The Bow River is a river in Alberta, Canada. It begins within the Canadian Rocky Mountains and winds through the Alberta foothills onto the prairies, where it meets the Oldman River, the two then forming the South Saskatchewan River. These waters ultimately flow through the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. The Bow River runs through the city of Calgary, taking in the Elbow River at the historic site of Fort Calgary near downtown. The Bow River pathway, developed along the river's banks, is considered a part of Calgary's self-image.

First Nations made varied use of the river for sustenance before settlers of European origin arrived, such as using its valleys in the buffalo hunt. The name Bow refers to the reeds that grew along its banks and were used by the First Nations to make bows; the Blackfoot language name for the river is , meaning "river where bow reeds grow".

The river is an important source of water for irrigation and drinking water. Between the years 1910 and 1960, the Bow River and its tributaries were engineered to provide hydroelectric power, primarily for Calgary's use. This significantly altered the river's flow and certain ecosystems.

Course

The river's source is from the Bow Glacier, which is part of the Wapta Icefield. The outflow from this source flows into Bow Lake in the Canadian Rockies. It flows south to the village of Lake Louise then turns east and flows through the town of Banff and through Canmore. The Ghost Lake reservoir is formed upstream from the town of Cochrane. The Bow flows eastward to the city of Calgary; it continues on to form the South Saskatchewan River when the Bow joins with the Oldman River near Grassy Lake in southern Alberta. It reaches the Hudson Bay through the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg, and Nelson River.

Communities along the Bow include Lake Louise, Banff, Canmore, Cochrane, Calgary, and Arrowwood. The Bow Falls are on the river's course, near Banff.

The Bow River has a total length of  and a drainage area of .

History

First Nations
The fur trader James Gaddy and the Hudson's Bay Company explorer David Thompson are traditionally considered to be the first people of European origin to see the Bow River. They camped along the Bow with a group of Piikani during the 1787–88 winter. Before they arrived, First Nations populations had lived in the Bow region for thousands of years. Among them were the Nakoda, Tsuu T'ina, and the Blackfoot Confederacy, consisting of the Kainai, Piikanai, and Siksika peoples.  The Kutenai had migrated westward, possibly in the early eighteenth century, but still occasionally ventured into the Bow region to hunt bison.

First Nations used the river's valleys for the buffalo hunt, in which herds of buffalo were driven over cliffs or into valleys where they could be killed more easily with bows and arrows. Of all the First Nations groups that lived in the Bow River area, only the Nakoda fished the river regularly. While other groups likely caught fish during harder times, they primarily hunted buffalo during the summer season when fishing would have been most plentiful. The river's water naturally attracted game, which the First Nations men also hunted, while women gathered the roots, nuts and berries and processed them for food. The river's game, its local sources for firewood, and its valleys' shelter made the river a common camp location for First Nations during the prairie winters. The danger of crossing the river meant it was a natural boundary for First Nations. The two main fords of the lower Bow River, Blackfoot Crossing and a ford near the Bow's confluence with the Elbow River (where today's central Calgary developed), became important gathering points for First Nations to exchange goods and celebrate festivities. Blackfoot Crossing was used by the Siksika as a winter campsite and is today a part of their reserve.

Fur traders began to move to the Bow River region following Thompson's expedition, but the river was not used extensively in the fur trade. First Nations already weakened by declining buffalo numbers and disease were further devastated by the introduction of the whisky trade. Fort Whoop-Up was established in 1869, and whisky traders were active along the Bow River during the 1870s. To stop these operations, the recently formed North-West Mounted Police (later the RCMP) established Fort Calgary in 1875 at the confluence of the Elbow River and the Bow.

In order to proceed with railway construction through present-day Alberta and an orderly settlement of the Bow region, the government sought to extinguish title of First Nations to specific lands, and negotiated to do so through treaties. With bison numbers declining and white settlers becoming increasingly common in the region, the Nakoda, Tsuu T'ina, Kainai, Piikanai, and Siksika met with representatives of the Canadian government at Blackfoot Crossing on the Bow River and signed Treaty 7 on 22 September 1877, ceding lands in exchange for defined reserves.  From the perspective of the Canadian government, these groups had surrendered all their land privileges outside their reserves. The reserves of the Nakoda, Tsuu T'ina, and Siksika were established along the Bow River.

Hydroelectric development, 1910–1960

Calgary was growing rapidly after 1900. The city businessmen pressed for dam construction in order to generate cheaper power from hydroelectric sources. William Maxwell Aitken, later with R. B. Bennett, formed Calgary Power Company in 1910. That year, on property purchased from the Nakoda, Calgary Power began constructing Alberta's first major hydroelectric plant, Horseshoe Dam.

Calgary Power had problems before this dam was completed in 1911. The Bow River originates from a northern mountain, and its flow varies considerably depending upon the amount and location of winter snowfalls. A comprehensive study of the Bow's flow measurements had not been conducted. In its operations, Calgary Power relied upon estimates of the river's minimum flow during winter conditions. Thus, despite the amount of energy the company had contracted, it could not reliably fulfill these obligations during winters. With capital already invested in Horseshoe, Calgary Power opened another hydroelectric plant and reservoir two years later at Kananaskis Falls just upstream from Horseshoe Falls. A storage reservoir was also created within Banff National Park in 1912 at Lake Minnewanka. Despite this additional reservoir and both plants, Calgary Power still struggled to fulfill its power contracts during winter months. In the 1920s, the company began planning new projects to control the Bow River.

The Bow River's hydroelectric development both conforms to and contrasts with elements of conservationist ideology in the United States during this era. This ideology espoused that rational and planned resource development guided by technicians should benefit the greatest number of people possible. In this light, rivers could be seen as a series of interdependent parts, and engineering all of them could give technicians control over the system as a whole for the benefit of society.

In this process, Calgary Power ultimately fulfilled conservationist ideology as it increasingly brought the Bow River's interdependent sectors, and thus it as a whole, under control, while failing to embody conservationist ideals of rationally developing the Bow initially. Also in line with conservationism, bureaucrats allowing the construction of the Minnewanka reservoir espoused that the nation's development as a whole superseded the need to protect a small part of Banff National Park's nature.

Calgary Power's ad hoc hydroelectric development of the Bow continued. Ghost Dam was built in 1929; a major development on the Bow's tributary, Spray River, was completed in 1951; and, at the behest of the provincial government, Bearspaw Dam was built in 1954 just west of Calgary to control flooding (the dam included a generating station) and 1955 saw the development of two reservoirs on the Kananaskis River in what is now Peter Lougheed Provincial Park World War II's industrial demand increased pressure on the river: another hydroelectric development was built within Banff National Park, this time on the Cascade River, a tributary of the Bow.

Between 1910 and 1960, the Bow River was radically changed as it was systematically engineered to control its water flow and provide hydroelectric power. The seasonal summer flooding in Calgary was an issue of the past. Water was held by reservoirs during spring and summer, permitting steady power generation during fall and winter. Comparing 1924–33 to 1954–63, the Bow River's January flow had approximately doubled 30 years later. Parts of the river, such as that preceding Ghost Dam, had practically turned into lakes. These developments had ecological effects, too. For example, reservoirs allowed certain fish species, such as the brown trout, to outcompete others, while other species virtually disappeared.

Environmentalism

By the 1950s, the Bow River's south bank in Calgary was a generally derelict commercial zone. The Calgary Local Council of Women was the most vocal advocate for turning this area into a park system as a part of a broader campaign for improved public and social services. Calgary City Council agreed to the idea in 1955, but by 1959 little progress had been made to fund the project. To accommodate increasing traffic flow through the growing city, the Canadian Pacific Railway and the city began negotiating a CPR reroute that would follow the south bank of the Bow River, turning it into a parkway and the CPR's rail mainline. Among the plan's critics was the Local Council of Women, reminding the city of its 1955 promise for a river park. After negotiations between the CPR and Calgary ended in failure in 1964, urban elites, such as golf clubs, increasingly endorsed the Local Council of Women's idea for a riverfront park system.

Park advocates defined the Bow River within Calgary as the city's nature: it was something to be protected for and enjoyed by the public. However, as progress was made in the parks' creation, this "environmental" view of the Bow's nature proved selective. For example, trees were not to be cut down, but landscaping to accommodate cyclists was endorsed. In short, the river was valued above all when it suited human goals. Calgary eventually developed an extensive plan for the Bow River's park system, and it is considered an important element of Calgary's self-image today.

The grassroots advocacy done by the Local Council of Women denotes emerging environmental sensibilities that are representative of larger trends occurring in North America during this period. Samuel Hays associated such movements with the emergence of an advanced consumer society. Unlike the pre-World War II elitist ideology of conservationist production, this emergent approach in North America was of grassroots consumers democratically engaging in environmental issues, and there was often tension between the public and managers of the environment.

After an Alberta Environment official discovered a toxic "blob" in the Bow in October 1989, human needs again were given priority. Originating from an abandoned wood-preserving plant on the Bow River's bank, the "blob" in the river had released a carcinogenic plume that stretched more than  downstream. Its discovery caused alarm in the media and amongst those living along the Bow River (two years earlier, 70 percent of Calgarians reported using the Bow recreationally).

As a result, Alberta's premier, Ralph Klein, established the Bow River Water Quality Council as a provincial advisory body. The council was to promote awareness of the river's water quality and try to improve it through fact-finding and aiding inter-institutional coordination. It was composed of representatives from diverse interests such as First Nations, agriculture, and municipalities. Recreational groups represented on the council, such as Ducks Unlimited and Bow Waters Canoe Club, expressed concern for the river's environment. Their attitudes were not strictly human-centric, but, like those favoring a park system in Calgary, they defined the Bow River's environment as something worth preserving for human use.

Greater changes in attitude toward the river were manifest in the Bow River Water Quality Council's reports over time. By 1994, the reports emphasized the importance of the Bow's ecological balance as a whole for maintaining its water quality and quantity. In the mid-1990s, the upper Bow River began being treated explicitly biocentrically. This was part of the larger pursuit of treating Banff National Park's ecosystems as something intrinsically valuable: maintaining these ecosystems was now prioritized over human enjoyment of the parks.

2013 floods
In June 2013, southern Alberta had such heavy rainfall that catastrophic flooding occurred throughout much of the southern half of the province along the Bow, Elbow, Highwood and Oldman rivers and tributaries. A dozen municipalities declared local states of emergency on June 20 as water levels rose, and numerous communities were placed under evacuation orders.

Banff

Designation as a national park
In 1887 the Canadian parliament, under the urging of the Canadian Pacific Railway vice-president, William Van Horne, and the federal land agent, William Pearce, created Rocky Mountains Park, later renamed Banff National Park.  Originally , it was Canada's first national park and included part of the Bow River. Eventually the park grew to include the Bow Glacier, an outflow of the Wapta Icefield and the source of the Bow River.

The designation of the national park marked a turning point in the public's perception of the Bow River. The river began to be appreciated for its aesthetic value in addition to its industrial and agricultural uses. Officials of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the company who led the development of Banff, realized this element. When work began on a new luxury hotel in Banff in 1886–87, Van Horne personally redesigned and reoriented the plans so that the guests of the hotel would be able to see the vista of the Bow River. Many early postcards from Banff, as well as some current ones, prominently featured the Bow River.

Sustainability as a national park

From the 1920s forward, the National Parks of Canada began to focus on the economic benefits of accessible, mass marketable tourism. Changes included new highways and the creation of storage reservoirs for the water needed to sustain the burgeoning community. The Bow River was now seen both for its aesthetic qualities and for new utilitarian aspects.

By the 1950s Banff's raw sewage began to be discharged into the Bow River. Because of the self-purification powers of the cold, braided water, however, the Bow was incredibly effective as a natural sewage-treatment facility. Tourists and residents were often unaware of the transformation of the Bow River into a sewage system.

As Banff continued to grow, the river continued to digest the increased volume of sewage. This practice, however, began to touch an ideological nerve among the tourists and residents of Banff. Pouring raw sewage into one of the main attractions of the park polluted both the river and, more importantly, the image of Banff. There was also fear that continued reliance on the Bow as a natural sewer would either cap the development of Banff or eventually have great risk to public health. By the 1960s, the town built a modern sewage facility and stopped releasing untreated waters into the Bow. The river's aesthetic qualities had increasing priority in terms of effects of development within the borders of a National Park.

Irrigation and development
The Bow river contains seven dams and weirs on its main stream and ten other dams on its tributaries. In response to the 2013 Alberta floods a new reservoir storage is being proposed on the river. Three options are being considered including a new dam near Morley, an expanded Ghost Dam or a new dam near Glenbow.

The Bow River supplies the water for three irrigation districts in southern Alberta: the Eastern, Western, and Bow River irrigation districts.

Eastern Irrigation District
The Eastern Irrigation District (EID), headquartered in Brooks, Alberta, was originally part of land that the federal government granted to the Canadian Pacific Railway in lieu of a portion of the payment for the construction of the railway. In 1929 the CPR split the property into two parts and divested itself of both sections. In 1935 a delegation of irrigation farmers took control of the eastern section and established the EID.

The EID, diverting its water at the Bassano and Newell dams, is the largest private land owner in Alberta. Recently the EID began promoting the recreational possibilities that have developed alongside the district's irrigation development. The EID currently owns and operates the Rolling Hills Reservoir Campground.  In 1951, the Province of Alberta also established Kinbrook Island Provincial Park on the eastern bank of the Newell reservoir, which has been stocked with native species of fish.

Western Irrigation District
The Western Irrigation District (WID), headquartered in Strathmore, Alberta, was the second half of the land divested by the CPR.  The WID was established in 1944.

The water of the WID, diverted at the Calgary Weir, is instrumental to southern Alberta agriculture and, unlike the other two districts, supports the urban needs city of Calgary. It is able to supply both agricultural and urban needs since the WID has higher levels of rainfall than the other two districts, and it receives much of Calgary's storm water.

Bow River Irrigation District
The Bow River Irrigation District (BRID), headquartered in Vauxhall, Alberta, was created in 1968, making it the most recent district to be supplied by the Bow.  The BRID diverts the Bow at the Carseland weir and also uses the McGregor, Travers, and Little Bow dams. Each has a reservoir that is also used for recreational purposes.

In March 2012, the citizens of the BRID voted in favour of expanding the area of the district by . An expansion of  passed in 2004 as well. This means that, for the second time in eight years, the BRID will increase its demand on the Bow River by roughly 10 percent.

Irrigation today
Of the 45 crops that are grown in the Bow River basin, only 10 could be produced without irrigation.

Because of the dependence of the region on Bow River irrigation water, in the early 21st century all three irrigation districts began to make major changes in order to continue to serve their large mandated areas. In 2006, as a part of the "Water for Life Initiative", the Alberta government placed a moratorium on any new licenses for water use from the Bow, Oldman, and South Saskatchewan River basins. The government also requested that the three irrigation districts increase their efficiency by 30 percent.  The irrigation districts are improving their irrigation system by changing most canals to pipelines in order to decrease contamination, spillage, and loss of water to evaporation. A drawback of this change is that trees must be cleared in order to prevent roots from damaging the pipeline, changing the habitat.

in 1987 the EID in association with the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division and Ducks Unlimited Canada established a partnership to create additional wildlife habitat within the Eastern Irrigation District's boundaries.  This demonstrated the EID's goal of encouraging wildlife in order to contribute to the growth of its tourist sector. Hunting and fishing are now promoted on the EID's website.

Recreation

The Bow River provides habitat for wildlife and many opportunities for recreation such as fishing and boating. Both fly fishermen and spinner fishermen share the river in all four seasons of the year. Serious anglers from all over the world visit the Bow River for its thriving population of brown trout and rainbow trout. The Bow River holds a resident population of rainbow and brown trout that has one of the best growth rates to be found on any river system in the world today. A trout that is 4 to 5 years old will be around  long, and the Bow River holds many fish that are this size or larger. Mainly the river is fished south of the city of Calgary, past where the water treatment sites dump into the river. The volume of nutrients and number of fish are higher there.

Outdoor adventurers use primarily three types of boats to enjoy the river, the inflatable boat, the Jon boat and the canoe. There are several spots located on the river to launch watercraft, including Graves Landing, Highway 22X Bridge, Policeman's Flats and McKinnon Flats.

The Bow River pathway, is developed on both banks of the river throughout the city of Calgary and is used for cycling, hiking, jogging, as well as rollerblading and skateboarding. Along the Bow River pathway, many people partake in canoeing, kayaking, rafting, paddle boarding, and other activities on the water. Dog owners and families often use the river banks and beaches for outdoor recreation.

Recreation and industrial development
The recreation and tourism sector of the Bow developed closely alongside the river's water irrigation projects. Projects such as the McGregor, Chestermere, and Ghost dams were originally built for either agricultural or electrical purposes but are also important for the recreational facilities they offer. Since their construction, the dams along the Bow River have played a central role in the development of the adjacent communities.

Two key examples that demonstrate the connection of recreation and tourism with irrigation are the Chestermere and Basano dams. Following the construction of the Chestermere Dam in 1907, housing developments began to occur around the neighbouring lake and in 1992, because of these developments, Chestermere was declared a town.  Similarity, after a three-year refurbishing project ending in 1987, the town of Bassano, about  northeast of the dam, began advertising the Bassano dam as a tourist attraction for the town. At this point the Bassano dam now also started offering group tours, fishing and picnic areas, and a scenic viewpoint.

Communities have also recently begun to appear around Ghost Dam as well.

Calgary's weir project (Harvie Passage)
In 1904 the Bow River Weir was constructed close to Calgary's downtown core in order to divert water into the Western Irrigation District.  Since its construction a side effect of the weir had been that it created a circulating wave, with a lethal and powerful undertow,  immediately downstream of it. Because rafting, canoeing, and kayaking down the Bow River are such popular summer activities, there had been many fatalities. Furthermore, because fish were not able to pass through the structure, they too became trapped in the circulating wave and a dense, unnatural concentration of pelicans congregated immediately following the weir.

In order to combat the circulating wave and undertow, in August 2007 the Province of Alberta through the Alberta Lottery fund, in conjunction with the Calgary Foundation and the City of Calgary, began construction of the Bow River Weir paddle around, named the Harvie Passage.  The passage allowed for the wave to be dispersed over a set of several smaller rapids while still supplying water to its irrigation district. Altogether, the paddle around cost $18 million and was completed in the spring of 2012.

In June 2013, just a year after the project was completed, Calgary was hit with an epic 100 year flood, and all of the Harvie Passage work was destroyed. After that flood, the passage was closed to the public and a safety boom ahead of the rapids was re-installed. It was estimated that rebuilding the Harvie Passage to the original intent of the project (completed in 2012) would cost $23.4 million.

By 2021, construction on the Harvie Passage was complete. The passage was redesigned to withstand a flood similar to the one that damaged the previous structures.

Ecology
An invasive species known as Didymosphenia geminata, a type of algae commonly called "rock snot", is threatening the stocked exotic invasive brown trout stocks.

Tributaries

Banff National Park
Mosquito Creek
Noseeum Creek
Missing Lake
Pipestone River
Molar Creek, Little Pipestone Creek
Paradise Creek
Corral Creek
Moraine Creek
Baker Creek
Wildflower Creek
Taylor Creek
Silverton Creek
Altrude Creek
Johnston Creek
Redearth Creek
Pharaoh Creek
Wolverine Creek
Ranger Creek
Healy Creek
Brewster Creek, Howard Douglas Creek, Fatigue Creek
Sundance Creek
Forty Mile Creek
Spray River
Cascade River
Carrot Creek

Foothills and plains
Policeman Creek
Cougar Creek
Three Sisters Creek
Stewart Creek
Wind Creek
Pigeon Creek
Grotto Creek
Exshaw Creek
Heart Creek
Jura Creek
Kananaskis River
Joshua Creek
Chiniki Creek
Jacob Creek
Ghost River
Spencer Creek
Beaupre Creek
Grand Valley Creek
McClennan Creek
Horse Creek
Jumpingpound Creek
Towers Creek, Pile of Bones Creek, Park Creek
Bighill Creek
Elbow River
Nose Creek
West Nose Creek
W.I.D. Canal
Pine Creek
Highwood River
Arrowwood Creek
Crowfoot River
Matzhiwin Creek

Many lakes, glacial and artificial are found in the Bow Valley: Bow Lake, Hector Lake, Vermilion Lakes, Gap Lake, Lac des Arcs, and Ghost Lake on the upper course, and a few man-made reservoirs along the lower course.

Further reading
Christopher Armstrong, Matthew Evenden, and H.V. Nelles. The River Returns: An Environmental History of the Bow (Toronto: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009)

Gallery

See also
 List of rivers of Alberta

References

Further reading

External links
Bow River Basin Council

Rivers of Alberta
Banff National Park
Rivers of the Canadian Rockies
Tributaries of Hudson Bay

Bow River


El Saqueo de Palermo o scempio en italiano es el término popular para el auge de la construcción que provocó la destrucción del cinturón verde de la ciudad y de las villas que habían simbolizado un gusto por la arquitectura, para dar paso a una invasión de cemento y de bloques de apartamentos de mala calidad. Mientras tanto, el centro histórico de Palermo, severamente dañado por la invasión aliada de Sicilia en 1943, se desmoronaba. El bombardeo condenó a cerca de 150.000 que vivían en barrios marginales lleno de gente e incluso cuevas.

Antecedentes
Entre 1951 y 1961 la población de Palermo había aumentado en 100.000 habitantes, causado por una rápida urbanización de Sicilia después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La reforma agraria y la mecanización de la agricultura crearon un éxodo masivo de campesinos y los propietarios rurales trasladaron su inversión en bienes inmuebles de naturaleza urbana. Esto condujo a un auge de la construcción no regulada y descapitalizada desde 1950 hasta mediados de 1980 que se caracterizó por una participación agresiva de los mafiosos en la especulación inmobiliaria y la construcción. Los años 1957 a 1963 fueron el punto más alto en la construcción privada, seguida en los años 1970 y 1980 por un mayor énfasis en las obras públicas. De una ciudadanía de 503.000 en 1951, Palermo aumentó a 709.000 en 1981, un aumento del 41 por ciento.

Más grave que la destrucción de la antigua ciudad causada por la guerra fue la decisión política de alejarse de su restauración en favor de la construcción de una "nueva Palermo". En un primer momento se concentró en el extremo norte, más allá de la barriada de estilo Art Nouveau del . Posteriormente se propagó a otras zonas al oeste y el sur, encerrando los huertos, villas y aldeas de la Conca d'Oro, acelerando la invasión de cemento de las zonas que antes eran verdes.

El furor por la construcción era descontrolado. Se ensanchó la ciudad a lo largo de Viale della Libertà hacia el nuevo aeropuerto de Punta Raisi. Con gran celeridad se redactaron variaciones de zonificación o se produjeron violaciones arbitrarias de la ley del suelo; los constructores demolieron innumerables  palacios al estilo art déco y asfaltaron muchos de los mejores parques de la ciudad, transformando una de las más bellas ciudades de Europa en un bosque espeso, inundado de cemento. Uno de los edificios más importantes del gran arquitecto siciliano Ernesto Basile fue arrasado en medio de la noche, horas antes de que permaneciera al amparo de las leyes de preservación histórica.

Implicación de la Mafia
El punto culminante del saqueo ocurrió cuando el democratacristiano Salvo Lima era alcalde de Palermo (1958-1963 y 1965-1968) y Vito Ciancimino asesor de obras públicas. Apoyaron a empresarios de la construcción ligados a la mafia como Francesco Vassallo, el más importante de Palermo de esa época, un antiguo camionero del transporte de arena y piedras de un barrio pobre de Palermo. Vassallo tenía vínculos con mafiosos como Angelo La Barbera y Tommaso Buscetta. En cinco años, se concedieron más de 4.000 licencias de construcción, unas 2,500 a tres pensionistas que no tenían ninguna relación con el mundo de la construcción.

Promotores inmobiliarios en colusión con la mafia no tenían miedo en usar tácticas de mano dura para intimidar a los propietarios a vender o para despejar el camino en beneficio de sus proyectos. La Comisión Antimafia redactó:
Fue en Palermo, en particular, que el fenómeno de la construcción ilegal adquirió dimensiones tales que no dejan lugar a dudas acerca de la insidiosa penetración de la mafia en la administración pública. La gestión administrativa del Ayuntamiento de Palermo alcanzó niveles sin precedentes de la deliberada falta de observación de la ley en torno a 1960.

Referencias

 Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet, ISBN 0-340-82435-2
 Jamieson, Alison (2000), The Antimafia. Italy's Fight Against Organized Crime, London: MacMillan Press ISBN 0-333-80158-X
 Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo, Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-23609-2
 Servadio, Gaia (1976), Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0-436-44700-2
 Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage ISBN 0-09-959491-9

Cosa Nostra
Historia de Palermo

Saqueo de Palermo


Psihodijagnostika je specijalistički postupak za koji su obrazovani i specijalizirani psiholozi. Prema Zakonu o psihološkoj djelatnosti u Hrvatskoj, psihodijagnostika je jedan od osnovnih ciljeva psihološke djelatnosti, i eksplicitno je zabranjeno tvrditi da se stručnjaci nepsiholozi bave nekim aspektima (pa tako i psihodijagnostikom) psihološke djelatnosti.

Cilj psihodijagnostike je dijagnostika, klasifikacija i kategorizacija psihičkih poremećaja, psihičkih problema i poteškoća, prognoza i predikcija budućeg ponašanja, opisivanje ličnosti, neuropsiholoških karakteristika, i drugih kognitivnih sposobnosti.

Psihodijagnostika


Finalen om verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1974 var den 10. finale siden turneringens etablering i 1930. Den blev spillet den 7. juli 1974 foran 75.200 tilskuere på Olympiastadion i den sydtyske by München, og skulle finde vinderen af VM i fodbold 1974. De deltagende hold var hjemmeholdet  og . Det tyske hold vandt kampen med 2-1, og det var anden gang Tyskland blev verdensmestre.

Kampen blev ledet af den britiske dommer Jack Taylor.

Kampen

Detaljer

Finalen
1974 - finalen
Tysklands fodboldlandshold
Hollands fodboldlandshold
Sport i München

Verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1974 - finalen


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 14 Eylül - Ivan Pavlov, Rus fizyolog ve Nobel Tıp veya Fizyoloji Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1936)

Ölümler
 8 Şubat - France Prešeren, Sloven şair
 15 Mart - Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti, İtalyan Katolik kardanali, ünlü dilbilimci ve hiperpoliglot (d. 1774)
 23 Ağustos - Edward Hicks, Amerikalı ressam ve din adamı (d. 1780)
 14 Eylül - Ivan Pavlov, Rus fizyolog (ö. 1936)
 6 Ekim - Lajos Batthyány, Macar devlet adamı (d. 1806)
 7 Ekim - Edgar Allan Poe, Amerikalı yazar
 18 Ekim - Frédéric Chopin, Polonya asıllı Fransız besteci, piyanist (ö. 1810)
 27 Aralık - Jacques-Laurent Agasse, İsviçreli ressam (d. 24 Nisan 1767)
 Yesarizade Mustafa İzzet, Türk hattat (d. 1776).

1849


Yo vengo aquí est un album de musique cubaine enregistré en 1996 par le guitariste et chanteur cubain Compay Segundo, alors âgé de 89 ans.

Historique

Enregistrement et production
L'album Yo vengo aquí est enregistré en novembre 1995 (soit six mois avant Buena Vista Social Club) aux Studios Cinearte à Madrid en Espagne par le guitariste et chanteur Compay Segundo accompagné par un groupe incluant son fils Salvador Repilado, le chanteur Julio Fernández (qui assure la première voix) et Benito Suárez comme second guitariste. Comme l'explique le livret du CD, .

L'album est produit par Santiago Auserón, assisté de Paz Tejedor, pour la Nueva Sociedad Lírica en collaboration avec l'Instituto Cubano de la Música.

La prise de son est assurée par José Luis Crespo et Antonio Olariaga, assisté de Raquel Fernández.

Le mixage est effectué par José Luis Crespo et Santiago Auserón et la mastérisation (matriçage) par José Luis Crespo.

Publication
L'album sort en CD en 1996 en Europe sous la référence 063014783 2 sur le label GASA / Dro East West Spain appartenant au groupe Warner Music Group.

Il sort la même année sur le même label GASA au Mexique et en France sur le label Warner Musique France.

La notice du CD (original liner notes) est de la main de Santiago Auserón en collaboration avec Faustino Núñez et Bladimir Zamora.

Le design de la pochette et du livret est l'œuvre de Manuel Guio, tandis que les photographies sont de Manuel Zambrana (Compay et son groupe), Javier Salas (portraits) et Manuel Guio (La Havane).

Accueil critique

Liste des morceaux
L'album comprend les quinze morceaux ci-dessous.

Il commence par Yo vengo aquí, le premier morceau composé à l'âge de 15 ans seulement par Francisco Repilado (le futur Compay Segundo), et se termine par Chan Chan, un titre composé par  Compay Segundo en 1986 et qui est devenu le premier morceau de l'album Buena Vista Social Club.

Durée totale : 53:12

Musiciens
 Julio Fernández : première voix, maracas
 Compay Segundo : guitare acoustique et deuxième voix
 Salvador Repilado : contrebasse
 Benito Suárez : guitare et troisième voix

Musiciens additionnels
 Javier Colina : contrebasse sur Orgullecida
 Santiago Auserón : troisième voix sur Virgen del Pino

Références

Articles connexes
 Calle Salud
 Las Flores de la Vida

Album de musique cubaine
Album musical sorti en 1996

Yo vengo aquí


Buritama es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 21,07 sur y a una longitud 50,15 oeste. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 14.412 habitantes.

Demografía

Datos del Censo - 2000
Población Total: 13.854
 Urbana: 12.635
 Rural: 1.219
 Hombres: 6.887
 Mujeres: 6.967
 Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 42,42
 Mortalidad infantil hasta un año (por mil): 12,58
 Expectativa de vida (años): 73,08
 Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,18
 Tasa de Alfabetización: 87,66%
 Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,790
 IDH-M Salario: 0,719
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,801
 IDH-M Educación: 0,851
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
 Río Tietê
 Arroyo Santa Bárbara
 Río Palmeras

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Buritama


حبس أمان هي لعبة جماعية يتكون لاعبوها من فريقين، الأول يكون كالشرطة والآخر كالفارين أو الهاربين من الشرطة، وتجري الشرطة لملاحقة الهاربين من الشرطة.

قواعد اللعبة
يتم تحديد منطقتين تبلغ مساحتهما متر إلى متر ونصف تقريبًا، الأولى تُسمى حبس والثانية تسمى أمان. عند الإمساك بأحد الهاربين يتم ايداعه في الحبس إلى أن يتم تحريره بواسطة أحد الهاربين الطليقين عبر لمس يده أو أي جزء منه.  ومنطقة الأمان هي منطقة تعمل مثل منطقة راحة إن لمسها أحد من الهاربين من الشرطة يستطيع الاستراحة فيها لمدة تقترب من دقيقتين يستعيد فيها أنفاسه من الجري.

المصادر

ألعاب تقمص الأدوار

حبس أمان


Strada Dalmațieni 101 este un serial de animație pentru copii, produs de Passion Animation Studios și Atomic Cartoons. Serialul este o readaptare a clasicului film 101 dalmațieni.

Distribuție

Personaje principale
 Josh Brener - Dylan
 Michaela Dietz - Dolly
 Rhashan Stone - Doug
 Ella Kenion - Delilah
 Nefeli Karakosta - Dizzy
 Florrie Wilkinson - Dee Dee
 Rhys Isaac-Jones - Dawkins
 Bert Davis - Diesel
 Kyle Soller - Dante
 Lauren Donzis - Destiny și Déjà Vu
 Abigail Zoe Lewis - Dallas
 Jack Binstead - Delgado
 Maxwell Apple - D.J.
 Nikhil Parmar - Deepak
 Akiya Henry - Da Vinci
 Margot Powell - Dorothy

Personaje secundare
 Harriet Carmichael - Clarissa
 Doc Brown - Sid și Spencer
 Conor MacNeill - Fergus
 Rasmus Hardiker - Hansel
 Paloma Faith - Pudelul Portia
 Miriam Margolyes - Bessie
 Tameka Empson - Calul de Poliție Pearl
 Bethan Wright - Prunella
 Akiya Henry - Roxy
 N/A - Snowball
 Aimee-Ffion Edwards - Arabella
 Joshua LeClair - Hunter de Vil
 Stephen Mangan - Doctor Dave
 Rufus Jones - Constantin
 Olly Murs - Spike

Referințe

Legături externe

  on Atomic Cartoons

Seriale de animație
Seriale de televiziune din 2019

Strada Dalmațieni 101


SACD (Super Audio Compact Disc), Sony ve Philips konsorsiyumu tarafından geliştirilmiş dijital ortam. Açılımı "Süper Ses Birleşik Diski" dir. Yüksek kalitede (High-Fidelity) ses depolama ortamıdır. Halk arasında Süper CD ya da Yüksek Yoğunluklu CD olarak da bilinir. CD'nin patent hakkını elinde tutan Sony/Philips'in CD patentinin tarihi  bitmesi üzerine CD'ye alternatif olarak üretilmiştir. Dünyada üretilen her CD başına iki şirkete patent hakkı ödenmiştir.  Müzik dinleyicilerinin artan isteklerine CD ile karşılık verilememesinin ardından ortaya çıkmıştır. 1999 yılında piyasaya sürülmüştür. Standart bir CD'den daha fazla kapasiteye sahiptir, 4.7 GB. DSD kayıt teknolojisi kullanılarak kaydedilmektedir. Ki bu kayıt teknolojisi de, gene aynı konsorsiyum tarafından geliştirilmiştir. CD'den kapasite farkının yanı sıra çok kanallı müzik kaydına izin vermesi en önemli farkıdır. Özel cihazlar tarafından okunabilmektedir.SACD, CDDA ve DVD-A'dan farklı olarak PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) yerine DSD (Direct Stream Digital) olarak da bilinen, DSM'yi (Delta-Sigma Modulation) kullanır. DSM'nin örnekleme frekansı 2.8224 mHz dir.

2-Kanal (stereo), 4-kanal (quad) ve 5.1-kanal (surround) ses içerir.
DVD-A, DualDisc ve SACD arasındaki rekabette, SACD biraz daha öne çıkmıştır. Bu formatlar arasında en çok SACD odyofiller tarafından ilgi görmüştür.

Çeşitleri
3 çeşittir;

Hybrid
CD Audio Standard ını (Red Book) destekleyen bir CDDA katmanı ve 4.7gb lık HD (High Definition) SACD katmanı içerir. Hem SACD hem de CD çalarlarda kullanılabilir.

Single Layer
Fiziksel olarak DVD ile aynıdır. Sadece HD katmanı, yani 4.7gb lık SACD katmanını içerir. Sadece SACD çalarlarda dinlenebilir. Genellikle Sony Music Entertainment. tarafından kullanılır.

Dual Layer
Fiziksel Olarak DL/DVD (çift taraflı DVD) ile aynıdır. Her yüzde sadece 4.7gb lık SACD katmanı bulunur. Sadece SACD çalarlarda dinlenebilir.

DSD
DSD (Direct Stream Digital) ile 1-bit, 2.8224 mHz örnekleme yapılabilmektedir. Bu da, maksimum çıkış gücünü (dynamic range) 120 dB ve frekans aralığını 100 kHz e kadar çıkarmaktadır.

Kopya koruması
SACD birçok koruma yöntemi kullanmasına rağmen genellikle DTCP (Digital Transmission Content Protection) sistemini kullanır.

Sadece hybrid SACD lerin CDDA katmanı bilgisayarda CD-ROM veya DVD-ROM ile dinlenebilir. Yani MP3 veya kopyaladığınız CD, CD kalitesinin ötesine geçemeyecektir. Bir SACD çalardan line-out ile kopya almanız durumunda ise yine seste kayıp yaşanacaktır. Sonuçta SACD kopyası şu an için CD kalitesinden öteye geçememekte.

Kaynakça
 Sony SACD
 Audio Engineering Society SACD

Ses depolama ortamları
Compact Disc
DVD

SACD


Stöðuorka kerfis er orka sem stafar af kröftum sem verka á milli eininga þess og afstöðu þeirra. Kraftarnir geta verið rafkraftur, segulkraftur eða þyngdarkraftur.

Fyrir einangrað kerfi sem samanstendur af tveimur föstum hlutum sem beita hvor annan krafti () og liggja á x-ás, skilgreinist stöðuorka þeirra sem:

þar sem krafturinn milli hlutanna breytist eingöngu með vegalengd () og er heildað eftir línu sem tengir hlutina saman.

Til að sýna betur fram á samband krafts og stöðuorku má taka sem dæmi sama kerfi tveggja hluta sem liggja á x-ás. Ef stöðuorka annars þeirra í punktinum  er , þá er krafturinn sem verkar á hlutinn í þeim punkti:

Stefna kraftsins milli tveggja hluta er í átt breytingar stöðuorku og stærð hans er í beinu hlutfalli við breytingahraðann (afleiðuna). Stór kraftur tengist miklum stöðuorkumun miðað við gefna vegalengd, lítill kraftur litlum.

Þessar tvær skilgreiningar, stöðuorku útfrá á krafti og krafts útfrá stöðuorku, sýna hvernig hugtökin kraftur og stöðuorka eru nátengd. Tveir hlutir sem beita hvor annan krafti hafa stöðuorku, hvor í kraftsviði hins. Ef kerfi samanstendur af tveim hlutum sem beita hvor annan krafti, kemur fram í því stöðuorka.

Vegna þess að allir kraftar eru fall af vegalengd, mun sérhver breyting á innbyrðis afstöðu kerfis með stöðuorku annaðhvort minnka hana eða auka. Þegar stöðuorka kerfis minnkar, breytist hún í aðra tegund orku, t.d. hreyfiorku. "Geyma" má stöðuorku svo sem þyngdarstöðuorku, fjöðrunarorku, efnaorku, kyrrstöðumassaorku eða raforku og leysa síðar úr læðingi.

Um stöðuorku hlutar í þyngdarsviði jarðar gildir:

þar sem m e massi hlutarins, g þyngdarhröðun jarðar og h hæð hlutarins frá núllpunkti. Hann má skilgreina eftir hentugleikum. Fyrir hlut sem fellur alla leið til jarðar er yfirborð jarðar eðlilegur núllpunktur. Fyrir vatn í fossi getur verið eðlilegra að skilgreina yfirborð hylsins sem fossinn fellur í sem núllpunkt; hreyfiorka vatnsins rétt áður en það fellur í hylinn jafngildir í góðri nálgun hreyfiorku þess á fossbrúninni plús stöðuorku þess þar, reiknað frá yfirborði hylsins. Í raunhæfum reikningum er "absolút" gildi stöðuorku yfirleitt aldrei gagnleg stærð, heldur mismunur stöðuorkugilda í tveimur punktum.

Stöðuorka


RFA Surf Pioneer (A365) was a Surf-class freighting tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She and her sister RFA Surf Patrol were originally ordered by Polish owners but were commandeered by the Admiralty whilst building during the Korean War.

She was launched on 23 April 1951 as Beskidy, and was purchased by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary on 14 July 1951. She was decommissioned on 13 August 1960 and laid up at Devonport. She arrived at Burriana for scrapping on 28 February 1970.

References

Surf-class tankers
Tankers of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
1951 ships

RFA Surf Pioneer


Prim-ministrul Spaniei, oficial Președintele Guvernului Spaniei (în ), este șeful guvernului Spaniei. Funcția a fost înființată în forma sa actuală de către Constituția din 1978.

Monarhul spaniol desemnează un candidat pentru președinția guvernului, care se prezintă în fața Congresului Deputaților din Spania, camera inferioară din Cortes Generales (parlamentul), pentru un vot de încredere într-un proces denumit învestitură parlamentară, efectiv o alegere indirectă a șefului guvernului de către aleșii din Congresul Deputaților.

Lista prim-miniștrilor Spaniei

Note

Președintele Guvernului Spaniei


La frontière entre les États-Unis et les Tonga est une frontière, entièrement maritime, séparant les Samoa américaines et les Tonga, dans l'océan Pacifique.

Historique
En 2021, aucun traité n'établit précisément de tracé, une situation encore très fréquente dans le Pacifique.

Pour définir les zonse économiques exclusives respectives, la ligne de base est établie jusqu'à  () de ses côtes au maximum et les zones se recoupent sur une ligne d'équidistance basée sur la définition du trait de côte.

La seule île américaine impliquée est l'île Tutuila face aux îles de l'archipel tongien des Niuas  (Niuatoputapu et Tafahi).

Les extrémités de cette frontière sont deux tripoints :
 Au nord, une jonction avec les Samoa en prenant en compte l'île d'Upolu : le point se trouve à 115 nm de chaque île.
 Au sud, une jonction avec Niue, territoire néo-zélandais : le point à environ 150 nm de chaque île.

Le tracé suivrait donc une ligne reliant les points  et  sur une distance de 120 kilomètres.

Des discussions sont en cours, notamment en 2019, au sein du Forum des îles du Pacifique pour aboutir à un traité officiel

Références

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Délimitation maritime

Etats-Unis-Tonga
Tonga
Etats-Unis

Frontière entre les États-Unis et les Tonga


Odoardo Vecchiarelli (Rieti, 1613 - Roma, 31 de julho de 1667) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Rieti em 1613. De família patrícia.

Educação
(Nenhuma informação encontrada).

Início da vida
Clérigo da Câmara Apostólica. Auditor da Câmara Apostólica, 1654.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal e reservado in pectore no consistório de 29 de abril de 1658; publicado no consistório de 5 de abril de 1660; recebeu o gorro vermelho e a diaconia de Ss. Cosma e Damiano, 19 de abril de 1660.

Episcopado
Eleito bispo de Rieti, em 5 de maio de 1660. Dispensado por ainda não ter recebido as sagradas ordens, em 5 de maio de 1660. Consagrado, 6 de junho de 1660, domingo, na igreja de S. Maria em Vallicella, Roma, pelo cardeal Giulio Rospigliosi, auxiliado por Cristofor Segni, arcebispo titular de Tessalônica, e por Ottaviano Carafa, arcebispo titular de Patras. Participou do conclave de 1667, que elegeu o Papa Clemente IX.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 31 de julho de 1667, perto do meio-dia, no palácio onde residia na Piazza Nicósia, em Roma. Exposto e enterrado no túmulo de seu tio na igreja de S. Pietro in Vincoli, Roma. Um memorial ao falecido cardeal foi colocado sobre a porta oeste da catedral de Rieti

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Alexandre VII
Cardeais da Itália

Odoardo Vecchiarelli


Heinersdorf ist mit Behlendorf ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Steinhöfel im Landkreis Oder-Spree in Brandenburg. Beide Orte liegen rund 40 Kilometer östlich von Berlin nahe der B5 am 80 Hektar großen Heinersdorfer See. Ein Straßendamm verläuft durch den südlichen Teil des Sees.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde 1244 erstmals als Henrykestorp urkundlich erwähnt. Es gehörte nach dem Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg zu den Besitzungen der Tempelherren, was dann zu den Johanniter-Rittern überging. Heinersdorf war ein Lehn, als Lehnsbesitzer trat später ein Mathias Belkow in Erscheinung, der wiederum an Martin Wins verkaufte. Familie Wins blieb in das 15. Jahrhundert. Der Herrenmeister des Johanniterordens Martin Graf von Hohenstein veräußerte den Ort nebst allen Zubehör und Geldrenten für die stolze Summe 9000 Talern an Zacharias von Grünberg, dem Statthalter von Küstrin. Dadurch bildete sich ein klassischer Rittersitz. So folgten als Lehnsbesitzer die Familien des Kriegsrates und Hauptmann zu Lagow von Ludwig, und des Geheimen rates (von) Meinders sowie einige bürgerliche Eigentümer.

Auf der Feldmark von Heinersdorf wurde 1348 der Falsche Woldemar vom Erzbischof von Magdeburg Otto als Markgraf Woldemar anerkannt. In dieser Zeit wurde auch die Feldsteinkirche errichtet, die im 14./15. Jahrhundert um einen Westturm erweitert wurde. 1752 kam es zu einem Brand im Dorf, das annähernd die Hälfte aller Gebäude zerstörte.

Durch die Entwicklung von Heinersdorf zu einem Gutsort mit einem kreistagsfähigen Rittergut ging der Ort in die Hände der Familie Schulz, welche später in der ganzen Umgegend weitere Güter übernahm. Ausgehend vom Oberamtmann und Generalpächter der Komturei Lietzen, Martin Schultz(e)-(1720–1762). Dessen Sohn Karl Schulz war Preußischer Amtsrat zu Lietzen und Erb- und Gerichtsherr auf Heinersdorf. Seit 1802 gehörte Heinersdorf den Schulz nachweisbar. Er ließ sich auch mit seiner Frau Friederike Wilhelmine Hartmann schon standesgemäß im Erbbegräbnis bestatten. Deren Sohn Ferdinand kaufte noch weitere Nachbargüter wie unter anderem Podelzig hinzu. Um 1879 betrug die allodiale Größe des Gutes 874,50 ha im Besitztum des Regierungsassessors Schulz. Dieser Assessor war der Nachfahre Friedrich Robert Schulz (1834–1894). Er wurde am 21. Januar 1883 in den erblichen Adelsstand erhoben, mit dem Zunamen v.(on) Heinersdorf. Schulz von Heinersdorf war Stifter und Nutznießer des Familienfideikommiss Heinersdorf. Damit wurde auch die Erbfolge reguliert. Nachfolger als Majoratsherr wurde Günter Schulz von Heinersdorf (1881–1938). Er war Offizier in einem Kavallerie-Regiment und erwarb Gut Behlendorf.

Kurz vor der großen Wirtschaftskrise 1929/1930 verfügte das Rittergut Heinersdorf über 900 ha Land. Betrieben wurde eine große Schafsviehwirtschaft und eine Kartoffeltrocknungsanlage. Als Verwalter fungierte Herr Richter. Weitere nennenswerte größere Bauernhöfe bestanden laut dem damals letztmals amtlich publizierten Landwirtschaftlichen Adressbuch für die Provinz Brandenburg, Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt a. d. O. Dies waren der Hof von Anna Keller, von August Albrecht, und von Friedrich Finger, die 46 ha von Ernst Grey, August Gurasch mit 21 ha, Günther Höhne und Fritz Staroste besaßen jeweils 27 ha.

Erbe des Gutes wurde Karl-Günther Schulz von Heinersdorf (1913–1941). Er ging wie sein jüngerer Bruder Wolf von Schulz (1914–1944) zunächst auf der Ritterakademie Brandenburg und schlug dann eine Militärkarriere ein, starben dann im Krieg. Die Töchter der Hauses Schulz heirateten in andere verwandte Gutsbesitzerfamilien, wie Schulz-Wulkow, von Stünzner-Karbe-Sieversdorf, Freiherrn von Stenglin. Auch die jüngeren Schulz-Söhne starben im Krieg oder an deren Folgen.

Am 31. Dezember 2001 wurde Heinersdorf mit Behlendorf nach Steinhöfel eingemeindet.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
In der Liste der Baudenkmale in Steinhöfel stehen die in der Denkmalliste des Landes Brandenburg eingetragenen Baudenkmale des Ortes.

 Die Dorfkirche Heinersdorf ist eine Feldsteinkirche aus der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts. Im Innern steht unter anderem ein Kanzelaltar aus dem ersten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts.
 Gut Heinersdorf aus dem 18. Jahrhundert
 Waldemareiche mit einem Brusthöhenumfang von 8,00 m (2016).
 Heinersdorfer See
 Heimattiergarten

Weblinks

 Website über den Ortsteil Heinersdorf

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Steinhöfel)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Oder-Spree)
Ersterwähnung 1244
Gemeindeauflösung 2001
Ort im Landkreis Oder-Spree
Ort im Land Lebus (Mark Brandenburg)

Heinersdorf (Steinhöfel)


The alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which first proposed the idea as a system that could be used for elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

As the name suggests, AV+ is an additional member system which works in two parts: the 'AV' part and the 'plus' part. As in the alternative vote system, candidates are ranked numerically in order of preference. The important difference is that an additional group of members would be elected through regional party lists to ensure a degree of proportionality; in typical proposals, these members are 15–20% of the whole body. More specifically, each voter would get a second vote to elect a county or regional-level representative from a list of candidates of more than one person per party. The number of votes cast in this vote would decide how many representatives from that county or region would go on to parliament. In systems with an electoral threshold on regional seats, votes are transferred in order of voters' numerical preference until it puts a party above the threshold, or reaches a party already above.

Reaction in the UK
Then Prime Minister Tony Blair issued a statement, saying that the report "makes a well-argued and powerful case for the system it recommends" and that "it is very much a modification of the existing Westminster system, rather than any full blown PR system as practised in other countries." He also praised Lord Jenkins for his work and gave the recommendations a cautious welcome, pointing out in particular that change would help address the "complete absence of Conservative representation in Scotland", a reference to the then most recent election in which the Conservatives failed to win a single seat in Scotland, despite winning 17.5% of the Scottish vote.

However, leading figures in the Cabinet at the time (e.g. Home Secretary Jack Straw, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott, Chancellor Gordon Brown, and Margaret Beckett) and the Labour NEC, all strongly opposed reform of the voting system, and blocked the chance of change at that time.

The report was welcomed by the Liberal Democrats and the SNP, although at the time the Liberal Democrats remained largely committed to STV, but preferred AV+ to first-past-the-post.
The report was heavily criticised by the Conservative party, with leader William Hague branding its proposals "a dog's breakfast".

In a May 2009 article in The Times, Health Secretary Alan Johnson called for a referendum on the adoption of this system as part of the response to the 2009 parliamentary expenses scandal. In this piece he praised the system as "an elegant solution". David Cameron, Leader of the Conservative Party, declared on May 26 that his party did not support the AV+ system, or any other form of proportional representation, as it would end up choosing a government "on the basis of secret backroom deals".

In June 2009, it was reported by the BBC that the Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, was considering changing the electoral system as part of a package of constitutional reform. In February 2010, the Labour government under Gordon Brown offered a Commons vote on a referendum for an alternative vote system, possibly manoeuvering for political positioning in case of a hung parliament following the general election on May 6. In a BBC interview on Election Night 2010, Home Secretary Alan Johnson suggested he would like to see the AV+ system introduced if a deal with the Liberal Democrats became necessary.

A national referendum on the Alternative Vote system was granted as part of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement, but not AV+. The Jenkins Commission rejected plain AV on the basis that it did little to relieve disproportionality, but favoured it over first-past-the-post as the basis for AV+.

The referendum on AV was held on May 5, 2011.  Voters rejected the proposed AV voting system by a vote of 68% to 32% in favour of retaining First Past the Post.  The turnout of registered voters was 42%.

Properties
AV+ has several properties which may be considered advantages or disadvantages based on ones views on how an electoral system should work and what effects it should produce. Common arguments in favour or against are similar to those relating to its component systems, AV and AMS.

 Single-member constituencies would exist under the scheme, so every voter would have a local MP, but not all MPs would be elected in an SMD.
 Because of compensation (additional seats), results would be more proportional result than FPTP or AV, but would still give a built-in advantage to the largest party and allow one-party rule during landslide years. Coalition governments, which include the opinions of multiple movements of the people, are more likely.
 Would lessen the problems of 'split voting' and the necessity of tactical voting.
 Decreases the chances of 'safe seats' and MPs holding seats for life.
 MPs will have to secure 50% of votes to win a constituency seat - making them more accountable and working harder to win over a broader appeal. Limits the chances for extremists to gain power scraping in with minority support. The AV part shuts down the ability for local candidates to slip in with just a minority of the votes.

 It is more complex than FPTP for voters and it might cost more to count the votes
 It will lead to "two types of MP", as a majority would be linked directly to a constituency with a minority with a larger area overlapping the first group. This might weaken the psychological link between voters and their representatives.

See also
List of democracy and election-related topics
Mixed-member proportional representation

References

External links
 Alternative vote - what is it? Simple animation explaining Alternative Vote system (not AV+)
 Electoral Reform Society page on the AV+ system

Mixed electoral systems
Semi-proportional electoral systems
Electoral systems
Preferential electoral systems
Elections in the United Kingdom

Alternative vote plus


Sir Percy Cleghorn Stanley Hobart, Britanyalı istihkâm ve tank subayıdır. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Birleşik Krallık 79. Zırhlı Tümeni'ne komuta etmiştir. John Frederick Charles Fuller askeri tarihçi ve strateji uzmanıdır. Özellikle Modern Zırhlı Savaş üzerine ürettiği teorilerle tanınır. Tankların başarıyla kullanıldığı ilk çarpışma olan Cambrai Çarpışması'ndaki tank harekâtını planlamıştır.

Ünlü komutan Bernard Montgomery'nin kayınbiraderidir.

Kaynakça

1885 doğumlular
1957 yılında ölenler
Britanya Ordusu generalleri
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Britanyalı askerî personel
Askerî strateji
Askerî taktikler

Percy Hobart


Hemiaulax es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Hemiaulax dentipennis (Bates, 1892)
 Hemiaulax himalayensis (Dellabeffa, 1931)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Hemiaulax en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Stenolophina

Hemiaulax


Arthur Domscheit (* 30. Juli 1914 in Königsberg (Ostpreußen); † 30. Dezember 2006 in Bremen) war ein deutscher Politiker (CDU) in Bremen. Er war Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft.

Biografie

Ausbildung und Beruf
Domscheit erlernte seit 1929 den Beruf eines Bäckers und übte den Beruf aus. Von 1934 bis 1935 besuchte er die Polizeischule und war danach bei der Landespolizei in Königsberg und als diese überführt wurde bei der Reichswehr tätig. Von 1937 bis 1945 war er bei der Schutzpolizei in Insterburg und in Schwerin. Er war nach 1945 als Beamter bei der Polizei Bremen tätig. Er war verheiratet mit Waldetrudis Domscheit (1923–2011).

Politik
Domscheit wurde im Dezember 1933 Mitglied der NSDAP und war von 1938 bis 1942 Mitglied bei der Nationalsozialistischen Volkswohlfahrt (NSV). 1948 wurde er als nicht betroffen entnazifiziert, obwohl er in seinem Meldebogen die Mitgliedschaft in der NSDAP verschwiegen hatte.

Er war Mitglied der CDU im Stadtbezirksverband Vegesack in Bremen. Von 1961 bis 1964 war er Vorsitzender des CDU-Ortsvereins Vegesack-Lesum. 1973 fungierte er als Geschäftsführer der CDU in Bremen-Nord.

Er war zwei Monate in 1959, dann von 1963 bis 1967 und von 1971 bis 1979 für die CDU rund 12 Jahre lang Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft und dort in verschiedenen Deputationen und Ausschüssen der Bürgerschaft tätig.

Quellen
 Norbert Korfmacher: Mitgliederverzeichnis der Bremischen Bürgerschaft 1946 bis 1996 (= Kommunalpolitik. Bd. 1). Lit, Münster 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3212-0.
 Bremische Bürgerschaft (Hrsg.), Karl-Ludwig Sommer: Die NS-Vergangenheit früherer Mitglieder der Bremischen Bürgerschaft. Projektstudie und wissenschaftliches Colloquium (= Kleine Schriften des Staatsarchivs Bremen. Heft 50). Staatsarchiv Bremen, Bremen 2014, ISBN 978-3-925729-72-0.

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft (ab 1945)
NSDAP-Mitglied
CDU-Mitglied
Person (Vegesack)
Deutscher
Geboren 1914
Gestorben 2006
Mann

Arthur Domscheit


Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing station (formerly South Irving Transit Center and later South Irving station) is a Trinity Railway Express commuter rail and bus station in Irving, Texas. It is located on Rock Island Road, east of O'Connor Road. It opened on December 30, 1996, and serves downtown Irving, including the Irving Heritage District and the Irving Civic Center (city offices), which is two blocks west of the station. This station is also served by Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART).

On July 30, 2012, South Irving station was renamed Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing station as part of the service changes effective for that date to better reflect new identities created by their evolving neighborhoods or surrounding developments.

Gallery

References

External links

 TRE - Downtown Irving/Heritage Crossing Station
 Dallas Area Rapid Transit

Trinity Railway Express stations
South Irving (TRE station)
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1996
Railway stations in Dallas County, Texas
Transportation in Irving, Texas


Udawalawe National Park is a national park on the boundary of Sabaragamuwa and Uva Provinces in Sri Lanka. The park was created to provide a sanctuary for wild animals displaced by the construction of the Udawalawe Reservoir on the Walawe River, as well as to protect the catchment of the  reservoir. The reserve covers  of land area and was established on 30 June 1972.

Before the designation of the national park, the area was used for shifting cultivation (chena farming). The farmers were gradually removed once the national park was declared. The park is  from Colombo. Udawalawe is an important habitat for water birds and Sri Lankan elephants. It is a popular tourist destination and the third-most visited park in the country.

Physical features
Udawalawe lies on the boundary of Sri Lanka's wet and dry zones. Plains dominate the topography, though there are also some mountainous areas. The Kalthota Range and Diyawini Falls are in the north of the park and the outcrops of Bambaragala and Reminikotha lie within it. The park has an annual rainfall of , most of which falls during the months of October to January and March to May. The average annual temperature is about , while relative humidity varies from 70% to 83%. Well-drained reddish-brown soil is the predominant soil type, with poorly drained low humic grey soils found in the valley bottoms. Mainly alluvial soils form the beds of water courses

Ecology

The habitat surrounding at  the reservoir includes marshes, the Walawe river and its tributaries, forests and grasslands. Dead trees standing in the reservoir are visual reminders of the extent of forest cover before the construction of the Udawalawe Dam. Green algae, including Pediastrum and Scenedesmus spp., and blue green algae species such as Microsystis, occur in the reservoir.  Areas of open grassland are abundant as a result of former chena farming practices. There is a plantation of teak beyond the southern boundary, below the dam, which was planted before the declaration of the park.  Species recorded from the park include 94 plants, 21 fish, 12 amphibians, 33 reptiles, 184 birds (33 of which are migratory), and 43 mammals. Additionally 135 species of butterflies are among the invertebrates found in Udawalawe.

Flora
Hopea cordifolia, Memecylon petiolatum, Erythroxylon zeylanicum, and Jasminum angustifolium are endemic floral species recorded from the park. Hopea cordifolia is found along the river along with Terminalia arjuna. Panicum maximum and Imperata cylindrica are important food sources for the elephants. Chloroxylon swietenia, Berrya cordifolia, Diospyros ebenum, Adina cordifolia, Vitex pinnata, Schleichera oleosa, and Diospyros ovalifolia are the common taller trees. Terminalia bellirica and Phyllanthus emblica are plants of medicinal value found in the forest. Cymbopogon confertiflorus grass species and Grewia tiliifolia bushes are common in the grasslands.

Fauna

Mammals

Udawalawe is an important habitat for Sri Lankan elephants, which are relatively hard to see in its open habitats. Many elephants are attracted to the park because of the Udawalawe reservoir, with a herd of about 250 believed to be permanently resident. The Udawalawe Elephant Transit Home was established in 1995 for the purpose of looking after abandoned elephant calves within the park.  A total of nine calves, on two occasions in 1998 and 2000, with another eight calves in 2002, were released in the park when old enough to fend for themselves.

The rusty-spotted cat, fishing cat and Sri Lankan leopard are members of the family Felidae present in Udawalawe.  The Sri Lankan sloth bear is seldom seen because of its rarity. Sri Lankan sambar deer, Sri Lankan axis deer, Indian muntjac, Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain, wild boar and water buffalo are among other mammal species. Golden jackal, Asian palm civet, toque macaque, tufted grey langur and Indian hare also inhabit the park. A study conducted in 1989 found that considerable numbers of golden palm civets inhabit the forests of Udawalawe. Five species of mice also have been recorded from the park. The endemic Ceylon spiny mouse, known from Yala National Park, was recorded in Udawalawe in 1989. Indian bush rat and three species of mongoose are also recorded in the national park.

Birds

Udawalawe is also a good birdwatching site. Endemics such as Sri Lanka spurfowl, red-faced malkoha, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, brown-capped babbler, and Sri Lanka junglefowl are among of the breeding resident birds. White wagtail and black-capped kingfisher are rare migrants. A variety of water birds visit the reservoir, including cormorants, the spot-billed pelican, Asian openbill, painted stork, black-headed ibis and Eurasian spoonbill.

The open parkland attracts birds of prey such as white-bellied sea eagle, crested serpent-eagle, grey-headed fish eagle, booted eagle, and changeable hawk-eagle. Landbirds are in abundance, and include Indian roller, Indian peafowl, Malabar pied hornbill and pied cuckoo.

Reptiles and fish
Oriental garden lizards, painted-lip lizards, mugger crocodiles, Asian water monitors, Bengal monitors and 30 species of snake are found in the park. Garra ceylonensis is an endemic fish species recorded in park. Introduced Oreochromis spp., giant gourami, catla, and rohu are important food fish species found in the reservoir.

Conservation
Clearing natural forests and planting monospecies cultures such as pine and eucalyptus are causing reduced water levels in the Walawe river. Encroachment by human settlements, poaching, illegal logging, gem mining, overgrazing and chena farming are major threats to the park. Lantana camara and Phyllanthus polyphyllus are invasive weeds affecting the food plants of the elephants. Occasions of elephants being shot with illegal muzzleloader guns has been reported.

Tourism
In the six months ending in August 2009, the park earned revenue of Rs. 18.2 million. From 1994 to 2001 some 423,000 people visited the park, 20% of them foreigners. For the 1998–2001 period average annual revenue was 280,000. Postage stamps bearing the images of four wild animals of Udawalawe were issued on 31 October 2007 in the series "National Parks of Sri Lanka", featuring water buffalo, Sri Lankan elephant, ruddy mongoose and tufted grey langur.

See also
Protected areas of Sri Lanka
Udawalawe Elephant Transit Home

References

National parks of Sri Lanka
Protected areas established in 1972
Protected areas in Sabaragamuwa Province
Protected areas in Uva Province
Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests

Udawalawe National Park


Amr Musa (d. 1936), Arap Birliği eski genel sekreteri, eski Mısır dışişleri bakanı ve diplomat.

Amr Musa, eski milletvekili Muhammed Musa'nın oğludur. Babasının 1920'lerde Fransa'da yaptığı çalışmalar sırasında Pierre adında bir oğlu vardı Ancak, Musa'nın üvey kardeşi Pierre Fransız vatandaşıdır ve Mısır ile hiçbir bağı yoktur.

1958 ve 1972 yılları arasında Mısır'ın İsviçre'de Büyükelçiliği ve Birleşmiş Milletler Mısır misyonu da dahil olmak üzere, çeşitli görevlerde çalıştı. 1974 ile 1977 arasında Dışişleri Bakanı danışmanı oldu. 1977'den 1981 ve yine 1983 yılından 1990 yılına kadar, Dışişleri Bakanlığı Uluslararası Kuruluşlar Dairesi Başkanı oldu. 1981 ile 1983 arası, New York'ta Birleşmiş Milletler Daimi Temsilci Yardımcılığı yaptı. 1983'ten 1986 yılına kadar Hindistan Büyükelçisi oldu.

1990'de Mısır'ın Birleşmiş Milletlerdeki büyükelçisi oldu. 1991'den 2001'e kadar Mısır dışişleri bakanı olarak görev yaptı. Amr Musa 2001 tarihinden 2011 tarihine kadar Arap Birliği genel sekreterliği görevini sürdürdü. 1 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde görevini yeni seçilen Nebil El Arabiye devretti. Amr Musa 2012 Mısır cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimlerinde adaylığını koydu.
% 11,13 oranında oy aldığı seçimlerde 5. sırada yer aldı.

2009 tarihinde, Vatikan ile bir mutabakat imzalanmış ve ortak projeler güçlendirmek ve kültürel ve politik düzeyde barış ve diyaloğu teşvik etmek için Papa Benedikt ile bir araya geldi.

2009'da Başbakan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın Davos çıkışında salonu terk ederken tokalaşıp tepkisinden dolayı tebrik etmiş fakat Birleşmiş milletler genel sekreteri Ban Ki-mun'un "otur" işaretiyle salonu terk etmemiştir.

13 Haziran 2010 tarihinde, Hamas yönetimindeki Gazze üzerindeki ekonomik ablukanın kaldırılması için İsrail'e baskı amaçlı bir hareket ile Gazze'yi ziyaret etti. Musa tarafından yapılan bu ziyaret 2007 yılında Hamas'ın seçimlerde galip gelmesinden bu yana Arap Birliği'nden bir yetkili tarafından yapılan ilk ziyaret oldu.

Kaynakça

1936 doğumlular
Arap Birliği genel sekreterleri
Mısır dışişleri bakanları
Mısır'ın büyükelçileri
Hindistan büyükelçileri
Mısır'ın Birleşmiş Milletler daimî temsilcileri
Yaşayan insanlar

Amr Musa


Vimioso  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Alto Trás-os-Montes altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 14 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Algoso
 Angueira
 Argozelo
 Avelanoso
 Caçarelhos
 Campo de Víboras
 Carção
 Matela
 Pinelo
 Santulhão
 Uva
 Vale de Frades
 Vilar Seco
 Vimioso

Portekiz'in belediyeleri

Vimioso


Richmond er en by i Richmondshire-distriktet, North Yorkshire, England, med et indbyggertal (pr. 2016) på 8.439. Byen ligger 340 km fra London. Den nævnes i Domesday Book fra 1086, hvor den kaldes Hindrelag/Hindrelaghe/Indrelag/Indrelage.

Referencer

Byer i England
North Yorkshire

Richmond (North Yorkshire)


පෘථිවි-යාබද වස්තුන්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව හා වර්ගීකරණය

පෘථිවි-යාබද ක්ෂුද්‍රග්‍රහයෝ

මේවා,  ධූමකේතුවක වලගයක් හෝ ධූම වලාවක් (කෝමාවක්) හෝ නොමැති, පෘථිවි-යාබද කක්ෂයක වන වස්තූන් වෙති.

පෘථිවි-යාබද වස්තුව


La mesorregião do Centro Ocidental Paranaense es una de las diez mesorregiones del estado brasileño del Paraná. Es formada por la unión de 25 municipios de la Región de Goioerê y Campo Mourão, agrupados en dos microrregiones según censo del (IBGE 2010) Campo Mourão tiene 86.550 habitantes, y Goioerê tiene 30.016 habitantes (IBGE 2010).

Microrregiones
 Campo Mourão
 Goioerê

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Mesorregiones de Paraná

Mesorregión del Centro Occidental Paranaense


Emir Kurtagic (* 21. August 1980 in Sarajevo) ist ein deutscher Handballtrainer bosnischer Herkunft. Er trainiert die deutsche Jugendnationalmannschaft.

Karriere
Im Jahr 2000 kam Emir Kurtagic zusammen mit seinem Bruder Sead Kurtagic (* 1977) und seinem Vater, dem Handballtrainer Esad Kurtagic, vom TuS Derschlag zum VfL Gummersbach. Seit seinem 14. Lebensjahr wohnt Emir im Gummersbacher Vorort Derschlag.
Esad Kurtagic war in Gummersbach zunächst Co-Trainer und vom 3. Februar bis Mai 2000 Interims-Trainer der Oberbergischen. Emir spielte auf Linksaußen, sein Bruder auf Rechtsaußen. Zum Saisonende verließen Esad und Emir Kurtagic den VfL und wechselten für eine halbe Saison zum damaligen Regionalligisten TV Jahn Wahn. Wegen einer schweren Verletzung musste Kurtagic seine Karriere als Spieler frühzeitig beenden. Mit 27 Jahren absolvierte er als Jahrgangsbester den Trainerlehrgang für die A-Lizenz. Zur Saison 2008/09 wurde Emir Kurtagic unter Sead Hasanefendić Assistenztrainer beim VfL Gummersbach. Nachdem der VfL auf einen Abstiegsplatz geraten war, wurde Hasanefendić am 2. Dezember 2011 von der Vereinsführung entlassen und Kurtagic als Nachfolger benannt. Kurtagic gelang der Klassenerhalt, wurde aber von vornherein nur bis zum Saisonende verpflichtet. Neuer Trainer des VfL Gummersbach sollte in der Saison 2012/13 Jan Gorr vom TV Hüttenberg werden. Kurtagic sollte am 1. Juli 2012 Sportlicher Leiter der VfL-Akademie in Gummersbach werden. Am 1. Juni 2012 gab der VfL Gummersbach bekannt, dass Kurtagic auch in der Saison 2012/13 den VfL trainieren wird. Der Vertrag mit Gorr wurde aufgelöst.

Am 26. März 2017 wurde Kurtagic entlassen, nachdem der VfL zuvor nur eins der letzten elf Spiele gewonnen hatte. Am 23. Oktober 2017 trat er die Nachfolge von Aðalsteinn Eyjólfsson beim Bundesliga-Aufsteiger TV 05/07 Hüttenberg an.

Zur Saison 2019/20 trat Kurtagic die Nachfolge von Aaron Ziercke als Trainer des TuS N-Lübbecke an. Unter seiner Leitung stieg TuS N-Lübbecke 2021 in die Bundesliga auf. Nach dem direkten Wiederabstieg am Ende der Saison 2021/22 wurde er vom Verein freigestellt. Seit September 2022 trainiert er die deutsche Jugendnationalmannschaft.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Handballtrainer (TuS N-Lübbecke)
Handballtrainer (VfL Gummersbach)
Handballspieler (Bosnien und Herzegowina)
Handballspieler (VfL Gummersbach)
Handball-Außenspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1980
Mann

Emir Kurtagic


Sarah Dalsgaard Paulsen (født 27. august 1997 i Hedensted, Danmark) er en dansk håndboldspiller som spiller venstre back for SønderjyskE Damehåndbold.

Sarah Paulsen kom til Viborg HK fra barndomsklubben ØHK Hedensted i forbindelse med, at hun kom på sportsakademiet i Viborg. Hun fik sin førsteholdsdebut allerede som 16-årig i en ligakamp mod SønderjyskE 22. marts 2014, hvor hun scorede syv mål. Det blev dog i de følgende par år kun til sporadisk spilletid for Paulsen på førsteholdet, men hun fik forlænget sin aftale med klubben i foråret 2016. I sæsonen 2016-2017 etablerede hun sig efterhånden som fast spiller på holdet.

Hun skrev i februar 2021 under på en toårig kontrakt med 1. divisionsklubben SønderjyskE Damehåndbold, efter tre år i udlandet.

Referencer

Kilder
 Sarah Dalgaard Paulsen - Eurohandball

Håndboldspillere fra Danmark

Sarah Paulsen


Crkva Gospe od Milosrđa, zaštićeno kulturno dobro u Dubrovniku.

Opis dobra
Crkva Gospe od Milosrđa koja se nalazi na početku Gospina polja, s jugozapadne strane. Jednobrodna je građevina, pravokutnog tlocrta, orijentirana istok – zapad. Pravokutno svetište završava nižom polukružnom apsidom, a uz južnu fasadu svetišta prizidana je kvadratična sakristija. Pročelje crkve rastvoreno je pravokutnim portalom s lunetom, velikom rozetom, a završava preslicom za tri zvona. U neposrednoj blizini smješten je kapucinski samostan građen 1928 – 1936. godine, pa crkva sa samostanom unutar kamenim zidom omeđenog areala čini cjelinu. Crkva ukazuje na kontinuitet izgradnje od srednjeg vijeka do 20. st., naglaskom na period baroka.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-924 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao sakralna graditeljska baština.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Dubrovniku
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji

Crkva Gospe od Milosrđa u Dubrovniku


Alin Robert Rațiu (n. 14 septembrie 1982, București) este un fost fotbalist român, care a evoluat pe postul de fundaș central.

Legături externe
Profil pe Transfermarkt

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai FC Internațional Curtea de Argeș
Fotbaliști ai FCU Politehnica Timișoara
Fotbaliști ai FC Sportul Studențesc
Fotbaliști ai FC Gloria Buzău
Fotbaliști ai Universității Cluj

Alin Rațiu


Der Tatarisch-Islamische Friedhof (auch Muslimischer Tatarenfriedhof genannt, polnisch: Muzułmański Cmentarz Tatarski) in Warschau ist eine historische, noch genutzte islamische Begräbnisstätte an der Ulica Tatarska 8 im Stadtbezirk Wola. Der kleine Friedhof liegt in unmittelbarer Nähe des katholischen Powązki-Friedhofs, des Jüdischen Friedhofs und des Evangelisch-Augsburgischen Friedhofs.

Geschichte
Der Friedhof wurde 1867 infolge von Platzmangel auf dem älteren Kaukasisch-Islamischen Friedhof in der nahegelegenen Ulica Młynarskia auf Initiative des Warschauer Imams Seifetdin Chosianow Sinnajew gegründet. Zunächst nur auf einer Fläche von 5.000 Quadratmeter angelegt, verfügt er heute über eine Größe von einem Hektar. Bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs wurden hier vor allem Moslems aus der russischen Armee Kongresspolens  beerdigt, später erfolgte zunehmend die Bestattung von polonisierten Tataren aus dem Großfürstentum Litauen – weshalb er die Bezeichnung als Tataren-Friedhof erhielt. Neben Gräbern von Offizieren finden sich hier also auch viele von Kaufleuten und Handwerkern.

Der Friedhof wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg mehrfach Schauplatz von Kämpfen und entsprechend zerstört: 1942 versteckten deutsche Truppen hier Panzer und andere Militärfahrzeuge vor sowjetischen Fliegerangriffen. Und während des Warschauer Aufstandes lieferten sich Aufständische hier schwere Gefechte mit deutschen Einheiten.

Am 7. Dezember 1984 wurde die Anlage unter Aufsicht des Denkmalschutzamtes (Wojewódzki konserwator zabytków) gestellt. Betreut wird die Anlage vom Verband der Tataren in der Republik Polen (Związek Tatarów Rceczypospolitej Polskiej).

Gräber
Zu den bis heute erhaltenen, teilweise mit türkischen, arabischen und persischen Inschriften versehenen Grabmälern gehören die Gräber von Alexander Achmatowicz (Rechtsanwalt und Senator der Zweiten Polnischen Republik in den Jahren 1928 bis 1930), Osman Achmatowicz (Chemiker und Professor der Universität Warschau), Bekier Eksanow (Imam der islamischen Gemeinde von Warschau) und Jerzy Edigey (Rechtsanwalt und Autor mehrerer polnischer Kriminalromane).

Auf dem Friedhof sind weitere bedeutende polnische Muslime begraben:

 Zeryf Eksanow († 1951), Warschauer Imam
 Veli bek Jedigar († 1971), Prinz aus Aserbaidschan, Kavallerieoffizier der polnischen Armee
 Aleksander Jeljaszewicz († 1978), Offizier, letzter Chef der 1. Tatarenschwadron des 13. Regiments der Wilno-Ulanen, Träger des Ordens Virtuti Militari
 Safar-Bek Malsag († 1944), General
 Konstanty Murza-Murzicz († 1953), Anwalt und Richter
 Rustym Murza-Murzicz († 1980), Veterinärarzt,  Offizier der 1. Tatarenschwadron des 13. Regiments der Wilno-Ulanen, Träger des Ordens Virtuti Militari
 Bekir Rodkiewicz († 1987), Imam
 Jakub Romanowicz († 1964), stellvertretender Mufti Polens in der Zwischenkriegszeit

Auf dem Friedhof steht auch ein Grabstein in der Form eines Minaretts für Abdul Halik Usmi, der am 13. März 1932 im Alter von 29 Jahren starb. Zeitgenössischem Klatsch zufolge war Usmi ein glühender Verehrer der Schauspielerin Jadwiga Smosarska, für die er seine islamische Verlobte verließ. Smosarska erwiderte seine Liebe jedoch nicht, woraufhin er sich erschossen haben soll. In den 1960er Jahren besuchte Smosarska sein Grab und legte dort Blumen nieder.

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Literatur
 Julius A. Chroscicki und Andrzej Rottermund, Architekturatlas von Warschau, 1. Auflage, Arkady, Warschau 1978, S. 213
 Grzegorz Piątek, Jarosław Trybuś, Warschau. Der thematische Führer durch Polens Hauptstadt, Kamil Markiewicz (Uebers), ISBN 978-3-89728-070-0, Schröder, Verlag für Regionalkultur, Diepholz 2009, S. 241 f.

Weblinks

 Cmentarium (in Polnisch)

Wola (Warschau)
Islamischer Friedhof
Friedhof in Warschau
Kulturdenkmal in Warschau
Islam in Polen
Tataren
Polnisch-russische Beziehungen
Erbaut in den 1860er Jahren
Orientalisierende Architektur

Tatarisch-Islamischer Friedhof (Warschau)


سو 6  فيلم رعب أُنتج سنة 2009، من إخراج كيفين غرويترت وكتابة باتريك ميلتون وماركوس دونستان، وهو الجزء السادس من سلسلة أفلام الرعب سو التي بدا عرضها عام 2004. هدا الفيلم تكملة للاجزاء السابقة حيث ستظهر علاقات جديدة بين كل من القاتل «جيغسو» (توبين بيل) وزوجته التي ستتسلم زمام الامور عند نهاية الفيلم والمحقق هوفمان واماندا يونغ.

أحداث الفيلم
يبتدا الفيلم بسيموني وإدي شخصين حبيسين هما يطلب منهما القاتل بقطع أكبر جزء ممكن من الاعضاء حتى ينجوا بعد دلك ينتقل القاتل إلى وضع صاحب شركة تأمين (قد طلب منه جيغ سو مسبقا مساعدته بشأن علاج للسرطان وقد رفض مساعدته)فوضعه في اختبار حقيقي لنجدة زوجته من خلال مروره بعدة مواقف لنجدة عمال تلك الشركة الذين بدورهم حوصروا في مخبا جيغسو. لتكتشف زوجته خيانته لها ويعمد ابنها إلى قتله بواسطة حمض الكلوردريك. في هذه الأثناء يكتشف المحققون هوية خليفة القاتل جيغسو «المحقق هوفمان» فيلجا هذا الأخير إلى وضع حد لحياتهم ويعود لمكان عمله كقاتل ولكن سيفاجا مرة أخرى بدخول زوجة جيغسو «جيل توك» وكهربته قبل أن تعمد إلى قتله.

الشخصيات

 توبين بيل في دور جيغسو / جون
 كوستاس مانديلور في دور مارك هوفمان
 مارك رولستون في دور دان إريكسون
 بيستي راسل في دور جيل توك
 شوني سميث في دور أماندا يونغ
 بيتر أوتربريدج في دور وليام ايستون
 أثينا كاركانيس في دور العميلة ليندسي بيريز
 سامانثا ليمول في دور باميلا جنكينز
 تانيدرا هوارد في دور سيموني
 مارتي مورو في دور إدي
 شون أحمد في دور ألن
 جانيل هوتشيسون في دور آدي
 جيري مينديكينو في دور البواب هانك
 كارولين كيف في دور ديبي
 جورج نيوبيرن في دور هارولد ابوت

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أخرجها كيفن غروتيرد
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام أولى للمخرج لعام 2009
أفلام إخراجية أولى
أفلام إنتاج 2009
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام جريمة رعب
أفلام رعب أمريكية
أفلام رعب إنتاج 2009
أفلام سو
أفلام ليون غيتز إنترتينمنت
أفلام متممة أمريكية
أفلام مصورة في تورونتو
تعذيب في أفلام

سو VI


Nervul receptor este un tip de nerv excitabil care răspunde la orice stimul prin diferite variații gradate, în funcție de intensitatea și locația stimulului.

Rol
Rolul nervului receptor este de a prelua informația de la stimuli și apoi de a o transforma energia stimulului în influx nervos în funcție de locație și intensitate.

Clasificare
Nervii receptori sunt clasificați pe mai multe categorii, după cum urmează:

După localizare:
exteroceptori - situați la nivelul pielii aflându-se la periferia organismului și primind informații din mediul  extern.
propioceptori - localizați în mușchi, tendoane, articulații, periost (membrana    conjunctivă a oaselor), pericondru (inveliș conjunctiv al cartilagelor).
interoceptori - sunt localizați pe pereții organelor interne și primesc informații din interiorul organismului.

După natura agentului excitant:
mecanoreceptori - stimulați de atingere, presiune etc.
termoreceptori - stimulați de schimbările în temperatură.
chemoreceptori - stimulați de modificarea concentrației unei substanțe din organism (olfactivi și gustativi)
fotoreceptori - stimulați de orice interacțiune cu particulele de lumină numite fotoni, vizibile.
algoreceptori - stimulați de orice senzație care produce durere.
baroreceptori - stimulați de schimbările în presiune.
osmoreceptori - stimulați de schimbările în presiune osmotică.

După viteza de adaptare:
fazici - activitatea crește la aplicarea stimulului și scade la menținerea sa.
tonici - activitatea rămâne constantă pe tot parcursul aplicării stimulului.

Surse

 bacbioro, "http://bacbioro.weebly.com/sistemul-nervos.html"
 anatomie.romedic.ro, "http://anatomie.romedic.ro/sistemul-nervos"
 conspecte, "https://conspecte.com/Medicina/sistemul-nervos-al-omului.html"

Histologie
Sistemul nervos
Celule
Neuroștiințe
Neuroanatomie

Nervul receptor


16 (șaisprezece) este un număr natural precedat de 15 și urmat de 17.

În matematică
16:
 Este un număr par și un număr compus, având divizorii: 1, 2, 4, 8 și 16. Este cel mai mic număr care are fix 5 divizori.
 Este primul număr Erdős-Woods.
 Este un număr practic.
 Este un număr puternic.
 Este un număr rotund.
 Este un număr Størmer.
 Este puterea a doua a lui 4, adică este un pătrat perfect: 16 = 42 = 4 x 4.
 Este a patra putere a lui doi: 16 = 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2.
 Este cel mai mare număr întreg cunoscut n pentru care 2n+1 este număr prim.
 Este baza sistemului de numere hexazecimale, care este utilizat pe scară largă în informatică, deoarece un octet cuprinde exact două cifre hexazecimale.
 Este singurul număr întreg pentru care mn și nm sunt egale, unde m = 4 și n = 2 (sau invers). Această proprietate este adevărată deoarece 22 = 2 × 2. De asemenea, 6 este egal cu 32 (vezi și tetrație).
 Este un număr centrat pentagonal.

În știință
 Este numărul atomic al sulfului.
 Grupa a 16-a din tabelul periodic al elementelor este grupa calcogenilor (grupa oxigenului) și conține elementele chimice oxigen, sulf, seleniu, telur, poloniu și livermoriu.

Astronomie
 NGC 16 este o galaxie lenticulară în constelația Pegas.
 Messier 16 este un roi deschis din constelația Șarpele.
 16 Psyche este o planetă minoră.
 16 Arietis este o stea din constelația Berbecul.
 16P/Brooks este o cometă periodică din sistemul solar.

În cultura populară
 În serialul TV LOST: Naufragiații, 16 este unul dintre cele 6 numere recurente (4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42) care apar frecvent pe tot parcursul emisiunii.

Alte domenii
 Codul pentru departamentul francez Charente .
 Vârsta de consimțământ sexual în unele state.
 16 Dorințe, un film din 2010
 DN16, un drum național din România.

Note

Numere naturale

16 (număr)


اللوا اللوائية  هي دودة أسطوانية تسبب داء اللوائيات.

مراجع

أمراض طفيلية
حجناوات
حيوانات وصفت في 1864
ديدان أسطوانية وصفت في 1864
ديدان أسطوانية

لوا لوائية


Elías Bechara Zainúm (Santa Cruz de Lorica, 10 de diciembre de 1920-Montería, 9 de agosto de 2013) fue un educador, filántropo y químico-bacteriólogo colombiano de ascendencia libanesa, fundador de la Universidad de Córdoba y la Universidad del Sinú, en Colombia.

Biografía
Cursó estudios de Química en la Universidad de Cartagena y se especializó en Bioquímica y Laboratorio en México y Texas.

A su regreso, ejerció su profesión en Barranquilla y se vinculó como docente en la Universidad del Atlántico, alternando el tiempo entre el laboratorio y la investigación. Patentó la fórmula retardada de la Penicilina (Pensolvox), adquirida por el Laboratorio Own de Colombia para su distribución.

Radicado en Montería, quiso contribuir con el desarrollo de la región aflorando su vocación de maestro y funda, en 1962, el Instituto Agrícola de Lorica, ITA.

En 1964 crea la primera Universidad en la región: la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, de la cual fue fundador y dos veces Rector. Pero su capacidad de entrega y su espíritu altruista continúa y en 1965, crea en Montería el primer bachillerato nocturno departamental en la Costa Atlántica.

Apoya la apertura del INEM Lorenzo María Lleras, facilitando el terreno para su construcción. Así mismo apoya la creación del Colegio Cecilia de Lleras y la aprobación del Colegio Nacional José María Córdoba.

En 1974 funda la Corporación Educativa Superior de Córdoba (Cesco), que en 1980 se convierte en la Corporación Universitaria del Sinú y en el año 2004, mediante Resolución N° 4973 del Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN) obtiene el reconocimiento como Universidad, denominándose desde entonces Universidad del Sinú -Elías Bechara Zainúm-, Institución desde el año 2019 se encuentra Acreditada en Alta Calidad por parte del MEN (Ministerio de educación nacional).

El doctor Elías Bechara Zainúm se desempeñó cargos de orden local, regional y nacional, de importancia entre los que figuran: Alcalde de Montería, Senador de la República y concejal de los municipios de Montería, Cereté y Los Córdobas. Fue el primer presidente regional del SENA; primer Presidente de Mejoras Públicas; Presidente de la Asociación de Instituciones de Educación Superior de la Costa Atlántica; Presidente de la Junta del Hospital San Jerónimo de Montería; primer Presidente de la Asociación de Algodoneros de Córdoba; primer Presidente del Proyecto Urrá.

Distinciones
Orden del Libertador "Cruz de Boyacá", Presidencia de la República (2009).
Orden José María Córdoba, Departamento de Córdoba.
 Orden Francisco de la Torre y Miranda, Municipio de Montería.
 Medalla al Mérito "Libardo López Gómez", Asamblea Departamental de Córdoba.
 Placa de la Asociación de Instituciones de Educación Superior de la Costa Atlántica, ASIESCA.
 Placa de la Asociación Colombiana de Instituciones Universitarias Privadas, ACIUP.
 Orden de Boyacá, Grado Comendador Presidencia de la República.
 Medalla al Mérito Educativo, Gobernación de Córdoba.
 Placa de Reconocimiento, Asamblea Departamental.
 Medalla Bicentenaria Antonio de la Torre y Miranda.
 Medalla los Zenúes, Concejo de Montería.
 Escudo de la Policía Nacional, Policía Nacional.
 Reconocimiento y Exaltación, Universidad de Córdoba.
 Placa de Reconocimiento, ICETEX – Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo en el Exterior.
 Placa de Reconocimiento, ASCUN – Asociación Colombiana de Universidades.
 Orden Académica Simón Bolívar, Universidad Simón Bolívar.
 Placa de Reconocimiento, ASIESCA – Asociación de Instituciones de Educación Superior del Caribe.
 Distinción TRICHECHUS MANATUS, C.V.S. – Corporación de los Valles del Sinú y San Jorge.
 Placa de Reconocimiento, Asociación de Municipios del Alto Sinú y San Jorge.
Condecoración Simón Bolívar, Ministerio de Educación Nacional (2009).
Orden de la Democracia del Congreso de la República, Cámara de Representantes (2009).
Orden Congreso de la República en el grado "Gran Cruz de Oro" (1997).

Otras instituciones que han reconocido su labor: Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior, ICFES; Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior, ICETEX; Rectoría Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Gerencia General del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, I.C.A; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Alcaldía del municipio de Los Córdobas; Alcaldía de Santa Cruz de Lorica; Asociación de Maestros de Córdoba, ADEMACOR; Asociación de Periodistas de Córdoba, ASPECOR; Asociación de Directores de Núcleo Educativo de Córdoba, ADIMACOR; Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad, DAS; Departamento de Policía de Córdoba.

Busto al Fundador. La Universidad de Córdoba homenajeó al Doctor Elías Bechara Zainúm, develando el busto de su rector Fundador, ubicado en los jardines de esa Institución.
Murió el 10 de agosto de 2013 en Montería, de un paro cardiorrespiratorio.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Reseña de la Fundación de la Universidad del Sinú
  El premio de Elías Bechara Zainúm

Nacidos en Santa Cruz de Lorica
Fallecidos en Montería
Bioquímicos
Químicos de Colombia
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cartagena
Alcaldes de Montería
Profesores de Colombia

Elías Bechara Zainúm


Nepismeni vuk pjesma je zagrebačkog glazbenog projekta i benda BrudBBB objavljena 5. prosinca 2014. godine, na izdavačkoj kući Fantom Studio Production.

Pjesma je specifična jer u sebi sadrži hrvatski i njemački jezik, a u suštini priča modificiranu verziju vica iz naroda. Ujedno je i prva nova originalna pjesma benda, a druga u karijeri, nakon dotadašnjeg objavljivanja nekoliko verzija pjesme Lažni prijatelj.

Pozadina
U jesen 2014. godine, nakon ljetnog uspjeha EP-ja Lažni prijatelj, BruddBBB i Fantom sastaju se u Fantom studiju, Laboratoriju kako bi snimili novu pjesmu. Nedugo prije toga, duo se susreo s njihovim dugogodišnjim poznanikom Komarom Pavlinekom, prilikom čega im je Komar ispričao vic o takozvanom nepismenom vuku. Vic se zbog svoje banalnosti i na kraju krajeva besmisla, toliko svidio bendu da su ga odlučili uglazbiti.

Pjesma je snimljena i izmiksana u jednoj večeri, dok je glavni cover singla fotografiran u klubu Hard Place u Zagrebu.

Stil i uzori
Žanr pjesme često je opisan kao heavy metal i alternativni metal. U razdoblju snimanja, producent Fantom intenzivno je slušao album St. Anger od grupe Metallica, čiji je utjecaj na pjesmi vrlo očit. Nepismeni vuk je svojevrsni omaž St. Angeru i Rammsteinu. izjavio je jednom prilikom Fantom. Pjesma je snimljena u drop C štimu, te se bazira na heavy metal riffu, kojeg pri kraju pjesme komplimentira solo. Brudova vokalna izvedba svodi se većinom na glasno deranje, svojstveno heavy metal i hardcore punk žanrovima. U srednjem djelu pjesme recitira završni dio teksta kojeg na kraju objedinjuje ponavljanjem refrena: Und wolf wirft!(I vuk baci!).

Tekst se sastoji od dva djela: prvog, koji je u suštini glavni tekst vica, te drugog koji prepričava bajku o Crvenkapici na njemačkome jeziku, te koristi poantu vica u refrenu.

Track listing
Digital single

Produkcija

 BrudBBB - vokal, gitara
 Fantom – gitara, bas, bubnjevi

 Autor glazbe: Fantom
 Autor teksta: narodni vic; BrudBBB
 Produkcija: Fantom
 Miksanje i master: Fantom
 Snimljeno: Fantom Studio

Singlovi iz 2014.
Heavy metal

Nepismeni vuk (BrudBBB pjesma)


Mario Guiducci (* 1585 in Florenz; † 1646) war ein italienischer Astronom und Rechtsgelehrter.

Er studierte an der Universität Pisa und wurde ein Vertrauter von Galileo Galilei. Unter seinem Namen wurde 1619 das Traktat Discorso Delle Comete veröffentlicht, bei dem es sich aber im Wesentlichen um eine Arbeit von Galilei handelte. Die beiden arbeiteten vor allem zwischen 1618 und 1623 zusammen, als sie mit Orazio Grassi und anderen Mathematikern des Collegium Romanum über die Natur von Kometen stritten. Sie verwarfen dabei die Theorie von Orazio Grassi und Tycho Brahe, dass Kometen Himmelskörper seien, die sich außerhalb der Mondbahn bewegten, und interpretierten sie stattdessen als erdnahe optische Phänomene.

Literatur
 Michael Weichenhan: "Ergo perit coelum …".  Die Supernova des Jahres 1572 und die Überwindung der aristotelischen Kosmologie. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-515-08374-X (zugl. Dissertation, TU Berlin 2002)
 Stillman Drake und Charles D. O'Malley (Hrsg.): The controversy on the comets of 1618. Galileo Galilei, Horation Grassi, Mario Giuducci, Johannes Kepler. University Press, Philadelphia, 1960.

Astronom (17. Jahrhundert)
Historische Person (Italien)
Geboren 1585
Gestorben 1646
Mann

Mario Guiducci


I.aM.mE (aus Inspire.Motivate.Energize) ist eine 2010 gegründete US-amerikanische Hip-Hop-Tanzgruppe aus Houston, Texas.

Im Jahr 2011 gewann sie die sechste Staffel der vom Musiksender MTV ausgestrahlten Sendung America's Best Dance Crew. Die Gruppe besteht aus Philip Chbeeb, Di Zhang, Brandon Harrell, Olivia Gonzales, Emilio Dosal und Jana Vaňková. Das jüngste Mitglied ist die beim Sieg der Gruppe 15 Jahre alte Olivia Gonzales.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Quellen

Hip-Hop-Gruppe

I.aM.mE


Santos Cifuentes Rodríguez (født 1. november 1870 i Bogotá, Colombia - død 1. september 1932 i Buenos Aires) var en colombiansk komponist, professor, lærer, pianist, bassist, cellist og violinist.

Cifuentes Rodríguez studerede klaver, violin, bas, cello, komposition og teori på Nationalakademiet i Bogotá.

Han blev herefter lærer og professor i komposition på Santiago Musikkonservatorium.

Senere slog han sig ned i Buenos Aires i Argentina og levede freelance som komponist og lærer.

Cifuentes Rodríguez har komponeret en symfoni, orkesterværker, violinkoncert, kammermusik, korværker etc.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni "Musikalsk daggry" (1893) - for orkester
 Violinkoncert (?) - for violin og orkester

Kilde
 Om Santos Cifuentes Rodriguez på musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Colombia
Lærere
Pianister
Violinister
Bassister
Cellister
Professorer
Personer fra Bogotá

Santos Cifuentes Rodríguez