Black Panther este un film american cu supereroi din 2018 regizat de Ryan Coogler. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Chadwick Boseman, Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira, Martin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Letitia Wright, Winston Duke, Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, și Andy Serkis.

Filmul este primul dintr-o potențială franciză Black Panther și al optsprezecelea din Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Reprezintă a șasea intrare în Faza 3 a MCU.

Prezentare

Cu mii de ani în urmă, un meteorit plin cu metalul rar și aproape indestructibil numit vibraniu s-a prăbușit pe Pământ, unde cinci triburi africane au început să se lupte pentru el. Unul dintre războinici înghite o "plantă în formă de inimă" afectată de vibraniu și capătă abilități supra umane, devenind primul războinic cu titlul de "Black Panther".  El unește patru dintre triburi (fără tribul Jabari) și formează națiunea Wakanda.

În 1992, regele Wakandei, T'Chaka, își vizitează fratele N'Jobu care lucrează sub acoperire în Oakland, California. T'Chakka îl acuză că a trădat Wakanda, ajutându-l pe traficantul de arme Ulysses Klaue să fure o cantitate mare de vibraniu din Wakanda. Partenerul lui N'Jobu dezvăluie că se numește defapt Zuri și că este de asemenea sub acoperire, confirmându-i suspiciunile lui T'Chaka.

În prezent, după moartea lui T'Chaka, fiul său T'Challa se întoarce în Wakanda pentru a-și revendica tronul. El și Okoye, liderul regimentului Dora Milaje, o extrag pe fosta iubită a lui T'Challa, Nakia, dintr-o misiune sub acoperire, pentru a putea participa la ceremonia sa de încoronare, împreună cu mama sa Ramonda și sora lui mai mică Shuri. La ceremonie, liderul tribului Jabari, M'Baku, îl provoacă pe T'Challa pentru coroană într-o luptă ceremonială. T'Challa îl învinge pe M'Baku și îl convinge să se predea, pentru a nu muri. Astfel, T'Challa devine noul rege de drept al Wakandei

După ce Klaue și noul său partener, Erik Stevens, fură un artefact din Wakanda de la un muzeu din Londra, prietenul lui T'Challa și iubitul lui Okoye, W'Kabi, îl îndeamnă să îl captureze pe Klaue și să-l aducă aici în viață. T'Challa, Okoye și Nakia călătoresc în Busan, Coreea de Sud, unde Klaue intenționează să vândă artefactul agentului CIA Everett K. Ross, un prieten vechi al lui T'Challa. Izbucnește un foc de armă iar Klaue încearcă să fugă, dar este prins de T'Challa. Totuși, el este nevoit să-l elibereze și lase în custodia lui Ross.

În timpu interogării, Klaue îi spune lui Ross că imaginea internațională a Wakandei este doar o acoperire pentru o civilizație avansată tehnologic. Erik îi atacă și îl extrage pe Klaue, în timp ce Ross este grav rănit protejând-o pe Nakia. În loc să-l urmărească pe Klaue, T'Challa alege să-l ducă pe Ross în Wakanda, unde tehnologia lor îl poate salva.

În timp ce Shuri îl vindecă pe Ross, T'Challa îl confruntă pe Zuri în legătură cu N'Jobu. Zuri îi explică faptul că N'Jobu intenționa să împărtășească tehnologia Wakandei cu oameni de origine africană din întreaga lume pentru a-i ajuta să-și cucerească opresorii. În timp ce T'Chaka îl aresta pe N'Jobu, acesta l-a atacat pe Zuri, astfel că T'Chaka a fost nevoit să-l omoare. T'Chaka i-a ordonat lui Zuri să mintă că N'Jobu a dispărut și l-a lăsat pe fiul american al lui N'Jobu în urmă, pentru a menține minciuna. Acest băiat a crescut și a devenit Erik Stevens, un soldat american parte din black ops, și a adoptat porecla "Killmonger".

Între timp, Killmonger îl trădează și ucide pe Klaue și îi aduce corpul în Wakanda. El este adus în fața bătrânilor tribali, unde dezvăluie cine este și cere tronul. Killmonger îl provoacă pe T'Challa la luptă ceremonială, unde îl ucide pe Zuri și îl învinge pe T'Challa, aruncându-l într-o cascadă, unde toată lume îl crede mort.  Astfel, Killmonger devine noul rege și înghite o "plantă în formă de inima", ordonând ca restul să fie arse, dar Nakia reușește să ia una. Killmonger, susținut de W'Kabi și de tribul său, se pregătește să distribuie încărcături de arme din Wakanda către operatori din întreaga lume.

Nakia, Shuri, Ramonda și Ross se duc la tribul Jabari pentru ajutor. Ei îl găsesc pe T'Challa în comă, care a fost salvat de Jabari în schimbul cruțării vieții lui M'Baku. Vindecat de planta lui Nakia, T'Challa se întoarce să lupte cu Killmonger, care poartă propriul costum de Black Panther. W'Kabi și armata sa se luptă cu Shuri, Nakia și Dora Milaje, în timp ce Ross pilotează de la distanță un avion și distruge avioanele care transportă armele din vibraniu. M'Baku și Jabari se alătură de asemenea luptei, pentru a-l ajuta pe T'Challa. Confruntat de Okoye, W'Kabi și armata lui se predau.

Luptându-se cu Killmonge în mina de vibraniu a Wakandei, T'Challa îi perturbă costumul și îl înjunghie. Nedorind să facă aceeași greșeală ca și tatăl său, T'Challa îi oferă lui Killmonger șansa să fie vindecat, dar acesta refuză, alegând să moară un om liber, decât să fie încarcerat tot restul vieții.

Mai târziu, T'Challa, din noul regele de drept din Wakanda, creează primul centru de ajutor al Wakanei în clădirea unde a murit N'Jobu, urmând să fie condus de Nakia și Shuri.

Într-o scenă la mijlocul genericului, T'Challa apare în fața Organizației Națiunilor Unite pentru a dezvălui adevărată natură avansată a Wakandei. Într-o altă scenă după credite, Shuri îl ajută pe Bucky Barnes cu recuperarea lui.

Distribuție

|-
| Chadwick Boseman || T'Challa / Black Panther
|-
| Michael B. Jordan || N'Jadaka / Erik "Killmonger" Stevens
|-
| Lupita Nyong'o || Nakia
|-
| Danai Gurira || Okoye
|-
| Martin Freeman || Everett K. Ross
|-
| Daniel Kaluuya || W'Kabi
|-
| Letitia Wright || Shuri
|-
| Winston Duke || M'Baku
|-
| Angela Bassett || Ramonda
|-
| Forest Whitaker || Zuri
|-
| Andy Serkis || Ulysses Klaue
|-
|}

Primire

Note

Filme din 2018
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme fantastice din anii 2010
Filme cu supereroi
Filme Marvel Comics

Pantera neagră (film din 2018)


Starokostjantyniw (, ) ist eine Stadt in der Ukraine. Die Stadt liegt etwa 41 Kilometer nordöstlich der Oblasthauptstadt Chmelnyzkyj am Fluss Slutsch.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde 1561 durch Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski gegründet (andere Quellen nennen das Jahr 1525 und Konstantin Iwanowitsch Ostroschski als Gründer) und lag zunächst in Polen in der Woiwodschaft Kiew. 1795 kam der Ort durch die dritte Teilung Polens zu Russland und wurde zur Stadt (im Gouvernement Wolhynien) erhoben. Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert trug er den Namen Konstantynów. Später wurde die Erweiterung Staro- (= "alt") hinzugefügt.

Bereits im 16ten Jahrhundert siedelten sich Juden im Ort an. 1939 war nahezu ein Drittel der Bevölkerung jüdisch. Nach den deutschen Überfall auf die Sowjetunion wurden zwischen August 1941 und November 1942 die jüdischen Einwohner ermordet. Die aus dem frühen 17ten Jahrhundert stammende Synagoge wurde zerstört.

Am 15. Dezember 1999 wurde die Stadt unter Oblastverwaltung gestellt, seit Juli 2020 ist sie Teil des Rajons Chmelnyzkyj, bis dahin bildete sie das Verwaltungszentrum des gleichnamigen Rajons Starokostjantyniw.

Verwaltungsgliederung
Am 12. Juni 2020 wurde die Stadt zum Zentrum der neugegründeten Stadtgemeinde Starokostjantyniw (Старокостянтинівська міська громада/Starokostjantyniwska miska hromada). Zu dieser zählen auch die 66 in der untenstehenden Tabelle aufgelisteten Dörfer, bis dahin bildete sie die gleichnamige Stadtratsgemeinde Starokostjantyniw (Старокостянтинівська міська рада/Starokostjantyniwska miska rada) im Westen des Rajons Starokostjantyniw.

Am 17. Juli 2020 kam es im Zuge einer großen Rajonsreform zum Anschluss des Rajonsgebietes an den Rajon Chmelnyzkyj.

Folgende Orte sind neben dem Hauptort Starokostjantyniw Teil der Gemeinde:

Verkehr
Westlich der Stadt verläuft die Bahnstrecke Kelmenzi–Kalinkawitschy, davon abzweigend verläuft die Bahnstrecke Starokostjantyniw–Kalyniwka nach Osten.

Im Ort gibt es den Militärflughafen Starokostjantyniw.

Persönlichkeiten

 Anatolij Bondartschuk (* 1940), sowjetisch-ukrainischer Hammerwerfer und Olympiasieger
 Abraham Goldfaden (1840–1908), Begründer des jiddischen Theaters
 David Koigen (1879–1933), Kulturphilosoph und Soziologe
 Mark Krasnoselski (1920–1997), sowjetischer Mathematiker
 Iossif Liberberg (1897–1937), erster Gouverneur der Jüdischen Autonomen Oblast
 Chana Orloff (1888–1968), Bildhauerin
 Joseph Rubinstein (1847–1884), Pianist und Anhänger Richard Wagners
 Wera Fjodorowna Schmidt (1889–1937), Psychoanalytikerin
 Weronika Schostak (* 1995), Theater- und Filmschauspielerin

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Chmelnyzkyj
Gegründet 1561
Ort am Slutsch

Starokostjantyniw


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 20 Haziran - Zâhir, Fâtımî halifesi (ö. 1036)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. İsaakios, Bizans imparatoru (ö. 1061)

Ölümler
 31 Ekim - Abe no Seimei, Japonya'da Heian döneminde önde gelen bir onmyōji (d. 921)

1005


Lechler ist ein mittelständisches italienisches Unternehmen der Lack-Industrie mit über 400 Mitarbeitern und etwa 100 Millionen Euro Umsatz sowie eine Marke, die in ihrer 150-jährigen Geschichte die Entwicklung der Farben und Lacke in den Arbeitsbereichen Autolacke, Industrielacke, Bautenanstrichmittel und Bootslacke aktiv mitgestaltet hat. Heute produziert die Firma an den zwei italienischen Standorten Como (Lombardei) und Foligno (Umbrien) und vertreibt ihre Produkte vorwiegend über den Fachhandel in Italien, mittels vier europäischer Filialen in Manchester (Großbritannien), Grenoble (Frankreich), Barcelona (Spanien) und Kassel (Deutschland), sowie in weiteren 60 Ländern durch Importeure und deren Distributionsnetz.

Geschichte
Das heutige Unternehmen Lechler Spa entstammt der italienischen Filiale der deutschen Firma Christian Lechler und Sohn Nachfolger, die vom Apotheker Christian Lechler 1858 in Stuttgart gegründet, von seinem Sohn Paul Lechler weiterentwickelt und von diesem schon 1878 an die leitenden Angestellten abgegeben wurde, um sich anderen Aktivitäten im Bereich der Chemie und Sprühsystemen für Flüssigkeiten zu widmen. Zwei Besonderheiten haben die lange Firmengeschichte gekennzeichnet: eine kontinuierliche Eigentumsnachfolge und eine Unternehmensführung, die sich in der Firma selbst entwickelt mit einer diskontinuierlichen Präsenz einer Besitzerfamilie, die bei der Gründung entscheidend, dann aber über Jahrzehnte nicht vorhanden war, um bei der späteren Unternehmensentwicklung wieder eine Rolle zu spielen.

Die italienische Filiale der deutschen Lackfabrik wurde 1889 unter der Leitung des deutschen Ingenieurs Hermann Spindler in Ponte Chiasso (Como) eröffnet. Die ersten Kunden waren kleine, noch nicht auf Lacke spezialisierte Händler, Handwerker und Firmen, die vor allem die Werkstoffe Holz und Eisen beschichten müssen: Karossen, Eisenbahnwagen, Straßenbahnen und Möbel.

Nach der Entscheidung des deutschen Mutterhauses, die italienische Filiale zu schließen, wandten sich die drei leitenden Angestellten Brizzolara, La Regina und Rizzi an den lokalen Bankier Edoardo Clerici (der später als Banca Amadeo firmierte), damit dieser eine Eigentümergemeinschaft zusammenführte, die in die Firma investierte, wo sie selbst Anteilseigner und Direktoren sein würden. In kurzer Zeit gelang es dem Bankier, eine ausreichende Anzahl an Partnern zu gewinnen, so dass im Februar 1910 die Kommanditgesellschaft Chr. Lechler & Figlio Successori gegründet wurde, die in die Eigentumsnachfolge und Firmenführung der Ex-Filiale eintrat. Diese Operation ist ein überzeugendes Beispiel für das Finanzierungsmodell, das in jenen Jahren in Italien der Motor für die industrielle Entwicklung war. Unter der neuen Leitung begann die Industrialisierung der Lackherstellung: Verwendung von elektrischem Strom, erste Maschinen, Einstellung eines studierten Chemikers im Labor. Auch das Image wurde erneuert: Wie bei anderen Lackfabriken, wurde in das Markenzeichen ein Tier eingeführt, für Lechler ein "Adler mit ausgestreckten Flügeln".

In der zweiten Hälfte der 1920er Jahre erfolgte die schrittweise Umstellung von in der Natur vorkommenden Rohstoffen (Leinöl, Harze, Pigmente auf Basis natürlich vorkommender Metallverbindungen) auf durch chemische Prozesse synthetisch hergestellte Produkte. Die Nitrozellulose, die im Ersten Weltkrieg in großen Mengen zur Sprengstofffertigung verwendet wurde, fand Einzug in die Formulierung von Lacken für Autos und Lastwagen. In Italien hat Lechler als erstes Unternehmen ein Produkt dieses Typs entwickelt und vertrieben (Lechleroid), das schnell trocknete, mittels Spritzapplikation aufgetragen und in einer breiten Farbtonpalette angeboten wurde. Im selben Zeitraum erlaubten die ersten Alkydharze die Einführung der pigmentierten Kunstharz-Lackserie (Syntex).

Zwischen 1929 und 1944 überließ die erste Führungsgeneration schrittweise die Firmenleitung an den am Eidgenössischen Polytechnikum Zürich (heute ETH Zürich) promovierten Chemiker Onnik Manoukian, der 1925 als technischer Direktor in die Firma eintrat und lange Zeit die technologische Erneuerung der Firma betrieb, und an Aldo Bruschi, der im selben Jahr für die administrative Leitung eingestellt wurde.

Das Wachstum nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde mit einer übersichtlichen Belegschaft am kleinen Standort in Ponte Chiasso realisiert, die den Markt über nur wenige Handelsvertreter bediente. Werbung und Umsatzwachstum fußten hauptsächlich auf dem hohen Qualitätsniveau der Produkte und nur wenig auf Investitionen ins Firmenimage. Die Kommunikation beruhte auf den direkten Beziehungen des Firmenpersonals mit den Händlern und Anwendern der Produkte.

Wie schon in den 1920er Jahren brachten die großen Unternehmen der Chemieindustrie auch in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren neue Lackrohstoffe auf den Markt, die die Entwicklung einer vollständig neuen Produktgeneration mit innovativen Eigenschaften erlaubte. Die neuen Polyurethan-Bindemittel ermöglichten Lechler, frühzeitig marktführende Lacke auszuarbeiten: Isofan war der Produktname, der bei der Omnibus-Beschichtung Geschichte machte, Dermophan ermöglichte die Wiederanwendung von historischen Methoden zur Lederbeschichtung und Acriplast mit seinen vielfältigen Derivaten war die Lösung für die Beschichtung der zahlreichen neuen Kunststoffe, die sowohl im Bereich der Automobilfertigung, wie auch bei Hauseinrichtungen eine große Rolle spielten.

In den 1970er Jahren begann die Modernisierung der Firma Lechler: Die zwei Söhne der Eigentümer, Noubar Manoukian und Renato Bruschi traten in die Firmenleitung ein, und die technische und administrative Organisation wurde durch eine Vielzahl an Einstellungen von Technikern und Hochschulabsolventen verstärkt. Konkretes Zeichen der Erneuerung war das neue Werk in Como-Rebbio, was gleichzeitig eine neue Ära der industriellen Bauten in Italien kennzeichnete: Das Zusammenspiel des anlagentechnisch innovativen Gedankens von Noubar Manoukian mit der Sensibilität und dem architektonischen Ausdruck des Architekten Manouk Manoukian, der seine Wurzeln im italienischen Rationalismus hatte. Der Formel- und Farbtonbestand wurde in eine systematische Plattform an Mischsystemen (Isofan, BSB, Extralucido, Isoacryl, RS) integriert, auf deren Basis unterschiedliche Marktanforderungen sowohl in lacktechnologischer wie auch in farbtonspezifischer Hinsicht erfüllt werden konnten.

In den 1990er Jahren wurde ein neuer Produktionsstandort in Foligno, Zentralitalien, eröffnet, der ursprünglich für Bautenanstrichmittel geplant war und dann schrittweise für die Fertigung der Wasserlacke aller Arbeitsbereiche erweitert wurde. In denselben Zeitraum fiel die Internationalisierung des Vertriebs: zunächst durch die Eröffnung der europäischen Filialen in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Spanien und Deutschland und anschließend weltweit durch das Distributionsnetz. In diesen Jahren wurden umweltfreundliche Produktlinien für die Autoreparaturlackierung (Hydrofan und Macrofan) entwickelt und polyvalente Industrielack- und Bautenlack-Mischsysteme (Lechsys und DAC) weiterentwickelt, für die im Lechler-Trainingszentrum Schulungen für die Fahrzeuglackierer und Lackierer in den unterschiedlichen Bereichen stattfanden.

In den 2000er Jahren wurde die Firma eine Aktiengesellschaft mit einem unternehmerischen Modell, das auf marktsegmentspezifische Marken und Unternehmensfelder für Autoreparaturlacke (Lechler), Industrielacke (Lechler Tech), Bautenanstrichmittel (Chrèon), Bootslacke (durch den Erwerb der historischen Marke Stoppani) beruht und Habitat durch den Erwerb der Marke IVE. Seit den 1990er Jahren arbeitet Lechler mit dem Italienischen Historischen Fahrzeug-Verband ASI (Automotoclub Storico Italiano) in der Forschung, Bewahrung und Vereinheitlichung der Archive spezifischer Produkt- und Farbtoninformationen zusammen, die für die Beschichtung von Oldtimer-Fahrzeugen verwendet wurden. Ergebnis dieser Zusammenarbeit ist das Offizielle Register der historischen Motorrad-Farben Lechler-ASI, das für alle Hersteller nach Marke, Modell und Fertigungsjahr die verwendeten Farben aufführt. Weiterhin ist Lechler Ansprechpartner für die Künstler Fabrizio Musa, Mariko Mori, Marco Della Torre und Raymundo Sesma, um geeignete Lacklösungen für ihre Bedürfnisse zu finden.

Literatur
 Gianfranco Brenni (Hrsg.): Fabbriche di vernici e memorie storiche, Sviluppo chimica S.p.A., Milano 1995.
 Paul Gehring: Paul Lechler. Großkaufmann und Fabrikant, Sozialreformer, Gründer des deutschen Instituts für ärztliche Mission, 1849–1925. In: Max Miller, Robert Uhland (Hg.): Schwäbische Lebensbilder, Bd. 6, Stuttgart, 1957, S. 401–428.
 Elke Elizabeth Hamacher: Paul Lechler und die Wohnungsfrage um 1900. In: Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte, Beiheft 31, Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1984. ISBN 3-515-04070-6
 Akzo Lesonal: 125 Jahre Lack-Ideen. 1858–1983. Fortschritt hat Tradition, Feuerbach, 1983.
 Agop Manoukian: Lechler. Storia e racconti di un marchio – Vol. 1: Vernici e Smalti dal 1858, Venezia, Oemme edizioni, 2008. ISBN 978-88-85822-33-7.
 Agop Manoukian: Lechler. Storia e racconti di un marchio – Vol. 2: Cent'anni di Lechler italiana, Venezia, Oemme edizioni, 2010. ISBN 978-88-85822-36-8.
 Agop Manoukian, Fabio Camozzi, Luciano Valli (Hrsg.), Lechler. Storia e racconti di un marchio – Vol. 3: Attraverso le immagini, Venezia, Oemme edizioni, 2010. ISBN 978-88-85822-37-5.

Weblinks
 Website der Lechler S.p.A.
 Giuseppe Pagani, Banche e credito a Como tra otto e novecento: le società bancarie in accomandita semplice, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, 2005 (PDF; 337 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmen (Lombardei)
Como
Hersteller von Beschichtungswerkstoffen
Chemieunternehmen (Italien)
Gegründet 1858
Organisation (Provinz Como)

Lechler (Lackhersteller)


115. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 115. vestlige længdekreds
 115. østlige længdekreds

115. længdegrad


Tristan Garcia (født 5 april 1981) er en fransk filosof og forfatter. Hans første roman La meilleure part des hommes (2008) fik tildelt den franske Prix de Flore.

Liv
Garcia blev født i Toulouse, hans forældre var akademikere. Han voksede op i Algeriet. Han studerede filosofi på École Normale Supérieure, og skrev sin dissertation med Sandra Laugier om vejleder. Han er ansat på Jean Moulin University Lyon 3.

Fiction

La meilleure part des hommes
Hans første roman La meilleure part des hommes (2008) fik tildelt den franske Prix de Flore. Oversat til engelsk 2010 som Hate: A Romance. Romanen følger fire homoseksuelle personer gennem Nicholas Sarkozys præsidentskab, og handler om virkningen af HIV/AIDS. Garcia har udtalt at han med vilje skrev en romaner om ting, han ikke selv har erfaret, for at modvirke bølgen af autofiktion i Frankrig.

Filosofi

Form and Object
Form and Object er beslægtet med spekulativ realisme og objekt-orienteret ontologi, dvs. med filosoffer som Graham Harman og Manuel DeLanda. Garcia ser sig selv som modpol til "tilgangsfilosofier", som vil bygge deres teorier på begrænsningerne for den subjektive tilgang til verden. I stedet foreslåt Garcia, at vi tænker om ting før vi tænker over vores adgangsbetingelser til disse ting. Bogen er opdelt i to haldele: Bog 1, med titlen "Formelt", og Bog 2 med titlen "Objektivt." Første bog indeholder et forslag til en flad ontologi, hvor alle ting ses som værende lige meget ting. Anden bog beskriver mere specifikke ting, som dyr, klasse og køn. Graham Harman skrev i en anmeldelse af Form and Object, at det er "an intricate piece of work by an emerging philosopher who is now a force to reckon with."

Andre værker
Garcia har også beskæftiget sig med analyser af popkultur, f.eks. har han leveret analyser er Marvel-figuren Doctor Strange.

Literære værker
 La meilleure part des hommes (2008)
 Mémoires de la jungle (2010)
 En l'absence de classement final (2012)
 Les cordelettes de Browser (2012)
 Faber: Le destructeur (2013)
 7 (2015)

Filosofiske værker
 L'Image (2007)
Nous, animaux et humains. Actualité de Jeremy Bentham (2011)
Forme et objet: Un traité des choses (2011)
Six Feet Under: Nos vies sans destin (2012)

Værker på engelsk
Hate: A Romance. Trans. Marion Duvert and Lorin Stein. New York: Faber and Faber, 2010.
Form and Object: A Treatise on Things. Trans. Mark Allan Ohm and Jon Coburn. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014.

Edited works
Edition with Pierre-Alexandre Fradet of the special issue "Réalisme spéculatif", in Spirale (Montréal), issue 255, winter 2016

Bibliografi
Biggs, Joanna. "Hate: A Romance by Tristan Garcia – review". The Guardian. 5 February 2011.
Brown, Nathan. "Speculation at the Crossroads." Radical Philosophy 188 (Nov/Dec 2014). 47-50.
Garcia, Tristan. Form and Object: A Treatise on Things. Ovs. Mark Allan Ohm og Jon Coburn. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014.
Garcia, Tristan. Interview af Sandra Laugier. "Interview: Tristan Garcia" . BOMB Magazine, 114, Winter 2011.
Garcia, Tristan. Interview af Liam Jones. "Interview with Tristan Garcia". Figure/Ground. 28 September 2014.
Garcia, Tristan. "Crossing Ways of Thinking: On Graham Harman's System and My Own." Parrhesia 16 (2013). 14-25.
Harman, Graham. "Object-Oriented France: The Philosophy of Tristan Garcia." continent 5.1 (2012), 6-21.
Harman, Graham. "Tristan Garcia and the Thing-In-Itself." Parrhesia 16 (2013). 26-34.
Nazaryan, Alexander. "Wasting Away". New York Times Sunday Book Review. November 5, 2010.

Noter

Filosoffer fra Frankrig
Personer fra Toulouse

Tristan Garcia


Essex Üniversitesi, İngiltere'nin Colchester kasabasının Wivenhoe parkında kurulu bir İngiliz üniversitesidir. Kraliyet beratını 1965 yılında almıştır. 19 bölümünde okuyan 8800 öğrencisi vardır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.essex.ac.uk

İngiltere'deki üniversiteler
1964'te kurulan üniversiteler

Essex Üniversitesi


İkdam, 5 Temmuz 1894 ve 31 Aralık 1928 tarihleri arasında İstanbul'da yayınlanmış günlük siyasal gazetedir.

Sahibi ve başyazarı Ahmet Cevdet Oran'dı. Türkiye'de rotatif baskı tekniği ile basılan ilk gazete olan İkdam, II. Abdülhamid döneminde birkaç kez kapatıldı.

Sabah gazetesi sahibi Mihran Efendi ile anlaşan Ahmet Cevdet, II. Meşrutiyet'in ilan edildiği 24 Temmuz 1908 gecesi, gazete provalarını görmeye gelen sansür memurlarını kovmuştu. Bu olay, günümüzde de kutlanan 24 Temmuz Gazeteciler Bayramı'nın doğmasına vesile oldu. Gazete, İkinci Meşrutiyet sonrasında İttihat ve Terakki yönetimine karşı eleştirel bir tutum aldı. Tirajı 40 bine kadar yükseldi. 14 Mart 1910'da Yeni İkdam adını aldı. 26 Şubat 1912'den sonra da İktiham adıyla yayımlandı. 10 Ağustos 1912'den itibaren yeniden İkdam adını alan gazetenin başyazarlığını 5 Eylül 1912'de Ali Kemal Bey üstlendi.

Gazete mütareke döneminde Yakup Kadri'nin yönetiminde yayımlandı. Bu yıllarda Millî Mücadele'yi destekleyen yazılar yayımladı. Ahmet Rasim, Cenab Şahabeddin, Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil, Hamdullah Suphi Tanrıöver, Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın ve Ahmet Emin Yalman gibi tanınmış yazarlar İkdam'ın yazı kadrosu içinde yer aldılar.

1923'te gazetenin yönetimi Ahmet Cevdet'in sağlık sorunları yüzünden Mecdi Sadrettin'e geçti.

1 Aralık 1928'den itibaren Latin harfleriyle basılan İkdam, yayın hayatının ilk yıllarından başlayarak dilde sadeleşme akımının öncülerinden ve Türkçülük akımının etkin savunucularından biri olmuştur.

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

Osmanlı gazeteleri
Osmanlıca gazeteler
Yayımı sona eren Osmanlı gazeteleri
Türkiye gazeteleri
Türkçe gazeteler
Yayımı sona eren Türkiye gazeteleri
1894'te kurulan gazeteler
1928'de sona eren yayınlar
İstanbul gazeteleri
Osmanlı'da yayımlanan günlük gazeteler
Türkiye'de yayımlanan günlük gazeteler

İkdam


الوسمة أو الحقيبة  جنس نباتي من الفصيلة الصليبية. يضم أنواعاً عديدة من النباتات البرية. يعرف بورق النيل، أَكثره برِي وبعضه علفي، وبعضه صناعي يستعمل للصباغ.

من أنواعها الأصيلة في الوطن العربي
 الوسمة البرتغالية  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي وتركيا واليونان
 الوسمة الرمادية  في بلاد الشام وتركيا
 وسمة الصباغين  في بلاد الشام وأوروبا
 الوسمة الكابادوكية  في بلاد الشام وتركيا

من أنواعها غير الأصيلة في الوطن العربي

المصادر

أجناس الفصيلة الكرنبية
كرنبية

وسمة


Francis Lai (; 26 Nisan 1932 - Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, Fransa -  7 Kasım 2018) Fransız besteci. Aşk Hikâyesi filmi ile 1970 yılında "En İyi Film Müziği" dalında Oscar ve Altın Küre ödülleri kazanmıştır.

Ödülleri
En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü, Aşk Hikâyesi (1970)
En İyi Özgün Müzik Altın Küre Ödülü, Aşk Hikâyesi (1970)
Dünya Film Müziği Ödülleri, Hayat Boyu Başarı Ödülü (2014)
Hayat Boyu Başarı Ödülü, Ghent Film Festivali, 2014

Dış bağlantılar

1932 doğumlular
2018 yılında ölenler

Fransız besteciler
En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
Altın Küre Ödülü kazanan müzisyenler
En İyi Özgün Müzik Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü sahibi şarkı yazarları

Francis Lai


Sampi (grčki srednji rod Σαμπῖ, veliko slovo , malo ) slovo je koje se nekada rabilo u grčkom alfabetu, za glas [sː] ispred [ks] i [ts]. Kasnije je ispalo iz uporabe u riječima, ali je ostalo kao broj 900. Grafički oblik korišten za broj je evoluirao u , .

Standardi Unicode i HTML podržavaju obje verzije simbola sampi:

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice
Opoudjis - Sampi

Grčki alfabet

Sampi


John Day River ist der Name folgender Flüsse:

 John Day River, Nebenfluss des Columbia River in Oregon
 John Day River (Columbia River, Clatsop County), Nebenfluss des Columbia River in Oregon

John Day River (Begriffsklärung)


This is a list of notable companies based in New Zealand, a country in Oceania. For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations, see "Business entities in New Zealand".

New Zealand is a wealthy country, with a relatively high GDP per capita and a relatively low rate of poverty. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, regulated economy to a more industrialised, free market economy that can compete globally. Since 1984, government subsidies including for agriculture have been eliminated; import regulations have been liberalised; exchange rates have been freely floated; controls on interest rates, wages, and prices have been removed; and marginal rates of taxation reduced. The restructuring and sale of state-owned enterprises in the 1990s reduced government's role in the economy. Many of the largest companies lost ground and new enterprises were established. New Zealand companies are dependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the European Union, the United States, China, South Korea, Japan and Canada. The major capital market is the New Zealand Exchange, known as the NZX.

Largest firms
95% of the companies entirely within New Zealand are classed as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The Financial Reporting Act 1993 defines a large company as one that satisfied at least one of two criteria:
Total assets of the entity and its subsidiaries (if any) exceed NZ$60 million
Total revenue of the entity and its subsidiaries (if any) exceeds NZ$30 million.

Several of the largest firms are listed below:

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

For convenience, the word "Limited", which every company registered or re-registered under the Companies Act 1993 must have at the end of its name, is reduced to the common and universally recognized term "Ltd", which is a specifically permitted abbreviation under the Act. In the New Zealand registration system, unlike those of some other countries, the term "Incorporated" is restricted to societies (generally nonprofit) under the Incorporated Societies Act 1908.

See also

 List of companies listed on the New Zealand Exchange
 List of South Island companies
 New Zealand Companies Office
 NZX 50 Index – the main stock market index in New Zealand
 State-owned enterprises of New Zealand

References

External links
 Motor Vehicle Traders Register at Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
 Companies Office Registry

New Zealand

List of companies of New Zealand


Pere Navarro Olivella (Barcelona, 25 de mayo de 1952) es un funcionario público español. Es el director general de Tráfico desde julio de 2018, cargo que ya había ocupado entre 2004 y 2012.

Biografía
Navarro es ingeniero industrial por la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial de Barcelona, habiéndose licenciado en 1974. Posteriormente obtuvo una diplomatura en Administración de Empresas por la Escuela de Administración de Empresas (1975). En 1977 ingresó por oposición en el Cuerpo Superior de Inspectores de Trabajo y Seguridad Social.

Posteriormente fue delegado de la Consejería de Trabajo de la Generalidad en Gerona (1979-1983), jefe del gabinete del gobernador civil de Barcelona (1983-1985), gobernador civil de Gerona (1985-1996) y jefe de equipo de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social en la provincia de Barcelona (1996-1999). Entre 1999 y 2004 Navarro trabajó en el ayuntamiento de Barcelona, primero como director del Servicio de Transportes y Circulación, y luego como comisionado de Movilidad, Transportes y Circulación.

Tras la llegada al gobierno de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero fue nombrado director general de Tráfico, puesto que conservó durante las dos legislaturas socialistas (2004-2012), con tres ministros del Interior diferentes. Su sustitución no fue anunciada por el nuevo ministro, Jorge Fernández-Díaz, hasta febrero de 2012, siendo uno de los últimos altos cargos nombrados en los gobiernos de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero en permanecer en su cargo.

Hitos de su mandato al frente de la Dirección General de Tráfico (DGT) fueron la implantación del carné de conducir por puntos y la reducción de la siniestralidad en la carretera. Durante los ocho años de su mandato ésta cayó un 50%: cada año se redujeron los muertos en carretera con respecto al anterior, alcanzando en 2011 la cifra de 1479 personas (la primera vez en cincuenta años que bajaba de 1500). En 2009 fue galardonado con el premio "Mejor Ingeniero del Año" por el Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid (COIIM).

En junio de 2018, el Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) recuperó el poder de la mano del presidente del Gobierno, Pedro Sánchez, y Fernando Grande-Marlaska fue nombrado ministro del Interior. Este nombró de nuevo a Navarro director general de Tráfico en julio de 2018. Al igual que en su primer periodo al frente de la Dirección General, durante este segundo periodo se continuó reduciendo la siniestralidad. Asimismo, impulsó otra importante reforma del Reglamento General de Circulación para regular por primera vez el uso de vehículos de movilidad personal (v. gr. patinete eléctrico), modificar y endurecer algunas sanciones e infracciones, y modificar algunos límites de velocidad, entre otras medidas.

Navarro está casado y tiene dos hijas.

Durante sus mandatos, la recaudación por multas ha crecido exponencialmente. En la misma línea ha aprobado medidas polémicas como eliminar la posibilidad de superar en 20 kilómetros por hora el límite de velocidad en los adelantamientos, y hacerlo sin cambiar la señalización de las carreteras que se instaló teniendo en cuenta dicho margen.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Políticos de Cataluña
Políticos de España del siglo XX
Gobernadores civiles de Gerona
Políticos de España del siglo XXI
Directores generales de Tráfico
Directores generales de España
Nacidos en Barcelona

Pere Navarro Olivella


Heqing may refer to:

 Heqing County (鹤庆县), Dali Prefecture, Yunnan, China
 Heqing, Hainan (和庆镇), a town in Hainan, China
 Heqing, Shanghai (合庆镇), a town in Pudong, Shanghai, China
 Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940), also known by his courtesy name of Heqing (鶴卿), former president of Peking University

Heqing


Los notobroscinos (Nothobroscina) son una subtribu de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Géneros
Tiene los siguientes géneros:
 Brullea
 Chylnus
 Diglymma
 Eurylychnus
 Mecodema
 Metaglymma
 Nothobroscus
 Oregus
 Orthoglymma
 Percolestus
 Percosoma

Referencias

  2000: The subtribes and genera of the tribe Broscini (Coleoptera, Carabidae): cladistic analysis, taxonomic treatment, and biogeographical considerations. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, (255)
 Carabidae of the World

Nothobroscina


Ferida Duraković (Olovo (BiH), 18. travnja 1957.), pjesnikinja, autorica kratkih priča, spisateljica za djecu, kolumnistica i urednica.

Životopis
Diplomirala je južnoslavensku književnost i srpskohrvatski jezik 1980. na Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu. U periodu između 1980. i 1983. godine radila je kao profesorica maternjeg jezika i književnosti u Sarajevu i Varešu, te kao profesorica srpskohrvatskog jezika na Zrakoplovnoj akademiji u Rajlovcu. Kao lektorica, radila je u Oslobođenju u periodu od 1983. do 1984. godine. Do 1992. godine radila je kao urednica za književne programe u sarajevskom Domu mladih na Skenderiji. 22 godine je provela na mjestu glavne tajnice i izvršne direktorice P. E. N. Centra u Sarajevu.

Objavila je petnaestak knjiga poezije, proze, književnosti za djecu i prevoda s engleskog jezika. Od književnosti za djecu i mlade objavila je, između ostalog, i  Još jednu bajku o ruži 1989. godine koja je postavljena na scenu amfiteatra u Domu mladih Skenderija, Mikijevu abecedu 1994. godine koja je postavljena na scenu Kazališta mladih Sarajevo 1995. godine i igrana više od pedeset puta, a potom obnovljena na istoj sceni 2016. godine. Prevodi s engleskog jezika, između ostalog Nove pjesme za Bosnu i Logor Omarska autorice Rosemary Menzies sa  Novog Zelanda. Knjige poezije su joj objavljene u Poljskoj, SAD, te Italiji i Bugarskoj. Poezija joj je prevedena na engleski, grčki, slovenski, turski, njemački i finski jezik.

Priprema dvije knjige za djecu i novu knjigu. Živi u Sarajevu.

Nagrade
Nagrada Književne omladine BiH za zbirku pjesama "Bal po maskama" 1977.
Nagrada Svjetlosti za najbolju prvu knjigu mladog autora za zbirku pjesama "Bal po maskama" 1977.
Nagrada Fondacije Hellman-Hammet Fund for Free Expression USA 1993. za zbirku pjesama "The Heart of Darkness"
Nagrada Vasyl Stus Freedom-to-Write Award 1999. za zbirku pjesama "The Heart of Darkness"
2002. godine Biser International proglasio je ženom godine u Bosni i Hercegovini
2012. godine nominirana za nagradu Astrid Lindgren za dječju književnost
Nagrada na Konkursu za radio dramu BH Radija 1 2015. godine za tekst radio drame Osloni se na mene
Nagrada za kazališni komad Mrak čudak na Susretima lutkarskih pozorišta uz Bugojnu 2015. godine
Tekst igre za djecu Mrak čudak nagrađen je posebnom nagradom na Susretima lutkarskih kazališta BiH u Bugojnu 2016. godine

Bibliografija
"Bal pod maskama" poezija, 1977. godine
"Oči koje me gledaju" poezija, 1982. godine
"Mala noćna svjetiljka" poezija, 1989. godine
"Još jedna bajka o ruži" slikovnica, 1989. godine
"Selidba iz lijepog kraja gdje umiru ruže" poezija i proza, 1993. godine
"Mikijeva abeceda" proza za djecu, 1994. godine
"Srce tame" poezija, 1994. godine
"Amilina abeceda" proza za djecu, 1999. godine
"Amilina i Mikijeva abeceda" proza za djecu, 2005. godine
"Locus minoris − Sklonost Bosne kao melanholiji" poezija, 2007.
"Ezopove basne" slikovnica (s Mirzom Hasanbegovićem), 2007. godine
"Vjetrov prijatelj" bajka, (s Mirzom Hasanbegovićem), 2009. godine
"Putnici kroz (ne)vrijeme − 50 godina Sarajevskih dana poezije" (koautorstvo) 2011. godine
"Pokret otpora" kolumne i eseji, 2012. godine
"Dolga e nošta" poezija, 2014. godine
"Si paga con la vita" poezija, 2015. godine

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Biografija Ferida Duraković
 Intervju s Feridom Duraković
 Ferida Duraković | Postavljati pitanja
 Ferida Duraković "Radije bih"

Bošnjački književnici
Životopisi, Olovo

Ferida Duraković


Aceasta este o listă de filme britanice din 1933:

Lista

Note

Legături externe
 Filme britanice din 1933 la Internet Movie Database

Vezi și
1933 în Marea Britanie
1933 în film
1933 în televiziune

 *Listă
britanice
Liste de filme britanice

Listă de filme britanice din 1933


شكران مرتجى (12 ديسمبر 1970 -)، ممثلة سورية من أصل فلسطيني.

عن حياتها
ولدت لأب فلسطيني من غزة وأم سورية، في مدينة الطائف في السعودية ثم انتقلت إلى دمشق. وعاشت مع عائلتها في منطقة الزبداني، وحصلت على الجنسية السورية بعام 2012 ولم تغادر سوريا خلال الحرب، وقامت بالكثير من النشاطات الإنسانية (مثل حملات تبرع بالدم وزيارة جرحى الحرب)، وتعرض منزلها في قرية بقين للدمار خلال الحرب.

حياتها الأسرية
تزوجت من الممثل السوري علاء قاسم وانفصلا بعد سنوات ولم ترزق منه بأطفال.

مشوارها المهني
في مرحلة الدراسة الثانوية اشتركت في نشاط التمثيل بمسرح المدرسة، وكان أول وقوف لها على المسرح من خلال مسرحية «فرعون لا يشبه الفراعنة»، وبعد أن أنهت دراستها الثانوية التحقت في «المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية» وذلك بعام 1993 وكانت أول فرصة عمل تلفزيونية فعلية لها عندما قامت بشخصية انتصار في مسلسل عيلة خمس نجوم، لكن الشهرة تحققت بعد قيامها بشخصية السكرتيرة " أمل جمال" في مسلسل يوميات جميل وهناء" إلى جانب النجم أيمن زيدان والنجمة المعتزلة نورمان أسعد، وفي 1999 حققت نجاحا كبيرا بشخصية "طرفة العبد" في مسلسل "دنيا" إلى جانب النجمة أمل عرفة، كما قامت بتقديم عدد من البرامج منوعة على أكثر من قناة في مشوارها الفني.

أعمالها

المسلسلات

 (1993) يوميات ظريفة
 (1994) عيلة خمس نجوم بدور «انتصار»
 (1994) فارس في المدينة
 (1995) خان الحرير 1
 (1996) أيام الغضب
 (1997) عيلة 7 نجوم بدور «غادة»
 (1997) هوى بحري
 (1997) يوميات جميل وهناء بدور «أمل»
 (1997) عودك رنان
 (1998) الثريا
 (1998) إخوة التراب 2
 (1998) عيلة 8 نجوم بدور «ميسون»
 (1998) خان الحرير 2
 (1998) الفندق بدور «امتثال»
 (1999) الفصول الأربعة 1 بدور «سلام»
 (1999) دنيا 1 بدور «طرفة العبد»
 (1999) بطل من هذا الزمان بدور «افتكار (سناء)»
 (1999) لو كنت مكاني
 (2000) قصص الغموض بدور «ضيفة ح8»
 (2000) ليل المسافرين
 (2000) أنت عمري بدور «سهام»
 (2001) بقعة ضوء 1
 (2001) امبراطورية نون
 (2001) أنا وأبنائي
 (2001) يوميا فريد وفردوس
 (2001) يوميات فريد وفردوس
 (2001) بيت العيلة
 (2001) لشو الحكي
 (2001) زيتون وزنون
 (2001) ألو جميل ألو هناء بدور «أمل جمال»
 (2001) 2×2 بدور «لينا»
 (2001) تمر حنة بدور «ابتكار»
 (2002) السفينة
 (2002) مدام دبليو
 (2002) بقعة ضوء 3
 (2002) صقر قريش بدور «ضيفة حلقات»
 (2003) الهروب إلى القمة بدور «نورا»
 (2003) خبز وملح
 (2003) بنات اكريكوز بدور«ضيفة شرف»
 (2003) ذكريات الزمن القادم بدور «اساور»
 (2003) بيت العز
 (2004) هومي هون بدور «صباح»
 (2004) بقعة ضوء 4
 (2004) هالحكي
 (2004) مرزوق على جميع الجبهات
 (2004) عصر الجنون بدور«زينب»
 (2004) عالمكشوف
 (2004) بقعة ضوء 5
 (2005) عصى الدمع بدور «رزة»
 (2005) خمسة و خميسة بدور «ضيفة حلقة واحدة»
 (2005) عصام ورشا
 (2006) انتقام الوردة بدور «ليلى»
 (2006) الاستاذ
 (2006) أيام الولدنة
 (2006) وشاء الهوى
 (2006) الوزير وسعادة حرمه
 (2007) كاني وماني
 (2007) جرن الشاويش بدور «نسيبة»
 (2007) الهاربة بدور «فرح»
 (2007) على حافة الهاوية بدور «دلال»
 (2008) ليس سرابا بدور «مادلين»
 (2008) دندرمة
 (2008) باب الحارة 3 بدور «ام بدر»
 (2008) وجه العدالة بدور «المحتمية نسرين /حلقة المخدوع»
 (2008) الحوت بدور «وهيبة»
 (2008) ابن قزمان بدور «ميمونة»
 (2008) بقعة ضوء 6
 (2008) أهل الراية بدور «فهمية»
 (2008) رصيف الذاكرة
 (2008) ليل ورجال
 (2008) أولاد القيمرية بدور «منتهى»
 (2008) الحصرم الشامي 2 بدور «نظيرة»
 (2008) هيك تجوزنا بدور «عدة شخصيات»
 (2009) قلوب صغيرة بدور «أم علاء»
 (2009) مرسوم عائلي بدور «ميساء»
 (2009) اذاعة فيتامين بدور «افتخار»
 (2009) منمنمات عائلية
 (2009) حكواتي كافيه بدور «ام ايمان»
 (2009) أم الحالة
 (2009) باب الحارة 4 بدور «أم بدر»
 (2010) سكتم بكتم بدور «أم نجوى»
 (2010) هي دنيتنا
 (2010) أهل الراية 2: شهامة الرجال بدور «فهمية - ضيفة شرف»
 (2010) الصندوق الأسود بدور «منتهى»
 (2010) باب الحارة 5 بدور «أم بدر»
 (2010) صبايا2 بدور «ضيفة حلقة واحدة»
 (2010) تقاطع خطر بدور «جميلة»
 (2010) تيمور 1
 (2010) أبو جانتي بدور «سعاد»
 (2011) ولادة من الخاصرة بدور «أم الزين»
 (2011) آخر خبر
 (2011) طالع الفضة بدور «فريزة»
 (2011) السالب والموجب
 (2011) الخربة بدور «عطرشان»
 (2011) بقعة ضوء 8 بدور «شخصيات متعددة»
 (2011) ولادة من الخاصرة2: ساعة الجمر بدور «أم الزين»
 (2011) بقعة ضوء 9
 (2011) أبو جانتي 2 بدور «سعاد»
 (2012) بيت عامر
 (2012) سيت كاز
 (2012) الأميمي بدور «أم عبدو»
 (2012) المفتاح بدور «حنان»
 (2012) ما بتخلص حكايتنا
 (2012) نساء من هذا الزمن
 (2012) حدود شقيقة بدور «خدوج»
 (2013) وطن حاف
 (2014) خف علينا
 (2014) باب الحارة 6 بدور «فوزية»
 (2014) فيتامين
 (2014) عائلة من زمان
 (2014) بقعة ضوء 10 بدور «شخصيات متعددة»
 (2015) بانتظار الياسمين
 (2015) دنيا 2 بدور «طرفة العبد»
 (2015) حارة المشرقة: بدور «جفرا».
 (2015) باب الحارة 7 بدور «فوزية»
 (2016) خاتون بدور «الداية»
 (2016) باب الحارة 8 بدور «فوزية»
 (2016) سوا
 (2016) زوال
 (2017) خاتون 2 بدور «الداية أم جبري»
 (2017) باب الحارة 9 بدور «فوزية»
 (2017) ترجمان الأشواق بدور «وصال»
 (2017) مذكرات عشيقة سابقة
 (2017) وردة شامية بدور «شامية»
 (2018) الواق واق
 (2019) سلاسل دهب بدور «الداية أم فوزي»
 (2019) بقعة ضوء
 (2020) ميادة وولادا
 (2021) الكندوش
 (2021) ضيوف على الحب
 (2021) حارة القبة
 (2021) أسرار
 (2022) الكندوش 2
 (2022) الفرسان الثلاثة
 (2022) مع وقف التنفيذ
 (2022) أبجد هلوس 2
 (2022) بقعة ضوء 15
 (2022) حوازيق
 (2022) مع وقف التنفيذ بدور «سكر»
 (2023) حارة القبة (المسلسل)
 (2023) زقاق الجن (المسلسل(
 (2023) صبايا6 (المسلسل)
 (2023) السرايا2 (المسلسل)

سهرات تلفزيونية
 (1994): وقائع وأحلام فرج
 (1994): الرحلة
 (1994): سبع طوابق

من الأفلام
 (1995): صعود المطر
 (2009): بعد منتصف الليل
 (2014): فيتامين.
 (2015): مشروع السعادة
 (2015): انتظار
 (2015): طابة أمل
 (2016): ولعانة
 (2017): رجل وثلاثة أيام
 (2019): دمشق - حلب

تقديم البرامج
 (2000-2005): سي بي إم
 (2006): سوالفنا حلوة.
 (2006): أنا تفاحة
 (2009): شكران يا.
 (2019): كاش مع النجوم.
(2023):14

من المسرحيات
 (1993): النو.
 (1994): حلاق بغداد.
 (1994): سفر برلك.
 (1995): الفول.
 (1996): مات ثلاث مرات.
 (2000): الرجل المتفجر.
 (2008): سوبر ماركت.
 (2009): سمح في سوريا.
 (2015): الطيب والشرير والجميلة.
</div>

مشاركتها في ديو المشاهير
في نوفمبر 2015 شاركت بالموسم الرابع من برنامج ديو المشاهير على بث على قناتي إم تي في اللبنانية وإم بي سي 1 لدعم إحدى الجمعيات الخيرية السورية ، وقد حصلت على المركز الثالث فيه.

آرائها
عُرفت منذ بداية الأحداث في سوريا بتأييدها للرئيس بشار الأسد. اشتهرت في مطلع 2019 بعد منشور على الفيسبوك توجهت فيه إلى الرئيس بشار الأسد شاكية تردي الأوضاع المعيشية وفقدان عدد من الخدمات الأساسية في البلاد مطالبه إياه بالتدخل. كان هناك من أيدها على هذا المنشور وهناك من اعتبر أنها تسعى خلف الشهرة. أشارت في مقابلة في برنامج قصة حلم إلى أنها قد تكون قد أخطأت بمخاطبة رئيس البلاد مباشرة وأنها لا تسعى للشهرة لأنها مشهورة أصلاً وأن كل شيء متعلق ببلدها هو خط أحمر. حيث بدت آسفة على منشورها لما أثاره من لغط.

تعرضت لحادث سير في 18 يناير 2019، حيث كانت برفقة ابنه شقيقتها، تعرضت فيه لأضرار طفيفة. أرجعت شكران سبب الحادث إلى الطقس السيئ والتعب اللذان جعلاها تفقد التركيز. كان هذا الحادث بعد حوالي 10 أيام من منشورها على الفيسبوك ما جعل البعض يعتقد أن الحادث مدبر بسبب انزعاج البعض من المنشور لكنها نفت ذلك تماماً في مقابلتها مع رابعة في برنامج قصة حلم.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الطائف
فلسطينيو سوريا
ممثلات سوريات
ممثلات فلسطينيات
مواليد 1390 هـ
مواليد 1970
حائزون على وسام الثقافة والعلوم والفنون الفلسطيني

شكران مرتجى


Dominik Čičak (1997.) je hrvatski filmski, televizijski i kazališni glumac. Nakon što je diplomirao na East 15 Acting School u Londonu, svoju je prvu glavnu televizijsku ulogu ostvario u humorističnoj seriji "Vrata do Vrata". Imao je sporedne uloge u serijama "Ipcress File" i "Vreme Zla" te komediji "Happy New Year 2".

Životopis
Rođen je 1997. godine u Zagrebu. Najveći dio osnovnog i srednjeg školovanja proveo je izvan Hrvatske, a pohađao je International Baccalaureate sistem školovanja i zato tečno govori hrvatski, engleski, njemački i slovenski jezik. Kroz mladost se bavio različitim sportovima poput hokeja na ledu, nogometa, kriketa i košarke.

Karijera
Nakon što je završio studij glume na East 15 Acting School u Londonu, Dominik Čičak je dobio glavnu ulogu u humorističnoj seriji "Vrata do Vrata". Tamo je tumačio ulogu Borisa, zbunjenog, ali simpatičnog studenta koji je ludo zaljubljen u svoju susjedu Saru (Maja Mandžuka). Boris I njegov cimer Luka (glumi ga Uroš Jakovljević) stalno imaju problema sa upravnikom zgrade (Zoran Cvijanović). Sitcom je producirao Dejan Karaklajić, a režirao redateljski dvojac Marko Manojlović i Vlada Aleksić.

Nakon sporednih uloga u Jugoslovenki, Blago Nama i Dar Mar, Čičak je snimio povijesnu dramu "Vreme Zla". Ova TV serija od 12 epizoda smještena je između dva svjetska rata i prati događaje na Balkanu. Čičak tumači ulogu prevoditelja Schöllera, ulogu u kojoj je morao glumiti na njemačkom i na srpskom jeziku.

2021. Čičak je imao je gostujuću ulogu u ITV seriji Ipcress File. Ipcress File je britanski špijunski triler o hladnom ratu, smještena u 1963. Napisao ju je John Hodge, a režirao James Watkins.

2022. Čičak je započeo snimanje nove znanstveno-fantastične serije za NBC Studios pod nazivom "The Ark". Tim koji stoji iza njega: scenarist i producent "Dana nezavisnosti" Dean Devlin i njegov Electric Entertainment, kao i scenarist i producent Stargate SG-1 Jonathan Glassner.

Filmografija

Televizijske uloge

Filmske uloge

Sinkronizacija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Official website
 Dominik Čičak u internetskoj bazi filmova IMDb-u

Hrvatski glumci

Dominik Čičak


George Kelly may refer to:

Entertainment
 George Kelly (musician) (1915–1998), American jazz tenor saxophonist, vocalist, arranger and bandleader
 George Kelly (playwright) (1887–1974), American dramatist
 George "Fowokan" Kelly (born 1943), Jamaica-born British visual artist
 George M. Kelly (born 1952), New York sculptor who created a George Washington bronze for the Millennium Gate museum in Atlanta

Sports
 George A. Kelly (1883–1969), American football coach in the United States
 George Kelly (baseball) (1895–1984), American first baseman; played 1915–1932
 George Kelly (boxer), Irish boxer who competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam
 George Kelly (footballer) (1933–1998), footballer who played for Cardiff City, Stockport County and Stoke City

Other
 George Kelly (Jacobite) (c.1680–1762), Irish agent of Charles Edward Stuart
 George Kelly (psychologist) (1905–1967), American personality theorist and professor at Ohio State University
 George B. Kelly (1900–1971), Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York
 George Kelly (British Army officer) (1880–1938)
 George E. M. Kelly (1878–1911), American Army 2nd lieutenant; namesake of San Antonio's Kelly Field Annex
 George Kelly (billiards player), American champion pool competitor of the 1920s and 30s; nephew of George Kelly
 Mike Kelly (Pennsylvania politician) (George Joseph Kelly Jr., born 1948), member of the U.S. House of Representatives

See also
 George Kelley (disambiguation)
 George Kelly Scott (born 1966), Liberia-born Swedish boxer
 George Kelly Barnes (1895–1954), American gangster, bootlegger and kidnapper

George Kelly


An Eremiolirion amboense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schinz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Charles Manning och Mannh.. An Eremiolirion amboense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eremiolirion, ngan familia nga Tecophilaeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eremiolirion

Eremiolirion amboense


Die Coppa Italia 1997/98, den Fußball-Pokalwettbewerb für Vereinsmannschaften in Italien der Saison 1997/98, gewann Lazio Rom. Lazio traf im Finale auf den AC Mailand und konnte die Coppa Italia zum zweiten Mal nach 1958 gewinnen. Mit 0:1 und 3:1 setzte sich Lazio Rom gegen Milan durch. Man wurde Nachfolger von Vicenza Calcio, das in der zweiten Runde gegen Pescara Calcio ausschied.

Als italienischer Pokalsieger 1997/98 qualifizierte sich Lazio Rom für den Europapokal der Pokalsieger des folgenden Jahres. Diese letzte Austragung des Europapokals der Pokalsieger vor dessen Eingliederung in den UEFA-Pokal konnte Lazio Rom im Endspiel gegen RCD Mallorca aus Spanien für sich entscheiden und wurde letzter Sieger des Europapokals der Pokalsieger überhaupt.

1. Runde

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2. Runde

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Achtelfinale

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Viertelfinale

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Halbfinale

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Finale

Hinspiel

Rückspiel

Siehe auch
 Serie A 1997/98

Weblinks

 Informationen zur Coppa Italia auf rsssf.com

1997/98
Fußballsaison 1997/98

Coppa Italia 1997/98


Oktiabrski  es un posiólok del raión de Kavkázskaya del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla derecha del río Beisug, 11 km al noroeste de Kropotkin y 120 km al nordeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 62 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Mirskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Октябрьский (Кавказский район).
 Sitio web del municipio .

Localidades del raión de Kavkázskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Oktiabrski (Kavkázskaya, Krasnodar)


Ivica Matković (Zlarin, 1913. – okolica Celja, 1945.), ustaški dopukovnik.

Životopis
Rođen 1913. na Zlarinu. Završio gimnaziju. Zatim je pošao na školovanje u Češku, u Prag, gdje je završio eksportnu akademiju. Nakon osnivanja NDH ušao u Ustašku obranu. Tabornik jasenovačkog ustaškog tabora, i prije nego što je osnovan jasenovački logor. Ondje se oženio mještankom. Bio je osoba u koju je Maks Luburić imao veliko povjerenje te je početkom 1942. postao njegovim zamjenikom i opunomoćenikom. Sumnjiči ga se da dok je bio u jasenovačkom logoru da je počinio niz masovnih i pojedinačnih ubojstava, te na proljeće i ljeto 1942. godine organizirao otpremanje u logor i likvidacije Srba jasenovačke Posavine - mještana Jasenovca, Uštice, Mlake, Jablanca i Donje Gradine. U razdoblju kad je Luburić "sklonjen u 'ilegalu'", obnašao je dužnost ravnatelja Ureda III. Od 1943. godine je u Zagrebu, gdje je Luburiću ostao bliski suradnik sve do kraja rata. Krajem rata pošao s kolonom civila, vojnika i dužnosnika prema Austriji. Sredinom 1945. britanske vlasti izručile su ga partizanima. Pretpostavlja se da je pogubljen. Najvjerojatnije su ga pogubili svibnja 1945. kod Celja (Slovenija).

Izvori

Zlarin
Životopisi, Zagreb
Ustaški časnici
Dužnosnici NDH

Ivica Matković (1913.)


Les mots Japonicus, Japonica et Japonicum sont trois déclinaisons (notamment le nominatif singulier masculin, féminin et neutre) d'un adjectif du latin scientifique signifiant « du Japon, japonais ».

En biologie :
 Japonica est un genre de papillons, de la famille des Lycénidés (sous-famille des Theclinae).
  est un sous-genre de Fritillaria, un genre de plantes herbacées de la famille des Liliacées.
 'Japonica' est un sous-groupe du groupe 'Elegans' de Caenorhabditis, un genre de nématodes.
 La crevette Japonica (Caridina multidentata) est une crevette d'eau douce, originaire du Japon.
 Le  (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) est une variété de riz asiatique.
 En taxonomie, les mots japonicus, japonica et japonicum sont employés comme épithète spécifique ou nom subspécifique pour nommer de nombreuses espèces et sous-espèces animales ou végétales découvertes au Japon ou près de ses côtes. Pour les articles consacrés à de telles espèces et sous-espèces, consulter les listes générées automatiquement : japonicus, japonica, japonicum.

Épithète spécifique

Japonica (homonymie)


Cotoneaster roseus, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas. Se encuentra en parte del Himalaya, Irán, Pakistán, noroeste de India y Cachemira.

Taxonomía
Cotoneaster roseus fue descrita por Michael Pakenham Edgeworth y publicado en Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(1): 46, en el año 1846
Etimología
El epíteto latino roseus, significa rosa y se refiere al color de los pétalos de sus flores.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

roseus
Flora de Asia central
Plantas descritas en 1846
Plantas descritas por Edgeworth

Cotoneaster roseus


المعصوب طبق مُحلى عرف لدى سكان تهامة قديماً، وهو من الأكلات المعروفة لسكان منطقة جازان وما حولها سواء داخل السعودية أو اليمن.  ويعرف قديماً بالمرسة إلا أنه ما زال الاسم القديم يتداول داخل منطقة جازان، وبعض الأقوال ترجعه إلى منطقة حضرموت. ثم انتقل إلى منطقة الحجاز وأغلب مناطق الجزيرة العربية كأكلة شبه يوميه شعبية، في أرجاء دول الخليج واليمن. يتكون المعصوب من الموز والفطير المفروم، وطرأت عليه إضافات أخرى مع مرور الوقت كالعسل والسمن والقشطة. وهويعتبر من الاكلات الغنية بالعناصر الغذائية المفيدة للجسم، ويعتقد أهل الحجاز بأن هذه الوجبة بين الأكلات الشعبية التي تمنح الطاقة والدفء اللذين يحتاجونهما لمجابهة برد الشتاء، لكون المعصوب من الأكلات المليئة بالسعرات الحرارية التي تضفي على الجسم قوة وطاقة، وهو ما يفسر أن غالبية زبائن محال الفول يطلبون «المعصوب» كونه يجلب الدفء للجسم.

الأنواع
 معصوب عادي.
 معصوب بالقشطة.
 معصوب بالعسل.
 معصوب بالتمر.
 معصوب ملكي.

فوائد صحية
يحتوي طبق المعصوب الواحد على عدد من السعرات الحرارية تتراوح ما بين 450 إلى 650 سعرة حرارية تقريبا، ويعتبر طبق غني بالكربوهيدرات البسيطة، والبوتاسيوم، وبه حديد وزنك وعدد من الفيتامينات، إلا أنه بكميات قليلة تدخل في تجهيز المعصوب.
ومع كون السمن البلدي صحيا بطبيعته، لكن يجب الحذر من الإكثار منه لأنه دهن حيواني به نسبة عالية من الدهون المشبعة، وهو يضاف للمعصوب
أما السكر الذي قد تضاف ملعقة منه للمعصوب، وهو يزيد من كمية الكربوهيدرات.

انظر أيضًا
 عريكة
 سليق
 قهوة اللوز

المصادر

حلويات يمنية
مطبخ سعودي
مطبخ يمني
موز

معصوب


Betel nut chewing, also called betel quid chewing or areca nut chewing, is a practice in which areca nuts (also called "betel nuts") are chewed together with slaked lime and betel leaves for their stimulant and narcotic effects. The practice is widespread in Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Island Melanesia, and South Asia. It is also found among both Han Chinese immigrants and indigenous peoples of Taiwan, Madagascar, and parts of southern China. It has also  been introduced to the Caribbean in colonial times.

The preparation combining the areca nut, slaked lime, and betel (Piper betle) leaves is known as a betel quid (also called paan or pan in South Asia), but the exact composition of the mixture varies geographically. It can sometimes include other substances for flavoring and to freshen the breath, like coconut, dates, sugar, menthol, saffron, cloves, aniseed, cardamom, and many others. The areca nut itself can be replaced with or chewed with tobacco, and the betel leaves can be excluded altogether. In West Papua, the leaf may be replaced with stem and inflorescence of the Piper betle plant. The preparation is not swallowed, but is spat out afterwards. It results in permanent red stains on the teeth after prolonged use. The spit from chewing betel nuts, which also results in red stains, is also often regarded as unhygienic and an eyesore in public facilities in certain countries.

The practice of betel nut chewing originates from Island Southeast Asia where the plant ingredients are native. The oldest evidence of betel nut chewing is found in a burial pit in the Duyong Cave site of the Philippines (where areca palms were originally native to), dated to around 4,630±250 BP. Its diffusion is closely tied to the Neolithic expansion of the Austronesian peoples. It was spread to the Indo-Pacific during prehistoric times, reaching Micronesia at 3,500 to 3,000 BP, Near Oceania at 3,400 to 3,000 BP; South India and Sri Lanka by 3,500 BP; Mainland Southeast Asia by 3,000 to 2,500 BP; Northern India by 1500 BP; and Madagascar by 600 BP. From India, it was also spread westwards to Persia and the Mediterranean. It was also previously present in the Lapita culture, based on archaeological remains dated from 3,600 to 2,500 BP, but it was not carried into Polynesia.

Betel nut chewing is addictive and has been linked with adverse health effects (mainly oral and esophageal cancers), both with and without tobacco. Attempts to control betel nut chewing by the World Health Organization remains problematic as it is deeply rooted in many cultures, including possessing religious connotations in some parts of Southeast Asia and India. Furthermore, despite being associated with adverse health outcomes, areca/betel nut chewing is not included in the list of risk factors examined by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD). It is estimated that around 600 million people practice betel nut chewing worldwide.

History

Based on archaeological, linguistic, and botanical evidence, the spread of betel chewing is most strongly associated with the Austronesian peoples. Chewing betel requires the combination of areca nut (Areca catechu) and betel leaf (Piper betle). Both plants are native from the region between Island Southeast Asia to Australasia. A. catechu is believed to be originally native to the Philippines, where it has the greatest morphological diversity as well as the most closely related endemic species. The origin of the domestication of Piper betle, however, is unknown, although it is also native to the Philippines, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Indochina. It is also unknown when or why the two plant products were combined, as areca nut alone can be chewed as a stimulant. In eastern Indonesia, leaves from other Piper species are sometimes used in place of betel leaves.

The oldest unequivocal evidence of betel chewing is from the Philippines. Specifically that of several individuals found in a burial pit in the Duyong Cave site of Palawan island dated to around 4,630±250 BP. The dentition of the skeletons is stained, typical of betel chewers. The grave also includes Anadara shells used as containers of lime, one of which still contained lime. Burial sites in Bohol dated to the first millennium CE also show the distinctive reddish stains characteristic of betel chewing. Based on linguistic evidence of how the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian term *buaq originally meaning "fruit" came to refer to "areca nut" in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, it is believed that betel chewing originally developed somewhere within the Philippines shortly after the beginning of the Austronesian expansion (~5,000 BP). From the Philippines, it spread back to Taiwan, as well as onwards to the rest of Austronesia.

There are very old claims of betel chewing dating to at least 13,000 BP at the Kuk Swamp site in New Guinea, based on probable Areca sp. recovered. However, it is now known that these might have been due to modern contamination of sample materials. Similar claims have also been made at other older sites with Areca sp. remains, but none can be conclusively identified as A. catechu and their association with betel peppers is tenuous or nonexistent.

It reached Micronesia at around 3,500 to 3,000 BP with the Austronesian voyagers, based on both linguistic and archaeological evidence. It was also previously present in the Lapita culture, based on archaeological remains from Mussau dated to around 3,600 to 2,500 BP. But it did not reach Polynesia further east. It is believed that it stopped in the Solomon Islands due to the replacement of betel chewing with the tradition of kava drinking prepared from the related Piper methysticum. It was also diffused into East Africa via the Austronesian settlement of Madagascar and the Comoros by around the 7th century.

The practice also diffused to the cultures the Austronesians had historical contact with. It reached the Dong Son culture via the Austronesian Sa Huỳnh culture of Vietnam at around 3,000 to 2,500 BP through trade contacts with Borneo. It is from this period that skeletons with characteristic red-stained teeth start to appear in Mainland Southeast Asia. It is assumed that it reached South China and Hainan at around the same time, though no archaeological evidence for this can be found as of yet. In Cambodia, the earliest evidence of betel nut chewing is from around 2,400 to 2,200 BP. It also spread to Thailand at 1,500 BP, based on archaeobotanical evidence.

In the Indian subcontinent, betel chewing was introduced through early contact of Austronesian traders from Sumatra, Java, and the Malay Peninsula with the Dravidian-speakers of Sri Lanka and southern India at around 3,500 BP. This also coincides with the introduction of Southeast Asian plants like Santalum album and Cocos nucifera, as well as the adoption of the Austronesian outrigger ship and crab-claw sail technologies by Dravidian-speakers. Unequivocal literary references to betel only start appearing after the Vedic period, in works like Dipavaṃsa (c. 3rd century CE) and Mahāvaṃsa (c. 5th century). Betel chewing only reached northern India and Kashmir after 500 CE through trade with Mon-Khmer-speaking peoples in the Bay of Bengal. From there it followed the Silk Road to Persia and into the Mediterranean.

Chinese records, specifically Linyi Ji by Dongfang Shuo associate the growing of areca palms with the first settlers of the Austronesian Champa polities in southern Vietnam at around 2,100 to 1,900 BP. This association is echoed in Nanfang Cao Mu Zhuang by Ji Han (c. 304 CE) who also describes its importance in Champa culture, specifically in the way Cham hosts traditionally offer it to guests. Betel chewing entered China through trade with Champa, borrowing the Proto-Malayo-Chamic name *pinaŋ resulting in Chinese bin lang for "areca nut", with the meaning of "honored guest", reflecting Chamic traditions. The same for the alternate term bin men yao jian, literally meaning "guest [at the door] medicinal sweetmeat".

Culture

One of the earliest firsthand accounts of betel nut chewing by western authors was from Ibn Battuta. He describes this practice as follows:

Betel quid chewing constitutes an important and popular cultural activity in many Asian and Oceanic countries, including Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, the Philippines, Laos, and Vietnam. Chewing betel was once common in Malaysia, but the practice has long since died out. Betel nut kits (tepak sirih) made of silver and other precious metals, once featured in royal regalia and presented as wedding gifts, have become collectors' items, and a tepak sirih set is featured on the 1989-2012 series Malaysian 20-sen coin.

In urban areas, chewing betel quid is generally considered a nuisance because some chewers spit the betel quid juice out in public areas – compare chewing gum ban in Singapore and smoking ban. The red stain generated by the combination of ingredients when chewed are known to make a colourful stain on the ground. This is becoming an unwanted eyesore in Indian cities such as Mumbai, although many see it as an integral part of Indian culture. This is also common in some of the Persian Gulf countries, such as the UAE and Qatar, where many Indians live. Recently, the Dubai government has banned the import and sale of betel quid and the like.

According to traditional Ayurvedic medicine, chewing betel leaf is a remedy against bad breath (halitosis).

Cambodia, Laos and Thailand
The chewing of the product is part of the culture of Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. Cultivation of areca nut palm and betel leaves is common in rural areas of these countries, being a traditional cash crop, and the utensils used for preparation are often treasured. Now, many young people have given up the habit, especially in urban areas, but many, especially older people, still keep to the tradition.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, paan is chewed throughout the country by all classes and is an important element of Bangladeshi culture. It is the Bengali 'chewing gum', and usually for chewing, a few slices of the betel nut are wrapped in a betel leaf, almost always with sliced areca nuts and often with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), and may include cinnamon, clove, cardamom, catechu (khoyer), grated coconut and other spices for extra flavouring. As it is chewed,  the peppery taste is savoured, along with the warm feeling and alertness it gives (similar to drinking a fresh cup of coffee). Paan-shupari (shupari being Bengali for areca nut) is a veritable Bangladeshi archetypal imagery, employed in wide-ranging contexts. Prior to British rule, it was chewed without tobacco and it is still rarely chewed with tobacco. Betel leaves are arranged aesthetically on a decorated plate called paandani and it is offered to the elderly people, particularly women, when they engage in leisure time gossip with their friends and relatives. During the zamindari age, paan preparation and the style of garnishing it on a plate (paandani) was indeed a recognised folk art.

In Bangladesh paan is traditionally chewed not only as a habit but also as an item of rituals, etiquette and manners. On formal occasions offering paan symbolized the time for departure. In festivals and dinners, in pujas and punyas paan is an indispensable item. Hindus make use of paans as offerings in worship.

Dhakai Khilipan, a ready pack of betel leaf processed in Dhaka is famous in the sub-continent. Old Dhakaites have a rich heritage of creating the best khili paan with many complex, colourful, aromatic and flavorful ingredients. Although 'paan' has been a staple Bengali custom for ages, a number of high-end stores with premium quality paan has become available in recent times. Paan Supari is perhaps the first such brand, which offers a wide range of khili paan. They also offer a khili paan for diabetic patients called the "paan afsana".

The sweet paan of the Khasi tribe is famous for its special quality. Paan is also used in Hindu puja and wedding festivals and to visit relatives. It has become a ritual, tradition and culture of Bangladeshi society. Adult women gather with paandani along with friends and relatives in leisure time.

Total cultivated area under the crop in Bangladesh is about 14,175 ha and the total annual production is about 72,500 tons. The average yield per acre is 2.27 tons. There are usually three crops during the twelve months and they are locally called by the name of the respective months in which they are harvested. Paan leaf is usually plucked in Kartik, Phalgun and Ashad. The Kartik paan is considered by consumers to be the best and Ashad paan the worst. When plucking, it is a rule to leave at least sixteen leaves on the vine.

Different varieties of betel leaf are grown and the quality differs in shape, bleaching quality, softness, pungency and aroma of leaf. Tamakh paan, a betel leaf blended with tobacco and spices. Supari paan, another variety of white leaf, Mitha paan, a sweet variety, and Sanchi paan are common varieties of betel leaves. Almost every paan-producing district has its own special variety of betel leaf of which consumers are well acquainted. In the past, the best quality of elegant camphor-scented betel leaf named Kafuri paan was produced in the Sonargaon area of Narayangonj district. It was exported to Calcutta and Middle Eastern countries. The next best is the Sanchi paan grown in Chittagong hill tracts. This variety is not very popular among Bangali people. It is exported to Pakistan for the consumers of Karachi. The commoner varieties are called Desi, Bangla, Bhatial, Dhaldoga, Ghas paan. Bangla paan, is also known as Mitha paan, Jhal paan or paan of Rajshahi. At present, this variety is becoming extinct, due to emergence of more profitable and lucrative fast-growing varieties of paan crops. Normally, betel leaves are consumed with chun, seed cinnamon, cardamoms and other flavored elements.

India
In a 16th-century cookbook, Nimatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi, describes Ghiyas-ud-din Khalji, the Sultan of Mandu (r. 1469–1500), watches as tender betel leaves of the finest quality are spread out and rosewater is sprinkled on them, while saffron is also added. An elaborate betel chew or paan would contain fragrant spices and rose preserves with chopped areca nuts.

It is a tradition in South India and nearby regions to give two Betel leaves, areca nut (pieces or whole) and Coconut to the guests (both male and female) at any auspicious occasion. Even on a regular day, it is the tradition to give a married woman, who visits the house, two Betel leaves, areca nut and coconut or some fruits along with a string of threaded flowers. This is referred to as thamboolam.

Betel leaf used to make paan is produced in different parts of India. Some states that produce betel leaf for paan include West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. In West Bengal, two types of betel leaves are produced. These are "Bangla Pata (Country Leaf)" and Mitha Pata (Sweet Leaf)". In West Bengal, Bangla pata is produced mainly in district of Dinajpur, Malda, Jalpaiguri, and Nadia. Mitha pata is produced in places such as Midnapur and South 24 Parganas.

The skilled paan maker is known as a paanwala in North India. In other parts, paanwalas are also known as panwaris or panwadis. At North India, there is a tradition to chew paan after Deepawali puja for blessings.

In the Indian state of Maharashtra, the paan culture is widely criticised due to the cleanliness problems created by people who spit in public places. In Mumbai, there have been attempts to paint pictures of Hindu gods in places where people commonly tend to spit, in the hope that this would discourage spitting, but success has been limited. One of the great Marathi artists P L Deshpande wrote a comic story on the subject of paanwala (paan vendor), and performed a televised reading session on Doordarshan during the 1980s in his unique style.

Paan is losing its appeal to farmers because of falling demand. Consumers prefer chewing tobacco formulations such as gutka over paan. Higher costs, water scarcity and unpredictable weather have made betel gardens less lucrative.

According to StraitsResearch, The India pan masala market is expected to reach US$10,365 million by 2026 at the CAGR of 10.4% during the forecast period 2019–2026. The India pan masala market is driven by significant switching of consumers from tobacco products to pan masala, aggressive advertising and convenient packaging, and Maharashtra State's revocation of the ban over pan masala products.

Assam
In Assam, India, betel nut is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Paan-tamul (betel leaves and raw areca nut) may be offered to guests after tea or meals, served in a brass plate with stands called bota. The areca nut also appears as a fertility symbol in religious and marriage ceremonies. When showing respect to elders or asking for forgiveness, people, especially newlyweds place a pair of paan-tamul on a xorai, place it in front of the elder and bow to show respect.

Guests may be invited to a wedding reception by offering a few areca nuts with betel leaves. During Bihu, the husori players are offered areca nuts and betel leaves by each household while their blessings are solicited.

Paan-tamul is also offered to guests after the end of every feast, usually the paan-tamul-soon, or slaked lime with cardamom pods in it to freshen the breath.

Banarasi Pan

Banarasi Pan of Banaras (Varanasi) is widely famous among Indians and tourists visiting India.

Indonesia and Malaysia

Bersirih, nyirih or menginang is a Malayonesian tradition of chewing materials such as nut, betel, gambier, tobacco, clove and limestone.

In the Malay archipelago, the menginang or betel nut chewing has become a revered activity in local tradition; being a ceremoniously conducted gesture to honour guests. A complete and elaborate set of sirih pinang equipment is called tepak, puan, pekinangan or cerana. The set is usually made of wooden lacquerware, brass or silverwares; and it consists of the combol (containers), bekas sirih (leaf container), kacip (press-knife to cut areca nut), gobek (small pestle and mortar), and ketur (spit container).

The Sirih Pinang has become a symbol of Malay culture, with the Malay oral tradition having phrases such as "The betel opens the door to the home" or "the betel opens the door to the heart".

Micronesia
Betel nut chewing is common among the native ethnic groups of Micronesia. They can be grouped into two different traditions. The betel nut chewing tradition of the Chamorro people of the Mariana Islands prefer ripe (red) areca nuts. The betel nut chewing tradition of the Chuukese, Palauan, and Yapese people, on the other hand, prefer unripe (green) areca nuts. Betel leaf and lime are included in the quid, and commonly tobacco. Flavoring ingredients like ginger, cardamom, and vodka are also sometimes added.

Areca palms have been grown traditionally in Guam, Palau, and Yap since ancient times. It spread to Chuuk in modern times. Betel nut stains have been found in ancient remains of the Chamorro people, indicating that the practice was carried into Micronesia by their Austronesian ancestors in Island Southeast Asia.

Myanmar

Kwun-ya ( [kóːn.jà]) is the word for betel quid in Myanmar, formerly Burma, where the most common configuration for chewing is a betel vine leaf (Piper betel), areca nut (from Areca catechu), slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and some aroma, although many betel chewers also use tobacco.

Betel chewing has very long tradition in Burma, having been practised since before the beginning of recorded history. Until the 1960s, both men and women loved it and every household used to have a special lacquerware box for betel quid, called kun-it (), which would be offered to any visitor together with cheroots to smoke and green tea to drink. The leaves are kept inside the bottom of the box, which looks like a small hat box, but with a top tray for small tins, silver in well-to-do homes, of various other ingredients such as the betel nuts, slaked lime, cutch, anise seed and a nut cutter. The sweet form (acho) is popular with the young, but grownups tend to prefer it with cardamom, cloves and tobacco. Spittoons, therefore, are still ubiquitous, and signs saying "No betel quid-spitting" are commonplace, as it makes a messy red splodge on floors and walls; many people display betel-stained teeth from the habit. Betel quid stalls and kiosks used to be run mainly by people of Indian origin in towns and cities. Smokers who want to quit would also use betel nut to wean themselves off tobacco.

Taungoo in Lower Burma is where the best areca palms are grown indicated by the popular expression "like a betel lover taken to Taungoo". Other parts of the country contribute to the best betel quid according to another saying "Tada-U for the leaves, Ngamyagyi for the tobacco, Taungoo for the nuts, Sagaing for the slaked lime, Pyay for the cutch". Kun, hsay, lahpet (betel quid, tobacco and pickled tea) are deemed essential items to offer monks and elders particularly in the old days. Young maidens traditionally carry ornamental betel boxes on a stand called kundaung and gilded flowers (pandaung) in a shinbyu (novitiation) procession. Burmese history also mentions an ancient custom of a condemned enemy asking for "a betel quid and a drink of water" before being executed.

An anecdotal government survey indicated that 40% of men and 20% of women in Myanmar chew betel. An aggregate study of cancer registries (2002 to 2007) at the Yangon and Mandalay General Hospitals, the largest hospitals in the country, found that oral cancer was the 6th most common cancer among males, and 10th among females. Of these oral carcinoma patients, 36% were regular betel quid chewers. University of Dental Medicine, Yangon records from 1985 to 1988 showed that 58.6% of oral carcinoma patients were regular betel chewers.

Since the 1990s, betel chewing has been actively discouraged by successive governments, from the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) onward, on the grounds of health and tidiness. In April 1995, the Yangon City Development Committee banned betel in Yangon (Rangoon), in anticipation of Visit Myanmar Year 1996, a massive effort to promote the country as a tourist destination. Effective 29 July 2007, betel chewing, along with smoking, has been banned from the Shwedagon Pagoda, the country's most important religious site. In 2010, the Ministry of Education's Department of Basic Education and Burma's Anti-Narcotics Task Force collaborated to prohibit betel shops from operating within  of any school.

Nepal
Paan is chewed mainly by Terai people, although migrants in Terai have also taken up chewing paan in recent times. Throughout Terai, paan is as common as anywhere in northern India. There is some local production, generally not commercial, but most leaves are imported from India. Although not as ubiquitous as in the Terai, most residents of Kathmandu occasionally enjoy paan. A sweet version of paan called meetha paan is popular amongst many who do not like the strong taste of plain (sada) paan. Some parents allow their children to consume meetha in special occasion because it is tobacco-free.

Pakistan
The consumption of paan has long been a very popular cultural tradition throughout Pakistan, especially in Muhajir households, where numerous paans were consumed throughout the day. In general, though, paan is an occasional delicacy thoroughly enjoyed by many, and almost exclusively bought from street vendors instead of any preparations at home. Pakistan grows a large variety of betel leaf, specifically in the coastal areas of Sindh, although paan is imported in large quantities from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and, recently, Thailand. The paan business is famously handled and run by muhajir traders, who migrated from western India to Pakistan after the independence in 1947.

The culture of chewing paan has also spread in Punjab, where a paan shop can be found in almost every street and market. In the famous Anarkali Bazar in Lahore a street called paan gali is dedicated for paan and its ingredients together with other Pakistani products.

The rate of oral cancer have grown substantially in Pakistan due to chewing of paan.

Philippines
Betel nut chewing was formerly widespread in the indigenous ethnic groups of the Philippines. The country is where the areca palm (Areca catechu) is originally native to and where the tradition started before being spread via the Austronesian expansion (see history section above). The Philippines also has the highest genetic diversity in Areca catechu populations and is home to several closely related Areca palm species, including a couple of endemic species that are used as (inferior) substitutes for Areca catechu, these are Areca caliso (known as kaliso or sakolon) and Areca ipot (known as ipot or saksik). Several varieties of Areca catechu nuts were also known in the Philippines, distinguished chiefly by the shape of the fruits.

Betel nut chewing was described as being a "universal" practice among older people in the early 1900s. The most common configuration of the quid combines areca nut with slaked lime (usually from crushed sea-shells) and betel leaves (tambul or siri). Tobacco may or may not be added. In modern times, it has grown out of favor and has been replaced by cigarettes and chewing gum. The practice only survives among more remote ethnic groups like the Cordillerans of Luzon, and the Lumad and Moro people of Mindanao.

In the native languages of the Philippines, betel nut chewing is known variously as buyo, bunga, hitso, or ngangà in Tagalog, Bikol, and the Visayan languages; dapiau in Ivatan; and bua, mama or maman in Ilocano; luyos in Kapampangan; pasa in Basilan; and lugos in Zamboanga; among other names.

Taiwan
In Taiwan betel quid is sold from roadside kiosks, often by the so-called betelnut beauties although these are becoming fewer and fewer () — scantily clad girls selling a quid preparation of betel leaf, betel nuts, tobacco and lime. It is a controversial business, with critics questioning entrapment, exploitation, health, class and culture.

Vietnam
In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are such important symbols of love and marriage that in Vietnamese the phrase "matters of betel and areca" (chuyện trầu cau) were historically synonymous with marriage. Areca nut chewing starts the talk between the groom's parents and the bride's parents about the young couple's marriage. Therefore, the leaves and juices are used ceremonially in Vietnamese weddings.

Effects on health

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) accept the scientific evidence that chewing betel quids and areca nut is carcinogenic to humans. The main carcinogenic factor is believed to be areca nut. A recent study found that areca-nut paan with and without tobacco increased oral cancer risk by 9.9 and 8.4 times, respectively.

In one study (c. 1985), scientists linked malignant tumours to the site of skin or subcutaneous administration of aqueous extracts of paan in mice. In hamsters, forestomach carcinomas occurred after painting the cheek-pouch mucosa with aqueous extracts or implantation of a wax pellet containing powdered paan with tobacco into the cheek pouch; carcinomas occurred in the cheek pouch following implantation of the wax pellets. In human populations, they reported observing elevated frequencies of micronucleated cells in buccal mucosa of people who chew betel quid in the Philippines and India. The scientists also found that the proportion of micronucleated exfoliated cells is related to the site within the oral cavity where the paan is kept habitually and to the number of betel quids chewed per day. In related studies, the scientists reported that oral leukoplakia shows a strong association with habits of paan chewing in India. Some follow-up studies have shown malignant transformation of a proportion of leukoplakias. Oral submucous fibrosis and lichen planus, which are generally accepted to be precancerous conditions, appear to be related to the habit of chewing paan.

In a study conducted in Taiwan, scientists reported the extent of cancer risks of betel quid (paan) chewing beyond oral cancer, even when tobacco was absent. In addition to oral cancer, significant increases were seen among chewers for cancer of the oesophagus, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, and all cancer. Chewing and smoking, as combined by most betel chewers, interacted synergistically and was responsible for half of all cancer deaths in this group. Chewing betel leaf quid and smoking, the scientists claimed, shortened the life span by nearly six years.

A Lancet Oncology publication claims that paan masala may cause tumours in different parts of the body and not just the oral cavity as previously thought.

In a study conducted in Sri Lanka, scientists found high prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders in rural Sri Lankan populations. After screening for various causes, the scientists reported paan chewing to be the major risk factor, with or without tobacco.

In October 2009, 30 scientists from 10 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a World Health Organization sponsored group, to reassess the carcinogenicity of various agents including the areca nut, They reported there is sufficient evidence that paan chewing, even without tobacco, leads to tumours in the oral cavity and oesophagus, and that paan with added tobacco is a carcinogen to the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus.

Effects of chewing paan during pregnancy
Scientific teams from Taiwan, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea have reported that women who chew areca nut formulations, such as paan, during pregnancy significantly increase adverse outcomes for the baby. The effects were similar to those reported for women who consume alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy. Lower birth weights, reduced birth length and early term were found to be significantly higher.

See also
 Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
 Betel container (Victoria & Albert Museum)
 Betel chewing in Thailand

References

External links

 Nutritional composition of paan (archived 1 April 2011)

Asian culture
Bangladeshi cuisine
Burmese culture
Cambodian culture
Herbal and fungal stimulants
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Indian culture
Indonesian culture
Laotian culture
Malaysian culture
Muhajir cuisine
Pakistani culture
Philippine culture
Sindhi cuisine
Sri Lankan culture
Thai culture
Uttar Pradeshi cuisine
Vietnamese culture
Articles containing video clips
Desi culture
Masticatories
Palm trees in culture
Cultural history of Thailand

Betel nut chewing


El término Svobódnoye (en georgiano: სვობოდნოე; ) o Svobodne ( puede referirse a:

Svobódnoye (Georgia) (სვობოდნოე), localidad de la región de Kajetia, en Georgia.

Svobódnoye (Chechenia), localidad de la república de Chechenia, en Rusia.
Svobódnoye (Krasnodar), localidad del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia.
Svobódnoye (Jabárovsk), localidad del krai de Jabárovsk, en Rusia.
Svobódnoye (Leningrado), localidad del óblast de Leningrado, en Rusia.
Svobódnoye (Rostov), localidad del óblast de Rostov, en Rusia.

Svobodne (Amvrosivka, Donetsk), localidad del raión de Amvrosivka del óblast de Donetsk, en Ucrania.
Svobodne (Boikivske, Donetsk), localidad del raión de Boikivske del óblast de Donetsk, en Ucrania.
Svobodne (Volnovaja, Donetsk), localidad del raión de Volnovaja del óblast de Donetsk, en Ucrania.
Svobodne (Jerson), localidad del óblast de Jerson, en Ucrania.
Svobodne (Zaporiyia), localidad del óblast de Zaporiyia, en Ucrania.

Svobódnoye


Africa Movie Academy Award du meilleur court métrage, officiellement connu sous le nom de Prix Efere Ozako du meilleur court métrage, est un mérite annuel décerné par l'Africa Film Academy pour récompenser les meilleurs courts métrages de l'année.

Il a été présenté lors de la 4e cérémonie des Africa Movie Academy Awards, mais aucun film n'a été récompensé car le jury, jugeant aucun des nominés digne de ce prix. Aucun film soumis n'a été nominé pour le prix en 2009.

Lors de la 10e cérémonie des Africa Movie Academy Awards, la catégorie de prix a été renommée pour honorer la mémoire du célèbre avocat spécialisé dans le divertissement Efere Ozako.

Références

Africa Movie Academy Awards
Liste de personnes récompensées ou distinguées
Pages avec des traductions non relues


Siezbüttel Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 4,08 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla 60 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Frank Schnoor tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-schenefeld.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Siezbüttel


Majaland Praha est un parc à thème en intérieur ouvert le  à Tuchoměřice, au nord-ouest de Prague, en Tchéquie.

Description

Le parc est basé sur Maya l'abeille et est construit à Tuchoměřice, au nord de l'aéroport de Prague-Václav-Havel. Ouvert le , il s'agit d'un joint-venture avec le groupe Kaprain, propriétaire du magasin d'usine contigu, Le groupe Plopsa s'occupe de la conception et de la construction tandis que Kaprain l'exploite avec le payement d'une licence. L'investissement est d'environ trente millions d'euros. Il y a quinze attractions dont douze manèges.

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

Parc du Studio 100
Parc de loisirs en Tchéquie
Parc d'attractions

Majaland Praha


Starpoint Gemini Warlords é um jogo eletrônico de comércio espacial e simulador de combate, combinado com RPG e 4X desenvolvido pela Little Green Men Games, com sede na Croácia, e publicado pela Iceberg Interactive. Starpoint Gemini Warlords é um spin-off do simulador espacial Starpoint Gemini 2, lançado em 2014.

Desenvolvimento
A Little Green Men Games desenvolveu Starpoint Gemini 2 com base no feedback e sugestões da comunidade no programa de Early Access do Steam. Embora a maioria das sugestões populares tenham sido inclusas no jogo, algumas das ideias não puderam ser implementadas em Starpoint Gemini 2. Os pedidos de funcionalidades não adequadas para Starpoint Gemini 2 foram mantidos em uma lista de desejos e se tornaram a base do novo título spin-off Starpoint Gemini Warlords. Assim como seu antecessor, Starpoint Gemini Warlords passou pelo Early Access, pelo qual os desenvolvedores planejaram implementar funcionalidades sugeridas pela sua comunidade e mudar o jogo de acordo com o feedback. O jogo estava programado para ficar aproximadamente 6 a 12 meses no Steam Early Access e foi finalizado e lançado após 11 meses.

Características
Starpoint Gemini Warlords é um simulador espacial de RPG com uma camada 4X. Os jogadores podem comandar várias naves espaciais e dar ordens a frotas de guerra no mapa estratégico. O jogo se passa no Sistema Gemini e apresenta missões de história pré-programadas (Campanha) e um modo livre (Conquista).

Lançamento
Starpoint Gemini Warlords foi lançado em 23 de maio de 2017, no Steam e GoG em duas versões - Standard e Deluxe Edition. A Edição Deluxe inclui um Artbook colorido de 160 páginas, trilha sonora original do jogo composta por Nikola Nikita Jeremić, uma seleção de papéis de parede e overlays para o Twitch.

Recepção
O jogo recebeu críticas mistas e positivas e atualmente possui uma pontuação agregada de 73 no Metacritic, com base em 11 análises, e uma pontuação de 70% no Gamerankings, com base em 6 análises.

Vendas
O jogo vendeu mais de 200.000 cópias.

Ligações externas

Jogos eletrônicos com acesso antecipado
Sequências de jogos eletrônicos
Jogos eletrônicos de ficção científica
Jogos eletrônicos de space opera
Jogos exclusivos para Windows
Jogos para Windows
Jogos eletrônicos de 2017

Starpoint Gemini Warlords


Pavlovica (na topografskim kartama se navodi i kao Rostovo) je planinski prijevoj u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Nalazi se između obronaka Radovana na zapadu i Kruščice na istoku na nadmorskoj visini od 1025 metara. Preko prijevoja vodi regionalna cesta R 439 između Uskoplja i Novog Travnika koja je nakon nekoliko desetljeća u potpunosti asfaltirana u listopadu 2020. godine. Pavlovica razdvaja dva porječja, Vrbasa na jugu i Lašve na sjeveru. U blizini se nalazi istoimeno izletište.

Preko Pavlovice je 1993. godine prošao Bijeli put za Novu Bilu i Bosnu Srebrenu.

Bilješke

 Treba razlikovati od prijevoja Ravnog Rostova između Bugojna i Novog Travnika

Izvori

Planinski prijevoji u Bosni i Hercegovini

Pavlovica