Albert Hammond Jr. (born Hammond III; April 9, 1980) is an American musician who is a member of the rock band The Strokes. He is best known for his role as rhythm and lead guitarist, as well as occasionally a keyboard player and backing vocalist for the band. Hammond Jr. has released extensive solo work, including five solo albums.

Born in Los Angeles, Hammond Jr. is a first-generation American, his father the songwriter Albert Hammond being of British-Gibraltarian descent, and his mother being of Argentine descent. He attended the same Swiss boarding school as his bandmate Julian Casablancas, where the two became friends. He would move to New York City in 1998 and attended New York University for a year and a half.

Casablancas invited Hammond Jr. to join the Strokes in 1999, being the last member to join the band. He plays rhythm guitar on most songs, and has some songwriting credits on the more instrumental pieces. Hammond Jr. is passionate about fashion and is known for wearing a three-piece suit on tour. Casablancas credits him for influencing the band's style. In 2009, he released a line of men's suits.

In 2006, Hammond Jr. released his debut solo album Yours to Keep. and followed up with ¿Cómo Te Llama? in 2008. Since then, he has released the 2013 EP AHJ, and the albums Momentary Masters and Francis Trouble in 2015 and 2018, respectively.

Early life
Hammond was born on April 9, 1980 in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of British-Gibraltarian singer-songwriter Albert Hammond, a prolific songwriter best known for his 1972 hit single "It Never Rains in Southern California", and Argentine Claudia Fernández, a former model and beauty pageant winner. He has two older half-sisters. A first generation American, Hammond is of mixed Gibraltarian, Argentine, Austrian, and Peruvian descent; his first language was Spanish. Hammond began playing the guitar at age nine. He was a championship-winning roller skater as a child.

At the age of 12, Hammond Jr. was sent to boarding school Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland. While there, he became friends with future Strokes bandmate Julian Casablancas, a grade above him, whom he connected with as a fellow American Hammond moved back to Los Angeles where he completed his high school education at the Buckley School. Following graduation in 1998, Hammond moved from Los Angeles to New York City and, having deferred admittance to New York University, took a short-term filmmaking course at the New York Film Academy. He later attended NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, but left after a year and a half.

Career

The Strokes

After moving to New York City in September 1998, Hammond reconnected with his former school friend Casablancas, who later invited him to join the Strokes. Made up of Casablancas' other schoolmates Nikolai Fraiture, Nick Valensi, and Fabrizio Moretti, Hammond Jr. was the last person to join the band in 1999. In the following two years, the band practiced and performed tirelessly, all while Hammond Jr. was also attending NYU and working at Kim's Video. The Strokes released their first demo in January 2001, beginning a record label bidding war and years of critical acclaim. Since 2001, Hammond Jr., as part of the Strokes, has released two EPs and six full-length albums, most recently The New Abnormal in 2020.

Hammond is usually seen playing a 1985 '70s reissue Olympic White Fender Stratocaster or Gibson Les Paul Jr. that is sometimes used by bandmate Nick Valensi. On the majority of the Strokes' songs he plays rhythm guitar, and solos are played by Valensi. The songs in which Hammond does play solos are "Last Nite", "Trying Your Luck", "Take It or Leave It", "Under Control", "The End Has No End", "Ize of the World", "Threat of Joy", "Vision of Division", and "Drag Queen". His solos tend to focus largely on more emotional, "bluesy"-type melodic work, and the guitar tends to have a cleaner, softer tone in comparison to Valensi's (with a notable exception found in "Vision of Division"). He often holds his guitar in a high horizontal position, similar to Buddy Holly, which he says is so that he can dance better.

Although vocalist Casablancas is the primary songwriter in the Strokes, Hammond co-wrote the track "Automatic Stop" with Casablancas for the group's second album Room on Fire. He has been credited with writing three mostly instrumental songs ("Swiss Beats", "Holland", and "By the Way") for the band's 2001 tour video titled In Transit. These songs were reworked for his later solo album and have different titles ("Everyone Gets a Star", "Bright Young Thing", "In Transit"). He wrote "Elephant Song" when he was required to record a song for his Sound 101 class during his freshman year and used the school's recording equipment. The song was played at a few shows before the release of the Strokes' debut album. They later re-recorded the song as a special giveaway for fan club members.

Solo career

Yours to Keep and ¿Cómo Te Llama? (2006–2013)

In October 2005, Hammond and Ben Kweller released a version of "Wait" on This Bird Has Flown – A 40th Anniversary Tribute to the Beatles' Rubber Soul.

Hammond released a solo album titled Yours to Keep in the U.K. through Rough Trade Records on October 9, 2006 and in North America through New Line Records/Scratchie Records on March 6, 2007. Produced by Thin Lizard Dawn vocalist Lattimer and recorded at the Electric Lady Studios in New York City, the album features several musical guests, such as Sean Lennon, Ben Kweller, The Strokes' manager Ryan Gentles, Jody Porter of Fountains of Wayne, Chris Feinstein, Mikki James, Sammy James Jr. (The Mooney Suzuki) and the Strokes' lead singer, Casablancas. Bassist Josh Lattanzi and drummer Matt Romano serve as the backing band, with Hammond on guitar and vocals. The first single taken from the album, "101,"  was released exclusively through iTunes on September 4, 2006. "101" was the follow-up single to "Everyone Gets a Star". The music video debuted online in March 2007. It was going to be available in general music stores, unlike "Everyone Gets A Star" which was only available through UK iTunes Music Store. It was released on November 27, 2006. The music video for "In Transit" was directed by Joaquin Phoenix.

Hammond has said to have been "waiting to make a record like this for years". Early support from his bandmates in the Strokes was only evident after Casablancas' role playing bass and back-up vocals on the track "Scared", though all of the members (with the exclusion of Nick Valensi, who was busy taking care of his newborn children) attended his shows in and around New York.

On March 16, 2007, at the South by Southwest festival, Hammond performed a 12-song set including covers of Frank Black's "Old Black Dawning" and Guided by Voices' "Postal Blowfish". Hammond also regularly covered the Cars' "Don't Cha Stop" in live performances. He supported Bloc Party on their world tour before making stops at Montreal's Metropolis and Toronto's Kool Haus. After this, Hammond headlined two North American tours along with a European tour. The North American tour featured his friends, the Mooney Suzuki. In November 2006, Hammond was announced to be joining Incubus on tour during their North American tour for their new album Light Grenades. On August 29, 2007, Hammond announced on MySpace that he was going back into the studio to record his second album in October 2007 for five weeks.

On March 20, 2008, Hammond posted a blog entry on MySpace in which he revealed the title of his second album: ¿Cómo Te Llama? He wrote that it contained 13 songs with a total length of 46 minutes and 30 seconds. He stated he hoped to be touring with the new album until the end of 2008. On May 27, 2008, Hammond released "GfC", the first single off ¿Cómo Te Llama?, on iTunes in the U.S. The song was played extensively live on his 2007 tour. A non-album song titled "& So It Goes" was released as a B-side along with the single. The album was released on July 7, 2008.

On May 29, 2008, Hammond was Myspace's featured artist and exclusively premiered his new album ¿Cómo Te Llama? uploading all the tracks of the album on his official Myspace page. He celebrated the release of his album with a  July 8 small show at the Virgin Megastore, Union Square, in New York City. A noted absence from Hammond's band was recording bassist Josh Latzanni. Steve Schiltz of the band Longwave, who toured with Hammond on his first album also was missing. Although Hammond was supposed to play only two or three songs, he ended up playing almost 10, with a selection that included both new and old tracks. This show kicked off his worldwide tour in support of ¿Cómo Te Llama? with the next show being sold-out at the landmark venue Spaceland in the Silver Lake neighborhood of Los Angeles. This was his only appearance on the West Coast. The following month, Hammond's website officially announced that Hammond would be the support act of the British band Coldplay during their European Tour, which kicked off on September 1 in Strasbourg, France.

AHJ EP and Momentary Masters (2013–2017)

In an interview with Har Mar Superstar in July 2013, Hammond revealed that he had recorded a five-song EP to be released via Julian Casablancas' Cult Records. Titled AHJ, it was released on October 8, 2013. Hammond stated in an interview promoting the EP on December 5, 2013, that he would be interested in playing solo as an opening act if the Strokes announced another tour: "I would definitely ask the guys if I could open for them. That'd be amazing."

On June 22, 2014, a photo was posted to Hammond's official Facebook page of himself in a room with other musicians and the caption "the start of something new; LP 3," suggesting that he is working on a third full-length album. Hammond released his third LP Momentary Masters on July 31, 2015 in the U.S. via Vagrant Records. The first single, "Born Slippy", was made instantly available for streaming and download via YouTube and iTunes respectively. Both AHJ and Momentary Masters were produced with Hammond Jr.'s close collaborator Gus Oberg.

Hammond Jr. covered "The Little Boy That Santa Claus Forgot" by Vera Lynn mixed with the chorus from George Harrison's "My Sweet Lord" as part of Amazon's annual music series titled Indie for the Holidays. The song was released on December 1, 2017.

Francis Trouble (2018–present)
Hammond Jr.'s fourth solo album Francis Trouble was released via Red Bull Records on March 9, 2018. The first single "Muted Beatings" was released on February 2, 2018. In 2019 he released a new single, "Fast Times," preceding a brief Western USA tour. That May, he released the single "More to Life". The following year Albert was featured on the 2020 song "Another Hit of Showmanship" by the rock band the Struts.

Artistry

Music
Guided by Voices, The Beach Boys, Buddy Holly, Frank Black, John Lennon, Matthew Sweet and The Velvet Underground are cited as Hammond's musical influences.

Albert's main guitar is a Fender Stratocaster Arctic White 1985 Reissue of a 1972. He owns three white Stratocasters, a Gibson Les Paul special single cutaway, a Rickenbacker 325, and a Gretsch hollowbody. His amplifier is a Fender Hot Rod DeVille 2x12. His pedal board is made up of an old version of the MXR Micro Amp, a V1 Jekyll and Hyde Ultimate Overdrive and Distortion, and a BOSS TU-2 tuner. In later shows, he adds another Micro Amp, and Jekyll and Hyde, and a Boss Digital Delay. He now uses a Mad Professor Deep Blue Delay pedal instead of the Boss Digital Delay.

Fashion
Hammond Jr.'s sartorial trademark is wearing formal three-piece suits, and has been said by bandmate Julian Casablancas to be the most influential on the band's style. Hammond Jr. most recently collaborated with designer Amber Doyle for the Strokes' 2019 European tour. In a 2018 interview he stated that he'd had a passion for style from an early age, and has always combined his own designs with retail favorites. While Hammond has been best known for his formal wear, he launched his own range of Francis Trouble t-shirts and sports incorporated classic vintage tees.

In 2009, Hammond released his own line of men's suits which he co-designed with stylist Ilaria Urbinati. The suits were at first only available at Urbinati's soon-to-open Confederacy boutique in Los Angeles. Speaking about the designing endeavor, Hammond Jr. told New York magazine, "I want to make suits that I'm going to have for myself. They're for the person who needs his one suit for a wedding. He'd rather get something like this than go to Men's Wearhouse, pay the same amount, and look like an out-of-date parent." Hammond also collaborated with Elliot Aronow of Jacques-Elliott for a collection of ties in 2015.

Personal life

Hammond Jr. has been married to Polish restaurateur Justyna Hammond Jr. (née Sroka) since December 23, 2013; she distinctively incorporates the suffix Jr. in her surname. As of 2020, the two live in Los Angeles. The couple have one daughter, Holiday, born on March 7, 2021.

Hammond Jr. also continues to or has previously maintained homes in the Nolita neighborhood of Manhattan and in New York's Catskill Mountains; in the late 2000s, he built his recording studio, One Way Studios, near his home in Port Jervis and later moved to the nearby community of Eldred. In the 2000s, he had relationships with British supermodel Agyness Deyn, as well as American musician Catherine Pierce of The Pierces.

In the 2000s, Hammond Jr. suffered from a serious drug addiction that involved cocaine, heroin and ketamine, among other drugs. He entered rehab in 2009 and has been sober since.

Discography

Studio albums

EPs

Singles

Notes

See also
 List of Gibraltarians
 Music of Gibraltar
 Argentine American

References

External links

Spin Magazine feature, October 2003, retrieved March 25, 2007
Star Magazine web feature, March 28, 2007

1980 births
Living people
American indie rock musicians
American male singers
American expatriates in Switzerland
American people of Argentine descent
American people of Gibraltarian descent
American people of English descent
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
Songwriters from California
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
The Strokes members
Alternative rock guitarists
Guitarists from Los Angeles
Rhythm guitarists
Singers from Los Angeles
21st-century American singers
Cult Records artists

Albert Hammond Jr.


Martin Kaplan (born August 21, 1950) is an American professor. He teaches at the USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism and is the founding director of the Norman Lear Center for the study of the impact of entertainment on society. His career has also spanned government and politics, the entertainment industry and journalism.

Early life and education
Kaplan was born in Newark, New Jersey. The family moved to nearby Union Township, also in New Jersey, at about the time he was to begin his schooling. Kaplan graduated from Union High School, finishing first in his class and was accepted at Harvard where he pursued a double major in both English Literature and Molecular Biology.

Kaplan graduated from Harvard College summa cum laude in molecular biology and won the Le Baron Russell Briggs prize for delivering the English Oration at commencement.  He was president of the Harvard Lampoon and of the Signet Society; at both, his tenure included a change in by-laws leading to the first admission of women members after 95 years (the Lampoon) and 100 years (the Signet). Kaplan was also elected to the editorial boards of the Harvard Crimson and the Harvard Advocate and was the first Harvard undergraduate to serve on all three of its oldest publications. The recipient of a Marshall Scholarship from the British government, he received a master's degree in English with First Class Honours from Cambridge University in England.  As a Danforth Foundation Fellow, he received a Ph.D. in Modern Thought and Literature from Stanford University.

Career
Kaplan served in the administration of President Jimmy Carter as chief speechwriter to Vice President Walter F. Mondale, and also as executive assistant to the U.S. Commissioner of Education, Ernest L. Boyer.  As deputy campaign manager of Mondale's presidential campaign, he directed the campaign's speechwriting and research operations. He also worked with Boyer on education policy while a program officer at the Aspen Institute, a guest scholar at the Brookings Institution, and a senior advisor at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

Kaplan worked at the Walt Disney Studios for 12 years, as vice president of production for live-action feature films and as a writer-producer. He has credits on The Distinguished Gentleman, starring Eddie Murphy, a political comedy which he wrote and executive produced; Noises Off, a farce directed by Peter Bogdanovich, which he adapted for the screen from Michael Frayn's play; and the action-adventure MAX Q, produced for TV by Jerry Bruckheimer.

Kaplan created and hosted So What Else Is News?, the nationally syndicated Air America Radio program examining media politics and pop culture. On public radio, he was a featured commentator on NPR's All Things Considered (for which he also was the first guest co-host), and on "Marketplace," where his beat was the business of entertainment. Today he is a Senior Columnist at The Forward. From its inception through 2017 he has been a blogger on the home page of The Huffington Post. For 10 years, he was also a columnist for the Jewish Journal. His columns have won six First Place prizes from the Los Angeles Press Club. He was also deputy op-ed editor and a columnist for the Washington Star and a commentator on the CBS Morning News.

Kaplan was associate dean of the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism for 10 years and is the founding director of the School's Norman Lear Center, a center of research and innovation whose mission is to study and shape the impact of media and entertainment on society. His Lear Center research includes the political coverage on U.S. local TV news broadcasts, the effects on audiences of public health messages in entertainment storylines; the impact of new technology and intellectual property law on the creative industries, best practices in and barriers to interdisciplinary collaboration, and the depiction of law and justice in popular culture.

Personal life

In 1986, Kaplan married Susan Estrich, a lawyer, professor, author, political operative, feminist advocate, and future political commentator for Fox News. They have two children. They subsequently divorced.

References

External links
 Martin Kaplan at USC Annenberg
 Martin Kaplan at the Norman Lear Center
 So What Else Is News? final blog post (archived)
 Martin Kaplan at the USC Center on Public Diplomacy

Living people
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
American radio personalities
Harvard College alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Marshall Scholars
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
HuffPost writers and columnists
Harvard Advocate alumni
The Harvard Crimson people
1950 births

Marty Kaplan


El Parque Oriental de Maulévrier () es un jardín japonés, jardín botánico y arboreto de 29 hectáreas de extensión situado alrededor del « Château Colbert » en Maulévrier, Francia.

Está catalogado como « Jardin Remarquable» ( jardín notable ) en el 2004 por el « Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication » (Ministerio de la Cultura y la Comunicación) de Francia.

Localización

Parc oriental de Maulévrier Château Colbert, Maulévrier, Département de Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France-Francia.

Planos y vistas satelitales.

Se encuentra abierto todos los días del año.

Historia
El parque se creó entre 1899 y 1913 sobre la base de Château Colbert por el famoso arquitecto parisiense Alexandre Marcel (1860-1928), diseñador del pabellón de Camboya en la Exposición Universal de París del año (1900), para el propietario industrial del castillo.

Los elementos Khmeres del parque se reproducen a partir de moldes de piezas exhibidas en esta Exposición Universal.

Casado con la hija del propietario, Marcel a menudo ha vivido en el castillo, con lo cual supervisó su adaptación paisajista.

Tras su muerte, permaneció en la residencia hasta su propia muerte en 1945, después de la cual el parque cayó en la desidia durante 40 años.

En 1976, la propiedad del castillo se fragmentó en tres, el municipio de Maulévrier readquiere el parque, entonces completamente abandonado en 1980.

La restauración comenzó en 1987, basada en fotografías y recuerdos, y en el 2004 el jardín fue etiquetado como «Jardin Remarquable» por el Ministerio de Cultura de Francia.

Colecciones
Actualmente, el parque es el jardín japonés más grande de Europa.

Alberga unas 300 especies de plantas, con azaleas, camelias, rhododendron, aceres japoneses, cerezos japoneses y otros muchos.

Hay también una exposición permanente de bonsais y de cerámicas.

Cada año los días de excepción presentan animaciones y obras de Landart.

Algunos detalles del "Parc oriental de Maulévrier".

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Site du Parc
 Liste officielle des Jardins remarquables

Bibliografía
 Célestin Port, Dictionnaire historique, géographique et biographique de Maine-et-Loire et de l'ancienne province d'Anjou : D-M, t. 2, Angers, H. Siraudeau et Cie, 1978, 2e éd. (notice BnF no FRBNF34649310)
 Pierre-Louis Augereau, Les secrets des noms de communes et lieux-dits du Maine-et-Loire, Le Coudray-Macouard, Cheminements, 2004, 398 p. (notice BnF no FRBNF39295447, lire en ligne), p. 52-53
 Nicolas Delahaye et Pierre-Marie Gaborit, Les 12 Colonnes infernales de Turreau, Éditions Pays et Terroirs, 1995, 159 p.
 Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé : le génocide franco-français, Perrin, 2006
 Teddy Verron, L'intégration des Mauges à l'Anjou au xie siècle, Limoge, Pulim, 2007
 Louis Ouvrard et André-Hubert Hérault, Histoire du château des Colbert en Maulévrier, ed Hérault, Maulévrier, 1983, 109 p.
 Louis Ouvrard et André Hubert Hérault, Maulévrier, son histoire - 2 tomes (Des origines à 1815 et de 1815 à nos jours), 1996.

Maulevrier
Maulevrier
Maulevrier
Maulevrier
Maine y Loira
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1899
Francia en 1899

Parque oriental de Maulévrier


An Dendrobium quisumbingii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alex Drum Hawkes ngan Alfonse Henry Heller. An Dendrobium quisumbingii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium quisumbingii


Johan Dietrich Wilhelm Westenholz (født 9. april 1730 i Eimbeck nord for Gøttingen, død 18. december 1794) var en var en tyskfødt dansk præst.

Året efter sønnens fødsel blev faderen, Johann Carl Friedrich Westenholz, kaldet til kantor og konrektor i Wilster. Drengen blev undervist i forskellige skoler og måtte efter faderens tidlige død døje trange kår. I 1752 drog han til universitetet i Gøttingen, hvor han studerede i 3 år. Omtrent 1760 kom han til Danmark som huslærer på Overgaard hos landsdommer, konferensråd Frederik von Arenstorff. I 1766 ordineredes han til kapellan hos præsten i Gjerlev, Randers Amt. Medens han var kapellan, lærte han præstedatteren fra Borup (ved Randers) Karen Hee (død i juli 1800 i Nykøbing Mors) at kende; han ægtede hende 1772, men ægteskabet gav anledning til, at han måtte fratræde sit embede. I 1775 blev han sognepræst i Solbjerg og Sundby på Mors, men forflyttedes allerede året efter til Sejerslev med annekser, ligeledes på Mors, hvor han tillige var herredsprovst. Westenholz har vundet et navn som landøkonomisk forfatter. To afhandlinger af ham vandt Landvæsenskollegiets præmier. Af disse skrifter vakte især det Om Aarsagerne, som hindre Folkemængdens Tiltagelse i Bondestanden (1772) betydelig opmærksomhed; det vidner om forfatterens inderlige medfølelse med bondens fortrykte kår. Det blev trykt og uddelt ved offentlig foranstaltning.

Se også
 Westenholz (slægt)

Kilder

Provster fra Danmark
Agronomer fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Danskere i 1700-tallet
Johan Dietrich Wilhelm

Johan Dietrich Wilhelm Westenholz


التطويع (Annealing)، في علم الفلزات والمواد، هي معالجة حرارية يتغير بتطبيقها بعض خواص مادة ما مثل القوة والصلادة. في هذه العملية، يتم تسخين السبيكة إلى ما فوق درجة حرارة إعادة التبلور والحفاظ على درجة حرارة تلك لفترة مناسبة، ثم التبريد بعد ذلك. التطويع يستخدم لتحسين ليونة السبيكة وتقليل الإجهادات الداخلية وتحسين البنية الداخلية للسبيكة عن طريق جعلها أكثر تجانساً، وتحسين قدرتها على التشغيل على البارد.

عند تطويع النحاس والصلب والفضة والنحاس الأصفر، يتم تنفيذ هذه العملية عن طريق تسخين هذه المواد حتى التوهج لفترة من الوقت وثم تركها لتبرد. على عكس الصلب الذي يجب أن يبرد ببطء، النحاس والفضة والنحاس الأصفر يمكن أن تبرد ببطء في الهواء أو عن طريق التبريد بسرعة في الماء. يجعل تطويع المعدن أكثر ليونة، وأكثر قابلية للتشكيل والتشغيل.

الديناميكا الحرارية للتطويع
يحدث التطويع عن طريق انتشار ذرات المادة المذابة داخل المادة الصلبة (في حالة الصلب يكون هناك إعادة انتشار لذرات الكربون في الهياكل الشبكية من جديد)، مما يعطي الفرصة لإزالة الإجهادات الداخلية الناتجة عن عملية التقسية (أي في حالة الصلب وبسبب الانتقال السريع من الطور غاما الأوستنيت ذو القابلية الأكبر على إذابة ذرات الكربون بسبب الفراغات المتشكلة بين هياكله الشبكية ذات الأشكال المتمركزة وجهيا إلى الطور ألفا الفريت ذو القابلية الأقل على إذابة ذرات الكربون بسبب الفراغات الأصغر المتشكلة بين الهياكل ذات الأشكال المتمركزة حجميا تنشأ إجهادات داخلية كبيرة بسبب عدم ترك المجال لذرات الكربون المذابة في الصلب ذو الطور غاما بالانتشار من جديد مما يسبب إجهادات داخل الهياكل الشبكية الناتجة بعد التبريدأي هياكل ألفا)وبالتالي وعن طريق التطويع يتم إعطاء الفرصة لذرات الكربون للانتشار من جديد جزئيا وبالتالي ميل أكبر للاستقرار. أي تقليل القساوة والهشاشة (قابلية الكسر) على حساب زيادة المتانة (القدرة على تحمل الصدمات) وبالتالي زيادة قدرة المعدن على تحمل عمليات التشغيل المختلفة مع الاحتفاظ بقساوة مقبولة وأعلى منها في المعادن الغير معالجة حراريا. يحدث الانتشار عن طريق استغلال الطاقة الحرارية الناتجة عن التسخين في كسر الروابط بين الذرات المادة المذابة، واكسابها طاقة حركية تعيد بها الذرات ترتيب نفسها في مصفوفة ذرات المادة المذيبة. مما يجعل المعدن أكثر ليونة وأسهل في التشكيل، وأقل صلادة.

يقلل التطويع أيضاً من قيمة طاقة جيبس الحرة اللازم تجاوزها لبدأ التشكيل. في الصناعة، يطلق على هذا الحد من قيمة طاقة جيبس الحرة «تقليل الإجهادات» . وتقليل الإجهادات الداخلية هي عملية ثرموديناميكة، ولكنها تتم ببطء شديد في درجة حرارة الغرفة، لذا فإن ارتفاع درجات الحرارة يسرّع هذه العملية.

مراحل التطويع
هناك ثلاث مراحل في عملية التطويع الأولى عودة المعدن إلى حالته الأولية عبر إزالة عيوب البللورات وإزالة الإجهادات الداخلية. الثانية هي إعادة تكوين البللورات، حيث تتكون نويّات لحبيبات المعدن داخل البنية الداخلية للمعدن، تنمو لتحل محل تلك التي تشوهت بالاجهادات الداخلية. إما الثالثة فتحدث إذا استمر التطويع بعد إعادة التبلور، فسيحدث نمو للحبيبات، مما قد يتسبب في الحصول على خواص ميكانيكية أقل من المُبتغاة.

العملية
غالباً ما تستخدم أفران الغاز للتسخين. وبمجرد انتهاء عملية التسخين بنجاح حتى تخترق الحرارة وتتوزع بانتظام داخل جسم المنتج، يتم ترك المنتج داخل الفرن، لكي يفقد حرارته ببطء فلا تتسبب في تكوّن إجهادات حرارية داخل جسم المنتج.

قد تتسبب درجة الحرارة العالية للتطويع في أكسدة سطح المعدن، ولتجنب ذلك، يتم التطويع في جو خالي من الأكسجين والنيتروجين والكربون لتجنب الأكسدة والكربنة والنتردة كاستخدام من الغازات المختزلة مثل أول أكسيد الكربون والهيدروجين.

أنواع عمليات التطويع

التطبيع
التطبيع  هي عملية تطويع يتم تبريد المنتج فيها في الهواء بعد التسخين لتقليل الإجهادات.

يستخدم التطبيع في سبائك «الصلب عالي الصلادة»، حيث تُسخن القطعة حتى درجة حرارة أعلى بقليل من درجة الحرارة الحرجة التي يحدث عندها إعادة البلورة للبنية الداخلية للمعدن، ثم تُخرج القطعة من الفرن قبل أن تنمو حبيبات المعدن المتكونة حديثاً في البنية الداخلية للمعدن لتبرد في الهواء، فتتحسن خواص المرونة وتحمُّل الصدمات في السبيكة. حبيبات المعدن الصغيرة المتكونة تجعل المعدن أكثر صلادة وأكثر تحمل للصدمات مع جهد شد معتدل وأقصى درجة ليونة يمكن الحصول عليها في عمليات التطويع . التطبيع يحوّل حبيبات المعدن التي استطالت أثناء عمليات الدرفلة إلى حبيبات شبه كروية في البنية الداخلية للمعدن، بل وتزيل التجمعات المعدنية لبعض العناصر السبائكية التي قد تحدث أثناء عمليات السباكة. كما يحسن التطبيع من قابلية المعدن للتشغيل .

التطويع دون الحرج

التطويع دون الحرج  هي معالجة حرارية تجرى على معدن سبق تشغيله جزئياً، لتزيد من ليونة المعدن ويقلل قابليته للكسر عند إاعدة تشغيله. الليونة مهمة لتشكيل المعادن وإنتاج منتجات أكثر دقة خلال بعض العمليات الصناعية مثل الدرفلة والسحب والطرق والبثق. يتم تسخين القطعة إلى درجة حرارة أقل من عادة درجة حرارة اكتمال تحوّل المعدن إلى أوستنيت، وتركها لفترة كافية للتخلص من الإجهادات الداخلية. يتم تبريد القطعة في النهاية ببطء إلى درجة حرارة الغرفة. ومن ثم مرة أخرى على استعداد للعمل إضافية الباردة. تقلّص هذه العملية من خطر تشوه القطعة أثناء التشغيل النهائي أو اللحام. تتراوح درجات الحرارة لهذه العملية بين 750 إلى 800 درجة مئوية، حسب نوع السبيكة.

التطويع الكامل
التطويع الكامل  هي معالجة حرارية ينتج عنها إنشاء بنية داخلية جديدة متجانسة ذات خصائص ديناميكية جيدة. ليحدث التطويع الكامل، يتم تسخين المعدن إلى درجات حرارة أعلى بحوالي 50 درجة مئوية من درجات الحرارة التي يكتمل فيها تحوّل المعدن إلى أوستنيت، وتركه لفترة كافية للسماح للمعدن بالتحول الكامل إلى بنية داخلية تتكون من حبيبات الأوستنيت أو الأوستنيت مع السمنتيت. ثم يتم السماح للمعدن بأن يبرد ببطء حتى يصل لنقطة الاتزان. تزيد هذه العملية من مطيلية المعدن وتقلل من قيمة إجهاد الخضوع وإجهاد الشد.

انظر أيضاً

 المعالجة الحرارية

مراجع

علم المواد
مبلمرات
معالجة حرارية للمعادن

تطويع (علم المواد)


Les Hebridae sont une famille d'insectes hémiptères hétéroptères (punaises) semi-aquatiques, de la super-famille des Hebroidea. Elle compte  réparties en neuf genres.

En anglais, elles sont appelées , littéralement , en référence à l'aspect velouté de leur face dorsale, ou , , en référence à leur habitat.

Répartition et habitat
Cette famille est représentée sur tous les continents et colonise les zones humides, notamment les zones de litière humide, les plantes aquatiques à la surface de l'eau (Lemna, lentilles d'eau), ou encore les bordures de plans d'eau.

En Europe, huit espèces peuvent être rencontrées, appartenant aux genres Hebrus et Merragata. La zone néarctique compte quant à elle quinze espèces dans trois genres (Hebrus, Merragata et Lipogomphus).

Caractéristiques
Les Hebridae mesurent entre  de long. Leur scutellum est visible, non couvert par le pronotum, à la différence d'autres familles de punaises aquatiques. Les pattes ont des tarses avec seulement deux articles, le premier très court, ce qui les distingue des Mesoveliidae, qui ont des tarses à trois articles. Les antennes ont quatre ou cinq articles apparents. Le rostre est entouré à la base par des buccules développées (plis formant une gouttière). La tête présente des ocelles. Ces punaises peuvent avoir des ailes bien développées, réduites ou absentes. La face ventrale de l'abdomen est couverte d'une dense pubescence argentée.

Écologie
Il s'agit d'insectes prédateurs ou nécrophages, se nourrissant de petits arthropodes, tels que des collemboles.

Systématique
Le nom scientifique de ce taxon est Hebridae Amyot & Serville, 1843. L'entomologiste français Charles Jean-Baptiste Amyot l'a créé dans son ouvrage Histoire naturelle des insectes Hémiptères pour y placer le genre Hebrus, alors le seul découvert, qu'il estimait nécessaire de séparer des Supéricornes (groupe qui intégrait notamment les Coreidae) ainsi que des Vélies (Veliidae), en raison des caractéristiques de ses tarses et de son rostre.

L'origine du nom est dérivée du genre Hebrus Curtis, 1831, et renvoie à l'Hèbre, nom antique du fleuve Maritsa, en Bulgarie.

Cette famille est considérée comme la seule de la super-famille des Hebroidea, bien que certains auteurs placent également dans cette dernière les Macroveliidae McKinstry, 1942 et les Paraphrynoveliidae Andersen, 1978, que d'autres considèrent comme faisant partie des Hydrometroidea.

Liste sous-familles et des genres
Selon  :
 Sous-famille des Hebrinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
 Austrohebrus Andersen & Weir, 2004 – 1 espèce
 Hebrometra Cobben, 1982 – 4 espèces
 Hebrus Curtis, 1831 – 164 espèces, dont le sous-genre Hebrusella Poisson, 1944
 Lipogomphus Berg, 1879 – 4 espèces
 Merragata Buchanan-White, 1877 – 7 espèces
 Neotimasius Andersen, 1981 – 2 espèces
 Timasius Distant, 1909 – 39 espèces
 deux genres fossiles: †Miohebrus Garrouste & Nel, 2010, †Stenohebrus J.Polhemus, 1995
 Sous-famille des Hyrcaninae Andersen, 1981
 Hyrcanus Distant, 1910 – 10 espèces
 Nieserius Zettel, 1999 – 3 espèces

Galerie

Liens externes

Notes et références

Gerromorpha
Famille d'Hétéroptères (nom scientifique)
Taxon décrit en 1843

Hebridae


FC Ufa (în , în  bașchiră: Өфө, Öfö) este un  club de fotbal rus cu sediul în Ufa, care joacă în prezent în Prima Ligă Rusă.

Istorie
În vara anului 2010, Rustem Khamitov, cel de-al doilea președinte al Republicii Bașkortostan, a început să ia în considerare îngiințarea unui club de fotbal bașchir cu intenția de a reprezenta orașul Ufa și, de asemenea, Republica Bașchiria în Prima Ligă din Rusia.

Pe 23 decembrie 2010, FC Ufa a fost formată prin fuziunea echipelor FC Bashinformsvyaz-Dinamo Ufa, fiind acceptată în sistemul Ligii Profesioniste de Fotbal din Rusia în cel de-al treilea eșalon. Antrenor a fost numit dublul câștigător al Premier League, Andrei Kancelskis, care a fost însărcinat promovarea echipei în  prima divizie.

Promovarea
Debutul lui Ufa în al doilea eșalon rus a fost un succes, cele 48 de puncte permițându-i să termine sezonul pe poziția a șasea, la doar patru puncte distanță de ultimul loc care ducea în playoff.

În următorul sezon Ufa a obținut rezultate mai bune decât în sezonul precedent, obținând poziția a patra, permițându-i astfel să ajungă în playofful pentru promovare împotriva celor de la Tom Tomsk, care a terminat campania lor în Prima Ligă Rusă pe locul al treisprezecelea.

Pe 18 mai 2014, Ufa a jucat cu Tom Tomsk pe stadionul Dinamo pentru prima manșă a playoffului și, în ciuda diferenței mari față de jocul celor două echipe, Ufa reușit să o învingă pe Tom cu 5-1, iar căpitanul clubului, Dmitri Golubov, a marcat toate cele cinci goluri. Returul s-a jucat patru zile mai târziu în Tomsk și, în ciuda înfrângerii cu 3-1, Ufa a reușit să promoveze după doar trei sezoane de la înființare, fiind echipa care a marcat cele mai multe goluri în cele două manșe.

Lotul actual
Începând cu data de 4 aprilie 2016.

Echipament

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial

u

FC Ufa


Katherine Johnson (fædd Coleman; 26. ágúst 1918 – 24. febrúar 2020) var bandarískur stærðfræðingur. Útreikningar hennar á brautarfræði sem starfsmaður NASA voru forsenda fyrir geimferðir Bandaríkjanna. Á 33 ára ferli sínum hjá NASA og forvera þess gat hún sér gott orð fyrir að ná tökum á flóknum handvirkum útreikningum og var líka brautryðjandi í notkun tölva til að framkvæma verkefnin. Geimferðastofnunin hefur talað um "sögulegt hlutverk hennar sem ein af fyrstu afrísk-amerísku konunum sem starfaði sem vísindamaður hjá NASA".

Verk Johnsons fólu meðal annars í sér að reikna út ferla, skotglugga og neyðarbakaleiðir fyrir geimferðir Mercury-verkefnisins, þar á meðal fyrir geimfarana Alan Shepard, fyrsta Bandaríkjamanninn sem fór út í geim, og John Glenn, fyrsta Bandaríkjamanninn á braut um jörðu, og stefnumótaleiðir fyrir Apollo Lunar Module og stjórnbúnaðinn í tunglferðum. Útreikningar hennar voru einnig nauðsynlegir fyrir upphaf geimskutluáætlunarinnar og hún vann að áætlunum um leiðangur til Mars. Hún var þekkt sem "mannleg tölva" út af mikilli stærðfræðigetu sinni og hæfileika til að vinna með geimferla með takmarkaðri tækni þess tíma.

Árið 2015 veitti Barack Obama Johnson frelsisorðu Bandaríkjaforseta. Árið 2016 afhenti NASA-geimfarinn Leland D. Melvin henni Silver Snoopy-verðlaunin og NASA Group Achievement Award. Taraji P. Henson lék hana í kvikmyndinni Hidden Figures árið 2016. Árið 2019 var Johnson sæmd gullorðu Bandaríkjaþings. Árið 2021 var nafn hennar skráð í National Women's Hall of Fame.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir tölvunarfræðingar
Fólk dáið árið 2020
Fólk fætt árið 1918
Bandarískir stærðfræðingar

Katherine Johnson


Karen Blixen - Storyteller er en dansk portrætfilm fra 1995, der er instrueret af Christian Braad Thomsen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Filmen lægger nogle centrale brikker til forståelse af Karen Blixens gådefulde personlighed. Filmen rummer hidtil ukendte optagelser fra forfatterens triumftog til USA i 1959, hvor hun deltog i talk shows og fortalte erindringer fra Afrika og Rungstedlund. Desuden medvirker en række af Karen Blixens nære venner: Digteren Thorkild Bjørnvig, litteraturprofessor Aage Henriksen, Louisianas grundlægger Knud W. Jensen, Blixens svigerinde Jonna Dinesen - samt Nils Carlsen, der var dreng på Rungstedlund. Mosaikken fuldendes af gamle og nye optagelser fra Rungstedlund samt fyldige citater fra det berømte forfatterskab.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Christian Braad Thomsen
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995
Storyteller

Karen Blixen - Storyteller


Let It Snow é um filme de terror e suspense de 2020 dirigido por Stanislav Kapralov. O filme foi escrito por Kapralov e Omri Rose, e é estrelado por Ivanna Saknho, Alex Hafner e Tinatin Dalakishvili.

Foi lançado no dia 22 de setembro de 2020 pelo Grindstone Entertainment Group.

Lançamento
O filme foi lançado em vídeo sob demanda no dia 22 de setembro de 2020 pelo Grindstone Entertainment Group.

Recepção
Bloody Disgusting disse: "Quase tudo sobre Let It Snow está mal cozido, desde a relação entre Mia e Max até à grande mitologia em que os dois se encontram emaranhados".

Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes da Geórgia
Filmes da Ucrânia de 2020

Let It Snow (2020)


An Fimbristylis spiralis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Fimbristylis spiralis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Northern Territory. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis spiralis


Parapsicephalus (nombre que significa "detrás del arco de la cabeza") fue un género de pterosaurio ranforrincoide de principios del Toarciano (Jurásico Inferior) hallado en el Esquisto Alum de Whitby, Yorkshire, Inglaterra. Es conocido de un cráneo parcial que carece del hocico, pero incluye un detallado molde del cerebro. A pesar de esto, es un género mal conocido.

Fue recolectado por el reverendo D.W. Purdon en la década de 1880, quien es honrado por ello en el nombre de la especie, y fue descrito originalmente por Edward Tulley Newton, quien lo nombró como una especie de Scaphognathus, S. purdoni. Fue reconocido como un género distinto sólo varios años después, en 1919 por Gustav von Arthaber, aunque en 2003 David Unwin lo hizo sinónimo con Dorygnathus, lo que repitió en una reciente publicación popular. Se considera que era un miembro de los ranforrínquidos, de que era un representante de tamaño medio (la envergadura estimada es de cerca de un 1 metro), aunque una estimación de 2013 sugiere una envergadura de cerca de 2 metros.

Véase también
 Anexo: géneros de pterosaurios

Referencias

Rhamphorhynchoidea
Pterosaurios de Europa
Pterosaurios del Jurásico Inferior

Parapsicephalus


{| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;"
Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj

Reis-ul-ulemaHusein ef. Kavazović
Muftija''Muftija Mešihata Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj
|-
!
!Osnovana1916.
SjedišteZagreb
Država Hrvatska
GlasiloMinber - glasilo Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj
|}
Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj (IZH) je vjerska organizacija muslimana u Hrvatskoj.

Duhovno vodstvo muslimana u Hrvatskoj zove se Mešihat a najviši predstavnik Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj je muftija. Trenutni muftija Mešihata Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj je Aziz ef. Hasanović koji je na ovoj dužnosti od 2012. godine. Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj je Mešihat Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini, zbog čega je reis-ul-ulema vrhovni poglavar muslimana i u Hrvatskoj.

Sjedište Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj nalazi se u Zagrebu.

Povijest

Prikaz života i rada Islamske zajednice i muslimana u Hrvatskoj obuhvaća davna vremena, od 10. do 14. stoljeća, kada su prvi muslimani, zvani Ismaelićani i Kalizije, došli na prostore Ugarskog kraljevstva na poziv tadašnjih kraljeva i zadržali se na njemu sve do pred sam prodor Osmanlija. Novija povijest muslimana i Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj, započinje 1878. godine okupacijom, zatim 1908. godine aneksijom Bosne i Hercegovine, te 27. travnja 1916. godine, izglasavanjem zakona u Hrvatskom državnom saboru o priznanju islama kao ravnopravne religije drugim religijama u ovom području.

Izvjestitelj po ovoj točki dnevnog reda bio dr. Gjuro Šurmin, koji je vrlo iscrpno elaborirao potrebu donošenja ovakvog zakona. On se pozvao na primjer Austrije koja je priznala status islamu još 1912. godine, kao i Ugarska koja je netom prije 30. ožujka ovakav zakon primila u svom Saboru. Navodeći da je Hrvatska još 1873. godine specijalnim zakonima riješila pitanje židovske, evangeličke i drugih kršćanskih zajednica smatra neophodnim riješiti i pitanje islama. On navodi podatak da je muslimana bilo 204 na popisu iz 1910. godine. Donosi vrlo precizne podatke o strukturi muslimana u to doba, njihovom obrazovanju, poduzetništvu, angažmanu u vojsci i druge zanimljivosti poput broj muškaraca, žena, djece, dobi, oženjenih, rastavljenih i slično. U raspravu su se uključili i ostali članovi Sabora, među njima i odjelni predstojnik za bogoštovlje i nastavu dr. Stjepan Stropch. On ukazuje na sljedeće: "Kod nas dakle muslimani kao pripadnici jedne zakonom nepriznate konfesije nisu s vjeroispovjednog pravnog gledišta dolazili u obzir, pogotovo pa ko bila je za njih isključena svaka mogućnost da se kod nas organiziraju u svrhu zajedničkog bogoslužja i uređenja svoga vjerskog života, niti su dakako uživali kakove zakonske zaštite. Predležećom zakonskom osnovom želi se, da se tomu izvanpravnom položaju muslimana u Kraljevinama Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji učini kraj i da ih se podigne u red zakonom priznatih konfesija, tj. da im se dade sloboda zajedničkog javnog ispovijedanja vjere i sva prava javne korporacije, kao što ih uživaju i druge u nas zakonom priznate konfesije."

Priznavanjem islama u Hrvatskoj, osnovana je prvotno medresa, a potom Islamska gimnazija, osnovan je Vakuf Islamske zajednice, humanitarna organizacija Zirat Islamske zajednice, Škola Kurana i hifza, Dječji vrtić, Centar za kulturu dijaloga, Institut za arapski jezik i islam i Centar za certificiranje halal kvalitete.

Godine 2002. godine Vlada Republike Hrvatske i Mešihat Islamske zajednice potpisali su Ugovor o specifičnim odnosima. Tim Ugovorom definirana su sva prava u vezi muslimana u Hrvatskoj.

Muftije

Organizacija

Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj se sastoji od Sabora Islamske zajednice, muftije, i mešihata. Sabor Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj je najviše predstavničko i zakonodavno tijelo Islamske zajednice koji u svom radu slijedi princip islamske šure. Mešihat Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj je najviši vjerski i administrativni organ Islamske zajednice. Mešihat sačinjavaju predsjednik Mešihata i 10 (deset) članova. Predsjednik Mešihata je ujedno i muftija Mešihata Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj. Muftiju bira Sabor Islamske zajednice a potvrđuje reis-ul-ulema.

Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj je podijeljena na medžlise (Zagreb, Rijeka, Pula, Sisak, Split, Varaždin, Gunja, Dubrovnik, Karlovac, Labin, Osijek, Vinkovci, Poreč, Slavonski Brod, Umag, Zadar), koji su dalje podijeljeni na džemate. Džemati čine najmanje organizacione jedinice Islamske zajednice. U okviru Islamske zajednice u Hrvatskoj djeluju mektebi i to području medžlisa, te Islamska gimnazija dr. Ahmeda Smajlovića, koja se nalazi u Zagrebu.

Logoi

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj

Islam u Hrvatskoj
Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj
Bošnjaci u Hrvatskoj

Islamska zajednica u Hrvatskoj


An Stenospermation arborescens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael T. Madison. An Stenospermation arborescens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stenospermation, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stenospermation

Stenospermation arborescens


La isla de la Provincia ,  es una isla en su mayoría en la provincia canadiense de Quebec, pero en parte en el estado estadounidense de Vermont. Está situada en el lago Memphremagog. El área total de la isla es de 0,31 km². Aunque 0,028 km² en su extremo sur es parte de los EE. UU. (condado de Orleans en el Estado de Vermont), la parte predominante pertenece a la ciudad de Magog (conocido como Mem-Toag por los nativos americanos del Norte). A finales del  un pionero llamado Martin Adams y su esposa construyeron una casa en la isla, donde crecía el lino y las verduras. La isla era conocida anteriormente como Zabriskie y la isla de Howard. La frontera entre Canadá y los EE. UU. se caracteriza por una franja de cinco metros marcados en el bosque por los árboles.

Véase también
 Geografía de Quebec
 Geografía de Canadá

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de Localización

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Quebec
Archipiélagos e islas de Vermont
Islas atravesadas por límites internacionales
Islas lacustres de Canadá
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Isla de la Provincia


قناة شدا للنشيد الإسلامي قناة فضائية متخصصة بالأناشيد الإسلامية، ويلزم المشتركين في نظام استقبال المجد دفع مبلغ إضافي لمشاهدتها. أما من لديهم جهاز الاستقبال الفضائي العادي الذي يستقبل قنوات عربسات ونايل سات فلا يلزمون بدفع مبلغ للاشتراك.

قنوات وشبكات تلفزيونية

شدا للنشيد الإسلامي


ස්කයි නිව්ස් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා යනු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව ට අයත් පැය 24 පුරාම විකාශන කටයුතු සිදු කරන, කේබල් සහ සැටලයිට් තාක්ෂණයෙන් මුදාහරින රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකාවකි. වර්ථමානයේදී මිලියන 2.5 ක පමණ ග්‍රාහක පිරිසක් නාලිකාව සතුවෙයි.

1996 පෙබරවාරි 19 දින අරඹන ලද මෙම නාලිකාව, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ප්‍රථම රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රවෘත්ති නිෂ්පාදක නාලිකාවයි. 2008 වර්ෂයේදී, මෙම නාලිකාව ස්කයි නිව්ස් බිස්නස් චැනල් නමින් ව්‍යාපාරික තොරතුරු ගෙන එන නාලිකාවක්ද පටන් ගන්නා ලදී. නාලිකාවේ පුළුල් තිර විකාශනය 2009 මැයි 17 වන දින අරඹන ලදී.

නාලිකාවේ කාර්යාංශ
 සිඩ්නි, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 මෙල්බර්න්, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 පර්ත්, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 ඇඩිලේඩ්, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 හොබාට්, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 කැන්බරා, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 ඕක්ලන්ඩ්, නවසීලන්තය.

සම්මාන

මේවාද බලන්න
 ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකා

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැදි

Sky News Channel on YouTube

ජාත්‍යන්තර රූපවාහිනී නාලිකා

ස්කයි නිව්ස් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා


Pulekalenderen er en kortfilm instrueret af Morten Hartz Kaplers efter manuskript af Erling Budde, Anders Kjærulff Christiansen, Henrik Føhns, Morten Hartz Kaplers.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2002

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Pulekalenderen


Eva Julia Augusta Ramstedt, née le  à Stockholm, et morte le , est une physicienne suédoise.

Biographie
Eva Ramstedtle est la fille de Johan Ramstedt et de Henrika Torén. Son père est gouverneur général et devient durant quelques mois Premier ministre en 1905.

Elle fait ses études à l'université d'Uppsala, où elle obtient son baccalauréat en philosophie en 1904, un master en 1908 et son doctorat, avec une thèse sur les propriétés des liquides, en 1910. Durant ses études, elle est membre de la Uppsala kvinnliga studentförening, une association d'étudiantes. Elle est membre fondatrice de la Association suédoise des femmes diplômées des universités qui obtiennent la modification de la constitution en 1909 et 1911, en faveur des femmes universitaires.

Elle passe l'année universitaire 1910-1911 à l'université de Paris, où elle travaille avec Marie Curie, qui en 1911 reçoit le prix Nobel de chimie.

Ramstedt est professeure adjointe par intérim à l'Institut Nobel de chimie physique (1913-1914), maître de conférences de radiologie à l'université de Stockholm (1915-1932), maître de conférences en mathématiques et physique à la Folk High School de Stockholm (1919-1945) et au laboratoire de physique de l'université de Stockholm (1927-1928). Elle publie un ouvrage avec la chimiste norvégienne Ellen Gleditsch intitulé Radium och radioaktiva processor (1917).

En 1920, elle devient vice-présidente du conseil d'administration du collège d'économie domestique de Stockholm et en a été la présidente en 1930-1939. Elle est secrétaire de la New Idun Society (1921-1937), vice-présidente de l'Association suédoise des femmes diplômées des universités (1922-1930) et en 1920 devient présidente de son comité international.

En 1942, elle reçoit la médaille .

Publications
 Radium och radioaktiva processer (1917), avec Ellen Gleditsch (Compte rendu de Naima Sahlbom dans Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift (1917))
 Marie Curie och radium (1932)

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 Hjördis Levin, « Eva J A Ramstedt », Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (1995-1997)

Liens externes

Physicienne suédoise
Physicien suédois du XXe siècle
Chimiste suédois du XXe siècle
Professeur à l'université de Stockholm
Personnalité féminine suédoise
Étudiant de l'université d'Uppsala
Naissance en septembre 1879
Naissance à Stockholm
Décès en septembre 1974
Décès à 94 ans

Eva Ramstedt


تاكسي قد تشير إلى:

 سيارة أجرة
 تاكسي (فيلم) ... وهو فيلم تسجيلي
 تاكسي تحت الطلب مسلسل كويتي
 كريزي تاكسي لعبة.
 تاكسي تدريج وتحريك الطائرة على الأرض.

تاكسي (توضيح)


Les herbiers universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand sont une collection botanique.

Il s'agit d'un ensemble de plus d'un million de spécimens et de plus de . Ils sont le fruit du travail d'environ  botanistes ayant herborisé du .

Il s'agit de la troisième collection universitaire française et de la quatrième collection nationale, toutes institutions confondues, inscrite à l'Index herbariorum édité par le jardin botanique de New York (New York Botanical Garden, NYBG), sous l'acronyme CLF.

Historique
Les herbiers universitaires de Clermond-Ferrand résultent d'un premier transfert de l'ancien muséum de Clermont vers la nouvelle faculté des sciences venant d'intégrer en 1865 l'aile droite du palais universitaire récemment construit dans le jardin botanique Lecoq.

En 1905, ils totalisent sept herbiers dont l'un des plus vieux l'herbier Auguste de Saint-Hilaire.

Ils sont enrichis en 1925 de l'herbier de Martial Lamotte ancien professeur à la faculté de médecine et pharmacie de Clermont, donné par la Société botanique de France.

Collections

Depuis cet ensemble de collections n'a cessé de s'enrichir :

 1938 : herbier Chassagne ;
 1964 : herbier d'Alleizette ;
 1967 : herbiers Le Grand, Lassimonne, Tourret (dons de la société scientifique du Bourbonnais)
 1976 : herbiers divers réunis par J.-E. Loiseau, professeur de botanique, directeur des herbiers CLF
 1995 : herbiers Hubert Bourdot, Ernest Olivier, du Buysson ;
 2003 : herbier bryologique Sapaly
 2005 : herbier bryologique Pierrot
 2009 : herbier Billy
 2012 : herbiers Loiseau, Ravel
 2017 : herbier Brunel
 2018 : herbiers Deschâtres, Le Quéré, Labbé
 2019 : herbier Chaffin
 2020 : herbiers Chouard (don du Centre d'étude et de conservation des ressources végétales de Bayonne) et Galtier
 2021 : herbier Lamaison
 2023 : herbier de Jean Guillot

Ont été aussi réunis à CLF d'autres herbiers : herbiers de l'Académie des sciences belles lettres et arts de Clermont-Ferrand, herbier des hautes-Fagnes (bryologique), herbier IBISCA, Felzines, herbier du collège Jules Ferry de Montluçon et différents autres petits herbiers.

De nombreux échantillons résultant de prospections diverses ont aussi été apportés aux collections CLF (équipe UniVegE, J. Galtier, C. Chaffin, J.-L. Lamaison, J.-C. Bertier, A. Fridlender...).

À ces dons s'ajoutent plusieurs herbiers mis en dépôt (herbiers du Mupop de Montluçon et herbiers du collège de Pleaux par exemple).

Organisation
Les herbiers universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand sont hébergés au 3 boulevard Lafayette à Clermont-Ferrand (herbiers généraux, collections historiques) et au campus universitaire des Cézeaux à Aubière (collections en cours de restauration, attachage, numérisation). Le service UniVegE a la responsabilité des collections d'herbiers de l'Université Clermont-Auvergne.

Numérisation
Dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec la bibliothèque universitaire de l'université Clermont-Auvergne et du programme d'excellence IHMAGES, UniVegE procède à la numérisation et la mise en ligne de ses collections. Au fur et à mesure de leur numérisation, les collections sont intégrées au projet national RECOLNAT qui recense  des herbiers universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

 e-flore de la Flore du département du Puy-de-Dôme, valorisé avec le concours des herbiers universitaires

Herbier
Clermont-Ferrand
Collection universitaire
Université Clermont-Auvergne

Herbiers universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand


2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka u sezoni 2017./18. predstavlja drugi rang županijske lige u Koprivničko-križevačkoj županiji, te ligu šestog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.  U ligi sudjeluje 14 klubova, koji igraju dvokružno prvenstvo (26 kola). Prvak je postala momčad "Lipa" iz Hlebina.

Sudionici
 Fugaplast Gola
 GOŠK Gotalovo
 Hrvatski Bojovnik Mokrice Miholečke
 Lipa Hlebine
 Mladost Koprivnički Bregi
 Mladost Sigetec
 Omladinac Herešin
 Podravec Torčec
 Prugovac
 Reka
 Rudar Glogovac
 Starigrad
 Tehnika Koprivnica
 Viktorija Vojakovac

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

Ažurirano 19. srpnja 2018.
Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka
 1. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka 2017./18.
 3. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka 2017./18.
 4. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka 2017./18.

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Koprivničko-križevačke županije
 2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka

Izvori
 ŽNS Koprivničko-križevački, 2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2017./18., 2. ŽNL
 ŽNS Koprivničko-križevački,, dokumenti i glasnici

2017-18
Koprivničko-križevačka-2

2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka 2017./18.


Shiva Nazar Ahari (; nascida em 10 de junho de 1984) é uma ativista de direitos humanos iraniana e membro fundadora do Comitê de Repórteres de Direitos Humanos. Ela foi presa várias vezes pelo governo iraniano.

Ativismo
Ela foi presa em 14 de junho de 2009 e mantida na Prisão de Evin até 23 de setembro de 2009, quando foi libertada sob fiança equivalente a $200.000 rials iranianos (cerca de 31.000 reais). Ela chegou a ficar na solitária por 33 dias.

Em 21 de dezembro de 2009, ela foi presa mais uma vez junto com vários outros ativistas que estavam a caminho da cidade de Qom para assistir ao funeral do Grande Aiatolá Hossein Ali Montazeri.

A audiência mais recente foi realizada em 4 de setembro de 2010, no 26º ramo do Tribunal Revolucionário Islâmico da Província de Teerã, com acusações que incluem "tentativas de desfigurar o governo islâmico", "assembléia com intenção de conspirar contra o governo islâmico", "perturbar a ordem pública" e "travar guerra contra Deus" (este último conhecido como moharebeh). Desde sua prisão, o processo judicial recebeu fortes críticas internacionais, alegando que foi uma medida ilegal tomada pela República Islâmica do Irã para reprimir ainda mais os direitos de dissidência e liberdade de expressão no país, e sua libertação imediata foi foi chamado.Após 266 dias de prisão, ela foi libertada em 12 de setembro de 2010 sob fiança de cinco bilhões de rials iranianos (aproximadamente 603.000 reais).

Por intimação, Shiva Nazar Ahari compareceu a Evin em 8 de setembro de 2012 para cumprir uma sentença de 4 anos de prisão. Várias organizações pedem sua libertação imediata - Repórteres sem Fronteiras, Associação Mundial de Jornais e Editores de Notícias e PEN Internacional.

Prêmios
Em 13 de março de 2011, Shiva Nazar Ahari foi premiada com o Prêmio Theodor Haecker por "reportagens corajosas na internet sobre violações de direitos humanos". O prêmio leva o nome de Theodor Haecker, filósofo, escritor e crítico cultural antinazista.

Ver também

 Shadi Sadr
 Shadi Amin

Nascidos em 1984
Pessoas vivas
Ativistas do Irã
Jornalistas do Irão
Ativistas pelos direitos da mulher

Shiva Nazar Ahari


The Canny edge detector is an edge detection operator that uses a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges in images. It was developed by John F. Canny in 1986. Canny also produced a computational theory of edge detection explaining why the technique works.

Development
Canny edge detection is a technique to extract useful structural information from different vision objects and dramatically reduce the amount of data to be processed. It has been widely applied in various computer vision systems. Canny has found that the requirements for the application of edge detection on diverse vision systems are relatively similar. Thus, an edge detection solution to address these requirements can be implemented in a wide range of situations.
The general criteria for edge detection include:
 Detection of edge with low error rate, which means that the detection should accurately catch as many edges shown in the image as possible
 The edge point detected from the operator should accurately localize on the center of the edge.
 A given edge in the image should only be marked once, and where possible, image noise should not create false edges.

To satisfy these requirements Canny used the calculus of variations – a technique which finds the function which optimizes a given functional. The optimal function in Canny's detector is described by the sum of four exponential terms, but it can be approximated by the first derivative of a Gaussian.

Among the edge detection methods developed so far, Canny edge detection algorithm is one of the most strictly defined methods that provides good and reliable detection. Owing to its optimality to meet with the three criteria for edge detection and the simplicity of process for implementation, it became one of the most popular algorithms for edge detection.

Process
The process of Canny edge detection algorithm can be broken down to five different steps:
 Apply Gaussian filter to smooth the image in order to remove the noise
 Find the intensity gradients of the image
 Apply gradient magnitude thresholding or lower bound cut-off suppression to get rid of spurious response to edge detection
 Apply double threshold to determine potential edges
 Track edge by hysteresis: Finalize the detection of edges by suppressing all the other edges that are weak and not connected to strong edges.

Gaussian filter

Since all edge detection results are easily affected by the noise in the image, it is essential to filter out the noise to prevent false detection caused by it. To smooth the image, a Gaussian filter kernel is convolved with the image. This step will slightly smooth the image to reduce the effects of obvious noise on the edge detector. The equation for a Gaussian filter kernel of size (2k+1)×(2k+1) is given by:

Here is an example of a 5×5 Gaussian filter, used to create the adjacent image, with  = 1.  (The asterisk denotes a convolution operation.)

It is important to understand that the selection of the size of the Gaussian kernel will affect the performance of the detector. The larger the size is, the lower the detector's sensitivity to noise. Additionally, the localization error to detect the edge will slightly increase with the increase of the Gaussian filter kernel size. A 5×5 is a good size for most cases, but this will also vary depending on specific situations.

Finding the intensity gradient of the image
An edge in an image may point in a variety of directions, so the Canny algorithm uses four filters to detect horizontal, vertical and diagonal edges in the blurred image.  The edge detection operator (such as Roberts, Prewitt, or Sobel) returns a value for the first derivative in the horizontal direction (Gx) and the vertical direction (Gy). From this the edge gradient and direction can be determined:

,

where G can be computed using the hypot function and atan2 is the arctangent function with two arguments.
The edge direction angle is rounded to one of four angles representing vertical, horizontal, and the two diagonals (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°). An edge direction falling in each color region will be set to a specific angle value, for instance, θ in [0°, 22.5°] or [157.5°, 180°] maps to 0°.

Gradient magnitude thresholding or lower bound cut-off suppression
Minimum cut-off suppression of gradient magnitudes, or lower bound thresholding, is an edge thinning technique.

Lower bound cut-off suppression is applied to find the locations with the sharpest change of intensity value. The algorithm for each pixel in the gradient image is:
 Compare the edge strength of the current pixel with the edge strength of the pixel in the positive and negative gradient directions.
 If the edge strength of the current pixel is the largest compared to the other pixels in the mask with the same direction (e.g., a pixel that is pointing in the y-direction will be compared to the pixel above and below it in the vertical axis), the value will be preserved. Otherwise, the value will be suppressed.
In some implementations, the algorithm categorizes the continuous gradient directions into a small set of discrete directions, and then moves a 3x3 filter over the output of the previous step (that is, the edge strength and gradient directions). At every pixel, it suppresses the edge strength of the center pixel (by setting its value to 0) if its magnitude is not greater than the magnitude of the two neighbors in the gradient direction. For example,
 if the rounded gradient angle is 0° (i.e. the edge is in the north–south direction) the point will be considered to be on the edge if its gradient magnitude is greater than the magnitudes at pixels in the east and west directions,
 if the rounded gradient angle is 90° (i.e. the edge is in the east–west direction) the point will be considered to be on the edge if its gradient magnitude is greater than the magnitudes at pixels  in the north and south directions,
 if the rounded gradient angle is 135° (i.e. the edge is in the northeast–southwest direction) the point will be considered to be on the edge if its gradient magnitude is greater than the magnitudes at pixels  in the north-west and south-east directions,
 if the rounded gradient angle is 45° (i.e. the edge is in the northwest–southeast direction) the point will be considered to be on the edge if its gradient magnitude is greater than the magnitudes at pixels in the north-east and south-west directions.

In more accurate implementations, linear interpolation is used between the two neighbouring pixels that straddle the gradient direction. For example, if the gradient angle is between 89° and 180°, interpolation between gradients at the north and north-east pixels will give one interpolated value, and interpolation between the south and south-west pixels will give the other (using the conventions of the last paragraph). The gradient magnitude at the central pixel must be greater than both of these for it to be marked as an edge.

Note that the sign of the direction is irrelevant, i.e. north–south is the same as south–north and so on.

Double threshold
After application of non-maximum suppression, the remaining edge pixels provide a more accurate representation of real edges in an image. However, some edge pixels remain that are caused by noise and color variation. To account for these spurious responses, it is essential to filter out edge pixels with a weak gradient value and preserve edge pixels with a high gradient value.  This is accomplished by selecting high and low threshold values.  If an edge pixel's gradient value is higher than the high threshold value, it is marked as a strong edge pixel. If an edge pixel's gradient value is smaller than the high threshold value and larger than the low threshold value, it is marked as a weak edge pixel. If an edge pixel's gradient value is smaller than the low threshold value, it will be suppressed. The two threshold values are empirically determined and their definition will depend on the content of a given input image.

Edge tracking by hysteresis

The strong edge pixels should certainly be involved in the final edge image; they are deemed to come from true edges in the image. However, there will be some debate on the weak edge pixels. We want to determine whether these pixels come from a true edge, or noise/color variations. Weak edge pixels should be dropped from consideration if it is the latter. This algorithm uses the idea that weak edge pixels from true edges will (usually) be connected to a strong edge pixel while noise responses are unconnected.
To track the edge connection, blob analysis is applied by looking at a weak edge pixel and its 8-connected neighborhood pixels. As long as there is one strong edge pixel that is involved in the blob, that weak edge point can be identified as one that should be preserved. These weak edge pixels become strong edges that can then cause their neighboring weak edge pixels to be preserved.

Walkthrough of the algorithm
This section will show the progression of an image through each of the five steps.

Improvements
While traditional Canny edge detection provides a relatively simple but precise methodology for the edge detection problem, with more demanding requirements on the accuracy and robustness on the detection, the traditional algorithm can no longer handle the challenging edge detection task. The main defects of the traditional algorithm can be summarized as follows:
 A Gaussian filter is applied to smooth out the noise, but it will also smooth the edge, which is considered as the high frequency feature. This will increase the possibility of missing weak edges, and the appearance of isolated edges in the result.
 For the gradient amplitude calculation, the old Canny edge detection algorithm uses the center in a small 2×2 neighborhood window to calculate the finite difference mean value to represent the gradient amplitude. This method is sensitive to noise and can easily detect false edges and lose real edges.
 In the traditional Canny edge detection algorithm, there will be two fixed global threshold values to filter out the false edges. However, as the image gets complex, different local areas will need very different threshold values to accurately find the real edges. In addition, the global threshold values are determined manually through experiments in the traditional method, which leads to a complexity of calculation when a large number of different images need to be dealt with.
 The result of the traditional detection cannot reach a satisfactory high accuracy of a single response for each edge - multi-point responses will appear.
In order to address these defects, an improvement to the canny edge algorithm is presented in the following paragraphs.

Replace Gaussian filter
As both edge and noise will be identified as a high frequency signal, a simple Gaussian filter will add a smooth effect on both of them. However, in order to reach high accuracy of detection of the real edge, it is expected that a more smooth effect should be applied to noise and a less smooth effect should be added to the edge. Bing Wang and Shaosheng Fan from Changsha University of Science and Technology developed an adaptive filter, where the filter will evaluate discontinuity between greyscale values of each pixel. The higher the discontinuity, the lower the weight value is set for the smooth filter at that point. Contrarily, the lower the discontinuity between the greyscale values, the higher the weight value is set to the filter. The process to implement this adaptive filter can be summarized in five steps:
1. K = 1, set the iteration n and the coefficient of the amplitude of the edge h.
2. Calculate the gradient value  and
3. Calculate the weight according to the formulae below:

4. The definition of the adaptive filter is:

to smooth the image, where

5. When K = n, stop the iteration, otherwise, k = k+1, keep doing the second step

Improvement on gradient magnitude and direction calculation
The gradient magnitude and direction can be calculated with a variety of different edge detection operators, and the choice of operator can influence the quality of results. A very commonly chosen one is the 3x3 Sobel filter. However, other filters may be better, such as a 5x5 Sobel filter, which will reduce noise, or the Scharr filter, which has better rotational symmetry. Other common choices are Prewitt (used by Zhou ) and Roberts Cross.

Robust method to determine the dual-threshold value
In order to resolve the challenges where it is hard to determine the dual-threshold value empirically, Otsu's method can be used on the non-maximum suppressed gradient magnitude image to generate the high threshold. The low threshold is typically set to 1/2 of the high threshold in this case. Since the gradient magnitude image is continuous-valued without a well-defined maximum, Otsu's method has to be adapted to use value/count pairs instead of a complete histogram.

The thinning of the edge
While the traditional Canny edge detection implements a good detection result to meet the first two criteria, it does not meet the single response per edge strictly. A mathematical morphology technique to thin the detected edge is developed by Mallat S and Zhong.

Use of curvelets

Curvelets have been used in place of the Gaussian filter and gradient estimation to compute a vector field whose directions and magnitudes approximate the direction and strength of edges in the image, to which steps 3 - 5 of the Canny algorithm are then applied. Curvelets decompose signals into separate components of different scales, and dropping the components of finer scales can reduce noise.

Differential geometric formulation
A more refined approach to obtain edges with sub-pixel accuracy is by using the approach of differential edge detection, where the requirement of non-maximum suppression is formulated in terms of second- and third-order derivatives computed from a scale space representation (Lindeberg 1998) – see the article on edge detection for a detailed description.

Variational formulation of the Haralick–Canny edge detector
A variational explanation for the main ingredient of the Canny edge detector, that is,
finding the zero crossings of the 2nd derivative along the gradient direction, was shown
to be the result of minimizing a Kronrod–Minkowski functional while maximizing the integral
over the alignment of the edge  with the gradient field (Kimmel and Bruckstein 2003). See the article on
regularized Laplacian zero crossings and other optimal edge integrators for a detailed description.

Parameters
The Canny algorithm contains a number of adjustable parameters, which can affect the computation time and effectiveness of the algorithm.

 The size of the Gaussian filter: the smoothing filter used in the first stage directly affects the results of the Canny algorithm.  Smaller filters cause less blurring, and allow detection of small, sharp lines.  A larger filter causes more blurring, smearing out the value of a given pixel over a larger area of the image.  Larger blurring radii are more useful for detecting larger, smoother edges – for instance, the edge of a rainbow.
 Thresholds: the use of two thresholds with hysteresis allows more flexibility than a single-threshold approach, but general problems of thresholding approaches still apply.  A threshold set too high can miss important information.  On the other hand, a threshold set too low will falsely identify irrelevant information (such as noise) as important.  It is difficult to give a generic threshold that works well on all images.  No tried and tested approach to this problem yet exists.

Conclusion
The Canny algorithm is adaptable to various environments.  Its parameters allow it to be tailored to recognition of edges of differing characteristics depending on the particular requirements of a given implementation. In Canny's original paper, the derivation of the optimal filter led to a Finite Impulse Response filter, which can be slow to compute in the spatial domain if the amount of smoothing required is important (the filter will have a large spatial support in that case). For this reason, it is often suggested to use Rachid Deriche's infinite impulse response  form of Canny's filter (the Canny–Deriche detector), which is recursive, and which can be computed in a short, fixed amount of time for any desired amount of smoothing. The second form is suitable for real time implementations in FPGAs or DSPs, or very fast embedded PCs. In this context, however, the regular recursive implementation of the Canny operator does not give a good approximation of rotational symmetry and therefore gives a bias towards horizontal and vertical edges.

See also
Computer vision
Digital image processing
Feature detection (computer vision)
Feature extraction
Ridge detection
Scale space

References

 Canny, J., A Computational Approach To Edge Detection, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 8(6):679–698, 1986.
 R. Deriche, Using Canny's criteria to derive a recursively implemented optimal edge detector, Int. J. Computer Vision, Vol. 1, pp. 167–187, April 1987.
Lindeberg, Tony "Edge detection and ridge detection with automatic scale selection", International Journal of Computer Vision, 30, 2, pp 117—154, 1998. (Includes the differential approach to non-maximum suppression.)
Kimmel, Ron and Bruckstein, Alfred M. "On regularized Laplacian zero crossings and other optimal edge integrators",  International Journal of Computer Vision, 53(3):225–243, 2003. (Includes the geometric variational interpretation for the Haralick–Canny edge detector.)
Moeslund, T. (2009, March 23). Canny Edge Detection. Retrieved December 3, 2014
Thomas B. Moeslund. Image and Video Processing. August 2008
Green, B. (2002, January 1). Canny Edge Detection Tutorial. Retrieved December 3, 2014; archived here

External links
John Canny's home page
Publication List of Rachid Deriche
Journal Publications of Ron Kimmel
Canny edge detection in c++ OpenCV
Canny edge detection in Python OpenCV
Canny Edge World - example video

Edge detection

Canny edge detector


Riyad Al-Maliki (em árabe: رياض المالكي) (Tulcarém, 1955) é um engenheiro, professor universitário e político palestino, ex-ministro da Informação, porta-voz do governo e atual ministro das Relações Exteriores da Autoridade Nacional Palestiniana.

Biografia
Formou-se em Engenharia Civil pela Pontifícia Universidade Javeriana na Colômbia em 1978 e obteve o título de Ph.D. em Engenharia Civil pela American University.

Ele atuou como professor na Universidade de Birzeit e foi um dos principais membros da Frente Popular para a Libertação da Palestina. Ele foi o chefe e fundador do Panorama, o "Centro Palestino para a Disseminação da Democracia e Desenvolvimento Comunitário", uma organização não-governamental ativa na sociedade civil palestina. Ele trabalhou no departamento de engenharia da Universidade de Birzeit em 1978 e tornou-se chefe do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade. Recebeu o Prêmio Europeu da Paz em 2000 em Copenhague e o Prêmio Italiano da Paz (Lombardi) em 2005. É coordenador do Programa Árabe de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Democracia, que é uma aliança de mais de 12 instituições da sociedade civil. Ele também foi professor visitante em várias universidades europeias..

Em 2011, foi assinado um Acordo de Livre Comércio entre o Mercosul e a Palestina, na presença dos chanceleres e presidentes do organismo regional e al-Maliki.

Nascidos em 1955
Políticos da Palestina
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Javeriana
Engenheiros civis

Riyad al-Maliki


ابن الدُّرَيْهم، (712 هـ-762 هـ)، هو علي بن محمد بن عبد العزيز بن فتوح بن إبراهيم بن أبي بكر، المعروف بابن الدريهم الموصلي التغلبي الشافعي، الصدر الرئيس الفاضل العالم النحرير المدقق المتفنن الفريد، والدريهم لقب لجده الأعلى، وهو مصغر درهم، لقب به لقوله مرة (دريهم) فلزمه ذلك، ولد في شعبان سنة اثنى عشر وسبعمائة هجرية.

قرأ ابن الدريهم القرآن وهو صغير على أبي بكر بن العلم الموصلي، وتفقّه في الدين على الشيخ زين الدين بن شيخ العوينة الشافعي، وقرأ عليه كثيراً من علم الرياضيات، وأخذ علم الحديث النبوي عن علماء مصر، ونال الإجازة في اللغة العربيةَ عن الشيخ أثير الدين أبي حيان النحوي فقرأ عليه بعض تصانيفه ونال منه الإجازة العلمية.

لقد أوتي ابن الدريهم من الذكاء ما جعل أقرانه يشهدون له، ويقرون بفضله، قال فيه الصفدي: (كان أعجوبة من أعاجيب الزمان في ذكائه، ولم أر أحدا أحدّ منه ذهنا في الكلام على الحروف وخواصها، وما يتعلق بالأوفاق وأوضاعها، وله مشاركة في غير ما علمٍ من فقه وحديث وأصول دين وأصول فقه، وقراءات ومقالات، ومعرفة فروع من غير مذهب وتفسير، وغير ذلك يتكلم فيه جدا كلام من ذهنه حاد وقاد، وأما الحساب والأوفاق وخواص الحروف وحل المترجم (أي استخراج المعمّى وحل الشفرة) والألغاز والأحاجي فأمر بارع، وكذلك النجوم وحل التقويم).

من مؤلفاته
 اقتناع الحُذَّاق في أنواع الأوفاق.
 إيضاح المُبْهَم في حلّ المُتَرْجَم.
 إيقاظ المصيب في الشطرنج والمناصيب.
 بسط الفوائد في شرح حساب القواعد.
 بوادر الحلوم في نوادر العلوم.
 تصاريف الدهر في تعاريف الزّجر.
 تنائي المناظر في المرائي والمناظر.
 ذات القوافي.
 سبر الصرف في سرّ الحرف.
 سلَّم الحراسة في علم الفراسة.
 شرح الأسْعَرْدِيّة في الحساب.
 غاية الإعجاز في الأحاجي والألغاز.
 غاية المَغْنَم في الاسم الأعظم.
 قصيدة في حَلِّ رموز الأقلام المكتوبة على البرابي.
 كنز الدّرر في حروف أوائل السور.
 مختصر المُبْهَم في حلِّ المُتَرْجَم.
 مفتاح الكنوز في إيضاح المرموز.
 المناسبات العددية في الأسماء المحمّديّة.
 مناسبة الحساب في أسماء الأنبياء المذكورين في الكتاب.
 منهج الصواب.
 نظم لقواعد فَنِّ المُتَرْجَم وضوابطه.

وصلات خارجية
 ابن الدريهم وجهوده في علم التعمية (التشفير)

مراجع

رياضياتيون عراقيون من العصور الوسطى
رياضياتيون عرب من العصور الوسطى
رياضياتيون من العصر الذهبي للإسلام
شافعية
عرب في القرن 14
علماء تعمية
مسلمون في القرن 14
مواليد 1312
مواليد 712 هـ
وفيات 762 هـ
وفيات القرن 14

ابن الدريهم


شركة الاسمنت بقابس هي شركة تونسية لصناعة الاسمنت والجبس والجير. يقع مصنعها قرب مدينة الحامة بولاية قابس.

شركات تونسية منتجة للإسمنت

شركة الإسمنت بقابس


Jupiterov polumjer ili Jupiterov radijus (RJ  ili RJup) ima vrijednost od 71,492 km (44.423 milja), ili 11,2 zemaljskih radijusa (R⊕) (jedan Zemljin radijus jednak je 0.08921 RJ). Jupiterov polumjer je jedinica duljine koja se u astronomiji koristi za opisivanje polumjera plinovitih divova i nekih ekstrasolarnih planeta. Također se koristi u opisivanju smeđih patuljaka.

U 2015., Međunarodna astronomska unija je definirala nominalni ekvatorijalni Jupiterov polumjer kao konstantan bez obzira na naknadne poboljšanja u mjernom preciznošću RJ.

Ova se konstanta točno definira:

  = 7.1492×107 m

Slično tome, nominalni polarni Jupiterov polumjer točno je definiran:

  = 6.6854×107 m

Te vrijednosti odgovaraju polumjeru Jupitera pri tlaku od 1 bara. Uobičajena je upotreba odnosi se na ekvatorski polumjer, osim ako polarni radijus nije posebno potreban.

Usporedba

Za usporedbu, jedan Sunčev radijus ekvivalentan je:

 400 Mjesečevih polumjera (RL)
 109 Zemljinih polumjera (R⊕)
 9.735 Jupiterovih polumjera (RJ)

Izvori

Mjerne jedinice u astronomiji
Planetologija

Jupiterov polumjer


اللفظ المهجور هو اللفظ الذي كان متداولاً في الماضي، ثم قلل من استعماله إلى أن صار نادراً، فلم يستعمل في الحاضر إلا للدلالة على شيء من الماضي.

تستخدم القواميس على نطاق واسع التمييز بين الكلمات المهجورة والبائدة. الكلمة أو المعنى المهجور هو الذي لا يزال له بعض الاستخدام الحالي ولكن تضاءل استخدامه في سياقات معينة، حيث التلفّظ بها يشير إلى أنها لغة غير محكية ومهجورة.

انظر أيضاً
لفظ متروك

حواش

ألفاظ أثرية
علم المعاجم
أ

لفظ مهجور


An Eriochloa boliviensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephen Andrew Renvoize. An Eriochloa boliviensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriochloa

Eriochloa boliviensis


Virüs, bakterilerden küçük olan ve konak olarak canlılar dünyasının her üç üst âlemini (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya) de kullanabilen parazit nitelikli enfeksiyon ajanlarının genel adıdır.

"Virüs" ifadesinin diğer olası anlam ve kullanımları şunlardır:

Bilgisayar:
 Bilgisayar virüsü: Bilgisayar ortamında kendi kendini kopyalayan zararlı program.
 Virus: David Braben tarafından tasarlanmış, 1988 yılı yapımı bir bilgisayar oyunu.

Kitap
 Virus: Dark Horse Comics'in 1995'te yayınladığı ve 1999 yılı ABD filmi Virüs'e esin kaynağı olmuş çizgi roman.

Müzik:
 Virus Recordings: Birleşik Krallık'ta yerleşik bir plak şirketi.
 The Virus: ABD'den bir punk rock grubu.
 Virus: Iron Maiden'ın bir şarkısı

Sinema:
 Virüs: 1980 yılı Japonya yapımı bir bilimkurgu filmi.
 Virüs: 1999 yılı ABD yapımı bir bilimkurgu/korku filmi.

Virüs (anlam ayrımı)


المِنَامَةُ هي لباس شائع يرتدى قبل النوم ويتكون من سروال وقميص وأحياناً يرتدى مع جوارب، وبالنسبة للرضع فإن هذا الزي يتكون من قطعة واحدة.

أصلها
كلمة بيجاما أصلها فارسي وتعني سروال فضفاض وانتشرت في أوروبا في بداية القرن العشرين.

مكوناتها
تتكون المنامة أساساً من سروال خفيف واسع يربط على الجسم برباط، وجزء علوي خفيف أيضاً. ويرتديها الرجال والنساء.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 نوم

المراجع

بذلات
تاريخ الملابس (موضة غربية)
تاريخ الموضة
تاريخ ملابس آسيوية
ملابس أطفال
ملابس نوم
ملابس داخلية
ملابس هندية

منامة


Le Bjørnafjorden (ou Bjørnafjord) est un vaste tronçon de fjord situé dans le comté de Vestland, en Norvège. Il est situé au sud de Bergen entre la péninsule de Bergen (« Bergenshalvøya ») et le continent, au nord, et les îles des municipalités de Tysnes et Austevoll. Il traverse les municipalités de Tysnes (au sud), Austevoll (à l'ouest) et Bjørnafjorden (au nord et à l'est).

Géographie
Le fjord mesure environ 30 km de long, depuis Krossfjord, au nord d'Austevoll à l'ouest, jusqu'à Revnestrand sur le continent dans la municipalité de Bjørnafjorden à l'est. Il mesure environ 10 km de large, et a une profondeur maximale de 583 m. Il fait partie de la principale route maritime pour la navigation côtière. Au sud du village d'Osøyro, le Fusafjorden, initialement d'environ 8 km de large, bifurque vers le nord. Après environ 12 km, il se divise en trois bras :
 le Samnangerfjord de 23 km de long, qui mène plus au nord ;
 l'Ådlandsfjord, qui ne fait que 4 km de long environ, et s'étend vers le nord-nord-est ;
 et l'Eikelandsfjord, qui s'étend à l'est, long d'environ 5 km.

La municipalité de Bjørnafjorden, qui a été créée le  janvier 2020 lors de la fusion entre les anciennes municipalités d'Os et de Fusa, porte le nom du fjord.

Transports
Deux liaisons par ferry traversent le Bjørnafjorden. Le terminal nord pour les deux est Halhjem, au sud d'Osøyro dans la municipalité de Bjørnafjorden. De là, un ferry emprunte la route européenne 39 (Bergen-Haugesund) jusqu'à Sandvikvåg sur l'île de Stord (durée du trajet 40 minutes). L'autre ferry va jusqu'à Våge sur l'île de Tysnesøy.

L'Administration norvégienne des routes d'État (« Statens vegvesen ») prévoit de construire un pont sur le Bjørnafjorden et a présenté le concept en octobre 2019. Il s'agit d'une combinaison de pont suspendu et de pont flottant, d'une longueur totale de plus de 5 km. Au sud, il y a un seul pylône en forme de A sur le Svarvahelleholmen, puis un longeron immédiatement au nord de l'île de Reksteren, la route passant à 45 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer sur la route maritime d'environ 300 m de large. Après cela, la route descendra lentement dans un virage à droite allongé vers la petite île de Røtinga, qui se trouve au large du continent à l'ouest de Halhjem. Elle sera portée par une chaîne de 40 pontons en acier, flottant à des intervalles d'environ 100 m chacun. Au moins trois des pontons doivent être ancrés au fond du fjord, mais les autres doivent flotter librement, afin de rencontrer les courants de vent et de marée de la manière la plus flexible possible. Les coûts de construction sont provisoirement estimés à environ 12 milliards de NOK (1,3 milliard de dollars US). L'appel d'offres est attendu en 2022.

Voir aussi
 Liste des fjords de Norvège

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .
 .

Fjord dans le comté de Vestland

Bjørnafjorden (fjord)


Vesarte Pamplona es un movimiento artístico, anónimo y popular que nace en Pamplona, Navarra.

Historia
El movimiento nace en Pamplona oficialmente el 25 de abril de 2008 con el fin de denunciar el sistema socioeconómico que rige la sociedad moderna. Se denomina movimiento artístico, popular, anónimo y de denuncia social. Nace con la necesidad de impulsar la participación de la ciudadanía en la calle. Se crea como denuncia hacia las instituciones económicas y políticas, que gestionan la calle y el espacio público para beneficio propio. Desplazando a un segundo plano a la ciudadanía, que se utiliza como simple instrumento de consumo-producción para mantener el sistema neoliberal de forma alienante.

Este nacimiento es producido por la unión de diferentes artistas anónimos/as y gente con inquietudes que han actuado en diferentes propuestas populares. Que apuestan por más participación del pueblo en la calle. Desde el movimiento, se renuncia a adherirse o gestionarse por medio de partidos políticos, sindicatos, corriente religiosas o empresas privadas. Renuncia también a cualquier subvención pública o privada. Trabajan sin ningún tipo de medio pero con creatividad.

El movimiento se define, no como un grupo, si no como una idea, la idea de que el/la ciudadana/o salga a la calle a recuperar su espacio utilizando como arma el Arte Popular.

Política: artistas anónimas/os Copyleft y artesanos/as

Vesarte Pamplona apuesta por un arte libre, defendiendo la ideología copyleft, donde se reconoce el/la autor/a pero la obra queda para el disfrute universal. Por eso apuesta por un anonimato artístico, donde lo importante no es el/la autora/or si no la obra, donde lo importante es que el pueblo salga a la calle a expresarse y recuperar su espacio popular. Vesarte ve el copyright como un sistema creado por una sociedad capitalista, que pone precio a todo y donde ve que todo se puede comprar y vender. Para vesarte, el arte no tiene precio, es algo universal y tiene que servir como una forma de multiexpresión ciudadana. El arte tiene que servir para crear, unir y mestizar culturas y pueblos. Y sobre todo, para crecer como personas, y alcanzar el verdadero espíritu del ser humano.

Logo

El logo oficial se compone del nombre en negro, colocado encima de un ojo con una pupila roja, sobre un fondo blanco.  El juego de colores rojo, blanco y negro, se relaciona con la vestimenta típica de las fiestas de Pamplona, los Sanfermines, donde la gente viste de blanco, con pañuelo y faja roja. El ojo que aparece en el logo es un tributo al libro La naranja mecánica donde en la versión cinematográfica, el protagonista aparece pintado con dicho ojo.
El libro expresa como los medios de poder controlan la moral y manipulan a la persona normal hasta llegar a corromperla. Con el ojo, vesarte pamplona quiere expresar todo lo contrario, el ciudadano actuando en su entorno sin intermediarios y sin ningún tipo de poder especulativo, económico o político sobre todo. Así, la persona, apuesta por proyectos populares que se crean directamente por y para el pueblo.

Protestas notables
El sábado 21 de enero de 2012 el colectivo regaló al Parlamento de Navarra un cuadro acrílico de la expresidenta del mismo, Elena Torres, en protesta por el encargo de un lienzo de la expresidenta para añadir a la galería de presidentes. Este lienzo fue encargado al pintor Tomás Muñoz Asensio con un coste de 6.980 euros a las arcas forales. Por este motivo, el colectivo decidió retratar de manera altruista a la expresidenta con el fin de que cancelara la ejecución del cuadro oficial y se destinara el dinero a partidas afectadas por los recortes anunciados en enero de 2012.

En abril del 2012 vesarte volvió a realizar otro cuadro protesta, esta vez de Jose Bono, expresidente de la mesa del congreso en Madrid, cuyo cuadro oficial costo 82.600 euros, la reivindicación fue la misma, que ese dinero se utilizase para partidas sociales<ref></</ref>

Proyectos populares
 Cuadros colgados en la calle: ciudadanos anónimos haciendo arte popula.
 Disfruta copia devuelve: parecido al bookcrossing pero con todo tipo de arte popular.
 Multiconciertos: 5 horas de espectáculos musicales y audiovisuales, con más de 15 grupos, y un montón de artistas.
 MUSUTRUKE: Red Gratuita de Cultura, Cursos gratuitos, donde la gente puede venir a recibir a dar o a ceder un espacio para realizarlos. Multitud de cursos, entre ellos; Fotografía, pintura, crochet, informática musical, sonorizacion, encuadernación, bailes y danza, tiro con arco, y muchos más.
 Maquillaje performance y sesiones de fotos en la calle

Eslóganes
 Quiero vesarte en pamplona: quiero ver arte anónimo y popular en pamplona
 Ver Arte, Ser Arte, y Formar P-Arte: incitando a la ciudadanía a disfrutar y participar en la calle
 Vesarte Pamplona, El Arte está en la calle: El arte define la cultura de un pueblo, y apostar por que el/la ciudadano/a sea parte de esa cultura es huir de los tópicos que imponen los sistemas socioeconómicos que rigen las sociedades modernas
 Todas las ideas están en el aire, todo el Arte en la Calle: Funcionar con proyectos que quedan en el aire hasta que un grupo de gente se organiza para hacerlos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Portal de encuentro de artistas y no artistas de Pamplona
 Vesarte en Basandere
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160416142055/http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/2015/04/13/ocio-y-cultura/cultura/intercambio-de-besos

Cultura de Pamplona
Movimientos artísticos

Vesarte Pamplona


579 (DLXXIX í rómverskum tölum) var 79. ár 6. aldar sem hófst á sunnudegi samkvæmt júlíanska tímatalinu. Það hefur verið þekkt sem árið 579 frá því snemma á miðöldum þegar Anno Domini-tímatalið, hið Kristna tímatal, var tekið upp.

Atburðir
 Stríð Býsantíum og Sassanída: Khosrau 1. Persakonungur sóttist eftir friðarsamkomulagi en lést áður en það var staðfest. Sonur hans, Hormzid 4., neitaði að láta landsvæði eftir og hélt stríðinu áfram.
 Vísigotneski prinsinn Hermenegild giftist Ingundi. Hann gerði uppreisn gegn föður sínum, Liuvigild, og gerðist kaþólskur.
 Íbúar Limoges gerðu uppreisn gegn Chilperic 1. Mervíkingakonungi út af sköttum.
 Friðvaldur af Bernisíu tók við völdum.
 Xuan Di, keisari yfir Norður-Zhou, sagði af sér og 6 ára sonur hans, Jing Di, tók við.
 Jinpyeong var konungur kóreska ríkisins Silla.
 Pelagíus 2. varð páfi. Hann sendi Gregoríus sem sendimann til Konstantínópel til að óska eftir liðsauka gegn Langbörðum.

Fædd
 Fang Xuanling, ráðgjafi hjá Tangveldinu (d. 648).

Dáin
 30. júlí - Benedikt 1. páfi.
 Khosrau 1., Persakonungur.
 Þjóðrekur af Bernisíu, Englakonungur.

579
571-580

579


Der Gravelly Hill Interchange, besser bekannt als Spaghetti Junction (deutsch Spaghetti-Kreuzung) ist ein aufwändiges Autobahnkreuz nördlich der Stadt Birmingham in England. Es wurde am 24. Mai 1972 dem Verkehr freigegeben und der Bau kostete damals 10,8 Millionen £.

Allgemeines
Das Autobahnkreuz verknüpft die Autobahn M6, die Stadtautobahn A38(M) (auch als "Aston Expressway" bekannt), die A-Straßen A38, A5127 sowie einige nicht nummerierte Lokalstraßen miteinander. Es bedeckt eine Fläche von ca. 12 ha, bedient 18 Routen und hat insgesamt eine Länge von mehr als vier Kilometern, die M6 selbst stellt davon aber nur einen Kilometer. Es gibt 559 Betonpfeiler über fünf Ebenen.

Der Bau begann im Jahr 1968, zusammen mit dem damals letzten Teilstück der M6, der von Birmingham Richtung London führt. Dem Knoten mussten 160 Häuser, eine Fabrik, eine Bank sowie ein Wohnblock weichen und eine Gas- sowie drei Wasserleitungen mussten umgeleitet werden. Zur Zeit der Eröffnung trug das Bauwerk etwa 40.000 Fahrzeuge pro Tag, heute muss es etwa 210.000 Fahrzeuge täglich bewältigen.

Weitere Verbindungen
Unter dem Knoten trifft sich die Eisenbahnlinie der Cross City Line mit der Chase-Line-Eisenbahnlinie; außerdem treffen sich im Bereich des Autobahnkreuzes an der Salford Junction der Tame Valley Canal, der Birmingham-und-Fazeley-Kanal und der Grand Union Canal; River Rea und Hockley Brook münden hier in den River Tame.

Weblinks

 Beschreibung von BBC zum 30. Jahrestag (englisch)
 Örtliche Links zum Knoten (englisch)
 Eintrag des Senders ITV zum 40. Jahrestag (englisch)

Autobahnknoten
Erbaut in den 1970er Jahren
Verkehrsbauwerk in Birmingham
Verkehrsbauwerk in Europa
Straßenverkehr (England)

Gravelly Hill Interchange


Theodor Georg von Karajan (født 22. januar 1810 i Wien, død 28. april 1873 sammesteds) var en østrigsk oldskriftsudgiver. Han var far til Max Theodor von Karajan og farfars far til Herbert von Karajan.

von Karajan, der havde græske forældre, var 1850–51 professor i det tyske sprog og den tyske litteratur ved Wiens Universitet och derpå vicepræsident og fra 1866 præsident i det østrigske videnskabsakademi. Han blev 1870 andre forstander for det kejserlige hofbibliotek. Årene 1848–49 var han medlem af det tyske parlament i Frankfurt a. M. og havde fra 1867 sæde i det østrigske herrehus. von Karajan, der var en ivrig forsker i Østrigs, særlig Wiens, historie under ældste tider, udgav flere af den ældre tyske litteraturs værk, som Michael Behaims Buch von den Wienern 1462–65 (1843) samt skrev blandt andet monografier over Heinrich der Teichner og Abraham a Sancta Clara med flere.

Kilder

Filologer fra Østrig
Germanister
Historikere fra Østrig
Professorer fra Østrig
Ansatte ved Wiens Universitet
Bibliotekarer
Østrigere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Wien
Ugglan

Theodor von Karajan


Florin Curta (* 16. Januar 1965) ist ein rumänischstämmiger US-amerikanischer Historiker mit Schwerpunkt im Bereich der Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Osteuropa.

Curta studierte zunächst von 1984 bis 1988 Geschichte an der Universität Bukarest. 1990 bis 1993 war er als Archäologe am Institut für Archäologie in Bukarest tätig. Seit 1993 studierte er an der Western Michigan University, wo er 1998 promovierte. Seit 1999 lehrt er als Professor für mittelalterliche Geschichte und Archäologie an der Universität von Florida in Gainesville.

Curta ist Spezialist auf dem Gebiet der Geschichte des Balkans. Er hat mehrere wichtige Publikationen veröffentlicht, z. B. zu den spätantiken Slawen und der Geschichte Südosteuropas im Früh- und Hochmittelalter.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 The Making of the Slavs. History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700 A.D. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001 (ausgezeichnet mit dem Herbert Baxter Adams Prize of the American Historical Association).
 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, ca. 500–1250. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006.
 The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, c. 500 to 1050. The Early Middle Ages. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2011.

Herausgeberschaft
 East Central & Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 2005.
 Borders, barriers, and ethnogenesis. Frontiers in late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Brepols, Turnhout (Belgien) 2005.
 The other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2008.
 Neglected Barbarians. Brepols, Turnhout 2011.
 mit Bogdan-Petru Maleon (Hrsg.): The Steppe Lands and the World Beyond Them. Studies in Honor of Victor Spinei on his 70th Birthday. Editura Universității "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", Jassy 2013.

Weblinks

 Ausführlicher Lebenslauf (PDF; 125 kB)
 Florin Curta auf Academia.edu

Mittelalterhistoriker
Hochschullehrer (University of Florida)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1965
Mann

Florin Curta


Kamin (njem. Kamin, tal. camino, koji dolazi od lat. caminus, i iz grč. ϰάμıνος: peć, srodno s ϰαμάρα: svod) je otvoreno sobno ognjište koje prostoriju grije vatrom, djelomično smješteno u niši u zidu i izravno spojeno s dimnjakom. Podrijetlo vuče od drevnog otvorenog ognjišta u središtu prostorije. Kamin se od 12. stoljeća smješta se uza zid ili u kut prostorije. Čest je u dvoranama srednjovjekovnih burgova (vlastelinski grad ili zamak), a od 14. stoljeća i u kućama imućnijih građana. Izbočeni dio (konzole, arhitrav, natkrov, zid nad kaminom) umjetnički je oblikovan, ovisno o stilskome razdoblju. Najraskošnije dekorirani primjerci sa skulpturama, reljefima i heraldičkim motivima izvedenima u kamenu, mramoru, štuku, inkrustacijama u kovinama, intarzijama i rezbarijama u skupocjenim vrstama drva potječu iz doba renesanse i baroka.

Kamini su najstarije peći za grijanje s otvorenim ložištem. Zagrijavanje prostorije nastaje pretežno zračenjem topline. Stupanj iskoristivosti ovog grijanja jest svega od 10 do 15%, jer se najveći dio topline odvodi s dimnim plinovima kroz dimnjak. Grijanjem kaminom postizava se dobro provjetravanje, ali nedovoljno zagrijavanje prostorije. Kamini se danas rijetko upotrebljavaju, i to samo kao dodatno grijanje, a ponekad radi ukrasa (dekoracije).

Kamin na Jadranu

U jadranskim seoskim kućama otvoreno ognjište ili komin smješteno je uz začelni zid kuhinje. Moglo je biti posve jednostavno, napravljeno od nabijene zemlje i uzdignuto samo dvadesetak centimetara od tla, ali i nešto povišenije, s ložišnom pločom od opeka u drvenu okviru, položenom na pedesetak cm visoke drvene noge. Bilo je i ognjišta visokih do osamdesetak centimetara, s udubljenjem u prednjoj plohi za odlaganje pepela i ogrjevnoga drva. Ognjište je bilo opskrbljeno polupiramidalnim natkrovljem (napa) kojim se dim s ložišta usmjeravao prema dimnjaku te visećim lancem (komoštre) za prihvat lonaca.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Hrvatski običaji - Stari komin (kamin, ognjište), upotreba i tradicionalna stara pomagala na kaminu Narodni.net

Kućanski aparati
Arhitektonski elementi

Kamin


Als Wurzelanlauf wird in der Forstwirtschaft der verdickte Übergangsbereich der verholzten Sprossachse (Stammwalze) in die Wurzel bezeichnet.
Die Wurzelanläufe werden entweder vor dem Fällen senkrecht durchtrennt oder im Zuge des anschließenden Aufarbeitens des Stammes ebenso wie auch der Waldbart entfernt und verbleiben als Sägeabfall am Fällort.

Siehe auch
 Fälltechnik
 Portal:Land- und Forstwirtschaft

Literatur

Forstwirtschaft
Wurzel

Wurzelanlauf


ඉංග්‍රීසි  විකිපීඩියාව යනු නිදහස් විකිපීඩියා විශ්වකෝෂයේ ඉංග්රීසි භාෂා සංස්කරණයයි. 2001 ජනවාරි 15 වන දින ආරම්භ කරන ලද එය විකිපීඩියා විශ්වකෝෂයේ පළමුවන සංස්කරණය වන අතර, 2019 අප්‍රේල් මස වන විට එය ලිපි වැඩිම ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති සංස්කරණය වේ. 2019 ජූනි වන විට සියලු විකිපීඩියා සංස්කරණ වල ලිපි සැලකු විට එයින්  12% ක් ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා සංස්කරණයට අයත් වේ. 2015 නොවැම්බර් 1 දිනදී එය ලිපි මිලියන 5 සීමාව ඉක්මවිය. 2019 ජූනි 6 වැනි දින වන විට එහි ලිපි 5,870,446 ක් අන්තර් ගතව ඇත. 2015 ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේදී ඉංග්රීසි විකිපීඩියාවේ ලිපි එකතුව සම්පීඩිත  කල විට ප්‍රමාණය ගිගාබයිට් 11.5 ක් විය.

ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියාව