The Amerikabomber () project was an initiative of the German Ministry of Aviation (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) to obtain a long-range strategic bomber for the Luftwaffe that would be capable of striking the United States (specifically New York City) from Germany, a round-trip distance of about . The concept was raised as early as 1938, but advanced plans for such a long-range strategic bomber design did not begin to appear before Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring until early 1942. Various proposals were put forward, but these plans were all eventually abandoned as they were too expensive, too reliant on rapidly-diminishing materiel and production capacity, and/or technically unfeasible.

Background
According to Albert Speer's book, Spandau: The Secret Diaries, Adolf Hitler was fascinated with the idea of New York City in flames. In 1937, Willy Messerschmitt hoped to win a lucrative contract by showing Hitler a prototype of the Messerschmitt Me 264 that was being designed to reach North America from Europe.  On 8 July 1938, barely two years after the death of Germany's main strategic bombing advocate, Generalleutnant Walter Wever, and eight months after the Reich Air Ministry awarded the contract for the design of the Heinkel He 177, Germany's only operational heavy bomber during the war years, the Luftwaffe's commander-in-chief Hermann Göring gave a speech saying, "I completely lack the bombers capable of round-trip flights to New York with a 4.5-tonne bomb load. I would be extremely happy to possess such a bomber, which would at last stuff the mouth of arrogance across the sea." Canadian historian Holger H. Herwig claims the plan started as a result of discussions by Hitler in November 1940 and May 1941 when he stated his need to "deploy long-range bombers against American cities from the Azores." Due to their location, he thought the Portuguese Azores islands were Germany's "only possibility of carrying out aerial attacks from a land base against the United States." At the time, Portuguese Prime Minister Salazar had allowed German U-boats and navy ships to refuel there, but from 1943 onwards, he leased bases in the Azores to the British, allowing the Allies to provide aerial coverage in the middle of the Atlantic.

Requests for designs, at various stages during the war, were made to the major German aircraft manufacturers (Messerschmitt, Junkers, Focke-Wulf and the Horten Brothers) early in World War II, coinciding with the passage of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom in September 1940. Heinkel's bid for the project had occurred sometime shortly after February 1943, by which time the RLM had issued the Heinkel firm the airframe type number 8-277 for what essentially became its entry.

Plan
The Amerikabomber project plan was completed on April 27, 1942, and submitted to Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring on May 12, 1942. The 33-page plan was discovered in Potsdam by Olaf Groehler, a German historian. Ten copies of the plan were made, with six going to different Luftwaffe offices and four held in reserve. The plan specifically mentions using the Azores as a transit airfield to reach the United States. If utilized, the Heinkel He 277, Junkers Ju 390, and the Messerschmitt Me 264 could reach American targets with a 3 tonne, 5 tonne, and 6.5 tonne payload respectively. Although it is apparent that the plan itself deals only with an attack on American soil, it is possible the Nazis saw other interrelated strategic purposes for the Amerikabomber project. According to military historian James P. Duffy, Hitler "saw in the Azores the ... possibility for carrying out aerial attacks from a land base against the United States ... [which in turn would] force it to build up a large antiaircraft defense." The anticipated result would have been to force the United States to use more of its antiaircraft capabilities—guns and fighter planes—for its own defense rather than for that of Great Britain, thereby allowing the Luftwaffe to attack the latter country with less resistance.

Partly as a liaison with the Wehrmacht Heer, in May 1942 Generalfeldmarschall Erhard Milch requested the opinion of Generalmajor Eccard Freiherr von Gablenz on the new proposal, with regard to the aircraft available to fill the needs of an Amerikabomber, which had then included the Me 264, Fw 300 and the Ju 290. von Gablenz gave his opinion on the Me 264, as it was in the second half of 1942, before von Gablenz's own commitments in the Battle of Stalingrad occurred: the Me 264 could not be usefully equipped for a true trans-Atlantic bomber mission from Europe, but it would be useful for a number of very long-range maritime patrol duties in co-operation with the Kriegsmarine's U-boats off the US East Coast.

Design

Conventional bombers
The most promising proposals were based on conventional principles of aircraft design, and would have yielded aircraft very similar in configuration and capability to the Allied heavy bombers of the day. These would have needed ultra-long range capability similar to the Messerschmitt Me 261 maritime reconnaissance design, the longest-ranged intended design actually flown during the Third Reich's existence. Many of the developed designs, themselves first submitted during 1943 suggested tricycle landing gear for their undercarriage, a relatively new feature for large German military aircraft designs of that era. These included the following concepts:

 Messerschmitt Me 264 (an all-new design, and the first one built and flown, submitted in May 1942),
 Focke-Wulf Ta 400,
 Junkers Ju 390 (based on the Ju 290, the second and last built and flown, with the Ju 290 itself submitted in May 1942),
 Heinkel He 277 (as it underwent ongoing engineering development through 1943, itself first specified by its RLM airframe number by February 1943).

Three prototypes of the Me 264 were built, but it was the Ju 390 that was selected for production. A verified pair of the Ju 390 design were constructed before the program was abandoned. After World War II, several authors claimed that the second Ju 390 actually made a transatlantic flight, coming within 20 km (12 mi) of the northeast U.S. coast in early 1944, but this claim has since been discredited as Ju 390 V2 never flew. As both the Me 264 and He 277 were each intended to be four-engined bombers from their origins, the troubling situation of being unable to develop combat-reliable piston aviation engines of 1,500 kW (2,000 PS) and above output levels led to both designs being considered for six-engined upgrades, with Messerschmitt's paper project for a 47.5 meter wingspan "Me 264B" airframe upgrade to use six BMW 801E radials, and the Heinkel firm's July 23, 1943-dated request from the RLM to propose a 45-meter wingspan, six-engined variant of the still-unfinalized He 277 airframe design that could alternatively accommodate four of the troublesome, over-1,500 kW output apiece Junkers Jumo 222 24-cylinder six-bank liquid-cooled engines, or two additional BMW 801E radials beyond the four it was originally meant to use. July 23, 1943, was the same day that the USAAF submitted a "letter of intent" to Convair, that ordered the first 100 production Convair B-36 bombers to be built - itself a design first asked for by the earlier USAAC on April 11, 1941 - an enormous six-engined, 70-meter wingspan design far superior to either the Heinkel He 277 or Focke-Wulf Ta 400 designs.

Huckepack Projekt (Piggyback Project)
One idea similar to Mistel-Gespann was to have a Heinkel He 177 bomber carry a Dornier Do 217, powered with an additional Lorin-Staustrahltriebwerk (Lorin-ramjet), as far as possible over the Atlantic before releasing it. For the Do 217 it would have been a one-way trip. The aircraft would be ditched off the east coast, and its crew would be picked up by a waiting U-boat. When plans had advanced far enough, the lack of fuel and the loss of the base at Bordeaux prevented a test. The project was abandoned after the forced move to Istres increased the distance too much.

The Huckepack Projekt was brought up again at multiple joint conferences between the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine. After a few weeks the plan was abandoned on August 21, 1942. Air Staff General Kreipe wrote in his diary that the German navy could not supply a U-boat off the United States to pick up the aircrew. The plan saw no further development, since the Kriegsmarine would not cooperate with the Luftwaffe.

Other designs
Other designs were rockets with wings. Perhaps the best-known of these today is Eugen Sänger's pre-war Silbervogel ("Silverbird") sub-orbital bomber.

Potential targets
Included in the plan was a list of 21 targets of military importance in North America. Many of these would not have been viable targets for conventional bombers of World War II, operating from bases in Europe. Of these targets, primarily but not exclusively located in the eastern United States, 19 were located in the United States; one in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (a possibly achievable target for a similar Japanese project) and one in Greenland. Nearly all were companies that manufactured parts for aircraft, so the goal was likely to cripple U.S. aircraft production.

Allis-Chalmers in La Porte, Indiana
Allison Division of G.M. in Indianapolis, Indiana
Aluminum Corp. of America in Alcoa, Tennessee; Massena, New York; Badin, North Carolina; and Vancouver, British Columbia
American Car & Foundry in Berwick, Pennsylvania
Bausch & Lomb in Rochester, New York
Chrysler Corp. in Detroit, Michigan
Colt Manufacturing in Hartford, Connecticut
Corning Glass Works in Corning, New York
Cryolite Refinery in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Cryolite Mine in Arsuk, Greenland
Curtiss Wright Corp. in Beaver, Pennsylvania; Buffalo, New York; and Caldwell, New Jersey
Hamilton Standard Corp. in East Hartford, Connecticut, and Pawcatuck, Connecticut
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft in East Hartford, Connecticut
Sperry Gyroscope in Brooklyn, New York
 Fellows Gear Shaper, Springfield, Vermont.

Feasibility and consequences

Were New York City to be bombed, the required combat radius was , as the bomber would have needed to make a return trip without refueling. The only German aircraft already built and flown that had a range close to this was the Messerschmitt Me 261 Adolfine, with a maximum range of .

Had sufficient time and resources been devoted to the project at a point in time early enough, an Amerikabomber may have become operational before the war's end. However, as historian James P. Duffy pointed out, Nazi Germany had no central authority for the development and construction of advanced weaponry, including new aircraft concepts and designs, as well as critical problems in developing high-powered aviation engines – that is, with output of over  each, which could operate reliably in combat conditions – that would have been required.  Hitler was often swayed to waste time, money and resources on new "miracle weapons" and other projects that were unlikely to be successful. The Amerikabomber project was not one of the projects so favored. In addition, Allied bombing became so intense during the middle of the war that it disrupted critical German supply chains, particularly fuel; in addition, ever-greater proportions of resources were reserved for home defense purposes. German scientists were forced more and more to compete for ever scarcer resources. Together, all of the above political and strategic constraints made construction of such an aircraft increasingly less likely.

It was unlikely that any damage caused to targets in North America, by the relatively small conventional bomb loads that could be delivered by such an ultra-long-range bomber, would be significant enough to justify the loss of such a bomber. Nazi Germany's nuclear programme was years behind the Allies, and did not include weapons in the form of aerial bombs, so it was unlikely that the Amerikabomber could have made a major difference to the outcome of the war.

Ultimately, all of the aircraft designs under consideration were deemed too expensive and/or ambitious and were abandoned. Post-war, however, they continued to be of interest to aerospace engineers:
 the British Air Ministry considered development of the Horten H.XVIII  as an airliner, and;
 the theoretical groundwork done on the  Sänger Silbervogel would prove seminal to lifting body designs in the space age – one of the designs for the Amerikabomber would use a concept similar to a space shuttle.

See also
 Lookout Air Raids, the only direct Axis air attack on the continental United States
 Nakajima G10N Fugaku design, a Japanese bomber capable of attacking continental North America
 Northrop YB-35 and Convair B-36 — American long-range World War II-era-conceived, piston-engined heavy bomber designs meant to reach Germany directly from North America.
 Project Z, a Japanese proposal that paralleled the Amerikabomber
 Hitler's plans for North America

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Duffy, James P. Target America: Hitler's Plan to Attack the United States.  Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2006. .
 Forsyth, Robert. Messerschmitt Me 264 America Bomber: The Luftwaffe's Lost Transatlantic Bomber. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2006. .
 Georg, Freidrich and Thomas Mehner. Atomziel New York - Geheime Großraketen- und Raumfahrtprojekte des Dritten Reichs. Rottenburg, Germany: Kopp, 2004. .
 Griehl, Manfred and Joachim Dressel. Heinkel He 177-277-274. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1998. .
 Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1970. .
 Herwig, Dieter and Heinz Rode. Luftwaffe Secret Projects - Strategic Bombers 1935-45. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2000. .
 "Messerschmitt Me 264 & Junkers Ju 390". Luftfahrt History Heft 4, 24 February 2015.
 Smith, J.R. and Anthony Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam and Company, Ltd., 1972. .
 Wagner, Ray and Heinz Nowarra. German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945. New York: Doubleday, 1971.

External links
 Messerschmitt Me 264 & Junkers Ju 390 - "Amerikabomber" contra "Großraumtransporter"

Abandoned projects of Nazi Germany
World War II heavy bombers of Germany
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
1940s German bomber aircraft
Research and development in Nazi Germany

Amerikabomber


Karapınar, Antalya ilinin Alanya ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Köy ilk yıllarda şıhlar ile aynı muhtarlığa bağlı iken sonra ayri muharlık olmuştur.Mahallenin adı köy sınırları içerisinde yer alan yerel tabirle karamuğar yani karapınar suyundan gelmektedir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 198 km, Alanya ilçesine 60 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Alanya'nın mahalleleri

Karapınar, Alanya


Actinocephalus, neprihvaćen biljni rod jednosupnica iz porodice Eriocaulaceae, dio reda travolike, uklopljen u rod pepalantus (Paepalanthus).

Blizu 50 vrsta rašireno je po Brazilu. Opisan je 2004 godine.

Vrste

 Actinocephalus actinocephaloides (Silveira) F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus actinocephaloides Silveira
 Actinocephalus aggregatus F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus aggregatus (F.N.Costa) Christenh. & Byng
 Actinocephalus arenicola (Silveira) F.N.Costa  = Paepalanthus arenicola Silveira
 Actinocephalus armeria (Mart. ex Körn.) F.N.Costa =  Paepalanthus armeria Mart. ex Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus bahiensis (Bong.) F.N.Costa  = Paepalanthus bahiensis (Bong.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus barbiger (Silveira) F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus barbiger Silveira
 Actinocephalus bongardii (A.St.-Hil.) Sano = Paepalanthus hilairei Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus brachypus (Bong.) Sano =  Paepalanthus brachypus (Bong.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus bulbosus (Silveira) F.N.Costa & Sano =  Paepalanthus bulbosus Silveira
 Actinocephalus cabralensis (Silveira) Sano =  Paepalanthus cabralensis Silveira
 Actinocephalus callophyllus (Silveira) Sano  =	Paepalanthus callophyllus Silveira
 Actinocephalus ciliatus (Bong.) Sano =  Paepalanthus ciliatus (Bong.) Kunth,
 Actinocephalus cipoensis (Silveira) Sano = Paepalanthus cipoensis Silveira
 Actinocephalus claussenianus (Körn.) Sano = Paepalanthus claussenianus Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus compactus (Gardner) Sano = Paepalanthus compactus Gardner
 Actinocephalus coutoensis (Moldenke) Sano = Paepalanthus coutoensis Moldenke
 Actinocephalus deflexus F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus deflexus (F.N.Costa) Christenh. & Byng
 Actinocephalus delicatus Sano =  Paepalanthus delicatus (Sano) Christenh. & Byng
 Actinocephalus denudatus (Körn.) Sano = Paepalanthus denudatus Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus diffusus (Silveira) Sano =  Paepalanthus diffusus Silveira
 Actinocephalus divaricatus (Bong.) Sano = Paepalanthus divaricatus (Bong.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus falcifolius (Körn.) Sano  = Paepalanthus falcifolius Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus fimbriatus (Silveira) Sano = Paepalanthus fimbriatus Silveira
 Actinocephalus geniculatus (Bong.) F.N.Costa =  Paepalanthus geniculatus (Bong.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus giuliettiae Sano = Paepalanthus giuliettiae (Sano) Christenh. & Byng
 Actinocephalus glabrescens (Silveira) Sano = Actinocephalus glabrescens (Silveira) Sano
 Actinocephalus glareosus (Bong.) F.N.Costa =  Paepalanthus glareosus (Bong.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus graminifolius F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus graminifolius (F.N.Costa) Christenh. & Byng
 Actinocephalus herzogii (Moldenke) Sano =  Paepalanthus herzogii Moldenke
 Actinocephalus heteropus (Silveira) F.N.Costa =  Paepalanthus heteropus Silveira
 Actinocephalus heterotrichus (Silveira) Sano = Paepalanthus heterotrichus Silveira
 Actinocephalus incanus (Bong.) F.N.Costa =  Paepalanthus incanus (Bong.) Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus ithyphyllus (Mart.) Sano =  Paepalanthus ithyphyllus (Mart.) Walp.
 Actinocephalus koernickeanus Trovó & F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus koernickeanus (Trovó & F.N.Costa) Christenh. & Byng
 Actinocephalus longifolius (Körn.) F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus longifolius Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus nodifer (Silveira) Sano = Paepalanthus nodifer Silveira
 Actinocephalus ochrocephalus (Körn.) Sano = Paepalanthus ochrocephalus Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus pachyphyllus (Körn.) F.N.Costa, Trovó & Echtern. = Paepalanthus pachyphyllus Körn. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Actinocephalus perbracchiatus (Silveira) F.N.Costa =  	Paepalanthus perbracchiatus Silveira
 Actinocephalus phaeocephalus (Ruhland) F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus phaeocephalus Ruhland in H.G.A.Engler (ed.)
 Actinocephalus polyanthus (Bong.) Sano =  Paepalanthus polyanthus (Bong.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus ramosus (Wikstr.) Sano =  Paepalanthus ramosus (Wikstr.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus rhizomatosus (Silveira) F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus rhizomatosus Silveira
 Actinocephalus rigidus (Bong.) Sano =  Paepalanthus rigidus (Bong.) Kunth
 Actinocephalus robustus (Silveira) Sano =  Paepalanthus robustus Silveira
 Actinocephalus scytophyllus (Ruhland) F.N.Costa =  Paepalanthus scytophyllus Ruhland in H.G.A.Engler (ed.)
 Actinocephalus stereophyllus (Ruhland) Sano =  Paepalanthus stereophyllus Ruhland in H.G.A.Engler (ed.)
 Actinocephalus trichopeplus (Silveira) F.N.Costa = Paepalanthus trichopeplus Silveira
 Actinocephalus velutinus (Silveira) F.N.Costa  = Paepalanthus velutinus Silveira
 Actinocephalus verae Sano & Trovó =  Paepalanthus verae (Sano & Trovó) Christenh. & Byng

Izvori

Travolike

Actinocephalus (Plantae)


The Ventura Freeway is a freeway in southern California, United States, running from the Santa Barbara/Ventura county line to Pasadena in Los Angeles County. It is the principal east–west route (designated north–south) through Ventura County and in the southern San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County.  From the Santa Barbara County line to its intersection with the Hollywood Freeway in the southeastern San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles (the Hollywood Split), it is signed as U.S. Route 101 (US 101), which was built in the late 1950s and opened on April 5, 1960. The segments from the Santa Barbara County line to Sea Cliff, and from Solimar Beach to Oxnard, are also concurrent with State Route 1 (SR 1), although actual signage mentioning SR 1 through these portions are nonexistent. East of the Hollywood Freeway intersection, the Ventura Freeway is signed as State Route 134 (SR 134), which was built by 1971.

Prior to the construction of a new alignment in 1971, the portion east of the Golden State Freeway was known as the Colorado Freeway in reference to nearby Colorado Boulevard, a historic thoroughfare in Pasadena and northeastern Los Angeles.

Route description

U.S. Route 101
The Ventura Freeway begins at the Santa Barbara/Ventura county line, west of La Conchita, as US 101. It travels eastward through the citrus orchards and strawberry fields of the Oxnard Plain before ascending the short, steep Conejo Grade into the Conejo Valley. Continuing eastward through the northern Santa Monica Mountains, it crosses the Ventura/Los Angeles county line before entering the San Fernando Valley. The freeway continues eastward along the valley's southern rim, crossing the San Diego Freeway (Interstate 405) near Sherman Oaks at an interchange consistently rated as one of the five most congested in the nation. It then reaches an interchange with the Hollywood Freeway known as the Hollywood Split. Here, the US 101 designation switches to the southeast-bound Hollywood Freeway, while the Ventura Freeway becomes SR 134 as it continues eastward. The northwest-bound portion of the Hollywood Freeway is designated as SR 170.

The westernmost portion of the freeway also forms part of the unsigned SR 1 concurrency that stretches from Las Cruces in the west to Oxnard in the east, with SR 1 spitting off for about  to serve Sea Cliff, Faria, Solimar Beach, and Emma Wood State Beach.

The portion of the Ventura Freeway signed as US 101 is signed as a north–south route by CalTrans despite the freeway's actual alignment being east–west. This is due to the fact that US 101 as a whole has an overall north–south alignment. The apparent inconsistency can be confusing to visitors, as the same freeway entrance can often be signed as "101 North" and "101 West." This is most common in the San Fernando Valley.

California State Route 134

Continuing eastward from the Hollywood Split as SR 134, the Ventura Freeway, now signed as east–west, skirts the northern edge of Griffith Park before intersecting the Golden State Freeway (I-5) and crossing the Los Angeles River. After passing through Downtown Glendale south of the Verdugo Mountains, it continues along the southern slope of the San Rafael Hills between Glendale and Eagle Rock before entering Pasadena near the Arroyo Seco and terminating at the Foothill Freeway (I-210).

The road is the main connector from the San Fernando Valley and points north to the San Gabriel Valley and points east. The future I-710 dead-ends at California Blvd and is signed as SR 710. Residents of South Pasadena have blocked efforts to extend I-710 north to California Boulevard from its current end at Valley Boulevard north of I-10 near the Alhambra/Los Angeles city limit. Signs on SR 134 and I-210 refer to the SR 710 stub in Pasadena as TO SR 110, because exiting left from the SR 710 stub onto California Blvd and turning right on Arroyo Parkway leads directly to SR 110, which is Pasadena's only direct freeway link to Downtown Los Angeles.

Both the SR 134 and US 101 portions of the freeway are part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

History

History of State Route 134
A pre-freeway alignment of State Route 134 originated at U.S. Route 101 (Ventura Boulevard) and Fulton Avenue in Los Angeles, then along Fulton, Moorpark Street, Riverside Drive and Alameda Avenue before meeting up with U.S. 6/99 (San Fernando Road) in Burbank. It traveled along San Fernando Road to Colorado Street, then ran along Colorado Street (portions of which have been renamed Eagle Vista Drive) through Glendale, Eagle Rock and Pasadena before terminating at U.S. Route 66. The alignment was later cut back to terminate in Studio City at Lankershim and Ventura.

The Interstate 5 off-ramp at Colorado Street is actually a former routing of SR 134, and there are still mileposts that refer to it as such. Old SR 134 followed Colorado Street through Glendale and Colorado Boulevard in Eagle Rock to the ramp connecting Colorado Boulevard and Figueroa Street to the Ventura Freeway.  Old SR 134 continued onto the ramp and then onto what is presently the Ventura Freeway to Orange Grove Boulevard in Pasadena.  The Colorado Boulevard/Figueroa Street ramps plus the segment of freeway between the ramps and just east of Orange Grove Boulevard were previously known as the Colorado Freeway.

From 1964 to 1992, the Colorado Boulevard portions of Route 134 were renumbered as California State Route 248.

Legal definitions

The official Ventura Freeway designation is Routes 101 and 134 from Route 5 to the Santa Barbara County line. This does not include the portion of Route 134 between Route 5 and Route 210 even though local usage extends the name over this portion of freeway. At the freeway's eastern terminus with Interstate 210 in Pasadena, highway signs indicate "Ventura" as the destination direction for Route 134.

The interchange of SR 134 and I-5 is officially the "Gene Autry Memorial Interchange", after the singing cowboy superstar Gene Autry. Autry's Museum of the American West is located near the interchange in Griffith Park.

Assembly Concurrent Resolution 54, Chapter 85 in 2003 also designated Route 101 in Ventura County as the "Screaming Eagles Highway". This honors the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army, which formed on July 23, 1918 and has been involved in every major war that the United States has participated in since then.

The California Legislature passed a resolution in 2017 to designate the easternmost segment of the SR 134 freeway between SR 2 and its terminus at I-210 as the "President Barack H. Obama Highway", in honor of the 44th U.S. President Barack Obama, who had attended Occidental College in Eagle Rock from 1979 to 1981. Signs were posted on December 20, 2018.

Projects
The proposed Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing is a vegetated overpass spanning the Ventura Freeway and Agoura Road at Liberty Canyon in Agoura Hills. When built, it will be one of the largest urban wildlife crossing in the United States, connecting the Simi Hills and the Santa Monica Mountains over a busy freeway with ten traffic lanes (including exit lanes).

Ventura Freeway currently carries the Los Angeles Metro express bus route 501 between Pasadena and North Hollywood. Portions of SR 134 are also being considered as part of a Bus Rapid Transit project.

Exit list
This exit list proceeds from east to west, since the majority of the freeway is the north-south US 101.

See also

Colorado Street

References

External links

California @ AARoads — State Route 134
California Highways: SR 134
Colorado Freeway History

Southern California freeways
Named freeways in California
U.S. Route 101
Roads in Los Angeles County, California
Roads in Ventura County, California
Transportation in Glendale, California
Transportation in Los Angeles
Transportation in Pasadena, California
Transportation in the San Fernando Valley
Conejo Valley
Ventura, California
State highways in California

Ventura Freeway


La ligne d'Helsinki à Kerava (), dite aussi ligne urbaine de Kerava (), est une ligne de chemin de fer, à quatre voies, du réseau de chemin de fer finlandais qui va de la gare centrale d'Helsinki à la gare de Kerava.

Histoire
La ligne de Kerava n'a pas été réalisée en une fois, mais les voies ont été construites sur la ligne principale à mesure que le besoin de transport de passagers a augmenté.

La troisième voie entre Helsinki et Hiekkaharju a été ouverte le 28 mai 1972.
La troisième voie entre Tikkurila et Kerava a été ouverte le 31 mai 1981.
La quatrième voie entre Helsinki et Hiekkaharju a été ouverte le 18 août 1996.
La quatrième voie entre Tikkurila et Kerava a été ouverte le 15 août 2004.

Infrastructure

Ligne

Ouvrages d'art

Gares et haltes

Exploitation
La voie urbaine de Kerava est un groupe de 2 voies construites sur la section Helsinki-Kerava de la ligne Helsinki-Riihimäki, qui fait partie du réseau de chemin de fer finlandais.

Les troisième et quatrième voies de la ligne urbaine sont utilisées pour les trains de banlieue de la région d'Helsinki. Le trafic voyageurs longue distance et de marchandise passe généralement par les première et deuxième voies de la ligne, de sorte que les perturbations du trafic longue distance n'affectent pas le trafic local et vice versa.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transport ferroviaire en Finlande
 Réseau ferroviaire finlandais

Lien externe

Helsinki à Kerava
Transport à Helsinki
Transport à Kerava

Ligne d'Helsinki à Kerava


Neuhof ist einer der 14 Stadtteile (Quartiers) der Hauptstadt der im Osten Frankreichs gelegenen Region Elsass, Straßburg.

Geographie
Der Straßburger Stadtteil Neuhof liegt vier Kilometer südlich der Innenstadt von Straßburg und südlich des Stadtteils Neudorf.

Geschichte
Die Neue Vaterländische Geschichte berichtet von einer großen Überschwemmung infolge anhaltenden Regenwetters am 10. Januar 1802, sich anschließenden Schneefalls und Erdbebens in der Region, worunter zahlreiche Gemeinden der näheren Umgebung einschließlich Neuhof zu leiden gehabt hätten. Ertrunken seien damals sieben Menschen, 118 Pferde, 345 Stück Rindvieh, 113 Kälber, 353 Schweine, 721 Hammel. 29 Häuser seien eingestürzt, etwa 200 weitere stark beschädigt.

Im Jahre 1825 wurde "auf dem Neuhof" bei Straßburg von dem einstigen Tischlermeister in Straßburg Philipp Jacob Wurtz eine "Erziehungsanstalt für arme, vernachlässigte Kinder" gegründet. Die Schule wurde im Juni des Jahres mit 12 Kindern eröffnet.

Im Jahr 1853 betrug die Zahl der Zöglinge des Rettungshauses beiderlei Geschlechts 92. In den 26 ersten Jahren seines Bestehens wurden 291 Zöglinge aufgenommen. "Durch diese Anstalt ist der Neuhof weithin berühmt geworden", heißt es in den Mittheilungen aus der Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche des Elsasses.

Obgleich die Neuhofanstalt ihren Hausgottesdienst hatte, welchem auch Auswärtige beiwohnen konnten, so blieb doch immer noch eine Hauptsache zu wünschen übrig für diese von der Stadt auf mehr als eine Stunde entfernte Gemeinde. Es fehlte an geregeltem Gottesdienste in dem Dorfe selber und an der Seelsorge. Eine genauere geistliche Aufsicht konnte nicht Statt finden, wo es Jedem frei stand, sich zu dieser oder jener der sieben evangelischen Stadtkirchen zu halten, oder irgend einen der Stadtgeistlichen sich als Beichtvater zu erwählen.

Im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts begann die Industrialisierung des vorher landwirtschaftlich geprägten Dorfes Neuhof. Es siedelten sich nacheinander Getreidemühlen, Tabakfabriken, Wäschereien, Färbereien, Hanfmühlen, Gerbereien, Zichorienfabriken und Leimfabriken an. Zwischen 1812 und 1900 wuchs die Bevölkerung von 1000 auf 3000 Einwohner an. Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden auch zwei Kirchen – die heutige Église protestante de Neuhof und die katholische Église Saint-Ignace de Strasbourg – und zwei Schulen gebaut, wodurch sich Neuhof zu einem vollwertigen Stadtteil von Straßburg entwickelte. Am 2. Mai 1851 wurde der Neuhof zu einer eigenständigen evangelischen Pfarrei erhoben, mit dem Filial Neudorf. Kirchenälteste wurden nun wie gesetzlich vorgeschrieben gewählt, und am Sonntag, dem 14. September 1851, wurde die Einweihung der neuen Kirche und die Einführung des ersten Pfarrers, Eugen Ehrhardt, gefeiert.

Im Jahr 1910 wurde im Süden des ehemaligen Dorfes die Gartenstadt Stockfeld mit 450 Wohnungen gebaut. Zunächst fanden hier diejenigen Innenstadtbewohner eine neue Heimat, deren Wohnungen durch den Bau der Ringstraße (Grande-Percée) zerstört worden waren. 1930 wurde der Bau der Gartenstadt mit der Cité Ribot abgeschlossen, die 250 Wohneinheiten umfasst.

Zwischen 1950 und 1972 wurden schließlich 4000 Wohnungen in Großwohnsiedlungen im Polygone im Norden des Stadtviertels errichtet. Der Neuhof verdoppelte seine Bevölkerungszahl und der Charakter des Stadtviertels veränderte sich nachhaltig: Seither gibt es im Neuhof die größte Konzentration an Sozialwohnungen (HLM - habitation à loyer modéré) im Großraum Straßburg. Seit 2001 finden im Neuhof umfangreiche Sanierungsmaßnahmen statt.

Schon 1885 wurden einige Strecken der Straßenbahn Straßburg in die Stadtviertel Königshofen, Robertsau, Neuhof sowie nach Wolfisheim eröffnet. Der Stadtrat unter Bürgermeister Pierre Pflimlin beschloss am 26. November 1979 den Bau einer Stadtbahn. Vorgesehen waren zwei Strecken, die im Süden – in Illkirch-Graffenstaden und Neuhof – ihren Ausgangspunkt nehmen und sich an der Station Place de l'Étoile zu einer Stammstrecke vereinigen sollten. Die Stammstrecke sollte die Innenstadt weitgehend unterirdisch queren. Geplant war der Bau eines 1300 m langen Tunnels mit drei Stationen einschließlich der Endhaltestelle Gare Centrale. Die vollständige Betriebseröffnung war für Juli 1986 geplant. Im Jahr 2007 wurden mehrere neue Strecken der Straßenbahn Straßburg durch Neudorf und Neuhof in Betrieb genommen.

Das 1992 in Straßburg aufgestellte Eurokorps ist in den drei Neuhofer Quartiers Aubert de Vincelles, Lizé und Lyautey, einem ehemaligen Krankenhaus-Standort, untergebracht. Das Eurokorps ist in erster Linie ein militärisches Hauptquartier, das aus einem Stab mit Unterstützungseinheiten mit etwa tausend Bediensteten besteht. Der Stab ist jeweils zu einem Viertel mit Franzosen, Deutschen, Spaniern und Belgiern besetzt. Im Krisenfall kann das Korps auch Kampftruppen bereitstellen: insgesamt 60.000 Soldaten. 1907 wurde die erste Kaserne in Neuhof eröffnet, die "Neue Feldartilleriekaserne" im Norden des Stadtviertels. Nach der Rückkehr des Elsass zu Frankreich 1918 wurde die Kaserne in Quartier Lizé umbenannt. Der nördliche Teil des Geländes wurde 1933 zum Quartier Lyautey, hier befand sich zwischen 1945 und 1996 ein Militärkrankenhaus. Der westliche Teil wurde das Institut universitaire de Formation des maîtres untergebracht. Im Jahre 1913 wurde im Osten des Stadtviertels am Rand des Flugplatzes Polygone eine weitere Kaserne errichtet, die ursprünglich das Fliegerbataillon Nr. 4 beherbergen sollte, sie wurde nach 1918 zunächst Caserne Guynemer, dann Quartier Aubert de Vincelles genannt, seit 1993 befindet sich dort der Generalstab des Eurokorps.

Das Straßburger Viertel Neuhof ist für Krawalle in der Silvesternacht berüchtigt: Mit Beginn Januar 2001 wurden in Neuhof wie auch sonst in Straßburg reihenweise Autos in Brand gesetzt. Für den Großraum Straßburg ist von 1260 Autos die Rede, die in Rauch aufgegangen sein sollen. Dort gab es auch Anfang April 2009 die ersten gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzungen wegen des NATO-Gipfels. Am Vorabend des Gipfels kam es zu Auseinandersetzungen, als sich 600 NATO-Gegner eine Straßenschlacht mit der Polizei lieferten.

Demographie

Der Stadtteil hat heute rund 20.000 Einwohner, in etwa so viel wie die elsässische Stadt Sélestat ( Schlettstadt). Große Teile des Stadtviertels gelten heute als soziale Brennpunkte: In Neuhof leben 13.000 Einwohner in Großwohnsiedlungen in Plattenbauweise, so genannten Cités. Viele Wohntürme in Neuhof sind mit Graffiti besprüht und mit Namen beschmiert. An den vergitterten Erdgeschossen bröckelt Putz.

Bekannte Personen aus Neuhof
 Georg Bertsch (* 13. März 1874 in Niederhausbergen; † 22. September 1938 in Straßburg), evangelischer Geistlicher und Theologe in Elsass und Lothringen, 1914–1919 Pfarrer in Rappoltsweiler, 1919–1923 Vereinsgeistlicher der Evangelischen Gesellschaft, 1923–1938 Hausvater der Neuhof-Anstalt und zugleich 1925–1938 Pfarrer von Mittelhausen mit Wohnsitz auf dem Neuhof
 Carl Theodor Krafft (* 12. Mai 1814 als Sohn von Philipp Jakob Krafft; † 21. Januar 1877), Anstaltsdirektor, studierte auf Lehramt in Straßburg, Seminarist ab 9. November 1832, demissioniert 1836, Collaborator in Straßburg, 1839 Lehrer in Allenweiler, 1842 in Neuhof, 1847 Direktor der dortigen Waisenanstalt
 Theodor Krafft (* 25. Dezember 1851 in Neuhof), evangelischer Geistlicher und Theologe in Elsass und Lothringen
 Philipp Jacob Wurtz (* 19. Oktober 1745 in Straßburg; † 23. Juni 1828 in Neuhof), Hauptstifter der Rettungsanstalt verlassener Kinder auf dem Neuhof
 Jonathan Schmid (* 1990 in Straßburg), französisch-österreichischer Fußballspieler, wuchs in Neuhof auf

Literatur
 Verschiedene Autoren: Neuhof, un village aux portes de Strasbourg: Son âme, ses souvenirs, ses réalisations. Editions Coprur, Straßburg 1996, ISBN 2-84208-011-4
 Théodore Rieger, Gilbert Bronner, Léon Daul und Louis Ludes: Les faubourgs de Strasbourg: De la Belle Époque aux Années Folles. G4J 2003 ISBN 2-913468-20-9
 Georges Henri Schwenk: Les faubourgs sud de Strasbourg vers 1900: Neudorf-Meinau-Neuhof-Stockfeld. Le Verger, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 1989 (alte Postkarten)

Weblinks
 Michael Neubauer: "Draußen vor der Tür: Wer fackelt am besten?", www.freitag.de

 Matthias Blazek: "Der Polygon bei Straßburg war zwischen 1720 und 1920 ein bedeutender Paradeplatz", www.MyHeimat.de

Einzelnachweise

Neuhof

Straßburg-Neuhof


Die Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel () ist eine Meeresbucht in Frankreich. Sie ist Teil des Avranchin zwischen der Bretagne im Westen und der Halbinsel Cotentin im Norden und Osten. In der Bucht liegt die Insel Mont-Saint-Michel, die ihr den Namen gab. Zusammen mit dem Mont Saint-Michel zählt die Bucht zum Welterbe der UNESCO.

Die Bucht erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von rund 500 Quadratkilometern. Im Westen beginnt sie bei Cancale nahe Saint-Malo, im Norden reicht sie etwa bis Carolles südlich von Granville. Der Tidenhub ist besonders stark ausgeprägt und liegt bei über zehn Metern. Die bedeutendsten Zuflüsse in die Bucht sind der Couesnon, die Sélune und die Sée.

Weblinks

 Mont St-Michel bay (englisch)

Bucht in Frankreich
Bucht in Europa
Bucht (Ärmelkanal)
Gewässer in der Bretagne
Geographie (Normandie)
Mont-Saint-Michel und seine Bucht

Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel


Virtual Extensible LAN (skraćeno: VxLAN) tehnologija je za virtualizaciju mreže koja pokušava riješiti probleme skalabilnosti povezane s velikim implementacijama računalstva u oblaku.

Naime upotrebom mreža VLAN (802.1Q), moguće je napraviti do 4096 izoliranih mreža, s time da su mrežni uređaji i oprema morali biti svjesni protokola 802.1Q. VLAN koristi tehniku enkapsulacije okvira Ethernet na OSI sloju dva. Dok VxLAN koristi enkapsulaciju unutar datagrama UDP na OSi sloju četiri, koristeći port 4789 kao zadani IANA-in broj odredišnog UDP porta.

Dakle sva VxLAN komunikacija se ugniježđuje (enkapsuliraju) unutar UDP mrežnih paketa, koji se potom kao takvi šalju na mrežu (TCP/IP), kroz VxLAN komunikacijski kanal (tunel), između dvaju točaka u komunikaciji. S obzirom da se u VxLAN komunikaciji radi o mrežnim paketima UDP, ovakav način rada ne zahtjeva mrežne elemente koji trebaju biti svjesni mreža VxLAN, pa ovakva komunikacija transparentno prolazi kroz mrežne uređaje: preklopnike, usmjerivače i drugu mrežnu opremu.

VxLAN dio zaglavlja za izolirane mreže veličine je 24 bita, pa je stoga moguće imati do 16.777.216 VxLAN mreža.

Krajnje točke VxLAN-a, koje završavaju VXLAN tunele, a mogu biti virtualni ili fizički portovi, poznati su kao krajnje točke VXLAN tunela koji se nazivaju VTEP (VXLAN tunnel endpoints).

Vidi još

 VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)
 Proxmox Virtual Environment
 OpenStack

Izvori

Internetski protokoli

VxLAN


Wesley Wales Anderson (born May 1, 1969) is an American filmmaker. His films are known for their eccentricity, unique visual and narrative styles, and frequent use of ensemble casts. They often contain themes of grief, loss of innocence, and dysfunctional families. Some critics cite Anderson as a modern-day example of an auteur. Three of his films have appeared in BBC Culture's 2016 poll of the greatest films since 2000.

He gained acclaim for his early films Bottle Rocket (1996) and Rushmore (1998). He often collaborated with brothers Luke Wilson and Owen Wilson during that time and founded his production company American Empirical Pictures, which he runs. He then received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for The Royal Tenenbaums (2001). His next films included The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004), The Darjeeling Limited (2007), and his first stop-motion film, Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009), for which he received an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature nomination, and then Moonrise Kingdom (2012), earning his second Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay nomination.

For his film The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), he received his first Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Picture, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay. Later works include his second stop-motion film, Isle of Dogs (2018), earning him the Silver Bear for Best Director, followed by The French Dispatch (2021) and Asteroid City (2023).

Early life and education
Wesley Wales Anderson was born on May 1, 1969, in Houston, Texas, to Ann Anderson (née Burroughs), a realtor and archaeologist, and Melver Leonard Anderson, who worked in advertising and public relations. He is the second of three boys; his parents divorced when he was eight. His older brother, Mel, is a physician, and his younger brother, Eric Chase Anderson, is a writer and artist whose paintings and designs have appeared in several of Anderson's films, including The Royal Tenenbaums. Anderson is of English, Swedish, and Norwegian ancestry.

He graduated from St. John's School in Houston in 1987, which he later used as a prominent location in Rushmore. As a child, Anderson made silent films on his father's Super 8 camera, which starred his brothers and friends, although his first ambition was to be a writer. Anderson worked part-time as a cinema projectionist at Hogg Memorial Auditorium while attending the University of Texas at Austin, where he met his roommate and future collaborator Owen Wilson in 1989. In 1991, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with a major in philosophy.

Film career

1990s
Anderson's first film was Bottle Rocket (1996), based on a short film of the same name that he made with Luke and Owen Wilson. It was a crime caper about a group of young Texans aspiring to achieve major heists. It was well reviewed but performed poorly at the box office.

His next film was Rushmore (1998), a quirky comedy about a high school student's crush on an elementary school teacher starring Jason Schwartzman, Bill Murray, and Olivia Williams. It was a critical and financial success. The film launched Murray's second act as a respected actor in independent cinema. Murray has appeared in many of Anderson's subsequent films. At the 1999 Independent Spirit Awards, Anderson won the Best Director award and Murray won Best Supporting Male. Murray also earned a nomination for Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. In 2000, filmmaker Martin Scorsese praised Bottle Rocket and Rushmore. Since its release, Rushmore has gained cult status, and in 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

2000s

Anderson's next comedy-drama, The Royal Tenenbaums, was released in 2001. The film focuses on a successful, artistic New York City family and its ostracized patriarch, played by Gene Hackman. It also stars Anjelica Huston as the ex-wife and Ben Stiller, Luke Wilson, and Gwyneth Paltrow as the children. The film was a box-office and critical success. It was Anderson's greatest financial success until Moonrise Kingdom, earning more than $50 million in domestic box-office receipts. The Royal Tenenbaums was nominated for an Academy Award and ranked by an Empire poll as the 159th greatest film ever made.

Anderson's next feature was The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004), about a Jacques Cousteau-esque documentary filmmaker played by Bill Murray. The film also stars Owen Wilson, Cate Blanchett, Willem Dafoe, Jeff Goldblum, Anjelica Huston, and Michael Gambon. It is a classic example of Anderson's style, but its critical reception was less favorable than his previous films', and its box office did not match the heights of The Royal Tenenbaums. In September 2006, Steely Dan's Walter Becker and Donald Fagen released a tongue-in-cheek "letter of intervention" for Anderson's artistic "malaise" following the disappointing commercial and critical reception of The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, proclaiming themselves to be fans of World Cinema and of Anderson in particular. They offered Anderson their soundtrack services for The Darjeeling Limited, including lyrics for a title track.

The Darjeeling Limited (2007) was about three emotionally distant brothers traveling together on a train in India. It reflects the more dramatic tone of The Royal Tenenbaums but faced criticism similar to those of The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou. Anderson has acknowledged that he went to India to film the movie partly as a tribute to Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray, whose "films have also inspired all my other movies in different ways" (the film is dedicated to him). The film stars Anderson staples Jason Schwartzman and Owen Wilson in addition to Adrien Brody, and the script is by Anderson, Schwartzman, and Roman Coppola.

Anderson has also made several notable short films. In addition to the original Bottle Rocket short, he made Hotel Chevalier (2007), which is set in Paris. It is a prologue to The Darjeeling Limited, and stars Schwartzman alongside Natalie Portman.

He wrote a script for Brian Grazer for an English-language remake of Patrice Leconte's My Best Friend. In 2010 he said that he did not plan to direct the film, tentatively called The Rosenthaler Suite.

In 2009, Anderson's stop-motion-animated film adaptation based on the Roald Dahl book Fantastic Mr Fox was released. Its voice actors include Murray, Dafoe, Schwartzman, Brody, Gambon, Owen Wilson, George Clooney, and Meryl Streep. Critics praised it highly and it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, although it barely made back its production budget.

2010s

In 2012, Anderson's film Moonrise Kingdom was released, debuting at the Cannes Film Festival, where it competed for the . The film is a coming-of-age comedy set in a fictional New England town. It includes ensemble performances by Bill Murray, Edward Norton, Bruce Willis, Frances McDormand, and Tilda Swinton. The film is emblematic of Anderson's style and earned him another Academy Award nomination for his screenplay. The film was also a financial success, earning $68.3 million at the box office against a budget of only $16 million.

In 2014, Anderson's next film, The Grand Budapest Hotel, was released. It stars Ralph Fiennes, Tony Revolori, Saoirse Ronan, Jeff Goldblum, Willem Dafoe, F. Murray Abraham, and several of Anderson's regular collaborators, including Murray, Owen Wilson, Swinton and Schwartzman. It is mostly set in the 1930s and follows the adventures of M. Gustave, the hotel's concierge, making "a marvelous mockery of history, turning its horrors into a series of graceful jokes and mischievous gestures", according to The New York Times. The film is one of Anderson's greatest critical and commercial successes, grossing nearly $175 million worldwide and earning dozens of award nominations, including nine Oscar nominations with four wins for Best Production Design, Best Costume Design, Best Makeup, and Best Original Score. These nominations also included his first for Best Director.

Anderson returned to stop-motion animation with Isle of Dogs. Production on the film started in the United Kingdom in October 2016, and it was released in March–April 2018. The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score.

2020s
Anderson's film The French Dispatch is set in post-war France and stars Benicio Del Toro, Jeffrey Wright, Bill Murray, Frances McDormand, Owen Wilson, Willem Dafoe, Adrien Brody, Tilda Swinton and Timothée Chalamet. Its release was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, finally premiering at the Cannes Film Festival on July 12, 2021, with a general release in the United States on October 22, 2021. In the meantime, Searchlight Pictures released in September 2021 an animated music video of Christophe's "Aline" covered by Jarvis Cocker, directed by Anderson with animations by Javi Aznarez.

In November 2021, Anderson finished filming Asteroid City, but few details were revealed to the press. Much of the film was shot in the Spanish city of Chinchón, where a huge diorama set reproducing Monument Valley was constructed. The film stars Tom Hanks, Scarlett Johansson, Adrien Brody, Tilda Swinton, Bryan Cranston, Jeff Goldblum, Hope Davis, and Jeffrey Wright, among others. It premiered at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival. It had its United States theatrical release on June 16, 2023. The film received generally positive reviews.

Anderson then directed an adaptation of Roald Dahl's short story collection The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More for Netflix. The 41-minute short film titled The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar premiered at the 2023 Venice Film Festival. It received critical acclaim. It was followed by a limited U.S theatrical release on September 20, and a Netflix premier on September 27, 2023. It stars Benedict Cumberbatch, Dev Patel, Ralph Fiennes, and Ben Kingsley. Wes Anderson had three other short films based on Roald Dahl's work also premier on Netflix in September 2023. The other shorts all of which are 16 minutes long, are "The Swan", "The Rat Catcher" and "Poison". They released on September 28, September 29 and September 30, respectively.

Upcoming projects
In 2023, it was announced that Anderson was planning to begin his twelfth feature, starring Michael Cera, Benicio del Toro, Bryan Cranston, and Jeff Goldblum.

Directing techniques

Cinematic influences
Anderson's cinematic influences include Woody Allen, Pedro Almodóvar, Satyajit Ray, Hal Ashby, and Roman Polanski. In an interview with Hoda Kotb on Today, Bryan Cranston gave insight into Anderson's process (on the same day as one of his Asteroid City co-stars, Jason Schwartzman, who built a darkroom in his house because he thought Anderson would approve of his character development). Schwartzman was on Today 3rd Hour. Cranston said:"But it's also what surrounds it, where all the actors stay in the same hotel. We have dinner at one table every single night with Wes and all guests; it's like actor camp... On a Wes Anderson film there are no trailers, no dressing rooms... there's no hierarchy, no call sheet—you are just ready to go at about 9:30, 10:00 in the morning in your wardrobe. You hop in his golf cart with him or a van and you go to the set... you hang out with everyone so you never know if you are going to be called into a scene. He's such a kind and generous spirit... also in his personal life. Everyone makes the same amount of money. You just show up and off you go. Sometimes you might [be] just a small supporting role in a scene and then [in] others you'll be the lead in a movie.Anderson has a unique directorial style that has led several critics to consider him an auteur. He is considered a central figure in American Eccentric Cinema.
Some have noted many similarities between much of Anderson's work and the 1984 film The Hotel New Hampshire, a quirky and eccentric comedy-drama written and directed by Tony Richardson which featured an ensemble cast including  Jodie Foster, Beau Bridges, Rob Lowe, Nastassja Kinski, Amanda Plummer, Matthew Modine, and Seth Green in his film debut.

Themes and stories
Anderson's work has been classified as postmodern, on account of his nostalgic attention to detail, his subversion of mainstream conventions of narrative, his references to different genres in the same film, and his love for eccentric characters with complex sexual identities.

Anderson has mostly directed fast-paced comedies marked by more serious or melancholic elements, with themes often centered on grief, loss of innocence, dysfunctional families, parental abandonment, adultery, sibling rivalry and unlikely friendships. His movies have been noted as unusually character-driven and, by turns, both derided and praised with terms like "literary geek chic". Their plots often feature thefts and unexpected disappearances, with a tendency to borrow liberally from the caper genre.

Visual style
Anderson has been noted for extensive use of flat space camera moves, symmetrical compositions, knolling, snap-zooms, slow-motion walking shots, a deliberately limited color palette, and handmade art direction often utilizing miniatures. These stylistic choices give his movies a distinctive quality that has provoked much discussion, critical study, supercuts, mash-ups, and parody. Many writers, critics, and Anderson himself have commented that this gives his movies the feel of being "self-contained worlds" or a "scale-model household". According to Jesse Fox Mayshark, his films have "a baroque pop bent that is not realist, surrealist or magic realist", but rather might be described as "fabul[ist]". In 2019, the company Murals Wallpaper launched a line of wallpapers inspired by the visual design of Anderson's films.

Since The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, Anderson has relied more heavily on stop motion animation and miniatures, even making entire features with stop motion animation with Fantastic Mr. Fox and Isle of Dogs.

Soundtracks
Anderson frequently uses pop music from the 1960s and '70s on the soundtracks of his films, and one band or musician tends to dominate each soundtrack. Rushmore prominently featured Cat Stevens and British Invasion groups; The Royal Tenenbaums featured Nico; The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, David Bowie, including both originals and covers performed by Seu Jorge; The Darjeeling Limited and Rushmore, the Kinks; Fantastic Mr. Fox, the Beach Boys; and Moonrise Kingdom, Hank Williams. Moonrise Kingdom is also filled with the music of Benjamin Britten, which is tied to a number of major plot points. The Darjeeling Limited also borrowed music styles from Satyajit Ray's films.

The Grand Budapest Hotel, which is mostly set in the 1930s, eschews pop music, instead using music by Alexandre Desplat. Its soundtrack won Desplat the Academy Award for Best Original Score, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, and World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Score of the Year.

The soundtracks for his films have often brought renewed attention to the artists featured, most prominently in the case of "These Days", which was used in The Royal Tenenbaums.

Anderson has said that his favorite musical is Meet Me in St. Louis.

Recurring collaborators

Anderson's films feature many recurring actors, including the Wilson brothers (Owen, Luke, and Andrew), Bill Murray, Jason Schwartzman, Anjelica Huston, Willem Dafoe, Jeff Goldblum, Edward Norton, Adrien Brody, Bob Balaban, and Tilda Swinton. Robert Yeoman has served as director of photography for all of Anderson's live-action films, while Mark Mothersbaugh composed Anderson's first four films, and Alexandre Desplat the next six, taking over with Fantastic Mr. Fox. Randall Poster has served as music supervisor for all of Anderson's films since Rushmore. Anderson has co-written films with Noah Baumbach, Roman Coppola, and Hugo Guinness. His films have often been financed by Steven Rales through his production company Indian Paintbrush.

Personal life
Anderson is in a romantic relationship with Lebanese writer, costume designer, and voice actress Juman Malouf, the daughter of novelist Hanan al-Shaykh. Malouf gave birth to the couple's daughter in 2016.

Anderson has maintained an apartment in Paris since 2005, after spending most of his adult life in New York City. He is the brother of author, illustrator and actor Eric Chase Anderson.

Filmography

{| class="wikitable"
|+Directed short films
! Year
! Title
|-
| 1994
|Bottle Rocket
|-
| 2007
|Hotel Chevalier
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
|Do You Like to Read?
|-
|Cousin Ben Troop Screening
|-
| 2013
|Castello Cavalcanti
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023
|Asteroid City: Location Featurette
|-
|The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar
|-
|The Swan|-
|The Rat Catcher|-
|Poison|}

 Awards and nominations

 In popular culture
Anderson's distinctive filmmaking style has led to numerous homages and parodies. Notable examples include:
In November 2017, Family Guy aired its sixteenth season episode titled "Three Directors", about Peter Griffin's firing from his job at the brewery, as told in the idiosyncratic styles of directors Quentin Tarantino, Anderson and Michael Bay.
In January 2021, The Simpsons aired its thirty-second season episode titled "The Dad-Feelings Limited", a reference to Anderson's 2007 film The Darjeeling Limited. The episode itself tells the origin story of Comic Book Guy and refers to several Anderson styles and tropes, including a Royal Tenenbaums-esque chronicling of the character's elaborate family tree.
In October 2021, Anderson redesigned the interior of the Pullman carriage Cygnus'', which had its first run with the new design on October 13, 2021.

References

Bibliography

External links

1969 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American animators
American expatriates in France
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American people of English descent
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of Swedish descent
Animation screenwriters
Animators from Texas
Annie Award winners
Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
Cinephiles
Culture of Houston
Film directors from Texas
Film producers from Texas
Golden Globe Award-winning producers
Independent Spirit Award for Best Director winners
Male actors from Houston
Postmodernist filmmakers
Screenwriters from Texas
Silver Bear for Best Director recipients
St. John's School (Texas) alumni
Stop motion animators
TSTV alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Writers from Austin, Texas
Writers from Houston

Wes Anderson


Los Leñadores de Durango es un equipo de la Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional con sede en Durango, Durango, México.

Historia
Los Leñadores de Durango debutaron en la temporada 2002 en la LNBP, y regresaron para participar en dicho circuito a partir de la temporada 2018-2019.

Los Leñadores tienen su debut en 1979 en el Circuito Mexicano de Básquetbol, en donde lograron 4 títulos.

Gimnasio
Los Leñadores de Durango juegan en el Auditorio del Pueblo con una capacidad para 3,500 aficionados.

Jugadores

Roster actual
Actualizado al 26 de octubre de 2021.

"Temporada 2021"

 =  Cuenta con nacionalidad mexicana.

Véase también
 Auditorio del Pueblo.
 Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional de México.
 Copa Independencia.
 Federación Mexicana de Baloncesto.
 Asociación Deportiva Mexicana de Básquetbol.
 Liga de las Américas.
 Campeonato de Clubes Campeones de Centroamérica.
 Durango.
 Estado de Durango.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de los Leñadores de Durango

Leñadores de Durango


Der Hofeberg ist einer der Hausberge von Spitzkunnersdorf und gehört zur Landschaft der Östlichen Oberlausitz im Freistaat Sachsen. Am Fuße des Berges liegt die Gemeinde Leutersdorf, nördlich des Berges erhebt sich der Oberoderwitzer Spitzberg, westlich dagegen der Große Stein. Am Nordhang des Berges entspringt das Bleicheteichwasser.

Seit 1879 richtet der Spitzkunnersdorfer Sängerbund jährlich am Morgen des Pfingstmontags das sogenannte Pfingstsingen an einem Aussichtsplatz auf dem Hofeberg aus. An diesem Platz findet sich auch ein Gedenkstein, der an den Kauf des Ritterguts Spitzkunnersdorf durch die Gemeinde am 22. Februar 1927 erinnert.

Die Hänge des Berges sind zum großen Teil mit Lärchen, Kiefern und Fichten bewachsen. Während des Orkantiefs Kyrill im Januar 2007 kam es zu massivem Windbruch von mindestens eintausend Festmetern. Nach Beräumung der Sturmschäden wurde eine Fläche von 1,9 Hektar mit tiefwurzelnden Laubgehölzen wie etwa Traubeneichen, Rotbuchen und Bergahorn bepflanzt.

Geologie
Der Hofeberg entstand wie auch der Oberoderwitzer Spitzberg und der Große Stein durch vulkanische Prozesse im Miozän, die das Böhmische Mittelgebirge formten. Das Gestein des Berges zählt zur Eibauer Basaltdecke, diese wurde hier aber im Gegensatz zu den vorher genannten Bergen nicht von phonolithischer Lava durchbrochen, so dass der Basalt heute noch das Deckgestein bildet. Durch Verwitterungs- und Ablagerungsprozesse im pleistozänen Eiszeitalter bildete sich an dem Hängen des Berges eine fruchtbare Lössschicht.

Einzelnachweise

Berg in Europa
Östliche Oberlausitz
Berg im Landkreis Görlitz
Geographie (Leutersdorf, Oberlausitz)

Hofeberg


තායිලන්තයේ ඉතිහාසය ආරම්භ වන්නේ තායි ජනතාව තම පුරාණ නිවහන වන දකුණු චිය අතහැර නිරිත දිග අසියානු ගොඩබිමට ක්‍රි.ව 10 වන සියවසේ පමණ සංක්‍රමණය විම ඇරඹිමත් සමගමය. එයට පෙර මොන්, ඓමේර් හා මැලේ රාජධානි මෙම ප්‍රදේශය පාලනය කළහ. තායිවරැ සුඛොතායි නම් පළමු ප්‍රාන්තය ආරම්භ කළ අතර ඉන් පපසුව අයුක්තය නම් රාජධානිය පිහිටුවා ගත්හ. මෙම ප්‍රාන්ත අතර ද යුද්ද හටගත් අතර නිරතුරැවම ඩෙමෙර්, බුරැමය හා වියට්නාම තර්ජන වලට ලක් විය. 19 හා 20 වන ශතවර්ෂ වලදි යුරෝපිය තර්ජන වලට ද එය ලක්විය. නමුත් තායිලන්තය අධිරාජ්‍යවාදයෙන් බේරැනු එකම නිරිතදිග ආසියානු රට වශයෙන් පැවතුනිත 1932 දී එහි අධිරාජ්‍යයේ බිද වැටීමක් සමග තායිලන්තය අවු. 60 ක් හමුදා පාලනයට යටත් ව තිබු අතර පසුව එහි ප්‍ර‍ජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය පිහිටවනු ලැබිය.

තායිලන්තයේ ආරම්භක අවස්ථා
සුතාන් සිට නිරිත දෙසට 10 වන සියවසේ දී සිදු වු තායි සංක්‍රමණ වලට පෙර ඉන්දු චීන අර්ධද්විපය මිට අවුරැදු 10 කට පමණ පෙර කාලය වන තෙක්ම විවිද ස්ව‍දේශික ස්වවාදිත ජනවර්ග වලට නිවහන විය. ලගදි සෙයාගත් ලැම්පන්‍ග් මිනිසා නමින් හදුන්වන හො‍්මෝ ඉරෙක්ටස් පොඩිය මෙයට නිදසුනකි.  මෙම ශරීර කොටස් පළමුව හමුවුයේ තායිලන්තයේ ලැම්පන්ග් ප්‍රදේශයේ සිදුකරන ලද කැණිම් වල ප්‍රථිඵලයක් ලෙසය. මෙයට වසර 1000 000-500 000 තරම් ඈත අතීතයේ ප්ලෙයි ස්ටොයින් යුගයට අයත්ය. ඉන්දු චින අර්ධ ද්වවිපයේ වාසය කරන මෙම විවිධ වර්ගයට අයත් ඔස්ත්‍රෝ- ආසියාතික කණ්ඩායම් වර්තමානයේ පැසිෆික් දුපත්වල ජීවත් වන ජනයාට නැකම් කියන බව ඉතිහාසඥයෝ පිළිගනිති. මෙම මිනිසුන් තායිලන්ත බොක්ක, මාලේ අර්ධද්විපය හා මැලේ දුපත් හරහා ව්‍යාප්ත විම නිසා මොවුන් දුපත් වල වෙරාළාශිත ප්‍රදේශ හා දුරස්ථ දුපත් වල ජීවත් වුහ. මුහුදු යාත්‍රිකයෝ නවසින්තය, හවායි හා මැඩගස්කරයට පවා ළගා විමට තරම් නාවික හැකියාවන්ගෙන් යුක්ත වුහ.

තායිලන්තයේ ප්‍රසිද්ධම ප්‍රාග්- ඓතිහාසික ජනාවාසය වන්නේ ප්‍රධාන පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක බිමක් වන බැන් චියැන්ග්ය. මෙජින් සොයාගත් පුරාවස්තු ක්‍රි.ප. 3600 වැනි කාලයට අයත් බව පිළි ගැනේ. මෙහි ජීවත්වුනේ තඹ භාවිතයෙන් ආයුධ හා මෙවලම් නිපදවාගත් අතර වී වගාවද ආරම්භ කලේය. ෆ්‍රනාත් හා චින ඉතිහාසඥයන්ගේ වාර්තා වලට අනුව ක්‍රිස්තියානි යුගයේ පළමුවන ශතවර්ෂයේදී දකුණේ වෙළද ජනාවාස කිහිපයක් ඉන්දියානු ලක්ෂණ සහිත ප්‍රාන්ත ලොව හැඩ ගැසී තිබුණු අතර ලන්ග්ත්‍යුතා හා තාම්බුලින්ග මෙයින් පැරණිතම ජනපදය වේ.

තොන්බුරි සමය
අවුරුදු හාරසියයක පාලනයකින් අනතුරුව ක්‍රි.ව. 1767 දී 'ආයුත්තය' අධිරාජ්‍යයේ අගනුවර ගිනි බත් කරමින් බුරුම බල ඇණිය විසින් තායිලන්තය ආක්‍රමණය කර රට දෙකඩ කරන ලදි. ඉන් අනතුරුව ටක්සින් සේනාධිපතිවරයා තායි අධිරාජ්‍යය යළි එක්සේසත් කර, ක්‍රි.ව. 1769 දී එහි අධිරාජ්‍යයා බවට පත් වුයේය. ඉන්පසු තොන්බුරි නගරය ඔහු තම නව පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ලෙස නම් කළේය. කෙසේ වෙතත් ටක්සින් අධිරාජ්‍යයා මානසික වියවුල්තාවයකින් පෙළෙන්නෙකු ලෙස චෝදනා එල්ලවීම හේතුවෙන් එම ධුරයෙන් පහ කෙරිණි. අනතුරුව සිරභාරයට පත් වූ ඔහුව මරණයට පත් කරනු ලැබීය.

තායි රාජ්‍යයේ රජකමකට ආශා කළ චක්රි සේනාධිපතිවරයා තම බලාපොරොත්තු සඵල කර ගනිමින් ක්‍රි.ව. 1782 දී පළමු රාම ලෙස රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් වුයේය. බලයට පත් වූ පළමු චක්රි වංශිකයා ලෙස ඔහු ඉතිහාසයට  එක්වේ. ටක්සීන්ගේ අගනුවර වු තොන්බුරි නගරය හරහා දිවෙන  චාඕ ෆ්රයා නදිය අසබඩ පිහිටි බැංකොක් නගරය, ඔහු තම අගනුවර ලෙස තෝරා ගත්තේය. එකල සියම් දේශය නමින් හැඳින්වූ බුරුමය ආක්‍රමණය කිරීමට ඔහුට හැකිවුණි. එමඟින් බුරුමය විසින් පමුණුවා තිබු ජීවන වෘත්තීන්ගෙන් නිදහස් වීමට ලන්නාවටත් හැකි විය. එවකට නව වංශිකයෙක් වු චක්රි රජු චක්රී රාජ වංශයේ පාලකයින් අතරින් ගෞරවයට පාත්‍ර වූ රජ කෙනෙක් ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැකිය.

තමන්ගේ අසල්වැසි රටක් වු බුරුම දේශය ක්‍රි.ව. 1826 දී යුරෝපීය ජාතිකයන්ගේ යටත්විජිතයක් බවට පත් වුවායින් පසුව I වන රාම රජුගෙන් පැවත ආ උරුමක්කාරයෝ ද,  යුරෝපීය ජාතිකයින්ගෙන් එල්ල විය හැකි තර්ජන පිළිබඳව වැඩි සැලකිල්ලක් දැක්වූහ. 1826 දී බටහිර රාජධානියත් සමඟ තායිලන්තය විසින් ප්‍රථම හවුල් ගිවිසුම ඇති කර ගන්නා ලදි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ඇති වූ එම ගිවිසුම, මිත්‍රත්වය හා වාණිජ ගිවිසුම නම් විය. ඉන්පසු 1939 වන තෙක් සියමය ලෙස හැඳින්වූ තායිලන්තය සමඟ 1833 දී එක්සත් ජනපදය විසින් රාජත්‍රාන්තික හුවමාරු සිදු කරන ලදි. නැවතත් එම ගිවිසුම් 1945 දී හා 1949 දී ක්‍රියාත්මක වුණි.  කෙසේ වෙතත් 1804 – 1868 කාලය තුළ පාලනය කළ මොන්කුට් රජු හා ඔහුගේ පුත් චුලා‍ලොන්කොන් රජු හා දෙපිලගේ රාජ්‍ය කාලය තුළ තායිලන්තය විසින් බටහිර පාලකයින් සමඟ වෙළඳ සන්ධානයක් පිහිටුවන ලදි. එම සන්ධානගත වීම හේතුවෙන් තායිලන්ත රජයට තායි ආධිපත්‍යය තුළ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික වශයෙන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කිරීමට ඉඩ අවස්ථාව උදාවුණි. එමඟින් යුරෝපා ජාතිකයින් තම රාජ්‍යය තුළ ජනපද පිහිටුවීම  වැළැක්විමට සමත් වූ දකුණු හා අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ එකම  රට බවට පත්වීමට සියමයට හැකි වුණි. සියම් දේශයේ වර්තමාන නම තුළින් ද, ඉහත සිදු වූ විශේෂ සිදුවීම ඉස්මතු කෙරේ.  'ප්‍රැකොට් තායි' නැතහොත් 'තායිලන්තය' යන නාමය නිර්මාණය වී ඇත්තේ 'ප්‍රැකොට්' නමින් හැඳින්වූ ජාතිය හා 'තායි' යනුවෙන්  හැඳින්වූ නිදහස යන අර්ථ දෙක එක්වීමෙනි.

වර්ෂ 1909 දී සියමය හා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය මලයාව අතර නව දේශසීමාව තීරණය කරමින් ඉංග්‍රීසිහු සියම් ගිවිසුම ඇති කළහ. එම ගිවිසුම මඟින් මලයා සුල්තාන්වරුන් වන 'පට්ටනි' හා 'කෙඩා' යටතේ පැවති පට්ටනි යාලා නාරතිවත් හා සටුන් යන ප්‍රදේශවල බලය තායිලන්තයට පැවරුණි. ප්‍රංශය සමඟ ඇති වූ අඛණ්ඩ සන්ධානගත වීම හේතුවෙන් තායිලන්තය තුළ ලාඕසය හා කාම්බෝජය අතර ඇති වූ වර්තමාන දේශ සීමාව තීරණය විණි.

තායිලන්තය

තායිලන්ත ඉතිහාසය


Cizeta Automobili SpA, zuvor Cizeta Moroder Motors Srl, war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Claudio Zampolli und Giorgio Moroder gründeten 1988 in Modena das Unternehmen Cizeta Moroder Motors Srl und begannen mit der Entwicklung von Automobilen, die als Cizeta-Moroder vermarktet werden sollten. Der Namensteil Cizeta bezieht sich auf die Initialen C und Z von Claudio Zampolli, italienisch Ci Zeta gesprochen. Als Giorgio Moroder das Unternehmen verließ, folgte eine Umbenennung in Cizeta Automobili SpA. 1995 endete die Produktion nach nur acht hergestellten Exemplaren.

Claudio Zampolli ging nach dem Produktionsende in Italien in die USA, gründete in Kalifornien das neue Unternehmen Cizeta Automobili U.S.A. und stellte Neufahrzeuge im Kundenauftrag her. Er starb 2021 im Alter von 82 Jahren.

Fahrzeuge

Das einzige Modell war der Cizeta V16T. Dies war ein Supersportwagen, entworfen von Marcello Gandini. Für den Antrieb sorgte ein Sechzehnzylindermotor.

Literatur

Weblinks

  Auf gtue-oldtimerservice.de.

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Emilia-Romagna)
Unternehmen (Modena)
Gegründet 1988
Aufgelöst 1995
Moroder

Cizeta Automobili


An Tillandsia lindenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard August von Regel. An Tillandsia lindenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tillandsia

Tillandsia lindenii


Marija je bila Židovka koja je živjela u prvom stoljeću te je bila majka Isusa Krista, osnivača kršćanstva. U mormonizmu, Marija je spomenuta u Mormonovoj knjizi.

Prema učenju mormonizma, Marija je rodila Isusa kao djevica, premda mormoni ne vjeruju da je Marija ostala djevica nakon tog događaja. Mormoni također ne vjeruju u katoličke dogme koje se tiču Marije, poput bezgrešnog začeća Marije i njezinog uznesenja na nebo. Mormonizam naučava da su Isusova braća djeca Marije i njezinog supruga Josipa. Mormoni ne mole Mariju te ju ne smatraju posrednicom između Boga i ljudi. U Mormonovoj knjizi, Marija je spomenuta imenom u proročanstvima te je nazvana "najljepšom od sviju djevica".

U prvom izdanju Mormonove knjige, Marija je prozvana "majkom Božjom", ali je u sljedećim izdanjima to promijenjeno u "majka Sina Božjeg".

Izvori i bilješke

Marija (majka Isusova)

Marija u mormonizmu


මෙම බෙංගාල බොක්ක ආශ්‍රිත රටවල බහු  ආංශික තාක්ෂණික ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව සඳහා වන එකමුතුව (BIMSTEC)  යන ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානය,  දකුණු ආසියාවේ හා අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ ජාතීන් 7 කින් සමන්විත වූවකි. මෙය  බංග්ලාදේශය, ඉන්දියාව, මියන්මාරය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, තායිලන්තය, භූතානය සහ නේපාලය  ඇතුළුව  බිලියන 1.5  ක ජනතාවකින් ද ට්‍රිලියන  2.5 ක ඒකාබද්ධ ආර්ථිකයන් ගෙන්ද සමන්විත වේ. BIMSTEC රටවල්  බෙංගාල බොක්ක මත රඳා පවතින රටවල්අ අතර වේ. ප්‍රමුඛත්ව අංශ 14 ක් හඳුනාගෙන ඇති අතර එම අංශවලට  BIMSTEC මධ්‍යස්ථාන සාමාජික රටවල් කිහිපයක ස්ථාපිත කර ඇත. නිදහස් වෙළෙඳ ගිවිසුම සාකච්ඡා මට්ටමේ පවතී. .

සභාපතිත්වයේ පිළිවෙල සඳහා අකාරාදී පිළිවෙල යොදා ගන්නා අතර  ස්ථිර ලේකම් කාර්යාලය ඩකා හි පිහිටුවා ඇත.

පසුබිම
BIST-EC (බංග්ලාදේශය, ඉන්දියාව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ තායිලන්ත ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව) යන නාමය යටතේ  නව උප කලාපීය කණ්ඩායමක්  1997 ජූනි මස 6 වැනි දින බැංකොක් හි පිහිටුවන ලදී.  1997 දෙසැම්බර් මස 22 වැනි දින මියන්මාරය පූර්ණ සාමාජිකයෙක්  බවට පත් වීම නිසා කණ්ඩායමේ නාමය BIMST-EC ලෙස වෙනස් කරන ලදී.  1998 දී නේපාලය නිරීක්ෂකයෙකු බවට පත් විය. 2004 පෙබරවාරි මස නේපාලය සහ භූතානය ද පූර්ණ සාමාජිකයන් බවට පත් විය, .

ජූලි 31, 2004 දී, පළමු සමුළුව කාන්ඩ ලෙස නම් කරන ලදි BIMSTEC හෝ බෙංගාල බොක්ක වැඩසටහන සඳහා බහු-ආංශික තාක්ෂණික හා ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව.

අරමුණ
BIMSTEC හි ප්‍රධාන අරමුණ  වන්නේ, බෙංගාල බොක්ක ආශ්‍රිත දකුණු ආසියානු සහ අග්නිදිග ආසියානු රටවල  තාක්ෂණික හා ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාවය ඇති කිරීමයි. මෙහි වාණිජ, ආයෝජන, තාක්ෂණ, සංචාරක, මානව සම්පත් සංවර්ධනය, කෘෂිකාර්මය, ධීවර, ප්‍ර්වාහන හා සන්නිවේදන, රෙදිපිළි, සම් භාණ්ඩ ආදිය ද  ඇතුළත් කර තිබේ. අධ්‍යාපන වෘත්තීය හා තාක්ෂණික ක්ෂේත්‍ර සඳහා පුහුණු හා පර්යේෂණ පහසුකම් එකිනෙකාට සැපයීම ද මෙහි අරමුණක් වේ. ආර්ථික,සමාජ ,තාක්ෂණික හා විද්‍යාත්මක ක්ෂේත්‍ර සඳහා ක්‍රියාකාරී සහයෝගිතාවක් සහ අන්‍යොන්‍ය සහාය ලබා සහයෝගීතාව ලබා දීම ද මෙහි අරමුණකි.

ස්ථිර ලේකම් කාර්යාලය
BIMSTEC ස්ථිර ලේකම් කාර්යාලය  2014 දී  ඩකා හි විවෘත කරන ලදී. එහි වියදමින් 33% ක් ඉන්දියාව සපයයි. ( කලාපයේ ජනගහනයෙන් 65% ක්)

සභාපතිත්වය
BIMSTEC හි සභාපතිත්වයේ පිළිවෙල සඳහා අකාරාදී පිළිවෙල යොදා ගනී. මෙය බංග්ලාදේශය සමඟ (1997-1999) ආරම්භ කරමින් රටාවට සභාපතිත්වය දරනු ලබයි.

සාමාජික ජාතීන්
රාජ්‍ය නායක

BIMSTEC ප්‍රමුඛත්ව අංශ
ප්‍රමුඛත්ව අංශ 14 ක් එම අංශවලට පෙරමුණ ගත් රටක් සමඟ හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.

BIMSTEC නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශයේ රාමු  ගිවිසුම
සියලු සාමාජික ජාතීන්ගේ වෙළඳ හා ආයෝජන පක්ෂ සඳහා උත්තේජනය කිරීමක් ලෙස මෙන්ම  බාහිර පාර්ශයවයන්ගේ වෙළෙඳ හා ආයෝජනය සඳහා වූ  ආකර්ෂණය ඉහළ මට්ටමකින් BIMSTEC
සඳහා ලබා ගැනීම අරමුණු කර ගනිමින් BIMSTEC නිදහස් වෙළඳ ප්‍රදේශයේ රාමු ගිවිසුම (BFTAFA) අත්සන් කර ඇත. ඉන් අනතුරුව, "වෙළඳ සාකච්ඡා කමිටුව" (TNC) නමින්පි හිටුවන ලද කමිටුවේ නිත්‍ය සාමාජිකයෙකු ලෙස තායිලන්තය පත් විය. එය පිහිටුවනු ලැබුවේ ප්‍රදේශවල  භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා වෙළඳාම , ආයෝජන, ආර්ථික සහයෝගීතාව, වෙළඳ පහසුකම් සැපයීම සහ තාක්ෂණික සහාය පිලිබඳ සාකච්ඡා කිරීමට යි. භාණ්ඩ වෙළඳාම මත සාකච්ඡා අවසන් වූ වහාම සේවා සඳහා වෙළඳාම සහ ආයෝජන පිලිබඳ සාකච්ඡා සාකච්ඡා කෙරෙනු ඇත.

2017 වර්ෂයේ දෙසැම්බර් මස 1 වන දින නව දිල්ලි හී දී   BIMSTEC වෙරළබඩ නැව් ගිවිසුම කෙටුම්පත්,   නාවික සැතපුම් 20 ක් ඈත මුහුදු තීරයේ සාමාජික රටවල් අතර වෙළඳ කටයුතු වැඩි දියුණු කර ගැනීමට පහසුකම් සැලසීම සඳහා සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී.  ගැඹුරු මුහුදේ නාවික කටයුතු වලට සාපේක්ෂව වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශයේ වෙළඳ කටයුතු සඳහා අවශ්‍ය වන්නේ කුඩා යාත්‍රා බැවින් වියදම අඩු වේ.  මෙම ගිවිසුම  ක්‍රියාකාරී වූ වහාම සාමාජික රටවල් අතර නාවික භාණ්ඩ හුවමාරුව  පිරිවැය ඵලදායී, පරිසර හිතකාමී සහ වේගවත් බවට පත් වෙයි.

ආසියානු සංවර්ධන බැංකුව (ADB) සමග සහයෝගීතාව
ආසියානු සංවර්ධන බැංකුව (ADB) 2005 දී "BIMSTEC ප්‍රවාහන යටිතල පහසුකම් හා සැපයුම් අධ්‍යයනය (BTILS)" සිදු කිරීම සඳහා හවුල්කරුවකු බවට පත් වූ අතර එම අධ්‍යයනය 2014 දී අවසන් කරන ලදී .

BIMSTEC සමුළු

ව්‍යාපෘති
 මාර්ග හා දුම්රිය මාර්ග Look-East සම්බන්ධතා ව්‍යාපෘතිය
 වෙරළ තීරයේ නාවික කටයුතු
 විදුලි බල පද්ධතියට අන්තර්-සම්බන්ධතාවය
 ප්‍රාදේශීය ආපදා අධීක්ෂණය හා අනතුරු ඇඟවීමේ පද්ධතිය

BIMSTEC හි වත්මන් නායකයන්

තව දුරටත්
 BRICS-BIMSTEC Summit, 2016
 Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative
 ASEAN & Look-East connectivity projects
 SAARC
 Asian Clearing Union
 Asian Development Bank
 Asia Cooperation Dialogue
 Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
 South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation

යොමු

බාහිර යොමු
 නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය
 BIMSTEC නිදහස් වෙළෙඳ ගිවිසුම


An Dracontium margaretae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Josef Bogner. An Dracontium margaretae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dracontium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dracontium

Dracontium margaretae


Edo Trivković, hrvatski nogometni sudac iz Splita. Bio je sudac najvišeg ranga u Hrvatskoj, 1. HNL. Bio je uzorom splitskim nogometnim sudcima.

Izvori

Životopisi, Split
Hrvatski nogometni suci
Šport u Splitu

Edo Trivković


Witchcraft je hrvatski thrash/heavy metal sastav iz Splita.

Povijest
Sastav je 1988. godine osnovao gitarist Dejan Katalenić, poznat pod pseudonimom Vinnie Witchcraft. Neko se vrijeme vjerovalo kako je sastav nastao kao alternativni projekt splitskog thrash metal sastava Evil Blood. Ipak, Dejan Katalenić sam je potvrdio kako nikad nije bio član Evil Blooda te kako je sastav osnovao isključivo on sam. Sastav se raspao 2002., nakon burne rasprave oko raspodjele novca.

Sastav se ponovno okupio 2014. godine. Sastav je kroz prvih 14 godina djelovanja objavio samo jedan demoalbum, dok su zasad nakon ujedinjenja objavili 4 kompilacijska albuma i prvi singl 2018. godine.

Članovi
Sadašnja postava
Tanja Melanie Hrvat – vokali (2014.-sada)
Dejan Katalenić – gitara (1988. – 2002.'2014.-sada), vokali (2000.)
Valentino Žulić  – gitara (2020.-sada)

Arthur Gandzhumyan – bubnjevi (2020.-sada)

Bivši članovi
Emir Hot – gitara (2016.)
Stefan Kords – bas-gitara (1991. – 1993.)
Vibor Čović Bonaj – bas-gitara (2013.) (Gods Of War & Dream Devil recorded orginaly under band Oahron)
Milan Čojić "Čoja" – bas-gitara (1988. – 2000.)
Davor Gradinski – bas-gitara (1990., 2000. – 2002.), vokali (1990.)
Zoran Krmpotić – bubnjevi (2020.)
Pablo Cortez – bubnjevi (2014. – 2016.)
Elvis Katić – bubnjevi (2000. – 2001.)
Silvio Škare Braco – drum mašina (1988.)
Goran Pinterić Pinta – gitara (1988. – 2002.)
Marin Novoselac – gitara (2020. – 2021.)
Jasmina – gitara (2019.)
Neno Munitic – akustična gitara (1988.)
Bojan Antolić Božo – gitara
Denis Gabrić – vokali (1988.)
Damir Hictaler – vokali (1991. – 1993.)
Goran Karan – vokali (2000.)
Dean Brkić Clea – vokali (1990.)
Ines Žižić – vokali (2002.)
Julijana Matković – bas gitara (2019. – 2020.)
Jan Pele Ivelić - bubnjevi (2016.)
BAT - vokali (2001.)
Siniša Vuco - Vokali (1988. – 1989.)

Diskografija
Demo uradci
Eternal Sea (1989.)
Kompilacijski albumi
Gods of War (2016.)
Vinnie's Eternal Sea (2017.)

Wheel of Life (2017.)
Singlovi
Sinful Nun (2018.)

Izvori

Splitski glazbeni sastavi
Hrvatski sastavi heavy metala

Witchcraft


صالح بن مسلم بن عمرو بن الحصين الباهلي أخو قتيبة بن مسلم أبوهما مسلم بن عمرو وكنيته أبو صالح، مما يدل على أن صالحا أكبر من قتيبة أخوه.

جهاده
كان مع قتيبة حينما ولاه الحجاج ولاية خراسان سنة 86هـ/704م. فبعد أن استعاد قتيبة طخارستان إنصرف إلى مرو فاستخلف على الجند أخاه صالحا، ففتح صالح مناطق فرغانة وكاشان وأورشت وأخسيكث بما وراء النهر.

وفي عام 91هـ/709م سار قتيبة إلى مدينة شومان -في ما وراء النهر- لتأديب ملكها الذي طرد عامله بالمدينة، فلما أتاه أرسل أخاه صالحا إلى ملكها حيث كان صالح صديقا للملك، فأمره بالطاعة وضمن له رضا قتيبة إن رجع إلى الصلح، فرفض الملك قائلا:«أتخوفني من قتيبة، وأنا أمنع الملوك حصنا؟» فأتاه قتيبة ووضع عليه المناجيق ورمى الحصن فهشمه. فلما رأى الملك ذلك خاف أن يظهر عليه قتيبة، فجمع مافي الحصن من در وجوهر وأموال ورمى بها في بئر بالقلعة لا تدرك، ثم فتح باب القلعة وخرج إلى المسلمين فقاتلهم حتى قتل.

وفي سنة 93هـ/711م قصد قتيبة الصغد بعد أن صالح ملك خوارزم، فأمدا ملكا الشاش وفرغانة أهل الصغد وأرسلا إليهم: «أشغلوهم حتى نبيت عسكرهم، وانتخبوا من أبناء الملوك والمرازبة والأساورة وأن يأتوهم معسكر قتيبة ويبتوه لأنه مشغول بحصار سمرقند». فبلغ قتيبة الخبر، فاختار ستمئة وقيل أربعمئة رجل وأمرهم أخوه صالحا عليهم. فسار صالح بعسكره حتى نزل 'لى فرسخين من العدو، ثم فرق خيله ثلاث فرق: جعل كمينين في موضعين وأقام هو مع رجاله على قارعة الطريق. فلما اقترب جند العدو شد عليهم صالح برجاله، حتى إذا اختلفت الرماح بينهم خرج الكمينان عليهم فقضى على الجنود بأكملهم.

مقتله
عندما ثار قتيبة على الخليفة سليمان بن عبد الملك تآلبت عليه الناس، فأرسل صالحا إلى حشود الناس الناقمة، فرماه أحدهم فأصاب رأسه، فحمل إلى قتيبة فجلس عنده ساعة حتى مات، وكان مقتله في فرغانة وقد قتل معه بعض أخوته وأهله ومن بينهم أخاه قتيبة. وكان ذلك سنة 96هـ/715م.

مصادر
تاريخ الطبري 8/66، البداية والنهاية 9/52 الكامل لابن الأثير، 4/104، الأعلام للزركلى، وفيات الاعيان

صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
قادة عسكريون أمويون
وفيات 715
وفيات 96 هـ

صالح بن مسلم الباهلي


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Rimavské Janovce enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Rimavské Janovce im Okres Rimavská Sobota, Slowakei.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Rimavske Janovce


Biserica reformată din Feliceni este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Feliceni, comuna Feliceni.

Ansamblul este format din două monumente:
 Biserica reformată ()
 Zid de incintă ()

Localitatea
Feliceni (în ) este satul de reședință al comunei cu același nume din județul Harghita, Transilvania, România. Este situat pe valea râului Târnava Mare, în apropiere de Odorheiu Secuiesc. Prima atestare documentară datează din anul 1333, cu denumirea Sancte Mariae . În 1497 este menționat cu numele Boldogazzonfalva.

Biserica
Biserica, înconjurată de un zid de piatră, este de origine medievală, construcție din secolul al XIII-lea. Turnul a fost ridicat la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea. Tavanul casetat a fost realizat în anul 1670. În timpul restaurării bisericii din 1974-1975, sub stratul de var au fost descoperite fragmente de fresce din secolul al XV-lea.

"Biserica reformată din Teleac se află în centrul satului, în apropierea malului stâng al pârâului "Bedő", care trece prin sat în direcția E-V. Locul și împrejurimea bisericii se află pe o terasă relativ joasă. Lângă biserică găsim un izvor cu randament destul de bogat, care a avut influență importantă asupra așezărilor omenești din împrejurime. Ploile torențiale din vara anului 2007 au cauzat inundații grave în jurul bisericii.

Lucrările de renovare a bisericii reformate construite în cursul sec. XVIII-XIX din Teleac au început deja în anul 2006. În proiectul de renovare - cu scopul de evitare a umezelii - a fost prevăzută îndepărtarea pământului în ad. de 0,80 m din interiorul bisericii. În cursul supravegherii arheologice s-a constatat că deasupra actualei bisericii se află zidurile de fundație al bisericii anterioare cu absidă poligonală. Din pământul de umplutură au ieșit la iveală oase umane aparținând mormintelor bisericii anterioare. Observațiile de mai sus au arătat clar că trebuie efectuate săpături arheologice de salvare.

La suprafața locului nu s-a făcut nici o evaluare de teren anterior săpături din anul 2007. În cursul săpăturilor am făcut periegheze arheologice în vecinătatea bisericii (grădina parohiei reformate), și am colectat fragmente ceramice aparținând sec. III-IV, VII-IX. și XIII-XIV.

Cercetările arheologice au avut loc între 4 iunie 2007 și 14 septembrie 2007, în cursul săpăturii am deschis 6 secțiuni de 5 x 2,5 m în interiorul bisericii, cea ce cuprinde suprafața totală afectată de renovare, în exterior nu am făcut săpături. Obiectivul inițial al cercetării arheologice a fost clarificarea periodizării construcției bisericii actuale și celei anterioare din Teleac.

Stratigrafia generală al săpăturii este relativ simplă:

- sub straturile de construcții moderne (sec. XIX-XX) a fost documentat un strat negru, puțin amestecat; sub acesta s-a putut separa groapa mormintelor, bordeielor etc., săpată în stratul natural brun-maroniu lutos cu pietriș.

Cercetările după înlăturarea pardoselii realizate din beton, au început în partea estică a bisericii cu scopul de a afla existența fazelor și construcțiilor anterioare bisericii. În pământul negru destul de repede au apărut fundațiile unor abside poligonale cu contraforturi. Inscripția situată pe zidul sudic ne sugera așadar mai multe faze de construcție.

Dedesubtul zidurilor au fost găsite urmele unei așezări anterioare. O locuință semiadâncită (Ob-3) a fost descoperită în partea estică a bisericii (S1), cu o orientare de E-V, L 4,25 m, l cercetată 2,85 m, ad. relativă 0,30 m; pe partea estică al acestuia a fost găsită vatra de piatră a locuinței (Ob-4) săpată în pământ, la colțuri respectiv lângă perete au fost descoperite gropile stâlpilor și pilonilor, pe partea estică a fost documentată un șir de țăruși. Poziționat la V de Ob-3 în S6 au fost descoperite urmele unui bordei (Ob-6) și a vetrei acestuia (Ob-10) identic celor descoperite anterior. Are o orientare de E-V cu L de 4 m, l descoperită 1,5 m, ad. relativă 0,30-0,50 m, pe partea estică a fost descoperită vatra de piatră a locuinței, arsă puternic, săpată în pământ. La colțul nord-vestic al locuinței a fost descoperită numai o groapă de stâlp (lucrările de cercetare au fost grav influențate de inundațiile cauzate de ploile torențiale). În umplutura acestui complex au fost dezvelite mai multe rămășițe de bârne arse, carbonizate, la fel și pe fundul gropilor, pe nivelul de călcare interior, unde a fost depistat un strat de arsură, ceea ce ne sugerează că bordeiul a fost distrus de către incendiu.

În partea nord-vestică a S5 au mai fost dezvelite urmele unui bordei cu o orientare de E-V, L descoperită 3,20 m, l descoperită 1,60, ad. relativă 0,30 m. Bordeiul a fost cercetat numai parțial din cauza amvonului, iar o parte a fost distrusă de către înmormântările ulterioare; pe suprafața cercetată n-au fost depistate urme de vatră.

Din acest bordei au fost recuperate fragmente de vase caracteristice culturii Sântana de Mureș, (ceramică lucrată cu mâna), care au fost realizate dintr-o pastă poroasă, degresată cu pietriș, fiind arse reducător, ceea ce duce la obținerea unor culori ce variază între diferitele nuanțe de cenușiu, roșiatic; ca formă aparțin oalelor.

Ceramicii fine lucrată la roată de olar îi aparțin vase realizate dintr-o pastă mai bine frământată, omogenă, arsă reducător, culoarea variind între cenușiu, brun-cenușiu și negru, unele bucăți erau decorate cu brâuri în relief pe umăr sau benzi de linii în val sau în zigzag, lustruite.

Cercetarea bordeielor, în afară de material ceramic, a determinat obținerea unui material destul de sărac. Lângă materialele osteologice, în Ob-3 a fost găsit un vârf de lance destul de slab păstrat, în afară de acesta, ca descoperiri se pot menționa diferite pietre care erau folosite pentru ascuțire sau măcinare.

În partea vestică a bisericii, parțial am reușit descoperirea altui bordei (Ob-1), care la această dată pare să fie mai târziu. Locuința semiadâncită descoperită în partea vestică a bisericii (S3-4); are orientarea SE-NV, cu l de 3,15 m, L cercetată 3,95 m, ad. relativă 0,30-0,40 m; pe suprafața cercetată n-au fost urme de vatră; locuința a avut două faze de construire (A și B); la colțuri și lângă perete au fost descoperite gropile stâlpilor și pilonilor. Pe baza ceramicii lucrată cu mâna, decorată cu benzi de linii și linii ondulate, bordeiul se poate data în sec. VII-VIII. Din această locuință au mai fost recuperate materiale osteologice și chirpici.

În interiorul bisericii, în cele 6 secțiuni cercetate au fost descoperite 69 de morminte, din care numai 2 au fost de adulți, cele mai multe înmormântări aparțineau copiilor nou născuți. Marea majoritate a mormintelor au fost orientate V-E, dar sunt și N-S, E-V.

Inventarele unor morminte au dus la o mai strânsă cronologie a cimitirului. În mormântul M28 (orientare S-N) a fost găsită o monedă falsificată a regelui Matei II (1616), în M50 monedele principelui Gabriel Bethlen din anul 1623, iar din M54 un denar tot a principelui din anul 1625. În această perioadă se pot data și celelalte descoperiri legate de vestimentație. În M30 și M33 au fost găsite cununi realizate din tehnici diferite și păstrate destul de bine. În groapa defunctului M61 (unul dintre adulți) pe degetul mâinii drepte a fost găsit un inel din cupru, caracteristic acestei epoci.

În urma săpăturilor existau unele morminte care aveau o orientare puțin diferită, față de cele descoperite în navă, și intrau sub fundația bisericii cu absida poligonală. În S1-2 a fost cercetat un mormânt (M65) care intra sub absidă, cu o monedă aparținând regelui polonez Sigismund III, datat în anul 1614, pe baza căreia s-a dovedit (post quem) construirea acestei biserici. Nu am reușit să depistăm nivelul de călcare al bisericii construite în prima parte a sec. XVII, datorită construcției de adâncire ulterioară a pardoselii, așadar mormintele au ajuns la o adâncime destul de mică. Din nivelurile destul de mici a rezultat faptul că în urma planurilor de renovare efectuate pentru a evita umezeala zidurilor se scotea pământul afânat pe o adâncime de cca. 0,50-0,60 m, ce însemna distrugerea totală a cimitirului și a complexelor arheologice. Așadar s-a realizat cercetarea arheologică totală a suprafeței interiorului.

În umplutura unor morminte au fost găsite fragmente de cărămidă, din care era formată o pardoseală. Majoritatea mormintelor se orienta conform zidurilor acestei biserici construite în prima jumătate a sec. XVII, și aparțineau unor comunități reformate.

Cimitirul cercetat a avut o perioadă limitată de utilizare, înmormântările cuprinzând aprox. 5-6 decenii. Unii defuncți erau inhumați în sicrie, urmele acestora se puteau depista datorită folosirii cuielor la confecționarea sicrielor. În anumite cazuri se putea observa, după forma gropii, că înmormântarea a fost efectuată fără sicriu (ca de ex. M61, unde datorită pozițiilor oaselor și după forma gropii, care avea colțuri rotunjite, presupunem că defunctul a fost învelit în lințoliu).

În urma cercetării arheologice au fost delimitate mai multe faze de construcție a bisericii. Se poate presupune o prima fază pe baza mormintelor cu orientare diferită, dar care nu a fost cercetată la nivelul zidurilor. După biserica construită în prima parte a sec. XVII o nouă fază de construcție are loc la sfârșitul sec. XVII, când biserica este lărgită în direcția nordică și vestică. Datarea acestor faze se poate lega cu inscripția de pe zidul sudic, care pare să păstreze numele patronului Konia Sando(r) și anul 1694. În urma acestei etape sau într-un interval destul de scurt se construiește turnul. O extindere a construcție are loc la sfârșitul sec. XVIII când biserica capătă forma și dimensiunile actuale. Cu această ocazie are loc lărgire absidei la E, iar pe partea sudică se construiește un portic".

Note

Vezi și
 Feliceni, Harghita

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Harghita
Biserici din județul Harghita
Biserici reformate din România
Biserici din secolul al XIII-lea din România
Biserici fortificate din Transilvania

Biserica reformată din Feliceni


An Anthurium nubicola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Sydney Bunting. An Anthurium nubicola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium nubicola


Nahija Hish () je nahija u okrugu Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, u sirijskoj pokrajini Idlib. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 41.231 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Hish.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Idlib

Hish (nahija)


في الهندسة الرياضية، مبرهنة بوياي  تنص على أنه إذا وجد مضلعين بسيطين لهما مساحة متساوية، من الممكن تقسيم المضلع الأول إلى عدد نهائي من المضلعات الصغيرة وإعادة ترتيبها للحصول على المضلع الثاني.

«إعادة الترتيب» هنا تعني أنه من الممكن إجراء نقل ودوران على كل القطع الصغيرة.

الأبعاد الأعلى
تعميم هذه المبرهنة على متعددات الأوجه في الفضاء ثلاثي الأبعاد تعرف باسم مسألة هلبرت الثالثة وهي عبارة خاطئة وقد تم برهان خطئها من قبل ماكس دين في عام 1900.

مراجع

مبرهنات في الهندسة المتقطعة
مضلعات
هندسة إقليدية مستوية

مبرهنة بوياي


دولنيني (Долнени) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كراسنودار في جمهورية مقدونيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 11378   نسمة.

قرى في بلدية دولنيني
قرى مقدونيا الشمالية
مدن مقدونيا

دولنيني


Nymféo, en , appelé avant 1926 Nivésta et Néveska (), est un village et une ancienne communauté du district régional de Flórina, en Macédoine-Occidentale, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème d'Amýnteo dont il est devenu un district municipal.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du district et celle du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Ancien dème en Grèce
Village en Macédoine-Occidentale

Nymféo (Flórina)


غيتانيون (Γαϊτάνιον) هي مدينة في زاكينثوس في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1615 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في زاكينثوس

غيتانيون (زاكينثوس)


Charlotte de Bourbon (1546/1547 – 5 mai 1582), a fost a patra fiică a  Ducelui Louis de Montpensier și a Jacqueline de Longwy, contesă de Bar-sur-Seine. Charlotte a fost a treia soție a lui Wilhelm Taciturnul, Prinț de Orania, prinicpalul lider al revoltei olandeze împotriva spaniolilor.

Biografie
Mama ei, Jacqueline, credea în doctrinele reformate și în secret și-a învîțat și copiii. Unele surse spun că tatăl Charlottei și-a trimis fiica la mănăstire pentru a nu mai fi sub influența mamei. Charlotte avea doar 13 ani când și-a implorat tatăl să-i permită să rămână cu mama ei, care a murit când Charlotte era la mănăstire. Alte surse spun că tatăl ei voia pur și simplu să nu plătească zestre pentru ea, pentru a conserva toată averea pentru fiul său. Planul pentru Charlotte era să renunțe la moștenirea ei și să-și succeadă mătușa ca stareță. În timp ce era stareță, Charlotte a fost instruită în secret în calvinism de un preot disident.

Tânăra Charlotte și-a șocat atât familia cât și curtea regală prin evadarea din mănăstire în 1572, anunțând convertirea ei la calvinism și, la sfatul Jeanne d'Albret, a fugit în Palatinatul Elector.

La 24 iunie 1575 Charlotte s-a căsătorit cu protestantul Wilhelm, Prinț de Orania. Ei au avut șase fiice, inclusiv pe Louise Juliana de Nassau, de la care a coborât Casa de Hanovra și cele mai multe alte case regale (protestante). Căsătoria a fost foarte fericită - se spune că a fost singura din cele patru căsătorii ale lui Wilhelm care a fost din dragoste. Fericirea evidentă a cuplului a crescut popularitatea lui Wilhelm.

Charlotte ar fi murit de epuizare îngrijindu-și soțul rănit după o tentativă de asasinat în 1582. Wilhelm a plâns îndelung moartea ei. La 24 aprilie 1583 s-a căsătorit pentru a patra oară cu Louise de Coligny, cu care a avut un fiu, Frederik Hendrik, Prinț de Orania.

Fratele lui Wilhelm, Johann, care inițial s-a opus căsătoriei, i-a adus un omagiu Charlottei ca soție "atât de distinsă în virtutea ei, pietatea ei, marea ei inteligență, tot ceea ce Wilhelm și-ar fi putut dori".

Note

Nașteri în anii 1540
Decese în 1582
Nobili francezi
Casa de Bourbon
Casa de Orania-Nassau
Prințese de Orania

Charlotte de Bourbon


Porkeri es un pueblo y municipio de las Islas Feroe, en la costa occidental de Suðuroy, la más sureña de las Feroe. El municipio consta de una sola localidad, con 314 habitantes en 2011.

Historia
La tradición dice que los primeros habitantes nórdicos encontraron en la zona huesos de patas de cerdo. Por esa razón el poblado fue llamado Purkurgerði; "lugar de cerdos", de purkur: "cerdo", y gerði: lugar; posteriormente el nombre derivó en Porkeri.

La primera vez que Porkeri se menciona en un texto es en la segunda mitad del , en la llamada Hundabrævið. Las investigaciones arqueológicas hallaron restos junto a la iglesia que demuestran que los primeros nórdicos se establecieron en Porkeri hacia el año 1000. Sin embargo, hay también evidencia de un asentamiento de población celta del .

La población de Porkeri históricamente se ha dedicado a la pesca, la caza de ballenas, la caza de aves y la extracción de turba. A finales del , hombres oriundos de Porkeri participaban en actividades pesqueras en Islandia, Groenlandia y Terranova, ya fuera en sus propias embarcaciones o como tripulantes u oficiales de otros barcos. La localidad groenlandesa de Kangerluarsoruseq, hoy despoblada, fue fundada por feroeses, quienes la llamaron Føroyingahavnin ("puerto feroés").

Porkeri fue conocida como uno de los mejores lugares para la agricultura y la ganadería. Hasta la década de 1950, cada familia tenía al menos una vaca. Con el establecimiento de una lechería en Tórshavn en 1960 para servir a todas las Feroe, la producción ganadera de Porkeri se enfocó exclusivamente a las ovejas, generalmente para autoconsumo.

En la actualidad Porkeri es un pueblo esencialmente pesquero y marinero. Otras personas están empleadas en la industria pesquera.

Geografía
El municipio de Porkeri se localiza en la costa occidental de Suðuroy, la mayor parte de su territorio se encuentra en una península que termina en el cabo Porkeri (Porkerines) en el oriente. Esta península representa el inicio del fiordo de Hov en el norte y del fiordo de Vágur en el sur.

El pueblo se sitúa en la entrada del fiordo de Vágur, en la costa norte del mismo, en una zona de tres pequeñas bahías. En la más occidental de ellas se encuentra el puerto.

Cultura y patrimonio
La vieja escuela primaria de Porkeri fue fundada en 1888. En funciones durante 96 años, hoy es sede del museo del pueblo.

La iglesia, una construcción de madera con techo vegetal, típica de las Feroe, data de 1847. Contiene varios votos de marineros que salvaron la vida de los peligros del mar.

Hay dos casas de piedra de 1570 que han sido restauradas y una de 1850 en restauración. Las tres casas, junto con la iglesia, son las construcciones más antiguas del pueblo.

Hay también un monumento a los hombres del pueblo desaparecidos en el mar.

Educación
La nueva escuela primaria de Porkeri fue inaugurada en 1984. Es un edificio moderno inspirado en la arquitectura tradicional feroesa.

Más cerca del pueblo de Hov, pero aún dentro de los límites de Porkeri se encuentra el Centro Escolar de Suðuroy, un moderno complejo arquitectónico donde se encuentran dos escuelas de nivel medio superior: la Escuela Preparatoria y la Escuela de la Salud. La primera consiste de un bachillerato general y la segunda hace énfasis en las ciencias de la salud. Es el único centro de bachillerato de la isla.

Demografía
La población de Porkeri para enero de 2011 se estima en 314 habitantes. Como en la gran mayoría de los pueblos feroeses, hay una tendencia a la baja. En 1985 había 355 habitantes, desde entonces el máximo se alcanzó en 1992 con 416 personas.

Política
Porkeri es gobernada por un concejo municipal de 5 personas, que incluye al alcalde. En las últimas elecciones se presentaron a las urnas únicamente 2 listas. El actual gobierno entró en funciones el 1 de enero de 2009 y el alcalde es Mikkjal Sørensen desde 2005.

Referencias

Municipios de las Islas Feroe

Porkeri


Aeroporto Filipe Jacinto Nyusi, é o nome oficial do Aeroporto de Xai-Xai, também conhecido como Aeroporto de Chongoene, um aeroporto que serve a região de Xai-Xai na província de Gaza, em Moçambique e está localizado a 32 km da cidade. Foi inaugurado em 29 de Novembro de 2021.

O aeroporto, construído na zona de Nhacutse, ocupa uma área de 140 ha, tendo a pista 1800 m de comprimento e 45 de largura. Dispõe de terminal de passageiros, terminal de carga e edifícios de apoio. O trabalho foi realizado sobretudo por firmas chinesas, tais como a Hebei Construction Group e a CSI- China Shandong International. A infraestrutura tem uma capacidade para receber 220.000 passageiros por ano e a sua abertura estava prevista para Outubro de 2021.

Historial
Em 19 de Abril de 2017, o presidente Filipe Nyusi anunciou que um aeroporto seria construido para servir a capital da província de Gaza.
O aeroporto foi financiado e construído pela China e foram investidos cerca de 70 milhões de USD. O documento que confirmou o donativo para a construção foi assinado por representantes dos governos moçambicano e chinês em 8 de Dezembro de 2021. A obra teve o seu início em 5 de Outubro de 2018.

Linhas Aéreas e Destinos
O primeiro voo comercial para o aeroporto foi realizado em 18 de Dezembro pela LAM a partir de Joanesburgo com paragem em Maputo, representando o início de uma ligação semanal ao sábado.

Controvérsias
A construção do aeroporto foi rodeada de várias controvérsias, especialmente a de se tornar mais um elefante branco, a juntar ao Aeroporto de Nacala. A obra foi resultado de um donativo da China e irá aumentar o passivo da Aeroportos de Moçambique, uma empresa já em falência técnica.

Esta empresa afirma, no entanto, que tem um plano de marketing para o rentabilizar com actividades que não estão relacionadas com transportes, e o governo afirma que irá contribuir para o desenvolvimento económico, especialmente do turismo.
Outra controvérsia está relacionada com a demora na atribuição de indemnizações às 400 pessoas residentes no local e à exumação e mutilação de cadáveres em cemitérios locais durante a construção. Em Maio de 2022 foi noticiado que afinal, o aeroporto não reunia condições para receber voos internacionais e que, por isso, a infraestrutura tinha sido classificada como aeródromo regional pelo Instituto de Aviação Civil de Moçambique (IACM). Finalmente, o presidente foi criticado por demonstrar falta de humildade por permitir que o aeroporto levasse o seu próprio nome.

Aeroportos de Moçambique

Aeroporto Filipe Jacinto Nyusi