Die erste Frachtschiff mit dem Namen Goldenfels erhielt die Deutsche Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft "Hansa" 1895 von Wigham, Richardson & Co., dem Hauptlieferanten der Reederei bis 1914. Die erste Goldenfels wurde 1911 durch einen Neubau ersetzt und gelangte schließlich zur Deutschen Levante-Linie.

Das in Kawak umbenannte Schiff wurde zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges im Mittelmeer von der britischen Royal Navy aufgebracht. 1917 wurde die als Polar Prince im Dienst der Alliierten stehende ehemalige Goldenfels von einem deutschen U-Boot versenkt.

Bau und technische Daten
Die erste Goldenfels mit der Baunummer 311 war der erste von der Deutschen Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft "Hansa" bei der Werft von Wigham, Richardson & Co. in Low Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, bestellte Neubau, nach dem Ankauf der bereits im Bau befindlichen Ehrenfels 1882. Bis 1911 lieferte die Werft noch 26 weitere Schiffe, zuletzt die zweite Goldenfels von 7249 BRT.

Die erste Goldenfels lief am 7. August 1895 vom Stapel. Das Schiff hatte eine Länge von 106,98 m (Lüa) bzw. 103,53 m (LzdL), war 13,41 m breit, und hatte eine Seitenhöhe von 8,94 m und einen Tiefgang von 5,79 m. Das Schiff war mit 3.535 BRT und 2.269 NRT vermessen und hatte eine Tragfähigkeit von 5.500 tdw. Die Maschinenanlage bestand aus einer 4-Zylinder-Vierfach-Expansions-Dampfmaschine von Wigham Richardson & Co. mit 1400 PSi bei 62/min und einer Schraube und ermöglichte eine Dienstgeschwindigkeit von 10 Knoten. Als Ladegeschirr waren drei 5-t-Ladebäume und fünf 3-t-Ladebäume vorhanden. Die Besatzung bestand aus 41 Mann.

Die Goldenfels hatte zwei ebenfalls für die DDG "Hansa" gebaute Schwesterschiffe, die bei Sir Raylton Dixon & Co. in Middlesbrough entstanden waren und als Steinberger und als Ockenfels. im ersten Halbjahr 1895 abgeliefert wurden.

Laufbahn
Die Goldenfels wurde am 6. September 1895 an die DDG "Hansa" in Bremen abgeliefert und fuhr bis 1911 für diese Reederei nach Asien. Ihr Schwesterschiff Ockenfels war am 3. Juli 1909 auf der Ausreise nach einer Kollision mit einem britischen Dampfer vor Gibraltar gesunken. Das andere Schwesterschiff Steinberger war im Frühjahr 1910 aus dem Dienst der DDG Hansa ausgeschieden und war im Levantedienst im Einsatz.

Am 31. Juli 1911 wurde die Goldenfels an die Spielmann & Co. K.G. in Hamburg verkauft und umbenannt in Ingeborg. Bereits am 23. Oktober 1911 erfolgte der Weiterverkauf an die Hapag, die das Schiff in Persia umbenannte. Weniger als ein Jahr später, am 1. Juli 1912, wurde das Schiff wieder an die Spielmann & Co. KG zurück verkauft, die es in Oberon umbenannte und dann am 21. Oktober 1912 an die seit 1905 von der Deutschen Levante-Linie betriebene Bremer Dampferlinie "Atlas" verkaufte. Das Schiff wurde erneut umbenannt, diesmal in Kawak, und ging am 3. Januar 1913 vollständig in den Besitz der Deutschen Levante-Linie über.

Am 8. August 1914 wurde die Kawak im Mittelmeer von dem britischen Leichten Kreuzer Chatham aufgebracht und nach Bizerta eskortiert und dann nach Malta gebracht. Dort kam sie am 21. September an, wurde zur Prise erklärt und der britischen Admiralität überschrieben. Das Schiff wurde 1915 von der Reederei J. Knott & Sons, einer Tochtergesellschaft der Prince Steam Shipping Company in Newcastle gekauft und umbenannt in Polar Prince. 1917 wurde das Schiff an die Admiralität zurück transferiert, die es danach von der Reederei Farrar, Groves & Co. (Fargrove Steam Nav. Co., Ltd.) in London bereedern ließ.

Versenkung
Am 18. September 1917 wurde die Polar Prince, auf der Fahrt von Milford Haven nach Malta mit einer Ladung Kohlen, etwa acht Seemeilen westlich des Kaps Spartel vor der Straße von Gibraltar von dem deutschen U-Boot UB 50 unter Kapitänleutnant Franz Becker torpediert und versenkt.

Weitere Schiffe der DDG "Hansa" mit dem Namen Goldenfels
 Die zweite Goldenfels wurde schon am 23. November 1911 von Swan Hunter an die Reederei geliefert. Sie war das letzte Schiff, das der bisherige Hauptlieferant an die Reederei lieferte.
 Die dritte Goldenfels wurde am 27. Januar 1938 vom Bremer Vulkan ausgeliefert. Als deutscher Hilfskreuzer Atlantis wurde sie eines der bekanntesten Schiffe des Zweiten Weltkriegs.
 Die vierte Goldenfels wurde am 21. Juli 1954 als Schwergutfrachter von der AG Weser geliefert.
 Die fünfte Goldenfels wurde am 28. Februar 1970 als Semi-Container-Schiff und Typschiff der ST-Klasse von der Flenderwerft geliefert.

Angekaufte Schiffe der DDG "Hansa" im Dienst der Deutschen Levante-Linie 1914

Literatur

Weblinks
 Goldenfels (1) auf ddghansa-shipsphotos
 Goldenfels (1895) auf tynebuiltships

Fußnoten

Frachtschiff (Deutschland)
Frachtschiff (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schiffsverlust im Ersten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust 1917
Dampfmaschinenschiff
Schiff (DDG Hansa)

Goldenfels (Schiff, 1895)


James Morgan may refer to:

Military
 W. James Morgan (died 1866), Union Army recruiter and officer in the American Civil War
 James D. Morgan (1810–1896), American Civil War general in the Union Army
 James H. Morgan (Medal of Honor) (1840–1877), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient

Politics

U.S.
 James Morgan (congressman) (1756–1822), U.S. Representative from New Jersey
 James B. Morgan (1833–1892), U.S. Representative from Mississippi
 James G. Morgan (1885–1964), Missouri state senator
 James H. Morgan (politician), member of the California State Assembly 1861–1862
 Jim Morgan (American politician) (born 1937), member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
 James W. Morgan (1891–1971), mayor of Birmingham, Alabama 1953–1961

Other
 Sir James Morgan, 4th Baronet (1643–1718), Welsh baronet
 James Morgan (MP) (c. 1660–1717), British Member of Parliament for Weobley and Hereford
 James Morgan (Queensland politician) (1816–1878), Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 James Morgan (New South Wales politician) (1853–1933), New South Wales politician
 Jim Morgan (Canadian politician) (1939–2019), politician in Newfoundland

Sports
 Jimmy Morgan (footballer, born 1912) (1912–1944), Scottish footballer, Hamilton Academical
 Jimmy Morgan (William James Morgan, 1922–1976), English footballer, Bristol Rovers
 Jim Morgan (Australian rules footballer) (1924–1995), Australian rules footballer
 Jim Morgan (bowls) (born 1933), Welsh international lawn bowler
 Jim Morgan (basketball) (1934–2019), American basketball player and race horse trainer
 Jim Morgan (rugby league) (1943–2005), Australian rugby league footballer
 James Morgan (bobsledder) (1948–1981), American who competed from mid 1970s to early 1980s
 James Morgan (American football) (born 1997), American football quarterback

Other
 James Morgan (engineer) (1776–1856), British architect and engineer
 James N. Morgan (1918–2018), American economist and educator
 James Morgan (journalist) (1938–2002), BBC World Service economics correspondent
 James J. Morgan (born 1942), American executive and former CEO of Atari and Philip Morris USA
 James Morgan (actor) (born 1985), British actor
 James Morgan (conductor), British conductor and composer
 James Morgan (set designer), scenic artist and producing artistic director of the York Theatre

James Morgan


100047 Leobaeck este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
100047 Leobaeck este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen și Lutz Dieter Schmadel. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,42 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 1,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 100001-101000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

100047 Leobaeck


ජාවා හි ප්‍රඥාපාරමිතා යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 13වන සියවසේ ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ නැගෙනහිර ජාවා හි සිංහසාරියෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ ප්‍රඥාපාරමිතා බෝධිසත්ත්වදේවිය නිරූපිත මූර්තියකි. ඉහළ කලාත්මක සහ ඓතිහාසික වටිනාකමකින් යුත් මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව පුරාතන ජාවා හි සම්භාව්‍ය හින්දු-බෞද්ධ කලාවේ අග්‍රකෘතියක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වර්තමානයේ, මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව ජකර්තාහි ඉන්දුනීසියානු ජාතික කෞතුකාගාරයේ ප්‍රදර්ශනයට තබා ඇත.

ගැලරිය

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බෞද්ධ කලාව
සිංහසාරි
ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ ජාතික කෞතුකාගාරය
ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ හින්දු ආගම
ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ බුද්ධාගම

ජාවා හි ප්‍රඥාපාරමිතා


Tansen peut désigner:

 Tansen (cratère), cratèr de Mercure ;
 Tansen (film)
 Tansen (musicien), célèbre musicien indianne de la cour d'Akbar ;
 Tansen (Népal), ville du Népal ;
 Tansel Başer, footballeur australien .

Tansen


La statue-menhir de Salverguettes est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Cambon-et-Salvergues, dans le département de l'Hérault en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 1993 par Gilbert Fages lors de travaux de terrassement. Elle a été gravée sur une dalle de granite mesurant  de hauteur sur  d'épaisseur. La statue est complète, elle a été brisée postérieurement à sa découverte. C'est une statue masculine comportant un visage (yeux, nez) délimité par un bourrelet, les deux bras (mais pas de main droite), les jambes disjointes et les pieds. Le personnage porte un baudrier, « l'objet » de grande taille et une ceinture avec une large boucle rectangulaire et un décor de chevrons. La face postérieure ne comporte aucune gravure visible.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Hérault
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Salverguettes
Site mégalithique dans l'Hérault

Statue-menhir de Salverguettes


Tegneserie er en dansk kortfilm fra 1968 instrueret af Esben Høilund Carlsen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Den klassiske forfølgelse. Flugten og fortrængningens mekanik. Om identitetsløshed, rollespil og fremmedgørelse, som man siger.

Medvirkende

 John Wittig
 Holger Juul Hansen
 Ulla Lock
 Edward Fleming

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1968

Tegneserie (film)


Korpuskularna teorija je teorija koja se zasniva na pretpostavci da se svjetlost sastoji od roja sitnih čestica koje se gibaju nekom brzinom. Postavio ju je Isaac Newton 1672. kako bi objasnio ravnocrtno gibanje svjetlosti te pojave loma svjetlosti (refrakcija) i odbijanja svjetlosti (refleksija). Nasuprot tomu, Christiaan Huygens je 1678. razradio, a 1690. objavio valnu teoriju svjetlosti. Obje su teorije ujedinjene prihvaćanjem dualizma svojstava svjetlosti (na primjer foton)

Valna teorija

Valna teorija je grana klasične teorijske mehanike i elektromagnetske teorije (rođene u 19. stoljeću), podloga moderne fizikalne optike i nanofizike te nanotehnologije, kao i klasična sastavnica za fenomenologiju kvantne fizike i pitanja dualnosti kvantne mehanike. U valnu teoriju ubrajaju se valna jednadžba za transverzalne valove kao i za longitudinalne valove u plinovima i kapljevinama, zatim Maxwellove jednadžbe ujedinjenog elektromagnetskoga polja, te stvaranja i širenja elektromagnetskih valova u vakuumu kao i primjene tih jednadžbi (radio valovi, mikrovalna tehnika, toplinsko zračenje, svjetlost, rendgenske i gama-zrake). Povijesno je valnu teoriju utemeljio Christiaan Huygens (1690.), a velik je doprinos dao i Robert Hooke. Prema Huygensu, svijetleća točka pobudi (potrese) sredstvo kojim se zatim šire svjetlosni valovi ((Huygensovo načelo)). Valovi se prenose posredstvom elementarnih valova, a njihova anvelopa (omotnica) jest nova fronta vala. Standardni su sadržaji valne teorije ogib (difrakcija), interferencija valova i polarizacija svjetlosti. Afirmaciju je valna teorija postigla kvantnom mehanikom.

Dualizam

Dualizam (novolatinski dualismus, prema latinskom dualis: dvojan, dvostruk), u fizici, je fizikalno svojstvo elektromagnetskog zračenja (foton) i osnovnih čestica tvari da pokazuju i valna i čestična svojstva, ovisno o okolnostima. Kada se elektromagnetsko zračenje širi prostorom, javljaju se ogib (difrakcija) i interferencija, što je dokaz da ima valna svojstva. Kada elektromagnetsko zračenje međudjeluje s elektronima iz tvari pri fotoelektričnom učinku, ono se ponaša poput roja sićušnih nedjeljivih čestica, grudica energije koje se zovu fotoni. Dakle, u jednim okolnostima (međudjelovanje s elektronima u metalu) elektromagnetsko zračenje ponaša se kao roj čestica, a u drugim okolnostima (širenje prostorom) kao val. Louis de Broglie iznio je 1923. hipotezu da se analogno tomu ponašaju i čestice tvari, kao na primjer elektroni. Snop elektrona pri međudjelovanju s tvari na koju nalijeće ponaša se kao roj čestica, ali kada se taj snop širi prostorom, on pokazuje valna svojstva. Poslije je pokusima dokazano da se za snop elektrona dobivaju pojave ogiba i interferencije, to jest da pri širenju zaista pokazuje valna svojstva. Zato se u kvantnoj fizici česticama pridružuju matematičke funkcije (valne funkcije), koje su rješenja određene valne jednadžbe (Schrödingerova jednadžba).

Louis de Broglie je u svojoj doktorskoj tezi iz 1924. uveo hipotezu o elektronskim valovima, odnosno pretpostavio da elektronima u pokretu treba pridružiti i valna svojstva. Prije njega, zahvaljujući Einsteinovom objašnjenju fotoelektričnog učinka i Planckovom objašnjenju zračenja apsolutno crnog tijela, ukazala se nužnost da se zrakama svijetlosti (elektromagnetsko zračenje) pridruže i čestična svojstva. De Broglie je stoga postavio obrnuto pitanje: "Ako svijetlost osim valnih posjeduje i čestična svojstva, da li onda česticama supstancije, kao što su, na primjer, elektroni, treba također, osim čestičnih, pridružiti i valna svojstva?"

Ovu njegovu pretpostavku o valnim svojstvima čestica znanstvena je javnost u prvi mah primila s nevjericom, pa čak i s podsmjehom. Međutim, njegovu teoriju su potvrdili Lester Germer i Clinton Joseph Davisson 1927. u pokusu kojim je dokazana ogib ili difrakcija elektrona na kristalima. Difrakcijska slika je bila dokaz valne prirode elektrona. Za rad na valnoj mehanici i za otkriće valne prirode elektrona dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 1929. Jedna od primjena njegovog otkrića je elektronski mikroskop, koji je imao mnogo veću rezoluciju od optičkih mikroskopa jer je valna dužina elektrona mnogo kraća od valne dužine svijetlosti. De Broglieova hipoteza postala je tako jedan od osnovnih postulata nove valne ili kvantne mehanike, ali također uvela u fiziku i problem takozvanog valno-čestičnog dualizma. Kao prikaz ove pojave danas se najčešće navodi pokus ogiba elektrona na dvostrukom prorezu.

Izvori

 Povijest fizike

Korpuskularna teorija


سيندي شيهان  من مواليد 10 يوليو 1957 وهي والدة كيسي شيهان، أحد الجنود الأمريكيين الذين ماتوا في حرب العراق، وهي من كبار مناهضي الحرب ضد العراق.

عضويتها
 عضو مؤسس في تجمع «عائلات النجمة الذهبية من أجل السلام»
 عضو مؤسس «بيت كراوفورد للسلام»
 عضو في التحالف الدولي «أوقفوا الحرب»

فعالياتها في مجال مناهضة الحرب علي العراق وحقوق الإنسان
 تقابلت شيهان وبعض أسر الجنود مع الرئيس جورج بوش في يونيو 2004 في فورت لويس، علي مقربة من تاكوما، في واشنطن بعد مرور ما يقرب من ثلاثة شهور علي موت ولدها
 في فترة التنصيب الرئاسي في يناير 2005, شدت شيهان الرحال إلي واشنطن لإلقاء خطابها في افتتاح المعرض المتحرك الذي قامت عليه لجنة خدمة الأصدقاء تحت عنوان «العيون مفتحة علي الخسائر البشرية للحرب»، ولقد كانت سيندي شيهان بحق متحدثاً متميزاً عندما حضرت افتتاح المعرض في سان دييجو في مارس 2005 وانتقلت معه لأماكن أخرى. وشاركت سيندي شيهان في معرض سان فرانسيسكو مؤخراً وقالت بعد أن أهدت للمعرض نعل ابنها كيسي «خلف هذا الحذاء أسرة مكسورة الخاطر»
 في أوائل أغسطس 2005, ذهبت إلي حديقة الرئيس بوش خارج كراوفورد بتكساس وطلبت موعداً آخر من الرئيس بوش لتشرح له الملابسات وراء موت ولدها، وذلك بعد أن أقامت مخيماً سلمياً أسمته «معسكر كيسي» علي جانب الطريق وحنثت علي مقابلة الرئيس أو البقاء خمسة أسابيع كاملة داخل المخيم، كما وعدت بأنها إن لم تتمكن من مقابلة الرئيس هذه المرة، فإنها ستذهب إلي كراوفورد مع كل زيارة لبوش في المستقبل، وقد قام بعض نواب الكونجرس بزيارة المعسكر للتكلم مع شيهان التي رفضت ذلك قائلة بأنها لن تتكلم إلا مع الرئيس بوش، وقبيل إنهاء وقفتها، صرحت شيهان بأنها تود التعبير عن شكرها العميق حيال حرمانها من لقاء الرئيس بوش فهذا يمكن أن يجهض الدافع الذي حققته حركتها السلمية من شعبية التظاهرات
 قامت شيهان بعمل مخيم بديل في 6 أغسطس 2006 في حفرة على الطريق، تبعد حوالي 3 أميال من مزرعة جورج دبليو بوش في تكساس قرب كراوفورد وأعلنت عن اعتزامها النوم في خيمة حتى تقابل الرئيس وجها لوجه
 بدأت سيندي شيهان احتجاجها هذا في اليوم الذي أعلن فيه الرئيس عن 5 أسابيع إجازة. وبعد عدة أيام بدأت وسائل الإعلام تشير إلى معسكرها على أنه معسكر كامب كاسي. وفي كثير من الأيام كان يزور معسكرها حوالي 1500 مؤيد من بينهم نواب في الكونغرس وممثلين ومطربين ونشطاء في مجال حقوق الإنسان
 في سبتمبر 2005, نظمت جماعة عائلات النجمة الذهبية من أجل السلام، و (محاربون قدماء ضد الحرب) و (عائلات الجنود يناشدون) جماعة باسم «أعيدوهم إلى الوطن»
 لقد كان ذلك بمثابة احتجاج واسع ضد الحرب على العراق حيث بدأ من كروفورد في تكساس وقطع مسافة بين ثلاثة طرق عبر البلاد حيث كان ينضم لها مؤيدون آخرون في الطريق حتى تجمعوا في واشنطون في سبتمبر 2005, وكانت شيهان هي المتحدث في كل هذه التجمعات حيث كانت تحثهم علي مواصلة مسيرتهم
 التقت بالسيناتور جون ماكين واعتبرت شيهان هذه المقابلة بأنها محبطة لأنها اكتشفت أنه داع إلى الحرب، كما احتجت على موقف هيلاري كلينتون ضد الحرب
 تقابلت مع نانسي بيلوسي رئيسة مجلس النواب الأميركي أكثر من مرة علي اعتبار عضويتها السابقة في الحزب الديموقراطي
 في 2005, سافرت سيندي شيهان إلي بريطانيا بدعوة من تحالف «أوقفوا الحرب» حيث ألقت في هناك خطاباً أمام المؤتمر الدولي للسلام
 قامت شيهان في 24 يناير 2006 بالسفر إلى فنزويلا تحت رعاية وزير خارجية فنزويلا، وبمشاركة أكثر من 10 آلاف شخص من المناهضين للعولمة في فنزويلا في المنتدى الاجتماعي الدولي في كاراكاس الذي حضره الرئيس الفنزويلي هوجو شافيز
 شاركت أيضا مع سوزان سارندون في احتجاج تم تنظيمه في عيد الأم أمام البيت الأبيض ووصفت سيندي شيهان مشاعرها وهي تقضي عيد الأم بدون ولدها
 تحدثت سيندي شيهان في يوم 26 مايو 2006 في تجمع في ملبورن في أستراليا، حيث تم عمل هذا التجمع أمام مكاتب الحزب الليبرالي الفيكتوري دعما لإطلاق سراح دافيد هيكس
 أدلت شيهان بتصريح في سبرينج فيلد في فيرمونت، 4 مارس 2007 أمام الكنيسة الموحدية العالمية حول ضرورة مقاضاة بوش وإتهامه بالفساد وإنهاء الحرب
 شاركت سيندي شيهان في العاشر من ديسمبر في منتدى لمناهضة الفساد في جامعة فوردهام مع السيدة كارولين هو والدة إهرن واتادا وهو أول ضابط مفوض يرفض الذهاب إلى العراق
 زارت العديد من الدول لإقامة فعاليات مناهضة للحرب، من بينها إنجلترا وبلجيكا والنمسا وأستراليا
 أطلقت عليها وسائل الإعلام الأمريكية أنها «أم السلام»

سيندي شيهان والمحاكمات العسكرية للإخوان المسلمين
زارت سيندي شيهان مصر في عام 2008 لإبداء تضامنها مع قيادات الإخوان المحالين للمحكمة العسكرية، عملت أجهزة أمنية في مصر علي التضييق علي أنشطتها في مصر، وأحدثت زيارتها ضجة إعلامية وحدثاً بارزاً في الدوائر السياسية المصرية
ً

انظر أيضا
 الإخوان المسلمون
 محاكمات عسكرية للإخوان المسلمين
 خيرت الشاطر
 العراق

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 إخوان ويب - الموقع الرسمي للإخوان المسلمين باللغة الإنجليزية
 مدونة انسي
 إخوان أون لاين - الموقع الرسمي لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين باللغة العربية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من إنغليووود (كاليفورنيا)
أشخاص من ديكسون (كاليفورنيا)
أشخاص من سان فرانسيسكو (كاليفورنيا)
أمريكيون مقاطعون للضرائب
اشتراكيون أمريكيون
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (لوس أنجلوس)
دعاة سلام أمريكيون
ديمقراطيون من ولاية كاليفورنيا
سياسيات أمريكيات في القرن 21
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
سياسيون من ولاية كاليفورنيا
عدم التدخل
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كاتبات غير روائيات أمريكيات
كاتبات مذكرات
كاتبات مذكرات أمريكيات
كتاب سياسة أمريكيون
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب مذكرات أمريكيون
كتاب مذكرات في القرن 20
كتاب مذكرات في القرن 21
كتاب من كاليفورنيا
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 21
مرشحو نائب رئيس الولايات المتحدة 2012
مستقلون من ولاية كاليفورنيا
مسجلو بث صوتي أمريكيون
منظرو مؤامرة أمريكيون
منظرو مؤامرة 11 سبتمبر
مواليد 1957
مواليد في إنغليووود (كاليفورنيا)
ناشطون أمريكيون مناهضون للحرب
ناشطون أمريكيون ناهضوا حرب العراق
ناشطون سياسيون أمريكيون
ناشطون من كاليفورنيا
كتاب مذكرات أمريكيون في القرن 21

سيندي شيهان


An Schoenorchis nivea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Schoenorchis nivea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenorchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sri Lanka. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Schoenorchis

Schoenorchis nivea


Džamija Džafer-bega Sijerčića, bivša džamija u Goraždu. Nazvana po begu iz bogate goraždanske veleposjedničke obitelji Sijerčića. Nalazila se u središtu grada u staroj čaršiji. Srušena je za vrijeme bivše Jugoslavije. S džamijom srušena je i stara čaršija s dućanima.

Izvori

Vjerski objekti u Goraždu
Džamije u Bosni i Hercegovini

Džamija Džafer-bega Sijerčića


Kraghave er en lille landsby på det vestlige Falster i Tingsted Sogn. Den hører til Guldborgsund Kommune i Region Sjælland. Landsbyen ligger nord for Nykøbing Falster langs Europavej E55. I praksis er den vokset sammen med Nykøbing.
Via en vej er den forbundet med Virket omkring 10 km mod nordøst. Den ligger ved siden af Bangsebro umiddelbart mod sydøst og Stubberup mod nord.

Kommunen driver et sprog- og integrationscenter i Kraghave, hvor udlændinge i kommunen får tilbud om danskundervisning.

Referencer

Byer på Falster
Lokaliteter i Guldborgsund Kommune

Kraghave (Tingsted Sogn)


Armata de Dobrogea a fost o mare unitate de nivel operativ care s-a constituit la 27 august/7 septembrie 1916, prin gruparea unităților ruse și române care acționau pe secțiunea din Dobrogea a Frontul Român, în toamna anului 1916. Armata a făcut parte inițial din organica Grupului Armatelor de Sud, iar apoi în subordinea directă a Marelui Cartier General. Armata a fost comandată de generalul Andrei Zaioncikovski. Armata de Dobrogea a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul român, în perioada 27 august/7 septembrie - 2/14 decembrie 1916, ulterior fiind desființată.

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

Ordinea de bătaie

Reorganizări

Comandanți

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol II, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1936
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial'', Editura Militară, București, 1987

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Unități militare mixte ruso-române pe frontul român în Primul Război Mondial

Armata de Dobrogea


Irski okruzi (; Ulster-Scots: coonties o Airlann) su podnacionalne podjele u Republici Irskoj koje su se koristile, a u nekim slučajevima i dalje koriste, za geografsko razgraničenje područja lokalne uprave. Te podjele nastale su nakon normanske invazije na Irsku kao imitacija okruga koje su se koristile kao jedinice lokalne samouprave u Kraljevini Engleskoj.  Stariji izraz 'shire' povijesno je bio jednak "okrugu". Glavna funkcija okruga bila je uvođenje kraljevske kontrole u području oporezivanja, sigurnosti i provođenja pravde na lokalnoj razini. Cambro-Normanski nadzor je u početku bio ograničen na jugoistočne dijelove Irske; protekla su još četiri stoljeća prije nego što se cijeli otok podijeljen na okruge. Istodobno, zastarjeli koncept okružnih korporacija uzdignuo je mali broj gradova i statusa na nivo kojim su postali ne manje važni od postojećih okruga u kojima su se nalazili. Ovaj mehanizam dvostruke kontrole od 32 okruga i 10 korporativnih okruga ostao je nepromijenjen nešto više od dva stoljeća, do početka 19. stoljeća. Od tada su granice okruga prilagođavane, a u nekim slučajevima su okruzi i podijeljeni kako bi udovoljili novim administrativnim i političkim zahtjevima.

Ovlasti koje su imali Cambro-Normanski baroni i staroenglesko plemstvo s vremenom su se smanjivali, a novi oblici političke kontrole su uvedeni u okruzima. U Republici Irskoj neki su okruzi podijeljeni u više manjih okruga. Uz određene gradove, okruzi i dalje čine temelj za razgraničenje područja lokalne uprave u Republici Irskoj. Trenutno postoji 26 okruga, tri grada i 2 gradska-okružna entiteta - moderni ekvivalent korporativnih okruga - koji se koriste za razgraničenje područja lokalne uprave u Republici.

U Sjevernoj Irskoj okruzi se više ne koriste za lokalnu upravu, nego su zamijenjani distriktima. Nakon podjele Irske 1921. godine, okrug je postao jedna od osnovnih zemljišnih jedinica, zajedno s okružnim borough-ima.

Izvori

Irski okruzi


John Bird Hine, né le  en Angleterre et mort le , est un homme politique néo-zélandais.

Biographie
Fermier de profession, élu député de la circonscription de Stratford (dans le Taranaki) à la Chambre des représentants aux élections de 1908, il s'engage dans la New Zealand Army au début de la Première Guerre mondiale. Intégré à la Brigade d'Infanterie montée, il est déployé au Proche-Orient et prend part à la campagne du Sinaï et de Palestine. Il atteint le grade de major avant d'être grièvement blessé en Palestine et rapatrié en Nouvelle-Zélande.

En août 1919, le Parti libéral quitte le gouvernement de coalition en place durant la guerre, et John Bird Hine est nommé ministre de l'Intérieur dans le gouvernement des seuls conservateurs, mené par William Massey. Il n'exerce toutefois cette fonction que quelques mois, car il est battu dans sa circonscription aux élections de décembre 1919.

Voir aussi
 Liste de parlementaires néo-zélandais aux deux guerres mondiales

Références

Membre de la Chambre des représentants de Nouvelle-Zélande
Militaire néo-zélandais de la Première Guerre mondiale
Ministre néo-zélandais de l'Intérieur
Naissance en novembre 1868
Décès en février 1954
Décès à 85 ans

John Bird Hine


سفويا أو «سافوي»   هي منطقة في أوروبا تقع غربي الألب. برزت بعد انهيار مملكة بورغوندي الفرنكية، والتي كان رودولف الثالث ملك بورغوندي آخر ملوكها. في العام 1003 أصبحت سلالة سفويا أطول الأسر المالكة حكما في أوروبا، حيث حكمت مقاطعة سفويا حتى العام 1416م ومن ثم دوقية سافوي من 1416 إلى 1714. تم ضم مقاطعة ودوقية سفويا إلى تورينو والمناطق الأخرى إلى بييمونتي. ظلت عاصمة دوقية سافوي هي مدينة شامبري وذلك حتى العام 1563 حين تحولت إلى تورينو. وفي القرن الثامن عشر ارتبطت دوقية سفويا بمملكة سردينيا فيما عرف رؤساء أسرة سفويا بكونهم «ملوك سردينيا»، كما ظلت تورينو عاصمتهم.

تم ضم منطقة سفويا الأصلية إلى فرنسا في العام 1860، كجزء من الاتفاق السياسي مع نابوليون الثالث نتج عنه توحيد إيطاليا. لكن أسرة سفويا ظلت محتفظة بأراضي سفويا في الجانب الإيطالي فيما أصبح رؤساء الأسرة ملوكا على إيطاليا.

في فرنسا المعاصرة فان سفويا هي جزء من رون ألب منذ أن تم ضمها إلى فرنسا في العام 1860، وإقليم سفويا الفرنسي تم تقسيمه إداريا إلى إقليمين منفصلين هما:سافوا وسافوا العليا.

احتلال فرنسي
تم احتلال سفويا من قبل القوات الثورية الفرنسية بين عامي 1792-1815، حيث ضمت المنطقة في بادئ الأمر إلى دائرة مون بلا "Mont-Blanc"، ثم وفي 1798 تم تقسيمها بين دائرة مون بلا وليما (التسمية الفرنسية لبحيرة جنيف).

وفي 13 سبتمبر 1793 قام قوات سفويا المشتركة، وبييمونتي وفالدوت بالقتال والخسارة ضد قوات الجيش الفرنسي في سفويا التابعة لفرنسا وذلك في معركة ميربل "Bataille de Méribel". وقد استعادت مملكة سردينيا كل من سفويا وبييمونتي ونيس من خلال مؤتمر فيينا بين عامي 1814-1815.

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 سلالة سفويا.
 حصار نيس.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Regional tourist guide

منطقة سافوا
دوقية سافوي
مقاطعات سابقة في فرنسا
مناطق أوروبا
مناطق تاريخية

منطقة سافوا


Aaron Cook ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Aaron Cook (Baseballspieler) (* 1979), US-amerikanischer Baseballspieler
Aaron Cook (Basketballspieler) (* 1983), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler
 Aaron Cook (Taekwondoin) (* 1991), britischer Taekwondoin
 Aaron Cook (Politiker), nauruischer Politiker

Aaron Cook


Partidul Muncitoresc Coreean (in coreeană: 조선로동당 transliterat: Chosŏn Rodongdang) este un partid politic din Coreea de Nord, fiind partidul de guvernare al acestei țări din 1949 și Kim Jong-un fiind de asemenea și Lider Suprem al națiunii.

Istorie
Dupa desființarea Partidului Comunist Coreean, din fuziunea altor doua partide politice comuniste, sub conducerea lui Kim Ir-sen apare Partidul Muncitoresc Coreean ce practica o ideologie Marxist-leninistă.

În aceeași perioadă, toate funcțiile politice din stat au fost preluate de membrii acestui partid, Kim Ir-sen proclamându-se Prim-ministru si Lider Suprem al țării.

în 1972 Kim Ir-sen înlocuiește Marxism-leninismul cu ideologia Juche si renunță la funcția Prim-ministru al Coreei de Nord, proclamându-se Președinte deținând aceasta functie până in 1994 când moare fiind proclamat "Presedinte Etern".

în 1994 Kim Jong-il preia conducerea partidului devenind Secretar general al Partidului Muncitoresc Coreean si implicit Lider Suprem al Republicii, desființând funcția de Președinte.

In 2011 Kim Jong-il moare primind funcția de "Secretar General Etern", fostele lui funcții fiind preluate de către Kim Jong-un.

Partide comuniste
Politica Coreei de Nord
Fondări în 1949

Partidul Muncitoresc Coreean


Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728 – 1777) Alman fizikçi,  matematikçi ve gökbilimcidir.

Hayatı
Mülhausen'de doğmuştur. (Şimdiki Mulhouse, Alsace, Fransa) Fakir olan babası kendisine destek veremediği için eğitimini çalışarak finanse etmiştir. Hayatının son on yılını Prusya Kralı'nın himayesinde, Berlin'de geçirmiştir.

Çalışmaları

Lambert pek çok farklı konuda çalışmalar sahibi bir bilim adamıydı. Trigonometriye hiperbolik fonksiyonları sokan ilk kişi Lambert'dir.  Pi sayısının irrasyonel bir sayı olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Konikler hakkında çalışmalar yapmış bu sayede  kuyrukluyıldızların yörüngelerini daha kolay hesaplama yöntemleri geliştirmiştir. İlk pratik higrometre ve fotometre Lambert tarafından yapılmıştır.  1760'ta ışık yansımaları hakkında Latince bir kitap yayınlamıştır.  1761'de Güneş ve etrafındaki gök cisimlerinin,  Samanyolu'nda beraber hareket eden bir grup (Güneş Sistemi oluşturdukları hipotezini ortaya atmıştır. Lambert aynı zamanda perspektif konusunda klasikleşen bir kitap yazmış ve geometrik optik konusuna katkıda bulunmuştur.

New Organon kitabında Lembert sübjektif ve objektif görünümler üzerine çalışmalar yapmıştır. Lambert-Beer Kanunu ışığın nasıl soğurulduğunu açıklamaktadır. Yazdığı ¨Evrenin Yapısı Üzerine Kozmolojik Mektuplar¨isimli kitapta, görüntülerin insan zihninde oluşma şekilleri üzerine çalışmıştır.

Lambert,  Kant'ın ¨Evrensel Doğa Tarihi ve Gökler Kuramı¨ kitabından etkilenmiş ve Kant'ın  Nebular Hipotez'ine kendi fikirlerini de ekleyerek Güneş Sistemi'nin oluşumu hakkında kendi fikirlerini yazmıştır.

Lambert, hiperbolik üçgenlerin açıları ve alanları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemiştir. Lambert, bu üçgenlerin açıları toplamının 180 dereceye tekabül edemeyeceğini göstermiştir. 180 dereceden olan eksikliğin alanla orantılı olduğunu bulmuştur. Bulduğu bu kuralın formülü : CΔ = π — (α + β + γ). C sabitiyle çarpılan bir hiperbolik üçgenin alanı, 180 (Radyan) eksi açıların toplamına eşittir. Üçgenin alanı değiştikçe açılar da değişitr. Bu kurala göre açıları eşit olmayan iki hiperbolik üçgenin alanı eşit olamaz. Öklid geometrisinde üçgenin alanının kenar uzunluklarına göre gösterilmesinin aksine, Lambert hiperbolik üçgenleri açılarına göre gösterilirler.

1728 doğumlular
1777 yılında ölenler
18. yüzyılda Almanlar
Prusya Bilim Akademisi üyeleri
Alman matematikçiler
Alman astronomlar
Alman fizikçiler
Pi sayısı

Johann Heinrich Lambert


ساينت هيلير  هي عاصمة جيرزي إحدى جزر القنال الإنجليزي.

كتب
 Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) ISBN 1-86077-065-7.
 Jersey in Figures, 2003–2004, published by the States of Jersey.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لساينت هيلير:

توأمة
لساينت هيلير اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 افرانش
 باد فورتساخ
 فونشال

أعلام
 غرام لو سو
 جيرانت جينينغز
 إدوارد بارتلي
 تريفور وود
 ديف آدامز
 ليونارد وارد

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أبرشيات في جيرزي
بلدات إدارية للمقاطعات في إنجلترا
مرافئ وموانئ جيرزي

ساينت هيلير


Blažena Jozafata Mihajlina Hordaševska (ukr.: Йосафа́та Михайлина Гордашевська, Lviv, 20. studenoga 1869. – Lviv, 7. travnja 1919.) - ukrajinska grkokatolička redovnica, utemeljiteljica ženske redovničke zajednice Sestara Službenica od Marije Bezgrešne, proglašena blaženom

Rođena je kao Mihajlina Hordaševska u Lvivu 20. studenoga 1869. Tada je njen rodni grad bio dio Austro-Ugarske Monarhije, a danas se nalazi na zapadu Ukrajine. Odgojena je u obitelji grkokatoličkih ukrajinskih vjernika. U Lvivu, grkokatolici su tada činili 14% stanovništva, a danas 45%, jer se povećao broj Ukrajinaca u stanovništvu, a znatno smanjio broj Židova i Poljaka nakon Drugoga svjetskoga rata.

Postala je redovnica s 18 godina. Uz pomoć svećenika Jeremije Lomnijtskog i Kirila Seletskog utemeljila je prvu žensku Družbu bizantsko-ukrajinskog obreda: Sestre Službenice od Marije Bezgrešne. Uzela je redovničko ime Jozafata u čast sv. Jozafata Kunceviča, grkokatoličkoga nadbiskupa, redovnika i mučenika.

Sestre Službenice od Marije Bezgrešne posvećene su brizi za bolesne i najpotrebnije. Jozafata Hordaševska predvodila ih je zauzetim i požrtvovnim radom pa se zajednica širila i dobivala nove članice.

Preminula je od tuberkuloze kostiju u 49 godini u teškim bolovima. Tijelo joj je eshumirano 1982. i položeno u središnjicu Sestara Službenica od Marije Bezgrešne u Rimu.

Papa Ivan Pavao II. proglasio ju je blaženom u Lvivu u lipnju 2001. godine.

Katoličanstvo u Ukrajini
Životopisi, Ukrajina
Grkokatolička Crkva
Kršćanske redovnice

Jozafata Hordaševska


Ayutthaya Historical Park ( (Pronunciation)) covers the ruins of the old city of Ayutthaya, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. The city of Ayutthaya was founded by King Ramathibodi I in 1351, though it is likely to be significantly older, based on evidence showing that the area was already populated during the Mon Dvaravati period. Sources further mention that around 850 AD, the Khmers occupied the area and established a stronghold there, naming it Ayodhya, after one of the holiest Hindu cities in India of the same name. The early history of Ayutthaya is connected to this Khmer settlement. Additionally, Prince Damrong has also attested to the existence of a city named Ayodhya, founded by the Khmers ruling from Lopburi at the point where the three rivers meet. An excavation map shows traces of an ancient baray (water reservoir) close to the southwestern tip of Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon, which could have been built on a former important Khmer temple complex.

The city was captured by the Burmese in 1569. Though not pillaged, it lost "many valuable and artistic objects." It was the capital of the country until its destruction by the Burmese army in 1767.

In 1969, the Fine Arts Department of Thailand began renovations of the ruins, scaling up the project after the site was declared a historical park in 1976. Part of the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.

Park sites
 Wat Chaiwatthanaram
 Wat Kasatrathiraj
 Wat Kudi Dao
 Wat Lokayasutharam
 Wat Mahathat
 Wat Phanan Choeng
 Wiharn Phra Mongkhon Bopit
 Wat Phra Ram
 Wat Phra Sri Sanphet
 Wat Ratchaburana, Ayutthaya
 Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon
 Phra Chedi Suriyothai
 Ayutthaya Historical Study Centre
 Japanese village
 Baan Hollanda (Dutch village)
 Wat Phu Khao Thong
 Elephant camp

Gallery

See also
 Ayutthaya Kingdom

Notes

 The city was founded on Friday, the 6th day of the waxing moon of the 5th month, 1893 Buddhist Era, corresponding to Friday, 4 March 1351 Common Era, according to the calculation of the Fine Arts Department of Thailand.

References

External links

 Thai Tourism Authority: official Ayutthaya historical park website
 Ayutthaya.net: Ayutthaya Attractions
 UNESCO: Official Ayutthaya website

Historical Park
Historical parks of Thailand
Archaeological sites in Thailand
World Heritage Sites in Thailand
Geography of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province
Former populated places in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province
Tourist attractions in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province
1976 establishments in Burma
Buildings and structures on the Chao Phraya River

Ayutthaya Historical Park


An Stipa humilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Antonio José Cavanilles. An Stipa humilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stipa

Stipa humilis


باب الشمس-الرحيل والعودة فيلم يحكي تاريخ فلسطين من خلال قصة حَُب بين البطل الفلسطيني يونس الذي يذهب للمقاومة بينما تظل زوجته نهيلة مُتمسكة بالبقاء في قريتها بالجليل. وطوال فترة الخمسينيات والستينيات يتسلل من لبنان إلى الجليل ليُقابل زوجته في مغارة «باب الشمس» وتُنجب مِنه ويعودُ مرةً أُخرى لِيَنضم إلى تنظيم المُقاومة في لبنان، الفيلم مأخوذ عن رِواية تحمل نفس الاسم (باب الشمس) للأديب إلياس خوري، جَسَدَ الأدوار نُخبة من المُمثِلات والمُمثلين السوريين والعرب، وتم تصويرهُ في سوريا ولبنان ويُعد عودةً للأفلام الملحمية التي تسجل تاريخ الوطن العربي في القرن العشرين وحتى الآن. الفيلم من إخراج يسري نصر الله ومن إنتاج أونيون بيكتشرز وقناة Arte الفرنسية.

البطولة
باسل خياط، نادرة عمران، عروة نيربية، حلا عمران، ريم تركي. واشترك في التمثيل باسم سمرة، محمد حداقي، طلال الجردي، عماد البيتم، فيفيان أنطونيوس، وغيرهم.

ردود فعل
رفيق الصبان (ناقد سوري): باب الشمس فيلم نفخر به وكنا ننتظره من سنين طويلة عن قضية حارّة هي قضية عمرنا كله وقضية أولادنا من بعدنا، قضية عرف يسري نصر الله كيف يجعلها درة حقيقة على رأس السينما العربية.
نادر فرجاني: قد هزني في الفيلم (الملحمة) على وجه الخصوص الدور المركزي للمرأة الفلسطينية الذي نجح المخرج ومجموعة الممثلات المقتدرات في إبرازه بحنكة لا تبارى.

وفي 11/1/2013 استلهمت مجموعة شبابية فلسطينية اسم رواية باب الشمس وانشأت قرية باب الشمس رداً على الممارسات الاستيطانية الإسرائيلية الساعية إلى بناء 4000 وحدة استيطانية على أراضي الطور، شرقي القدس بما يعرف بمنطقة E1. وقد أعجبت الفكرة كاتب الرواية اللبناني إلياس خوري وبعث لهم رسالة يُحييهم فيها على الفكرة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام حرب فرنسية
أفلام دراما إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام فرنسية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2004
أفلام من إخراج يسري نصر الله
أفلام حربية درامية مصرية

باب الشمس-الرحيل والعودة


كسر وحدة هو عدد كسري بسطه يساوي الواحد ومقامه عدد صحيح موجب. وعليه فإن كسر الوحدة هو مقلوب عدد صحيح موجب. مثلاً 1/1، 1/2، 1/3، 1/53 و هكذا.

الحساب البسيط
 ضرب إي كسرين واحديين ينتج عنه كسر وحدة جديد على الشكل التالي:

ولكن عمليات جمع وطرح وقسمة كسرين واحديين لاتنتج بالضروري كسرا وحدة، كما تبين ذلك المعادلات التالية:

مراجع

1 (عدد)
أعداد صحيحة
حسابيات ابتدائية
كسور

كسر وحدة


Domalde, Dómaldi (n. 344) (nórdico antiguo: Dómaldr que significa "Poder para juzgar") fue un rey vikingo legendario de Suecia de la Casa de Yngling, maldito por su madrastra con un ósgæssa, (conjuro para la mala suerte). Era hijo y heredero de Visbur. Su figura protohistórica aparece en la saga Ynglinga, Ynglingatal e Historia Norwegiæ.

Según la saga Ynglinga, la suerte del rey es la suerte de la tierra y el reinado de Domalde estuvo protagonizado por malas cosechas y terribles hambrunas. El primer otoño, los suecos sacrificaron bueyes en el Templo de Upsala, pero la siguiente siembra no obtuvo mejores resultados. El segundo otoño, sacrificaron personas, pero la cosecha fue aún peor. Al tercer año muchos suecos se dirigieron a Gamla Uppsala para participar en el thing de todos los suecos y los caudillos presentes decidieron sacrificar al rey y rociaron las estatuas de los dioses con su sangre (véase Blót) y entonces regresaron las buenas cosechas. Le sucedió su hijo Domar, cuyo reino fue muy próspero.

Íslendingabók cita una línea de descendencia en Ynglingatal y menciona a Dómaldr como sucesor de Visburr y predecesor de Dómarr: vii Visburr. viii Dómaldr. ix Dómarr.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.

Enlaces externos
 La Saga de los Ynglings y la Heimskringla en «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad». (en inglés y noruego)

Reyes vikingos legendarios de Suecia

Domalde


FDR puede referirse a:
 Franklin D. Roosevelt, expresidente de los Estados Unidos.
 Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive o FDR Drive, autovía de la ciudad de Nueva York.
 Fe de Ratas, grupo español de punk rock.
 Frente Democrático Revolucionario, coalición política de El Salvador.
 Fuerza de Despliegue Rápido (Argentina), unidad de batalla del Ejército Argentino.
 Fuerza de Despliegue Rápido (Colombia), unidad de batalla del Ejército Colombiano.
 El teorema de fluctuación-disipación en física estadística.

FDR (desambiguación)


Amerika
 Maya
 Copán
 Herrscher: Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (695–738)
 Palenque
 Herrscher: K'inich Ahkal Mo' Nahb III. (721–738)
 Tikal
 Herrscher: Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. (682–734)

Asien
 Bagan
 König: Myinkywe (716–726)

 China
 Kaiser: Tang Xuanzong (712–756)

 Iberien (Kartlien)
 König: Guaram III. (692–748)

 Indien
 Chalukya
 König: Vijayaditya (696–733)
 Östliche Chalukya
 König: Vishnuvardhana III. (719–755)
 Pallava
 König: Nandi Varman II. (710–775)
 Pandya
 König: Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (710–735)

 Japan
 Kaiser: Shōmu (724–749)

 Kaschmir
 König: Lalitaditya (723–760)

 Reich der Kök-Türken
 Herrscher: Bilge Khan (716–734)

 Korea
 Balhae
 König: Kwangjong Mu (719–738)
 Silla
 König: Seongdeok (702–737)

 Kalifat der Muslime
 Kalif: Hischām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (724–743)

 Tibet
 König: Thride Tsugten (704–755)

Europa
 Bulgarien
 Khan: Kormesij (721–738)

 Byzantinisches Reich
 Kaiser: Leo III. (717–741)

 England (Heptarchie)
 East Anglia
 König: Ælfwald (713–749)
 Essex
 König: Swæfberht (709–738)
 Kent
 König: Wihtred (691–725)
 König: Æthelberht II. (725–762)
 König: Eadberht I. (725–748)
 König: Ealric (725–?)
 Mercia
 König: Æthelbald (716–757)
 Northumbria
 König: Osric (718–729)
 Wessex
 König: Ine (688–726)
 König: Æthelheard (726–740)

 Fränkisches Reich
 König: Theuderich IV. (721–737)
 Hausmeier: Karl Martell (717–741)

 Italien
 Langobardenreich
 König: Liutprand (712–744)
 Autonome langobardische Herzogtümer:
 Herzog von Benevent: Romuald II. (706–731)
 Herzog des Friaul: Pemmo (706–739)
 Herzog von Spoleto: Transamund II. (720–739)
 Venedig
 Magister militum: Marcello Tegalliano (717–726)

 Schottland
 Dalriada
 König: Dungal (723–726)
 Strathclyde
 König: Teudebur (722–752)
 Pikten
 König: Drust (724–726)

 Spanien
 Asturien
 König: Pelagius (718–737)
 Al-Andalus
 Statthalter des Umayyaden-Kalifs: Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (721–726)

 Wales
 Gwynedd
 König: Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal (720–754)
 Powys
 Fürst: Elisedd ap Gwylog (725–755)

Religiöse Führer
 Papst: Gregor II. (715–731)
 Patriarch von Konstantinopel: Germanos I. (715–730)

Liste der Staatsoberhäupter 725


The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Anthony Minghella, and based on Patricia Highsmith's 1955 novel of the same name. Set in the 1950s, it stars Matt Damon as Tom Ripley, an underachieving young man that is sent from New York City to Italy to retrieve Dickie Greenleaf, a rich and spoiled playboy, and convince him to return home - however, after failing, Ripley takes extreme measures. Jude Law, Gwyneth Paltrow, Cate Blanchett and Philip Seymour Hoffman also  appear in supporting roles.

The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $128 million worldwide. It received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor for Law.

Plot

In 1959 New York City, Tom Ripley is approached by shipping magnate Herbert Greenleaf, who believes that Ripley attended Princeton with his son Dickie, as he is wearing a borrowed Princeton jacket. Greenleaf pays Ripley to travel to Italy, where Dickie has settled, to persuade him to return to the United States. After a first-class voyage aboard the RMS Queen Mary, Ripley pretends to be Dickie in the Italian ocean liner terminal and befriends American socialite Meredith Logue.

In the seaside village of Mongibello, Ripley befriends Dickie and his American girlfriend Marge Sherwood, claiming to be a former Princeton classmate. He enjoys Dickie's extravagant lifestyle and becomes obsessed with him. Once Dickie's wealthy friend Freddie appears, he tires of Ripley and starts spending time with Freddie, who treats Ripley with contempt. When he returns from Rome, Dickie is disturbed to find Ripley dressed in his clothes and dancing in front of a mirror.  Dickie impregnates a local woman then spurns her, so she drowns herself. Ripley, aware of what has happened, promises a guilt-ridden Dickie to keep it a secret. After his father cuts off his travel funds, Dickie cancels a trip to Venice and tells Ripley that they should part ways, but offers to take him on a final trip to San Remo.

Aboard a small boat, Dickie says that he has grown tired of Ripley and is going to marry Marge, while Ripley insists that Dickie is afraid of their feelings for each other. The argument becomes physical, and Ripley kills Dickie with an oar. Ripley takes Dickie's belongings and scuttles the boat. Realizing that people mistake him for Dickie, Ripley assumes his identity. He forges a letter to Marge, convincing her that Dickie has left her and moved to Rome. Ripley creates the illusion that Dickie is still alive by checking into one hotel as Dickie and another as himself, fabricating an exchange of communications between the two. Through forgery, he is able to draw on Dickie's allowance, which allows him to live lavishly.

In Rome, Ripley runs into Meredith, who still knows him as Dickie, and accepts an invitation from her to attend an opera with her family. His ruse is threatened when he unexpectedly runs into Marge and her friend Peter Smith-Kingsley there. Ripley rushes Meredith out of the opera house on a pretext, then rejects her to prevent himself from being exposed. Freddie shows up to Ripley's apartment, having being told that Dickie rents it, and is immediately suspicious by Ripley's presence there. When the landlady addresses Ripley as Dickie, Freddie realizes the fraud. Ripley bludgeons him to death and disposes of his body. When the body is found, police visit the apartment to question "Dickie". To evade the police and Marge, both of whom are looking for Dickie, Ripley forges Dickie's suicide note, claiming responsibility for Freddie's death. Under his real name, Ripley travels to Venice, where he again encounters Peter.

Dickie's father arrives in Italy with private detective Alvin MacCarron, and meets with the police. Ripley almost kills Marge after she discovers he has Dickie's rings, but they are interrupted by Peter. Mr. Greenleaf dismisses Marge's suspicions and MacCarron tells Ripley that the police are convinced that Dickie, who had a history of violence, murdered Freddie before killing himself. MacCarron tells Ripley that Greenleaf intends to bequeath a large portion of Dickie's trust fund to him to reward his loyalty to Dickie and to ensure his silence.

Free and clear of his crimes, and with the income to finally live Dickie's lifestyle for real, Ripley boards a liner to Greece with Peter. It is implied they are now lovers. Ripley is surprised to encounter Meredith, who still believes he is Dickie and also knows Peter socially. Noting that she is traveling with family, Ripley kisses her and promises to talk later. In his cabin, Peter tells Ripley he saw him kiss Meredith, and demands answers. Ripley realizes that it is only a matter of time before Peter and Meredith run into each other. After apologizing for lying to him, a sobbing Ripley smothers Peter to death and returns to his cabin, alone.

Cast

Production

Casting
The Guardian reported that Leonardo DiCaprio declined the role which went to Damon. Minghella cast Matt Damon after seeing his performance in Good Will Hunting, because he felt the actor had the right mix of "credibility and warmth and generosity" to engage the audience and help them understand how Ripley "thinks and operates". The character of Meredith Logue, not present in the novel, was added by Minghella with Cate Blanchett in mind. He was "entranced" with Blanchett after meeting with her and surprised that she was actually interested in playing the small part; Minghella went on to write more scenes for the character to expand her role.

Minghella happened to see the dailies from a film his wife Carolyn Choa was producing at the time, which Law starred in: The Wisdom of Crocodiles. Minghella was impressed with Law's performance and offered him the role of Dickie; in his "insane arrogance", as Law put it, he initially refused, because he did not wish to play a "pretty boy". After learning of the cast Minghella was assembling and coming to understand that he would be "in safe hands" with the director, Law later accepted the part.

Filming
Apart from the beginning scenes filmed in New York City, the film was shot entirely on location in Italy. The cliffside resort town of Positano and various villages on the islands of Ischia and Procida, near Naples, were used to represent the fictional town of Mongibello. Frequent and unpredictable rain hampered the production, with Minghella stating that "we had to deliver this gorgeous Mediterranean world, this beautiful world of Southern Italy, and we could never get Italy to turn beautiful...We would divide the scenes up, often into words, and go out and get two or three words and then it would start to rain and we'd have to go back in again." The scenes taking place in San Remo were actually filmed in Anzio, a resort town near Rome. Well-known locations included the Piazza Navona, the Spanish Steps and Piazza di Spagna in Rome, and the Caffè Florian in the Piazza San Marco in Venice.

To prepare for the role of Ripley, Damon lost 30 pounds and learned to play the piano. Law gained weight and learned to play the saxophone for his character; he also broke a rib when he fell backward while filming the murder scene in the boat.

Soundtrack

Reception

Critical response
Roger Ebert gave the film four-out-of-four stars, calling it "an intelligent thriller" that is "insidious in the way it leads us to identify with Tom Ripley ... He's a monster, but we want him to get away with it". In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin praised Law's performance: "This is a star-making role for the preternaturally talented English actor Jude Law. Beyond being devastatingly good-looking, Mr. Law gives Dickie the manic, teasing powers of manipulation that make him ardently courted by every man or woman he knows".

Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A−" rating, and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote: "Damon is at once an obvious choice for the part and a hard sell to audiences soothed by his amiable boyishness ... the facade works surprisingly well when Damon holds that gleaming smile just a few seconds too long, his Eagle Scout eyes fixed just a blink more than the calm gaze of any non-murdering young man. And in that opacity we see horror".

Charlotte O'Sullivan of Sight & Sound  wrote, "A tense, troubling thriller, marred only by problems of pacing (the middle section drags) and some implausible characterisation (Meredith's obsession with Ripley never convinces), it's full of vivid, miserable life". Time named it one of the ten best films of the year and called it a "devious twist on the Patricia Highsmith crime novel".

James Berardinelli gave the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it "a solid adaptation" that "will hold a viewer's attention", but criticized "Damon's weak performance" and "a running time that's about 15 minutes too long." Berardinelli compared the film unfavorably with the previous adaptation, Purple Noon, which he gave four stars. He wrote, "The remake went back to the source material, Patricia Highsmith's The Talented Mr. Ripley. The result, while arguably truer to the events of Highsmith's book, is vastly inferior. To say it suffers by comparison to Purple Noon is an understatement. Almost every aspect of René Clément's 1960 motion picture is superior to that of Minghella's 1999 version, from the cinematography to the acting to the screenplay. Matt Damon might make a credible Tom Ripley, but only for those who never experienced Alain Delon's portrayal."

In his review for The New York Observer, Andrew Sarris wrote, "On balance, The Talented Mr. Ripley is worth seeing more for its undeniably delightful journey than its final destination. Perhaps wall-to-wall amorality and triumphant evil leave too sour an aftertaste even for the most sophisticated anti-Hollywood palate".

In his review for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw wrote, "The Talented Mr. Ripley begins as an ingenious exposition of the great truth about charming people having something to hide: namely, their utter reliance on others. It ends up as a dismayingly unthrilling thriller and bafflingly unconvincing character study".

In her review for The Village Voice, Amy Taubin criticized Minghella as a "would-be art film director who never takes his eye off the box office, doesn't allow himself to become embroiled in such complexity. He turns The Talented Mr. Ripley into a splashy tourist trap of a movie. The effect is rather like reading the National Enquirer in a café overlooking the Adriatic".

Director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck has cited The Talented Mr. Ripley as one of his favorite films of all time. He hired its composer, Gabriel Yared, to write a theme for his own film, The Lives of Others, and its cinematographer, John Seale, to work on his second feature, The Tourist.

As of 2023, on Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 137 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "With Matt Damon's unsettling performance offering a darkly twisted counterpoint to Anthony Minghella's glossy direction, The Talented Mr. Ripley is a suspense thriller that lingers."

On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Accolades

Adaptations

The Talented Mr Ripley is the third big-screen Ripley adaptation, following 1960's Purple Noon and 1977's The American Friend. It was followed by 2002's Ripley's Game and 2005's Ripley Under Ground, but none of the films form an official series. The Talented Mr Ripley is the most popular Ripley adaptation.

Notes

References

External links

 Shooting script by Anthony Minghella

1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s psychological thriller films
1999 films
1999 crime drama films
1999 crime thriller films
1999 LGBT-related films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
American psychological drama films
American psychological thriller films
American LGBT-related films
LGBT-related drama films
LGBT-related thriller films
Films based on American crime novels
Films based on works by Patricia Highsmith
Films directed by Anthony Minghella
Films scored by Gabriel Yared
Films about con artists
Films about identity theft
Films about murderers
Films about the upper class
Male bisexuality in film
Films set in 1958
Films set in 1959
Films set in New York City
Films set in Rome
Films set in Venice
Films shot in Rome
Films shot in Venice
Miramax films
Paramount Pictures films
BAFTA winners (films)

The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)


Međuopćinska nogometna liga (Međupodručna, Međuliga) Karlovac – Kutina – Sisak  za sezonu 1974./75. je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.  Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bila "INA" iz Siska.

Ljestvica

 Gornje Mekušje – danas dio Karlovca
 "Partizan" iz Bosanske Kostajnice – klub iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Zagrebačka zona 1974./75.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Krešimir Perušić i dr.: 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji : 1903. – 2003., Karlovac, 2004., , str. 313
 Zdenko Vuković: NK "Jaska" : (1925. – 1995.), Jastrebarsko, 1997., , str. 162-163
 Juraj Katalinić: Nogometni klub "Ogulin" : 1932. – 2012. : 80 godina, Ogulin, 2012., , str. 46
 Stjepan Balog: HNŠK "Moslavina", Kutina : 85 [godina], Kutina, 2004., , str. 31

1974-75
MOL Karlovac-Kutina-Sisak
1974-75 Sisak-Karlovac-Kutina

Međuopćinska nogometna liga Karlovac – Kutina – Sisak 1974./75.


A 9-a ediție a Campionatului Mondial de Atletism s-a desfășurat la Paris, Franța în perioadă 23–31 august. Au participat 1679 de sportivi din 198 de  țări.

Stadion
Probele au avut loc pe Stade de France din Saint-Denis. Acesta a fost construit în anul 1998 pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal din 1998.

Rezultate

Masculin

* Atletul a participat doar la calificări, dar a primit o medalie.

Feminin

* Atleta a participat doar la calificări, dar a primit o medalie.

Clasament pe medalii
Legendă
 Țara gazdă

Participarea României la campionat
29 de atleți au reprezentat România.

 Ionela Târlea – 400 m garduri - locul 4
 Claudia Ștef – 20 km marș - locul 5
 Mihaela Melinte – ciocan - locul 6
 Maria Cioncan – 800 m - locul 9, 1500 m - locul 9
 Adelina Gavrilă – triplusalt - locul 9
 Bogdan Țăruș – lungime - locul 10
 Gabriela Szabó – 5000 m - locul 11
 Nuța Olaru – maraton - locul 11
 Sergiu Ursu – disc - locul 13
 Mihaela Botezan – 10 000 m - locul 13, maraton - locul 51
 Ana Mirela Țermure – suliță - locul 13
 Ioan Vieru – 400 m - locul 44, 4 × 400 m - locul 14
 Florin Suciu – 4 × 400 m - locul 14
 Alexandru Mardan – 4 × 400 m - locul 14
 Alexandru Cristea – 4 × 400 m - locul 14
 Oana Pantelimon – înălțime - locul 14
 Gheorghe Gușet – greutate - locul 16
 Marian Oprea – triplusalt - locul 17
 Luminița Talpoș – maraton - locul 18
 Alina Cucerzan – 1500 m - locul 19
 Elena Hilă – greutate - locul 19
 Ștefan Vasilache – înălțime - locul 21
 Carmen Zamfir – 100 m garduri - locul 21
 Daniela Cîrlan – 20 km marș - locul 23
 Adina Anton – lungime - locul 24
 Cristina Nicolau – triplusalt - locul 26
 Aurica Buia – maraton - locul 45
 Constantina Diță – maraton -
 Norica Câmpean – 20 km marș -

Participarea Republicii Moldova la campionat
Doi atleți au reprezentat Republica Moldova.

 Fedosei Ciumacenco – 20 km marș - locul 25
 Olga Bolșova – triplusalt - locul 19

Note

Legături externe

  9th IAAF World Championships in Athletics la Asociația Internațională a Federațiilor de Atletism
  2003 World Championships la athleticspodium.com

2003 în sport
Competiții sportive în Paris
2003
Atletism

Campionatul Mondial de Atletism din 2003


Marinică este un film de desene animate  românesc din 1953 regizat de Ion Popescu Gopo.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1953 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1953
Filme de animație

Marinică


Nogometna zona Rijeka – Pula, također i kao Riječko-pulska zona, VI. zonska nogometna liga prvenstva Hrvatske, je bila jedna od zona Prvenstva Hrvatske, te liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1960./61.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio "Uljanik" iz Pule.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Podsavezna liga Pula 1960./61.
 Podsavezna liga Rijeka 1960./61.
 III. A zona 1960./61.
 III. B zona 1960./61.
 Slavonska zona 1960./61.
 Zagrebačka zona 1960./61.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Godišnjak FSJ 1960-61, Beograd, 1961., ISSN: 0351-2894
 Izidor Matovinović: Pola stoljeća "Orijenta", Rijeka, 1970., UDK: 796.332:061.2(497.5 Rijeka)"1919/1969"(067.5), str. 179.
 Marijan Milevoj: Četrdeset zelenih proljeća : NK Rudar – Labin, Labin, 1986., UDK: 796.332(497.13 Labin)"1945/1985"(067.5), str. 63–66.

1960-61
Rijeka-Pula
1960-61 Rijeka-Pula

Nogometna zona Rijeka – Pula 1960./61.


ملعب جيرلان  هو ملعب يقع في مدينة ليون، وهو الملعب الرئيسي لنادي جامعة أولمبيك ليون الفرنسي  لرياضة الرغبي، بعدما كان في السابق الملعب الرئيسي لنادي ليون لغاية عام 2016 حيث تم افتتاح ملعب بارك أولمبيك ليون. بدأ العمل في إنشاء ملعب غيرلاند في سنة 1913 من خلال المهندس المعماري الذي كان يقيم في مدينة ليون توني غارنييه. توقف العمل في الملعب بسبب قيام الحرب العالمية الأولى. بعد انتهاء الحرب استكمل إنشاء الملعب في سنة 1919 بمساعدة عدد كبير من الأسرى الألمان. تم استكمال إنشاء الملعب في سنة 1920.

في المخطط الأصلي لم يكن هناك مكان مظلل للجلوس تحته. في سنة 1960 تم التضحية بمسار الدراجات من أجل إتاحة الفرصة لتوسيع الملعب وإضافة مكان مظلل حيث وصلت سعة الملعب إلى 50,000 مقعد. في سنة 1984 حضر 51,680 متفرج مباريات بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم. نتيجة لاستضافة فرنسا لبطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1998 تم ادراج الملعب من ضمن الملاعب التي ستستضيف بعض من مباريات البطولة ونتيجة لذلك فقد خضع الملعب للصيانة وتم تغطية جميع مناطق جلوس المتفرجين حسب تعليمات الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم . المنصة الشمالية والجنوبية تم هدمهما تماما وبنائهما من البداية وأصبحت سعة الملعب الجديدة هي 41,044 مقعد .

الرقم القياسي في عدد الحضور في مباريات بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى جمعت بين ليون وسانت إتيان في سنة 1982 وبلغ 48,552 متفرج.

أهم البطولات المستضيفة

كأس الأمم الأوروبية 1984
قررت اللجنة المنظمة لبطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 1984 أن يستضيف الملعب مباراتين في منافسات البطولة وهي مباراة واحدة في الدور الأول وأخرى في الدور النصف النهائي.
  الدنمارك 5-0  يوغوسلافيا في 16 يونيو 1984. (المجموعة الأولى)
  إسبانيا 1-1 (5-4)  الدنمارك في 24 يونيو 1984. (الدور النصف النهائي)

كأس العالم 1998
قررت اللجنة المنظمة لبطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1998 أن يستضيف الملعب 6 مباريات في منافسات البطولة وهي 5 مباريات في الدور الأول ومباراة واحدة في الدور الربع النهائي .
  كوريا الجنوبية 1-3  المكسيك في 13 يونيو 1998 (المجموعة الخامسة)
  رومانيا 1-0  كولومبيا في 15 يونيو 1998 (المجموعة السابعة)
  الولايات المتحدة 1-2  إيران في 21 يونيو 1998 (المجموعة السادسة)
  فرنسا 2-1  الدنمارك في 24 يونيو 1998 (المجموعة الثالثة)
  اليابان 1-2  جامايكا في 26 يونيو 1998 (المجموعة الثامنة)
  ألمانيا 0-3  كرواتيا في 4 يوليو 1998 (الدور الربع النهائي)

كأس القارات 2003
قررت اللجنة المنظمة لبطولة كأس القارات 2003 أن يستضيف الملعب 5 مباريات في منافسات البطولة وهي 4 مباريات في الدور الأول ومباراة واحدة في الدور النصف النهائي .
  فرنسا 1-0  كولومبيا في 18 يونيو 2003. (المجموعة الأولى)
  كولومبيا 3-1  نيوزيلندا في 20 يونيو 2003. (المجموعة الأولى)
  البرازيل 1-0  الولايات المتحدة في 21 يونيو 2003. (المجموعة الثانية)
  الولايات المتحدة 0-0  الكاميرون في 23 يونيو 2003. (المجموعة الثانية)
  الكاميرون 1-0  كولومبيا في 26 يونيو 2003. (الدور النصف النهائي)

المراجع

أولمبيك ليون
استادات كأس العالم لدوري الرغبي
ملاعب كأس العالم للرغبي
مبان ومنشآت في ليون
ملاعب الدوري الفرنسي للدرجة الأولى
ملاعب بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
ملاعب رياضية اكتملت في 1926
ملاعب كأس العالم 1938
ملاعب كأس العالم 1998
ملاعب كأس القارات 2003
ملاعب كرة قدم في فرنسا
ملاعب اتحاد الرغبي في فرنسا
ملاعب رياضية في رون (إقليم فرنسي)
ملاعب رياضية في ليون
استادات دوري الرجبي في فرنسا

ملعب جيرلان


Samlafjorden er en del af Hardangerfjorden mellom kommunene Kvam, Jondal, Granvin og Ullensvang i Vestland  fylke i Norge. Fjorden strækker sig fra Hissfjorden i vest og 30 kilometer mod nordøst til der hvor Utnefjorden og Granvinsfjorden begynder. Samlafjorden er mellem 1,7 og 7 km bred og flere steder over 800 m dyb. Normalt bliver fjorden inddelt  i Ytre og Indre Samlafjorden.

Norheimsund og Øystese ligger på nordsiden af Ytre Samlafjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Vestland
Kvam
Jondal
Granvin
Ullensvang

Samlafjorden


فينوس بنغازي أو فينوس بيرينيكي هو منحوتة قديمة من الرخام يعتقد أنها نحتت بين عامي 150-100 قبل الميلاد. عثر عليها العام 1902 في منطقة كانت تعرف باسم عين السلماني في مدينة بنغازي، ليبيا. التمثال يجسد فينوس آلهة الحب والجمال لدى الإغريق. وهو معروض حاليا ومنذ العام 1969 في متحف الآثار والأنثروبولوجيا التابع لجامعة بنسلفانيا

وصف
التمثال طوله المتبقي لا يتجاوز 32 سنتيمترا وعرضه 13.5 سنتيمتر، ويظهر فتاة عارية من رأسها وحتى الجزء العلوي من فخديها رافعة يديها وممسكة بشريط يعصب شعرها، فيما أن القدمين حتى الجزء العلوي من الفخدين يعتقد أنهما مفقودتان. ومعظم تماثيل الآلهة فينوس في تلك الفترة صورتها وهي خارجة من البحر وليس من المؤكد ان كانت القدمين قد غطيتا بعباءة إسوة بتماثيل فينوس أو أفروديت في ذلك الوقت.

تم نحت المنحوتة من رخام ذي حبيبات كبيرة كان مصدرها جزيرة باروس الإغريقية. وهو ما أكد أصالة التمثال عند إجراء تحليل بالنظائر المشعة من قبل نورمان هيرتز البروفسور بجامعة جورجيا العام 1969.

مصادر

المملكة البطلمية
تاريخ بنغازي
تماثيل يونانية قديمة
متحف الآثار والأنثروبولوجيا في جامعة بنسيلفانيا
منحوتات القرن 2 ق م
منحوتات إغريقية قديمة
منحوتات فينوس

فينوس بنغازي


NGC 7388 je zvijezda u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7388
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7388 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7388 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7350 - 7399

7388

NGC 7388


An Disa flexuosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Olof Swartz. An Disa flexuosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Disa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Disa

Disa flexuosa


Özgür Yazılım Vakfı (Free Software Foundation; kısaca FSF), özgür yazılım hareketi ve GNU projesini desteklemek üzere 4 Ekim 1985 tarihinde Richard Stallman tarafından kurulan, 4 temel yazılım özgürlüğünü savunan ve bu özgürlüklerin copyleft lisanslar ile korunmasını tercih eden, kâr amacı gütmeyen bir sivil toplum örgütüdür.

Tarih
Özgür Yazılım Vakfı, 4 Ekim 1985 tarihinde kâr amacı gütmeyen, özgür yazılım gelişimini destekleyen bir vakıf olarak kuruldu. Var olan GNU Projelerini kitapçık ve disket üreterek ve özgür yazılımcıları işe alarak yaymaya ve geliştirmeye başladı. O zamandan beridir özgür yazılımların gelişmesi ve yayılmasına destek olmakta, farkındalığın artması için çalışmalar yapmaktadır.

Vakıf, GNU sisteminin birçok parçasının telif hakkını elinde bulundurmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu yazılımlara GPL aracılığıyla copyleft sınırlandırmaları getirme hakkına sahiptir.

Mevcut Projeler

GNU Projesi
FSF'nin asıl amacı özgür yazılım ideallerini yaymaktı. Organizasyon, GNU işletim sistemini bu amaçla geliştirdi.

GNU Lisansları
GNU Genel Kamu Lisansı (GPL), özgür yazılım projelerinde sıkça kullanılan bir lisanstır. Şuanki versiyon (GPLv3), Haziran 2007'den yayınlanmıştır. FSF ayrıca GNU Azaltılmış Genel Kamu Lisansı, GNU Özgür Belgeleme Lisansı ve GNU Affero Genel Kamu Lisansının da yayınlanmasından sorumludur.

Özgür Yazılım Dizini
FSF tarafından özgür olarak doğrulanmış yazılımların listesidir.

Özgür Yazılım Teriminin Bakımı
FSF, özgür yazılım hareketini tanımlayan birçok belgeyi elinde bulundurur.

Proje Barındırma
FSF projelerini Savannah isimli git tabanlı web deposunda barındırmaktadır.

h-node
Özgür yazılımlarla uyumlu olan donanımların listesidir.

Aktivizm
FSF, yazılım özgürlüğünü savunan çeşitli kampanya ve grupların sponsorudur. Dernek, DRM karşıtlığını desteklemektedir.

Yıllık Ödüller
Özgür Yazılımda İlerleme Ödülü ve Sosyal Yarar Amaçlı Projeler için Özgür Yazılım Ödülü FSF'in yıllık verdiği ödüller arasında.

Libreplanet Wiki
Libreplanet Wiki, FSF üyelerini DRM karşıtlığı ve özgür yazılım aktivizmi etrafında örgütler ve yerel gruplara ayırır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Özgür Yazılım Vakfı resmi İngilizce web sitesi
 GNU resmi web sitesi

Free Software Foundation


Türk Standardları Enstitüsü (TSE), 16 Ekim 1954 tarihinde Türkiye'de kurulmuş, çeşitli alanlarda standardizasyon ve uygunluk değerlendirmesi yapan bir kurumdur. TSE, 26 Mayıs 1955 tarihinde Uluslararası Standardizasyon Teşkilatına (ISO), 1 Ocak 1956 tarihinde de Uluslararası Elektroteknik Komisyonuna (IEC) asil üye olmuştur ve bu kuruluşların Türkiye temsilcisi konumuna gelmiştir. 18 Kasım 1960 tarih ve 132 Sayılı Kanunla  tüzel kişiliği haiz, özel hukuk hükümlerine göre yönetilen bir kurum olarak kuruluş sürecini tamamlamıştır.  Her türlü standartları hazırlamak ve hazırlatmak, bünyesinde ve hariçte hazırlanan standartları tetkik etmek, kabul edilen standartları yayımlamak gibi görevleri ifa eden TSE'nin kabul ettiği standartlara Türk Standardı adı verilmektedir. Enstitünün ilgili bulunduğu bakanlık, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığıdır.

Tarihçe ve yapı
Kurum, Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği (TOBB) tarafından hazırlanan tüzük ile 16 Ekim 1954 tarihinde kurulmuştur. 26 Mayıs 1955 tarihinde ISO ve 01 Ocak 1956 IEC'ye üye olarak kabul edildi. "Türk Standardlarının Tatbiki Hakkında Nizamname" 4 Aralık 1959 tarih ve 10372 sayılı Resmi Gazete'de Bakanlar Kurulu Kararnamesi  olarak yayımlandı ve Enstitünün ayrı bir yapılanma olarak ilk yasal zemini oluşturuldu. Türk Standardları Enstitüsü; her türlü madde ve mamuller ile usul ve hizmet standardlarını yapmak amacıyla 18 Kasım 1960 tarih ve 132 Sayılı Kanunla Enstitünün güncel yapısına şekil veren kuruluş sürecini tamamladı. Enstitünün bağlı olduğu bakanlık Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığıdır.

Faaliyetler
Kurum, sanayicilerin küresel piyasalarda geçerli olan kural, yasa, kod ve standartlara uygun mal ve hizmet üretmelerini sağlamak amacıyla standartlar yayınlar ve benimser.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türk kamu kurumları
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı
Enstitüler
Kalite
Kalite kontrol

Türk Standardları Enstitüsü


Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level. This can be country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group, such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population.

Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.

Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent, or a letter of credence. It is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.

Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through social media or public relations. The title is closely associated with the personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.

History

Many say the first ambassador of good-will was Ambassador Benjamin Franklin on his mission to France in December 1776, when the United States was just a few months old and embroiled in the Revolutionary War. Others might say it was pioneer Daniel Boone who was hired as a civilian colonel to help Col. Judge Richard Henderson build the Wilderness Road and negotiate with good-will the Treaty of Watauga with the Cherokee to establish the Transylvania Colony on May 23, 1775. At its time, the Transylvania Colony was the first democratic government free of British Monarchy calling for a "manly government", Boonesborough had both indigenous and free slaves as civil participants.

Benjamin Franklin in colonial times was also known as Silence Dogood (a pen name) who wrote a series of letters that were published and widely read. Almost 50 years before the American Revolution Franklin adapted; Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good, by the Puritan preacher and family friend Cotton Mather, which Franklin often cited as a key influence throughout his life. His work preached the importance of forming voluntary associations to benefit society. While Franklin learned about forming do-good associations from Cotton Mather, his benevolence, humility and organizational skills made him the most influential force in making voluntarism an enduring part of the American ethos.

New understanding
The word "good-will" first appears in American newspapers as early as 1789 in the Gazette of the United-States where the term was associated synonymously with words like benevolence, charity, compassion, delight, divinity, grace, honor, humanity, humility, mankind and virtue all in a single thought.

The term "ambassador of good-will" appears in 1920 discussing a delegation of government supported business people from Texas visiting Mexico and establishing friendly business relationships. The article called for "increasing the ranks of ambassadors of good-will" by inviting other businesses and states to their commission. The term "goodwill ambassador" finally emerges into the international landscape as a highly defining and descriptive term in the early 20th Century through a public figure who later proves to be a controversial one. In December 1927 it was applied to aviator and ambassador, Col. Charles Lindbergh by the international news media when he scheduled an International Goodwill Tour visiting Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela in the Spirit of St. Louis.

The idea was effectively merged from the public domain creating the new term in an article from the Indianapolis Times; "Doll Ambassadors from Japan Viewed by Capital: School Children's Babies Enter U.S. on Mission of Good Will; Washington, December 20, 1927 - Japan's "Doll Ambassadors of Goodwill" received a national welcome..." In subsequent years the idea is used by its commissioners to create an honorary ex-officio civilian post or use the role of goodwill ambassador as an actual representative substitute for the honorary duty of an iconic historical figure, like the Kentucky Colonel. In the 1930s the Kentucky and Tennessee Colonel titles were awarded to people that would make goodwill ambassadors (ambassadors of goodwill) for the state. Elvis Presley, well known as a Goodwill Ambassador for many causes and ideas, was both a Kentucky and Tennessee Colonel, receiving commissions from various governors.

The United States, the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, Latin America, African Nations were all engaged in commissioning goodwill ambassadors to address public relations issues, create soft power, or promote cultural understanding selecting high profile celebrities that are popular within their own society during and after World War II. The entertainers in the USO were all considered to be Goodwill Ambassadors of the United States.

Unrelated uses
In the 1980s, the Harlem Globetrotters were sometimes known as America's Goodwill Ambassadors especially when performing exposition basketball internationally. In 1998 they registered GOODWILL AMBASSADORS ® under Serial Number #75258888 – with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the category of education and entertainment services. Based on Harlem Globetrotters International statement the trademark is used in "basketball clinics and exhibitions; and conducting speeches, seminars, and workshops relating to personal awareness, achievement, and motivation." Essentially their trademark blocks anyone in the United States from offering educational or entertainment services using the term [Goodwill Ambassadors].

Unofficially there were the goodwill ambassadors all over the United States with the hosts/hostesses of the Welcome Wagon in the 1960s, 70s and 80s who welcomed new residents with a promotional gift bag, a service provider directory and advertisers coupons from local merchants; section 293.357-018 of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles lists this type of work for the role of a "GOODWILL AMBASSADOR" today. These concessions were often franchised to a local provider in most main-street towns, the person in charge was most informally called or became known as the "goodwill ambassador" of the town. DOT 293.357-018 - GOODWILL AMBASSADOR: Promotes goodwill and solicits trade for local business firms who are members of parent organization: Develops list of prospective clients from such sources as newspaper items, utility companies' records, and local merchants. Visits homes of new residents, prospective parents, recently married couples, engaged persons, and other prospects to explain and sell services available from local merchants. Usually presents token gifts or gift certificates to induce clients to use local services or purchase local merchandise. Prepares reports of services rendered and visits made for parent organization and member firms. May solicit new organization membership. May explain community services available. May organize clubs and plan parties for new residents.

United Nations Goodwill Ambassadors

According to the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library; "United Nations Goodwill Ambassadors and Messengers of Peace are distinguished individuals, carefully selected from the fields of art, literature, science, entertainment, sports or other fields of public life, who have agreed to help focus worldwide attention on the work of the United Nations. Backed by the highest honor bestowed by the Secretary-General on a global citizen, these prominent personalities volunteer their time, talent and passion to raise awareness of United Nations efforts to improve the lives of billions of people everywhere .. on the other hand, [goodwill ambassadors] are designated by the heads of United Nations Funds, Programmes and specialized Agencies, e.g., UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP) and UNHCR. Goodwill Ambassadors are subsequently endorsed by the Secretary-General. .. In 2010, in response to a General Assembly request to mark the International Year of Biodiversity, for the first time the Secretary-General appointed a United Nations Goodwill Ambassador."

The United Nations agencies appoint and employ popular celebrities to advocate their missions, including the FAO, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNEP, UNFPA, UNODC, UNICEF, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNESCO, the WFP, the WHO, UN Women, the OHCHR, UN-Habitat, and the IMO; all have or may have goodwill ambassadors who are appointed officially by the UN. The largest of these United Nations programs is UNICEF which has over three hundred (300) ambassadors around the world designated by country or region. The United Nations began using goodwill ambassadors officially to promote their missions in 1954, the first was actor Danny Kaye.

The most famous of today's contemporary goodwill ambassadors is Angelina Jolie, who currently serves professionally as a special envoy to the UNHCR and is legally recognized as "Ambassador Angelina Jolie" in being addressed "Her Excellency Angelina Jolie," whereas most other UN goodwill ambassadors are recognized as "Honorable", and use post-nominal titles that are assigned to them.

UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.

Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:

 FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
 ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
 IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
 IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
 Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
 UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
 UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
 UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
 UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
 UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
 UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
 UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
 UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
 UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
 UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
 UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
 WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
 WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health Organization
There are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on.

National goodwill ambassadors
Most governments and kingdoms (jurisdictions) have ambassadors of goodwill that are either appointed or known implicitly which promote the objectives and values of a country, nation, state, government or monarchy without promoting political agendas or any official state business. Sometimes "goodwill ambassadors" are created from other ideas that represent, that are positive to social well-being and the general prosperity of a state or nation. The winners of the United States Medal of Freedom are all considered to be goodwill ambassadors for the United States for their lifetime and into history. Being an ambassador of goodwill traditionally includes most individuals competing for a title when a place or organization name is attached, such as winners of prominent scholarships, beauty contests, competitive events and pageants like Miss America, Miss USA, Mister World, Miss Universe, and many others use "goodwill ambassador" as part of their job description.

National goodwill ambassadors are not necessarily celebrities, but are usually very well known on a national scale often within a particular industry for a given period of time. Organizations often use destinations and place names to represent elements, identity, methods, values and virtues of goodwill ambassadorship, however their practice is most often based in public diplomacy, citizen diplomacy or international cooperation.

Official goodwill ambassador representatives of a country, state or nation are designated by the president, prime minister, chancellor, the secretary of state or the head of a cabinet. Governments of countries often recognize the spouse of a president, governor, prime minister or a monarch as goodwill ambassadors such as the First-Lady of the United States, Prince Philip the Duke of Edinburgh for the British Empire, and in the Caribbean country of Belize there is the Special Envoy for Women and Children, all are formally recognized or known as national goodwill ambassadors.

United States
The United States government does not have a formal, active or organized goodwill ambassador program, but it does have many high-profile public figures that have been recognized with the United States Goodwill Ambassador title as individuals. The US periodically organizes official goodwill ambassador tours and also has a number of agencies that assign the title to selected individuals based on talent, expertise and popularity. Some of the more notable U.S. goodwill ambassadors include Jesse Owens, Kirk Douglas, Lefty Gomez, and Pearl Bailey. The United States also designates particular individuals for roles as emissaries abroad when traveling for a special event supported by the U.S., to deliver foreign aid, participate in a conference or to meet a head-of-state such as the appointment of Jillian "JJ" Simmons United States Goodwill Ambassador to the Republic of the Gambia in 2014. Senators and members of the U.S. Congress also have the authority to designate goodwill ambassadors and representatives of USAID are also known as goodwill ambassadors.

In 1956, the US State Department created the Jazz Ambassadors program, hiring leading American jazz musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Benny Goodman, and Duke Ellington to be "ambassadors" for the United States overseas, particularly to improve the public image of the US in the light of criticism from the Soviet Union around racial inequality and racial tension.

Saint Lucia
Appointments in the Caribbean nation of Saint Lucia are very official with an international goodwill ambassador diplomatic corps of the most well-known citizens under the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Creative Industries; the title of Goodwill Ambassador is conveyed by the president on the behalf of the sovereign nation. In 2020, Minister Fortuna Belrose stated that those selected for the Saint Lucia Goodwill Ambassador Program will be addressed as "Your Excellency" and receive a goodwill ambassador credential from the government that they can use when traveling, the term of their office will be three years. Separately the Ministry of Tourism maintains a Saint Lucia brand ambassador program for local hospitality tourism which is also aimed to create good-will for the country.

Japan
In 2008 Japan adopted the cartoon character Hello Kitty as their official goodwill tourism ambassador to China and Hong Kong.

Republic of Kosovo
Honorary Ambassador of the Republic of Kosovo is a title given to foreign citizens and citizens originating from Kosovo, who have contributed to the national interest of country and use their fame, the award is provided as a state decoration.

INGO and NGO goodwill ambassadors
A wide range of organizations employ goodwill ambassadors to promote their programs and reach out to others based on goodwill relations and benevolence. There are supra governmental organizations such as the African Union and the European Union and international non-governmental organizations like the IUCN and the IOM. Goodwill ambassadors are also used by social and civil society organizations such as Rotary International, the Olympic Games and the Muscular Dystrophy Association.

Amnesty International
The Ambassador of Conscience Award is Amnesty International's most prestigious human rights award. It celebrates individuals and groups who have furthered the cause of human rights by showing exceptional courage standing up to injustice and who have used their talents to inspire others. It also aims to generate debate, encourage public action and raise awareness of inspirational stories and human rights issues.

Civil society award programs
Numerous governmental and nongovernmental organizations employ goodwill ambassadors following the practice of honoring individuals with awards that denote goodwill ambassador status and roles. Awards are given for good relations, fundraising, acts of philanthropy and recognition for cause advocacy; some examples of such recognition are comedian Trevor Noah who received a South African Goodwill Ambassador Award in 2015, actress Alex Okoroji who received a Nigeria Goodwill Ambassador Award in 2017, and the Steve Irwin Memorial Goodwill Ambassador Award which was established in 2007. The former First Lady of Nigeria, Patience Jonathan, became a goodwill ambassador after receiving the African Goodwill Ambassador Award in Los Angeles in 2008.

Culture, customs and traditions
Since "goodwill" is an intangible asset it often needs a custodian in a culture that can conservatively emulate themselves in a social order to garner respect for the institutions of the state, nation or kingdom to advance civil society. This has given rise to organizations with specifically designated authorities like the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices (IAC) which uses current and former first ladies to preserve and protect traditional indigenous culture.

State goodwill ambassadors
Many national states or provincial regions use goodwill ambassadors to promote tourism, economic development, traditional values, customs and cultural ideals that contribute to their recognition. US states have civil service recognition programs that designate goodwill ambassadors honorarily and officially who are responsible for promoting tourism, events and the prosperity of the state in general. The oldest example of this is the Kentucky Colonel, which is the highest award bestowed by the state's governor, officially established in 1895, the honorable title is given to civilians based on performing a great deed, community service or for accomplishing a noteworthy achievement that deserves recognition. The distinction of Kentucky colonel entitles the recipient to "discharge their duties" with the honorable title as a "colonel" and is denoted through the issuance of letters patent with the official dutiful designation as a good-will ambassador. Other US states also have similar civilian awards that denote the role of goodwill ambassador which are well-recognized, including that of the Tennessee Colonel, Rhode Island Commodore, Nebraska Admiral, Order of the Longleaf Pine, Arkansas Traveler, Yellow Rose of Texas, and Sagamore of the Wabash.

Civilian goodwill ambassadors
There are many types of people that may be considered goodwill ambassadors representative to their local area for a short-time or over many years, informally, unofficially or by name. From a diplomatic perspective, the only difference in many cases is "who, under what authority, confirmed the appointment or commission to a post or mission based ambassadorship" with international protocol. Civilian goodwill ambassadors most often are not designated with an official appointment document from a head of state, granted letters patent, the honorable title or an officer commission; but this does not make them any less goodwill ambassadors. The term goodwill ambassador of an organization or ambassador of goodwill could be used for a company, an association, a local nonprofit, an event, a cause, an indigenous tribe, or a small city with a population of 50 to describe a representative; the difference and distinction of how and when to use the descriptive term as a professional title, position, role or occupation or to let it serve a part a job description is up to the person writing. Generally a goodwill ambassador can be anyone demonstrating benevolence on the part of someone else professionally, it can also be used in a community or informal sense.

There are many programs and objectives that include the term "goodwill ambassador" which are executed at a local levels for those who wish to pursue a career or define themselves using the term as a "goodwill ambassador". There are a number of cities that have exemplary permanent and established goodwill ambassador programs including New York City, Dallas, Los Angeles, and Miami-Dade, Florida.

Other goodwill ambassador types
The term goodwill ambassador should be clearly distinguished from the relative concept of a brand ambassador, who plays a role in promoting a company, organization or product through personal interaction. Under the idea of brand ambassador other concepts converge such as a tourism ambassador, honorifically in name locally for an organization or for someone such as the spokesman for the local fire department that goes out to talk to school children, who serves as a goodwill ambassador in his/her own right as a fireman.

Universities often call campus ambassadors with different and varied roles, goodwill ambassadors.

There are many individuals and organizations that use the term competitively for recognition, despite not having been granted a commission, being licensed to use the mark Goodwill Ambassador as a title, or receiving the honorable title through an official appointment. Apparently many simply use the term because it appeals to them often causing confusion with other organizations that use legally designated goodwill ambassadors. Sometimes being recognized as a goodwill ambassador within an organization or on its own is perceived as an accomplishment in itself and not an actual role, or if a role, not a title. Organizations most likely are legally and morally responsible for the conduct of its title holders and use of the honorable title after their name as if they were employees or legal representatives.

LinkedIn ambassadors
Social media based network formations such as the LinkedIn goodwill ambassadors established in 2014 by Richard DiPilla led to confusion, when he recognized thousands upon thousands of professionals around the world as humanitarians with a digital computer award certificate conferring recognition as a "Global Goodwill Ambassador" based on the career and volunteer related information they have provided about themselves using their public LinkedIn profiles. The network, which claims over 17,000 goodwill ambassadors became an organization in subsequent years called the Global Goodwill Ambassadors Foundation (GGAF) based in Minnesota, DiPilla started a website and sought 501(c)(3) status. Because of the number of award recipients' assimilation of similar descriptive roles occupied by representatives associated with the United Nations, the organization's commemorative LinkedIn ambassadors have caused a great deal of ambiguity and confusion with official UNICEF Global Goodwill Ambassadors, an official UN Women Global Goodwill Ambassador, a Global Goodwill Ambassador for the World Food Program, the Global Goodwill Ambassador organization in New York, the Lamar University Global Goodwill Ambassadors Program and the Global Goodwill Ambassador Awards of 2016 in Nigeria. The organization's name, the number of awards that use the term, and number of people that received the award naturally diminish the efforts and messages of the original prior users of the term "Global Goodwill Ambassador" making them less effective when using the relevant words together to represent their identity in public relations campaigns, in the news, on the Internet, on Facebook, Twitter and on the world stage to carry out their official missions.

Unlike official designations granted by UN Women, UNICEF, UNHCR or other United Nations organizations which require an official designation, LinkedIn ambassadorships from the GGAF: do not require previous experience as an ambassador; are not developed to provide diplomatic credence; are not conferred by a head of state; do not represent a legal authority; do not obligate recipients to a legitimate commission; and do not regulate any official duty that can be recognized or understood by other states as a diplomatic post or an honorable title.

See also

 Ambassador
 Facebook diplomacy
 Honorary consul
 Messengers of Peace (Scouts)
 Special Envoy of the Secretary-General
 United Nations Messengers of Peace
 Youth ambassador

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Andrew F. Cooper and Louise Frechette. Celebrity Diplomacy, London: Taylor & Francis, 2015. .

External links
 United Nations Goodwill Ambassadors

Diplomacy
Types of diplomacy
Ambassadors of supra-national bodies
Public relations
Diplomatic missions
Titles
Styles (forms of address)

Goodwill ambassador


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