Bowie but was better known for producing Duran Duran's first two albums.

Release

The Party's Over was released in July 1982 by record label EMI.

In the United Kingdom, the album's single "Today" was a top-twenty hit. The remixed version of the single "Talk Talk" reached number 1 in South Africa in 1983 and number 23 in the UK. In the United States the album entered the Billboard Top 200, reaching number 132, while the single "Talk Talk" peaked at number 75.

In New Zealand, the album was a hit, peaking at number 8 due to the success of "Today", which reached number 10 in 1983.

Track listing

Personnel
Talk Talk
Mark Hollis – lead vocals and backing vocals
Paul Webb – fretless bass and backing vocals
Simon Brenner – synthesizers and piano
Lee Harris – electronic drums and drum machine

Charts

Certifications

Notes

References

1982 debut albums
Talk Talk albums
Albums produced by Colin Thurston
EMI Records albums
Sophisti-pop albums

The Party's Over (Talk Talk album)


"Broasca" este o povestire științifico-fantastică din 1964 a scriitorului român Vladimir Colin. A apărut în colecțiile de povestiri Viitorul al doilea (1966), Povestiri științifico-fantastice (1976), Dinții lui Cronos (1975) și Întoarcere pe Planeta Albastră (1989). Colin a fost influențat la scrierea povestirilor "Broasca", "Cetatea morților" și "Lnaga" de Abraham Merritt și H.P. Lovecraft.

Prezentare

Povestirea este scrisă din punctul de vedere al unui adult, un statistician, aflat vara în concediu, pe malul Dunării, în satul Solzosu, împreună cu fiica sa de șase ani, Ioana. Într-o zi, jucându-se în grădină, Ioana dă peste o ființă de culoare roșie, pe care ea o denumește "broască". O ia în mână, dar fiind "înțepată" de aceasta o aruncă într-o groapă. A doua zi, vegetația grădinii începe să-și schimbe culoarea în roșu.

În același timp, culoarea palmei Ioanei devine, la rândul său, roșie, iar fetița începe să se comporte foarte diferit, afirmând și apoi demonstrând că vede cu palma, apoi distinge prin materie organică, dar nu prin cea anorganică și se împrietenește cu o păpădie, devenită și ea roșie, de la care află lucruri tulburătoare. Mai apoi, nucul din grădină se înroșește și el, iar fructele acestuia, nucile, par a fi depozitarele unor calități extraordinare.

Din dialogul ei cu păpădia, Ioana află despre o altă planetă, aflată undeva în Univers, pe care ființele gânditoare sunt plantele acesteia, iar "broasca"  este de fapt un mesager al plantelor gânditoare de pe acea planetă. Foarte mulți copaci gânditori ai florei planetei își dăduseră viața pentru ca mesagerul lor pentru alte ființe gânditoare, "broasca", să poată fi realizată și apoi trimisă la distanțele cosmice de ani lumină, ce separau planeta lor de Pământ. Apoi, tot din dialogul său cu păpădia, tatăl fetei descoperă că Ioana devine mai târziu capabilă de a comunica direct cu flora gânditoare a acelei planete, de la care află că planeta plantelor gânditoare este a doua planetă a unui soare albastru.

Între timp, tot ceea ce se întâmplase devine subiectul știrilor senzaționale, numite "Evenimentele de la Solzosu", iar un alt  personaj apare. Acesta este profesorul Cornea, care are lungi discuții cu fata și cu tatăl acesteia, colecționează semințelor plantelor din grădină, nucile nucului, realizează diferite măsurători, și altele. Tonul povestirii, odată cu apariția savantului devine sec, lacunar și științific, indicând mai ales faptic că în anul următor grădina nu mai indică defel existența fenomenelor anormale de anul trecut și că singura speranță a lui Cornea și a echipei sale este pusă în semințele colectate din grădina devenită integral roșie, dar mai ales din nucile nucului roșu ce radia o superbă lumină roșie în timpul nopții.

În final aflăm că, după un an, palma Ioanei și-a atenuat culoarea roșie, abilitățile extraordinare ale fetiței se estompează pe zi ce trece, iar ea însăși este mult mai puțin preocupată de evenimentele anului trecut, fiind totodată mult mai mult interesată de alte evenimente, așa cum este mersul la școală, noi prieteni și cunoștințe.

În alte limbi
În limba rusă a fost tradusă ca Лягушка și a apărut în antologiile «Зубы Хроноса» (Dinții lui Cronos) din 1975 și  «Лягушка» (Broasca) din 1967. N. Dumitru a tradus versiunea din 1967 și Eliseevich Loginovsky a tradus versiunea din 1975.

Note

Legături externe
 Povestirea Broasca
 Referat Broasca, povestire de Vladimir Colin
 Broasca la Scribd.com

Povestiri din 1966
Povestiri științifico-fantastice
Povestiri de Vladimir Colin
Povestiri românești
1966 în științifico-fantastic

Broasca (povestire)


La Fundación Wau Holland (oficialmente en alemán Wau Holland Stiftung, WHS) es una organización sin ánimo de lucro con sede en Hamburgo, Alemania.

La organización se creó en 2003 en memoria del científico computacional Wau Holland, cofundador del Chaos Computer Club. Relacionada con la Chaos Computer Club, la Fundación Wau Holland tiene por objetivo la preservación de las ideas de Wau Holland y proverlas en campos como la evaluación pública de la tecnología, la historia de la tecnología y la libertad de información.

Entre los proyectos de la Fundación se incluyen el "Archivo de la Historia Contemporánea de la Tecnología" (Hackerarchiv), el cual pretende tener documentada la trayectoria de los hacker; y una campaña activa contra el fomento oficial del voto electrónico (ambos proyectos en colaboración con el Chaos Computer Club). La Fundación Wau Holland se encarga también de aceptar donaciones en Europa dirigidas a WikiLeaks.

Los fondos de la WHS rondan los 62.000€ (diciembre de 2010), cuyos intereses anuales (2500€) se destinan a la financiación de la obra de la Fundación y al apoyo de proyectos.

Referencias

Organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro
Wau Holland
Organizaciones fundadas en 2003

Fundación Wau Holland


Köprübaşı, Sakarya ilinin Geyve ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 40 km, Geyve ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

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