Kanzi (born October 28, 1980), also known by the lexigram  (from the character 太), is a male bonobo who has been the subject of several studies on great ape language. According to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, a primatologist who has studied the bonobo throughout his life, Kanzi has exhibited advanced linguistic aptitude.

Biography
Kanzi was born to Lorel and Bosandjo at Yerkes Field Station at Emory University in 1980. Shortly after birth, Kanzi was stolen and adopted by a more dominant female, Matata, the matriarch of the group.

In 1985, Kanzi was moved to the Language Research Center at Georgia State University.  He was later relocated, along with his sister, Panbanisha, to the Great Ape Trust, in Des Moines, Iowa.  The ill-fated facility, founded in 2004 by local businessman, Ted Townsend, closed after losing funding, experiencing allegations of neglect, and  a flood.

In 2013, the Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative (ACCI), under the direction of Jared Taglialatela, a professor at Kennesaw State University in Georgia, and Bill Hopkins, a professor at Georgia State University, took over the facility.

When the ACCI took over Kanzi's care in 2013, he was severely obese due to mismanagement of his diet and activity. His new caretakers changed Kanzi's diet to a more species-appropriate one and increased his opportunities for physical activity. Kanzi has since lost over seventy-five pounds.

As an infant, Kanzi accompanied Matata to sessions where Matata was taught language through keyboard lexigrams, but showed little interest in the lessons. It was a great surprise to researchers then when one day, while Matata was away, Kanzi began competently using the lexigrams, becoming not only the first observed ape to have learned aspects of language naturalistically rather than through direct training, but also the first observed bonobo to appear to use some elements of language at all. Within a short time, Kanzi had mastered the ten words that researchers had been struggling to teach his adoptive mother, and he has since learned more than 348, which he can also combine for new meaning.  When he hears a spoken word (through headphones, to filter out nonverbal clues), he points to the correct lexigram. He can initiate communication using the lexigrams.  Sue Savage Rumbaugh, in 2006, claimed Kanzi understands about 3,000 spoken words.

According to a Discover article, Kanzi is an accomplished tool user.

Kanzi's adoptive mother, Matata, was believed to be in her mid- to late- 40s when she died in June 2014. In the matriarchal society of bonobos, a male's position is primarily determined by the position of the females he is related to. Matata was the group's chief leader so his status as the highest ranking male was established by being adopted as her "son". According to Smithsonian Magazine, Kanzi "has the mien of an aging patriarch – he's balding and paunchy with serious, deep-set eyes." This description is confirmed by a full-page color photograph of Kanzi in the March 2008 National Geographic, and a full-page black-and-white photograph in Time magazine.

Examples of behavior and abilities

Kanzi's behavior and abilities have been the topic of research published in scientific journals, as well as reports in popular media.

Research programs

When he was eight years old, Kanzi was a subject of a research program in which his ability to respond to spoken requests was compared with that of a two-year-old human child called Alia. The study took nine months to complete. Kanzi and Alia were given 660 spoken instructions, asking them to deal with familiar objects in novel ways. Kanzi responded correctly to 74 percent of the instructions, Alia to 65 percent.

Another study, designed and carried out by archaeologists Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth, aimed to compare Kanzi's cognitive and mechanical abilities with those of early human ancestors who made and used Early Stone Age tools (probably Homo habilis), such as Oldowan stone flakes and cores (a core is the rock from which a flake has been removed). In this study, Schick and Toth showed Kanzi how to flake stone, producing a sharp edge that could be used to cut through a rope in order to gain access to a food reward. After modeling the flaking behavior on a variety of occasions, the researchers set up each experiment by placing a food reward inside a box with a transparent lid which was held closed by a length of rope. Kanzi would then be led into an enclosure where the box was located and provided with the stones needed for flaking (known as chert or flint). Over the course of this multi-year study, Kanzi not only learned how to flake, he also developed his own method by throwing the cobbles onto hard surfaces to make a flake, as opposed to the hand-held percussion method that was modeled for him. With the many sharp flakes he produced, Kanzi was able to cut through the rope to gain access to the food reward. However, the flakes he produced and used were more crude than those produced by Early Stone Age humans.

A similar study on the flaking abilities of chimpanzees failed to recreate the findings with Kanzi. The authors suggest that the discrepancies in findings are due to the differences in rearing backgrounds of the subjects. Whilst Kanzi spent a significant portion of his life around humans and being trained by them (leading to a high level of enculturation), the chimpanzees in the recent study were not trained or demonstrated how to make or use flakes (or in any other human behaviours). This may explain why Kanzi was able to develop flaking after observing humans, and the chimpanzees in the recent study were not.

Anecdotes

Kanzi is recognized for his ability to "evoke absent objects, invent new formulas to describe elements whose names he did not know...he had a certain notion of time and seemed to understand another's point of view." The following are anecdotes, rather than experimental demonstrations.

 In an outing in the woods in Georgia, Kanzi touched the symbols for "marshmallows" and "fire". Susan Savage-Rumbaugh said in an interview that, "Given matches and marshmallows, Kanzi snapped twigs for a fire, lit them with the matches and toasted the marshmallows on a stick." The Telegraph has published photographs of Kanzi putting together a fire for food.
 Paul Raffaele, at Savage-Rumbaugh's request, performed a haka for the Bonobos. This Māori war dance includes thigh-slapping, chest-thumping, and shouting. Almost all the bonobos present interpreted this as an aggressive display, and reacted with loud screams, tooth-baring, and pounding the walls and the floor. Kanzi, who remained calm, communicated with Savage-Rumbaugh using bonobo vocalizations; Savage-Rumbaugh interpreted these vocalizations, and said to Raffaele, "he'd like you to do it again just for him, in a room out back, so the others won't get upset." Later, a private performance in another room was carried out.
 Savage-Rumbaugh has observed Kanzi in communication to his sister. In this experiment, Kanzi was kept in a separate room of the Great Ape Project and shown some yogurt. Kanzi made some vocalizations that his sister could hear; his sister, Panbanisha, who could not see the yogurt, then pointed to the lexigram for yogurt, suggesting those vocalizations may have meaning.
 In one demonstration on the television show Champions of the Wild, Kanzi was shown playing the arcade game Pac-Man and understanding how to beat it.

Language
Although Kanzi learned to communicate using a keyboard with lexigrams, Kanzi also picked up some American Sign Language from watching videos of Koko the gorilla, who communicated using sign language to her keeper Penny Patterson; Savage-Rumbaugh did not realize Kanzi could sign until he signed, "You, Gorilla, Question", to anthropologist Dawn Prince-Hughes, who had previously worked closely with gorillas. Based on trials performed at Yerkes Primate Research Center, Kanzi was able to identify symbols correctly 89–95% of the time.
Kanzi cannot speak in a manner that is comprehensible to most humans, as bonobos have different vocal tracts than humans, which makes them incapable of reproducing most of the vocal sounds humans can make. Nonetheless, it was noticed that every time Kanzi communicated with humans with specially-designed graphic symbols, he also produced some vocalization.  Later, it was discovered that Kanzi was producing the articulatory equivalent of the symbols he was indicating, although in a very high pitch and with distortions.

According to the research of Dr. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Kanzi "can understand individual spoken words and how they are used in novel sentences". For example, the researcher asked Kanzi to go get the carrot in the microwave, Kanzi went directly to the microwave and completely ignored the carrot that was closer to him, but not in the microwave. In another example, a researcher gave the task, "feed your ball some tomato". Alia, a human 2-year-old, did not know what to do, but Kanzi immediately used a spongy toy Halloween pumpkin as a ball and began to feed the toy.

Limitations
Although Kanzi is considered to be the best case for apes acquiring language-like capabilities, his sentences were not equivalent to that of a 3-year old child. His semantic, syntactic and morphological abilities showed significant differences. For example, Kanzi did not use the word "strawberry" the same way a human child would. When he used "strawberry" it could mean a request to go to where the strawberries grow, a request to eat some, it could also have been as a name, and so on.

Kanzi also showed no ability in the use of function words, nor could he make use of morphology, such as indicating the plural form of a noun. Lastly, Kanzi did not display recursion, meaning that there was an upper bound to the length of his sentences that cannot be exceeded.

See also
 Ape language
 Evolution of language
 Human Ape, a National Geographic documentary film
 List of individual apes
 Yerkish
 Primate archaeology
Other animals used in language studies:

 Akeakamai
 Alex (parrot)
 Batyr
 Chantek
 Koko
 Kosik
 Nim Chimpsky
 Nyota
 Panbanisha
 Washoe

References

Further reading
 Joseph, John E., Nigel Love & Talbot J. Taylor (2001). Landmarks in Linguistic Thought II: The Western Tradition in the 20th Century (London & New York: Routledge), chapter 15: "Kanzi on Human Language".
 de Waal, Frans (2005). Our Inner Ape, .
 Raffaele, Paul (2006), "The Smart and Swinging Bonobo", Smithsonian, Volume 37, Number 8 (November 2006—a general article about bonobos).

External links

 60 Minutes Australia Talk to the Animals October 2011 featuring Kanzi

The Gentle Genius of Bonobos, TED talk in part about Kanzi
 Video documentary site by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh containing a documentary featuring Kanzi
 Speaking Bonobo article at the Smithsonianmag webpage

Individual apes involved in language studies
Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative
Animal intelligence
1980 animal births
Individual bonobos

Kanzi


Produtor e Presidente da Academia Portuguesa de Cinema, Paulo Trancoso foi ainda Presidente Associação de Produtores de Cinema e da Associação de Produtores e realizadores de Filmes Publicitários.

Nome Completo: Paulo Antonio Rodrigues Noronha Trancoso

Data de Nascimento: 22 de Maio, 1945, Lisboa

 Produtor Executivo da Costa do Castelo Filmes
 Presidente da Academia Portuguesa de Cinema 2011/2023

Biografia
Paulo António Rodrigues de Noronha Trancoso nasceu em Lisboa, a 22 de Maio de 1945. Frequenta o Liceu Pedro Nunes. Cursa Medicina em Paris (3 meses) e Lisboa, mas em 1969 é chamado para o serviço militar e abandona. Durante o serviço militar consegue tempo para fazer um curso de cinema, o primeiro ministrado no então Instituto de Novas Profissões.

Retornado à vida civil ingressa na agência de publicidade Ciesa, onde trabalha com «tv producer». É aí que começa a realizar alguns «spots» publicitários. Colabora na revista Enquadramento. Em 1978 funda a sua própria empresa produtora que, em 1982, tomará o nome de Costa do Castelo Filmes. Trabalha sobretudo em publicidade. Em meados dos anos 80, com o advento do «home vídeo», é um dos sócios da Publivideo e uma das pessoas que está na raiz do projecto de televisão privada que mais tarde daria origem à SIC. No princípio dos anos 90 funda, com o brasileiro Walter Arruda, a Máquina dos Sonhos, uma empresa de produção de televisão que fará as séries Procura-se (RTP, 1992), Giras & Pirosas (SIC, 1992), A Viúva do Enforcado (SIC, 1993) e a telenovela A Banqueira do Povo (RTP, 1993). É durante a produção desta última que a Costa do Castelo acorda a saída da Máquina dos Sonhos.

Para além da produção de filmes portugueses Paulo Trancoso (sempre na Costa do Castelo) é responsável pela produção executiva de alguns filmes estrangeiros rodados em Portugal, como The House of the Spirits, de Billie August (1993), La Reine Margot, de Patrice Chéreau (1994) ou Dans la Cour de Grands, de Florence Strauss (1995), "O Coração da Terra"ou "Night Train to Lisbon" (2012) de Billie August.

Para o Cinema Português produziu a "A Selva" de Leonel Vieira, "Duas Mulheres" de João Mário Grilo, "Manô" de George Felner, "Polifonias" e "Encontros" de Pierre Marie Goulet, "Pare Escute e Olhe" de Jorge Pelicano, "A Vossa Terra" e "A Vossa Casa" de João Mário Grilo, entre muitos outros.

Teve também uma presença relevante como editor de vídeo, sobretudo no campo dos grandes clássicos, editando e distribuindo Fellini, Truffaut, Antonioni, Wells, Chaplin, Renoir, Tarkowski, Visconti, Hitchcock, Demy, Pasolini, etc,

para além de muitos filmes portugueses.

Homem multímodo no seio do cinema, televisão e publicidade, Paulo Trancoso é o Presidente e Fundador da Academia Portuguesa de Cinema.

Projectos

Prémios

 Troféu Nova Gente 1998
 Prémio Globos de Ouro 2002
 Prémio Carreira Fantasporto 2011
 Premio Carreira Bragacine 2011
 Premio Carreira Curtas-Açores 2016
 Homenagem/Carreira- 5º Festival Internacional da Figueira da Foz/ Film Art 2019
 Homenagem-Carreira Festival CLIT /Festroia 2021

!Artigos novos
Cineastas de Portugal

Paulo Trancoso


es un director de anime. Su debut como director se inició en abril de 1998, con su participación en el cuarto episodio de serie Brain Powerd, producida por el estudio Sunrise. Es mayormente conocido por su trabajo en las adaptaciones al anime de videojuegos como Tears to Tiara y Utawarerumono, de la compañía japonesa Leaf. También es conocido por la adaptación del manga Akame Ga Kill al anime.

Trabajos
A continuación se muestran algunos de sus trabajos más destacados como director de anime y animaciones originales.

Anime
Amagami — Director de episodio (2010)
Akame Ga Kill! — Director (2014)
Chobits — Director de episodio (2002)
Galaxy Angel — Equipo de dirección (2001-2004)
Galaxy Angel II — Equipo de dirección, guion gráfico (2006)
Hamtaro — Storyboard (2000-2006)
Rozen Maiden — Director de episodio (2004)
Sola — Director (2007)
Tears to Tiara — Director (2009)
Utawarerumono — Director, storyboard (2006)

Animaciones originales
Ichigo 100% — Director (2004)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tomoki Kobayashi en Anime News Network (en inglés)
  en IMDb

Directores de anime

Tomoki Kobayashi


Don't Care prvi je EP američkog death metal-sastava Obituary. Diskografska kuća Roadrunner Records objavila ga je 26. srpnja 1994. Uradak je dobio ime po pjesmi sa studijskog albuma World Demise objavljenog iste godine.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Obituary
John Tardy – vokali
Trevor Peres – ritam gitara
Allen West – glavna gitara
Frank Watkins – bas-gitara
Donald Tardy – bubnjevi

Izvori

Albumi sastava Obituary
Albumi iz 1994.

Don't Care


Mona Abaza (geboren 1959 im Gouvernement asch-Scharqiyya; gestorben 5. Juli 2021 in Berlin) war eine ägyptische Soziologin.

Leben
Abaza beendete 1982 an der American University in Cairo (AUC) das Studium der Politischen Wissenschaften mit dem B.A. und erhielt 1986  einen Master in Soziologie an der University of Durham. Im Jahr 1990  promovierte sie an der Universität Bielefeld. 1990–1992 war sie Research Fellow am Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) in Singapur.

Sie war 1996–1997 Fellow des Wissenschaftskollegs zu Berlin und hatte Lehraufträge und Studienaufenthalte in Indonesien, Singapur, Malaysia, Frankreich (EHESS, 1996) und in den Niederlanden, 2001–2002, IIAS The International Institute for Asian Studies, und 2006–2007 Fellow, The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences, NIAS, Wassenaar. Im Jahr 2005 forschte sie zu "Veränderungen in der Konsumkultur" beim Institut der Rockefeller Foundation in Bellagio. In den Jahren 2009–2011 war sie Gastprofessorin der theologischen Fakultät der Universität Lund. 2014 Research Fellow, Morphomata, Köln. Abaza war Soziologieprofessorin an der AUC und von 2007 bis 2009 chair of department.

Durch ihre wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit und ihre Mehrsprachigkeit war Abaza eine Ansprechpartnerin für europäische Wissenschaftler und Journalisten bei der Beurteilung der sozialen Prozesse in der Arabischen Revolution.

Abaza erlag Anfang Juli 2021 in Berlin, wo sie medizinisch behandelt worden war, den Folgen einer langwierigen Krebserkrankung.

Schriften

Monographien
 Twentieth-century Egyptian art : the private collection of Sherwet Shafei, Cairo ; New York : American University in Cairo Press, 2011.
 Changing consumer cultures of modern Egypt : Cairo's urban reshaping, Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2006
 Debates on Islam and knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt : shifting worlds, Taylor & Francis, 2002
 Islamic education, perceptions and exchanges, Paris, Cahier d'Archipel, 1994
 Changing images of three generations of Azharites in Indonesia, Pasir Panjang, Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993
 Indonesian students in Cairo : Islamic education, perceptions and exchanges, Paris : Association Archipel, 1994. Diss. Univ. Bielefeld 1990
 The changing image of women in rural Egypt, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1987
 The Cotton Plantation Remembered, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2013. ISBN 978-977-416-571-9
 Cairo Collages, Every Day Life Practices After the Event, Manchester University Press, 2020

Ausgewählte Artikel und Kapitelbeiträge
 "Perceptions of Middle Eastern Islam in Southeast Asia and Islamic Revivalism". Der Orient, Maerz 1994, pp. 107–124.
 "A Preliminary Note on the Impact of External Islamic Trends in Malaysia". Internationales Asien Forum, Vol. 25, 1994, No. 1-2, p. 149-165.
 "Islam in South-east Asia: Varying Impact and images of the Middle East". in: Islam, Muslims and the Modern State.Case-Studies of Muslims in Thirteen Countries, ed. Hussin Mutalib and Taj ul-Islam Hashimi. The Macmillan Press, 1994. pp. 139–151.
 "A Profile of an Indonesian Azhari Living in Cairo", in: Archipel, Paris. 1996.pp, 31-44.
 "An Arab Origin Mosque in Singapore", Archipel, Paris, 1997, pp. 61–84.
 "Civil Society and Islam in Egypt: The Case of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd Case in Egypt". The Journal of Islamic and Arabic Studies, Australia. Vol. 2, No. 2, 1995, pp. 29.
 "Southeast Asia and the Middle East: al-Manar and Islamic Modernity" in: From The Mediterranean To the China Sea. Edited by Claude Guillot, Denys Lombard and Roderich Ptak, Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden 1998. pp. 93–113.
 "Südostasien und der Nahe Osten". in: Südostasien-Handbuch, Herausgebers. F. Ptak and B Dahm, Beck Verlag. 1999, pp. 357–364.
 "Shifting Landscapes of fashion in Contemporary Egypt". In: Fashion Theory. Vol 11, 2-3. (April 2007) pp 281–297.
 Mohammad Asad Shahab: Indonesian Arabic Writing"  Edited Volume By Eric Tagliacozzo. Southeast Asia and the Middle East : Islam, Movement and the Longue Durée, National University of Singapore, 2009.
 " 'Adat /Custom in the Middle East and Southeast Asia" in: Words in Motion, Towards A Global Lexicon; Edited by Carol Gluck and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Duke University Press, Durban and London, 2009, pp. 67–82.
 "Social Sciences in Egypt Swinging Pendulum: Commodification and (or) the Criminalization of a Field?" Editor Michael Burawoy in: Facing an Unequal World: Challenges For a Global Sociology,  Conference Proceedings of the 2009 Conference of the Council of National Associations of International Sociological Associations (ISA), Taipei, 2009.
 "The Trafficking with Tanwir (Enlightenment)", acts of the Conference convened by Susannah Heschel, Dartmouth College Titled: Transnational Migrations of Identity: Jews, Muslims and the Modernity Debate. Published in Comparative Studies on South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2010.
 "Asia Imagined by the Arabs", in: Islamic Studies and Islamic Education in Contemporary Southeast Asia, Editors: Kamaruzzaman Bustamam-Ahmad and Patrick Jory, Yayasan Ilmuwan, Kuala Lumpur, 2011,  pp. 1–29.
 " Downtown Cairo Imagined: Nostalgia and/Or Dubaization? " Urban Studies, May 2011.
 " Cyberspace and the Changing Face of Protest and Public Culture in Egypt" In: Democratic Transition in the Middle East, Unmaking Power. Edited by Larbi Sadiki, Heiko Wimmen, Layla Al Zubaidi, Routledge 2013, pp. 87–107.
 "The Motahajiba in Cairo, Inter-Arab Islamic Chic, Adaptations, Hybridity and Globalization" In: Fusion Fashion, Culture beyond Orientalism. ed. Gertrud Lehnert / Gabriele Mentges, Peter Lang, Frankfurt Main, 2013.
 "Walls, Segregating Downtown Cairo and the Mohammed Mahmud Street Graffiti", Theory, Culture and Society, 9 October 2012.
 "Cairo Dairy: Space-Wars, Public Visibility and The Transformation of Public Space in Post-Revolutionary Egypt In Public Space", in: Public Space, Media Space, edited Chris Berry, Janet Harbord, Rachel Moore, Palgrave MacMillan, 2013, p-88-109.
 "Post January Revolution Cairo: Urban Wars and the Reshaping of Public Space", Theory, Culture and Society, online am 30 September 2014 .
 "Graffiti and the Reshaping of Public Space in Cairo: Tensions between Political Struggles and Commercialization" in: Grafficity, in Visual Practices and Contestations in Urban Space, edited by Eva Youkhana and Larissa Förster, Morphomata, Volume 28, Wilhelm Fink, 2015.
 "Public space in Cairo: Dubai contra Tahrir" in Contemporary Political Theory (2016) 15, 427–435. doi:10.1057/s41296-016-0012-z; published online 30 June 2016.
 "Repetitive Repertoires: How Writing about Cairene Graffiti has turned into a serial Monotony" in: Graffiti and Street Art, Reading Writing and Representing the City. edited by Konstantinos Avramidis and Myrto Tsilimpounidi, Routledge, 2017.
 Cairo, Personal Reflections on Enduring Daily Life, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies • 16 (2016), pp. 234-252.
 "Cairo: Restoration and the Limits of Street Politics", Space and Culture 1–21, 2017, journals.sagepub.com/home/sac
 "Cairo After the Event: Fiction and Everyday Life" Eine Festschrift für Reinhard Schulze, edited by Florain Zemmin, Johanes Stephan, Monica Corrado, Anke Von Kugelgen, Brill, Leiden. 2018.

Weblinks

 Mona Abaza bei AUC (en)
 Mona Abaza bei muslimreviewonline (en)

Einzelnachweise

Soziologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Kairo)
Ägypter
Geboren 1959
Gestorben 2021
Frau

Mona Abaza


Algarinejo, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin güneyinde en fazla nüfusa sahip bulunan Endülüs özerk bölgesine bağlı sekiz eyaletten biri olan Granada'ya bağlı 170 belediyeden biridir. Algarinejo belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 4268 kişidir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Turizm danışma sitesi
 Algarinejo konumu

Granada'nın belediyeleri

Algarinejo


Crkva sv. Mihovila s grobljem, zaštićeno kulturno dobro u općini Pojezerje.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Mihovila na Struzima smještena je na prijevoju na brdu Zla Gora u općini Pojezerje, na trasi jedne od povijesnih komunikacija koje su područje Jezera i pripadajuća naselja zaleđa desne obale Neretve povezivale s unutrašnjošću. Crkva je jednobrodna građevina sa sačuvanim elementima kamenih i štuko profilacija barokne provenijencije i potječe iz 18. st., sa zadnjim intervencijama iz 20. stoljeća iz kojeg potječe i veći dio crkvenog inventara. Prostor crkve, kapele-mrtvačnice i groblja iz 19./20. st. ograđen je suhozidom koji je djelomično sagrađen nad ostacima jedne prapovijesne kamene gomile čiji je veći broj evidentiran na širem području Zle Gore. Stotinjak metara jugoistočno od crkve na položaju Crkvine, nalaze se ostaci srednjovjekovnog groblja sa stećcima, a ostaci nadgrobnih ploča pronalaze se i u okviru groblja sv. Mihovila. Crkva se u povijesnim izvorima spominje prvi put 1733. godine kao župna crkva stare župe Jezero i taj status zadržala je do 1798. godine. Unatoč brojnim dogradnjama kroz povijest, u značajnoj mjeri sačuvala je svoju izvornost te zajedno s grobljem predstavlja skladnu cjelinu koja svojim položajem i povijesnom slojevitošću pridonosi vrijednostima kulturnog i prirodnog krajolika.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom P-6180 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa preventivno zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao sakralna graditeljska baština.

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji
Pojezerje

Crkva sv. Mihovila na Struzima


En kopist er en person, der afskriver tekster. I den danske og norske statsadministration benyttedes kopist som stillingsbetegnelsen for visse underordnede embedsmænd (se kopibog).

For litterære tekster var kopistfunktionen en nødvendighed frem til bogtrykkerkunstens opfindelse i midten af 1400-tallet, og blev særlig udøvet i klostrene. Hvad offentlig og privat korrespondance angår var afskrift af egne breve, før de afsendtes, udbredt indtil omkring 1900.

Embedsmænd

Kopist


Break the silence er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1984 instrueret af Torben Skjødt Jensen.

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1984

Break the silence


Rakovčík este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Svidník din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 170 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Rakovčík este atestată documentar din 1572.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Rakovčík


Krystallopigí, en , ou Smardési (), est un village et un ancien dème du district régional de Flórina, en Macédoine-Occidentale, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Préspes,

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème s'élève à  tandis que celle du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Occidentale
Dème en Macédoine-Occidentale
Ancien dème en Grèce

Krystallopigí (Flórina)


Sort, hvid & grå er en kortfilm instrueret af Klaus Hjuler efter manuskript af Klaus Hjuler.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2000

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Sort, hvid & grå


Birdy er en amerikansk drama-film fra 1984 instrueret af Alan Parker og med musik af Peter Gabriel.

Medvirkende
 Matthew Modine som Birdy
 Nicolas Cage som Al Columbato
 John Harkins som Doktor Weiss
 Sandy Baron som Hr. Columbato
 Karen Young som Hannah Rourke
 Bruno Kirby som Renaldi
 Nancy Fish som Fru Prevost
 George Buck som Birdys far
 Dolores Sage som Birdys mor
 Pat Ryan som Joe Sagessa

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1984
Actionfilm fra USA
Krigsfilm fra USA
Dramafilm fra USA
Engelsksprogede film

Birdy (film)


أنشودة ناورو (باللغة الناورونية : Nauru Bwiema)هي النشيد الوطني الرسمي لجمهورية ناورو.

الكلمات واللحن
صاغ كلمات النشيد الشاعرة الناورونية مارغريت هندري. وقام بتلحينها الموسيقي الأسترالي لورنس هنري هيكز.

أُعتمد النشيد الوطني رسمياً في عام الاستقلال، 1968 للميلاد.

كلمات النشيد باللغة الناورونية
Nauru bwiema, ngabena ma auwe.

Ma dedaro bwe dogum, mo otata bet egom.

Atsin ngago bwien okor, ama bagadugu

Epoa ngabuna ri nan orre bet imur.

Ama memag ma nan epodan eredu won engiden,

Miyan aema ngeiyin ouge,

Nauru eko dogin!

ترجمة كلمات النشيد للعربية
ناورو وطننا، ونحن نحب الأرض كثيراً،

كلنا نصلي من أجلك، ممجدين اسمك أيضاً.

منذ عهدٍ بعيد كنتِ بيت أجدادنا العظماء

وللأجيال التي لم تأت بعد.

يشترك جميعنا لتشريف علمك،

وسنبتهج سوية ونقول ؛

ناورو إلى الأبد !

مراجع

أغاني 1968
أناشيد وطنية
تأسيسات سنة 1968 في ناورو
رموز ناورو الوطنية
موسيقى ناورونية

أغنية ناورو


Sterile or sterility may refer to:

Asepsis, a state of being free from biological contaminants
Sterile (archaeology), a sediment deposit which contains no evidence of human activity
Sterilization (microbiology), any process that eliminates or kills all forms of life or removes them from an item or a field
Sterility (physiology), an inability of a living organism to effect sexual reproduction
Infertility, a medical condition which prevents a person, an animal or a plant from bearing children, especially through natural means
Sterile Records, a record label which was formed by Nigel Ayers and Caroline K of the post-industrial music group Nocturnal Emissions in London in 1979

See also
Sterilization (disambiguation)

Sterility


LINS Vela (pennant number : S24) est le quatrième navire du premier lot de six sous-marins de  de la marine indienne. Il s'agit d'un sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel diesel-électrique basé sur la classe Scorpène, conçu par le groupe naval de défense et d'énergie français DCNS et fabriqué par Mazagon Dock Limited, un chantier naval indien à Bombay. La première découpe d'acier pour le sous-marin a commencé le  et le navire a été lancé le .

Le sous-marin a été livré à la marine indienne le  et officiellement mis en service par le chef d'état-major de la marine, l'amiral Karambir Singh, le .

Le sous-marin hérite de son nom de l' qui a servi dans la marine de 1973 à 2010, et était le navire de tête de la classe Vela. L'équipage de l'INS Vela (S40) était présent à la cérémonie de mise en service de l'INS Vela (S24). Vela est le nom d'un poisson indien de l'espèce de raie pastenague connu pour son agressivité et son pouvoir offensif, et sa capacité à se camoufler contre les prédateurs. L'insigne du sous-marin représente la raie pastenague nageant à travers les mers bleues. La mascotte du navire est un sous-rayon, un mot-valise de sous-marin et de raie. La mascotte symbolise la « métamorphose du caractère du sous-marin avec les qualités d'une raie ».

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Liste des sous-marins de l'Inde

Sous-marin de la Marine indienne
Navire construit en Inde
Bateau lancé en 2019
Vela

INS Vela (S24)


Holger Wormer (* 1969) ist ein deutscher Wissenschaftsjournalist und Hochschullehrer für Journalistik.

Leben
Wormer war seit 1986 freier Journalist, zunächst bei der Zeitung Rheinische Post. Anschließend war er freiberuflich und in Praktika für das P.M. Magazin und PM-Perspektive tätig. Außerdem arbeitete er für den Südwestfunk (Fernsehen), in der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit des Wissenschaftsverlages Verlag Chemie (heute Wiley-VCH Verlag), der Deutschen Presseagentur (dpa) und der Süddeutschen Zeitung. Wormer erhielt in dieser Zeit Stipendien des Stifterverbands für die Deutsche Wissenschaft und des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie.

Zwischen 1989 und 1995 studierte er Chemie und im Nebenfach Philosophie in Heidelberg, Ulm und Lyon. 1995 absolvierte er seine Diplomprüfung an der Universität Ulm mit einer Arbeit zum Thema Global Pollutant Flows in the Atmosphere bei dem analytischen Chemiker Karlheinz Ballschmiter. Zwischen Februar 1996 und November 2004 war Wormer Redakteur in der Wissenschaftsredaktion der Süddeutschen Zeitung. Sein Fokus in dieser Zeit lag auf Medizin, Gentechnologie, Ethik der Forschung und Bioethik und Chemie und Umwelt.

Seit 2004 ist er Professor für Journalistik an der Technischen Universität Dortmund. Außerdem ist er Mitglied der Jury des Hofschneider-Recherchepreises der Zürcher Stiftung experimentelle Biomedizin.

Preise und Auszeichnungen
 Preis der Friedrich-Deich-Stiftung
 Preis der Bayerischen Akademie für Suchtfragen
 Wissenschaftsbuch des Jahres 2012 (Österreich) mit Michael Dietz, Kategorie Naturwissenschaft und Technik, für "Endlich Mitwisser!"

Weblinks

 Homepage von Wormer an der Universität Dortmund
 Englische Homepage von Wormer mit Publikationsliste
 Seite über Wormer bei "Netzwerk Recherche"

Belege

Journalist (Deutschland)
Wissenschaftsjournalist
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Dortmund)
Chemiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1969
Mann

Holger Wormer


Mod målet - VM for hjemløse er en dokumentarfilm fra 2007 instrueret af Mira Jargil efter manuskript af Mira Jargil.

Handling
Per er god til fodbold, men mindre god til at få styr på tilværelsen. Nu skal han spille VM i gadefodbold for hjemløse. Sammen med resten af holdet skifter han for en stund øl og smøger ud med Cola og vitaminpiller, og kaster sig ud i et hårdt træningsprogram, der skal styrke krop og kampånd, selvtillid og sammenhold, for det gælder om at vinde! En film om et anderledes fodbold-VM, om nederlag og sejre, bristede håb og levende drømme.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2007

Mod målet - VM for hjemløse


Zabaya puede referirse a:

Zabaya, cuarto soberano amorreo de la ciudad sumeria de Larsa; o
Dan Zabaya, localidad de Níger.

Zabaya


George Mihai Florescu (n. Cluj-Napoca, Rumanía, 21 de mayo de 1984) es un futbolista internacional rumano. Juega como centrocampista de corte defensivo y actualmente juega en el FK Qäbälä.

Clubes

Palmarés
Sheriff Tiraspol
Divizia Naţională: 2004–05, 2005–06
Copa de Moldavia: 2005–06
Supercopa de Moldavia: 2004, 2005

Midtjylland
Superliga: subcampeón 2007–08

Alania Vladikavkaz
Copa de Rusia: subcampeón 2010–11

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Rumania en los años 2010

Futbolistas del Universitatea Cluj
Futbolistas del FC Sheriff Tiraspol
Futbolistas del FC Torpedo Moscú
Futbolistas del Midtjylland
Futbolistas del Alania Vladikavkaz
Futbolistas del Fútbol Club Arsenal Kyiv
Futbolistas del FC Dinamo Moscú
Nacidos en Cluj-Napoca

George Florescu


Easton er en by i et county seat i Northampton County, Pennsylvania, USA. Byen har  indbyggere. Easton ligger ved sammenløbet af Delaware River og Lehigh River, omkring 89 km nord for Philadelphia og 110 km vest for New York City.

Kendte fra Easton
 Lisa Ann - pornoskuespiller
 James McKeen Cattell - psykolog
 Daniel Dae Kim - skuespiller
 Robert B. Meyner - politiker
 Mulgrew Miller - pianist, jazzmusiker
 Randall Munroe - programmør

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Pennsylvania

Easton (Pennsylvania)


The Crying Game er en britisk romantisk dramafilm fra 1992 instrueret af Neil Jordan og med Forest Whitaker, Miranda Richardson og Stephen Rea i hovedrollerne.

Medvirkende
 Forest Whitaker som Jody
 Stephen Rea som Fergus
 Jaye Davidson som Dil
 Miranda Richardson som Jude
 Jim Broadbent som Col

Eksterne henvisninger

Britiske film fra 1992
LGBT-relaterede film fra Storbritannien
Romantiske film
Dramafilm fra Storbritannien
Psykologiske thrillere

The Crying Game


Østlig revhejre () er en fugleart, der lever i Oceanien og Østasien.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Oceaniens fugle
Fugle fra Østasien
Fugle fra Sydøstasien
Hejrer

Østlig revhejre


Lesley Jane Beale (apellido de soltera: Clarke, previamente:  Collins), es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica EastEnders, interpretada por la actriz Laurie Brett del 22 de junio del 2004 hasta el 27 de enero del 2012. Laurie regresó a la serie el 6 de enero del 2014 y se fue nuevamente el 23 de octubre del 2017.

Antecedentes
Jane es hija de Richard y Linda Clarke y hermana de Christian. Su primer esposo David Collins murió en el 2004 debido a la enfermedad de Huntington, después de estar juntos por casi doce años.

Biografía
Jane se fue de Walford en enero del 2012 para irse a trabajar en un restaurante en Cardiff.

Jane regresó en enero del 2014 después de que Peter Beale la llamara para decirle que el comportamiento de su padre Ian se había vuelto errático, cuando Jane aparece en la puerta de su exesposo, Ian se sorprende al verla ya que estaba a punto de proponerle matrimonio a su novia Denise Fox.

El 23 de octubre del 2017 Jane se fue de Walford después de que Max Branning la forzara, después de que ella descubriera sus planes.

Notas
 Laurie se fue por seis meses en mayo del 2011 debido a que dio a luz, sin embargo regresó el 8 de noviembre del mismo año y apareció por tres meses, sin embargo se fue de nuevo en el 2012, aunque la puerta para que regresara quedó abierta.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 BBC EastEnders Official Website :: Character :: Jane Beale
 EastEnders > Who's Who > Character > Jane Beale
 Waldford Web | Jane Beale

Personajes de EastEnders
Empresarias ficticias
Cocineros ficticios
Personajes ficticios con discapacidad

Jane Beale


A história do Cavaleiro do Cisne, ou Cavaleiro dos Cisnes, é um conto medieval sobre um misterioso salvador que chega num barco puxado por cisnes para defender uma donzela, com a única condição que o seu nome nunca seja divulgado.

As primeiras versões (preservadas em Dolopathos) não dão a identidade específica deste cavaleiro, mas o ciclo de chansons de geste da Velha Cruzada francesa adoptou-o para fazer do Cavaleiro Cisne (Le Chevalier au Cigne, primeira versão por volta de 1192) o ancestral lendário de Godfrey de Bouillon. O Chevalier au Cigne, também conhecido como Helias, figura como filho do Oriente de L'Islefort (ou Illefort) e a sua esposa Beatrix, talvez na versão mais familiar, que é a adotada para o Cheuelere Assigne inglês médio do final do século XIV. O nome da mãe do herói pode variar de Elioxe (provavelmente um mero eco de Hélias) a Beatriz dependendo do texto, e numa versão em espanhol, chama-se Isomberte.

Mais tarde, o poeta alemão Wolfram von Eschenbach incorporou o cavaleiro cisne Loherangrin no seu épico arturiano Parzival (primeiro quarto do século XIII). Um texto alemão, escrito por Konrad von Würzburg em 1257, também apresentava um Cavaleiro Cisne anónimo. As de Wolfram e Konrad foram usadas para construir o libreto para a ópera Lohengrin de Richard Wagner (Weimar 1850).

Outro exemplo do motivo é Brangemuer, o cavaleiro morto num barco que puxou por um cisne, e cuja aventura foi levada pelo irmão de Gawain Guerrehet (Gareth ou Gaheris) na primeira continuação de Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval.

Crianças Cisne
Nas anotações sobre o conto dos Filhos de Lir, em seu livro More Celtic Fairy Tales, o folclorista Joseph Jacobs escreveu que o "conhecido conto folclórico Continental" dos Sete Cisnes (ou Corvos) tinha uma ligação com o ciclo medieval do Cavaleiro do Cisne.

Os "Filhos dos Cisnes" parecem ter sido originalmente separados do ciclo Godfrey e da história do Cavaleiro dos Cisnes em geral. Paris identifica quatro grupos de variantes, que ele classifica geralmente pelo nome da mãe dos filhos cisne.

O conto em todas as variantes tem similitude não só com romances de cavalaria como O conto de O homem da lei e Emaré, mas a contos de fadas como A menina sem mãos. Assemelha-se ainda ao conto de fadas Os Seis Cisnes, onde irmãos transformados em pássaros são resgatados pelos esforços da sua irmã.

Dolopathos
Incluído no Dolopathos sive de Rege et Septem Sapientibus de Johannes de Alta-Silva (ca. 1190), uma versão latina dos Sete Sábios de Roma é uma história dos filhos do cisne que serviu como um precursor para os poemas do ciclo das Cruzadas. O conto foi adaptado para o francês Le roman de Dolopathos pelo poeta Herbert. A história é a seguinte:

Um jovem senhor sem nome perde-se durante a caça a um veado branco e vagueia por uma floresta encantada, onde encontra uma misteriosa mulher (claramente uma donzela cisne ou fada) no ato de se banhar, enquanto segura um colar de ouro. Ao verem-se, apaixonam-se  instantaneamente e consumam o seu amor. O jovem senhor leva-a para o seu castelo, e a donzela (assim como ela previu) dá à luz um septupleto, seis meninos e uma menina, com correntes de ouro no pescoço. Mas a sogra malvada troca o recém-nascido por sete filhotes. O servo com ordens de matar as crianças na floresta, abandona-as debaixo duma árvore. O jovem senhor é informado pela mãe perversa que a esposa deu à luz uma ninhada de filhotes, e este assim, pune-a enterrando-a até o pescoço durante sete anos. Algum tempo depois, o jovem senhor, enquanto caçava, encontra as crianças na floresta, e a mentira da mãe perversa começa a dissolver-se. O servo é enviado para revistá-los e encontrar os meninos a tomar banho em forma de cisnes, enquanto a irmã guarda as suas correntes de ouro. O servo rouba as correntes dos meninos, evitando que eles voltem à forma humana, e as correntes são levadas a um ourives para serem derretidas para fazer um cálice. Os meninos-cisne pousam no lago do jovem lorde, e a irmã, que ainda se transforma em humana pela magia da sua corrente, vai ao castelo para obter pão para os irmãos. Eventualmente, o jovem senhor pergunta a história dela para que a verdade seja revelada. O ourives não conseguiu derreter as correntes e ficou com elas. Finalmente, as correntes são devolvidas aos seis meninos, e eles recuperam os seus poderes, exceto um, cuja corrente o ferreiro tinha danificado na tentativa de destruição. Então este sozinho fica preso na forma de cisne. O trabalho segue dando dicas oblíquas de que este é o cisne do conto do Cavaleiro dos Cisnes, mais precisamente, que este era o cisne " quod cathena aurea militem in navicula trahat armatum (que puxou por uma corrente de ouro um cavaleiro armado num barco)."

Ciclo da cruzada: La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne
A história do Cavaleiro do Cisne aparece nas antigas chansons de geste do primeiro ciclo das Cruzadas, estabelecendo uma ancestralidade lendária de Godofredo de Bouillon, que em 1099 tornou-se governante do Reino de Jerusalém. Godfrey ocupou um lugar de destaque na imaginação cristã medieval, e a sua genealogia sombria tornou-se num tema popular para escritores da época.

O conto dos filhos-cisne ocorre no primeiro ramo do ciclo, ou La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne. Os textos podem ser classificados em quatro versões, 1) Elioxe, 2) Beatrix, 3) um composto Elioxe-Beatrix e 4) Isomberte. De Isomberte nenhuma cópia francesa sobreviveu, e é conhecido apenas a partir da Gran conquista de Ultramar espanhola. (Gaston Paris também usou um esquema de classificação um tanto semelhante para contos cognatos de crianças cisnes, aos quais ele se refere como Versão I.)

Elioxe segue o conto Dolopathos mais próximo, mas conta uma versão cortesã da história, substituindo o jovem lorde que se perde pelo Rei Lothair, um governante de além da Hungria e a donzela por Elioxe. Lothair perde o rumo e vai dar à beira duma fonte e enquanto dorme, é atendido por Elioxe, que sai da floresta das montanhas. O rei Lothair decide casar-se com ela, apesar dos protestos da sua mãe. No entanto, Elioxe prevê a sua própria morte ao dar à luz a sete filhos, e que um dos descendentes será o rei do Oriente.

Enquanto Lothair está ausente em guerra, a rainha-mãe Matrosilie ordena a um servo que leve as crianças em duas cestas e as deixe na floresta, e inventa a mentira de que a mãe deu à luz serpentes e morreu por causa das picadas. O servoni entanto, havia deixado as crianças na cabana do eremita, onde elas sobrevivem e sete anos depois são descobertas por um cortesão ganancioso chamado Rudemart. Atraído pelas correntes de ouro das crianças, este obtém instruções da rainha-mãe para roubá-las, mas não levando em conta seus números, perde a corrente pertencente à menina. Os seis rapazinhos sem as correntes voam em forma de cisne, e o seu pai Lothair emite uma ordem de proteção. O sobrinho do rei tenta caçar um dos pássaros para agradá-lo, mas o rei num ataque atira uma bacia de ouro que se quebra. Matrosilie então fornece um dos colares para fazer o reparo. Eventualmente, a verdade é esclarecida através da irmã dos irmãos cisnes. Todos os meninos recuperam a forma humana, exceto um. Enquanto outros buscam fortuna própria, um dos rapazes não se consegue separar do irmão que se transformou permanentemente em cisne, e torna-se assim no Cavaleiro dos Cisnes.

Nas variantes de Beatrix, a mulher insultou outra mulher por causa de seu alegado adultério, citando um nascimento múltiplo como prova disso, e foi então punida com um nascimento múltiplo dela mesma. Nas versões Beatrix, a mãe também é uma personagem vingativa. Nas variantes Isomberte, a mulher é uma princesa que foge de um casamento odiado.

Cavaleiro Cisne
A versão II envolve o próprio Cavaleiro Cisne. Essas histórias às vezes são associadas à história dos Filhos do Cisne, mas às vezes aparecem de forma independente, caso em que nenhuma explicação sobre o cisne é fornecida. Tudo isso descreve um cavaleiro que aparece com um cisne e resgata uma senhora; ele então desaparece depois que um tabu é quebrado, mas não antes de se tornar o ancestral de uma família ilustre. Às vezes, este é apenas um breve relato para apresentar um descendente. Pensa-se que a segunda versão deste conto foi escrita pelo trovador normando Jean Renart .

Em Brabant, o nome do Cavaleiro do Cisne é Helias. Foi sugerido que isso o liga ao deus solar grego, Hélios, mas o nome é, na verdade, uma variante comum do nome do profeta Elias, que, no entanto, foi conectado ao deus solar grego pela adoração ortodoxa devido à sua associação com o Monte Horeb e uma carroça de fogo.

Lohengrin
No início do século XIII, o poeta alemão Wolfram von Eschenbach adaptou o motivo do Cavaleiro Cisne para seu épico Parzival. Aqui, a história está ligada a Loherangrin, filho do protagonista Parzival e da rainha de Pelapeire Condwiramurs. Como em outras versões, Loherangrin é um cavaleiro que chega em um barco puxado por cisnes para defender uma senhora, neste caso Elsa de Brabant. Eles se casam, mas ele deve ir embora quando ela quebrar o tabu de perguntar seu nome.

No final do século XIII, o poeta Nouhusius (Nouhuwius) adaptou e expandiu a breve história de Wolfram para o romance Lohengrin. O poeta mudou ligeiramente o nome do personagem-título e acrescentou vários novos elementos à história, ligando os temas do Graal e do Cavaleiro dos Cisnes à história do Sacro Império Romano. No século XV, um poeta anônimo retomou a história do romance Lorengel. Esta versão omite o tabu de perguntar sobre o nome e as origens do herói, permitindo ao cavaleiro e à princesa um final feliz.

Em 1848, Richard Wagner adaptou o conto para sua popular ópera Lohengrin, provavelmente a obra por meio da qual a história do Cavaleiro Cisne é mais conhecida atualmente.

Legado
Uma versão húngara da história foi coletada pelo jornalista húngaro Elek Benedek, com o título Hattyú vitéz, e publicada em uma coleção de contos populares húngaros (Magyar mese-és mondavilág).

Bibliografia

Leitura adicional

 Alastair, Matthews. "Quando o cavaleiro cisne não é o cavaleiro cisne? Demantin and Literary Space in Medieval Europe, de Berthold Von Holle. " The Modern Language Review, vol. 112, nº 3, 2017, pp. 666–685. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/modelangrevi.112.3.0666. Acessado em 29 de abril de 2020.
 Barron, WRJ "'CHEVALERE ASSIGNE' AND THE 'NAISSANCE DU CHEVALIER AU CYGNE." Médio Ævum, vol. 36, não. 1, 1967, pp. 25–37. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43627310. Acessado em 30 de abril de 2020.
 Barron, WRJ "VERSÕES E TEXTOS DO 'NAISSANCE DU CHEVALIER AU CYGNE.'" Romênia, vol. 89, no. 356 (4), 1968, pp. 481–538. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/45040306. Acessado em 30 de abril de 2020.
 Barto, PS "The Schwanritter-Sceaf Myth in 'Perceval Le Gallois Ou Le Conte Du Graal." The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 19, não. 2, 1920, pp. 190–200. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27700998. Acessado em 29 de abril de 2020.
 Emplaincourt, Edmond A. e Jan A. Nelson. "'LA GESTE DU CHEVALIER AU CYGNE' : LA VERSION EN PROSE DE COPENHAGUE E LA TRADITION DU PREMIER CYCLE DE LA CROISADE. " Romênia, vol. 104, não. 415 (3), 1983, pp. 351–370. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/45040923. Acessado em 30 de abril de 2020.
 Smith, Hugh A. "ALGUMAS OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE UM MANUSCRITO DE BERNE DO 'CHANSON DU CHEVALIER AU CYGNE ET DE GODEFROY DE BOUILLON.'" Romênia, vol. 38, nº 149, 1909, pp. 120-128. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/45043984. Acessado em 29 de abril de 2020.
 Matthews, Alastair. O Lohengrin alemão medieval: poética narrativa na história do cavaleiro cisne. NED - Nova edição ed., Boydell & Brewer, 2016. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1k3s90m. Acessado em 29 de abril de 2020.
 Todd, Henry Alfred. "Introdução." PMLA, vol. 4, não. 3/4, 1889, pp. I-xv. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/456077. Acessado em 29 de abril de 2020.

Ligações externas

 Cheuelere Assigne Inglês Médio da Biblioteca Britânica MS Cotton Caligula A ii., Tradução para o inglês moderno

Literatura da Idade Média
Lendas medievais

Cavaleiro dos Cisnes


God of War er et tredjepersons action-adventure computerspil udviklet af Santa Monica Studio og udgivet af Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). Spillet blev udgivet den 22. marts 2005 til PlayStation 2 og er det først spil i serien af samme navn. Spillet foregår i oldtidens Grækenland, er løst baseret på græsk mytologi og har hævn som hovedmotiv. Spilleren kontrollerer karakteren Kratos, en spartansk kriger som tjener de olympiske guder. Gudinden Athene beder Krakos om at dræbe krigsguden Ares, som narrede Kratos til at dræbe sin kone og sit barn. Mens Ares belejrer Athen ud af had for Athene påbegynder Kratos sin søgen efter det ene objekt som kan stoppe guden: Pandoras æske.

Eksterne henvisninger

Computerspil fra 2005
PlayStation 2-spil
PlayStation 3-spil

God of War


Zaštićeno područje je jasno definirano područje koje je priznato sa svrhom i kojim se upravlja s ciljem trajnog očuvanja cjelokupne prirode, usluga ekosustava koje ono osigurava te pripadajućih kulturnih vrijednosti, na zakonski ili drugi učinkoviti način. Prvi nacrt ove definicije nastao je 2007. godine, i od tada je bio podvrgnut revizijama i izmjenama od strane brojnih stručnjaka unutar IUCN-a i Svjetske komisije za zaštićena područja (WCPA), da bi u svojoj konačnoj verziji bio prihvaćen na Svjetskom kongresu zaštite prirode (World Conservation Congress) u Barceloni, u listopadu 2008. godine. Ovakva je definicija zaštićenog područja prenesena i u Zakon o zaštiti prirode Republike Hrvatske.

Tumačenja definicije
IUCN po prihvaćenoj inačici iz 2008. ovako tumači djelove definicije zaštićenog područja:
 jasno definirano područje: Uključuje kopno, kopnene vode, more i obalno područje ili njihove kombinacije. Podrazumijeva sve tri dimenzije prostora, definirane unutar jasnih i dogovorenih granica. Granice u nekim slučajevima mogu biti određene elementima koji su promjenjivi u vremenu, primjerice obalom rijeke, kao i određenim već postojećim upravljačkim mjerama, primjerice zonama ograničenog korištenja.
 priznato: Područje može biti proglašeno od države ili različitih organizacija ili skupina ljudi, no kao takvo mora biti na neki način priznato, primjerice navedeno u Svjetskoj bazi zaštićenih područja (World Database on Protected Ares - WCPA), ili u slučaju zaštićenih područja u Hrvatskoj, u Upisniku zaštićenih prirodnih vrijednosti Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i energetike.
 sa svrhom: Ukazuje na dugoročnu posvećenost očuvanju, koja može biti utemeljena zakonskim aktom, međunarodnom konvencijom, sporazumom, ugovorom i sl.
 kojim se upravlja: Podrazumijeva provođenje konkretnih postupaka čiji je cilj očuvanje prirodnih (i drugih) vrijednosti zbog kojih je područje zaštićeno, uključujući izostanak bilo kakvog djelovanja ako je to najbolja strategija za postizanje ovog cilja.
 ...s ciljem: Postavljanje točno određenog cilja nužno je kako bi omogućilo i procjenu efikasnosti upravljanja zaštićenim područjem.
 trajno: Naglašava da upravljanje zaštićenim područjem nije kratkoročna, privremena strategija već kontinuirani proces.
 očuvanje: U kontekstu ove definicije, ova riječ označava in-situ održavanje ekosustava, prirodnih i poluprirodnih staništa te očuvanje stabilnih populacija divljih vrsta u njihovom prirodnom okruženju, odnosno domaćih ili kultiviranih vrsta u okruženju u kojem su one razvile svoje specifične karakteristike.
 cjelokupna priroda: Obuhvaća sveukupnu biološku raznolikost, na genetskom nivou, nivou vrsta i ekosustava, kao i geološku te krajobraznu raznolikost.
 usluge ekosustava: Odnosi se na usluge koje priroda pruža čovjeku, a čije korištenje nije u sukobu s ciljevima zaštite. Usluge ekosustava obuhvaćaju usluge na slobodnom raspolaganju, primjerice vodu, drvnu masu i genetičke resurse; usluge regulacije, poput ublaživanja ekstremnih prirodnih pojava, primjerice suše, poplave, erozije tla i bolesti; usluge podržavanja prirodnih procesa poput kruženja tvari i nastajanja tla; te kulturološke usluge poput rekreacijskih, duhovnih, vjerskih i drugih nematerijalnih koristi.
 kulturne vrijednosti: Sve kulturne vrijednosti koje nisu u sukobu s ciljevima očuvanja, uključujući osobito one koje im pridonose i one koje su same ugrožene.
 zakonski, ili drugi učinkoviti način: Upravljanje zaštićenim područjem može se odvijati sukladno zakonskim aktima, međunarodnim konvencijama ili sporazumima, ili prema tradicionalnim običajima, ili načelima nevladinih udruga.

Referentne baze u Hrvatskoj

Referentna baza i jedini službeni izvor podataka o zaštićenim područjima u Republici Hrvatskoj je Upisnik zaštićenih područja Uprave za zaštitu prirode Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i energetike. Sukladno Zakonu o zaštiti prirode RH, zaštićena područja upisuju se u Upisnik zaštićenih područja kojeg vodi Ministarstvo nadležno za poslove zaštite prirode i koje ga je dužno objaviti na internetu. Hrvatska agencija za okoliš i prirodu (HAOP), pravni sljednik Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode (DZZP), "uspostavlja i vodi Informacijski sustav zaštite prirode Republike Hrvatske, uvažavajući međunarodno prihvaćene standarde i obveze". Osim baza podataka koje sama i u suradnji s vanjskim suradnicima izrađuje i održava, tijekom godina Agencija je preuzela te redovno održava određene baze podataka čiji je vlasnik Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i energetike. Upisnik je izrađen 2015. godine, podatci su javni i dostupni svim korisnicima, kroz prostorni preglednik na mrežnim stranicama Bioportala (www.bioportal.hr/gis) – za svako zaštićeno područje posebno iz tablice rezultata pretraživanja ili identifikacije slojeva zaštićenih područja.

Upisnik zaštićenih područja sadrži podatke iz akata o proglašenju svih zaštićenih područja u Republici Hrvatskoj koja su zaštićena sukladno odredbama Zakona o zaštiti prirode. Prema podatcima iz Upisnika, površina zaštićenih područja iznosi 7529,64 km2 što čini 8,55 % ukupnog teritorija Republike Hrvatske. Ukupno je zaštićeno 408 područja u različitim kategorijama zaštite: strogi rezervat (2), nacionalni park (8), posebni rezervat (77), park prirode (11), regionalni park (2), spomenik prirode (80), značajni krajobraz (82), park-šuma (27) i spomenik parkovne arhitekture (119).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Zemljovid zaštićenih područja Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija, veljača 2020.

Zaštićeno područje


Andrejová este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Bardejov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 365 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Andrejová este atestată documentar din 1355.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Andrejová


Germania Superior  ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of today's western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany. Important cities were Besançon (Vesontio), Strasbourg (Argentoratum), Wiesbaden (Aquae Mattiacae), and Germania Superior's capital, Mainz (Mogontiacum). It comprised the Middle Rhine, bordering on the Limes Germanicus, and on the Alpine province of Raetia to the south-east. Although it had been occupied militarily since the reign of Augustus, Germania Superior (along with Germania Inferior) was not made into an official province until c. 85 AD.

Origin

Initial Roman involvement

The terms, "Upper Germania" and "Lower Germania" do not appear in the Commentarii de Bello Gallico of Julius Caesar, yet he writes about reports that the people who lived in those regions were referred to as "Germani" locally, a term used for a tribe that the Romans called the Germani cisrhenani, and that the name Germania seems to have been adopted to designate other indigenous tribes in the area. Lower Germania was occupied by the Belgae. Upper Germania was occupied by Gaulish tribes including the Helvetii, Sequani, Leuci, and Treveri, and, on the north bank of the middle Rhine, the remnant of the Germanic troops that had attempted to take Vesontio under Ariovistus, but who were defeated by Caesar in 58 BC.

The Romans did not abandon this region at any time after then. During a 5-year period in the initial years of his reign (28–23 BC), as Cassius Dio tells us (53.12), Augustus assumed direct governorship of the major senatorial provinces on grounds that they were in danger of insurrection and he alone commanded the troops required to restore security. They were to be restored to the Senate in ten years under proconsuls elected by the Senate.

Among these independent provinces was Upper Germania. Apparently it had become a province in the last years of the Roman Republic. Tacitus also mentions it as the province of Germania Superior in his Annales (3.41, 4.73, 13.53). Cassius Dio viewed the Germanic tribes as Celts, an impression given perhaps by Belgica, the name assigned to lower Germania at the time. Dio does not mention the border, but he views upper Germany as extending to the source of the Rhine. It is not clear if he was aware of the Upper Rhine in Switzerland, upstream from Lake Constance. Today the section of the Rhine running through upper Germania is called the middle Rhine.

Limit of the empire

Augustus had planned to incorporate all of central Germania in one province, Germania Magna. This plan was frustrated by the Germanic tribesmen at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Augustus decided to limit the empire at the Rhine-Danube border. Thereafter continual conflict prevailed along it, forcing the Romans to conduct punitive expeditions and fortify Germania Superior.

By 12 BC, major bases existed at Xanten (Castra Vetera) and Mainz (Mogontiacum), from which Drusus operated. A system of forts gradually developed around these bases. In 69–70, all the Roman fortications along the Rhine and Danube were destroyed by Germanic insurrections and civil war between the legions. At the conclusion of this violent but brief social storm they were rebuilt more extensively than before, with a road connecting Mainz and Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum).

Domitian went to war against the Chatti in 83–85, who were north of Frankfurt (in Hesse named after them). At this time the first line, or continuous fortified border, was constructed. It consisted of a cleared zone of observation, a palisade where practicable, wooden watchtowers and forts at the road crossings. At the end of the war against the Chatti Germania Superior was reestablished as an Imperial Roman province in 85, taking large amounts of territory from Gallia Lugdunensis. The Helvetii settlement area also became part of the province of Germania Superior.

The system reached maximum extent by 90. A Roman road went through the Odenwald and a network of secondary roads connected all the forts and towers. The future Emperor Trajan ruled the province from 96 until his accession in 98.

Defensive strategy

The plan governing the development of the limes was relatively simple. From a strategic point of view, the Agri Decumates, or region between the Rhine and Danube, offers a bulge in the line between the Celts and the Germanics, which the Germanics had tried to exploit under Ariovistus. The bulge divided the densely populated Celtic settlements along the entire river system in two. Invading forces could move up under cover of the Black Forest. Roman defensive works therefore cut across the base of the bulge, denying the protected corridor and shortening the line.

The key point was the shoulder of the bulge at Mogontiacum (Mainz) where the masse de manoevre or strategic reserves were located. The forts through the forest were relatively lightly defended and on that account were always being burned by the Alamanni. They gave advance notice, however. On being notified, the legions would strike out in preventative and punitive expeditions from Mainz or Strasburg, or Augsburg on the other side.

The entire system could only succeed if heavy troop concentrations were kept at Mainz. Fixed defenses alone are not much of a defense, in either ancient or modern times. Other forces are required for attack. At best the fixed defenses serve to warn or delay until a counterattack can be launched. For more complete details on the development of the limes, or frontier, see Limes Germanicus.

In the subsequent peaceful years, the limes lost its temporary character. Vici, or communities, developed around the forts. By 150, the towers and the bases had been rebuilt in stone. The soldiers now lived in good stone barracks within walls decorated by frescoes. Germanic civilization had changed as well. Where Caesar had described burning the wretched brush hovels of the Suebi who had come to fight for Ariovistus, the Chatti and the Alamanni now lived in comfortable Romanized villages around the limes.

End of the province
Post 400, as Rome slowly was losing control over its northernmost provinces over a period of 50 years, the southern (Swiss) parts of Germania Superior were incorporated into the Provincia Maxima Sequanorum before they became part of Burgundy in the early 5th century. The northern parts became part of Alemannia.

Governors of Germania Superior
 Gaius Silius AD 14–16
 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus 29–39
Servius Sulpicius Galba, 39–41, later emperor in 69.
 Publius Pomponius Secundus 50–54
 Hordeonius Flaccus c. 69
 Gaius Dillius Vocula 69–70
 Appius Annius Gallus 70–72
 Gnaeus Pinarius Cornelius Clemens 72–75
 Quintus Corellius Rufus 79–83
 Lucius Antonius Saturninus 87–89
 Gaius Octavius Tidius Tossianus Lucius Javolenus Priscus 89–92
Sextus Lusianus Proculus 93–96
Marcus Ulpius Traianus 96–97; better known as Trajan
 Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus 97/98
 Ignotus 110–112
 Kan[us Junius Niger] 116–118
 Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus Between 121 and 128
 [...]ius Celer 128/129-130/131
 Tiberius Claudius Quartinus 133/4 – 134/5
 Titus Caesernius Statianus c. 149 – c. 152
 Gaius Popilius Carus Pedo c. 152 – c. 155
 Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus c. 155 – c. 158
 Gaius Aufidius Victorinus c. 162 – c. 166
 Lucius Victorinus Flavius Caelianus c. 166 – c. 169
 Caerellius Priscus, name uncertain; possibly c. 174 – c. 177
 Publius Cornelius Anullinus c. 177 – c. 180
 Marcus Helvius Clemens Dextrianus From 187
 Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus c. 200 – c. 203
 Titus Statilius Barbarus c. 203
 Quintus Aiacius Modestus Crescentianus c. 206 – 209
 [...] Avitius Attested 28 March 213
 Quintus Junius [...] Quintianus Attested October 213
 Claudius Aelius Pollio c. 218
 Maximus Attianus Attested 28 March 229
 Sextus Catius Clementinus Priscillianus c. 231

Civitates
Ladenburg (Lopodunum) = Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicretum;
Wimpfen = Civitas Alisinensium;
Stuttgart = Cannstatt Castrum
Rottenburg (Sumelocenna) = Civitas Sumelocennensis;
Rottweil (Arae Flaviae)
Baden-Baden (Aquae) = Civitas Aquensis;
Mainz (Mogontiacum) = Civitas Aresacium;
Worms (Borbetomagus) = Civitas Vangionum;
Speyer (Noviomagus) = Civitas Nemetum;
Wiesbaden (Mattiacorum) = Civitas Mattiacorum;
Heddernheim (Nida) = Civitas Taunensium;
Dieburg = Civitas Auderiensium

See also
List of Germanic peoples
Heremus Helvetiorum

Notes

References

Further reading
Valerie M. Hope: Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquelia, Mainz and Nimes; British Archaeological Reports (16. Juli 2001)

External links
 The Fleets and Roman Border Policy
 LIMES GERMANIAE SUPERIORIS Germany.

Germany in the Roman era
Ancient Switzerland
80s establishments in the Roman Empire
States and territories established in the 80s
States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
470s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
475 disestablishments
Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate

Germania Superior


كيم شلستروم  (مواليد 24 أغسطس 1982 في ساندفيكن) لاعب كرة قدم سويدي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي ليون الفرنسي ومنتخب السويد في مركز الوسط. يتمتع بقوة التسديدات وبسببها تعرض مواطنه أندرياس إيزاكسون إلى إصابة أثناء الفترة التحضيرية للمشاركة في نهائيات كأس العالم 2006. يطلق عليه أحبائه لقب كونغو كيم. عادة ما يلعب كصانع ألعاب ولكنه يجيد اللعب في جميع مراكز خط الوسط ولكنه مؤخرا بدأ مدربا ليون ومنتخب السويد في اشراكه في مركز الجناح الأيسر. يعرف عنه تمريراته الدقيقة كما أن رفعه للكرة ممتاز كما يسدد بقدمه اليسرى.

المسيرة الاحترافية:

1999-2002 نادي هكن لعب 69 سجل 14

2002-2004 نادي يورغوردينس لعب 48 سجل 26

2004-2006 نادي رين لعب 83 سجل 20

2006-2012 نادي أولمبيك ليون لعب 204 سجل 17

2012-2015 نادي سبارتاك موسكو لعب 58 سجل 5

2014 نادي آرسنال (إعارة) لعب 3 سجل 0

2015-2017 نادي غراسهوبر لعب 49 سجل 1

2017 نادي يورغوردينس لعب 28 سجل 3

2017 اعتزل

المسيرة الرياضية مع الأندية

البدايات
أول نادي التحق شلستروم به هو نادي هكن السويدي الذي يقر مقره في مدينة غوتنبرغ ولكن بزغت نجوميته عندما انضم إلى نادي ديورغوردن سنة 2002 حيث حقق بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى في موسمين متتاليين 2002 و2003. أثناء مشاركة فريقه في بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي استطاع تسجيل هدفين في مرمى فريقي شامروك روفرز الأيرلندي وكوبنهاغن الدنماركي. في ربيع 2004 انتقل إلى نادي رين الفرنسي منضما إلى زميله السابق في نادي ديورغاردن أندرياس إيساكسون.

ليون
في 26 مايو 2006 وافق على الانتقال إلى نادي ليون الفرنسي وساهم في تحقيق بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى لموسمين متتاليين.

المسيرة الدولية
شارك شلستروم في أول مباراة دولية مع منتخب السويد في مواجهة منتخب فنلندا سنة 2001. كان ضمن تشكيلة منتخب السويد التي شاركت في بطولة بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004، كأس العالم 2006، وبطولة أمم أوروبا 2008. شارك شلستروم حتى فبراير 2009 في 62 مباراة دولية مسجلاً 12 هدف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويديون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في روسيا
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون من مقاطعة يافلبورغ
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري السويدي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2016
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري السوبر السويسري
لاعبو رين
لاعبو سبارتاك موسكو
لاعبو غراسهوبرز زيورخ
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو منتخب السويد تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب السويد لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب السويد لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي آرسنال
لاعبو نادي هاكن
لاعبو نادي يورغوردينس
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1982
نادي الفيفا المئوي

كيم شلستروم


Nelly Kim Furtado (d. 2 Aralık 1978), Kanadalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı.

Kariyeri

Portekiz asıllı Nelly Kim Furtado, küçük yaşta Portekiz'den Kanada'ya göç etti. İngilizce, Portekizce, İspanyolca ve az çok Hintçe bilen Furtado, ilk müzik deneyimini annesiyle birlikte bir kilisede düet yaparak yaşadı. 9 yaşında trompet, gitar ve klavye çalmaya başlayan sanatçı, 12 yaşında ilk bestelerini üretmeye başladı.

1996 yılında "Plains Of Fascination" adlı hip hop grubunun "Join the Ranks" albümünde "Waitin' For The Streets" şarkısına vokal yapan Nelly Furtado, 1997 yılında trip hop grubu "Nelstar"ı kurdu. Grubun çalışmaları sırasında ritim ve melodi tekniklerini geliştiren Furtado, trip hop müziğinin kendisini yansıtmadığını düşünerek gruptan ayrıldı. Aynı sene Toronto'daki bir gece kulübünde sahne alan sanatçı, The Philosopher Kings grubunun vokalisti Gerald Eaton'ın dikkatini çekmeyi başardı. Bu gruptan Gerald Eaton ve Brian West'in yardımıyla ilk demosunu çıkartan Nelly Furtado, DreamWorks Records ile anlaşarak ilk albümünün hazırlıklarına başladı.

2000 senesinde çıkarttığı ilk albüm Whoa, Nelly! ile tüm müzik dünyasının dikkatini çeken Nelly Furtado, özellikle albümden çıkan single'lar "I'm Like A Bird", "Turn Off The Light" ve "...On The Radio (Remember The Days)" ile tüm dünyada 5.500.000 sattı. 2002 Grammy'lerine dört dalda aday gösterilen sanatçı, bu ödüllerden "I'm Like A Bird" single'ı ile "En iyi Bayan Pop Vokal Performansı" ödülünü almayı başardı.

2003 senesinde 2. albümü Folklore ile sevenleriyle buluşan Nelly Furtado, bu albümle İngiltere ve Amerika'da altın plak alırken, özellikle Almanya'da da büyük bir başarı elde etti. Almanya'da iki kez platin plak kazanan albümden çıkan single'lar "Powerless (Say What You Want)", "Try" ve "Força" oldu. 2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nın resmi şarkısı olan "Força" ile Lisbon'daki final maçı öncesi sahne alan Furtado, 2005 yılında şirketi DreamWorks Records'un kapanmasından sonra Geffen Records'a geçti.

2006 yılında 3. albümü Loose'ı çıkartan Nelly Furtado, bu albümde Timbaland ile beraber çalıştı. R&B ve 80'ler sounduna yakın duran albüm öncesinde Nelly Furtado, System Of A Down ve Death From Above 1979 gruplarının albümlerini dinlemiş. Distorte bas melodilerinin yer aldığı "Loose" ile, çıkarttığı albümler arasında en büyük başarıyı elde eden sanatçı, bu albümle birçok ülkede 1 numara oldu. Albüm şu ana kadar 10.000.000 sattı ve Brit, Billboard, Juno ödülleri gibi önemli ödüller alarak en başarılılardan biri olduğunu kanıtladı.

Diğer işleri

Plak şirketi
Kendi plak şirketi, Nelstar'ı, Kanadalı bağımsız şirket Last Gang Labels ile birlikte kurmuştur. Nelstar'ın ilk imzaladığı kontrat Fritz Helder & the Phantoms iledir. Furtado ilk ispanyolca teklisi "Manos al Aire"i yeni şirketinden çıkardı.

Hayırseverlik faaliyetleri
2006'daki Dünya AIDS Günü için MTV, BET ve Nike'ın Güney Afrika'daki gerçekleştirdikleri AIDS farkındalık konserinde Furtado, Enrique Iglesias, Kanye West, Kelly Rowland, Snoop Dogg ve Kelly Clarkson ile yer aldı. Furtado aynı zamanda AIDS hakkında MTV'de  konuklarının  Alicia Keys ve Justin Timberlake'in olduğu bir program da sundu. Furtado, Toronto'da "Free the Children's WeDay"'de 1.000.000 $'ı Free the Children vakfı'nın Kenya Maasai bölgesinde kız çocukları için açılacak okullar için bağışladığını açıkladı.

Diskografi

 Whoa, Nelly! (2000)
 Folklore (2003)
 Loose (2006)
 Mi Plan (2009)
 The Spirit Indestructible (2012)
 The Ride (2017)

Filmografi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Nelly Furtado Resmi sitesi

1978 doğumlular

Kanadalı kadın pop şarkıcıları
BRIT Ödülü sahipleri
Juno Ödülü sahipleri
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Latin Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
20. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları

Nelly Furtado


Grid djevojke (poznate i pod nazivima race queens, pit djevojke, djevojke s kišobranima, te paddock djevojke) su hostese koje se radi promocije nalaze među osobljem na stazi u mototrkama. Njihov glavni zadatak je držanje tabele s imenom i startnim brojem vozača na startnom gridu neposredno prije početka utrke. Osim toga, sudjeluju i na ceremonijama dodjela nagrada nakon utrka. Uz sudjelovanje na utrkama, prisustvuju i na sajmovima automobila gdje stoje uz automobile te motocikle.

Vanjske poveznice

Marketing

Grid djevojke


سولا فيدي  وهي تعني «الإيمان فقط»، والمعروف أيضاً بعقيدة التبرير بالإيمان، عقيدة مثيرة للجدل تميز الطوائف البروتستانتية عن الكنيسة الكاثوليكية والأرثوذكسية الشرقية وحركات جديدة في المسيحية.

عقيدة سولا فيدي تشير إلى غفران الله عن خطايا المذنبين الذي يتلقى من خلال الإيمان فقط وبصرف النظر عن جهودهم أو أعمالهم. وفي هذا الرأي، كل البشر ساقط وخاطئ، وتحت لعنة الله، وغير قادر على تخليص نفسه عن غضب الله. ولكن الله يمنح العفو القضائي للخطاة على أساس حياة وموت وإقامة ابنه يسوع المسيح. فيعتبر الإيمان سلبياً، أي قبول المسيح وكل فوائده، التي منها بر يسوع المسيح الإيجابي (حياته كاملة الطاعة) والسلبي (عقابه الاستبدالي على الصليب). ويتم عزو بر المسيح من قبل الله للخاطئ المؤمن، بحيث لا يستند حكم الله بالعفو إلى شيء في الخاطئ، ولا إلى الأيمن ذاته، بل إلى يسوع المسيح وبره فقط، الذي يتم تلقيه بالإيمان فقط.

جذور العبارة
اعتبر مارتن لوثر سولا فيدي السبب الرئيسي وهتاف الحرب للإصلاح البروتستانتي، وأبرز فرق بين البروتستانتية والكاثوليكية الرومانية. كما قال جون كالفن: «كل من يرغب في الحصول على بر المسيح يجب أن ينبذ خاصته». وحسب كالفن، إنه ليس سوى بحصول الآثم على جدارة ابن الله وبالإيمان به والوحدة به أن يكون عند الآثم أي أمل في غفران وقبول وسلام الله.

في حين أن عبارة سولا فيدي لا تظهر صراحة في الكتاب المقدس (بإستثناء يعقوب 2:24، الذي يبدو أن يناقض العقيدة حسب البعض)، فإنه يقال إن العقيدة موجودة ضمنياً وتلخص تعاليم العهد الجديد، وخاصة رسائل بولس، التي ترفض فكرة التبرير بواسطة طاعة شريعة موسى.

معنى العقيدة
سولا فيدي لا تعني المعاداة للشريعة، ولا تسمح بالعصيان. بل تعتبر الطاعة للشريعة والأعمال الصالحة ثمار الإيمان الحقيقي.

تعالج التقاليد المسيحية المختلفة مسائل طبيعة ومعنى التبرير بشكل متضارب. ومن بين هذه المسائل:
 هل التبرير حدث فوري أم عملية تدريجية؟
 هل التبرير عمل الله وحده  أم تآزر الإنسان مع الله ؟
 هل التبرير دائم أم قابل لفقدانه؟
 ما هي العلاقة بين التبرير والتقديس (العملية التي يتكيف به الإنسان على صورة المسيح ويسلك وفقاً لمشيئة الله)؟

مراجع

مواضيع ذات صلة
 مارتن لوثر
 جان كالفن
 الإصلاح البروتستانتي

الخمسة سولا
ثيولوجيا لوثرية
جدالات متعلقة بالبروتستانتية
عبارات مسيحية

الخلاص في بروتستانتية

سولا فيدي


El llorón de varzea (Schiffornis major), también denominado saltarín grande o saltarín mayor (en Colombia), chifornis rufo (en Ecuador), silbador mayor (en Venezuela), shifornis de várzea (en Perú o flautín grande,  es una especie de ave paseriforme perteneciente al género Schiffornis de la familia Tityridae. Es nativo de la cuenca amazónica en América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat

Se distribuye en el sur y sureste de Colombia, sur de Venezuela, este de Ecuador, este de Perú, norte de Bolivia y centro occidente de la Amazonia brasileña.

Esta especie es poco común en su hábitat natural, que son las zonas inundables o várzeas del bosque húmedo y los bosques de galería, hasta los 300 m de altitud, pero fue registrado hasta los 1000 m en el sureste de Perú.

Descripción
Mide entre 15 y 15,5 cm de longitud y pesa 31 g. Su plumaje es de color rufo canela brillante en las partes superiores, más claro en la rabadilla y en las partes inferiores, especialmente en el vientre. Presenta una cantidad variable de color gris en la face, extenso en algunas aves, alcanzando la corona, y en otras completamente inexistente.

Comportamiento
Se comporta de forma parecida al llorón verdoso (Schiffornis virescens), a pesar de que parece salir más frecuentemente a los bordes del bosque (principalmente a lo largo de cursos de agua); es un ave discreta que forrajea solitaria, hurgando en el sotobosque, a veces colgándose de tallos verticales y raramente juntándose a bandadas mixtas.

Alimentación
Su dieta consiste de frutas e insectos, pero se conocen muy pocos detalles.

Vocalización

El canto es un lento «ti, toui-ti, toui?» o «tiu, tiui?...tiu...tiu, tiuit», con la misma clareza y calidad del canto del llorón turdino (Schiffornis turdina).

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie S. major fue descrita por primera vez por el ornitólogo francés Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet Des Murs en 1856 bajo el mismo nombre científico; localidad tipo «Sarayacu, Perú».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Schiffornis» conmemora al biólogo alemán Moriz Schiff (1823-1896), y del griego «ornis, ornithos»: ave; y el nombre de la especie «major», proviene del latín: mayor, grande.

Taxonomía
Una revisión del material de especímenes sugiere fuertemente que los caracteres que supuestamente definen a la subespecie duidae, se encuentran igualmente en la subespecie nominal.

Subespecies
Según la clasificación del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist v.2017, se reconocen dos subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Schiffornis major duidae , 1936 – sur de Venezuela (oeste de Amazonas).
 Schiffornis major major , 1856 – sureste de Colombia, este de Ecuador y centro y occidente de la Amazonia brasileña (hacia el este hasta la desembocadura del río Tapajós), hacia el sur por el este de Perú, hasta el norte de Bolivia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de  Schiffornis major en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Schiffornis major en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  Schiffornis major en Wikiaves.

major
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet Des Murs
Animales descritos en 1856

Schiffornis major


En metrología, el caván es una unidad de masa y también es una unidad de volumen o medida seca, para áridos. Utilizada en las islas Filipinas durante el periodo colonial español, cuyo uso sigue siendo frecuente en el archipiélago.

Usualmente es una medida de capacidad, equivalente a 75 litros (una fanega, cuatro celemines y medio cuartillo), y subdividida en 25 gantas.

Descripción
El cavan fue definido en el  por el gobierno de las Indias Orientales Españolas, como siendo equivalente a 75 litros. Aunque, oficialmente, las Filipinas llegaron a ser, enteramente métricas en 1860, este valor esta aún en uso bien entrado el .

El cavan fue reportado en el final del  como una medida par arroz equivalente a 98.28 litros. Varias referencias del mismo período lo describen como una unidad de masa: para arroz, 133 lb (cerca de 60.33 kg); para cocoa, 83.5 libras, (cerca de 37.87 kg) una fuente dice en promedio 60 kg de arroz y 38 kg de cacao. Otras fuentes reclaman que era el equivalente de 58.2 kg.

En toda probabilidad, este es el caso en el cual algunas materias primas comenzaron a ser comerciadas por peso en lugar de por volumen, y un "cavan de arroz" llegó a ser una cierta masa más que un cierto volumen. Una fuente dice que antes de 1973, un cavan de cualquier tipo de arroz pesaba 50 kg. Una fuente dice que después de 1973 un cavan de arroz bruto de palay (arroz sin descascarillar) pesaba 44 kg  y un cavan de arroz molido pesaba 56 kg (lo significativo del dato de 1973 no es claro).

Ejemplo de uso: "Al presente, debido a la tardía escases de arroz en Camarines y Leyte, el precio del arrozal en Iloilo subió a 10 rials por cavan provincial, el cual es igual a una y media de las medidas (cavan del rey) utilizadas en Manila".

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Unidades de medida
Cultura de Filipinas

Caván


El parque nacional de Jar Turán (en persa: گورخرایرانی پارک ملی توران) es un parque nacional en el país asiático de Irán. Está situado en la provincia de Semnán, al sureste de Shahrud. Con un tamaño de 1,4 millones de hectáreas es la segunda reserva más grande de ese país. Jar Turán es el hogar de una de las mayores poblaciones del guepardo asiático en peligro de extinción. Hay alrededor de 12 a 15 de estos felinos en la zona del parque nacional. Informes ocasionales de hembras con cachorros indican una cría y tal vez una creciente población. Además, Jar Turán tiene la mayor población de onagro persa y dos especies de gacelas, la gacela bocio y la gacela india, en buenos números. También hay ovejas y cabras salvajes en la reserva.

Véase también
Geografía de Irán
Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Jar Turan
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 2002
Irán en 2002
Bienes inscritos en la Lista Indicativa de Irán
Provincia de Semnán

Parque nacional de Jar Turán


Basketball under Sommer-OL 2020 blev afviklet over fire konkurrencer med deltagelse af i alt 352 udøvere. Konkurrencerne er den traditionelle holdkonkurrence samt den nye disciplin 3 mod 3, som oftest blot forkortes til 3x3.. Traditionelt basketball var første gang med på det olympiske program ved sommer-OL 1936 i Berlin men kun for herrer. Første gang damerne kom med på programmet var ved sommer-OL 1976 i Montreal.

Turneringsformat

Traditionel holdkonkurrence
Til den traditionelle holdkonkurrence er der kvalificeret 12 nationer for såvel herrer og damer. Et hold består af 12 spillere, hvoraf der anvendes 5 spillere på banen af gangen. I hver turnering er holdene fordelt i to puljer med seks hold i hver. De fire bedst kvalificerede i hver fortsætter til slutspillet med kvartfinaler, semifinaler og finale.

3 mod 3
I den nye 3x3 disciplin er der 4 hold med for både herrer og damer. Hvert hold består af 4 spillere, hvoraf de 3 er på banen samtidig. Kampene spilles udendørs på en bane, der er halv størrelse af de traditionelle basketball baner. Samtidigt spilles der kun med én kurv. Bolden, der spilles med, er speciel og ikke identisk med en normal basketball, da 3x3 er et hurtigere spil. Spillet afvikles meget hurtigt og vinderen er det hold, der først når 21 points eller det hold, der har flest points efter 10 minutter. Der er kun 12 sekunder til hvert angreb, så bolden skifter side hele tiden og spillet fortsætter uden afbrydelser efter hver scoring. Scoren i kampene er generelt som i traditionel basketball, hvor hver bold i kurven giver ét point, hvis der er skudt indenfor 6,75 meter ringen og to points, hvis bolden skydes udenfor ringen. For at en scoring tæller skal bolden have været udenfor 6,75 meter ringen i pågældende angreb. Ud over ovenstående specielle forhold spilles kampene, stort set, efter de samme regler, som traditionel basketball med straffekast, fejl m.v.

Den olympiske turnering

Herrer hold

Herrer 3x3

Damer hold

Damer 3x3

Medaljefordeling

Medaljevindere

Medaljetabel

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 International Basketball Federation officielle hjemmeside

Basketball under sommer-OL 2020


Pom Prap Sattru Phai (thaï : ป้อมปราบศัตรูพ่าย, API : [pɔ̂m pràːp sàt.trūː pʰâːj]) est l'un des 50 khets de Bangkok, Thaïlande.

Histoire

Points d'intérêt
 Wat Saket et la montagne d'or
 Wat Tepsirin, Wat Phappia Chai, Wat Khanika Phon, Wat Mangkon Kamalawat, Wat Sommanet etc.
 Stade de boxe du Rajadamnoen

Galeries

Notes et références

Liens externes

Khet de Bangkok

Pom Prap Sattru Phai


Kurtbağrı, Zeytingiller (Oleaceae) familyasından Ligustrum cinsini oluşturan çalı veya küçük ağaçlara verilan ad.

Anavatanı Avrupa, kuzey Afrika, Asya ve Avustralya ile Çin ve Japonya'dır. Adi kurtbağrı Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişen tek kurtbağrı türüdür.

Yaprak döken veya her dem yeşil çalı veya küçük ağaçlardır. Yapraklar karşılıklı, basit, kısa saplı; kenarları tamdır. Terminal çiçekler salkım, bazen de yan durumludur. Çiçekler er dişi, saplı veya sapsızdır. Çanaklar çan şeklinde, ucu kesik veya 4 dişlidir. Koralla beyaz, tekerlek şeklinde, huni, 4 loplu; loplar koralladan uzun veya çok kısa, tomurcukla bitişiktir. 2 Stamenli, korolla tüpünün ağzına gömülmüş, içinde veya dışındadır. Anterler (başçık) sarı veya bazen mor renkli, uzun ve incedir. Tohum taslağı 2 gözlü, sarkıktır. Stamenler kısa; stigma (dişicik başı) 2 yarıklıdır. Drupa meyvenin (eriksi) endokarpı zarımsı veya kâğıt gibidir. Tohumlar 1-4; endosperm (besidoku) etli; kökçük kısa, yukarı dönüktür.

Türler
 Ligustrum amamianum
 Ligustrum angustum
 Ligustrum chenaultii
 Ligustrum compactum
 Ligustrum confusum
 Delevay kurtbağrı (Ligustrum delavayanum)
 Ligustrum expansum
 Ligustrum gracile
 Ligustrum henryi
 Ligustrum ibota
 Ligustrum indicum
 Japon kurtbağrı (Ligustrum japonicum)
 Ligustrum leucanthum
 Ligustrum lianum
 Ligustrum liukiuense
 Ligustrum longitubum
 Ligustrum lucidum
 Ligustrum massalongianum
 Ligustrum morrisonense
 Ligustrum obovatilimbum
 Ligustrum obtusifolium
 Ligustrum ovalifolium
 Ligustrum pedunculare
 Ligustrum pricei
 Ligustrum punctifolium
 Ligustrum quihoui
 Ligustrum retusum
 Ligustrum robustum
 Ligustrum sempervirens
 Ligustrum sinense
 Ligustrum strongylophyllum
 Ligustrum tenuipes
 Ligustrum tschonoskii
 Hakiki kurtbağrı (Ligustrum vulgare) Türkiye.
 Ligustrum xingrenense
 Ligustrum yunguiense

Ligustrum
Ağaçlar

Kurtbağrı


Swallowtail may refer to:
 Swallowtail catastrophe or swallowtail surface, a singularity occurring in the part of mathematics called catastrophe theory
 Swallow-tail coat, a formal tailcoat worn traditionally as part of the white tie dress code
 Swallowtail butterfly, large colorful butterflies from the family Papilionidae
 Swallowtail (film), 1996 film directed by Shunji Iwai
 Swallowtail (flag), a term in vexillology
 Swallowtail joint in woodworking, see Dovetail joint
 The Swallow's Tail, a painting by Salvador Dalí, inspired by the swallowtail catastrophe
 Swallowtail, a butler café in Tokyo, Japan
 Swallowtail, a Wolf Alice song from their debut album My Love Is Cool

See also
 Swallowtail Butterfly (Ai no Uta), the theme song for the film Swallowtail

Swallowtail


Emirşah, Zonguldak ilinin Çaycuma ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 69 km, Çaycuma ilçe merkezine 24 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çaycuma belde ve köyleri

Emirşah, Çaycuma


Helluopapua es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Helluopapua cheesmani Darlington, 1971
 Helluopapua toxopei Darlington, 1968

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Helluopapua en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Helluonina

Helluopapua


Medieval studies is the academic interdisciplinary study of the Middle Ages. A historian who studies medieval studies is called a medievalist.

Institutional development
The term 'medieval studies' began to be adopted by academics in the opening decades of the twentieth century, initially in the titles of books like G. G. Coulton's Ten Medieval Studies (1906), to emphasize a greater interdisciplinary approach to a historical subject. In American and European universities the term provided a coherent identity to centres composed of academics from a variety of disciplines including archaeology, art history, architecture, history, literature and linguistics. The Institute of Mediaeval Studies at St. Michael's College of the University of Toronto became the first centre of this type in 1929; it is now the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (PIMS) and is part of the University of Toronto. It was soon followed by the Medieval Institute at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, which was founded in 1946 but whose roots go back to the establishment of a Program of Medieval Studies in 1933. As with many of the early programs at Roman Catholic institutions, it drew its strengths from the revival of medieval scholastic philosophy by such scholars as Étienne Gilson and Jacques Maritain, both of whom made regular visits to the university in the 1930s and 1940s.

These institutions were preceded in the United Kingdom, in 1927, by the establishment of the idiosyncratic Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, at the University of Cambridge. Although Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic was limited geographically (to the British Isles and Scandinavia) and chronologically (mostly the early Middle Ages), it promoted the interdisciplinarity characteristic of Medieval Studies and many of its graduates were involved in the later development of Medieval Studies programmes elsewhere in the UK.

With university expansion in the late 1960s and early 1970s encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, similar centres were established in England at University of Reading (1965), at University of Leeds (1967) and the University of York (1968), and in the United States at Fordham University (1971). A more recent wave of foundations, perhaps helped by the rise of interest in things medieval associated with neo-medievalism, include centres at King's College London (1988), the University of Bristol (1994), the University of Sydney (1997) and Bangor University (2005).

Medieval studies is buoyed by a number of annual international conferences which bring together thousands of professional medievalists, including the International Congress on Medieval Studies, at Kalamazoo MI, U.S., and the International Medieval Congress at the University of Leeds. There are a number of journals devoted to medieval studies, including: Mediaevalia, Comitatus, Viator, Traditio, Medieval Worlds, Journal of Medieval History, Journal of Medieval Military History, and Speculum, an organ of the Medieval Academy of America founded in 1925 and based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Another part of the infrastructure of the field is the International Medieval Bibliography.

Historiographical development
The term "Middle Ages" first began to be common in English-language history-writing in the early nineteenth century. Henry Hallam's 1818 View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages has been seen as a key stage in the promotion of the term, along with Ruskin's 1853 Lectures on Architecture. The term medievalist was, correspondingly, coined by English-speakers in the mid-nineteenth century.

European study of the medieval past was characterised in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by romantic nationalism, as emergent nation-states sought to legitimise new political formations by claiming that they were rooted in the distant past. The most important example of this use of the Middle Ages was the nation-building that surrounded the unification of Germany. Narratives which presented the nations of Europe as modernizing by building on, yet also developing beyond, their medieval heritage, were also important facets underpinning justifications of European colonialism and imperialism during the New Imperialism era. Scholars of the medieval era in the United States also used these concepts to justify their westward expansion across the North American continent. These colonialist and imperialist connections meant that medieval studies during the 19th and 20th centuries played a role in the emergence of white supremacism.

However, the early twentieth century also saw new approaches associated with the rise of social sciences such as economic history and anthropology, epitomised by the influential Annales School. In place of what the Annalistes called histoire événementielle, this work favoured study of large questions over long periods.

In the wake of the Second World War, the role of medievalism in European nationalism led to greatly diminished enthusiasm for medieval studies within the academy—though nationalist deployments of the Middle Ages still existed and remained powerful. The proportion of medievalists in history and language departments fell, encouraging staff to collaborate across different departments; state funding of and university support for archaeology expanded, bringing new evidence but also new methods, disciplinary perspectives, and research questions forward; and the appeal of interdisciplinarity grew. Accordingly, medieval studies turned increasingly away from producing national histories, towards more complex mosaics of regional approaches that worked towards a European scope, partly correlating with post-War Europeanisation. An example from the apogee of this process was the large European Science Foundation project The Transformation of the Roman World that ran from 1993 to 1998.

Amidst this process, from the 1980s onwards medieval studies increasingly responded to intellectual agendas set by critical theory and cultural studies, with empiricism and philology being challenged by or harnessed to topics like the history of the body.

In the twenty-first century, globalisation led to arguments that post-war Europeanisation had drawn too tight a boundary around medieval studies, this time at the borders of Europe, with Muslim Iberia and the Orthodox Christian east seen in western European historiography as having an ambivalent relevance to medieval studies. Thus a range of medievalists have begun working on writing global histories of the Middle Ages—while, however, navigating, the risk of imposing Eurocentric terminologies and agendas on the rest of the world. By 2020, this movement was being characterised as the 'global turn' in Medieval Studies. Correspondingly, the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, founded in 1963, changed its name in 2021 to UCLA Center for Early Global Studies.

Centres for medieval studies

Many Centres / Centers for Medieval Studies exist, usually as part of a university or other research and teaching facility. Umberella organisations for these bodies include the Fédération Internationale des Instituts d'Etudes Médiévales (FIDEM) (founded 1987) and Co-operative for Advancement of Research through Medieval European Network (CARMEN). Some notable ones include:
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, Bangor at Bangor University (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, Bergen at the University of Bergen (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, Bristol at the University of Bristol (Official site)
 The Department of Medieval Studies, CEU at the Central European University (Official site)
 Groupe d'Anthropologie Historique de l'Occident Médiéval at the  (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, Exeter at the University of Exeter (Official site)
 The Center for Medieval Studies, Fordham at Fordham University (Official site)
 The Center for Medieval Studies, Freiburg at the University of Freiburg (Official site)
 The Center for Late Antique and Medieval Studies, or CLAMS, at King's College London (Official site)
 The Institute for Medieval Studies, Leeds at the University of Leeds (Official site)
 The Liverpool Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at the University of Liverpool (Official site)
 CMRS Center for Early Global Studies, at University of California, Los Angeles (Official site)
 The Centre d'Études médiévales de Montpellier or Center for Medieval Studies at the university of Montpellier (Official site)
 The Center for Medieval Studies, Minnesota at the University of Minnesota (Official site)
 The Medieval Institute, Notre Dame at the University of Notre Dame (Official site)
 The Laboratoire de médiévistique occidentale de Paris or Paris Laboratory for Western Medieval Studies at the Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Official site)
 The Center for Medieval Studies, Pennsylvania at Pennsylvania State University (Official site)
 The Centre d'études supérieures de civilisation mediévale or Center of Advanced Studies in Medieval Civilization at the University of Poitiers (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, Prague at Charles University in Prague and the Czech Academy of Sciences (Official site)
 The Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies, Reading at the University of Reading (Official site)
 The Institute for Medieval Studies, Lisbon at the Nova University of Lisbon (Official site)
 Institut für Realienkunde des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit at the Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Culture at the University of Southampton (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, Sydney at the University of Sydney (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, Toronto at the University of Toronto (Official site)
 The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto (Official site)
 The Utrecht Centre for Medieval Studies at the Utrecht University (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies, York at the University of York (Official site)
 The Medieval Institute at Western Michigan University (Official site)
 The Center for Medieval and Byzantine Studies at The Catholic University of America (Official site)
 The Centre d'études médiévales, Montréal à l'Université de Montréal (Official site)
 The Medieval History Research Centre at Trinity College, Dublin (Official site)
 The Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies at the University of Turku (Official site)
 The Centre for Medieval Studies at Tallinn University (Official site)
 The Center for Medieval Studies at the University of Bucharest (Official site)

See also
Medievalism
Canadian Society of Medievalists
Conferences in medieval studies
Digital Medievalist
Medieval Academy of America
Renaissance studies
12th Century Renaissance
Continuity thesis

Notes

External links

The Medieval Academy of America
The Medieval Review
Medieval Studies links from Voice of the Shuttle
Medieval Studies projects from British Academy
Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
Medieval Studies
Library guides to Medieval studies

 FIDEM
 Carmen: The Worldwide Medieval Network

European studies
Historiography

Medieval studies


Kara karınlı kum kuşu (Calidris alpina), çullukgiller (Scolopacidae) familyasından küçük ve oldukça yuvarlak omuzlu bir kıyı kuşu türü.

İnce ve aşağı doğru hafifçe kıvrık bir gagası, ince ve koyu bacakları, ince bir kanat çizgisi ve yanları beyaz olan koyu renk bir kuyruk sokumu vardır. Tek başına, küçük ya da büyük gruplar halinde bulunabilir. Kışın erişkinleri gri-kahverengidir, sık çizgili ve gri-uçuk kahverengi göğsü vardır, alt tarafı beyazdır. Yazın erişkinin üst tarafı siyah ve uçuk kahverengi çizgiler içeren, değişken derecede kızıl renktedir, başı daha gri, göğsü sık çizgilidir ve koyu siyah bir karın lekesi bulunur. Genci açık kahverengidir, üst tarafı kızıl ve siyah, kafası ve göğsü ise uçuk kahverengidir, sırtında krem rengi çizgiler vardır, alt tarafı beyazdır ve böğründe lekeli siyah çizgiler bulunur. Sesi cılız, boğuk ve ıslığımsı bir 'triii'; ötüşü ise titrek ve mırıldamaya benzer bir ıslıktan ibarettir.

Kaynakça

Çullukgiller
Avrupa kuşları
Azerbaycan'daki kuşlar
Polonya'daki kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kara karınlı kum kuşu


O Incidente da cápsula radioativa é um evento entre 10 de janeiro de 2023 e 16 de janeiro de 2023, uma cápsula radioativa contendo uma fonte cerâmica de césio-137 de 19 giga becquerel desapareceu de um caminhão no qual estava sendo transportada pela Austrália Ocidental . A cápsula, de 6 mm de diâmetro e 8 mm de altura, que era utilizada como parte das operações de mineração, estava sendo transportada de uma mina perto de Newman para um depósito em Málaga (um subúrbio de Perth ), a uma distância de  .

Linha do tempo
Em 10 de janeiro de 2023, a cápsula foi embalada para que os reparos fossem realizados em Perth.

Entre 11 e 14 de janeiro de 2023, a cápsula saiu da mina Gudai-Darri da Rio Tinto para transporte.

Em 16 de janeiro de 2023, o pacote contendo a cápsula chegou a Perth e foi descarregado e colocado em um depósito seguro.

Em 25 de janeiro, a embalagem foi desembalada para inspeção, com um dos quatro parafusos de montagem e todos os parafusos do medidor faltando, e a própria cápsula também faltando. As autoridades presumiram que o parafuso havia se soltado devido às vibrações durante a viagem e, em seguida, a cápsula caiu pelo orifício do parafuso.

Na noite de 25 de janeiro, o Departamento de Bombeiros e Serviços de Emergência (DFES) foi notificado sobre o desaparecimento da cápsula pela Força Policial da Austrália Ocidental . Em 27 de janeiro de 2023, o Diretor de Saúde da Austrália Ocidental, Andy Robertson, deu uma entrevista coletiva de emergência, com o DFES emitindo um "aviso urgente de saúde pública". O público foi avisado para observar uma distância segura de cinco metros se encontrasse a cápsula, e os motoristas que haviam usado recentemente a Grande Rodovia do Norte foram solicitados a verificar os pneus de seus veículos para o caso de estarem presos na banda de rodagem.

Veja também

 Acidente radiológico de Goiânia
 Acidente nuclear de Chernobil
 Acidente nuclear de Fukushima

2023 na Austrália
Césio
Eventos de fevereiro de 2023
Eventos de janeiro de 2023
História da Austrália Ocidental
Radioatividade
Saúde pública

Incidente da cápsula radioativa na Austrália