Les purges ciblant les personnes LGBT au Canada pendant la guerre froide sont des opérations menées par les services de sécurité publique au Canada consistant à identifier, surveiller et éliminer les gays et lesbiennes dans la fonction publique et dans l'armée durant les années 1950-1990. Nombre des personnes « détectées » homosexuelles ont été ainsi licenciées ou placardisées. Cette campagne de « dépistage » s'est déroulée dans le contexte de la Guerre froide : les personnes LGBT étant considérées comme faibles, isolées, les services de sécurité pensaient que les agents communistes les manipuleraient plus facilement.

Cet épisode historique a été étudié notamment par Patrizia Gentile et Gary Kinsman dans un livre paru en 2010 — The Canadian War on Queers : National Security as Sexual Regulation (La Guerre canadienne contre les Queers : Sécurité nationale et régulation sexuelle).

En 2017, le gouvernement fédéral canadien reconnaît le caractère discriminatoire de la politique ciblant les personnes LGBT, leur présente des excuses officielles, et prévoit un plan d'indemnisation de 145 millions de dollars.

Contexte historique
En 1945, une commission du gouvernement canadien conclut après enquête que des fonctionnaires canadiens communiquent des informations sensibles à l'Union soviétique.

En 1946, un Conseil de sécurité est chargé de repérer les fonctionnaires potentiellement suspects. Les enquêtes sont menées, dès 1948, par la Gendarmerie royale du Canada, qui enveloppe dans son opération de purge anticommuniste les personnes catégorisées comme ayant des « faiblesses de caractère ». Sont d'abord incluses dans cette catégorie des personnes adultères ou alcooliques ; puis les gays et lesbiennes sont ajoutées à la liste personnes jugées influençables, donc plus susceptibles que d'autres, aux yeux de la Gendarmerie royale, d'être enrôlées par des agents soviétiques. Une autre justification alléguée pour ce classement est que les personnes qui ont des activités clandestines (liaison sexuelle, boisson) peuvent subir un chantage de la part d'agents soviétiques, qui les menaceront de trahir leur secret, et qu'elles sont donc plus susceptibles que d'autres de céder.

L'homosexualité est considérée à l'époque comme une infraction criminelle, et le licenciement en raison de l'orientation sexuelle est alors une action légale.

Des enquêtes similaires sont menées à la même époque aux États-Unis, que le gouvernement canadien a imités par plusieurs aspects ; voir l'article Peur violette.

Enquêtes et purges

Dans les années 1950, le Conseil de sécurité fait appel à un professeur de psychologie pour élaborer des tests de détection « scientifiques » des homosexuels, le plus célèbre étant la « fruit machine » (« trieuse à fruits » ; le terme  «  » est un terme insultant en anglais pour désigner les homosexuels).

De nombreux autres procédés de surveillance et d'identification des gays sont utilisés ; la Gendarmerie royale du Canada repère les fonctionnaires LGBT dans les bars gays, les parcs publics, et a recours à des informateurs gays.

En 1964‑1965, la Gendarmerie royale du Canada a établi des « dossiers » concernant la vie d'environ 6 000 employés LGBTQ, surtout des gays. En 1966, le nombre de dossiers passe à  et en 1967‑1968, à . Les fonctionnaires du ministère des Affaires étrangères et des ambassades canadiennes dans le monde sont particulièrement touchés par ces opérations d'espionnage et de purge. L'armée, avant même la Guerre froide, éliminait les homosexuels de ses rangs, les jugeant inaptes au service ; elle poursuit plus activement ses purges pendant la Guerre froide, et demande aux militaires considérés de suspects de « choisir » entre la démission et le jugement en cour martiale, qui conduirait à une exclusion pour cause d'indignité. L'armée a recours à ce type de méthode jusque dans les années 1980.

L'estimation du nombre de personnes atteintes par ces purges n'est pas établi avec certitude, les spécialistes de la question parlent de centaines de personnes, peut-être un millier pour la fonction publique (hors armée). À partir de la fin des années 1960, le nombre de licenciements baisse, en revanche, des fonctionnaires n'obtiennent pas l'avancement qu'ils auraient pu espérer et se voient refuser l'affectation à des postes sensibles en raison de leur orientation sexuelles supposée. Les discriminations ciblant les fonctionnaires LGBT se poursuivent au-delà des années 1960, jusqu'au début des années 1990. Ainsi, en 1973, selon le premier ministre Pierre Trudeau, « l'homosexualité présumée demeure l'un des facteurs pris en compte par le gouvernement avant de permettre à un employé du gouvernement fédéral d'avoir accès à documents classifiés ».

Dans l'armée s'applique au début des années 1970 l'Ordonnance administrative 19-20 des Forces canadiennes qui prohibe la « présence de déviants sexuels dans les forces armées » ; les mesures d'exclusion deviennent plus nombreuses et affectent désormais les femmes, jusque-là épargnées, ceci en dépit de la dépénalisation partielle de l'homosexualité en 1969. En 1982, de manière officielle, la présence des homosexuels dans l'armée est déclarée inadmissible ; la justification de cette politique discriminatoire est que des militaires LGBT pourraient causer des « conflits interpersonnels », nuire à « l'efficacité des opérations » ; une autre raison alléguée par l'armée est que les homosexuels pourraient être des cibles de la violence homophobe au sein de l'institution - raison paradoxale qui fait l'impasse sur le fait que l'armée favorise cette même homophobie dont elle prétend vouloir protéger les homosexuels. C'est en 1992 seulement que les purges ciblant les personnes LGBT prennent fin au sein de l'institution militaire, à la suite de l'affaire Michelle Douglas, une militaire « libérée » pour homosexualité qui poursuit l'armée devant les tribunaux.

Excuses et indemnisation

Les détails sur la surveillance et les licenciements d'homosexuels sont publiés dans The Globe and Mail en 1992.

En 2017, le premier ministre Justin Trudeau présente des excuses officielles à la Chambre des communes pour ces discriminations et annonce 145 millions de dollars d'indemnisation pour les personnes dont la carrière a été affectée par ces campagnes. Les personnes LGBT qui avaient un casier judiciaire en raison de leur orientation sexuelle bénéficient désormais de la Loi sur la radiation de condamnations constituant des injustices historiques. Le premier ministre a évoqué les personnes placées dans une situation humiliante par leurs supérieurs hiérarchiques qui se permettaient de les interroger sur leurs pratiques sexuelles. Justin Trudeau a exprimé sa reconnaissance à l'égard des militants et des militantes qui ont fait la lumière sur cet épisode de l'histoire du pays, notamment à l'égard du groupe national de défense des droits des LGBT, , auteur d'un rapport analysant cette discrimination systémique. Il a ainsi déclaré : « Aux pionniers qui ont lutté, à ceux qui se sont battus pour que nous arrivions jusqu'ici : merci pour votre courage et merci d'avoir prêté votre voix à cette cause ».

Bibliographie
P. Gentile & G. Kinsman (2008). «« Fiabilité », « Risque » et « Résistance » : surveillance au Canada des homosexuels durant la Guerre froide». Bulletin d'histoire politique, 16(3), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.7202/1056171a, lire en ligne
 Patrizia Gentile et Gary Kinsman, The Canadian War on Queers : National Security as Sexual Regulation, UBC Press, 2010.

Références

Voir aussi
 Fruit machine
 Peur violette
 Histoire des droits des homosexuels au Canada

Histoire du Canada
Histoire des LGBT au Canada
Droits LGBT au Canada
Homophobie au Canada
Anticommunisme

Purges ciblant les personnes LGBT au Canada pendant la guerre froide


العروسية إحدى قرى الجمهورية التونسية، تقع في معتمدية البطان من ولاية منوبة، جنوب غربي مدينة طبربة.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 ولاية منوبة.

قرى ولاية منوبة

العروسية


නයිජර් ජනරජයේ  නිදහස් දිනය, අගෝස්තු 3 දිනදී සමරනු ලබන්නේ, 1960දී ජාතිය, ප්‍රංශය වෙතින් නිදහස ලැබීම සමරනු වස්ය.  1975 දී පටන්, මෙය  ආබර් දිනයද වන්නේ  කාන්තාරකරණයට එරෙහි සටනෙහි කොටසක් ලෙසින් දේශය පුරා ගස් සිටුවන නිසාය.

ජාතික දින
අනාගමික නිවාඩුදින
නයිජර්හී මහජන නිවාඩුදින
අගෝස්තු මස සිහිකිරීම්
නිදහස් දිනයන්

නිදහස් දිනය (නයිජර්)


Ehrensdorf ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Ehrensdorf (Gemeinde Maria Rain), Ortschaft von Maria Rain, Bezirk Klagenfurt-Land, Kärnten
 Deutsch Ehrensdorf, Ortschaft von Strem, Bezirk Güssing, Burgenland
 Kroatisch Ehrensdorf, Ortschaft von Eberau, Bezirk Güssing, Burgenland

Ehrensdorf


The Northern New Hampshire Correctional Facility (NNHCF) is a state prison in Berlin, New Hampshire, United States. It is a part of the New Hampshire Department of Corrections.

It is  north of the state capital at Concord. NNHCF contains only medium security male prisoners and has a maximum capacity of approximately 500 prisoners. In May 2009 this prison was modified to hold a total of over 740 inmates, due to the closing of the Lakes Region Facility in Laconia.

It employs approximately 200 people, including correctional officers, medical staff, and administration officials. The Warden is Corey Riendeau.

References

External links
Northern New Hampshire Correctional Facility (Berlin)

Prisons in New Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Berlin, New Hampshire
2000 establishments in New Hampshire


Giuseppe Macchi, também conhecido como José Macchi (Palestrina, 10 de junho de 1845 – Lisboa, 7 de junho de 1906) foi um diplomata e prelado italiano da Igreja Católica, que representou a Santa Sé no Brasil e em Portugal.

Biografia
Foi ordenado padre em 11 de abril de 1868, na Diocese de Palestrina.

Foi nomeado pelo Papa Leão XIII como bispo auxiliar de Palestrina em 27 de fevereiro de 1880, sendo consagrado como bispo titular de Gadaræ em 14 de março, na Basílica de Sant'Apollinare alle Terme, por Antonio Saverio De Luca, prefeito da Sagrada Congregação para os Estudos, coadjuvado por Vincenzo Vannutelli, vigário apostólico de Constantinopla e por Pietro Facciotti, bispo de Ferentino.

Em 9 de abril de 1889, resigna-se do cargo de bispo auxiliar e é elevado à dignidade de arcebispo, recebendo a arquidiocese In partibus infidelium de Amasea. Já no dia 12 de abril, foi nomeado como delegado apostólico para Peru, Bolívia e Equador, cargo que exerceu até 2 de agosto de 1897, quando foi nomeado internúncio apostólico no Brasil.

Em 14 de agosto de 1897, passou para a Arquidiocese de Tessalônica e em 14 de fevereiro de 1901, passa a ser núncio apostólico. Permanece no país até 21 de julho de 1902, quando torna-se núncio apostólico na Baviera, onde permanece até 6 de janeiro de 1904, quando foi nomeado pelo Papa Pio X como núncio apostólico em Portugal.

Chegou em Lisboa em 25 de janeiro do mesmo ano, sendo bem recebido no país.

Sofria de paralisia lábio-glosso-laringea e acabou por morrer em 7 de junho de 1906, em Lisboa. Seu funeral ocorreu em 12 de junho, na Capela do Palácio da Nunciatura e os ofícios fúnebres, na Basílica da Estrela, de onde seguiram para o Cemitério Ocidental, onde foi sepultado.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Palestrina
Núncios apostólicos no Peru
Núncios apostólicos na Bolívia
Núncios apostólicos no Equador
Núncios apostólicos no Brasil
Núncios apostólicos na Baviera
Núncios apostólicos em Portugal
Arcebispos católicos da Itália

Giuseppe Macchi


Xiang steht für:
 Xiang (Sprache), eine chinesische Sprache
 die Abkürzung 湘 (Xiāng) für die chinesische Provinz Hunan
 Xiang (), Gemeindeart in China, siehe Gemeinde (China)

Personen:
 Xiang (Xia-Dynastie) (相), König der chinesischen Xia-Dynastie
 Xiang (Wei), Herrscher des chinesischen Staats Wei
 Betti Xiang (* 1960), chinesische Musikerin
 Xiang Huaicheng (* 1939), chinesischer Politiker
 Jing Xiang (* 1993), chinesisch-deutsche Schauspielerin
 Xiang Jingyu (1895–1928), chinesische Politikerin
 Xiang Peng (* 2003), chinesischer Tischtennisspieler
 Xiang Songzuo (* 1965), chinesischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
 Xiang Xudong (* 1995), chinesischer Eishockeyspieler
 Xiang Yan († 224 v. Chr.), chinesischer General
 Xiang Yanmei (* 1992), chinesische Gewichtheberin
 Xiang Yu (232–202 v. Chr.), chinesischer General
 Xiang Zhongfa (1888–1931), chinesischer Politiker

Flüsse:
 Xiang Jiang (湘江), Fluss in der chinesischen Provinz Hunan, Nebenfluss des Jangtsekiang über den Dongting-See
 Xiang Jiang (Wu Jiang) (湘江), Fluss in der chinesischen Provinz Guizhou, Nebenfluss des Wu Jiang

Siehe auch:
 Hsiang (Umschrift der chinesischen Silbe Xiang nach Wade-Giles)

Xiang


Holger Danske er en dansk kortfilm fra 1910, der er instrueret af Eduard Schnedler-Sørensen.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Gunnar Helsengreen, Holger Danske
 Aage Schmidt
 Aage Fønss
 Aage Bjørnbak

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1910

Holger Danske (film)


Gouvernement Abela peut désigner ces gouvernements maltais :

Gouvernement Abela  entre le  et le  ;
 Gouvernement Abela  depuis le .

Gouvernement Abela


Nordflagermusen (Eptesicus nilssonii) er en flagermus i familien barnæser. Den er udbredt i Central- og Nordeuropa og videre østpå. Nordflagermusen er set enkelte gange i Danmark i Øresundsområdet som tilflyver fra Skåne, hvor den er meget almindelig. Det er den nordligst forekommende flagermus i Europa og kan optræde nord for polarcirklen. Den er vurderet som utilstrækkelige data på den danske rødliste 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Herluf Winge (1857-1923). Bind 5: Pattedyr i bogserien Danmarks Fauna. Gads Forlag 1908
 Jens Rydell: Eptesicus nilssonii. In: Mammalian Species. 430, 1995, side 1–7.

Småflagermus

Nordflagermus


Conacul Séra din Ilieni este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Ilieni, comuna Ilieni. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 64434.06.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Covasna

Conacul Séra din Ilieni


Der Mohaka Viaduct ist die höchste Eisenbahnbrücke in Neuseeland.

Die 1936 fertiggestellte und ein Jahr später eingeweihte Stahlfachwerkbrücke befindet sich im Verlauf der Bahnstrecke Palmerston North–Gisborne auf der Nordinsel von Neuseeland zwischen den Bahnhöfen  und . Die Strecke überquert mit der Brücke den Mohaka River. Sie weist eine Höhe von 95 Metern auf und ist 276,8 Meter lang. Ihre ursprüngliche Optik ist durch eine Windschutzverkleidung verändert, die parallel zur Fahrbahn nachträglich angebracht wurde.

Literatur
 Gisborne to Napier – I. [Fotobericht]. In: New Zealand Railfan, Dezember 2011, S. 30ff. (33).

Einzelnachweise

Eisenbahnbrücke in Neuseeland
Fachwerkbrücke
Verkehrsbauwerk in der Region Hawke's Bay
Baudenkmal in der Region Hawke's Bay
Brücke in Australien und Ozeanien

Mohaka Viaduct


Nemonien ist der Name eines ostpreußischen Ortes und auch eines Flusses in der heutigen Oblast Kaliningrad in Russland:
 Nemonien (Dorf), 1938–1946 Elchwerder, Kreis Labiau, seit 1946: Golowkino, Siedlung im Rajon Polessk
 Nemonien (Fluss) (), ein in das Kurische Haff mündender Fluss

Nemonien


L'A3 (désignation interne 8Y), (désignation de modèle interne AU380) est une berline compacte du constructeur automobile allemand Audi produite à partir de 2020. Elle est la quatrième génération de l'A3 d'Audi et fait suite à l'Audi A3 8V proposée depuis 2012.

Historique du modèle
Début février 2020, environ un mois avant la présentation du modèle de série, des journalistes ont été invités à tester des véhicules prototypes sur l'île de São Miguel. Le constructeur avait initialement prévu de présenter le modèle et de le montrer pour la première fois devant un public le 3 mars 2020 au Salon international de l'automobile de Genève. Après que des événements majeurs en Suisse, dont le Salon de l'automobile de Genève, aient été interdits du 28 février 2020 au 15 mars 2020 en raison de préoccupations concernant la propagation de la maladie à coronavirus 2019, la présentation a dû être déplacée. Enfin, les générations précédentes ont été présentées dans l'exposition spéciale "Découvrez l'Audi A3" dans le bâtiment A51 du Forum Audi à Ingolstadt. Une présentation vidéo a été diffusée en ligne en direct. Le 21 avril 2020, la version à malle du véhicule a été présentée. Les véhicules de la gamme sont livrés depuis juillet 2020. Les modèles sportifs S3 et RS3 ont été dévoilés respectivement le 11 août 2020 et le 19 juillet 2021.

Production

Période de fabrication
Berline à hayon cinq portes : depuis mars 2020
Berline à malle quatre portes : depuis avril 2020

Lieu de production
Le véhicule avec la carrosserie cinq portes est produit à l'usine Audi d'Ingolstadt. Un nouvel atelier de carrosserie a été construit pour le modèle sur le site nord de l'usine.

Conception
Le design extérieur a été créé par le designer Phillipp Römers et le responsable du design Marc Lichte. Les ailes apparaissent plus prononcées que sur l'A3 8V et présentent des lignes en pente négative vers les portes. Le porte-à-faux avant a augmenté d'environ 35 mm, le porte-à-faux arrière est légèrement plus court. Un arc clair et contrastant parcourt le bord des poignées de porte. La console centrale est légèrement inclinée vers le conducteur. Il y a une troisième fenêtre latérale dans le montant C.

Les phares et les feux arrière sont horizontaux. La plaque d'immatriculation avant peut être montée au milieu de la calandre à cadre unique, et la plaque d'immatriculation arrière est évidemment montée sur le hayon ou le couvercle du coffre, selon le style de carrosserie. La pression d'air nécessaire pour les roues est indiquée sur le pare-chocs arrière. Les bouches d'aération du tableau de bord côté conducteur sont pentagonales, horizontales et au niveau de la partie supérieure du tableau de bord; ceux côté passager, entre l'écran d'infodivertissement et la porte côté  passager, sont reliées par une barre métallique. Selon le fabricant, les clenches intérieurs rappellent des bâtons de hockey en termes de forme.

Technologie
Comme les autres véhicules du groupe Volkswagen, le véhicule est basé sur la matrice transversale modulaire avancée (MQB evo).

Carrosserie
La carrosserie cinq portes de la variante à hayon (Sportback) du véhicule mesure extérieurement 4 343 mm de long, 1 816 mm de large, 1 449 mm de haut et a un empattement de 2 636 mm. Le coffre à bagages est accessible via un seuil de chargement haut de 671 mm (à vide) et a une capacité de 380 litres à 1 200 litres. Selon la motorisation, le poids à vide du véhicule est compris entre 1 255 kg et 1 580 kg. Les dimensions de l'Audi S3 diffèrent légèrement de celles de l'Audi A3. La carrosserie quatre portes de la variante berline diffère en longueur, 4 495 mm, et en hauteur, 1 425 mm. Selon la motorisation, elle pèse jusqu'à 10 kg de plus que la berline à hayon. Le seuil de chargement du coffre à bagages de 425 litres de la berline mesure 688 mm de haut (à vide). Environ 29 % du poids brut de la carrosserie est fabriqué à partir d'un composite d'aciers formés à chaud. Le capot est en aluminium. Le dessous du véhicule est recouvert sur une grande surface. Le coefficient de traînée (cx) de la berline cinq portes est de 0,28; pour la berline quatre portes, un cx compris entre 0,25 et 0,27 est spécifié. Pour l'Audi S3, le volume du coffre à bagages a été réduit à 325 litres dans la berline à hayon et 370 litres dans la berline à malle.

Transmission
Le véhicule a été présenté avec un moteur essence quatre cylindres en ligne de 1,5 litre (35 TFSI) avec turbocompresseur et injection directe de carburant, il a une puissance maximale de 110 kW. Les variantes de moteur diesel ont un moteur R4 turbocompressé avec injection directe à rampe commune à deux étages de 2,0 l et une puissance maximale de 85 kW (30 TDI) ou 110 kW (35 TDI). Les modèles avec les moteurs 35 TFSI et 30 TDI sont équipés de série d'une boîte manuelle à six rapports. Les modèles avec le moteur 35 TDI dispose d'une transmission à double embrayage à sept rapports avec embrayages humides (désignation S tronic par Audi), depuis fin mars 2020, une variante avec embrayages à sec est également disponible pour les modèles avec le moteur 35 TFSI. Dans ces trois variantes de transmission, la puissance du moteur est transmise aux roues avant. Les modèles avec le moteur 35 TFSI et la transmission à double embrayage, qui a été ajouté au cours du mois de sa présentation, dispose d'un système électrique de 48 V pour la propulsion hybride douce, qui prend en charge le moteur essence dans la phase de démarrage avec une puissance maximale de 9 kW et 50 Nm de couple à l'aide d'un générateur de démarrage à courroie (GDC). Au freinage, le GDC peut récupérer jusqu'à 12 kW à la batterie. Le constructeur n'a fourni aucune information précise sur les autres motorisations dans les premiers mois suivant la présentation, mais des variantes hybrides devraient également être ajoutées. Des versions à traction intégrale (désignation Quattro Drive par Audi) sont également ajouter.

En mai 2020, le moteur essence R3 de 1,0 L a été mis à disposition avec une puissance maximale de 81 kW. La variante de moteur la plus puissante pour laquelle le constructeur dispose de données est (en août 2020) le moteur essence R4 de 2,0 l de la S3, avec une puissance maximale de 228 kW. C'est le seul moteur relié à un système de traction intégrale pour transmettre la puissance motrice au sol. Une transmission à double embrayage à sept rapports est utilisée en tant que transmission. Deux variantes de moteurs hybrides rechargeables, le 40 TFSI e et le 45 TFSI e, ont suivi en octobre 2020 et décembre 2020. Ceux-ci combinent un moteur essence de la série de moteurs EA211 turbocompressé de 1,4 litre avec un moteur électrique de 80 kW combiné à une transmission à double embrayage à 6 vitesses. La capacité de la batterie est de 13 kWh pour 63 km selon la norme WLTP.

Châssis
Les modèles avec les moteurs peu performants ont une poutre de torsion; Les modèles avec les moteurs de 110 kW et plus ont un essieu arrière à quatre bras avec suspension de roue indépendante. La voiture a des jambes de force MacPherson avec des triangles triangulaires sur l'essieu avant. Le diamètre de jante des roues de série est de 16″. Des diamètres de jante allant jusqu'à 19″ sont disponibles en option. Les roues de série de l'Audi S3 ont des diamètres de jante de 18″.

Des disques de frein ventilés de l'intérieur sont installés sur l'essieu avant, diamètre de 312 mm, et sur l'essieu arrière, diamètre de 272 mm.

Le véhicule est équipé de série d'une direction assistée électromécanique avec un rapport de transmission de 14,9:1. Moyennant un supplément (ou de série sur l'Audi S3), il existe une direction avec un rapport dépendant de l'angle de braquage (désignation Progressivlenkung par Audi), en position médiane, elle a un rapport de 14,3:1. De plus, des amortisseurs adaptatifs pouvant adopter trois caractéristiques d'amortissement définies par le conducteur et dotés d'une soupape électromagnétique deviennent disponibles. L'une des gamme d'équipement a une suspension sport de série, avec laquelle la carrosserie est abaissée de 15 mm et la combinaison ressort/amortisseur est réglée pour être plus tendue.

Sécurité
Le contrôle de la dynamique de conduite ESC dispose de la fonction logicielle supplémentaire "contrôle sélectif du couple des roues" dans laquelle, lors d'un virage serré, les roues intérieures sont légèrement freinées, augmentant ainsi le couple sur les roues extérieures. Trois modes peuvent être réglés en relation avec la transmission intégrale : un mode "ESC ON" ou le patinage des pneus est au plus faible, un "mode sport" pour les surfaces meubles et un mode "ESC OFF" dans lequel le plus de patinage est autorisé sur les roues. Toutes les variables d'entrée relatives à la dynamique latérale sont enregistrées dans une unité centrale (désignation modularer Fahrdynamikregler par Audi) et les variables de sortie nécessaires sont envoyées aux systèmes du véhicule.

Fin 2020, l'A3 a été testée pour la sécurité des véhicules par l'Euro NCAP. La voiture a reçu cinq étoiles sur cinq possibles.

Équipement
Le modèle peut être configuré en trois variantes d'équipement : Basis, Advanced et S line. Lors du lancement sur le marché, des versions "Edition One" étaient également disponibles pour l'A3 et la S3.

Équipement extérieur
Selon la gamme d'équipement, les éléments décoratifs de la carrosserie (pare-chocs, aile arrière, jupes latérales, ...) et des jantes diffèrent légèrement. 13 modèles de roues sont disponibles pour les roues d'été et trois modèles pour les roues d'hiver. Deux peintures unies sont disponibles sans frais supplémentaires. Il y a une peinture unie supplémentaire, huit peintures métalliques, une peinture avec effet nacré et des peintures spéciales disponibles moyennant un supplément et pas pour toutes les variantes d'équipement.

La calandre a une conception en nid d'abeille sur toutes les variantes d'équipement. Les feux diurnes à LED (désignation Matrix LED-Scheinwerfer par Audi), disponible sur la finition la plus haut de gamme, avec 15 segments (3 × 5 diode électroluminescente) dans la partie inférieure trapézoïdale du phare, varient dans chaque cas. Ceci est remplacé par des lignes horizontales sur le modèle de base.

Dans la plus basique des trois variantes de phares, toutes les fonctions d'éclairage sont mises en œuvre avec des diodes électroluminescentes (phares à LED), à l'exception des clignotants. Les feux arrière ont, comme sources lumineuses, des lampes à incandescence. La plaque d'immatriculation est éclairée par des LED. La gradation médiane se distingue par un graphisme différent avec des feux diurnes en forme de «L» inversé et des clignotants à LED. Les feux arrière sont également équipés de LED dès la finition de milieu de gamme. Les deux versions de phares les plus haut de gamme disposent de fonctions logicielles supplémentaires par rapport à ceux de la version basique. Sur les modèles Edition One, les parties non éclairantes des phares sont assombries par rapport aux phares des autres modèles.

L'Audi S3 diffère de l'Audi A3 en ce qu'elle a une conception de pare-chocs légèrement différente, des roues standard plus grandes et des éléments contrastés et argentés sur les pare-chocs, les bas de caisse et les coques de rétroviseurs extérieurs. Le système d'échappement avec des sorties d'échappement ovales a deux brides et chacune a deux branches (quatre branches au total) est acheminé à travers le pare-chocs arrière. La berline à hayon Sportback a le même becquet de bord de toit que la version S-line de l'A3.

Un becquet de toit plus grands pour la berline à hayon ou un becquet de couvercle de coffre en plastique renforcé de fibre de carbone pour la berline à malle peuvent être achetés en option, à l'exception de la S3 Edition One ou ils sont de série.

Un toit panoramique coulissant/levant en verre est disponible moyennant des frais supplémentaires. Des rails de toit sont disponibles en option pour la variante à hayon.

Équipement intérieur
Pour les sièges en tissu, Audi propose trois housses de siège dont les fibres sont fabriquées à partir de bouteilles recyclées. Jusqu'à 45 bouteilles de 1,5 litre doivent être recyclées et traitées à cette fin, ce qui correspond à une proportion pouvant aller jusqu'à 89 % de recyclage. Les tapis comportent 62 bouteilles. D'autres composants intérieurs doivent également être fabriqués à partir de matières premières recyclées. Les fibres fabriquées à partir de plastique recyclé sont utilisées dans l'industrie du vêtement depuis le milieu des années 1990. Dans les véhicules équipés d'une transmission à double embrayage, le levier sélecteur est un interrupteur à bascule court qui transmet les signaux électriquement. Les sièges de la gamme S-line sont également disponibles avec un appui-tête intégré au siège.

Accessoires de pneus
Un kit de réparation de crevaison et des outils de bord sont inclus dans l'équipement standard. En option, un cric peut être commandé séparément ou une roue de secours avec laquelle le cric est inclus dans le supplément.

Infodivertissement
Pour le système d'infodivertissement, le constructeur utilise un concept de fonctionnement et d'affichage basé sur la troisième génération de la matrice d'infodivertissement modulaire (MIB) du groupe Volkswagen. En conjonction avec le système audio Bang & Olufsen optionnel, le véhicule peut être équipé de jusqu'à 15 haut-parleurs d'une puissance totale de 680 W. Un écran LCD avec une diagonale d'écran de 10,25″ (260 mm) est utilisé comme combiné d'instrumentations, qui peut être mis à niveau vers une variante de 12,3″ (312 mm) moyennant un supplément (désignation Virtual Cockpit par Audi). L'A3 8Y dispose de série d'une radio avec modules récepteurs pour radio FM et DAB+, la réception radio basée sur Internet coûte plus cher. Contrairement à la Volkswagen Golf VIII, dont la climatisation intérieure est contrôlée via une barre coulissante tactile, la quatrième génération de l'Audi A3 dispose de boutons-poussoirs pour faire fonctionner la climatisation. Pour communiquer avec l'environnement ou d'autres véhicules, le modèle est équipé de la technologie Car2x, qui, selon le magazine Auto motor und sport, ne sera pas utilisable au début des ventes en raison d'un manque d'infrastructure. Sur la console centrale, au-dessus du tunnel central, se trouve un panneau de commande sensoriel de la taille d'une pièce de 2 euros, destiné à permettre au passager avant de contrôler le système audio.

Commercialisation
Une campagne de marketing internationale a débuté en juillet 2020 pour le véhicule. La conception et la mise en œuvre ont été gérées par les sociétés Thjnk Hamburg et Gingco Communication. En Suisse, trois langues nationales sont couvertes par la campagne. Le support publicitaire a été choisi aussi bien pour les réseaux sociaux que pour les chaînes de télévision.

Notes et références

Annexes

A3 IV
Automobile des années 2020
Berline
Véhicule à transmission intégrale

Audi A3 IV


Somerset House is a large Neoclassical complex situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge. The Georgian era quadrangle was built on the site of a Tudor palace ("Old Somerset House") originally belonging to the Duke of Somerset. The present Somerset House was designed by Sir William Chambers, begun in 1776, and was further extended with Victorian era outer wings to the east and west in 1831 and 1856 respectively. The site of Somerset House stood directly on the River Thames until the Victoria Embankment parkway was built in the late 1860s.

The great Georgian era structure was built to be a grand public building housing various government and public-benefit society offices. Its present tenants are a mixture of various organisations, generally centred around the arts and education.

Old Somerset House

16th century
In the 16th century, the Strand, the north bank of the Thames between the City of London and the Palace of Westminster, was a favoured site for the mansions of bishops and aristocrats, who could commute from their own landing stages upriver to the court or downriver to the City and beyond. In 1539, Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (died 1552), obtained a grant of land at "Chester Place, outside Temple Bar, London" from his brother-in-law King Henry VIII. When his nephew the young King Edward VI came to the throne in 1547, Seymour became Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector. In about 1549 he pulled down an old Inn of Chancery and other houses that stood on the site, and began to build himself a palatial residence, making liberal use of other nearby buildings, including some of the chantry chapels and cloisters at St Paul's Cathedral, which were demolished partly at his behest as part of the ongoing dissolution of the monasteries. It was a two-storey house built around a quadrangle, with a gateway rising to three storeys, and was one of the earliest examples of Renaissance architecture in England. It is not known who designed the building.

Before it was finished, however, the Duke of Somerset was overthrown, attainted by Parliament and in 1552 was executed on Tower Hill. Somerset Place, as the building was referred to, then came into the possession of the Crown. The duke's royal nephew's half-sister, the future Queen Elizabeth I, lived there during the reign of her half-sister Queen Mary I (1553–58). The process of completion and improvement was slow and costly. As late as 1598 John Stow refers to it as "yet unfinished".

17th and 18th centuries

On 18 August O.S. (28 August N.S.) 1604, Somerset House was the probable location for the negotiations, known as the Somerset House Conference that culminated in the Treaty of London and concluded the nineteen-year Anglo-Spanish War. The Conference was the subject of an oil-on-canvas painting depicting the 11 representatives of the governments of England, Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, seated around a conference table, probably in Old Somerset House.

During the 17th century, the house was used as a residence by royal consorts. In the reign of King James I, the building was the London residence of his wife, Anne of Denmark, and was renamed Denmark House. She commissioned a number of expensive additions and improvements, some to designs by Inigo Jones. In 1609 Simon Basil and William Goodrowse made steps and terraces in the garden. Anne of Denmark built an orangery and employed a French gardener and hydraulic engineer Salomon de Caus. He built a fountain known as Mount Parnassus with a grotto carved with sea-shells and a black marble female figure representing the River Thames. The fountain was topped by a statue of Pegasus. A surviving cistern for the fountain in nearby Strand Lane was misidentified as a Roman bath.

The refurbished palace was the setting for elaborate entertainments at the wedding of Anne's lady in waiting Jean Drummond on 3 February 1614, including a masque Hymen's Triumph written by Samuel Daniel. On 22 May 1614, Christian IV of Denmark paid a surprise visit to his sister. After the death of King James in April 1625, his body was brought from Theobalds to lie in state at Denmark House. The state rooms were hung with black cloth. At this period there was no chapel at Denmark House, and so the Great hall was adapted, and the body moved there before the funeral at Westminster Abbey.

Between 1630 and 1635 Inigo Jones built a chapel where Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of King Charles I, could exercise her Roman Catholic religion. This was in the care of the Capuchin Order and was on a site to the southwest of the Great Court. A small cemetery was attached and some of the tombstones are still to be seen built into one of the walls of a passage under the present quadrangle.

Royal occupation of Somerset House was interrupted by the Civil War, and in 1649 Parliament tried to sell it. They failed to find a buyer, although a sale of the contents (most notably 1,570 painting's owned by Charles I)  realised the very considerable sum (for that time) of £118,000. Use was still found for it however. Part of it served as an army headquarters, with General Fairfax (the Parliamentarians' commander-in-chief) being given official quarters there; lodgings were also provided for certain other Parliamentarian notables. It was in Somerset House that Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell's body lay in state after his death in 1658.

Two years later, with the Restoration, Queen Henrietta Maria returned and in 1661 began a considerable programme of rebuilding, the main feature of which was a magnificent new river front, again to the design of the late Inigo Jones, who had died at Somerset House in 1652. However she returned to France in 1665 before it was finished. It was then used as an occasional residence by Catherine of Braganza, wife of King Charles II. During her time it received a certain notoriety as being, in the popular mind, a hot-bed of Catholic conspiracy. Titus Oates made full use of this prejudice in the fabricated details of the Popish Plot and it was alleged that Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, whose murder was one of the great mysteries of the age, had been killed in Somerset House before his body had been smuggled out and thrown into a ditch below Primrose Hill.

Somerset House was refurbished by Sir Christopher Wren in 1685. After the Glorious Revolution in 1688, Somerset House entered on a long period of decline, being used (after Queen Catherine left England in 1692) for grace and favour residences. In the conditions of the time this meant almost inevitably that little money could be found for its upkeep, and a slow process of decay crept in. During the 18th century, however, the building ceased its royal associations. Though the view from its terraced riverfront garden, open to the public, was painted twice on his London visit by Canaletto (looking up- and downriver), it was used for storage, as a residence for visiting overseas dignitaries and as a barracks for troops. Suffering from neglect, Old Somerset House began to be demolished in 1775.

Somerset House (Sir William Chambers, 1776)

Since the middle of the 18th century there had been growing criticism that London had no great public buildings. Government departments and the learned societies were huddled away in small old buildings all over the city. Developing national pride found comparison with the capitals of continental Europe disquieting. Edmund Burke was the leading proponent of the scheme for a "national building", and in 1775 Parliament passed an act for the purpose of, inter alia, "erecting and establishing  Offices in Somerset House, and for embanking Parts of the River Thames lying within the bounds of the Manor of Savoy". The list of public offices mentioned in the act comprised "The Salt Office, The Stamp Office, The Tax Office, The Navy Office, The Navy Victualling Office, The Publick Lottery Office, The Hawkers and Pedlar Office, The Hackney Coach Office, The Surveyor General of the Crown Lands Office, The Auditors of the Imprest Office, The Pipe Office, The Office of the Duchy of Lancaster, The Office of the Duchy of Cornwall, The Office of Ordnance, The King's Bargemaster's House, The King's Bargehouses".

Somerset House was still technically a royal palace and therefore Crown property, with most work being done by the King's Master Mason, John Deval. By an earlier Act of Parliament, it had been placed in trust for the use of Queen Charlotte in the event that her husband King George III predeceased her. Therefore, the 1775 act annulled this arrangement and instead provided for another property, Buckingham House, to be vested in trust for the Queen on the same terms. (Provision was made for the King, who had privately purchased Buckingham House some years earlier, to be duly compensated). In due course, the King outlived the Queen and the property (later known as Buckingham Palace) reverted "to the use of His Majesty, his heirs and successors". By virtue of the same act, Ely House in Holborn (which had itself been purchased just a few years earlier as a potential site for new public offices) was sold and the proceeds applied to the Somerset House project.

Initially a certain William Robinson, Secretary to the Board of Works, was commissioned to design and build the new Somerset House, but he died in 1775 shortly after being appointed. So Sir William Chambers, Comptroller of the King's Works, (who had in any case been vying for the commission) was appointed in his stead, at a salary of £2,000 per year. He spent the last two decades of his life, beginning in 1775, in several phases of building at the present Somerset House. Thomas Telford, then a stonemason, but later an eminent civil engineer, was among those who worked on its construction. One of Chambers's most famous pupils, Thomas Hardwick Jnr, helped build parts of the building during his period of training and later wrote a short biography of Chambers. The design influenced other great buildings: Charles Bulfinch's Massachusetts State House, begun in 1795, has been described as a work "frankly derivative" of Somerset House.

Design

Chambers' own influences stemmed from Palladianism, the principles of which were applied throughout Somerset House, inside and outside, both in its large-scale conception and in its small-scale details. The footprint of the building was that of the old palace, ranging from its gateway block in the Strand across what was originally a gently sloping site down to the river. Chambers experimented with at least four different configurations of buildings and courtyards in drawing up his designs; his final version provided a single courtyard,  by , flanked by a pair of terraces, the whole presenting a unified frontage to the river,  wide. Around the courtyard, each block consisted of six storeys: cellar, basement, ground, principal, attic and garret. The public offices and learned societies which were accommodated around the courtyard varied greatly in size, but each occupied all six floors of its allotted area, the upper floors often providing living space for a secretary or other official. Large vaults for storing public documents were provided, extending under the entire northern section of the courtyard.

Construction

The North Wing, fronting the Strand, was the first part of the complex to be built; its design was based on Inigo Jones's drawings for the riverfront of the former palace. By 1780 the North Wing was finished and occupied, and Chambers reported to Parliament that the rest of the quadrangle was complete up to a height of two storeys.  Construction of the riverside wing followed; it was finished in 1786. At the time of construction, the Thames was not embanked and the river lapped the South Wing, where a great arch allowed boats and barges to penetrate to landing places within the building. Meanwhile, work continued on the East and West Wings, which began to be occupied from 1788; by 1790 the main quadrangle was complete.

It was originally envisaged that the main quadrangle would be flanked by two terraces of houses, one to the east and one to the west, providing accommodation for several of the Commissioners whose offices were based there. It is not certain at what pace the rest of the construction progressed, but it is clear that the outbreak of war with France in 1793 caused delays through lack of money. Chambers died in 1796, whereupon James Wyatt took over as architect. In the end, only the western terrace was built and by 1801 the building was deemed to be complete, at a cost of £462,323.

In 1815 Sir Robert Smirke was appointed as Attached Architect to Somerset House; in 1817 he added the Legacy Duty Office to the north-west corner of the quadrangle, its design in keeping with Chambers's adjacent façade. Even as late as 1819, decorative work to the exterior of the North Wing was still being completed.

Ornamentation
In addition to applying a rich scheme of architectural decoration, Chambers enhanced the exterior of Somerset House with a multiplicity of sculptures and other visual embellishments. Giovanni Cipriani produced designs and the sculptors executing them included Joseph Wilton, Agostino Carlini, John Bacon, Joseph Nollekens, John Cheere and Giuseppe Ceracchi. Bacon oversaw production of the bronze group of statues (consisting of Neptune and George III) in the main courtyard, facing the main entrance from the Strand.

Inside, most of the offices were plain and business-like, but in the North Wing the formal rooms and public spaces of the learned societies were enriched with painted ceilings (by Cipriani, Benjamin West, Angelica Kauffman, J. F. Rigaud, Charles Catton and Joshua Reynolds), ornamental plasterwork (by Thomas Collins and Thomas Clerk) and casts of classical sculptures. John Papworth did the plasterwork in the great Royal Academy Room; many of the ceiling paintings were removed by the Royal Academy when they vacated their premises.

Accommodation
A key reason for rebuilding Somerset House was to provide accommodation for a diverse variety of learned societies, public offices and naval administrators.

A home for arts and learning

The North Wing of Somerset House was initially fitted out to house the Royal Academy, the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries. The Royal Academy took up residence first, in 1779, followed by the other two institutions the following year. The Royal Academy occupied the western half of the wing and the Royal Society the eastern half; their main entrances faced each other across the central vestibule leading from the Strand to the courtyard, topped by busts (of Michelangelo and Isaac Newton respectively) which are still in place today. The Society of Antiquaries was also accommodated in the eastern half of the wing, though its premises were limited to a first-floor meeting room, a ground-floor library, an apartment in the attic and a kitchen in the basement.

The Geological Society was also accommodated in the Somerset House from 1828, as was the Royal Astronomical Society from 1834.

The annual Royal Academy Exhibition was held in Somerset House from 1780 onwards, until the academy moved out in 1837 (initially to rooms in the new National Gallery, then to Burlington House, Piccadilly). Its former accommodation was given over to a newly established Government School of Design (which was much later to become the Royal College of Art); it remained in the complex from 1837 until, in 1853, the Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths needed to expand its office space and the School relocated to Marlborough House.

In 1857, the Royal Society moved out of Somerset House, followed in 1874 by the Society of Antiquaries, the Geological Society and the Royal Astronomical Society; they were all provided with new purpose-built accommodation in Burlington House.

The Navy Office

In 1789 the Navy Board moved into grand riverside rooms in the western half of the newly completed South Wing. It was soon followed by its subsidiary Boards, the Victualling Commissioners and the Sick and Hurt Commissioners, which (along with the autonomous Navy Pay Office) occupied the West Wing; they had all hitherto been based in the City of London. Thus the various Navy offices occupied around a third of Chambers' completed building. In addition, the terrace to the west of the quadrangle provided dwelling-houses for the Comptroller of the Navy, the Secretary to the Board and three Commissioners of the Navy, along with the chairman, Secretary and two Commissioners of Victualling, with the Treasurer of the Navy allotted the 'mansion' at the river end of the terrace (which included a coach house and stables for ten horses in the vaults under the terrace). As well as providing office space and accommodation, Somerset House was the place where examinations for promotion to the rank of lieutenant took place, sat by several hundred midshipmen each year. The Admiralty Museum (a precursor to the National Maritime Museum) was also accommodated there, in the central room above the south portico.

In 1832 the Navy Board and its subsidiaries were abolished and their departments placed under the direct oversight of the Admiralty. Their administrative staff remained in Somerset House, but communications with the Admiralty (based a mile away in Whitehall) were problematic as what became known as the "civil departments" of the Admiralty guarded their independence. In 1868, the Admiralty took the decision to move all their staff from Somerset House to Whitehall; this necessitated reconfiguring what had been a set of residences there pertaining to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty into office accommodation. Nevertheless, the move was completed by 1873, and the expanding Inland Revenue immediately took over the vacated space in Somerset House.

Taxes, stamps and the Inland Revenue

From the beginning of the new Somerset House there was a fiscal presence in the shape of the Stamp Office and the Tax Office, the former occupying the eastern part of the South Wing from 1789 and the latter occupying part of the East Wing. The Stamp Office had the task of applying an impressed duty stamp to various specific items to show that the required duty had been paid. For example, up until 1855 (when the relevant duty was abolished) every newspaper produced in the country had to be brought to Somerset House to be stamped. The Tax Office administered and collected various taxes, including income tax (first levied in 1799). Introduced as a means of raising revenue in wartime, it was collected during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars; though repealed in 1816, it was reintroduced in peacetime (in 1842) and has been collected ever since.

The Inland Revenue was created by a merger of the Stamp and Taxes Office and the Excise Office in 1849; in 1854 the Excise Office staff were moved from their old headquarters in the City of London into the newly built New Wing.

Somerset House continued in use by the Inland Revenue throughout the 20th century. In 2005, the Inland Revenue was merged with HM Customs and Excise; its successor HM Revenue & Customs continued to occupy much of the building, although its executive and senior management moved to 100 Parliament Street shortly after the merger. Various divisions and directorates of HMRC continued to occupy the East Wing until 2009, the West Wing until 2011 and the New Wing until March 2013, by which time all staff had been relocated (with most moving across the street to the southwest wing of Bush House). This brought to an end a 224-year association of the revenue services with Somerset House.

Somerset House Laboratory
In 1842, the Excise Office had established a laboratory within its Broad Street headquarters for the prevention of the adulteration of tobacco products. It had started as basically a one-man operation by an employee of the Excise, George Phillips. After the Excise Office had been merged with the Office of Stamps and Taxes to form the Inland Revenue, the latter took over the laboratory; by 1858 it was reestablished in Somerset House as the Inland Revenue Laboratory (with Phillips remaining in charge). It was also known as the Somerset House Laboratory. Under the Inland Revenue, the Laboratory's work expanded to encompass the testing of many different substances, including food, beer and spirits, as well as tobacco.

Phillips retired as principal chemist in 1874. James Bell was then the principal chemist of Somerset House Laboratory until his retirement in 1894. He was replaced as principal chemist by Sir Thomas Edward Thorpe. At the same time, the laboratory was amalgamated with a similar facility that had been established within HM Customs and it was renamed the Government Laboratory. In 1897, Thorpe moved the Government Laboratory from Somerset House to a new building of his own design.

Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths
In 1837, following the establishment of civil registration in the United Kingdom, the Registrar General of Births, Marriages and Deaths set up his office in the North Wing of Somerset House, establishing a connection that lasted for over 130 years. This office held all birth, marriage and death certificates in England and Wales until 1970, when the Registry and its associated archives were moved to nearby St Catherine's House at Aldwych.

From 1859 until 1998, the Principal Registry of the Court of Probate (latterly the Principal Probate Registry of the Family Division) was based in Somerset House, prior to its move to First Avenue House, High Holborn.

Other public offices
In addition to the learned societies, the ground floor rooms of the North Wing housed the Hawkers and Pedlars Office (on the west side) and the Hackney Coach Office, the Lottery Office, the Privy Seal and Signet Offices (on the east side). The Hackney Coach commissioners had been established on a permanent footing in 1694, while the Board of Commissioners of Hawkers, Pedlars and Petty Chapmen dated from 1698; the latter was abolished in 1810 and its work taken over by the Hackney Coach Office until its abolition in 1831, whereupon responsibility for licensing both of hackney carriages and of travelling traders passed to the Stamp Office. The Lottery Office, established in 1779, was also abolished in 1831 and its residual business likewise passed to the Stamp Office. The Signet Office was abolished in 1851 and the Privy Seal Office in 1884.

One of the first occupants of the building had been the Duchy of Cornwall Office. It was accommodated in the East Wing along with the Tax Office and various Exchequer offices (including the Pipe Office, the Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer's Office and the Office of the Clerk of the Estreats). As early as 1795 the Exchequer was requesting that more space be made available; Sir John Soane was engaged to redesign their offices, and as part of the scheme the Duchy was relocated to another part of the East Wing, prompting complaints from its officers. Pipe rolls and other ancient records of the Treasury and Exchequer (which had been moved to Somerset House from the Palace of Westminster in 1793) remained stored in the basements until the establishment of the Public Record Office in 1838.

The office of Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer ceased to exist in 1833 and the Pipe Office was abolished in 1834; however space in Somerset House continued to be at a premium: in 1854 an Act of Parliament was passed (the Duchy of Cornwall Office Act 1854) noting that the Duchy's rooms in Somerset House were now needed "for the use of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, whose present office is insufficient for the Business thereof, and adjoins the said Office of the Duchy of Cornwall". The Act provided for the Duchy Office to move to new, purpose-built premises in Pimlico: now known as 10 Buckingham Gate, the building still serves as head office for the Duchy.

From 1785 the Commissioners for Auditing Public Accounts were also housed in the East Wing, as was the Duchy of Lancaster Office (having moved there from accommodation in Gray's Inn) until it moved in 1823 to new offices across the road in Lancaster Place. The Surveyor of Crown Lands also had his office here until the early 19th century. The Salt Office initially occupied rooms in the West Wing, alongside the naval offices, but it was abolished in 1798 (administration of the salt tax having been transferred to the Board of Excise).

During the 19th century the North Wing contained, in addition, the offices of the Poor Law Commissioners (1834–47) and the Tithe Commissioners (1836–51), who also acted as the Copyhold Commissioners.

19th-century expansion

Magnificent as the new building was, it was something short of what Chambers had intended, for he had planned for an additional terrace of houses to the east, as well as to the west of the quadrangle; work had stopped short, however, cost being the inhibiting factor. Eventually King's College London was erected to the east (the government granting the land on condition that the design conformed to Chambers' original design) by subscription between 1829 and 1834; the architect was Sir Robert Smirke. At the same time, as part of Smirke's scheme, the eastern third of the river frontage was completed, following Chambers's original design.

Then, increasing demand for space led to another and last step. The western edge of the site was occupied by a row of houses used as dwellings for Admiralty officials who worked in the South Wing. Between 1851 and 1856, this terrace was substantially expanded and remodelled to provide the Inland Revenue with an entire new wing of additional office accommodation. As part of this development, its architect James Pennethorne created a monumental new façade alongside the approach road to Waterloo Bridge (which had not been in existence when Chambers was alive). 150 years later this part of the building is still known as the "New Wing".

In 1891 a headquarters building was constructed in the West Court (between the West Wing and the New Wing) for the Civil Service Rifles, a Rifle Volunteer Corps.

20th-century modifications

By the start of the First World War the Civil Service Rifles, by then renamed the 15th (Prince of Wales' Own Civil Service Rifles) Battalion, The London Regiment, had its own Morris tube firing range (where the calibre of the rifle is reduced for indoor operation by a use of a tube) fitted with vanishing and running targets at Somerset House.

Somerset House had its share of trials and tribulations during the London blitz in the Second World War. Apart from comparatively minor blast effects at various times, sixteen rooms and the handsome rotunda staircase (the Nelson Stair) were completely destroyed in the South Wing, and a further 27 damaged in the West Wing by a direct hit in October 1940.

Still more windows were shattered and balustrades toppled, but the worst was over by the end of May 1941. It was not until the 1950s that this damage to the South Wing was repaired. The work required skilled masons, whose services were hard to come by in the early post-war years. Sir Albert Richardson was appointed architect for the reconstruction. He skillfully recreated the Nelson Room and rebuilt the Nelson Stair. The work was completed in 1952 at a cost of (then) £84,000.

In 1984 the Somerset House Act was passed, legislating the way for Somerset House to be redeveloped as a centre for the arts. In 1997 the Somerset House Trust was established as a registered charity to maintain the building and develop it as a centre for arts and culture.

In the late 20th century the building began to be reinvigorated as a centre for the visual arts. The first institution to move in (in 1989) was the Courtauld Institute of Art, including the Courtauld Gallery, which has an important collection of old master and impressionist paintings. The Courtauld occupies the North Wing.

21st-century redevelopment

The main courtyard, which had been used as a Civil Service car park, and the main terrace overlooking the Thames were refurbished and opened to the public, these alterations being overseen by the conservation architects Donald Insall & Associates. Grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund financed the conversion of the South Wing between 1999 and 2003: a visitor centre featuring audio-visual displays on the history of the building, the gilded state barge of the Lord Mayor of the City of London and a shop and café were opened, overlooking the river. The Gilbert Collection of decorative arts, and the Hermitage Rooms, which staged exhibitions of items loaned from the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, moved into the same area. The last Hermitage exhibition took place in 2007 and the Gilbert Collection galleries closed in 2008; the collection moved into new galleries at the Victoria and Albert Museum in June 2009. Somerset House now puts on a programme of art exhibitions, drawing on various sources.

In stages from 2009 to 2013, HM Revenue and Customs withdrew from the other parts of the building; since March 2013 the Somerset House Trust has had oversight of the entire complex. Its management policy has been to rent out the upper floors at a commercial rate to "creative businesses", while devoting the ground floor to "public realm" activities. The trust receives no public subsidy and relies on income from rent and private hire to fund the upkeep of the estate and relies on ticket sales, merchandising and sponsorship to fund its artistic and cultural programme.

In the winter the central courtyard is home to a popular open-air ice rink, as seen during the opening credits of the 2003 Christmas-themed film Love Actually. At other times, 55 vertical jets of water rise to random heights from an array of fountains.

The courtyard is also used as a concert venue. In July each year the "Summer series" of music events takes place, which has included performances from artists such as Lily Allen.

Somerset House now has more than a hundred tenants, comprising a large and diverse collection of creative organisations and artists including Dance Umbrella, 7Wonder, Outset Contemporary Art Fund, Hofesh Shechter Company and the Royal Society of Literature. The largest tenant is King's College London, whose Cultural Institute, Executive Centre and Dickson Poon School of Law occupy the East Wing, which is adjacent to its historic College Building of 1831.

Filming location
Somerset House is a popular filming location, with its exterior featuring in several big-budget Hollywood films. These include two James Bond films, GoldenEye (1995) and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), and several scenes of the 2003 film Shanghai Knights, starring Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson, were filmed in the courtyard of Somerset House. The courtyard was also used in the 1991 comedy King Ralph. Elements of the 2008 film The Duchess, starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes, were filmed in October 2007. Somerset House was also used as a filming location in several Sherlock Holmes films, including 1970's The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes and, more recently, Sherlock Holmes (2009), starring Jude Law and Robert Downey Jr., directed by Guy Ritchie. Somerset House was used as the external filming location for Olivia Newton-John's Stranger's Touch video, which featured as part of her Olivia Physical video album in 1981.

Exterior shots of Somerset House were used in the 1999 Tim Burton horror film Sleepy Hollow, starring Johnny Depp, and the 2006 film Flyboys. Somerset House was a filming location in the 2012 Bollywood film Jab Tak Hai Jaan, which starred Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma, directed by Yash Chopra. Somerset House Courtyard was also used in the 2008 movie Last Chance Harvey, with Dustin Hoffman and Emma Thompson. Scenes were filmed in Somerset House for the Olympus Has Fallen sequel, London Has Fallen (2016). Exterior shots of Somerset House stood in for Himmler's HQ in Berlin in the 1976 film The Eagle Has Landed. The tunnels under Somerset House have also been used in filming Harry Potter, specifically some of scenes depicting 'Diagon Alley'.

Somerset House was also the main location for the BBC's New Year Live television show, presented by Natasha Kaplinsky, which celebrated the arrival of the year 2006.

Gallery

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Borer, Mary Cathcart The City of London: A History. New York: McKay, 1977 (pp 156)

 Stow, John A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908 (2:394–395)

External links

Official website of Somerset House

Arts centres in London
Museums in the City of Westminster
National government buildings in London
Royal buildings in London
Courtauld Institute of Art
HM Revenue and Customs
King's College London
Houses completed in 1796
Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed government buildings
Grade I listed educational buildings
Grade I listed museum buildings
William Chambers buildings
Georgian architecture in the City of Westminster
Neoclassical architecture in London
1796 establishments in England
Victoria Embankment
Strand, London
Anne of Denmark
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Catherine of Braganza
Henrietta Maria of France

Somerset House


Spænska karlalandsliðið í körfuknattleik er fulltrúi Spánar í körfuknattleik. Liðið gekk til liðs við FIBA árið 1934 og hefur síðan tekið þátt í 30 úrslitakeppnum Evrópumótsins (1935-2015), 10 úrslitakeppnum HM (1950-2010) og tíu ólympískum sumarleikum (1960-2008). Stærstu afrek liðsins til þessa eru sigur á HM 2006, silfurverðlaunin á ólympíuleikunum 1984 í Los Angeles og 2008 í Peking og gullið á EM 2009, 2011 og 2015. Að auki hefur það unnið sex silfur verðlaun (1935, 1973, 1983, 1999, 2003, 2007) og tvenn bronsverðlaun (1991, 2003) á EM. Spánn er í öðru sæti á heimslista FIBA eftir HM 2010.

Árangur á stórmótum

Ólympíuleikar
 1960: 14.sætir
 1968: 7.sæti
 1972: 1.sæti
 1980: 4.sæti
 1984: Silfur
 1988: 8.sæti
 1992: 9.sæti
 2000: 9.sæti
 2004: 7.sæti
 2008: Silfur
 2012: Silfur
 2016: Brons
 2020 6.sæti

HM
 1950: 9.sæti
 1974: 5.sæti
 1982: 4.sæti
 1986: 5.sæti
 1990: 10.sæti
 199: 10.sæti
 1998: 5.sæti
 2002: 5.sæti
 2006]: Gull
 2010: 6.sæti
 2014: 5.sæti
 2019: Gull

EM
 1936: Silfur
 1959]: 15.sæti
 1961: 13.sæti
 1963: 7.sæti
 1965: 11.sæti
 1967: 10.sæti
 1969: 5.sæti
 1971: 7.sæti
 1973: Silfur
 1975: 4.sæti
 1977: 9.sæti
 1979: 6.sæti
 1981: 4.sæti
 1983: Silfur
 1985: 4.sæti
 1987: 4.sæti
 1989: 5.sæti
 1991: Brons
 1993: 5.sæti
 1995: 6:sæti
 1997: 5.sæti
 1999: Silfur
 2001: Brons
 2003: Silfur
 2005: 4.sæti
 2007: Silfur
 2009: Gull
 2011: Gull
 2013: Brons
 2015: Gull
 2017: Brons
 2022: Gull

Heimildir
 Web oficial Federación Española de Baloncesto

Karlalandslið í Körfuknattleik


Natalia López Gallardo  (née le  à La Paz) est une actrice, monteuse et réalisatrice mexicano-bolivienne de cinéma. En 2022, elle remporte le Prix du jury de la Berlinale pour son film Robe of Gems.

Biographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Réalisatrice mexicaine
Actrice mexicaine
Naissance en juin 1980
Naissance à La Paz

Natalia López Gallardo


Sankt Michaels Kirke (også Sankt Mikkels Kirke) var en kirke i Slesvig by placeret på Mikkelsbjerg nord for Slesvigs indre by og Lolfod. Kirken var tidligere Sønderjyllands eneste rundkirke. Bygningen var omgivet af Sankt Michaelis Kirkegård. Den forhenværende kirke er navngivende for Michaelis Sogn i Slesvigs omegn.

Historie
Kirken nævnes allerede i 1100-tallet som Michaelis Kirke paa Bjerget. Den romanske kirke blev opført som rundkirke på en bakke overfor byens centrum, hvorfra et af byens forsvarsværker (Friservirke) strakte sig hen imod Polérdam. Kirkens byggemateriale var overvejende vulkansk tufsten fra Rhinland, men buer, piller og enkelte detaljer var af granit og apsis iblandet teglsten, hvilket betyder, at den er ommuret i den senere middelalder.

I 1856 blev kirken opmålt og beskrevet af arkitektur-tegneren Heinrich Hansen og kunsthistorikeren Jacob Helms til første udgave af Traps Danmark. Kirkens cirkelrunde midtparti har været omgivet af tolv runde ved buer forbundne søjler. Udenom løb en lavere sidegang (lavkirke), der var dækket med hvælvinger. Over sidegangen fandtes en anden etage med store rundbuede galleri-åbninger imod midtpartiet. Kirken blev senere flere gange ombygget og omdannet. I 1643 lod hertug Frederik 3. af Gottorp kirken udvide med en firekantet tilbygning mod vest og forsyne med et spir. En del af de runde udemure forsvandt og fire vestlige piller måtte fjernes.

Af kirkens tre klokker havde den største tidligere tilhørt Rørbæk Kirke på den oversvømmede nordfrisiske ø Strand. Klokken blev omstøbt i 1694. Altertavlen med et maleri af Kristi Himmelfart var fra 1790, orgelet fra 1735. I lavkirkens nordside fandtes et romansk løve-kapitæl. Kapitælet havde oprindelig haft sin plads ved kirkens indgang.

I løbet af 1800-tallet forfaldt kirken og blev efter 1870 reves ned. På stedet byggedes senere en ny kirkebygning i tysk stil, som i 1971 også blev revet ned. På stedet findes nu et menighedshus. Udgravningerne i 1900-tallet afdækkede og dokumenterede rundkirkens gamle grundplan. Der afdækkedes to kreds-fundamenter: Et ydre, svarende til kirkens ydermur, og et indre, der må have båret søjlekredsen. Den gamle kirkegård omkring Sankt Michaelis Kirken blev planeret, tilbage er kun få danske soldatergrave fra 1. Slesvigske Krig.

Det er uklart, om den forhenværende rundkirke stod i en nærmere forbindelse med det 1192 ophævede Sankt Michaelis Kloster. Munkene fra klosteret blev i 1191 overført til Langsøen ved Isted, hvor de på en lille fremspringende odde opførte det nye Guldholm Kloster. Måske har kirken indtil da været klosterkirke. Den tidligere klosterbygning selv formodes nord for kirken.

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Slesvig by
Tidligere danske kirker

Sankt Michaelis Kirke (Slesvig)


محمد عبد الرحيم المسلوب (قنا 1793 - 13 يوليو 1928)، موسيقي مصري. كانت حياة المسلوب حافلة بالفن والأستاذية في اللحن والغناء بل وفي العلوم الدينية وكذلك خفة الدم والدعابة البريئة إلى جانب تجارته في بيع الأسماك. والده قد سمى عبد الرحيم تيمناً بسيدي عبد الرحيم القناوي. حضر الشيخ عبد الرحيم إلى القاهرة ودرس في الأزهر الشريف وتخرج فيه ثم عكف على دراسة الموسيقى. تتلمذ على يديه عدد من الموسيقيين المصريين ذوي الشأن عبده الحامولي ومحمد عثمان.

لا يعرف تاريخ ميلاده على وجه الدقة، فبعض الكتابات تقول أنه ولد أواخر عهد المماليك، وتحديدا في إمارة "البرديسي بك" وأنه عاش إلى عام 1928 . وحدد بعضهم عام ميلاده بـ 1794 ، وتاريخ وفاته في 13 يوليو 1927. إن بعض الباحثين يشككون في دقة هذه التواريخ، لاسيما تاريخ الميلاد، لكنهم متفقون جميعا على طول عمره، وأنه عاش قرنا من الزمان على الأقل.

مصادر

مواليد 1793
وفيات 1928
موسيقيون مصريون
أشخاص من قنا (مدينة)

محمد عبد الرحيم المسلوب


Cornell est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Chippewa, au Wisconsin. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Wisconsin
Comté de Chippewa (Wisconsin)

Cornell (Wisconsin)


Slav dilleri, Slavların konuştuğu dillerin oluşturduğu dil ailesi. Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin Baltık-Slav dilleri koluna mensup olan bu dil grubu diğer Hint-Avrupa dilleri ile akraba olmasına rağmen aralarında pek çok farklılık bulunmaktadır.

Slav dillerinin günümüzdeki ağız, lehçe ve şiveleri kendi gruplarında birbirleriyle yakınlık gösterirler. Yani, Güney Slav Dilleri grubundaki Slav dilleri (Slovence, Hırvatça, Sırpça, Makedonca gibi) birbirlerine anlaşılırlık olarak yakın durumdadırlar. Temelde farklar, sözlerin telaffuzunda, (dolayısıyla) imlâsında, bazı çekim unsurlarında ve söz dağarcıklarındadır. Ayrıca, bu diller arasında yabancı dillerin etkisi hususunda değişik durumlar söz konusudur. Günümüzde bütün Slav dillerini toplam yaklaşık 315 milyon kişi konuşmaktadır.

Alt gruplar
İki savaş arası dönemden beri akademisyenler, Slav dillerini coğrafi ve soybilimsel ilkelere ve alfabelerin dilbilim ötesi özelliklerini kullanarak, Doğu, Batı ve Güney grupları ile bunların alt gruplarına ayırmışlardır:

Doğu Slav dilleri
 Rusça,
 Ukraynaca,
 Beyaz Rusça
 Rusince

Batı Slav dilleri

 Çek-Slovak dilleri
 Çekçe
 Knaanik (Yahudi Çekçesi)
 Slovakça
 Lehit dilleri
 Lehçe
 Pomeranyaca
 Kaşupça
 Slovince
 Polapça
 Silezyaca
 Sorbca
 Yukarı Sorbca
 Aşağı Sorbca

Güney Slav dilleri

Bu grup, kendi arasında ikiye ayrılır.

Güneydoğu Slav dilleri
 Bulgarca,
 Pomakça,
 Makedonca
 Kilise Slavcası

Güneybatı Slav dilleri
 Sırp-Hırvatça,
 Boşnakça
 Hırvatça
 Burgenland Hırvatçası
 Karadağca
 Sırpça
 Slovence

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Comparison of the computer terms in Slavic languages Slav dillerinde bilgisayar terimlerinin karşılaştırması

Slav dilleri


Albert Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

 Albert Township, Michigan
 Albert Township, Benson County, North Dakota

Albert Township


Walter Brown Newman (11 February 1916 – 14 October 1993) was an American radio writer and screenwriter active from the late 1940s to the early 1990s. He was nominated three times for Academy Awards (Ace in the Hole, Cat Ballou, and Bloodbrothers), but he is best-known for a work that never made it to the screen: his unproduced original script Harrow Alley, which "has achieved legendary status in Hollywood."

Newman earned a bachelor's degree at New York University and studied law at Harvard University. After working as a publicist in New York and serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, he moved to Los Angeles and began writing radio dramas. Newman's radio writing included scripts for Escape, Suspense, and The Halls of Ivy as well as the first broadcast episode of Gunsmoke.

He is not officially credited for his screenplays for The Magnificent Seven and The Great Escape, having renounced credit after sharp disagreements with the director, John Sturges in both cases, over changes made during shooting.

Newman was born in New York City. He died in Sherman Oaks, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, on 14 October 1993.

Select credits
The Bigelow Theatre - "Big Hello" (1951)
Ace in the Hole (1951)
Suspense' - "A Vision of Death" (1951)Gunsmoke (radio show) - pilotUnderwater! (1955)The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)The True Story of Jesse James (1956)Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse - "The Crazy Hunter" (1958)Crime & Punishment, USA (1959)The Magnificent Seven (1960) - uncreditedThe Interns (1962)The Beachcomber (1962) - creatorThe Great Escape (1963) - uncreditedThe Richard Boone Show - "The Hooligan" (1964)Cat Ballou (1965)Marooned (1969) - original draftBloodbrothers (1978)The Champ (1978)
Unproduced scriptsBaggy Pants (1966)Cabbages and Kings (1967)Trial (1970)Harrow Alley'' (1970)

External links

References

1916 births
1993 deaths
American male screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
United States Army personnel of World War II
New York University alumni

Walter Newman (screenwriter)


ترينيداد  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة هومبولدت، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 7 نوفمبر، 1870.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لترينيداد في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان ترينيداد 311 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 168 أسرة وعدد العائلات 73 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 228 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 94.86% من البيض و1.61% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.32% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.64% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.32% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و0.32% من الأعراق الأخرى و1.93% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و2.25% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 168 أسرة كانت نسبة 12.5% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 36.9% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 5.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 1.2% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 56.5% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 40.5% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 11.9% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 1.85، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.51.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 50.2 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 11.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 5.5% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 21.9% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 41.5% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 19.9% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 98.1 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 100.0 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 40,000 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 50,357 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 39,583 دولارًا مقابل 31,167 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 28,050 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 2.3% من العائلات ونسبة 8.8% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 6.7% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 0% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان ترينيداد 367 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 187 أسرة وعدد العائلات 88 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 252 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 90.19% من البيض و0.54% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و4.09% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.54% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.27% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و0.27% من الأعراق الأخرى و4.09% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و3% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 187 أسرة كانت نسبة 18.7% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 34.2% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 11.2% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 1.6% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 52.9% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 39% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 15% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 1.96، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.64.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 45.9 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 16.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 6.8% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 24.8% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 32.7% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 19.3% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 49.6% ذكور و50.4% إناث.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1850
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1870
تأسيسات سنة 1850 في كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1870 في كاليفورنيا
مدن ساحلية في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة هومبولت (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن موانئ في كاليفورنيا

ترينيداد (كاليفورنيا)


Narkissos, Yunan mitolojisinde bir kahraman.

Kendine âşık olanlara aldırmayıp, onları karşılıksız bırakan ve çok güzel bir peri kızı olan Ekho, bir gün avlanan bir avcı görür. Narkissos adındaki bu avcı çok yakışıklıdır. Ekho bu genç avcıya ilk görüşte âşık olur. Ancak Narkissos bu sevgiye karşılık vermeyerek, peri kızının yanından uzaklaşır. Ekho bu durum karşısında günden güne eriyerek, kara sevda ile içine kapanarak ölür. Bütün vücudundan arta kalan kemikleri kayalara, sesi ise bu kayalarda 'eko' dediğimiz yankılara dönüşür.

Olimpos dağında yaşayan tanrılar bu duruma çok kızar ve Narkissos'u cezalandırmaya karar verirler. Günlerden bir gün av izindeki Narkissos susamış ve bitkin bir şekilde bir nehir kenarına gelir. Buradan su içmek için eğildiğinde, sudan yansıyan kendi yüzü ve vücudunun güzelliğini görür. O da daha önce fark edemediği bu güzellik karşısında adeta büyülenir. Yerinden kalkamaz, kendine âşık olmuştur. O ana dek kimseyi sevmediği kadar, sevmiştir kendi görüntüsünü . O şekilde orada ne su içebilir, ne de yemek yiyebilir, aynı Ekho gibi Narkissos da günden güne erimeye başlar ve orada sadece kendini seyrederek ömrünü tüketir. Öldükten sonra da vücudu nergis çiçeklerine dönüşür.

Ezoterizm'de Narkissos

Yunan mitolojisinde Narkissos adıyla sözü edilen, adını narsizme, narkoza, bir çiçek familyasına (nergisgiller) ve bir çiçeğe vermiş olan Narsis (ya da Narkissos), Klasik Mitoloji'deki bir kahraman olup, öyküsünün kaynağı Antik Yunanistan'daki Elefsis Gizemleri inisiyasyonudur.

Narsis'in öyküsü kısaca şöyle anlatılır:
Narsis, ırmak ilahı Kephissos ile arındırıcı suların bekçi perisi Liriope'nin oğlu olarak doğar. Bir kahin, ebeveynine Narsis'in dünyada, kendi yüzünü görmediği sürece yaşayacağını bildirir. Narsis bir gün bir su birikintisine dökülen bir kaynağın yanına gelir ve su birikintisine doğru eğilerek oradaki sudan içmeye başlar. Doğal olarak, bu sırada, birikintide yansıyan yüzünü görür. Kendi yüzünü görünce önce şaşkınlığa düşer, sonra kendini hayranlıkla seyre dalar ve kendisine âşık olur. Bu seyirden kendisini bir türlü alamayan Narsis gitgide hissizleşir, dünya yaşamına gözlerini yumar ve bulunduğu yere kök salarak açılmış bir çiçeğe dönüşür. Bu çiçek, güneş gibi, sarı göbekli, beyaz yapraklı, çevresine güzel kokular yayan bir çiçektir. Ölümünden sonra Styx nehrinin sularına katılır.

Narsis'in öyküsündeki sembolizm şöyle açıklanır:
 Narsis'in suda kendisini görmesi ve kendisine âşık olması, yeni üyenin önceden dışarıda aradığı en büyük sırrın, hakimiyet asasının, bilgelik anahtarının kendi içinde olduğunu fark etmesini, içindeki "spiritüel tesir" kanalını keşfetmesini simgeler.
 Narsis'in gitgide hissizleşmesi ve dünya yaşamına gözlerini kapamasında, dünyasal isteklerden tümüyle uzaklaşması, başka insanların önem verdiği dünyasal, maddi değerlerin kendisi için artık hiçbir şey ifade etmemesi simgelenir.
 Çiçek ve çiçeğin açılması varlığın "spiritüel tesir"i kendi başına (rehberi olmadan) çekip aktarabilecek duruma gelmesini simgeler. (Çiçek tüm ezoterik ekollerde aynı anlamda kullanılmıştır; nergisin yerini kimi ezoterik ekollerde gül, kimilerinde lotus almıştır.) Aldığını çevresine yayması, rengi ve biçimi küçük bir güneşi andıran nergis çiçeğiyle ifade edilmiştir.
 Aldığı spiritüel tesir, burada, tesirin tüm geleneklerde en çok kullanılan sembolü olan, içtiği su ile simgelenmiştir.
 Ölen çiçeğin ırmağa katılmasında ise, spiritüel tesirin kaynağı ile özdeş olma, spiritüel tesir zincirinin bir halkası olma simgelenir.

Kaynakça
 Mitoloji Sözlüğü, Azra Erhat
 Gizli Sırlar Öğretisi, Ergun Candan

Yunan mitolojisinde kişiler
Boeotia mitolojisi

Ezoterizm
Oğlancı kahramanlar ve tanrılar

Narkissos


Hjalmar Brantings Plads er en plads på Østerbro i København, der ligger mellem Stockholmsgade, Olof Palmes Gade og Upsalagade. Den er opkaldt efter den svenske politiker Hjalmar Branting, der var statsminister i 1920, 1921-1923 og 1924-1925, og som vandt Nobels fredspris i 1921.

Historie

Pladsen ligger på stedet for en tidligere réduit, en fremskudt bastion foran Østervold. Da voldene blev opgivet i 1850'erne blev det besluttet at bebygge området. Oprindeligt var det tanken, at Esajas Kirke skulle have ligget her, men den kom i stedet til at ligge lidt vest derfor ved Malmøgade. Grunden blev så til gengæld til en offentlig plads ved navn Stockholms Plads. Den blev omdøbt til Hjalmar Brantings Plads i 1925. Pladsens udformning blev bestemt af formen på den bastion, der lå på stedet før. Resterne af den er blevet genbrugt ved udformningen af haveanlægget midt på pladsen.

På pladsen står der en bronzestatue af en eftertænksom bjørn, der står og hviler sig. Den er udført af Lauritz Jensen, der havde en forkærlighed for dyr, som han gengav med stor nøjagtighed. I 2021 blev der desuden opsat et monument af Kaare Golles til minde om digteren Inger Christensen, der boede i nærheden. Det forestiller en siddende person, men hvor hovedet skulle være er kroppen gennembrudt af en plade for at vise, at det er et monument for og ikke af hende.

Bygninger og beboere
På den nordøstlige og den sydvestlige side af pladsen ligger der etageejendomme med dyre lejligheder. De blev opført efter tegninger af Andreas Clemmensen i 1894-1897. Grant Thornton har til huse i nr. 1.

På den nordvestlige side er pladsen adskilt fra Holmens Kirkegård af en række store villaer. Nr. 6 er opført i nationalromantisk stil med fremhævet bindingsværk på førstesalen. Nr. 8 blev opført efter tegninger af Ulrik Plesner i 1899-1901 for fabrikanten M.A. Heegaard. I dag har Dansk Told & Skatteforbund hovedkontor i bygningen. De fik udskiftet et gammelt spir af zink med et af kobber i 2007. Desuden blev der sat tre nye kviste på taget.

Hjalmar Brantings Plads i populærkulturen
I indledningen til spillefilmen Olsen-bandens store kup fra 1972 bryder banden ind hos en sagfører og hans kone, der bor på Hjalmar Brantings Plads 4. I scenerne fra deres lejlighed er den naboejendom, der kan ses ud af vinduet, dog ikke desto mindre Ny Christiansborg ved H.C. Andersens Boulevard, flere kilometer væk.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Billeder af pladsen som Stockholms Plads

Torve og pladser i København
Gader på Østerbro

Hjalmar Brantings Plads


La finale de la Supercoupe d'Espagne de football 2021-2022 a décidé du vainqueur de la Supercoupe d'Espagne de football 2021-2022, la  édition de la compétition annuelle de la compétition de football d'Espagne.

Le match se joue le 16 janvier 2022 au Stade international King Fahd de Riyad, en Arabie saoudite. Le match est un choc entre l'Athletic Bilbao, finaliste de la Coupe du Roi 2020-21, et le Real Madrid, vice-champion de la Liga 2020-2021. C'est la première fois que les deux clubs se rencontrent pour concourir directement pour un trophée, depuis la finale de la Coupe d'Espagne 1958.

Bilbao a remporté sa demi-finale face à l'Atlético Madrid 2-1 et le Real Madrid s'est imposé face au FC Barcelone 3-2.

Le Real Madrid remporte la finale 2-0 pour ce qui constitue son  titre de Supercoupe d'Espagne.

Équipes

Feuille de match

Notes et références

Face-à-face du Real Madrid
Face-à-face de l'Athletic Bilbao
Football en Espagne en 2022
Sport à Riyad
Supercoupe d'Espagne de football
Sport en Arabie saoudite en 2022
Sport en janvier 2022

Finale de la Supercoupe d'Espagne de football 2021-2022


Margherita d'Anjou («Margarita de Anjou») es una ópera en dos actos con música de Giacomo Meyerbeer y libreto en italiano de Felice Romani, basado en un tema de René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt. Fue la cuarta ópera de Meyerbeer en italiano y su primer éxito. Se estrenó en el Teatro alla Scala de Milán el 14 de noviembre de 1820.

Personajes

Enlaces externos

 Almanacco Amadeus
 Noticias sobre representaciones en Londres en el año 2002

Óperas de Giacomo Meyerbeer
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1820
Óperas estrenadas en Milán

Margherita d’Anjou