is an iconic photograph of six United States Marines raising the U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima in the final stages of the Pacific War. The photograph, taken by Joe Rosenthal of the Associated Press on February 23, 1945, was first published in Sunday newspapers two days later and reprinted in thousands of publications. It was the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication, and was later used for the construction of the Marine Corps War Memorial in 1954, which was dedicated to honor all Marines who died in service since 1775. The memorial, sculpted by Felix de Weldon, is located in Arlington Ridge Park, near the Ord-Weitzel Gate to Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon. The photograph has come to be regarded in the United States as one of the most significant and recognizable images of World War II.

The flag raising occurred in the early afternoon, after the mountaintop was captured and a smaller flag was raised on top that morning. Three of the six Marines in the photograph—Sergeant Michael Strank, Corporal Harlon Block, and Private First Class Franklin Sousley—would be killed in action during the battle; Block was identified as Sergeant Hank Hansen until January 1947 and Sousley was identified as PhM2c. John Bradley, USN, until June 2016.  The other three Marines in the photograph were Corporals (then Privates First Class) Ira Hayes, Harold Schultz, and Harold Keller; Schultz was identified as Sousley until June 2016 and Keller was identified as Rene Gagnon until October 2019. All of the men served in the 5th Marine Division on Iwo Jima.

The Associated Press has relinquished its copyright to the photograph, placing it in the public domain.

Background

On February 19, 1945, the United States invaded Iwo Jima as part of its island-hopping strategy to defeat Japan. Iwo Jima originally was not a target, but the relatively quick liberation of the Philippines left the Americans with a longer-than-expected lull prior to the planned invasion of Okinawa. Iwo Jima is located halfway between Japan and the Mariana Islands, where American long-range bombers were based, and was used by the Japanese as an early warning station, radioing warnings of incoming American bombers to the Japanese homeland. The Americans, after capturing the island, weakened the Japanese early warning system, and used it as an emergency landing strip for damaged bombers.

Iwo Jima is a volcanic island, shaped like a trapezoid. From the air, it looks like a "lopsided, black porkchop". The island was heavily fortified, and the invading Marines suffered high casualties. Politically, the island is part of the prefecture of Tokyo. It would be the first Japanese homeland soil to be captured by the Americans, and it was a matter of honor for the Japanese to prevent its capture.

The island is dominated by Mount Suribachi, a  dormant volcanic cone at the southern tip of the island. Tactically, the top of Suribachi was one of the most important locations on the island. From that vantage point, the Japanese defenders were able to spot artillery accurately onto the Americans—particularly the landing beaches. The Japanese fought most of the battle from underground bunkers and pillboxes. It was common for Marines to disable a pillbox using grenades or flamethrowers, only to come under renewed fire from it a few minutes later, after replacement Japanese infantry arrived into the pillbox through a tunnel. The American effort concentrated on isolating and capturing Suribachi first, a goal that was achieved on February 23, four days after the battle began. Despite capturing Suribachi, the battle continued to rage for many days, and the island would not be declared "secure" until 31 days later, on March 26, 1945.

Two flag-raisings
There were two American flags raised on top of Mount Suribachi, on February 23, 1945. The photograph Rosenthal took was actually of the second flag-raising, in which a larger replacement flag was raised by different Marines than those who raised the first flag.

Raising the first flag
A U.S. flag was first raised atop Mount Suribachi soon after the mountaintop was captured at around 10:30 a.m. on February 23, 1945.

Lieutenant Colonel Chandler W. Johnson, commander of the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment, 5th Marine Division, ordered Marine Captain Dave Severance, commander of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, to send a platoon to seize and occupy the crest of Mount Suribachi. First Lieutenant Harold G. Schrier, executive officer of Easy Company, who had replaced the wounded Third Platoon commander, John Keith Wells, volunteered to lead a 40-man combat patrol up the mountain. Lieutenant Colonel Johnson (or 1st Lieutenant George G. Wells, the battalion adjutant, whose job it was to carry the flag) had taken the  flag from the battalion's transport ship, , and handed the flag to Schrier. Johnson said to Schrier, "If you get to the top, put it up." Schrier assembled the patrol at 8 a.m. to begin the climb up the mountain.

Despite the large numbers of Japanese troops in the  vicinity, Schrier's patrol made it to the rim of the crater at about 10:15 a.m., having come under little or no enemy fire, as the Japanese were being bombarded at the time. The flag was attached by Schrier and two Marines to a Japanese iron water pipe found on top, and the flagstaff was raised and planted by Schrier, assisted by Platoon Sergeant Ernest Thomas and Sergeant Oliver Hansen (the platoon guide) at about 10:30 a.m. (On February 25, during a CBS press interview aboard the flagship  about the flag-raising, Thomas stated that he, Schrier, and Hansen had actually raised the flag.) The raising of the national colors immediately caused a loud cheering reaction from the Marines, sailors, and coast guardsmen on the beach below and from the men on the ships near the beach. The loud noise made by the servicemen and blasts of the ship horns alerted the Japanese, who up to this point had stayed in their cave bunkers. Schrier and his men near the flagstaff then came under fire from Japanese troops, but the Marines quickly eliminated the threat. Schrier was later awarded the Navy Cross for volunteering to take the patrol up Mount Suribachi and raising the American flag, and a Silver Star Medal for a heroic action in March while in command of D Company, 2/28 Marines on Iwo Jima.

Photographs of the first flag flown on Mount Suribachi were taken by Staff Sergeant Louis R. Lowery of Leatherneck magazine, who accompanied the patrol up the mountain, and other photographers afterwards. Others involved with the first flag-raising include Corporal Charles W. Lindberg (who also helped raise the flag), Privates First Class James Michels, Harold Schultz, Raymond Jacobs (F Company radioman), Private Phil Ward, and Navy corpsman John Bradley. This flag was too small, however, to be easily seen from the northern side of Mount Suribachi, where heavy fighting would go on for several more days.

Raising the second flag
The photograph taken by Rosenthal was the second flag-raising on top of Mount Suribachi, on February 23, 1945.

On orders from Colonel Chandler Johnson—passed on by Easy Company's commander, Captain Dave Severance—Sergeant Michael Strank, one of Second Platoon's squad leaders, was to take three members of his rifle squad (Corporal Harlon H. Block and Privates First Class Franklin R. Sousley and Ira H. Hayes) and climb up Mount Suribachi to raise a replacement flag on top; the three took supplies or laid telephone wire on the way to the top. Severance also dispatched Private First Class Rene A. Gagnon, the battalion runner (messenger) for Easy Company, to the command post for fresh SCR-300 walkie-talkie batteries to be taken to the top.

Meanwhile, Lieutenant Albert Theodore Tuttle under Johnson's orders, had found a large (96-by-56–inch) flag in nearby Tank Landing Ship USS LST-779. He made his way back to the command post and gave it to Johnson. Johnson, in turn, gave it to Rene Gagnon, with orders to take it up to Schrier on Mount Suribachi and raise it. The official Marine Corps history of the event is that Tuttle received the flag from Navy Ensign Alan Wood of USS LST-779, who in turn had received the flag from a supply depot in Pearl Harbor. Severance had confirmed that the second larger flag was in fact provided by Alan Wood even though Wood could not recognize any of the pictures of the second flag's raisers as Gagnon. The flag was sewn by Mabel Sauvageau, a worker at the "flag loft" of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard.

First Lieutenant George Greeley Wells, who had been the Second Battalion, 28th Marines adjutant officially in charge of the two American flags flown on Mount Suribachi, stated in The New York Times in 1991 that Lieutenant Colonel Johnson ordered Wells to get the second flag, and that Wells sent Rene Gagnon, his battalion runner, to the ships on shore for the flag. Wells said that Gagnon returned with a flag and gave it to him, and that Gagnon took this flag up Mt. Suribachi with a message for Schrier to raise it and send the other flag down with Gagnon. Wells stated that he received the first flag back from Gagnon and secured it at the Marine headquarters command post. Wells also stated that he had handed the first flag to Lieutenant Schrier to take up Mount Suribachi.

The Coast Guard Historian's Office recognizes the claims made by former U.S. Coast Guardsman Quartermaster Robert Resnick, who served aboard the  at Iwo Jima. "Before he died in November 2004, Resnick said Gagnon came aboard LST-758 the morning of February 23 looking for a flag. Resnick said he grabbed a flag from a bunting box and asked permission from his ship's commanding officer Lt. Felix Molenda to donate it.  Resnick kept quiet about his participation until 2001."

Rosenthal's photograph

Gagnon, Strank, and Strank's three Marines reached the top of the mountain around noon without being fired upon. Rosenthal, along with Marine photographers Sergeant Bill Genaust (who was killed in action after the flag-raising) and Private First Class Bob Campbell were climbing Suribachi at this time. On the way up, the trio met Lowery, who had photographed the first flag-raising, coming down. They considered turning around, but Lowery told them that the summit was an excellent vantage point from which to take photographs. The three photographers reached the summit as the Marines were attaching the flag to an old Japanese water pipe.

Rosenthal put his Speed Graphic camera on the ground (set to 1/400 sec shutter speed, with the f-stop between 8 and 11 and Agfa film) so he could pile rocks to stand on for a better vantage point. In doing so, he nearly missed the shot. The Marines began raising the flag. Realizing he was about to miss the action, Rosenthal quickly swung his camera up and snapped the photograph without using the viewfinder. Ten years after the flag-raising, Rosenthal wrote:

Sergeant Genaust, who was standing almost shoulder-to-shoulder with Rosenthal about three feet away, was shooting motion-picture film during the second flag-raising. His film captures the second event at an almost-identical angle to Rosenthal's shot. Of the six flag-raisers in the picture—Ira Hayes, Harold Schultz (identified in June 2016), Michael Strank, Franklin Sousley, Harold Keller (identified in 2019), and Harlon Block—only Hayes, Keller (Marine corporal Rene Gagnon was incorrectly identified in the Rosenthal flag-raising photo), and Schultz (Navy corpsman John Bradley was incorrectly identified) survived the battle. Strank and Block were killed on March 1, six days after the flag-raising, Strank by a shell, possibly fired from an offshore American destroyer and Block a few hours later by a mortar round. Sousley was shot and killed by a Japanese sniper on March 21, a few days before the island was declared secure.

Publication and staging confusion
Following the flag-raising, Rosenthal sent his film to Guam to be developed and printed. George Tjaden of Hendricks, Minnesota, was likely the technician who printed it. Upon seeing it, Associated Press (AP) photograph editor John Bodkin exclaimed "Here's one for all time!" and immediately transmitted the image to the AP headquarters in New York City at 7:00 am, Eastern War Time. The photograph was quickly picked up off the wire by hundreds of newspapers. It "was distributed by Associated Press within seventeen and one-half hours after Rosenthal shot it—an astonishingly fast turnaround time in those days."

However, the photograph was not without controversy. Following the second flag-raising, Rosenthal had the Marines of Easy Company pose for a group shot, the "gung-ho" shot. A few days after the photograph was taken, Rosenthal—back on Guam—was asked if he had posed the photograph. Thinking the questioner was referring to the 'gung-ho' photograph, he replied "Sure." After that, Robert Sherrod, a Time-Life correspondent, told his editors in New York that Rosenthal had staged the flag-raising photograph. Time'''s radio show, Time Views the News, broadcast a report, stating that "Rosenthal climbed Suribachi after the flag had already been planted. ... Like most photographers [he] could not resist reposing his characters in historic fashion." As a result of this report, Rosenthal was repeatedly accused of staging the photograph or covering up the first flag-raising. One New York Times book reviewer even went so far as to suggest revoking his Pulitzer Prize. In the following decades, Rosenthal repeatedly and vociferously denied claims that the flag-raising was staged. "I don't think it is in me to do much more of this sort of thing ... I don't know how to get across to anybody what 50 years of constant repetition means," he said in 1995. In spite of movie camera film shot by Sergeant Bill Genaust simultaneously with Rosenthal snapping his still camera, showing the live action, unstaged, flag raising, the controversy continued.

 Incorrect identifications

President Franklin D. Roosevelt, upon seeing Rosenthal's flag-raising photograph, saw its potential to use for the upcoming Seventh War Loan Drive to help fund the war effort. He then ordered the flag-raisers to be identified and sent to Washington, D.C. after the fighting on the island ended (March 26, 1945).

Rosenthal did not take the names of those in the photograph. On April 7, Rene Gagnon was the first of the second "flag-raisers" to arrive in Washington, D.C. Using an enlargement of the photograph that did not show the faces of the flag-raisers, he named himself, Henry Hansen, Franklin Sousley, John Bradley and Michael Strank, as being in the photograph. He initially refused to name Ira Hayes, as Hayes did not want the publicity and threatened him with physical harm. However, upon being summoned to Marine headquarters and told that refusal to name the last flag-raiser was a serious crime, he identified the sixth flag-raiser as Hayes.

President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. On April 19, Bradley (then on crutches) and Hayes arrived in Washington, D.C. On April 20, the three surviving second flag-raisers, identified then as Gagnon, Bradley, and Hayes, met President Truman in the White House. On May 9, during a ceremony at the nation's capitol, the three men raised the original second flag to initiate the bond tour which began on May 11 in New York City. On May 24, Hayes was taken off the tour due to problems caused by drinking alcohol and ordered back to his company and regiment which had returned to Hawaii. Gagnon and Bradley completed the tour which ended on July 4 in Washington, D.C. The bond drive was a success, raising $26.3 billion, twice the tour's goal.

Harlon Block and Henry Hansen
Gagnon misidentified Corporal Harlon Block as Sergeant Henry O. "Hank" Hansen in Rosenthal's photo (both were killed in action on March 1). Initially, Bradley concurred with all of Gagnon's identifications. On April 8, 1945, the Marine Corps released the identification of five of the six flag raisers, including Hansen rather than Block (Sousley's identity was temporarily withheld pending notification of his family of his death during the battle). Block's mother, Belle Block, refused to accept the official identification, noting that she had "changed so many diapers on that boy's butt, I know it's my boy." When Hayes was interviewed about the identities of the flag raisers and shown a photo of the flag raising by a Marine public relations officer on April 19, he told the officer that it was definitely Harlon Block and not Hansen at the base of the flagpole. The lieutenant colonel then told Hayes that the identifications had already been officially released, and ordered Hayes to keep silent about it (during the investigation, the colonel denied Hayes told him about Block). Block, Sousley, and Hayes were close friends in the same squad of Second Platoon, E Company, while Hansen, who helped raise the first flag, was a member of Third Platoon, E Company.

In 1946, Hayes hitchhiked to Texas and informed Block's parents that their son had, in fact, been one of the six flag raisers. Block's mother, Belle, immediately sent the letter that Hayes had given her to her congressional representative Milton West. West, in turn, forwarded the letter to Marine Corps Commandant Alexander Vandegrift, who ordered an investigation. John Bradley (formerly in Third Platoon with Hansen), upon being shown the evidence (Hansen, a former Paramarine, wore his large parachutist boots in an exposed manner on Iwo Jima), agreed that it was probably Block and not Hansen. In January 1947, the Marine Corps officially announced it was Block in the photograph and not Hansen at the base of the flagpole. Hayes also was named as being in the far left position of the flag raisers replacing the position Sousley was determined to have had up until then; Sousley was now in back of and to the right of Strank (in 2016, Harold Schultz was named in this position and Sousley was named in the position where Bradley was named).

 Harold H. Schultz and John Bradley
On June 23, 2016, the Marine Corps publicly announced that Marine Corporal (then Private First Class) Harold Schultz was one of the flag-raisers and Navy corpsman John Bradley was not one of the  flag-raisers in Rosenthal's second flag-raising photograph. Harold Schultz was identified as being in Franklin Sousley's position to the right and in front of Ira Hayes, and Sousley was identified as being in Bradley's position to the right and behind Rene Gagnon (identified as Harold Keller in 2019) behind Harlon Block at the base of the flagpole. Bradley and Schultz had been present when both flags were actually raised, while Sousley was only on Mount Suribachi when he helped raise the second flag. Schultz was also part of the group of Marines and corpsmen who posed for Rosenthal's second "gung ho" photo.

Bradley, who died in 1994, seldom did an interview about the famous second flag-raising, occasionally deflecting questions by claiming he had forgotten. He changed his story numerous times, saying that he raised or pitched in to raise the flag, and also that he was on, and not on, Mount Suribachi when the first flag was raised. Within his family, it was considered a taboo subject, and when they received calls or invitations to speak on certain holidays, they were told to say he was away fishing at his cottage. At the time of Bradley's death, his son James said that he knew almost nothing about his father's wartime experiences. James Bradley spent four years interviewing and researching the topic and published a nonfiction book entitled Flags of Our Fathers (2000) about the flag-raising and its participants. The book, which was a bestseller, was later adapted into a 2006 film of the same name, directed by Clint Eastwood.

After being honorably discharged, Schultz moved to California and made his career with the United States Postal Service. He died in 1995.

The possibility that any flag-raiser had been misidentified was publicly raised for the first time in November 2014 by Eric Krelle, an amateur historian and collector of World War II-era Marine Corps memorabilia, and an Irish citizen and amateur historian named Stephen Foley. Studying other photographs taken that day and video footage, Krelle and Foley argued that Franklin Sousley was in the fourth position (left to right) instead of Bradley and Harold Schultz of Los Angeles (originally from Detroit) was in the second position, previously identified as Sousley. Initially, Marine Corps historians and officials did not accept those findings, but began their own investigation. On June 23, 2016, they confirmed Krelle's and Foley's findings, stating that Schultz was in Sousley's place, Sousley was standing next to Block, and that Bradley was not in the photo at all. James Bradley has also changed his mind, stating that he no longer believes his father is depicted in the famous photograph.

 Harold Keller and Rene Gagnon
On October 16, 2019, the Marine Corps announced that Marine Corporal Harold Keller was the flag-raiser previously identified as Rene Gagnon in Rosenthal's photograph. Stephen Foley, filmmaker Dustin Spence, and Brent Westemeyer were key to this revised identification. Photos and video footage showed that the man thought to have been Gagnon had a wedding ring, which matched Keller, who had married in 1944 (Gagnon was not married at the time). The man also did not have a facial mole, as Gagnon did. Finally, a photo which captured the lowering of the first flag verified what Gagnon had looked like that day, which did not match the second man in the Rosenthal photo. After the battle, Keller returned to his hometown of Brooklyn, Iowa, where he died in 1979.

 Legacy

Rosenthal's photograph was used as the basis for C. C. Beall's poster Now... All Together for the Seventh War Loan Drive (14 May - 30 June 1945).

Rosenthal's photograph won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Photography, the only photograph to win the prize in the same year it was taken.

Upon seeing the finished model, the Marine Corps commandant had de Weldon assigned to the Marine Corps until de Weldon was discharged from the Navy after the war was over.

Starting in 1951, de Weldon was commissioned to design a memorial to the Marine Corps. It took de Weldon and hundreds of his assistants three years to finish it. Hayes, Gagnon, and Bradley posed for de Weldon, who used their faces as a model. The three Marine flag raisers who did not survive the battle were sculpted from photographs.

The flag-raising Rosenthal (and Genaust) photographed was the replacement flag/flagstaff for the first flag/flagstaff that was raised on Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945. There was some resentment from former Marines of the original 40-man patrol that went up Mount Suribachi including by those involved with the first flag-raising, that they did not receive the recognition they deserved. These included Staff Sgt. Lou Lowery, who took the first photos of the first flag flying over Mt. Suribachi; Charles W. Lindberg, who helped tie the first American flag to the first flagpole on Mount Suribachi (and who was, until his death in June 2007, one of the last living persons depicted in either flag-flying scene), who complained for several years that he helped to raise the flag and "was called a liar and everything else. It was terrible" (because of all the recognition and publicity over and directed to the replacement flag-raisers and that flag-raising); and Raymond Jacobs, photographed with the patrol commander around the base of the first flag flying over Mt. Suribachi, who complained until he died in 2008 that he was still not recognized by the Marine Corps by name as being the radioman in the photo.

The original Rosenthal photograph is currently in the possession of Roy H. Williams, who bought it from the estate of John Faber, the official historian for the National Press Photographers Association, who had received it from Rosenthal. Both flags (from the first and second flag-raisings) are now located in the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico, Virginia.

Ira Hayes, following the war, was plagued with depression brought on by survivor guilt and became an alcoholic. His tragic life, and death in 1955 at the age of 32, were memorialized in the 1961 motion picture The Outsider, starring Tony Curtis as Hayes, and the folk song "The Ballad of Ira Hayes", written by Peter LaFarge and recorded by Johnny Cash in 1964. Bob Dylan later covered the song, as did Kinky Friedman. According to the song, after the war:

Rene Gagnon, his wife, and his son visited Tokyo and Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima during the 20th anniversary of the battle of Iwo Jima in 1965. After the war, he worked at Delta Air Lines as a ticket agent, opened his own travel agency, and was a maintenance director of an apartment complex in Manchester, New Hampshire. He died while at work in 1979, age 54.

 In other media

Rosenthal's photograph has been reproduced in a number of other formats. It appeared on 3.5 million posters for the seventh war bond drive. It has also been reproduced with many unconventional media such as Lego bricks, butter, ice, Etch A Sketch and corn mazes.

The Iwo Jima flag-raising has been depicted in other films, including 1949's Sands of Iwo Jima (in which the three surviving flag raisers make a cameo appearance at the end of the film) and 1961's The Outsider, a biography of Ira Hayes starring Tony Curtis.

In July 1945, the United States Postal Service released a postage stamp bearing the image. The U.S. issued another stamp in 1995 showing the flag-raising as part of its 10-stamp series marking the 50th anniversary of World War II. In 2005, the United States Mint released a commemorative silver dollar bearing the image.

A similar photograph was taken by Thomas E. Franklin of the Bergen Record in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Officially known as Ground Zero Spirit, the photograph is perhaps better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero, and shows three firefighters raising a U.S. flag in the ruins of the World Trade Center shortly after 5 pm. Painter Jamie Wyeth also painted a related image entitled September 11th based on this scene. It illustrates rescue workers raising a flag at Ground Zero. Other iconic photographs frequently compared include V-J Day in Times Square, Into the Jaws of Death, Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, and the Raising of the Ink Flag.

The highly recognizable image is one of the most parodied photographs in history. Anti-war activists in the 1960s altered the flag to bear a peace symbol, as well as several anti-establishment artworks. Edward Kienholz's Portable War Memorial in 1968 depicted faceless Marines raising the flag on an outdoor picnic table in a typical American consumerist environment of the 1960s. It was parodied again during the Iran hostage crisis of 1979 to depict the flag being planted into Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's behind. In the early 2000s, to represent gay pride, photographer Ed Freeman shot a photograph for the cover of an issue of Frontiers magazine, reenacting the scene with a rainbow flag instead of an American flag. Time magazine came under fire in 2008 after altering the image for use on its cover, replacing the American flag with a tree for an issue focused on global warming. The British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association likewise came under criticism in 2010 for a poster depicting employees raising a flag marked "BASSA" at the edge of a runway.

Among the smaller scale replicas of the Marine Corps War Memorial based on the flag raising is one also sculpted by Felix de Weldon at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island on the Peatross Parade Deck. For the finale of The Crucible, the Marines' 54-hour final training test, Marine recruits at Parris Island hike 9 miles to the statue as the sun rises and the flag is raised. They then are addressed on the flag raising and its meaning and are then awarded their Eagle, Globe and Anchor emblems by their drill instructors signifying them as full-fledged Marines.

 See also

 The Ink Flag
 Shadow of Suribachi: Raising the Flags on Iwo Jima Raising a Flag over the Reichstag Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn Raising the Flag at Ground Zero''
 History of the United States Marine Corps
 C. C. Beall
 List of photographs considered the most important

References

Bibliography

External links

 Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima: The most parodied photo in history?
 Captain Dave Severance talks about the Battle of Iwo Jima and raising the flag

 Second World War – Mass on Mount Suribachi

1945 photographs
1945 in art
Articles containing video clips
Battle of Iwo Jima
Black-and-white photographs
Flags of the United States
Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
Photography in Japan
Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs
Special events flags
Non-fiction works about the United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps in World War II
United States Marine Corps lore and symbols
World War II photographs
Associated Press
Flags in art

Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima


Kosmos 2398, ruski vojni navigacijski i komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Parus.
Lansiran je 4. lipnja 2003. godine u 19:23 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Kosmos-3M 11K65M. Orbita mu je 970 km u perigeju i 1014 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 82,95°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 27818. COSPARova oznaka je 2003-023-A. Zemlju obilazi u 104,94 minute. Pri lansiranju bio je mase kg.

Jedan dio se odvojio i u niskoj je orbiti oko Zemlje, a drugi se vratio u atmosferu.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1999 год. (rus.)
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Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
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Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2398


Avlu, yapıların orta kısmında bulunan, tercihe göre üstü açık ya da kapalı olan geniş bölümdür. Mimarlıkta atriyum olarak da adlandırılır. Türk mimarîsinde avlular genelde üstü açık şekilde bırakılır. Eve giriş kapısı avluya açılır. Özellikle İç Anadolu Bölgesi ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde görülen avlu geleneği genellikle önemli kişilerin evlerinde görülür. Birçok avluda süs havuzu bulunur. Avlular çocukların oyunlar oynadığı, yaz günlerinde yemeklerin yendiği, eğlencelerin düzenlediği yerlerdir. Törenler avluda düzenlenir, dinî bayramlarda kurban, avluda kesilir. Avrupa mimarlığında avluların üzerinin cam ile kapatıldığı da olur.

Avlu (atriyum) terimi sadece evler için değil, fabrika ve alışveriş merkezlerindeki orta boşluklar için de kullanılır. Bu tür alanlarda merdivenler, asansörler, ana giriş kapısı avluya açılır.

Cami avluları

Camilerde bir dış avlu (harim), bir de iç avlu (harem) yapılır. Dış avlu, camiyi mahalle yapılarından yüksek duvarla ayırır. Bu duvarlar demir parmaklıklı pencereler ve birkaç yerde kapılardan oluşur. Bazı kapılar dar ve zincirlidir. Zeminin eğimli olduğu yerlerde avluya merdivenle çıkılır.Süleymaniye Camii örneğindeki gibi dış avlunun taçkapısı anıtsaldır. Yenicami gibi örneklerde ise şehrin zamanla genişlemesi yüzünden dış avlu kaldırılmıştır. Genellikle bu dış avlularda yaşlı ağaçlar vardır. Dış avlu zemini topraktır. (Arseven, 222)

İç avlu ise, cami binasına bitişik, etrafı kemerli kubbeli revaklarla çevrili, ortasında şadırvan bulunan mekandır. İç avlunun bir taçkapısı (portal) ve yan kapıları vardır. Döşemesi, mermerdir. Revakların duvarlarında iki sıra pencere bulunur, alt sıra kapaklıdır üst sıra sabit alçı revzendir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Impluvium
 Ala

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تايلوس الاسم الإغريقي لجزيرة البحرين الذي أطلقه المستكشفون الإغريقيون عند زيارة جزيرة البحرين، وأطلقوا على جزيرة المحرق اسم أرادوس. كانت جزيرة تايلوس تعدّ عند الإغريق جزيرة الحياة الأبدية لجمالها وكثرة خضرتها وجوها الجميل في تلك الفترة ومركز لتجارة اللؤلؤ، عندما اكتشف نيارخوس أنها تخدم تحت حكم الإسكندر الأكبر. من القرن السادس إلى القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد، تم ضم البحرين إلى الإمبراطورية الفارسية من قبل الأخمينيين، وهي سلالة إيرانية. يُعتقد أن الأدميرال اليوناني نيرشوس كان أول قادة الإسكندر الذين زاروا الجزيرة، ووجد أرضًا خضراء كانت جزءًا من شبكة تجارية واسعة. وسجل: «أنه في جزيرة تايلوس الواقعة في الخليج العربي، توجد مزارع كبيرة من شجر القطن، تُصنع منها ملابس تسمى السندون، بدرجات مختلفة جدًا من القيمة، بعضها مكلف والبعض الآخر أقل تكلفة. استخدام لا يقتصر الأمر على الهند، بل يمتد إلى شبه الجزيرة العربية.» ويذكر المؤرخ اليوناني، ثيوفراستوس، أن الكثير من الجزر كانت مغطاة بأشجار القطن هذه وأن تايلوس اشتهر بتصدير عصي المشي المنقوشة بشعارات كانت تُحمل عادةً في بابل. [4] [5] كان السكان الأصليون واليونانيون يعبدون نفس الرب آريس أيضًا.

من غير المعروف ما إذا كانت البحرين جزءًا من الإمبراطورية السلوقية، على الرغم من اقتراح الموقع الأثري في قلعة البحرين كقاعدة سلوقية في الخليج العربي. خطط الإسكندر لتسوية الشواطئ الشرقية للخليج العربي مع المستعمرين اليونانيين، وعلى الرغم من أنه ليس من الواضح أن هذا حدث بالحجم الذي تصوره، كان تايلوس جزءًا كبيرًا من العالم الهيليني: كانت لغة الطبقات العليا يونانية (على الرغم من أن الآرامية كانت قيد الاستخدام اليومي)، بينما كان يُعبد زيوس على شكل إله الشمس العربي شمس. حتى أن تايلوس أصبح موقعًا للمسابقات الرياضية اليونانية.

يُعتقد أن اسم تايلوس هو عبارة عن هيلينية للسامي (من دلمون). كان مصطلح تايلوس شائع الاستخدام للإشارة إلى الجزر حتى عهد بطليموس عندما يُشار إلى السكان باسم «ثيلوانوي». تعود بعض أسماء الأماكن في البحرين إلى عصر تايلوس، على سبيل المثال، يُعتقد أن الضاحية السكنية عراد في المحرق قد نشأت من "أرادوس" ، الاسم اليونانيالقديم لجزيرة المحرق.

يعتقد المؤرخ اليوناني سترابو أن أصل الفينيقيين من البحرين. كما اعتقد هيرودوت أن موطن الفينيقيين هو البحرين. [13] [14] تم قبول هذه النظرية من قبل الكلاسيكي الألماني في القرن التاسع عشر وأرنولد هيرين الذي قال: «في الجغرافيين اليونانيين، على سبيل المثال، قرأنا عن جزيرتين، تدعى تايروس أو تايلوس، وأراد، البحرين، التي تفاخرت بأنها الدولة الأم. من الفينيقيين، وآثار المعابد الفينيقية المعروضة». [15] لقد حافظ سكان صور على وجه الخصوص منذ فترة طويلة على أصول الخليج العربي، وقد تم التعليق على التشابه في الكلمتين«تايلوس» و«صور». [16] ومع ذلك، هناك القليل من الأدلة على الاحتلال على الإطلاق في البحرين خلال الوقت الذي كان يُفترض حدوث هذه الهجرة فيه. [17]

يشير حساب هيرودوت (المكتوب حوالي 440 قبل الميلاد) إلى الفينيقيين الذين نشأوا في البحرين. (التاريخ، أنا: 1).
وفقا للفرس الأكثر اطلاعا في التاريخ، بدأ الفينيقيون الشجار. هؤلاء الأشخاص، الذين سكنوا سابقًا على شواطئ البحر الأحمر (الساحل الشرقي لشبه الجزيرة العربية)، بعد أن هاجروا إلى البحر الأبيض المتوسط واستقروا في الأجزاء التي يسكنونها الآن، بدأوا على الفور، كما يقولون، في مغامرة طويلة. رحلات وشحن سفنهم ببضائع مصر وآشور...

- هيرودوت
مع تضاؤل القوة اليونانية السلوقية، تم دمج تايلوس في Characene أو Mesenian ، الدولة التي تأسست في الكويت اليوم من قبل Hyspaosines في 127 قبل الميلاد. نقش على البناء عثر عليه في البحرين يشير إلى أن Hyspoasines احتلت الجزر، (كما ذكرت زوجته Thalassia). [18] من القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد وحتى وصول الإسلام في القرن السابع الميلادي، كانت البحرين تحت سيطرة سلالتين إيرانيتين أخريين. البارثيين والساسانيين.

بحلول عام 250 قبل الميلاد، فقد السلوقيون أراضيهم لصالح البارثيين، وهي قبيلة إيرانية من آسيا الوسطى. سلالة البارثيين جلبت الخليج العربي تحت سيطرتهم ووسعوا نفوذهم حتى عمان. لأنهم احتاجوا للسيطرة على طريق التجارة في الخليج الفارسي، أنشأ البارثيون حاميات في الساحل

مراجع

تاريخ البحرين
حضارات قديمة

تايلوس


The University of Hartford (UHart) is a private university in West Hartford, Connecticut. Its  main campus extends into neighboring Hartford and Bloomfield. The university is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

History
The University of Hartford was chartered through the joining of the Hartford Art School, Hillyer College, and The Hartt School in 1957.

In 2021, University of Hartford announced it will begin the process to move all of its 17 athletic programs from Division I to Division III. Students and alumni from the University of Hartford attempted to sue the university, claiming that the university "reneged on its commitment" to the student-athletes. The university filed its intent to move to Division III in January 2022 and is expected to become a member of DIII no later than September 1, 2025, unless the move is halted in the courts.

Academics

The University of Hartford has less than 6,000 full-time and part-time graduate and undergraduate students. The university offers 82 bachelor's degree programs, 10 associate degrees, 28 graduate degrees, and 7 certificates or diplomas. Starting with the 2019–2020 academic year, the university will launch a bachelor's degree program in nursing. The student-faculty ratio is nearly 9:1. The university's academics are organized into seven schools and colleges:

Campus

Gengras Student Union

This houses the student government, the university post office, student organizations including the student newspaper The Informer and the Student Television Network (STN), a cafeteria, a convenience store, and the Gengras food court, featuring Einstein Bros. Bagels, Burger Studio, and Moe's. A major renovation of the Gengras Student Union began in early 2017.

The Harry Jack Gray Center

Centrally located on campus, the Harry Jack Gray Center houses the Mortensen Library and the Allen Memorial Library. After the renovation of the library in 2016, the university announced the library would be renamed Harrison University Libraries in honor of University President Walter Harrison. Also located here are the Joseloff Gallery, the university bookstore, the School of Communications, the Visual Communication Design Department, the Department of Architecture, WWUH (91.3 MHz FM) radio station, the Wilde Auditorium, the Kent McCray Television Studio, the Gray Conference Center, the Museum of Jewish Civilization, and the 1877 Club restaurant. It was the former home of the Museum of American Political Life, which housed the second largest collection of political memorabilia in the United States after the Smithsonian.

Alfred C. Fuller Music Center

The main Hartt School Complex, the center is composed of Millard Auditorium, Paranov Hall, and O'Connell Hall, a one-story extension of Paronov Hall. Originally, Abrahms Hall was included in the Fuller Complex. A renovation of Millard Auditorium was completed in 2017.

Beatrice Fox Auerbach Hall

Auerbach Hall is named after businesswoman Beatrice Fox Auerbach. It is one of the largest academic buildings on campus and is home to the Barney School of Business. During the 2018–19 academic year, Auerbach Hall underwent a major renovation which included a 10,000-square-foot addition for the Barney School including additional classrooms and a trading room.

Hillyer Hall
Built in 1962, Hillyer Hall was the first classroom building on campus. Hillyer Hall is home to the College of Arts and Sciences, College of Education, and Hillyer College. In 2012, the Shaw Center was completed to provide additional classrooms and offices for Hillyer College. The building is named after John C. "Jay" Shaw (Class of '74) and wife Debi of Greenwich, who donated $1.5 million to the project.

University High School of Science and Engineering

This public magnet high school, formerly located on the university's Albany Avenue campus, is now located on the east side of the campus. The University High School was established in 2004 as a partnership of the Hartford Public Schools, the University of Hartford, and the Capitol Region Education Council. It is based on the early college initiative mode: University High School students are able to earn college credits while they attend high school. The high school enrolls two hundred students, seventy percent of whom are from Hartford. The other thirty percent come from towns in central Connecticut. Students are selected through a lottery from a pool of applicants, as required by the state of Connecticut.

Mort and Irma Handel Performing Arts Center

Dedicated in 2008, the Mort and Irma Handel Performing Arts Center is a facility that is the instructional home for collegiate and Community Division students studying Theatre, Musical Theater and Dance at the Hartt School. It contains five dance studios, four theatre rehearsal studios, three vocal studios, and two black box theatres, as well as faculty offices, a community room, and a cafe.

The University Residences
There are four different styles of on-campus housing. All provide students with access to the university's T-3 broadband internet network, cable television, and telephones.

Six residential suite-style complexes - A through F - are each capable of housing 312 students. All complexes feature study lounges, laundry facilities, and activity rooms.

Regents Park consists of suite-style independent living for sophomores and juniors. It is a large building of four wings of suites typically outfitted with a living room and partial kitchen. It has north, south, east, and west wings.

The Village Apartments, consisting of seven quads (four groupings of apartments forming a rectangular area), are an independent-living apartment area for upperclassmen. Each apartment has a kitchen and can house two to six students.

Park River Apartments provides apartment-style independent living for third- or fourth-year students. Each unit is a full apartment complete with a full-size bathroom and a kitchen (including a full-size refrigerator, dishwasher, sink, and cabinets).

Hawk Hall houses 204 freshmen and eight resident assistants. Hawk Hall features Residential Learning Communities (RLC), grouped by wings on each floors. Some RLC themes (past and present) include Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology (WISET), Wellness, Leadership, Destinations, Environmental Awareness, the Adult Journey, Honors: Making a Difference in The World, Community Service, and Hawk Spirit. The five-story residence hall has lounges with floor-to-ceiling windows. The first floor includes a spacious lounge with a flat-screen TV, two SMART classrooms, and a kitchen.

Chase Arena at Reich Family Pavilion

Chase Arena at Reich Family Pavilion is home to the men's and women's basketball teams and the women's volleyball team. Opened in 1990, the arena is named in honor of the Chase Family in West Hartford. Included in the building is the Mary Baker Stanley Pool and the university's athletic administration offices. Entertainment at the arena has included Girl Talk, Wale, and Ludacris. Past visiting politicians include Governor Dannel P. Malloy, former President Bill Clinton, and President Barack Obama.

Asylum Avenue Campus

Located  west of downtown Hartford, and once home to the Hartford College for Women, it now includes academic classrooms and graduate student campus housing in fourteen townhouses and Johnson House. It contains a cafeteria, computer lab, and studio space.

Organization and administration

List of university presidents
Vincent B. Coffin (1959–1967)
Archibald M. Woodruff (1967–1977)
Stephen Joel Trachtenberg (1977–1998)
Humphrey Tonkin (1989–1998)
Walter Harrison (1998–2017)
Gregory S. Woodward (2017–2023)
Stephen Mulready (2023–present)

A cappella groups
Such groups at the University of Hartford are governed by the A Cappella Coalition and hold auditions at the beginning of each year for new members.
 L'shir
 Hawkapella
 Uharmonies
 HartAttack

Music for a Change
Launched in the spring of 2000, the Music for a Change benefit concert series raises money for Greater Hartford charities and nonprofit organizations. Headliners have included Arlo Guthrie, Alison Krauss and Union Station, Art Garfunkel, Aztec Two-Step, Citizen Cope, Dionne Warwick, George Winston, Jonathan Edwards, Kris Kristofferson, Marc Cohn, Pat Metheny, Richie Havens, Shawn Colvin, Susan Tedeschi, Tom Paxton, Tom Rush, The Wailers, and Wynton Marsalis.

Greek life

Athletics

The Hartford Hawks participate in the NCAA Division III in the Commonwealth Coast Conference. The university fields 18 varsity sports, nine men's sports: baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, and indoor and outdoor track & field; and nine women's sports: basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, indoor and outdoor track & field, and volleyball.

Student media

WSAM student-run radio
Founded on February 2, 1974, WSAM is the university's only student-run radio station. It streams its radio shows online through Mixlr. It hosts annual concerts such as Live from the Lawn every opening weekend and a Halloween show every Halloween weekend.

The Informer – student newspaper
With a legacy from The Hillyer Callboard, the student newspaper of Hillyer College, dating from the 1920s, the Informer is the official student newspaper of the University of Hartford. Since 1976, the student-run Informer has published 24 times every academic year, coming out every Thursday.  Circulation is 3,000 and the paper is distributed all over campus.

Student Television Network – STN Channel 2
The Student Television Network is a completely student-run station that broadcasts on stn2.tv and their YouTube page. Founded by then-graduate student Chuck King and a group of interested students in 1993, STN became a popular student organization. Though separate from the School of Communication, it provides relevant experience for students pursuing careers in television. STN started its weekly news program broadcast, "STN Channel 2 News," on February 9, 1993. Currently, new broadcasts are live once a week and then played throughout the week. In addition to weekly news broadcasts, STN produces and broadcasts several live Hartford Hawks sports productions throughout the year, and hosts a number of other student-created programs.

Notable alumni
Currently the university has over 94,000 alumni worldwide.

Kenny Adeleke (born 1983), basketball player
Leo Brouwer, musician
Kathleen Clark, playwright
David Cordani, CEO of Cigna
Steve Davis, jazz trombonist
Mark Dion, artist
Jim Ford, actor and stuntman
A. J. Hammer, television host of Showbiz Tonight on CNN, radio personality
Liane Hansen, National Public Radio host of Weekend Edition Sunday
Jack Hardy, singer and songwriter
Seymour Itzkoff, professor, researcher in intelligence
Johnathan Lee Iverson, first black ringmaster of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
Wilfred X. Johnson, first black Connecticut state legislator
Jerry Kelly, professional golfer, PGA Tour
Erik Mariñelarena, filmmaker
William J. Murphy, former Speaker of the House of the State of Rhode Island
Peter Niedmann, composer
Chuck Pagano, chief technology officer of ESPN
Tim Petrovic, professional golfer, PGA Tour
Joseph M. Suggs Jr. (B.S. 1978), mayor of Bloomfield and Connecticut State Treasurer (1993–1995)

Notes

References

External links

Hartford Athletics website

University of Hartford
University of Hartford
Universities and colleges established in 1877
Universities and colleges in Hartford County, Connecticut
Tourist attractions in Hartford, Connecticut
Buildings and structures in West Hartford, Connecticut
1877 establishments in Connecticut

University of Hartford


Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului-Lipoveni din Alba Iulia este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Alba Iulia. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 1026.33.

Ansamblul este format din următoarele monumente:
 Biserica "Adormirea Maicii Domnului" ()
 Cimitirul vechi-Lipoveni ()

Istoric și trăsături
Lipoveni este cartierul nordic, dinspre centru, al vetrei orașului din secolul al XVIII-lea. În primele decenii ale acestuia  a fost ridicată biserica cu hramul "Adormirea Maicii Domnului". Deasupra intrării sunt inscripționați anii 1690-1691, datare contestată de istorici. Lăcașul de cult nu figurează pe harta orașului din anul 1711, apare doar în reprezentările cartografice din 1752.

Ctitorul a fost Ioan Dragoș de Thurna, personaj înnobilat de împărăteasa Maria Tereza în anul 1742. Numele și blazonul acestuia sunt gravate pe două candele de argint din 1736, respectiv 1766.

Biserica a suferit numeroase transformări de-a lungul timpului: zidurile au fost supraînălțate, bolțile au fost reconstruite, naosul a fost unit cu pronaosul, s-au construit contraforți și a fost adăugat un turn-clopotniță masiv. Pictura  care se mai păstrează este din anii 1957-1958.

Biserica a constituit  scena unor dispute între ortodocși și greco-catolici. Aici s-a ținut, în 14-18 februarie 1761, sinodul ortodocșilor din Transilvania, convocat de Sofronie de la Cioara, călugăr ce a condus o mișcare de revigorare a ortodoxiei, ce pierduse teren în favoarea greco-catolicismului. Sinodul de la Alba Iulia a fost întrunit spre sfârșitul mișcării lui Sofronie, la scurtă vreme acesta fugind în Țara Românească. În curtea lăcașului de cult se află un bust al călugărului. Biserica a fost preluată de către uniți după 1760 și a fost greco-catolică până în anul 1948, când a redevenit ortodoxă, după scoaterea în afara legii a acestei confesiuni de către autoritățile comuniste.

În curtea bisericii se găsesc morminte vechi, cu inscripții în chirilică, din secolul al XVIII-lea, și un monument ce amintește de românii căzuți în timpul Revoluției din 1848.

Note

Vezi și
 Alba Iulia

Imagini

Monumente istorice din județul Alba
Biserici ortodoxe din județul Alba
Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Maria
Biserici greco-catolice din România
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România


Syaman Rapongan (en yami : Syaman Rapongan, en chinois : 夏曼·藍波安, en pinyin : Xiàmàn Lánbōān), né le 31 octobre 1957 à Ponso no Tao (Taïwan) est un écrivain, océanologue et ethnologue taïwanais, représentant du peuple Da'o.

Il est le créateur d'une nouvelle branche de la littérature taïwanaise, la littérature sur l'océan. Dans ses œuvres, la langue yami est utilisée sur un pied d'égalité avec la langue chinoise.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Syaman Rapongan nait dans le village d'Imorod sur l'île de Lanyu (« l'île des Orchidées ») en 1957. Syaman Rapongan est son nom dans sa langue maternelle, signifiant « père de Rapongan ». Son ancien nom chinois, Shi Nu-lai, donné par les autorités locales, n'est plus utilisé par l'auteur. Dans sa jeunesse, il quitte son île natale et se rend à Taïwan où, en 1980, il entre à la faculté de langue et littérature françaises de l'université de Tamkang.

Œuvre littéraire
En 1988, alors que le mouvement démocratique à Taiwan se développe activement, il devient membre du mouvement pour la reconnaissance des peuples autochtones et la protection de l'environnement. Il rejoint les protestations contre le déversement de déchets nucléaires des centrales électriques taïwanaises sur l'Île aux orchidées. Au début des années 1990, il décide de retourner sur l'Île aux orchidées et commence à y étudier le mode de vie traditionnel de son peuple, assemblant chants et légendes.

Le livre de contes The Myths of Badaiwan Bay (《八代灣的神話故事, 1992) présente des siècles de mythes oraux et légendes du peuple Tao et le recueil d'essais Deep Feelings for the Cold Sea (《冷海情深》, 1997) contient les réflexions de l'auteur sur le sort de la culture traditionnelle de son peuple dans la société moderne.

En 1998, il publie Black Wings (《黑色的翅膀》, qui reçoit l'un des prix littéraires les plus prestigieux de Taiwan, Wu Zhuo-liu. En 2012, le roman Eyes of Heaven(《天空的眼睛》)est traduit, entre autres, en tchèque.

Océonographie
Syaman Rapongan travaille comme enseignant, plongeur et pêcheur ; il est chercheur à l'Institut des sciences de l'océan, membre de la Commission des affaires autochtones du gouvernement de la ville de Taipei, conseiller du Comité de programmation autochtone de la Fondation de la télévision publique de Taiwan et membre de l'Executive Yuan's Orchid, comité de développement communautaire insulaire. Cette expérience variée est incarnée dans la collection d'essais « Mémoire des vagues » (《海浪的記憶》, 2002). Cette œuvre marque une rupture avec l'ambivalence qui marquait son précédent travail lors de son retour sur son île natale, et dépeint plutôt le peuple Tao avec une touche de nostalgie.

En 2005, Rapongan obtient son doctorat du Département de littérature taïwanaise de l'Université nationale de Chenggung. En mai de la même année, il  devient le premier Taïwanais à traverser le Pacifique Sud en canoë dans le cadre du South Pacific Dream Journey. Les recueils courts en prose The Seafarer's Face (《航海家的臉》, 2007) et The Old Sailor (《老海人》, 2009) ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives à la littérature océanique taïwanaise.

Ses essais et romans autobiographiques ont été traduits en français et en tchèque.

Actuellement, Syaman Rapongan vit avec sa famille sur l'Île aux orchidées, où il a fondé un « atelier d'ethnologie insulaire » qui promeut la culture du peuple Tao.

Notes et références

Écrivain taïwanais
Naissance en octobre 1957
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Syaman Rapongan


Takuya Akiyama (født 26. august 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Tokushima Vortis.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takuya Akiyama


Cerdon () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.

It is known for its pink sparkling wine, and for its copper factory, the only one of its kind in France.  The 'Cuiverie' (copper factory) closed in 2010.

Population

Sights
 The Copper factory
 The caves (Grottes du Cerdon)
 Monument to the Maquis of Ain
 Fantasticable

See also
Communes of the Ain department

References

External links

Cuivrerie de Cerdon
Grottes du Cerdon
Fantasticable

Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Cerdon, Ain


Dracaena grandicuspis (Sansevieria grandicuspis) es una especie de Dracaena (Sansevieria)  perteneciente a la familia de las asparagáceas, originaria de  África oriental en Tanzania.

Ahora se la ha incluido en el gen de Dracaena debido a los estudios moleculares de su filogenia.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea con rizoma subterráneo de color marrón grisáceo, de 0.5-1 cm de espesor, tallo de 31 mm de largo, 0,8 cm de diámetro, probablemente no siempre por encima del suelo. Las hojas erectas a suberectos, ascendentes  linear-lanceoladas, de 17,5 a 50 (-55) ≈ 1,3-2,5  cm, con 0.3-0.4 cm de espesor, de color verde, con ligeras bandas en ambas superficies, pero que desaparecen en la madurez,  los márgenes verde blanquecinos; pecíolo 5-15 cm de largo. La inflorescencia una espiga como racimo de ± 38 cm de largo, de color amarillo verdoso. El fruto es una baya globosa.

Taxonomía
Sansevieria grandicuspis fue descrita por Adrian Hardy Haworth y publicado en Synopsis plantarum succulentarum ... 67, en el año 1812.
Etimología
Sansevieria nombre genérico que debería ser "Sanseverinia" puesto que su descubridor, Vincenzo Petanga, de Nápoles, pretendía dárselo en conmemoración a Pietro Antonio Sanseverino, duque de Chiaromonte y fundador de un jardín de plantas exóticas en el sur de Italia. Sin embargo, el botánico sueco Thunberg que fue quien lo describió, lo denominó Sansevieria, en honor del militar, inventor y erudito napolitano Raimondo di Sangro (1710-1771), séptimo príncipe de Sansevero.

grandicuspis: epíteto latino
Sinonimia
Sansevieria ensifolia Haw.
Sansevieria pumila Haw.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

grandicuspis
Flora de África tropical oriental
Flora de África continental
Plantas descritas en 1812
Plantas descritas por Haworth
de:Sansevieria grandicuspis

Sansevieria grandicuspis


El anêm es una lengua aislada de Papúa Nueva Guinea hablada por unas 550 personas en cinco aldeas principales en el noroeste de la isla de Nueva Bretaña. Las cinco localidades son Malasoŋo (donde también se habla bariai), Karaiai, Mosiliki, Pudêlîŋ, Atiatu (donde también se habla lusi) y Bolo (donde también se habla aria). Además la lengua es habla por otras personas, la mayoría de origen anêm, en otras aldeas cercanas.

Dialectos
Hay dos variantes principales, el akiblîk (dialecto de Bolo) que está prácticamente extinto (hacia 1982 su hablante más joven tenía entonces 35 años). El principal dialecto se habla en las otras cuatro localidades mencionadas.

Descripción lingüística
El anên es una lengua nominativo-acusativa con orden predominante SVO en oraciones enunciativas. Las "preguntas de sí o no" se marcan mediante entonación sin alterar el orden sintáctico. La negación y el aspecto gramatical se indican mediante marcas de modalidad que aparecen en posición final de la oración. No existen marcas de tiempo gramatical aunque hay tres distinciones de modo gramatical (realis, irrealis y exhortativo). El realis se refiere a algo que ha sucedido o está sucediendo; el irrealis se refiere o al futuro o a situaciones hipotéticas, mientras que el exhortativo (o imperativo) se usa sólo en tercera persona para dar órdenes.

Lenguas aisladas de Nueva Guinea
Lenguas de Nueva Bretaña
Lenguas de Papúa Nueva Guinea

Idioma anêm


Faraday'in indüksiyon kanunu, 1830'da Michael Faraday tarafından bulunan, manyetik alanın değişimiyle oluşan emk'yı tanımlayan indüktörlerin, elektrik motorlarının, jeneratörlerin, transformatörlerin gelişmesini sağlayan kanun.

Elektrik taşıyan bir telde oluşan manyetik akım
Faraday kanununa göre bir devrede indüklenen emk, devreden geçen manyetik akının zamana göre türevi ile doğru orantılıdır. Bu ifade şöyle yazılabilir:

ε: İndüklenen emk (Volt)
Φ: Manyetik akı (Weber)
t: Zaman (saniye)
N sarımlı bir bobinde oluşan emk

Sabit manyetik akı, hareketli tel
Manyetik alanın sabit, ancak telin hareketli olduğu durumlarda da emk oluşur. Bu indüksiyon telin hareketine göre ikiye ayrılır:

Telin Doğrusal Hareketi
B manyetik alanına dik yönde v hızıyla hareket eden, l uzunluğundaki telin uçları arasında indüklenen emk

Telin Dairesel Hareketi
B manyetik alanına dik yönde w açısal hızıyla hareket eden, l uzunluğundaki telin uçları arasında indüklenen emk

Lenz Yasası indüksiyon emk'sinin yönünün akım ilmeğinin çevrelediği alandan geçen manyetik akı değişimine karşı koyacak şekilde manyetik akı oluşturan akımın yönünde olduğunu belirtir. Bu yasa enerjinin korunumunun bir sonucudur. Faraday yasasındaki - işaretinin kaynağı da budur.

Elektrodinamik
Fizik terimleri

Faraday'in indüksiyon kanunu


An Chorizandra cymbaria in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Chorizandra cymbaria in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chorizandra, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chorizandra

Chorizandra cymbaria


Oma wider Willen ist ein deutscher Fernsehfilm aus dem Jahr 2012. Der Familienfilm wurde erstmals am 2. März 2012 in der ARD ausgestrahlt.

Handlung
Henriette Dietrichstein ist erfolgreiche Unternehmerin ihrer Elektronikfirma. Sie steht kurz vor einem Geschäftsabschluss mit einem asiatischen Unternehmen, durch den sie 215 Arbeitsplätze einsparen kann. Zu ihrer einzigen Tochter Luise hat sie seit 10 Jahren keinen Kontakt mehr; diese hatte sich, entgegen den Erwartungen ihrer Mutter, in einen Südamerikaner verliebt und war nach Brasilien ausgewandert.

Nachdem Luise bei einem Brand ums Leben gekommen ist, taucht plötzlich die achtjährige Evita auf, die die brasilianische Enkeltochter von Henriette sein und sonst keine Verwandten haben soll. Zunächst zeigt Henriette Evita die kalte Schulter, kommt ihr aber schon bald näher. Währenddessen informiert Beate, die intrigante Frau ihres Neffen Alfred, das Jugendamt über die scheinbar illegale Einwanderung und fälscht sogar einen DNA-Test, um Evita loszuwerden, die sie als neue Konkurrenz um das Erbe von Firma und Vermögen sieht. Als Henriette durch die Aufregungen über die drohende Inobhutnahme von Evita einen Herzinfarkt bekommt, sorgt der Anwalt Dr. Richard Burger für einen erneuten DNA-Test. Ein Detektiv in Brasilien findet weitere Beweise, dass Evita wirklich die Enkelin von Henriette ist.
Auch Alfred kommt schließlich hinter die Machenschaften seiner Frau und trennt sich. Henriette findet noch eine Möglichkeit, die Arbeitsplätze zu erhalten und gibt bekannt, die Firmenleitung an ihren Neffen abzugeben.

Kritik

Hintergrund
Drehorte waren Schloss Neuwaldegg und Baden bei Wien.

Weblinks

 Oma wider Willen auf ard.de

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
Deutscher Film
Fernsehfilm (Das Erste)
Familienfilm

Oma wider Willen


"Antistreptolizin O" (ASO) için kullanılan kısaltma.

Streptolizin, "Hemolitik streptokok" adı verilen bakterilerin salgıladığı toksinin adıdır. Bu toksinin varlığını tespit için yapılan tetkike de kısaca ASO adı verilir. ASO, romatizma gibi bazı Hemolitik Streptokok enfeksiyonlarında yükselir bu açıdan teşhis te ASO değerleri önem taşır. ASO'nun kandaki en yüksek normal değeri 200 todd ünitesidir.

aso seviyesi yetişkin kişide 250 Todd dur çocukta ise 333 Todd dur (romatik fever). Romatizmal ateşte, kandaki ASO seviyesi yükselir, SRP seviyesinde düşme gözlemlenir.

ASO'nun 300'ün üstüne çıkması, hastanın streptokok adı verilen bakteri ile karşılaştığını gösterir. Oysa A grubu bir streptokok enfeksiyonu, özellikle bademcik iltihabı ya da diş apsesi gibi bir enfeksiyon odağı da varsa, bu değerlerin yükselmesine yol açar; çünkü anatomik nedenlerle bu bölgeler, akut enfeksiyon atağından sonra temizlenmeyip streptokok barındırmayı sürdürürler.

ASO; streptokok ile karşılaştıktan yaklaşık 1-3 hafta sonra yükselir. Bazen 3 ay kadar yüksek kalabilir. Strepkokok iltihapları, ASO, romatizma gibi bazı Hemolitik Streptokok enfeksiyonlarında yükselir bu açıdan teşhiste ASO değerleri önem taşır,  eklem böbrek ya da kalp rahatsızlıkları yapabilir. Ancak ASO'nun yüksek oluşu bu hastalıkların var olduğunu göstermez. sadece streptokok bakterisinin vücuda girdiğini gösterir.

Seroloji
Kan testleri

Antistreptolizin O


حكايات عالمية (باللغة اليابانية: まんが世界昔ばなし)، تلفظ (مانغا سيكاي موكاشي باناشي) وتعني (مانغا حكايات قديمة من العالم)، مسلسل رسوم متحركة للأطفال، يروي في كل حلقة قصة عالمية من قصص شعوب وتراث وفلكلور العالم، أنتجته شركة داكس انترناشيونال اليابانية في عامي (1976 - 1977)، وعرض على قناة طوكيو برودكاستنغ سيستم في الفترة بين 7 أكتوبر 1976 و 28 مارس 1979، تحتوي كل حلقة تقريباً على قصتين منفصلتين، مدة كل قصة عشرة دقائق تقريباً.

تأليف
مسلسل حكايات عالمية من تأليف مياغي ماريكو (باللغة اليابانية: 宮城まり子) وناغويا أكيرا (باللغة اليابانية: 名古屋章).

الدبلجة العربية
أخراج فايق الحكيم
مساعد المخرج فلاح هاشم
الإنتاج استوديو النورس.
غناء الشارة أصالة نصري
كتب كلمات الشارة حسين نازك.

أداء الاصوات
 علي إبراهيم
 إيمان حسين
 فلاح هاشم
 مها المصري
 مسافر عبد الكريم
 نور الهدى صبري
 توفيق العشا
 سناء يونس
 وداد الكواري
 سعاد جواد
 قاسم الملاك

ترجمة

محمود قدورة

سناء التكمجي

عايدة جمال الدين

ديانا تاجريان

كلمات الأغنية
 فــي قصــصـِ الشــعوب.  فــي قصــصـِ الشــعوب
 طــرائــفـٌ لا تنتهــي.   وعــالمـٌ حلــوٌ بهــيّ
 يســكنُ فــي القـلوب.   فــي قصــصـِ الشــعوب
 مــن كــلِّ بــلادِ الدنيــا.  مــن كــلِّ بقــاعـِ الأرض
 قصـصـٌ شــتّى.     تُــرْوى حتّــــى
 نعـــرفـَ أحـــوالَ الإنســانِ. والكـــلُّ هنــا جيـــران

وإذا زرنــاكمـ فــي الصــورة

فــي أحــلى دنيــا مســحورة

كــي نتســلّى

صــرنــا أهــلا

نعــرفـَ أحـــوالَ الإنســانِ

والكــلُّ هنـــا جيـــران

الحلقات
عددالحلقات المدبلجة للعربية (153 حلقة) وهي كالتالي:

لغات أخرى
تم دبلجة المسلسل على أكثر من لغة، وفي كل لغة اتخذ اسماً معيناً ومن هذه اللغات:

 حكايات عالمية (العربية)
 Castillo de Cuentos (الإسبانية)
 Cuentos Populares (الإسبانية)
 Cuentos Universales (الإسبانية)
 Fiabe così (الإيطالية)
 Le più belle favole del mondo (الإيطالية)
 Tales of magic (الإنجليزية)
 Super Aventuras (البرتغالية)
 Tales of Magic
 まんが世界昔ばなし
 アニメ世界の昔ばなし (اليابانية)

وصلات خارجية

المصادر

 موقع الكرتون العربي.
الكرتون العربي

مراجع

حكايات عالمية
أنمي 1976
إنتاج مؤسسة الإنتاج المشترك لدول الخليج العربي
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1976
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية

حكايات عالمية


Marianne Jean-Baptiste (født 26. april 1967) er en britisk skuespiller og manuskriptforfatter.

Hun er blandt andet kendt for sin rolle som Hortense Cumberbatch i Mike Leighs film Hemmeligheder og løgne i 1996. For sin præstation i filmen, blev hun nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle. Jean-Baptiste skrev musikken til Leighs film Career Girls fra 1997.

Filmografi
 Hemmeligheder og løgne (1996)
 Career Girls (1997)
 The Cell (2000)
 Spy Game (2001)
 City of Ember (2008)
 RoboCop (2014)
 Edge of Tomorrow (2014)

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Manuskriptforfattere fra USA
Personer fra London
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Marianne Jean-Baptiste


Deus Ajude é uma comunidade remanescente de quilombo, população tradicional brasileira, localizada no município brasileiro de Salvaterra na ilha do Marajó (estados do Pará). Certificado como remanescente de quilombo (reminiscências históricas de antigos quilombos).

O relatório de identificação RTID desta comunidade está em fase de elaboração.

A cidade de Salvatera, de código de identificação IBGE 1506302, possui as seguintes comunidades remanescentes: Campina, Bacabal, Santa Luzia, Rosário, Vila União, Boa Vista, Deus Ajude, Bairro Alto, Caldeirão, Pau Furado, São Benedito da Ponta, Siricarí, Providência, Mangueira, Salvá, Paixão, Campo Verde, Panema, Crista De Baleiro e, São João.

Salvaterra
Salvaterra é um município brasileiro da ilha de Marajó (estado do Pará), pertencente a Região Geográfica de Soure-Salvaterra (antiga Microrregião Geográfica do Arari) na Região Geográfica Intermediária de Breves na Região Norte do Brasil, localizada à latitude 00º 45' 12" S sul e a uma longitude 48º 31' 00" oeste, em uma área de 1 048,2 km².

Povos tradicionais
Povos Tradicionais ou Comunidades Tradicionais são grupos que possuem uma cultura diferenciada da cultura predominante local, que mantêm um modo de vida intimamente ligado ao meio ambiente natural em que vivem. Através de formas próprias: de organização social, do uso do território e dos recursos naturais (com relação de subsistência), sua reprodução sócio-cultural-religiosa utiliza conhecimentos transmitidos oralmente e na prática cotidiana.

População
A comunidade Deus Ajude é formada por uma população de 26 famílias.

Relatório de identificação
Em 20 de novembro de 1995, a Terra Quilombola Boa Vista, no Pará, se tornou o primeiro quilombo regularizado com título da terra no Brasil. Porém esta comunidade ainda está com Relatório Técnico de Identificação e Delimitação (RTID) ainda em fase de elaboração. Uma etapa do processo de regularização fundiária.

O Relatório Técnico de Identificação e Delimitação (RTID) apresenta informações: históricas, antropológicas, sócio-econômicas, fundiárias, cartográficas, ambientais e ocupacionais, que compõem a regularização fundiária das terras ocupadas tradicionalmente pela comunidade remanescente de quilombo.

Mídia
Em 2008, foi produzido o documentário em DVD "Salvaterra, Terra de Negro", resultado da parceria entre o Instituto de Artes do Pará (IAP) e a Secretaria de Estado de Justiça e Direitos Humanos (Sejudh), através dos pesquisadores Edgar Monteiro Chagas Júnior e Taíssa Tavernard de Luca, que levantaram informações para a produção do documentário. O documentário traz a crítica social junto com o viés artístico das comunidades. O DVD foi presenteado às lideranças quilombolas de Salvaterra em agosto de 2009.

Comunidades em Salvaterra

Deus Ajude
História do Pará

Salvaterra

Quilombo Deus Ajude


13567 Urabe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13567 Urabe este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,03 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 11,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

13567 Urabe


The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance () is a 1962 American Western film directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne and James Stewart. The screenplay by James Warner Bellah and Willis Goldbeck was adapted from a 1953 short story written by Dorothy M. Johnson. The supporting cast features Vera Miles, Lee Marvin, Edmond O'Brien, Andy Devine, John Carradine, Woody Strode, Strother Martin and Lee Van Cleef.

In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Plot
Around the turn of the 20th century, U.S. Senator Ransom "Ranse" Stoddard and his wife Hallie arrive in Shinbone, a frontier town in an unnamed western state, to attend the funeral of Tom Doniphon. When asked by the local newspaper editor why a senator would attend the funeral of a poor rancher, Stoddard answers with a story that flashes back 25 years.

Entering the then-unincorporated territory as a young lawyer, Ranse is beaten and robbed by infamous outlaw Liberty Valance and his gang. Tom Doniphon and his handyman, Pompey, find Ranse and take him to Shinbone, where Tom's girlfriend, Hallie, treats his wounds. Ranse learns Valance frequently terrorizes Shinbone and the surrounding country since the local marshal, Link Appleyard, is too cowardly to stop him. Tom says Valance only understands force, but Ranse is determined to bring Valance to justice through the law.

While establishing his practice, Ranse buses tables at Peter Ericson's steakhouse, where Hallie works, and befriends Dutton Peabody, the editor of the  Shinbone Star newspaper. After learning Hallie is illiterate, Ranse opens a school for children and adults in the back of the newspaper's office. He also begins practicing with Peabody's old gun after Valance bullies him in the restaurant. Hallie, attracted to Ranse and concerned for his safety, tells Tom of Ranse's gun practice. Tom takes Ranse to his ranch for a shooting lesson, showing off renovations that are intended for his planned marriage to Hallie and making those intentions clear to Ranse. During the lesson, he tricks Ranse by shooting a paint can above his head and staining his clothes, telling Ranse he can expect the same kind of trickery from Valance. Ranse angrily punches Tom and leaves.

Shinbone's men meet to elect two delegates to the upcoming statehood convention at the territorial capital. Tom refuses Ranse's nomination; ultimately, Ranse and Peabody are elected. Valance, hired by the cattle barons who oppose statehood, fails to intimidate the voters into selecting him. Valance challenges Ranse to a gunfight. Tom offers to assist Ranse in leaving town, but Ranse stubbornly declines.

That evening, Valance and his gang vandalize the newspaper office and severely injure Peabody for reporting Valance's murder of a local farmer. Ranse arms himself and goes after Valance; even drunk, Valance easily wounds and disarms Ranse, then prepares to kill him. Ranse retrieves his gun and shoots, and Valance falls dead. Ranse returns to Ericson's, where Hallie treats his wounded arm; Tom enters and sees Hallie's affection for Ranse as she attends his wounds. He gets drunk and forces Appleyard to run Valance's men out of town. Tom then attempts suicide by setting fire to his house, but Pompey rescues him.

At the territorial convention, Ranse is nominated for delegate to Congress, but withdraws after a representative of the cattle barons accuses him of building a career from murdering a man. Tom arrives and explains to Ranse that it was he who killed Valance; knowing that Ranse could not beat Valance, Tom shot him with Pompey's rifle at the same time Ranse fired. Tom encourages Ranse to accept the nomination for Hallie's sake before quietly walking out of the convention.

In the present, Ranse's rising political achievements – state governor, senator, ambassador to the United Kingdom, and likely vice-presidential nominee in the upcoming election – fill the intervening years. The newspaper editor decides publishing the story would ruin Ranse's legacy, burns the reporter's notes, and leaves Ranse to conduct Tom's funeral. When Ranse asks why, the editor says "when the legend becomes fact, print the legend."

On the return trip to Washington, D.C., Ranse contemplates retiring to Shinbone, which pleases Hallie. Hallie admits placing a cactus rose on Tom's coffin, a plant Tom knew Hallie liked. As Ranse thanks the train conductor for the railroad's courtesies, the conductor answers, "Nothing's too good for the man who shot Liberty Valance!"

Cast

Production

In contrast to prior John Ford Westerns, such as The Searchers (1956) and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance was shot in black-and-white on Paramount's soundstages. Many stories and speculations exist to explain this decision. Ford preferred that medium over color: "In black and white, you've got to be very careful. You've got to know your job, lay your shadows in properly, get your perspective right, but in color, there it is," he said. "You might say I'm old fashioned, but black and white is real photography." Ford also reportedly argued that the climactic shoot-out between Valance and Stoddard would not have worked in color.

Others have interpreted the absence of the magnificent outdoor vistas so prevalent in earlier Ford Westerns as "a fundamental reimagining [by Ford] of his mythic West" – a grittier, less romantic, more realistic portrayal of frontier life. Wayne and Stewart, two of Hollywood's biggest stars working together for the first time, were considerably older (54 and 53, respectively) than the characters they were playing. Filming in black and white helped ease the suspension of disbelief necessary to accept that disparity. According to cinematographer William H. Clothier, however, "There was one reason and one reason only ... Paramount was cutting costs. Otherwise we would have been in Monument Valley or Brackettville and we would have had color stock. Ford had to accept those terms or not make the film."

Another condition imposed by the studio, according to Van Cleef, was that Wayne be cast as Doniphon. Ford resented the studio's intrusion and retaliated by taunting Wayne relentlessly throughout the filming. "He didn't want Duke [Wayne] to think he was doing him any favors," Van Cleef said. Strode recounted that Ford "kept needling Duke about his failure to make it as a football player", comparing him to Strode (a former NFL running back), whom he pronounced "a real football player". (Wayne's football career at USC had been curtailed by injuries.) He also ridiculed Wayne for failing to enlist during World War II, during which Ford filmed a series of widely praised combat documentaries for the Office of Strategic Services and was wounded at the Battle of Midway, and Stewart served with distinction as a bomber pilot and commanded a bomber group. "How rich did you get while Jimmy was risking his life?" he demanded. Wayne's avoidance of wartime service was a major source of guilt for him in his later years.

Stewart related that midway through filming, Wayne asked him why he, Stewart, never seemed to be the target of Ford's venomous remarks. Other cast- and crew-members also noticed Stewart's apparent immunity from Ford's abuse. Then, toward the end of filming, Ford asked Stewart what he thought of Strode's costume for the film's beginning and end, when the actors were playing their parts 25 years older. Stewart replied, "It looks a bit Uncle Remussy to me." Ford responded, "What's wrong with Uncle Remus?" He called for the crew's attention and announced, "One of our players doesn't like Woody's costume. Now, I don't know if Mr. Stewart has a prejudice against Negroes, but I just wanted you all to know about it." Stewart said he "wanted to crawl into a mouse hole", but Wayne told him, "Well, welcome to the club. I'm glad you made it."

Ford's behavior "...really pissed Wayne off," Strode said, "but he would never take it out on Ford," the man largely responsible for his rise to stardom. "He ended up taking it out on me." While filming an exterior shot on a horse-drawn cart, Wayne almost lost control of the horses and knocked Strode away when he attempted to help. When the horses did stop, Wayne tried to pick a fight with the younger and fitter Strode. Ford called out, "Don't hit him, Woody, we need him." Wayne later told Strode, "We gotta work together. We both gotta be professionals." Strode blamed Ford for nearly all the friction on the set. "What a miserable film to make," he added.

Stewart received top billing over Wayne on promotional posters and in the trailers, but in the film itself, Wayne's screen card appears first and slightly higher on a sign post. The studio also specified that Wayne's name appear before Stewart's on theatre marquees, reportedly at Ford's request. "Wayne actually played the lead," Ford said, to Peter Bogdanovich. "Jimmy Stewart had most of the sides [sequences with dialogue], but Wayne was the central character, the motivation for the whole thing."

Parts of the film were shot in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California.

Music
The film's music score was composed by Cyril J. Mockridge, but in scenes involving Hallie's relationships with Doniphon and Stoddard, Ford reprised Alfred Newman's "Ann Rutledge Theme", from Young Mr. Lincoln. He told Bogdanovich that he used the theme in both films to evoke repressed desire and lost love. The film scholar Kathryn Kalinak notes that Ann Rutledge's theme "encodes longing" and "fleshes out the failed love affair between Hallie and Tom Doniphon, the growing love between Hallie and Ranse Stoddard, and the traumatic loss experienced by Hallie over her choice of one over the other, none of which is clearly articulated by dialogue." Portions of the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" are played in scenes by bar musicians and a marching band.

Mockridge's main theme that opens the picture can also be heard, in a somewhat different form, in a trailer for River of No Return with Robert Mitchum and Marilyn Monroe released in 1953.

The Burt Bacharach-Hal David song "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance" became a top-10 hit for Gene Pitney. Though based upon the movie's plotline, it was not used in the film. Pitney said in an interview that he was in the studio about to record the song when "... Bacharach informed us that the film just came out." It seems unlikely that the song would be used for the opening credits since its lyrics give the film's surprise ending away. The picture was released April 18, 1962, and the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 the week ending April 28, 1962, peaking at number four in June. Jimmie Rodgers also recorded the song, in the Gene Pitney style. James Taylor covered it on his 1985 album That's Why I'm Here, as did The Royal Guardsmen on their 1967 album Snoopy vs. the Red Baron. It was also covered by Australian rock band Regurgitator on its 1998 David/Bacharach tribute album To Hal and Bacharach. In 2010, the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the top 100 Western songs of all time.

Reception
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance was released in April 1962, and achieved both financial and critical success. Produced for $US3.2 million, it grossed $8 million, making it the 15th-highest grossing film of 1962. According to Kinematograph Weekly the film was considered a "money maker" at the British box office in 1962.

Edith Head's costumes were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design (black-and-white), one of the few Westerns ever nominated in that category.

Contemporary reviews were generally positive, although a number of critics thought the final act was a letdown. Variety called the film "entertaining and emotionally involving," but thought if the film had ended 20 minutes earlier, "it would have been a taut, cumulative study of the irony of heroic destiny," instead of concluding with "condescending, melodramatic, anticlimactic strokes. What should have been left to enthrall the imagination is spelled out until there is nothing left to savor or discuss."

The Monthly Film Bulletin agreed, lamenting that the "final anticlimactic 20 minutes ... all but destroy the value of the disarming simplicity and natural warmth which are Ford's everlasting stock-in-trade." Despite this, the review maintained that the film "has more than enough gusto to see it through," and that Ford had "lost none of his talent for catching the real heart, humor and violent flavor of the Old West in spite of the notable rustiness of his technique." A. H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote that "Mr. Ford, who has struck more gold in the West than any other film-maker, also has mined a rich vein here," but opined that the film "bogs down" once Stoddard becomes famous, en route to "an obvious, overlong, and garrulous anticlimax."

Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post called the film "a leisurely yarn boasting fine performances," but was bothered by "the incredulous fact that the lively townsfolk of Shinbone didn't polish off Valence [sic] for themselves. On TV, he would have been dispatched by the second commercial, and the villainy would have passed to some shadowy employer, some ruthless rancher who didn't want statehood." John L. Scott of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Director Ford is guilty of a few lengthy, slow periods in his story-telling, but for the most part the old, reliable Ford touches are there." Harrison's Reports gave the film a grade of "Very Good", but Brendan Gill of The New Yorker was negative and called it "a parody of Mr. Ford's best work."

More recent assessments have been more uniformly positive. The film is considered one of Ford's best, and in one poll, ranked with The Searchers and The Shootist as one of Wayne's best Westerns. Roger Ebert wrote that each of the 10 Ford/Wayne westerns is "... complete and self-contained in a way that approaches perfection", and singled out Liberty Valance as "the most pensive and thoughtful" of the group. Director Sergio Leone (Once Upon a Time in the West, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) listed Ford as a major influence on his work, and Liberty Valance as his favorite Ford film. "It was the only film," he said, "where [Ford] learned about something called pessimism." In a retrospective analysis, The New York Times called Liberty Valance "...one of the great Western classics," because "it questions the role of myth in forging the legends of the West, while setting this theme in the elegiac atmosphere of the West itself, set off by the aging Stewart and Wayne." The New Yorker'''s Richard Brody described it as "the greatest American political movie", because of its depictions of a free press, town meetings, statehood debates, and the "civilizing influence" of education in frontier America. According to scholar Victor Bruno, the film uses the symbolism of the wilderness and the garden to represent the roles of the cowboy Doniphon and the civilized Stoddard. Bruno points out that after allowing Stoddard to receive the credit for Valance's death, Doniphon "sets fire to his own house, bringing about a process akin to ekpyrosis that razes his existence to the ground. To the day of his death, Doniphon becomes an ossified man — literally a fossil of a being that lived in a previous era." However, contrary to most opinions about the film, Bruno believes that The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance is Ford's indictment of America's increasingly "antimythological" character. "It is not a wonder that Ford begins his 'Age of Mortality' with such a bleak picture. When the mystical storyteller starts to face death, he must highlight the imperfections of his environment, which is truly himself, so he can face death free of sins.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
 Tom Doniphon – Nominated Hero
 2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 Maxwell Scott: "This is the West, sir. When the legend becomes fact, print the legend." – Nominated
 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 Nominated Western Film

See also
 List of American films of 1962
 John Wayne filmography
 James Stewart filmography

References

Further reading

External links

 The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, Bloomsbury Academic, 2010 , pages 577-578
 Berger, Michael G. Letter to the editor, January 30, 2000 The New York Times''

1962 films
1962 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American short stories
Films based on works by Dorothy M. Johnson
Films directed by John Ford
Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge
Films set in the 1870s
Films set in the 1900s
Films shot in Los Angeles
Paramount Pictures films
Fiction about rail transport
Revisionist Western (genre) films
United States National Film Registry films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance