Magnus III Olafsson (Old Norse: Magnús Óláfsson, Norwegian: Magnus Olavsson; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as Magnus Barefoot (Old Norse: Magnús berfœttr, Norwegian: Magnus Berrføtt), was the King of Norway from 1093 until his death in 1103. His reign was marked by aggressive military campaigns and conquest, particularly in the Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles, where he extended his rule to the Kingdom of the Isles and Dublin.

As the only son of King Olaf Kyrre, Magnus was proclaimed king in southeastern Norway shortly after his father's death in 1093. In the north his claim was contested by his cousin, Haakon Magnusson (son of King Magnus Haraldsson), and the two co-ruled uneasily until Haakon's death in 1095. Disgruntled members of the nobility refused to recognise Magnus after his cousin's death, but the insurrection was short-lived. After securing his position domestically, Magnus campaigned around the Irish Sea from 1098 to 1099. He raided through Orkney, the Hebrides and Mann (the Northern and Southern Isles), and ensured Norwegian control by a treaty with the Scottish king. Based on Mann during his time in the west, Magnus had a number of forts and houses built on the island and probably also obtained suzerainty of Galloway. He sailed to Wales later in his expedition, winning control of Anglesey (and possibly Gwynedd's submission) after repelling the invading Norman forces from the island.

Following his return to Norway, Magnus led campaigns into Dalsland and Västergötland in Sweden, claiming an ancient border with the country. After two unsuccessful invasions and a number of skirmishes Danish king Eric Evergood initiated peace talks among the three Scandinavian monarchs, fearing that the conflict would get out of hand. Magnus concluded peace with the Swedes in 1101 by agreeing to marry Margaret, daughter of the Swedish king Inge Stenkilsson. In return, Magnus gained Dalsland as part of her dowry. He set out on his final western campaign in 1102, and may have sought to conquer Ireland. Magnus entered into an alliance with Irish king Muirchertach Ua Briain of Munster, who recognised Magnus's control of Dublin. Under unclear circumstances, while obtaining food supplies for his return to Norway, Magnus was killed in an ambush by the Ulaid the next year; territorial advances characterising his reign ended with his death.

Into modern times, his legacy has remained more pronounced in Ireland and Scotland than in his native Norway. Among the few domestic developments known during his reign, Norway developed a more centralised rule and moved closer to the European model of church organisation. Popularly portrayed as a Viking warrior rather than a medieval monarch, Magnus was the last Norwegian king to fall in battle abroad, and he may in some respects be considered the final Viking king.

Background

Most information about Magnus is gleaned from Norse sagas and chronicles, which began appearing during the 12th century. The most important sources still available are the Norwegian chronicles Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium by Theodoric the Monk and the anonymous Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum (or simply Ágrip) from the 1180s and the Icelandic sagas Heimskringla (by Snorri Sturluson), Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna, which date to about the 1220s. While the later sagas are the most detailed accounts, they are also generally considered the least reliable. Additional information about Magnus, in particular his campaigns, is found in sources from the British Isles, which included contemporary accounts.

Magnus was born around the end of 1073 as the only son of King Olaf Kyrre. His mother's identity is uncertain; she is identified as Tora Arnesdatter (daughter of otherwise-unknown Arne Låge) in Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna, as Tora Joansdatter in Heimskringla, Hrokkinskinna and Hryggjarstykki and an unnamed daughter of "Ragnvald jarl" from Godøy, Sunnmøre in the genealogical text Af en gl. ætleg (commonly known as Sunnmørsættleggen). The historical consensus (including P. A. Munch and Claus Krag) has favoured Tora Arnesdatter, but the other claims have also gained support. Anders Stølen has argued that she was a daughter of Ragnvald jarl (who has been identified as Rognvald Brusason, Earl of Orkney by Ola Kvalsund), while historian Randi Helene Førsund has considered Tora Joansdatter more likely.

Magnus grew up among the hird (royal retinue) of his father in Nidaros (modern Trondheim), de facto capital of Norway at the time. His father's cousin, the chieftain Tore Ingeridsson, was foster-father to Magnus. In his youth, he was apparently more similar to his warlike grandfather, King Harald Hardrada, than to his father (who bore the byname Kyrre: "the Peaceful"). According to Snorri Sturluson, Magnus was considered handsome and gifted in learning; although he was shorter in stature than his grandfather Harald, he was reportedly known as "Magnus the Tall". Magnus's more-common byname, "Barefoot" or "Barelegs", was—according to Snorri—due to his adopting the Gaelic dress of the Irish and Scots: a short tunic, which left the lower legs bare. Another version (by Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus) maintains that he acquired the nickname because he was forced to flee from a Swedish attack in his bare feet, while a third explains that he rode barefoot (like the Irish). Due to Magnus's aggressive nature and his campaigns abroad, he also had the nickname styrjaldar-Magnús ("Warrior Magnus" or "Magnus the Strife-lover").

Reign

Establishing authority
Norway had experienced a long period of peace during the reign of Magnus's father, Olaf. Magnus may have been present when Olaf died in Rånrike, Båhuslen (southeastern Norway) in September 1093 and was probably proclaimed king at the Borgarting, the thing (assembly) of the adjacent region of Viken later that month. When Magnus became king, he already had a network of support among the Norwegian aristocracy. Although sources are unclear about the first year of his reign, it is apparent that Magnus's focus was on the west (towards the British Isles). Since conditions were chaotic in Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles since the death of Thorfinn the Mighty, this provided Magnus an opportunity to intervene in local power struggles. According to some accounts, he made his first expedition west in 1093–94 (or 1091–92), helping Scottish king Donald Bane to conquer Edinburgh and the Scottish throne and possibly gaining control of the Southern Isles (Suðreyjar) in return. It is unclear if this early expedition took place, since it is not directly referenced in early reliable sources or the sagas.

Magnus was opposed by his cousin Haakon Magnusson, son of King Olaf's brother and short-lived co-ruler King Magnus Haraldsson, who claimed half the kingdom. Haakon was proclaimed king in the Uplands and at the Øyrating, the thing of Trøndelag (in central Norway). According to Førsund, Haakon took control of the entire portion of the kingdom once held by his father (also including the Frostating—the thing of Hålogaland in northern Norway—and the Gulating—the thing of western Norway). Haakon secured support by relieving farmers of taxes and duties (including taxes dating back to the Danish rule of Sweyn Knutsson during the early 1030s), while Magnus pursued costly policies and demanded lengthy military service. After Magnus settled at the new royal estate in Nidaros for the winter of 1094–95, Haakon also travelled to the city and took up residence at the old royal estate. Their relationship became increasingly tense, culminating when Haakon saw Magnus's longships fully rigged at sea. Haakon summoned the Øyrating in response, leading Magnus to sail southwards. Haakon attempted to intercept Magnus by travelling south to Viken by land (over the mountains of Dovrefjell), but he died unexpectedly while hunting in February 1095.

The strongman behind Haakon's monarchy had been his foster-father Tore Tordsson ("Steigar-Tore"), who refused to recognise Magnus as king after Haakon's death. With Egil Aslaksson and other noblemen, he had the otherwise-unknown Sweyn Haraldsson set up as a pretender. Although later sagas maintain that Sweyn was Danish, some modern historians have speculated that he may have been a son of Harald Hardrada. The revolt was based in the Uplands, but also gained support from noblemen elsewhere in the country. After several weeks of fighting, Magnus captured Tore and his supporters and had them hanged on the island of Vambarholm (outside Hamnøy, Lofoten, in northern Norway). Magnus was reportedly furious because he could not pardon Egil, a potentially useful, young and resourceful nobleman. As king, his honour would only allow a pardon if other noblemen pleaded for Egil's life; this did not happen.

Magnus's final domestic dispute was with the noble Sveinke Steinarsson, who refused to recognise him as king. Although Sveinke reduced piracy in Viken, he was forced into exile for three years after negotiating with Magnus's men. Since piracy increased soon after Sveinke's departure (possibly encouraged by Sveinke himself), Magnus met him in the Danish province of Halland to request his return to Norway. They reconciled; Sveinke became a loyal supporter of Magnus, now the undisputed king of Norway.

Other developments

Since the Norse sources (including the skaldic verses which were the sagas' main sources) chiefly describe war-related matters, less is known about other events during the reigns of the early Norwegian kings. Snorri, for instance, wrote fifteen pages about Magnus and only two pages about Magnus's peaceful father Olaf Kyrre (despite Olaf's reign lasting almost three times longer than Magnus's). Modern historians have noted that this probably has made the image of kings like Magnus Barefoot one-sided (in Magnus's case, skewed towards his deeds as a warrior).

Magnus's rule was generally marked by Norway's increasing similarity to other European kingdoms. Royal rule became established, and he consolidated power through a network of powerful noblemen (some of whom were relatives); church organisation also developed. The Nordic bishops belonged to the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen until a year after Magnus's death (when the Archdiocese of Lund was formed); priests and bishops were largely foreigners from England and Germany. In reality, however, Magnus ruled the church in Norway.

Through numismatics, it is known that minting reform began during Magnus's reign. The reform restored silver content in coins to around 90 percent, the level at Harald Hardrada's 1055 reform (Haraldsslåtten) which reduced silver content to about 30 percent (the remainder of the coin was copper). Coin size in Magnus's reform was reduced to .45 gram, half the previous weight.  Although the silver value of a coin remained about the same, copper was not needed in coins.

First Irish Sea campaign
Magnus sought to re-establish Norwegian influence around the Irish Sea. He attempted to install vassal king Ingemund in the Southern Isles in 1097, but the latter was killed in a revolt. It is unclear what Magnus's ultimate ambitions were, and the significance of his campaign has been downplayed by modern English historians. English chronicler William of Malmesbury believed that Magnus sought to capture the throne from William II of England (in common with the ambitions of his grandfather, Harald Hardrada). Historians have speculated that he wanted to establish an empire which included Scotland and Ireland, although most modern Norwegian and Scottish historians believe his chief aim was simply to control the Norse communities around the Irish Sea. While he may have been influenced by Ingemund's murder, the Orkneyinga saga claims that Magnus was persuaded by a son of an Orkney earl, Haakon Paulsson, who wanted an earldom for himself. It is also possible that Magnus wished to provide a realm outside Norway for his eight-year-old son Sigurd, who accompanied him. Magnus sailed into the Western Sea in 1098, arriving in Orkney with a large fleet. The Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles claim that he had 160 ships, but English chronicler Orderic Vitalis states that his fleet consisted of 60 ships. Based on this, P. A. Munch suggests an initial fleet of 160 ships, of which 100 were from the leidang (public levy) and returned shortly after arrival; the fleet accompanying Magnus southward in the campaigns consisted of 60 royal and baronial ships. According to Førsund, the low estimate of 120 men per ship means 8,000 men in the royal and baronial ships and 12,000 from the leidang ships. However, many historians believe that ship numbers in old naval campaign accounts are exaggerated.

After his arrival, Magnus began negotiations with Scottish and Irish kings about the hird and control of land in Scotland, Ireland and the surrounding islands. Upon arriving in Orkney, he sent the earls Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson away to Norway as prisoners on a leidang ship, took their sons Haakon Paulsson, Magnus Erlendsson and Erling Erlendsson as hostages and installed his own son Sigurd as earl. Magnus then raided Scotland, the Southern Isles and Lewis. Meeting no significant opposition, he continued pillaging the Hebridean islands of Uist, Skye, Tiree, Mull and Islay, and the peninsula of Kintyre; Iona was visited, but not pillaged. Magnus is also recorded as warring in Sanday, although the exact location is unclear (there are three islands with that name in the region). On entering the Irish Sea, he lost three leidang ships and 120 men in Ulster. Magnus then continued to Mann, where the earl Óttar fell in a violent battle; he also chased (or captured) Lagman Godredsson, King of the Isles. Mann came under Norwegian control, and Magnus and his men stayed on the island for a time. During his time there, he organised Norwegian immigration to the island and had several forts and houses built (or rebuilt) using timber from Galloway on the Scottish mainland. This implied he had subdued part of that region too, reducing its chieftains to tributaries.

Magnus may have intended to invade Ireland next, only to find he had overextended himself. He may have been approached by Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd, who had been driven to Ireland by the Norman earls Hugh of Montgomery and Hugh d'Avranches. With six ships (according to Orderic Vitalis), Magnus steered towards Anglesey in Gwynedd, Wales. Appearing off the coast at Puffin Island, he interrupted a Norman victory celebration after their defeat of the Gwynedd king—for the Welsh, "so opportunely it was ascribed to divine providence" according to historian Rosemary Power (although Magnus had not necessarily intended to side with them). In the ensuing battle (known as the Battle of Anglesey Sound, according to Power "the most widely reported event in the history of Magnus"), Magnus shot Hugh of Montgomery dead with an arrow through his eye and defeated the Norman forces. The sources indicate that Magnus regretted killing Montgomery, suggesting that he may have been interested in an alliance with the Normans. He abruptly returned to Mann with his men, leaving the Norman army weak and demoralized. After this battle, Anglesey was considered the southern border of Norway. Gruffudd ap Cynan soon returned to the island, awarding Magnus gifts and honour (which may indicate that Gwynedd had capitulated). The extension of Magnus's kingdom probably began to concern the English, who remembered the invasion of Magnus's grandfather Harald Hardrada in 1066, war with Danish king Sweyn Estridson in 1069–70 and the threat of invasion by Cnut IV in 1085.

In Scotland internal fighting continued between rival kings, although King Edgar had gained a slight advantage. Perhaps fearing to meet Magnus in battle after the internecine strife, according to the sagas Edgar—mistakenly called Malcolm—told Magnus he would renounce all Scottish claims to islands west of Scotland in exchange for peace. Magnus accepted the offer, which reportedly gave him every island a ship could reach with its rudder set. He gained recognition of his rule in the Southern Isles, including Kintyre after demonstrating that it should be included by sitting at the rudder of his ship as it was dragged across the narrow isthmus at Tarbert. Historian Richard Oram has claimed that references to a formal agreement with the Scottish king is a "post-Norwegian civil war confection" designed to legitimise the agenda of Haakon IV Haakonsson. Rosemary Power agrees with the Norse sources that a formal agreement with the Scots was probably concluded, and Seán Duffy notes that Edgar "happily ceded" the isles to Magnus since he had "little or no authority there in any case". Magnus spent the winter in the Hebrides (continuing to fortify the islands), while many of his men returned to Norway. There may have been talks at this time of Magnus marrying Matilda, daughter of late Scottish king Malcolm Canmore, but no marriage took place. Magnus returned to Norway a year later during the summer of 1099, although many of the islands he had conquered (such as Anglesey) were only nominally under Norwegian control.

Campaign in Sweden
After returning to Norway, Magnus turned east. By claiming an ancient border between Norway and Sweden, he set his course for the Swedish provinces of Dalsland and Västergötland in late 1099. In Magnus's view, the border with Sweden should be set further east: at the Göta älv river, through the Vänern lake and north to the province of Värmland. He claimed all land west of Vänern (chiefly Dalsland). Swedish king Inge Stenkilsson refuted the claim, and Magnus began a campaign in response. He raided his way through the forest villages, and Inge began amassing an army. When advised by his men to retreat, Magnus became more aggressive; he believed that once begun, a campaign should never be aborted. In a surprise nighttime attack, Magnus assaulted Swedish forces east of Göta älv at Fuxerna (near Lilla Edet). After defeating the Swedes at Fuxerna, he conquered part of Västergötland. According to a skald, Magnus conquered "fifteen hundreds from the Geats". He had a wooden fort, surrounded by a moat, built on the island of Kållandsö in the southern portion of Vänern. Before returning to Norway, Magnus left 300 men on the island for the winter (led by Finn Skofteson and Sigurd Ullstreng).

According to Randi Helene Førsund, the Norwegians in Kållandsö appear to have been characterized by arrogance (perhaps due to their successes under Magnus) and taunted the Swedish king for taking so long to arrive. After newly formed ice connected the island to the mainland, Inge arrived with about 3,000 men. Although he offered several times to allow the Norwegians to return home in peace (with their plunder and possessions), Inge's offers were rejected. The Swedes finally attacked, burning the fort. The Norwegians were spared and allowed to return home, after being beaten with sticks and surrendering all their possessions. Angry at the humiliating defeat, Magnus planned revenge. He entered Sweden the following year, reconquering the same areas. During the hasty campaign Magnus and his men were ambushed by Swedish forces and forced to flee back to their ships, suffering heavy losses. The war continued until 1100 or 1101.

Danish king Eric Evergood, concerned that the conflict would escalate, began peace talks between the two kings. Relations had been strained between Denmark and Norway after Magnus's 1096 raids into Halland, and Eric feared that the conflict might spill over into his own country. The three Scandinavian kings eventually agreed to negotiate peace in the border area near Göta älv. After a constructive meeting, they agreed to preserve ancestral borders; by marrying Inge's daughter Margaret (who acquired the byname Fredkulla: "Colleen-of-Peace"), Magnus acquired the lands he claimed on behalf of his ancestors. Since the marriage was childless, Dalsland never became established as a Norwegian province and was returned to Sweden after his death.

Second Irish Sea campaign and death
Magnus again set his course for Ireland in 1101 or 1102, this time probably with a greater army than he had in his previous campaign. One of his biggest challenges was the number of petty kings and alliances on the island. Irish sources maintain that Magnus came to "take Ireland", "invade Ireland" or "besiege Ireland". He received reinforcements from Orkney on his way to Mann, where he set up a base to survey conditions. Tensions ran high between Magnus and the king of Munster and High King of Ireland, Muirchertach Ua Briain (Mýrjartak), who was struggling with his rival Domnall Ua Lochlainn. Magnus may have tested the situation in 1101, when unnamed sailors are said to have raided Scattery Island (near Muirchertach's base). After his arrival at Mann, Irish sources describe Magnus as agreeing to "a year's peace" with the Irish (suggesting enmity; such agreements were diplomatic devices, usually negotiated between two sides in war). The marriage agreement described in other sources was part of the treaty; Magnus's son, Sigurd, married Muirchertach's daughter Bjaðmunjo. On their wedding day, Magnus named Sigurd his co-king and put him in charge of the western lands. Muirchertach also recognised Magnus's control over Dublin and Fingal.

Around the same time Muirchertach married a daughter of Arnulf of Montgomery, brother of Hugh (who was killed by Magnus in 1098). The account in Morkinskinna concerning a "foreign knight" named "Giffarðr", who appeared at the court of Magnus before his Swedish campaign, is suggested by Rosemary Power as evidence that Magnus may have conspired with the Norman Walter Giffard, Earl of Buckingham (or a family member) in the revolt against Henry I of England. According to Orderic Vitalis, Magnus left treasure with a wealthy citizen in Lincoln which was confiscated by King Henry after Magnus's death. This treasure could have been paid by Norman earls for Magnus's support, and possibly arranged by the Giffarðr who is said to have visited Magnus's court in the sagas. This could have provided Magnus with a lucrative return for his costly western campaigns, which were unpopular in Norway at the time.

Muirchertach was skilled in diplomacy, and negotiation with the dowries of his daughters may have been part of a political game. While he may not have intended to honour his agreements with Magnus (or others), he needed the latter's assistance to crush Domnall. Magnus and Muirchertach went on joint raiding expeditions after the peace agreement, only interrupted by the winter of 1102–03. The sagas claim that Magnus wintered in Connacht, but since Connacht is incorrectly claimed to be Muirchertach's kingdom the location was corrected to Kincora, Munster by modern historians. Rosemary Power considered it more likely that Magnus would have kept his fleet near Dublin. Magnus was probably allied with Muirchertach during his campaigns against Domnall and the Cenél nEógain in 1103, but (in contrast to the Norse sources) Irish sources (the Annals of Ulster and Annals of the Four Masters) do not describe their campaigns as successful. On 5 August 1103, Muirchertach unsuccessfully tried to subdue Domnall in the Battle of Mag Coba. Magnus did not take part, but his Dublin subjects fought with Muirchertach. Since Magnus was closing in on the Irish throne, Muirchertach may have wanted him out of the way. According to Morkinskinna and Heimskringla, the two agreed that Muirchertach was to bring Magnus and his men cattle provisions for their return to Norway; as this dragged on past the agreed time, Magnus became suspicious that the Irish planned an attack. He gathered his men on St. Bartholomew's Day (or the day before, according to Ágrip), 24 August 1103, and ventured into the country. It is possible that Magnus and his men made an incautious landing to raid cattle, or the Ulaid mistook the Norwegians for cattle-raiding Hebrideans. Alternatively, Muirchertach may have ordered the Ulaid to bring provisions to Magnus, inciting the Ulaid to ambush the Norwegians.

Norse sources describe a large force emerging from hiding places in an ambush. The Norwegian forces were taken by surprise, and were not in battle order. Magnus attempted to assert control over his disordered army, ordering part of his force to seize secure ground and use archery fire to slow the Irish. In the melee Magnus was pierced by a spear through both thighs above the knees but he fought on, attempting to get his men back to the level campsite. An axe-wielding Irishman charged him, striking a lethal blow to his neck. When his men said that he proceeded incautiously in his campaigns, Magnus is reported to have responded "Kings are made for honour, not for long life"; he was the last Norwegian king to fall in battle abroad.

Perhaps betrayed by Muirchertach, Magnus may also have been betrayed by his own men (in particular the contingent of nobleman Torgrim Skinnluve from the Uplands, who fled to the ships during the battle). It is possible that Torgrim and his men may have been directed by powerful men in Norway, who wanted Magnus removed from the Norwegian throne. More Irishmen than Norwegians fell in the battle, according to Snorri Sturluson, and Magnus's reign could have been different if Torgrim and his men had fought as directed. Magnus's son Sigurd returned to Norway without his child bride after his father's defeat, and direct Norwegian control in the region came to an end. Although Norwegian influence remained, no Norwegian king returned for more than 150 years.

Descendants
Magnus married Margaret Fredkulla, daughter of Swedish king Inge Stenkilsson, as part of the peace agreement of 1101. Their marriage did not produce any children. His three sons (who succeeded him as king) were born to different women, and he had two known daughters by unidentified women:
 Eystein: Born 1089 to a mother "of low birth".
 Sigurd: Born 1090; his mother's name was Tora.
 Olaf: Born ; his mother was Sigrid Saxesdatter from Vik in Strinda, Trøndelag.
 Ragnild: Married Harald Kesja, Danish pretender and son of Danish king Eric Evergood.
 Tora: Married Icelandic chieftain Loftur Sæmundsson.

Years after Magnus's death, other men came forward claiming to be his sons; however, it is impossible to ascertain the veracity of these claims:
 Harald Gille: Born 1103 in Ireland, his claim was recognised by Magnus's son Sigurd.
 Sigurd Slembe: His mother was Tora Saxesdatter from Vik; his claim was not recognised (by Harald Gille).
 Magnus Raude: Mentioned only in Fagrskinna.

Aftermath

Burial
Magnus probably died in the vicinity of the River Quoile. According to the Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles, Magnus was "buried near the Church of St Patrick, in Down". About two miles (1.2 km) south of the cathedral on Horse Island is a mound which became known as Magnus's Grave after its identification on an 1859 map attributed to Danish archaeologist Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae. Snorri Sturluson's description of the marshy and difficult terrain where Magnus and his men were attacked fits the conditions in and around Horse Island, making it a strong candidate for the burial site. According to Finbar McCormick, the people who ambushed Magnus may not have wanted a Christian burial for him and his men, instead burying them near where they had been slain. The Downpatrick runestone monument marking the site was erected in March 2003 to mark the 900th anniversary of his death. The burial site is largely only accessible via the heritage railway in Downpatrick; a halt overlooking the barrow and runestone has been built and erected by Philip Campbell, local viking history enthusiast, chairman and founder of the Magnus Viking Association and the Ballydugan Medieval Settlement which is located a short distance from the Runestone on the Drumcullan Road.

Succession

Magnus was succeeded peacefully by his three sons: Sigurd, Eystein and Olaf. Near the end of Sigurd's reign (he having outlived his brothers) during the late 1120s, the previously unknown Harald Gille came to Norway from the west claiming to be a son of Magnus Barefoot and legitimate successor to the kingdom. Sigurd recognised Harald as his brother (and successor) after Harald walked uninjured over nine burning ploughshares in a trial by ordeal, and he was proclaimed king after Sigurd's death in 1130 with Sigurd's son Magnus Sigurdsson. Since Harald was accompanied by his mother to Norway, Sigurd may have recognised a former lover of his father.

Relations between Harald and Magnus Sigurdsson soured, and several years later Harald had Magnus mutilated and deposed (hence his byname "the Blind"). Soon afterwards, Harald was murdered by another pretender: Sigurd Slembe, who also claimed to be a son of Magnus Barefoot and had been outlawed by Harald. After Harald's death Slembe allied himself with Magnus the Blind, but they were defeated by chieftains loyal to Harald Gille's family in the Battle of Holmengrå. Magnus was killed during the battle; Sigurd was captured, tortured and executed. This began what would become the century-long Norwegian civil-war era.

Legacy
The earliest-known native Irishman to have been named Magnus may have been the son of Muirchertach's greatest rival, Domnall Ua Lochlainn; Magnus became a name among the Ulaid during the 12th century. According to Morkinskinna, tribute from Ireland was received in Norway as late as about twelve years after Magnus's death.

Magnus became the subject of at least two Gaelic ballads as the character Manus Mór. In the best-known version, he returns to Norway after an expedition to the west; he is killed in the second version. The different versions are probably derived from Magnus's two expeditions. There are also traditions concerning Magnus in Scotland in legends, poems and local history.

In modern times, a "Magnus Barelegs festival" has been held near Downpatrick at Delamont Country park bi-annually. Traditionally held on the last weekend of August every second year (27 and 28 August 2022) it is organised, funded and carried out by the Magnus Viking Association.  There is a beer named after his sword, Legbiter. In Norway, according to Førsund, Magnus has "been reduced to a sigh" in history books; little remains to commemorate him. When King Magnus was killed in an ambush by the Men of Ulster, his sword was retrieved and sent home.

References

Bibliography
Primary sources
 Sturluson, Snorri (c. 1230). Magnus Barefoot's saga (in Heimskringla). English translation: Samuel Laing (London, 1844).
 Theodoric the Monk (c. 1180). The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings. English translation: David and Ian McDougall (London, 1998).
 Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum (c. 1180s). English translation: M. J. Driscoll (London, 2008).
 Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles (c. 1262). English translation: Rev. Goss (Douglas, 1874).
 Fagrskinna (c. 1220s), in Old Norse. Edited by Finnur Jónsson (Copenhagen, 1902).
 Morkinskinna (c. 1220s), in Old Norse. Edited by Finnur Jónsson (Copenhagen, 1932).
 Orkneyinga saga (c. 1230). English translation: George W. Dasent (London, 1894).
 Annals of Inisfallen. English translation (2008).
 Annals of the Four Masters. English translation (2013).
 Annales Cambriæ, in Latin. Edited by John Williams ab Ithel (London, 1860).
 Brut y Tywysogion. English translation: John Williams ab Ithel (1860).

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1073 births
1103 deaths
11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
12th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
11th-century Norwegian monarchs
12th-century Norwegian monarchs
Monarchs of the Isle of Man
Monarchs of Dublin
House of Hardrada
Monarchs killed in action

Magnus Barefoot


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La Baronía de Spínola es un título nobiliario español creado el 21 de enero de 1894 por el rey Alfonso XIII a favor de María de las Angustias Martos y Arizcun, hija de los condes de Heredia-Spínola, grandes de España.

Su denominación alude al linaje de Spínola, que era de patricios de la república de Génova y con el que habían entroncado los Heredia (costado materno-materno de la concesionaria) mediante el matrimonio de Narciso Fernández de Heredia y Navora, natural de Alcira, corregidor de Arequipa en el Perú, contraído en 1745 con Jerónima de Spínola y Pilán, natural de Milán e hija de Tomás de Spínola, que fue creado conde de Spínola en 1776 por Francisco III, duque de Módena. Dichos cónyuges fueron los padres de Narcisco Fernández de Heredia y Spínola, I conde de Heredia-Spínola (creado por Fernando VII en 1829) y III conde de Spínola en Módena, caballero de la Orden de Carlos III.

Barones de Spínola

Historia de los barones de Spínola

 María de las Angustias Martos y Arizcun, I baronesa de Spínola. Nació el 12 de diciembre de 1854 en Madrid, donde falleció el 29 de mayo de 1923. Era hija del teniente coronel Luis Martos y Potestad, diputado a Cortes y senador vitalicio del Reino, alcalde y gobernador civil de Madrid, consejero de Estado y Gran Cruz de Carlos III, natural de Cartagena, y de María de las Angustias de Arizcun y Heredia, su mujer, III condesa de Heredia-Spínola y IV de Tilly, VI marquesa de Iturbieta, concesionaria de la grandeza de España agregada a la casa de Heredia-Spínola; nieta de José Martos y Castillo y de María del Carmen Potestad y Aché, y materna de Miguel de Arizcun y Tilly, V marqués de Iturbieta y III conde de Tilly, y de Narcisa de Heredia y Cerviño, II condesa de Heredia-Spínola.
 Casó con Salvador de Zulueta y Samá II marqués de Álava, II vizconde de Casablanca, hijo de Julián de Zulueta y Amondo, I marqués de Álava y I vizconde de Casablanca, coronel de voluntarios y alcalde de La Habana, senador del Reino por esta provincia y diputado a Cortes por la de Álava, gran cruz de Isabel la Católica, y de . Le sucedió, en 1926, su hija:

 María de las Angustias de Zulueta y Martos, II baronesa de Spínola.
 Casó con José Fernández de Lascoiti y Jiménez (1880- ? ), II barón de la Andaya, conde de Lascoiti (pontificio). Le sucedió su hijo:

 José Fernández de Lascoiti y de Zulueta (1902- ? ), III barón de Spínola, III barón de la Andaya, IV marqués de Álava, conde de Lascoiti.
 Casó con Ana Gonzalo y Fanlo. Sin descendientes. Le sucedió, de su hermano Luis Fernández de Lascoiti y Zulueta que casó con María del Carmen Franco y Rojas, la hija de ambos, por tanto su sobrina:

 Fabiola Fernández de Lascoiti y Franco (n. en 1935), IV baronesa de Spínola, V marquesa de Álava y IV baronesa de la Andaya.
 Casó con Tomás de la Vega y Gómez-Acebo.

Referencias

Spínola
Casa de Spínola

Baronía de Spínola


Raúl Carlos García Ordóñez, né le 15 septembre 1924 à Littleton (New Hampshire) et mort le 3 mai 2013 à Miami, est un joueur international cubain de basket-ball.

Carrière
Raúl García est membre de l'équipe de Cuba de basket-ball terminant  des Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948 et de 1952 ; il est notamment le porte-drapeau de la délégation cubaine aux Jeux de 1948.

Il remporte ensuite la médaille de bronze des  à San Juan.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur cubain de basket-ball
Joueur de basket-ball aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948
Joueur de basket-ball aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1952
Porte-drapeau olympique
Naissance en septembre 1924
Naissance dans le comté de Grafton
Décès en mai 2013
Décès à Miami
Décès à 88 ans

Raúl García (basket-ball)


Andrea Mia Ghez (16. lipnja 1965.) američka je astrofizičarka i profesorica na Odsjeku za fiziku i astronomiju Sveučilišta California u Los Angelesu. Njezino se istraživanje usredotočuje na središte galaksije Mliječni put. Godine 2020. postala je četvrta žena kojoj je dodijeljena Nobelova nagrada za fiziku, dijeleći polovicu nagrade s Reinhardom Genzelom (drugu polovicu dobiva Roger Penrose). Nobelova nagrada dodijeljena je Ghezi i Genzelu za otkriće supermasivnog kompaktnog objekta, sada općenito priznatog kao crna rupa, u galaktičkom središtu Mliječne staze.

Rani život i obrazovanje
Ghez je rođena u New Yorku, kći Susanne (Gayton) i Gilberta Gheza. Njezin otac, židovske baštine, rođen je u Rimu u Italiji, u obitelji podrijetlom iz Tunisa i Frankfurta, u Njemačkoj. Majka joj je bila iz irske katoličke obitelji iz North Attleborougha, Massachusetts.

Njezina se obitelj preselila iz New Yorka u Chicago kad je bila dijete, a Ghez je pohađala Laboratorijsku školu Sveučilišta Chicago. Slijetanje na Mjesec iz programa Apollo nadahnulo je Ghez da želi postati prva žena astronautkinja, a njezina je majka poticala taj cilj. Njezin najutjecajniji ženski uzor bila je njezina profesorica kemije u srednjoj školi. Fakultet je započela smjerom matematike, a zatim se promijenila u fiziku. Diplomirala je fiziku na Tehnološkom institutu u Massachusettsu 1987. i doktorirala. pod vodstvom Gerryja Neugebauera na Kalifornijskom tehnološkom institutu 1992.

Karijera
Ghezino istraživanje koristi tehnike snimanja u visokoj prostornoj rezoluciji, poput sustava prilagodljive optike na teleskopima Keck, za proučavanje regija koje stvaraju zvijezde i supermasivne crne rupe u središtu Mliječne staze poznate kao Sagittarius A*. Koristi kinematiku zvijezda blizu središta Mliječne staze kao sondu za istraživanje ove regije. Visoka razlučivost Keckovih teleskopa dala je značajno poboljšanje u odnosu na prvo veliko istraživanje kinematike galaktičkog centra koje je izvela skupina Reinharda Genzela.

Ghez je 2004. izabrana u Nacionalnu akademiju znanosti, a 2012. u Američko filozofsko društvo. Godine 2019. izabrana je za suradnicu Američkog fizičkog društva (APS).

Ghez se pojavila u mnogim televizijskim dokumentarcima koje su producirale mreže kao što su BBC, Discovery Channel i The History Channel. 2006. bila je u epizodi PBS serije Nova. The My Hero Project identificirao ju je kao heroja znanosti. Godine 2000. časopis Discover uvrstio je Ghez kao jednu od 20 perspektivnih mladih američkih znanstvenika u svojim područjima.

Crna rupa u Galaktičkom centru (Sgr A*)
Snimanjem Galaktičkog centra na infracrvenim valnim duljinama, Ghez i njeni kolege uspjeli su proviriti kroz tešku prašinu koja blokira vidljivu svjetlost, kako bi otkrili slike središta Mliječne staze. Zahvaljujući 10-metarskom otvoru teleskopa WM Keck i upotrebi prilagodljive optike za ispravljanje turbulencije atmosfere, ove slike Galaktičkog centra imaju vrlo veliku prostornu rezoluciju i omogućile su praćenje orbita zvijezda oko crne rupe Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). Uočene su djelomične orbite mnogih zvijezda koje kruže oko crne rupe u Galaktičkom centru. Jedna od zvijezda, S2, napravila je potpunu eliptičnu putanju od početka detaljnih promatranja 1995. godine. Nekoliko desetljeća bit će potrebno za potpuno dokumentiranje orbita nekih od ovih zvijezda. Ova mjerenja mogu pružiti test teorije opće relativnosti . U listopadu 2012. njezin tim na UCLA-i, koji kruži oko Galaktičkog centra, identificirao je drugu zvijezdu, S0-102. Koristeći Keplerov treći zakon, Ghezin tim je upotrijebio orbitalno gibanje kako bi pokazao da je masa Sgr A* 4,1 ± 0,6 milijuna solarnih masa. Budući da je Galaktičko središte u kojem se nalazi Sgr A*, sto puta bliže od M31 gdje je sljedeća najbliža supermasivna crna rupa (M31*),  to je jedan od najbolje pokazanih slučajeva za supermasivnu crnu rupu.

Ghez je 2020. podijelila Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku s Rogerom Penroseom i Reinhardom Genzelom za njihova otkrića u vezi s crnim rupama. Ghez i Genzel dobili su polovicu nagrade za otkriće da supermasivna crna rupa najvjerojatnije upravlja orbitama zvijezda u središtu Mliječne staze. Ghez je bila četvrta žena koja je od početka dodjela Nobelovih nagrada dobila Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku, a prethodile su joj Marie Curie (1903.), Maria Goeppert Mayer (1963.) i Donna Strickland (2018.).

Osobni život
Ghez ima dva sina. Ghez je aktivna plivačica u plivačkom klubu UCLA Masters.

Nagrade

 Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy (1994.)
 Nagrada Packard Fellowship (1996.)
 Nagrada Newton Lacy Pierce u astronomiji Američkog astronomskog društva (1998.)
 Nagrada Maria Goeppert-Mayer Američkog fizičkarskog društva (1999.)
 Nagrada Sackler (2004.)
 Nagrada Gold Shield Faculty za akademsku izvrsnost (2004.)
 Marc Aaronson Memorial Lectureship (2007.)
 MacArthur Fellowship (2008.)
 Nagrada Crafoord in Astronomy (2012.)
 Nagrada Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2012.)
 Medalja Royal Society Bakerian (2015.)
 počasni doktorat u znanosti, Sveučilište Oxford (2019.)
 članica Američkog fizičkarskog društva (2019.)
 izabrana za Legacy Fellow Američkog astronomskog društva (2020.)
 Nobelova nagrada za fiziku (2020.)

Odabrane publikacije

Znanstveni članci

Knjige

Izvori

Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku
Židovi u SAD-u

Andrea M. Ghez


An Eulalia contorta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze. An Eulalia contorta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eulalia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eulalia (Poaceae)

Eulalia contorta


Daktilo ya da yazı makinesi, bir klavye aracılığıyla harekete getirilen harfleri mürekkepli bir sistem yardımıyla kağıda basarak yazı yazan makine.

1829'da ABD'de William Austin Burt(en) tarafından ilk kez patenti almıştır. Tipograf adı verilen bu makine elden daha yavaş yazıyordu. 1801 yılında ise İtalya'da Pellegrino Turri tarafından bir daktilo yapılmıştır. Başka bir kaynakta ise 1801 yılı 1808 olarak belirtilmektedir. Pellegrino, gözleri görmeyen sevgilisi Kontes Caroline Fantoni da Fivizzano için bunu yapmıştır. 1868'de ise Sholes ilk pratik daktiloyu yaptı. Remington'un 1878'de yaptığı daktilo ise bir dikiş makinesinin üzerine yerleştirilmişti. Şaryo, dikiş makinesinin pedalına benzeyen bir pedalla döndürülüyordu. Makine ise silik ve büyük harf yazabiliyordu. Bu mahsurlarının yanında büyük ve pahalı olması piyasaya sürülmesine engel oldu. Remington, Royal Smith gibi Amerikan firmaları yanında İtalyan Underwood-Olivetti, Alman Olympia, Adler ve Triumph ve İsveç Facit firmaları da daktiloların yapımında görülen çeşitli kusurları yavaş yavaş düzelterek bugün kullanılan daktilolara benzeyen makineler yaptılar.

Sholes'in yaptığı makineyi inceleyen Thomas Edison, elektrikle çalışabileceğini söyleyerek üzerinde çalışmaya başladı. Edison, çubuğun elektromıknatısla hareket ettiği elektrikli daktilo makinesi yaparak 1872'de patentini aldı.

Çeşitli deneme ve üzerinde yapılan çalışmalardan sonra 1930 yılında seri halde elektrikli makinelerin satışına başlandı. Piyasada tutulması, seri iş yapması bunun üzerinde firmaların çalışmasını sağladı.

Mekanik daktilo Elektriksiz olup, mekanik olarak çalışırlar. Parmakla kuvvetle tuşa vurulunca, kaldıraç tertibatıyla tuşun bağlı olduğu harf kalkar ve şeride vurur. Şerit de sarılı olan kâğıt üzerinde o harfin izini bırakır. Harfler vuruldukça şaryo otomatik olarak ilerler.
kuvvetine ve tuşlara iyi basılıp basılmamasına bağlıdır.

Elektrikli daktilo İşleme prensibi mekanik ile aynıdır. Tuşa basıldığında harfin şeride, dolayısıyla kağıda vurma işlemi elektrikli olarak gerçekleştirilir. Ancak sdnr 1961'de Selectric ismini verdiği modelle harflerin çubukları yerine, harflerin bulunduğu yazı topunu getirdi. Seçilen harfe göre bu yazı topu dönerek, kâğıt tarafına ilgili harfi getirebilmektedir. Yazı topunun değiştirilmesiyle, değişik türde harfleri kullanmak mümkündür. Elektrikli daktiloların (yazıcıların); kaset şeritli ve silicili, çubuklu elektrikli daktilo, küreli elektrikli daktilo, papatya tipi elektrikli daktilo gibi çeşitleri de vardır.

Elektronik Daktilo Sistem olarak mekanik ve elektrikli mekanik daktilolardan değişik olarak harfler kollar veya yazı topu üzerinde değil papatya şeklindeki disk üzerine dizilmiştir mekanik ve mekanik elektrikli makinelere nazaran çok sessiz ve daha fonksiyoneldir ve günümüzde kullanılan daktilo tipidir. Hafızalı modelleri de vardır. Yazılan sayfayı hafızaya alarak istenildiği zaman gerekli düzeltmeleri yapıp kağıda dökmek mümkündür. Klavyedeki bazı tuşlara birden fazla fonksiyon kazandırılmıştır. Ekranlı ve ekransız modelleri vardır. Ekranlı modellerde, yazılan metin önce ekranda gerekli düzeltmeler yapıldıktan sonra kağıda aktarıldığı için çok kullanışlıdır. Türkçe karakter ÖÜİŞÇĞ "F klavye" cihazlarda bulunmaktadır. "Q klavye" cihazlarda ÖÜİŞÇĞ gibi Türkçe karakterler yoktur. F klavye cihazlarda 10 parmak yazma tekniği ile çok süratli yazılabilmektedir. Elektronik daktilolarda silme özelliği olduğundan kâğıt üzerindeki yanlış yazılan harf, kelime veya satırı iz bırakmadan siler. F klavye satışı yapılan markalar Olivetti, Triumph Adler, Brother, Olympia gibi markalardır. Şaryo genişliği 29 cm, 34.5 cm, 44 cm ve 54 cm gibi değişik genişliktedir.

Günümüzde üretim
Kullanırken elektriğe ihtiyaç duyulmadığı için günümüzde Latin Amerika, Hindistan ve Afrika'da yaygın olarak mekanik daktilolar hâlen kullanılmaktadır. Nisan 2011'de Hindistan Mumbai'de kurulu son daktilo üreticisi olan "Godrej and Boyce"un kapandığı, böylelikle dünyada son daktiloların da üretildiği yolundaki haberler derhal yalanlanmıştır. Dünyada hâlen daktilo üreten fabrikalar faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedirler.

Kaynakça

Resim galerisi

Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Daktilo


Parkville est une banlieue du centre-ville de Melbourne, dans l'État de Victoria (Australie).

Parkville est établie à 3 km au nord du quartier central des affaires de Melbourne. Ses zones de gouvernement local sont les villes de Melbourne et de Moreland.

Géographie

Parkville est bordée par North Melbourne au sud-ouest, Carlton et Carlton North au sud et à l'est, Brunswick au nord (où une partie de Parkville se trouve dans la ville de Moreland) et Flemington à l'ouest. La banlieue comprend les codes postaux 3052 et 3010 (Université).

Histoire

Population

Au recensement de 2016, Parkville comptait 7 409 habitants.

Enseignement
Parkville est un important centre d'éducation, de recherche et de soins de santé et abrite l'Université de Melbourne et collèges résidentiels associés, la faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Monash Parkville Campus (anciennement Victorian College of Pharmacy), le Royal Melbourne Hospital, le Royal Women's Hospital, le Royal Children's Hospital, le Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Center et le CSL.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Australian Places - Parkville

Quartier de Melbourne

Parkville (Victoria)


Tommy Körberg (* 4. Juli 1948 in Norsjö) ist ein schwedischer Sänger, Schauspieler und Musicaldarsteller.

Karriere
Als Gewinner des Melodifestivalen 1969 durfte er beim Eurovision Song Contest 1969 in Madrid für sein Heimatland antreten. Er erreichte mit dem Schlager Judy, min vän den neunten Platz. In den 1970er Jahren sang er bei den Bands Solar Plexus und Made in Sweden. Ab den 1980er Jahren war er überwiegend als Musicaldarsteller aktiv. Er war in Les Misérables, Chess und The Sound of Music zu sehen. Eine Filmrolle hatte er als Klein-Klipp in dem Jugendfilm Ronja Räubertochter von 1984. Nach einem erneuten Sieg bei der schwedischen Vorauswahl trat er beim Eurovision Song Contest 1988 in Dublin an. Mit Stad i ljus erreichte er Platz 12.

In den 2000er Jahren war er in den Musicals Chess (auch in einer Londoner Aufführung), My Fair Lady und dem schwedischen Stück Rivierans guldgossar zu erleben. 2011 war er Jurymitglied der TV3-Castingshow True Talent. Zudem sang er mit Benny Anderssons Orkester, das das ABBA-Mitglied Benny Andersson 2001 gegründet hatte.

Für das im April 2017 erschienene Album Worlds Collide der schwedischen Metal-Band Dead by April steuerte er den Gesang zum Lied For Every Step bei.

Diskografie

Alben

Singles

Weblinks
 Homepage

Quellen

Popsänger
Filmschauspieler
Musicaldarsteller
Interpret eines schwedischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Schwede
Geboren 1948
Mann

Tommy Körberg


الكسكاس هو الجزء العلوي من ماعون إعداد الكسكسي، ويسمى الجزء السفلي منه بـالمقفول. والكسكاس كثير الثقب، بما يسمح بتسرب البخار من المقفول ليتخلل الكسكسي حتى ينضج.

بعد ظهور حلة الضغط بدأ الناس في المغرب العربي يستعملون نوعا جديدا من الكساكيس حيث يركب عنصر (الكسكاس) على شكل هرم لولبي فوق حلة الضغظ وهكذا تقوم حلة الضغط بدور المقفول والكسكاس يقوم بدوره العنصر المتواجد فوقها.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 المقفول.
 الكسكسي.

حاويات طبخ
أدوات الطعام
غلايات
مطبخ تونسي
مطبخ مغربي

كسكاس


The Senate (; ) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France.  The French Senate is made up of 348 senators (sénateurs and sénatrices) elected by part of the country's local councillors (in indirect elections), as well as by representatives of French citizens living abroad. Senators have six-year terms, with half of the seats up for election every three years.

The Senate enjoys less prominence than the first, or lower house, the National Assembly, which is elected on direct universal ballot and upon the majority of which the Government has to rely: in case of disagreement, the Assembly can in many cases have the last word, although the Senate keeps a role in some key procedures, such as constitutional amendments and most importantly legislation about itself.

Bicameralism was first introduced in France in 1795; as in many countries, it assigned the second chamber with the role of moderating the first, although for a long time as an ally of the executive. The present selection mode of the Senate dates back to the start of the Third Republic, when it was turned into what Léon Gambetta famously called a "grand council of the communes of France". Over time, it developed a sense of independence as a "guardian of the institutions" and "guardian of liberties", favoured by the fact that senators are on average older than members of the National Assembly, and join the house in the last part of their career. Debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and generally receive less media coverage.

As a result of its election relying on what is often summed up as rural mayors, it has had a right-wing majority since 1958, with only a three-year exception in 2011–2014. The left has historically opposed the very existence of a second chamber, while the right defends it, and controversies over the Senate's role are revived from time to time. The common phrase "a Senator's pace" (un train de sénateur) mocks the upper house's perceived slow rhythm and readiness to let new legislation die.

The president of the Senate is to step in as Acting President of France in case of an incapacitation or a vacancy, which last happened in 1974. The current officeholder is Gérard Larcher. The Senate is housed inside the Luxembourg Palace in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It is guarded by Republican Guards. In front of the building lies the Senate's garden, the Jardin du Luxembourg, open to the public.

History

France's first experience with an upper house was under the Directory from 1795 to 1799, when the Council of Ancients was the upper chamber. There were Senates in both the First and Second Empires (the former being known as the Sénat conservateur, the latter as the French Senate), but these were only nominally legislative bodies – technically they were not legislative, but rather advisory bodies on the model of the Roman Senate.

With the Restoration in 1814, a new Chamber of Peers was created, on the model of the British House of Lords. At first it contained hereditary peers, but following the July Revolution of 1830, it became a body whose members were appointed for life. The Second Republic returned to a unicameral system after 1848, but soon after the establishment of the Second Empire in 1852, a Senate was established as the upper chamber. In the Fourth Republic, the Senate was replaced by the Council of the Republic, but its function was largely the same. With the new Constitution of the Fifth Republic which came into force on 4 October 1958, the older name of Senate was restored.

In 2011, the Socialist Party won control of the Senate for the first time since the foundation of the Fifth Republic. In 2014, the centre-right Gaullists and its allies won back the control of the Senate; they retained their majority in 2017.

Powers
Under the Constitution of France, the Senate has nearly the same powers as the National Assembly. Bills may be submitted by the government (projets de loi) or by either house of Parliament (propositions de loi). Because both houses may amend the bill, it may take several readings to reach an agreement between the National Assembly and the Senate. When the Senate and the National Assembly cannot agree on a bill, the administration can decide, after a procedure called commission mixte paritaire, to give the final decision to the National Assembly, whose majority is normally on the government's side, but as regarding the constitutional laws the administration must have the Senate's agreement. This does not happen frequently; usually the two houses eventually agree on the bill, or the administration decides to withdraw it. This power however gives the National Assembly a prominent role in the law-making process, especially since the administration is necessarily of the same side as the Assembly, for the Assembly can dismiss the administration through a motion of censure.

The power to pass a vote of censure, or vote of no confidence, is limited. As was the case in the Fourth Republic's constitution, new cabinets do not have to receive a vote of confidence. Also, a vote of censure can occur only after 10 per cent of the members sign a petition; if rejected, those members that signed cannot sign another petition until that session of Parliament has ended. If the petition gets the required support, a vote of censure must gain an absolute majority of all members, not just those voting. If the Assembly and the Senate have politically distinct majorities, the Assembly will in most cases prevail, and open conflict between the two houses is uncommon.

The Senate is also the representative of the territories and often defends the regions and mayors, as per article 24 of the Constitution.

The Senate also serves to monitor the administration's actions by publishing many reports each year on various topics.

Composition
Until September 2004, the Senate had 321 members, each elected to serve for a nine-year term. In that month, the term was reduced to six years, while – to reflect a growth in the country's population – the number of senators was set to increase progressively, to reach 348 by 2011. Senators had been elected in thirds every three years; this was also changed to one half of their number every three years.

President

The president of the Senate is elected by senators from among their members. The current incumbent is Gérard Larcher. The President of the Senate is, under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, first in the line of succession—in case of death, resignation or removal from office (only for health reasons)—to the presidency of the French Republic, becoming Acting President of the Republic until a new election can be held. This happened twice for Alain Poher—once at the resignation of Charles de Gaulle and once at the death of Georges Pompidou.

The President of the Senate also has the right to designate three of the nine members of the Constitutional Council, serving for nine years.

Election

Senators are elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials, known as the grands électeurs, including regional councillors, department councillors, mayors, municipal councillors in large communes, as well as members of the National Assembly. However, 90% of the electors are delegates appointed by councillors. This system introduces a bias in the composition of the Senate favoring rural areas. As a consequence, while the political majority changes frequently in the National Assembly, the Senate has remained politically right, with one brief exception, since the foundation of the Fifth Republic, much to the displeasure of the Socialists.

This has spurred controversy, especially after the 2008 election in which the Socialist Party, despite controlling all but two of France's regions, a majority of departments, as well as communes representing more than 50% of the population, still failed to achieve a majority in the Senate. The Senate has also been accused of being a "refuge" for politicians that have lost their seats in the National Assembly. The left, led by the Socialist Party, gained control of the Senate for the first time since 1958 during the 2011 election, leading to the election of Jean-Pierre Bel at its presidency. This proved a short-lived win, as the right, led by the Union for a Popular Movement, regained the Senate three years later.

The Senate has a larger share of citizens (especially of local descent, compared to non-citizens) among its voters compared to other institutions. Also, Senate voters have a higher income, capital and land possession compared to general voters.

Parliamentary groups

Criticism

As an indirectly elected house, the Senate is often criticised by political parties such as La France Insoumise and the National Rally as not being representative enough.

See also
Congress of the French Parliament
List of presidents of the Senate of France
List of senators of France by department
Leader of the Opposition in the French Senate
Politics of France
Senator for life (France)
Women in the French Senate

Notes

References

External links

 French Senate at Google Cultural Institute

France
Government of France

Senate (France)


Kahramanmaraş ilinin Afşin ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Eski kaynaklarda Köy ve mücavir alanın adı Tedevin olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya

Kahramanmaraş iline 158 km, Afşin ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus
İstimlak süreci mahallenin nüfus yapısını da etkilemektedir. Zira toprakları istimlak edilen insanlar yeni iş imkânları vb. sebeplerle özellikle köye çok yakın olan Afşin ilçesine yerleşmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar

Afşin'in mahalleleri

Karagöz, Afşin


Aftur til framtíðar III (enska: Back to the Future Part III) er bandarísk vísindaskáldskaparmynd frá 1990 frá árinu 1990 og lokaslátturinn af Aftur til framtíðar þríleiknum. Kvikmyndinni var leikstýrt af Robert Zemeckis og með aðalhlutverk fara Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson og Lea Thompson. Kvikmyndin heldur áfram strax í kjölfar Aftur til framtíðar II (1989); Marty McFly (Fox) uppgötvaði á meðan hann strandaði árið 1955 á tímaflakki sínu, að vinur hans Dr. Doc var drepinn. Marty ferðast til 1885 til að bjarga Doc og snúa aftur til 1985 en málin flækjast þegar Doc verður ástfanginn af Clara Clayton (Steenburgen).

Aftur til framtíðar 3 var tekinn upp í Kaliforníu og Arizona og kostaði 40 milljón dala með samkeyrslu með annari myndinni. Hluti III var frumsýndur í Bandaríkjunum 25. maí 1990, sex mánuðum eftir frumsýningu forverans, og skilaði 244 milljónir dala í kassann á heimsvísu í upphafi, sem gerir hana að sjöttu tekjuhæstu mynd 1990.

Universal Pictures-kvikmyndir

Aftur til framtíðar III


قائمة ببطولات ويمبلدون لسنة 1939:

فردي رجال

 بوبي ريجز هزم  إيلوود كوكي . النتيجة: 2-6 8-6 3-6 6-3 6-2

فردي سيدات

 أليس ماربيل هزمت  كاي ستومرز بولليت. النتيجة: 6-2, 6-0

مراجع

بطولة ويمبلدون 1939
أحداث 1939 الرياضية في لندن
أحداث يوليو 1939 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1939 الرياضية
كرة المضرب في 1939

بطولة ويمبلدون 1939


Lifelines er det andet studiealbum af den irske sangerinde Andrea Corr. Det blev udgivet .d 29. maj 2011 som digitalt download og 30. maj påCD. Albummet består af coverversioner af sange fra The Velvet Underground, Kirsty MacColl, Harry Nilsson, Ron Sexsmith, Nick Drake, The Blue Nile og andre. Førstesinglen, "Tinseltown in the Rain", blev udgivet på iTunes Store d. 17. april 2011. Albummet var tilgængeligt på verdensplan via iTunes Storen er blev udgivet fysisk i Singapore, Brasilien og Australien.

Udover standard CD-udgaven og den digitale udgave blev albummet også også udgivet i en limited edition med en bonus-DVD, der inderholdt optagelser fra forskellige optrædender og interviews. For at promovere albummet optrådte Corr med sange fra det i London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Salford og Isle of Wight Festival 2011.

Spor

†Tilgængelig som download ved at bruge koden i deluxe-udgaven.

Personel
Andrea Corr - Vokal
Kevin Armstrong - guitar
Justin Adams - guitar
Damien Dempsey - akustisk guitar
Clare Kenny - bas
John Reynolds - trommer, percussion
Brian Eno - keyboard, baggrundsvokal (spor 2 og 5)
Julian Wilson - keyboard, Hammondorgel
Caroline Dale - cello
James O'Grady - Uilleann pipes

Yderligere personel
Sinéad O'Connor - baggrundsvokal (spor 7)
Lumiere

Hitlister

Referencer

Andrea Corr-album
Album fra 2011

Lifelines (Andrea Corr album)


Loren () (, ), Fransa'nın 26 bölgesinden biridir. Ülkenin kuzeydoğusundadır. Başlıca şehirlerinden Metz idari merkez, Nancy tarihî merkezdir. Fransa'nın bölgeleri içinde üç ülkeye birden (Belçika, Lüksemburg ve Almanya) sınırı olan tek bölgedir. Aynı zamanda Lancashire'dan (İngiltere) Toskana'ya (İtalya) kadar uzanan ve Ren Nehri'ni izleyen "Mavi Muz"un ortasında yer alır.

Tarihçe

I. Dünya Savaşı'nın en uzun ve en zorlu çarpışmalarından birisi 1916'da Verdun yöresinde gerçekleşmiştir: Verdun Savaşı. O zamanlar tamamen yok edilen birçok köy hiçbir zaman tekrar yerleşime açılmadı. Bu bölgeye "Kırmızı bölge" denmektedir. I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra bölgeye savunma amaçlı olarak Majino hattı (Fransızca: Ligne Magino) yapılmış olsa da 1940 yılında ilhak edilen bölge ancak 1944 yılında General Patton tarafından kurtarılmıştır.

Lorraine haçı II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Londra'da General de Gaulle tarafından kurulan direniş hareketi Özgür Fransa'nın sembolü olmuştur.

Bölgenin ünlüleri

Bölgeden birçok tanınmış kişi çıkmıştır, bunların arasında şair Paul Verlaine'i, Jeanne d'Arc'ı, şarkıcı Patricia Kaas'ı, politikacılar Jules Ferry ile Raymond Poincaré'yi ve futbolcu Michel Platini'yi sayabiliriz.

Görüntüler
 Lorraine Bölgesi'nin manzarası Patricia Kaas, Une Fille de L'est

Loren


جنيفياف كلانسي  هي شاعرة وفيلسوفة فرنسية، ولدت في 21 يناير- كانون الثاني 1937، وتوفيت في 11 أكتوبر- تشرين أول 2005. وهي تعتبر مع شقيقها فيليب تونسولان، من أبرز المثقفين الفرنسيين المناصرين لقضايا التحرر في العالم ومنها القضية الجزائرية ثم القضية الفلسطينية التي ناصرتها طويلا بالأنشطة والكتابات ومن بينها كتابة مسرحية بالاشتراك مع شقيقها وكانت بعنوان «مرورا بجنين» التي تم عرضها في أكثر من مناسبة بعد مجزرة مخيم جنين في الضفة الغربية.

السيرة الذاتية

التحصيل الأكاديمي والمهني
كانت جنيفياف كلانسي متحصلة على دكتوراه دولة في الفلسفة، وكانت أستاذة فلسفة واستيطيقا (جماليات) في جامعة باريس واحد بانتيون-السوربون، كما كانت إحدى تلاميذ الفيلسوف الفرنسي جيل دولوز جيل دولوز الذي نشرت معه أطروحتها بعنوان «حول جماليات العنف» De l'Esthétique de la Violence وكانت أيضا تلميذة للفيلسوف موريس دو غاندياك Maurice de Gandillac.

كانت تدير بالاشتراك مع إيمانويل موازان ، سلسلة شعراء من القارات الخمس Poètes des cinq continents الصادرة عن دار النشر «لارماتان» الفرنسية L'Harmattan، وقد ساعدت من خلال هذه المهمة على اكتشاف العديد من الشعراء. كما كانت في عام 1981 ضمن من شارك في تأسيس «سيساب» CICEP أي «المركز الدولي للإنشاء الفضاءات الشعرية» مع الشاعرين والفيلسوفين جان بيار فاي جان-بيير فاي وفيليب تونسولان Philippe Tancelin (وهو شقيقها) وكذلك مع المؤلفة والمخرجة المسرحية ستيفانيت فوندفيل وقد اشتهر هذا المركز بالعديد من التظاهرات والحلقات الدراسية والإبداعات الأصلية حول التداخل بين الشعر والفنون.

نشاطها النضالي
كانت في شبابها المبكر تغرس فكرها الفلسفي وكتابتها الشعرية في تاريخ الحراك النضالي للصامتين رغما عنهم، والمهمشين، والمضطهدين. وكان لوقوفها الدؤوب إلى جانب الجزائريين ثم الفلسطينيين صداه في فرنسا عبر انخراطها في خضم النضال من أجل حقوق وكرامة العمال المهاجرين الذين أنشأت من أجلهم سنة 1973 «لجنة للدفاع عن حياة وحقوق العمال المهاجرين» وهو ما حقق عددا من المكاسب الاجتماعية والسياسة الرامية إلى توسيع نطاق الحقوق الأساسية.

وبالإضافة إلى التزاماتها العديدة كـ«شاعرة مدنية» وكناشطة من أجل حرية المضطهدين، فقد كانت إلى آخر أيامها تقوم بتنشيط ورشات الإبداع الشعري مع «فاقدي الحقوق» في إطار جمعية «إغاثة لكل استغاثة - العالم الرابع» ATD Quart Monde التي أنشأها سنة 1957 الأب جوزيف فريسينسكي جوزيف فريزينسكي.

نشاطها الإبداعي
لا تفصل جنيفياف كلانسي شعرها عن التزاماتها الإيديولوجية. ودليل ذلك هو نصوصها الشعرية العديدة والمنشورة في مجلة «شانج» (التغيير) CHANGE وكذلك لدى الناشر لارماتان دار نشر آرماتان التي أدارت فيها سلسلة «شعراء من القارات الخمس».

أما العلاقة بين الفلسفة والشعر فقد أتت لاحقا وتدريجيا لتحتل مركز عملها الكتابي وبخاصة في "جماليات العنف، جماليات الصيرورة، جماليات الظل، كراسات الليل ثم في آخر ديوان لها. وفي رأي فيليب تونسولان فإن شعر جنيفياف كلانسي، المتسم بالتجذر وبالإرداف الخلفي تناقض ظاهري (أي بالضّديد أو بالمناقضة)، هو الذي "يخترع هذا الجسد المتعطش على الدوام إلى عبارات راغبة في اقتراف التسمية التي لا يمكن تداركها."  وبالنسبة إلى سيرج فنتوريني، فإن شعرها الوضاء والوهاج يرحب بالآخر، "... عندما تصبح العين في الليل شمسا" (من ديوانها "كراسات الليل"، صفحة الغلاف الرابعة). . وكانت، على حد قول فيليب تونسولان "الشقيقة الكبرى لمرتفعات اللزوم".

من أعمالها المنشورة
 يوم عيد للاسترخاء ، منشورات سيغيرس 1973 Éditions Seghers،
 الأفكار الثالثة ، منشورات هاشيت هاشيت، ضمن السلسلة «منذ الآن»، 1977
 نبذات - جرائم ، منشورات سيغيرس Éditions Seghers، ضمن السلسلة «نصوص مجنونة» لسنة 1979.
 شبكات،  منشورات سيليكس Éditions Silex، 1984
 الصيف المنفلت  مع فيليب تونسولان، (1984-1970)، منشورات لارماتان دار نشر آرماتان،1985
 غابة العيش  منشورات لارماتان، 1996، دار نشر آرماتان
 جماليات الظل ، مع فيليب تونسولان، منشورات لارماتان، 1998، دار نشر آرماتان
 جماليات الصيرورة ، منشورات لارماتان دار نشر آرماتان، 1999
 رياح الحضور ، منشورات لارماتان 2002، دار نشر آرماتان
 حول جماليات العنف ، طبعة ثانية منشورات كومب آكت Comp'Act، (أطروحة مع جيل دولوز) 2004،
 فن النظر ، بحث فلسفي، منشورات شامبتان Champtin، ضمن سلسلة «فن النظر»، 2004
 كراسات الليل  منشورات لارماتان، 2004، دار نشر آرماتان
 أمثال  منشورات لارماتان، 2005، دار نشر آرماتان
 سؤال حافي القدمين  (مسرحية كتبتها مع شقيقها فيليب تونسولان)، تلتها مسرحية مرورا بجنين ، منشورات لارماتان، 2007، دار نشر آرماتان
 الإبداع الفني في مواجهة التكنولوجيات الجديدة ، منشورات كلينكسياك Klincksieck ،2007
 سيدتنا سيدة الحضور ، تشرين الأول / أكتوبر 2008 دار نشر آرماتان

بحوث نقدية، مقالات، دراسات، إشادات
 عددان من الدورية "كراسات سيساب"  عدد 11 (132 صفحة)، والعدد 12 (184 صفحة) في عام 2006. نشرت مع وزارة البحوث الفرنسية ومع جامعة باريس الثامنة.
 «ماضي الصيرورة»، جنيفياف كلانسي، دورية «لوبورتيك» (الرواق) Le Portique، العدد 18-2006، تحت موضوع «هايدغر، الفكر في زمن العولمة»، 2006.

المصادر والمراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Nicole Barrière, Geneviève Clancy, la beauté résistante, مقال نيكول باريير:«جنيفياف كلانسي، جمال مقاومة»، تشرين الأول/أكتوبر 2006.
 Nicole Barrière, Geneviève Clancy et Philippe Tancelin, مقال نيكول باريير:«جنيفياف كلانسي وفيليب تونسولان»، تشرين الأول/أكتوبر 2006.
 صور للأعضاء المؤسسين لـ«سيساب» CICEP
 جنيفياف كلانسي وغسان كنفاني على موقع «فرنسا_فلسطين، تضامن»
 مقالات عديدة كتبتها مع شقيقها فيليب تونسولان في مجلة «جماهير» Multitudes

فلاسفة القرن 20 الفرنسيون
فيلسوفات
ممثلو وممثلات مسرح فرنسيون
مواليد 1937
وفيات 2005

جنيفياف كلانسي


( ) is a 1981 puzzle video game developed by husband and wife team Randy and Sandy Pfeiffer and published in arcades by Taito America. Qix is one of a handful of games made by Taito's American division (another is Zoo Keeper). At the start of each level, the playing field is a large, empty rectangle, containing the Qix, an abstract stick-like entity that performs graceful but unpredictable motions within the confines of the rectangle. The objective is to draw lines that close off parts of the rectangle to fill in a set amount of the playfield.

Qix was ported to the contemporary Atari 5200 (1982), Atari 8-bit family (1983), and Commodore 64 (1983), then was brought to a wide variety of systems in the late 1980s and early 1990s: MS-DOS (1989), Amiga (1989), another version for the C64 (1989), Apple IIGS (1990), Game Boy (1990), Nintendo Entertainment System (1991), and Atari Lynx (1991).

Multiple home and arcade sequels followed and the concept was widely cloned. In the Gals Panic series from Kaneko, each captured area is not filled with a color, but reveals part of an image of a woman.

Gameplay

Controls consist of a four-direction joystick and two buttons: "Slow Draw" and "Fast Draw".

The player controls a diamond-shaped marker that initially moves along the edges of the playfield. Holding down one of the draw buttons allows the marker to draw a line (Stix) in unclaimed territory in an attempt to create a closed shape. Once an area is captured, it is filled with color and points are awarded based on the area claimed and drawing speed. Areas captured entirely with Slow Draw (orange-red in the screenshot) are worth double. The titular Qix is a colorful geometric figure in constant and random motion. The Qix will not actively seek out the marker, and it will not harm the marker if it collides with it while the marker is traversing the edge of the playfield or of any captured area. However, if the Qix collides with the marker as it is drawing a Stix before a new area is captured (or it touches the exposed Stix), one life is lost.

The marker cannot cross or backtrack along the line being drawn. If the marker stops while drawing, a fuse appears and burns along the line toward the marker; if it reaches the marker, the player loses one life. The fuse disappears once the marker is moved. If the player draws into a position where it cannot proceed any further, the fuse is triggered. The attract mode calls this a "Spiral Death Trap".

Sparx are enemies that traverse all playfield edges except unfinished Stix. A life is lost if one hits the marker. A meter at the top of the screen counts down to the release of additional Sparx and the mutation of all Sparx into Super Sparx, which can chase the marker along uncompleted Stix.

To complete a level, the player must claim a 75% percentage of the playfield (adjustable to be between 50% and 90%). If a level is completed by exceeding the minimum area percentage, a bonus is awarded for every 1% beyond the threshold.

Starting in level three, the player faces two Qixes. Splitting the playfield into two regions, each containing one Qix, ends the level. No immediate bonus is awarded for this, but a bonus multiplier is applied to the scoring in all subsequent levels. This multiplier starts at two and increases by one for every additional splitting of the Qix, to a maximum of nine. Levels also add additional Sparx and the eventual appearance of only Super Sparx.

Reception

Upon release, Qix was a commercial hit. In 1983, Electronic Games reported that the game exceeded Taito's expectations, quickly rising to being one of the most popular titles of the year. The magazine attributes the game's success to it being unlike any other game at the time, specifically for its unique premise and gameplay mechanics. A year after its debut, its popularity declined and the game became largely forgotten. Keith Egging, Taito's "Director of Creativity", told Electronic Games: "Qix was conceptually too mystifying for gamers. [...] It was impossible to master and once the novelty wore off, the game faded". In Japan, it was the fifth highest-grossing arcade game of 1981. The game has since been dubbed a sleeper hit.

Qix and its home conversions have received largely positive reviews. The game was praised for its original concept and ideas, and has been described as a cultural phenomenon. Video, who reviewed the Atari 5200 release, applauded its gameplay and bizarre yet interesting premise. They reported similar reactions from players, who enjoyed its mechanics and gameplay. Video staff described the game as being a "cult phenomenon loved by a few and ignored by" more hardcore gamers. The home computer versions of Qix were praised by Russel Sipe of Computer Gaming World for its fascinating gameplay and for welcoming newcomers. In How to Beat the Video Games Michael Blanchet said that 'Qix is probably the most complicated video game to emerge in years, yet its simplicity is beautiful. I think of it as electronic real estate. [...] Qix is a state of the art "Etch a Sketch."'

Retrospective coverage of Qix has also been positive. AllGames Brett Alan Weiss commended Qix for its addictive gameplay, technological accomplishments, and responsive controls. While he believed the graphics and sound effects were overly simplistic and crude, he said the game as a whole is "abstract minimalism at its videogame best". Retro Gamer staff enjoyed Qix particularly for its addictive nature. They also compared its concept to that of the Etch A Sketch, a toy that allowed its user to draw straight lines across a small screen. The staff believed the game's simplicity was also one of its strong points, alongside its sound effects for being satisfying to hear.

Accolades
At the 5th annual Arkie Awards in 1984, Qix received the Certificate of Merit in the category of "1984 Best Videogame Audio-Visual Effects (16K or more ROM)". In 1995, Flux magazine ranked the game 94th on their "Top 100 Video Games." In 1997, the staff at Electronic Gaming Monthly listed the Nintendo Entertainment System version at #100 on their "100 Best Games of All Time" for its risk-versus-reward system and scoring. The Killer List of Videogames listed it as #27 in their "Top 100 Video Games" list.

Legacy

Sequels
Qix II: Tournament (1982) is a version of the original Qix with a new color scheme and which awards an extra life when 90% or more of the screen is enclosed. Super Qix was released in 1987. Another sequel, Twin Qix, reached a prototype stage in 1995, but was never commercially released. The later game Volfied, also known as Ultimate Qix on Sega Genesis or Qix Neo on PlayStation, was also released on several mobile phones.

The 1990 Game Boy port of Qix was published by Nintendo with intermissions in which Mario is involved. In one, he is seen in a desert wearing Mexican clothing and playing a guitar with a vulture looking on. The outfit later appears as a costume that Mario can wear in Super Mario Odyssey. The Game Boy port was released as a Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console title in Japan on June 15, 2011, and in North America and Europe on July 7.

In 1999, a remake for the Game Boy Color was released called Qix Adventure. The player travels on a map screen, taking on opponents which appear on the playing field. Although optional, enclosing an opponent in the box opens a treasure chest, which can also be enclosed, giving the player an item. Battle Qix was released for the PlayStation in 2002 by Success, under their Super 1500 Lite budget title series. It includes a remake of the original Qix alongside a competitive multiplayer mode. Taito released a new version of Qix for the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Portable Qix++ in December 2009.

Clones
 Fill 'Er Up (1983, Atari 8-bit, ANALOG Computing)
 Stix (1983, Commodore 64)
 Styx (1983, IBM PC, Windmill Software)
 Frenzy (1984, Acorn Electron and BBC Micro, Micro Power)
 Xonix (1984, MS-DOS)
 Qiks (1984, Tandy Color Computer, Spectral Associates)
 Quix (1984, Tandy Color Computer, Tom Mix Software)
 Torch 2081 (1986, Amiga, Digital Concepts)
 Zolyx (1987, Commodore 64, Commodore 16/Plus-4, Amstrad CPC, and ZX Spectrum, Firebird)
 Maniax (1988, Atari ST, Kingsoft)
 Gals Panic (1990, arcade, Kaneko), which started a subgenre of adult-themed "uncover the image" games.
 Cacoma Knight in Bizyland (1992-1993, Super NES/Famicom, Datam Polystar/Seta USA)
 Super Xonix (1996, IBM PC), a 2 player version
 Dancing Eyes (1996, arcade, Namco), a 3D version of the eroge subgenre, similar to the above Gals Panic
 AirXonix (2000-2001, Microsoft Windows, AxySoft)
 Prometheus/Qrax (1997, MacOS, Quarter Note Software)

In 2011, Den of Geek included Qix on a list of the top 10 most cloned video games.

Notes

References

External links

Qix
1981 video games
Action games
Amiga games
Apple IIGS games
Arcade video games
Atari 5200 games
Atari 8-bit family games
Atari Lynx games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
FM-7 games
Game Boy games
Mobile games
NEC PC-8001 games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
Square Enix franchises
Telegames games
Virtual Console games
Video games scored by Tim Follin
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Atari games
Nintendo games
Takara video games
Taito arcade games
Hamster Corporation games

Qix


East Northamptonshire was a local government district in Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. Its council was based in Thrapston and Rushden. Other towns included Oundle, Raunds, Irthlingborough and Higham Ferrers. The town of Rushden was by far the largest settlement in the district. The population of the district at the 2011 Census was 86,765.

The district bordered onto the Borough of Corby, the Borough of Kettering, the Borough of Wellingborough, the Borough of Bedford, the City of Peterborough, the District of Huntingdonshire, South Kesteven District and the unitary authority county of Rutland.

The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the municipal borough of Higham Ferrers, with the urban districts of Irthlingborough, Oundle, Raunds and Rushden, along with Oundle and Thrapston Rural District, and Newton Bromswold from Wellingborough Rural District.

Much of the district was home to Rockingham Forest, once a Royal hunting forest which takes its name from the village of Rockingham where William I built a castle.

The district was home to several of Northamptonshire's airfields including Spanhoe, King's Cliffe, Deenethorpe, Polebrook, Chelveston and Lyveden.

Abolition and replacement
In March 2018, following suspension of the County Council arising from its becoming insolvent, due to financial and cultural mismanagement by the cabinet and officers, the then Secretary of State for Local Government, Sajid Javid, sent commissioner Max Caller into the council, who recommended the county council and all district and borough councils in the county be abolished, and replaced by two unitary authorities, one covering the West, and one the North of the county. These proposals were approved in April 2019. It meant that the districts of Daventry, Northampton and South Northamptonshire were merged to form a new unitary authority called West Northamptonshire, whilst the second unitary authority North Northamptonshire consists of Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering and Wellingborough districts. These new authorities came into being on 1 April 2021. Elections for the new authorities were due to be held on 7 May 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Geography
There were six towns in the district.  Rushden was by far the largest with a population of 29,272.  It is situated in the very south of the district and forms a single urban area with the neighbouring town of Higham Ferrers which has a population of 7,145.  The second largest town in the district was Raunds, population 8,641 followed closely by Irthlingborough, population 8,535.  The smallest town in the district was Thrapston where the HQ of the East Northamptonshire council was located. Oundle is a historical market town with many ancient buildings, including St Peter's parish church with the tallest spire in the county and a large public school. Higham Ferrers, which is part of Rushden's urban area, was the birthplace for Henry Chichele and home of Chichele College.  Irthlingborough was home to Rushden & Diamonds Football Club before its liquidation.

There were no railway stations in East Northamptonshire. There is one College in East Northamptonshire.

Election results

2019 no election in any of the Northamptonshire districts, following a budgetary overspending crisis and subsequent plans to merge East Northamptonshire local authority with three other districts/boroughs to form a unitary authority of North Northamptonshire. In the meantime, councillors terms of office were extended at least up to 2020.

2015 (total 40 seats)

Conservative - 37 seats (+2)
Labour - 1 seats (-1)
Independent - 2 seats (-1)

2011 (total 40 seats)

Conservative - 35 seats (-4)
Labour - 2 seats (+2)
Independent - 3 seats (+2)

2007 (total 40 seats)

Conservative - 39 seats (+ 6)
Labour - 0 seats ( - 3)
Independent - 1 seat

2004 (total 36 seats)

Conservative - 33 seats (+ 12)
Labour - 3 seats (- 12)

Settlements and parishes

Achurch, Aldwincle, Apethorpe, Ashton
Barnwell, Benefield, Blatherwycke, Brigstock, Bulwick
Chelveston cum Caldecott, Clopton, Collyweston, Cotterstock
Deene, Deenethorpe, Denford, Duddington-with-Fineshade
Easton-on-the-Hill
Fotheringhay
Glapthorn, Great Addington
Hargrave, Harringworth, Hemington, Higham Ferrers
Irthlingborough, Islip
King's Cliffe
Laxton, Lilford-cum-Wigsthorpe
Little Addington, Lowick, Luddington, Lutton
Nassington, Newton Bromswold
Oundle
Pilton, Polebrook
Raunds, Ringstead, Rushden
Shotley, Southwick, Stanwick, Stoke Doyle, Sudborough
Tansor, Thrapston, Thurning, Thorpe Waterville, Titchmarsh, Thorpe Achurch, Twywell
Wadenhoe, Wakerley, Warmington, Woodford, Woodnewton
Yarwell

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in East Northamptonshire
 Grade II* listed buildings in East Northamptonshire

References

External links
Nene Valley News Community Newspaper
Extra Local Newspaper
East Northamptonshire Council Local Authority

Former non-metropolitan districts of Northamptonshire
2021 disestablishments in England
North Northamptonshire

East Northamptonshire


Les Pinnulariaceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Bacillariophyta (Diatomées), de la classe des Bacillariophyceae et de l'ordre des Naviculales.

Étymologie
Le nom de la famille vient du genre type Pinnularia, dérivé du grec , « qui ressemble à la pinne (grande nacre) », et du suffixe -aria, « relatif à », en référence à la ressemblance de cette diatomée avec le mollusque bivalve Pinna nobilis.

Systématique
La famille des Pinnulariaceae a été créée en 1990 par le phycologue britannique  (1953-) dans une publication coécrite avec  (?-2010) et  (1941-).

Description

Distribution

Liste des  genres
Selon  :
 Craspedopleura M.Poulin, 1993
 Diatomella Greville, 1855
 Envekadea Van de Vijver, Gligora, Hinz, Kralj & Cocquyt, 2009
 Hygropetra Krammer & Lange-Bertalot, 2000
 Oestrupia Heiden ex Hustedt, 1935
 Pinnularia Ehrenberg, 1843 - genre type

Publication originale
 .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)
Naviculales

Pinnulariaceae


Leyson Séptimo (Santo Domingo, 7 de julio de 1985) es un lanzador dominicano de ligas menores que se encuentra en la organización de los Medias Blancas de Chicago.

El 3 de junio de 2011, Séptimo fue reclamado en waivers por los Medias Blancas desde los Diamondbacks de Arizona y enviado a Doble-A con los Birmingham Barons, donde hizo 22 salidas como relevista. El 19 de octubre, fue enviado a Triple-A con los Charlotte Knights.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
MLB
ESPN
Baseball-Reference

Beisbolistas de República Dominicana
Lanzadores de República Dominicana
Beisbolistas de las Águilas Cibaeñas
Nacidos en Santo Domingo

Leyson Séptimo


Eine  (PDU; ) ist eine bestimmte Art von Mehrfachsteckdosenleiste, welche insbesondere in Rechenzentren zum Einsatz kommt und dort zumeist in 19-Zoll-Racks oder an der Rückseite der Racks eingebaut wird.

Eigenschaften
In ihrer Grundform umfasst eine PDU lediglich mehrere Stromversorgungssteckdosen, an welchen die verschiedene Verbraucher, z. B. Server oder Switches, angeschlossen werden können, womit sie sich von gewöhnlichen Mehrfachsteckdosenleisten nur durch ihre besondere 19"-Bauform und ggf. Steckdosenart unterscheidet.

Darüber hinaus bieten einige Modelle jedoch diverse zusätzliche Funktionen, wie z. B. einen Überspannungsschutz, wie er auch bei höherwertigen Mehrfachsteckdosen eingesetzt wird, oder die Fernsteuerbarkeit der einzelnen Steckdosen.

Über eine solche Fernsteuerbarkeit können beispielsweise einzelne Verbraucher bedarfsgerecht direkt aus- und eingeschaltet werden, Zeitsteuerungen oder auch andere Schaltabfolgen wie eine Watchdog-Funktion realisiert werden.
Darüber hinaus können diverse Informationen und Messwerte abgerufen werden, wie z. B. der elektrische Energieverbrauch pro einzelner Steckdose. Manche Modelle liefern zusätzliche Messwerte über die Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit im Rack, oder die Möglichkeit, eine Webcam anzuschließen, um die Räumlichkeiten zu überwachen. Ferner kann eine Kostenauswertung auf die einzelnen Verbraucher realisiert werden, um die Ermittlung der Energiekosten für den Betrieb der an den einzelnen Anschlüsse angeschlossenen Geräte zu vereinfachen.
Zusätzlich können Alarmfunktionen via SNMP oder E-Mail eingestellt werden, die automatisch bei Schwellenwertüberschreitungen Nachrichten absetzen. Eine solche Fernsteuerbarkeit erfolgt in Form einer Out-of-band-Administration je nach Gerät beispielsweise via Modbus, oder via Internet Protocol (IP) in Kombination mit SNMP bzw. HTTP.

Für den Anschluss der elektrischen Verbraucher kommen in der Regel Gerätestecker nach der Norm IEC-60320 (C13 und C19) für einphasige Netzspannung zum Anschluss an das Niederspannungsnetz mittels eines Netzsteckers zum Einsatz.

Weblinks

Elektroinstallationszubehör
Netzsteckverbinder

Power Distribution Unit


Kirby's Dream Land, known in Japan as  is a 1992 platform video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy. It is the first game in the Kirby series and marks the debut of Kirby. It introduced many conventions that would appear in later games in the series. The game follows Kirby as he goes through five levels to retrieve the Sparkling Stars and food of Dream Land from King Dedede.

Kirby's Dream Land was designed by Masahiro Sakurai in his debut game, who intended it to be a simple game that could be easy to pick up and play by those unfamiliar with action games. For more advanced players, he offered additional optional challenges such as an unlockable hard mode and the ability to edit Kirby's maximum HP and starting number of lives. Kirby's Dream Land was re-released on the Nintendo 3DS via the Virtual Console in 2011 and is also one of the games included in the compilation game Kirby's Dream Collection for the Wii, released to celebrate the series' 20th anniversary. The game was included as part of the Nintendo Switch Online service in February 2023. The game was the highest grossing in the series, with 5,130,000 copies sold, until being beaten out 30 years later by Kirby and the Forgotten Land.

Gameplay

Kirby's Dream Land is a side-scrolling action-platformer. Like many other platformers of the 8-bit and 16-bit era of video games, levels are played on a two-dimensional plane in which the protagonist, Kirby, can move left or right as well as jump. Kirby's main method of attack is to inhale enemies and objects into his mouth, after which the player can choose to swallow or spit them out as a star-shaped projectile attack. In addition to running and jumping, Kirby can fly by inflating himself with a mouthful of air and flapping his arms. Flying can be done indefinitely; however, while flying, Kirby's only method of attack is to release the air puff held in his mouth which cancels his flight.

The game consists of a total of five levels. Levels are made up of a series of large "rooms" connected by doors that lead Kirby to different areas, rather than the single continuous corridors typical of platformers at the time. Some of these doors lead to hidden areas or alternate pathways through the level. The doors act as checkpoints returning the player to the beginning of a "room" should they die rather than starting the level over. The goal of the game is to clear the level by defeating the boss at the end. If Kirby touches an harmful enemy or obstacle, he loses one or more of his health points, depending on the enemy or obstacle he touched. The player starts with a number of lives, which are lost if Kirby loses all of his health or falls into a bottomless pit. Kirby can recover lost health by eating food, found across the stage. The player will receive a Game Over upon losing all of their lives, although they can continue from the beginning of the current stage by selecting "Continue".

Unlike the copy abilities of later games, Kirby's Dream Land has more traditional power-ups that offer Kirby temporary abilities when he picks them up, although they are not a big part of gameplay. These often appear in the form of food, such as Spicy Curry that gives Kirby fire breath or a Mint Leaf (Sweet Potato in the Japanese version) that lets Kirby fire air puffs rapidly without losing flight. At the end of each level is a boss Kirby must fight to obtain one of the Sparkling Stars. Most bosses are fought by sucking up small objects or projectiles created by the boss' attacks and spitting them back at the boss. The third boss, Kaboola, is fought using an unlimited version of the Mint Leaf item, incorporating shoot 'em up elements. The last level before the final boss consists of a boss rush, where Kirby must fight all of the game's bosses again going through a short area based on that boss's home level. There are also many mini-bosses during the levels.

Like many 1980s-era platformers, the player can accumulate points by defeating enemies and collecting items, with an extra life granted when the player has enough points. However, because Kirby's Dream Land lacks a save function, scores are not recorded. Also, there are no save files, so the player has to start over again when the Game Boy is turned off, if the player chooses to return to the title screen after a game over, or if the player resets the game. Once the game has been completed, a code is offered to play an optional extra game, in which the difficulty is significantly increased. Completing the extra game offered a second code that lets the player adjust lives and vitality settings to play an easier or even harder game, and listen to music and sound effects freely.

Plot
Kirby's Dream Land is set in the fictional country of Dream Land, which is located on a tiny star-shaped planet far, far away from Earth, named "Planet Popstar" in later games. The Dream Landers are a very peaceful and carefree people that use their magical Sparkling Stars to play and work among the heavens. One night, under the cover of darkness, the gluttonous King Dedede and his minions swoop down from his castle on Mt. Dedede and steal all the food in Dream Land, as well as the Sparkling Stars, which the King distributes among his minions. Without the Sparkling Stars, the Dream Landers can no longer harvest food, and begin to go hungry. As the residents are discussing what to do, a spry little boy named Kirby flies in on the spring breeze, and volunteers to defeat King Dedede and retrieve the food and Stars. Upon successfully doing so, he uses the magic of the Sparkling Stars to transform into a hot air balloon and return the King's stolen food back to the people of Dream Land.

Development

Kirby's Dream Land was developed by Masahiro Sakurai of HAL Laboratory. Much of the programming was done on a Twin Famicom, a Nintendo-licensed console produced by Sharp Corporation that combined a Famicom and a Famicom Disk System in one unit. As the Twin Famicom did not have keyboard support, a trackball was used in tandem with an on-screen keyboard to input values; Sakurai described the process, which he assumed was "the way [game programming] was done" at the time, as similar to "using a lunchbox to make lunch."

Kirby initially was a dummy character that the developers used until they could define a more sophisticated image. However the designers grew to like Kirby so much that they decided to keep him instead of using a more advanced character. At the time he was to be named , and the game was named . The title was later changed to , which was still being used late enough in development that box art and advertising material was produced with this name.

Originally, HAL Laboratory was to publish the game independently, but due to the low number of advance orders, the release was delayed, and HAL asked Nintendo to publish the game. Under Nintendo's supervision, the game received an extensive marketing campaign, and its title was changed. In order to give the character more international appeal, the developers decided to change Popopo's name, so they polled Nintendo of America for suggestions, and eventually chose Kirby. The final Japanese title of the game was Hoshi no Kirby, or Kirby of the Stars, which became the name of the greater franchise.

During the development of what was referred to as Twinkle Popo, there was some initial confusion over the color scheme of Popopo/Kirby. Sakurai had always intended him to be pink, and the concept art reflects this, but Kirby was not pink in the game itself, as the Game Boy system had a monochrome display. Other members of the development team were unaware of Kirby's coloration; in particular, Shigeru Miyamoto initially thought that he was yellow. Although pink is still Kirby's main color, later games have used a yellow Kirby to represent the second player in multiplayer. When Kirby of the Stars was released in Japan, it featured a pink Kirby on its box art. However, Nintendo of America designed the North American box art and advertisements with a white Kirby based on the game's grey-scale visuals.

The music was composed by Jun Ishikawa. He has been a regular composer in the Kirby series, composing for several subsequent titles.

Reception

Contemporary
In Japan, Hoshi no Kirby topped the Famitsu sales charts from May 1992 to June 1992. In the United States, Kirby's Dream Land topped Babbage's Game Boy sales chart in October 1992. The game sold more than  units worldwide by March 1993.

By May 28, 1994, Kirby's Dream Land had sold 1.3 million copies. By 1997,  units had been sold. , it has sold in excess of 5 million copies worldwide; Gamasutra cited its new style of gameplay for its success. At the time, it was HAL Laboratory's most successful game. Gamasutra's Osamu Inoue attributed the game's success to Satoru Iwata, formerly an employee of HAL Laboratory, who Inoue comments has a "simple-minded passion for creating games".

Kirby's Dream Land has received a generally positive reception. Upon release, Nintendo Power editors George and Bob shared generally positive opinions of the game; George stated that it is a really fun game, owing its quality to its excellent play control and well thought out concept, while Bob stated that it is deceptively simple looking, when it in fact features a decent challenge for more experienced gamers.

Retrospective

Retrospectively, it holds an aggregate score of 62% on GameRankings with nine reviews, making it the 17th best Game Boy game. Game Informers Ben Reeves called it the 14th best Game Boy game and felt that it was a relaxing game. Author Wendy Despain used Kirby's Dream Lands plot as an example of how early platform games' plots progressed, which she collectively described as "the main character needing to reach a villain to put right a wrong." Humongous Life's Jonathan Wahlgren called it a strong game, but felt it to be "too elementary". GamesRadar's Brett Elston did an article on its music, specifically giving praise to the final boss music, stating that it is the "only song in the original Kirby that had a sense of challenge or conflict instead of skipping through a field of floating cakes." Nadia Oxford of 1UP.com praised it for its unique platforming mechanics, describing it as the start of a "gluttonous legend". Allgame's Joshua Crystal called it a "great game for beginner players and ones that enjoy a fun, but short, experience."

In an article detailing various Kirby series video games, IGN stated that it was a decent platformer, but basic compared to later games. IGN'''s Lucas M. Thomas and Craig Harris included Kirby's Dream Land in their wishlist for a hypothetical "Virtual Console" for the Nintendo 3DS, commenting that its inclusion would be based on nostalgia rather than it feeling "new and sensational". They also added that original characters like Kirby were the stars of the Game Boy rather than established characters such as Link, Mario, Samus Aran, and Pit. They would again praise Kirby's Dream Land for being an original game in their "History of the Game Boy" article, adding that while "attitude" was common in new platforming mascots, Kirby was cheery and adorable, while the game featured "breezy, casual gameplay and lighthearted atmosphere". GameSpy's Gerald Villoria, Brian Altano, and Ryan Scott called it "basic" compared to later games in the series, adding that it lacked a sense of danger because Kirby could fly. GamesRadar listed Kirby's Dream Land and its sequel as two of the games they want in the 3DS Virtual Console.

SequelsKirby's Dream Land has spawned numerous of sequels across several video game consoles. The first direct sequel, Kirby's Adventure, released on the Nintendo Entertainment System, introduced the ability to steal powers from enemies, an ability which would become a staple of the series following it. The series has featured several spin-offs, in differing genres including a racing game Kirby Air Ride, pinball game Kirby's Pinball Land, and an action-golf hybrid game Kirby's Dream Course. Kirby's Dream Land would receive a Game Boy sequel in 1995, Kirby's Dream Land 2, which incorporated the copy mechanic from Kirby's Adventure.

The Super NES game Kirby Super Star contains a shortened remake of Kirby's Dream Land, "Spring Breeze". It features Kirby's copy ability from later games and the ability to summon helpers for co-op, but is missing the Castle Lololo stage and Kaboola boss fight, Lololo and Lalala becoming the boss for Float Island instead. Kirby Super Star Ultra expanded upon this with "Revenge of The King", a harder version of "Spring Breeze" that takes heavy inspiration from Kirby's Dream Lands extra mode and features longer levels more in line with the original game. Although Castle Lololo is still absent, Kaboola's boss fight returns in a reimagined form.

Kirby and King Dedede appear as playable characters in the fighting game series Super Smash Bros. Both characters have alternate costumes that give them a monochrome appearance reminiscent of the Game Boy's graphics. The "Green Greens" stage, first appearing in Super Smash Bros. Melee, is based on this game's first level. The "Dream Land GB" stage, introduced in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS, transitions between multiple locations from Kirby's Dream Land'' as displayed through a monochromatic Game Boy screen.

Notes

References

External links

1992 video games
Game Boy games
HAL Laboratory games
Kirby (series) platform games
Nintendo Switch Online games
Side-scrolling platform games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games about magic
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
Video games directed by Masahiro Sakurai
Video games scored by Jun Ishikawa
Single-player video games

Kirby's Dream Land