Bernard Thévenet (; born 10 January 1948) is a retired professional cyclist. His sporting career began with ACBB Paris. He is a two-time winner of the Tour de France and known for ending the reign of five-time Tour champion Eddy Merckx, though both feats are tarnished by Thévenet's later admission of steroids use during his career. He also won the Dauphiné Libéré in 1975 and 1976.

Origins

Thévenet was born to a farming family in Saône-et-Loire in Burgundy and lived in a hamlet called Le Guidon (The Handlebar). It was there in 1961 that he saw the Tour de France for the first time, on a 123 km stage from Nevers to Lyon. At the time Thévenet was a choirboy in the village church. He said: "The priest brought forward the time for Mass so that we could watch the riders go by. The sun was shining on their toe-clips and the chrome on their forks. They were modern-day knights. I had already been dreaming of becoming a racing cyclist and that magical sight convinced me definitively. It was never that magical when I was actually in the peloton of the Tour!"

From the age of six he went to school on the rack of his sister's bike. He got his own bike a year later and pedalled the 10 km round journey himself. His first adult bike, not a racing machine but a sporty cross between a racer and a touring bike, came as a present for passing school examinations at 14. His parents needed him on the farm too much to be keen on his racing, but they knew their son's ambitions. Thévenet rode his first race and his parents found out only when they read the local paper. There was a row and the club president intervened by inviting the parents to see their son's next race. Thévenet won it.

He was champion of Burgundy in 1965 and 1966 and French junior champion in 1968. In 1967 the manager of the ACBB club in Boulogne-Billancourt Mickey Weigant, drove to his house to enrol him. The ACBB was an accepted development team for professionalism, particularly for the Peugeot team. During 1968, he rode for the amateur team of Jean de Gribaldy, Cafés Ravis-Wolhauser-de Gribaldy, which won the amateur Route de France. After that Thévenet did his military service in 1969.

Professional career
He turned professional with Peugeot-BP-Michelin in 1970. He rode the Tour de France for the first time in 1970, as a last-minute stand-in. He said: "I wasn't even a reserve in 1970 but, because two riders in the team had fallen ill at Peugeot, the directeur sportif picked me two days before the start." Gaston Plaud had to call a neighbour in the village because neither Thévenet's nor many other families had telephones. Thévenet had left to train with a friend, Michel Rameau, and his mother got a message to him at Rameau's house.

Thévenet asked the advice of Victor Ferrari, a friend who rode the Tour in 1929. Thévenet said: "He was probably afraid that I'd hesitate and he said: 'You're not going to say No, are you crazy? Go on, go...'" Thévenet remembered:

I can remember perfectly getting to Limoges [for the start]. I was anxious and scared at the same time, but full of pride. I was given a new suitcase, seven jerseys, six pairs of shorts, overclothes, sweaters, shirts and so on and so on. Everyone else had a brand new bike, but not me, because I wasn't on the team's entry list.

Thévenet won a mountain stage ending at the ski resort of La Mongie, most of the way up the Tourmalet in the Pyrenees. He said: "That evening, it was all clear [j'ai compris bien des choses]. That I'd saved my season and, because of that, my job, because the obligatory two-year contracts for new professionals didn't exist then."

In the 1972 Tour he crashed badly on a descent and was temporarily amnesic.  As he began to regain his memory, he looked down at his own Peugeot jersey and wondered whether he might be a cyclist. On recognizing the team car, he exclaimed: "I'm riding the Tour de France!"

He refused to abandon the race and four days later won a stage over Mont Ventoux. In the 1973 Tour, he finished second, behind Luis Ocaña, but in 1974 he was forced to abandon the Tour on Stage 11 due to illness.

In the 1975 Tour, Thévenet attacked Eddy Merckx on the col d'Izoard on 14 July, France's national day. Merckx, who was suffering stomach pain from a punch by a spectator, fought back but lost the lead and never regained it. Pierre Chany wrote:

Those who were there will be slow to forget Bernard Thévenet's six successive attacks in the never-ending climb of the col des Champs, Eddy Merckx's immediate and superb response, the alarming chase by the Frenchman after a puncture delayed him on the descent of the col, the Belgian's attack on the way to the summit of the Allos, his breath-taking plunge towards the Pra-Loup valley, his sudden weakening four kilometres from the top and, to finish, Thévenet's furious push. The end of the race was frenetic. Has Eddy Merckx's long reign in the Tour de France come to an end on the Pra-Loup. Some think so; others believe that it will happen tomorrow.

A British writer, Graeme Fife, wrote:

Thévenet caught Merckx, by now almost delirious, 3km from the finish and rode by. The pictures show Merckx's face torn with anguish, eyes hollow, body slumped, arms locked shut on the bars, shoulders a clenched ridge of exertion and distress. Thévenet, mouth gaping to gulp more oxygen, looks pretty well at the limit, too, but his effort is gaining; he's out of the saddle, eyes fixed on the road. He said he could see that one side of the road had turned to liquid tar in the baking heat and Merckx was tyre-deep in it.

Beside the road, a woman in a bikini waved a sign that said: "Merckx is beaten. The Bastille has fallen." Thévenet - who had taken the climb on the larger chainring -  went on to win the Tour, which that year finished on the Champs-Élysées for the first time.  Merckx finished second, three minutes behind.

Thévenet won his second and last Tour in 1977. That winter he was hospitalized with a liver ailment he attributed to long-term use of steroids. Several months later Thévenet lined up for the 1978 Tour de France but had to abandon the second mountain stage in an ambulance. He left the Peugeot cycling team after 1979 and signed for the Spanish team Teka, where he won two races and a six days race with the Australian rider Danny Clark.

He returned to a French team in his final year, 1981, where he won a stage in the Circuit de la Sarthe.

Doping
Thévenet said "I have never taken drugs; they wouldn't be any use." However, he was caught taking drugs, in the 1977 Paris–Nice.

His 1978 season was a shadow of his years of winning the Tour de France. He had trouble finishing even minor races. When a journalist at the radio station France Inter wondered aloud if Thévenet's repeated poor performances might be due to doping, Thévenet and his team-mates refused to talk to the station.

Thévenet went to hospital, where tests showed serious trouble with his adrenal glands. He admitted taking steroids and called for an end to drugs in the sport. "I was doped by cortisone for three years and there were many like me," he told Pierre Chany in Vélo-France. The steroids had been prescribed to him by François Bellocq, the Peugeot doctor, who had qualified only in 1976. Thévenet told Chany:

We were all convinced we were doing the right thing [être dans le vrai] and we were certain we were a step ahead of the rest so far as what we were doing to prepare for competition. The young doctor with our team had taken the time to explain to us how the body reacted to effort, which nobody had done before him. His words convinced us of his competence, and maybe we were overconfident, but I had the feeling that he was taking us out of the continual experimentation [l'empirisme habituel] to get us on a more methodical and scientific road. From then on, everything that was said around us seemed to come from ignorance, jealousy or malveillance. I was at ease with myself, satisfied deep down that I was doing my job seriously. That was how it was from 1975 until just recently.

Retirement

Thévenet became directeur sportif in 1984 of the La Redoute team of Stephen Roche, then of RMO in 1986 and 1987. He became a television commentator and opened a company selling cycling clothes bearing his name. He was asked whether it was hard being a racing cyclist; his reply was that being a French farmer was harder.

Thévenet became race director of the Critérium du Dauphiné in 2010 after the organisation of the race was taken over by the Amaury Sport Organisation.

Honour
Thévenet was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur on 14 July 2001.

Career achievements

Major results

1970
 1st Stage 18 Tour de France
1971
 4th Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 10
1972
 1st  Overall Tour de Romandie
 Tour de France
1st Stages 11 & 17
 Bussières
 La Souterraine
 Le Creusot
 Montceau-les-Mines
1973
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 2nd Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 7B & 20B
 3rd Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stage 11
 Le Creusot
 Montceau-les-Mines
 Chateau-Chinon
 Saussignac
1974
 1st  Overall Volta Ciclista a Catalunya
 1st  Overall Critérium International
 1st  Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
 Auzances
 Bussières
 Dunières
 La Clayette
 Saint-Quentin
1975
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 15 & 16
 1st  Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 Antibes
 Beaulac-Bernos
 Brette-les-Pins
 La Rochelle
 Montceau-les-Mines
 Paray-le-Monial
 Rodez
 Saint-Brieuc
 Saint-Martin en Ré
 Seignelay
 Aulnay-sous-Bois
 Jeumont
 Ronde de Seignelay
 Vendôme
1976
 1st  Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 1st Six-Days of Grenoble (with Günter Haritz)
 Ploërdut
 Serenac
 Pogny
 Mende
1977
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 20
 1st Tour du Haut-Var
 Bourges
 Circuit des genêts verts
 Circuit du Cher
 Maël-Pestivien
 Ronde de Seignelay
 Saclas-Mereville
1978
 Chauffailles
 Nogaro
1980
 1st Six-Days of Grenoble (with Danny Clark)
 1st Polynormande
 Concarneau
 Villefranche-en-Rouerge
 Saint-Martin de Landelles
1981
 Châteauroux - Classic de l'Indre
 Les Herbieres
 Castillon-la-Bataille)

Grand Tour results timeline

See also
 List of doping cases in cycling

References

External links

Official website of Thevenet with clothes line and some commentary

Official Tour de France results for Bernard Thévenet

1948 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saône-et-Loire
French male cyclists
Tour de France winners
Doping cases in cycling
French sportspeople in doping cases
French Vuelta a España stage winners
Cyclists from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
21st-century French people
20th-century French people

Bernard Thévenet


نيكولا سيبستيان أنيلكا  (مواليد 14 مارس عام 1979 في فيرساي) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي سابق يلعب في خط الهجوم.

اعتنق أنيلكا الإسلام واختار لنفسه اسم عبد السلام بلال.

بدأ مشواره مع نادي باريس سان جيرمان ثم انتقل إلى أرسنال بمبلغ نصف مليون دولار ثم انتقل إلى فريق ريال مدريد الأسباني بمبلغ 32 مليون دولار وكان من أكبر الصفقات في ذلك الوقت ولكن بعد اعتناقة الإسلام في فريق ريال مدريد انتقل إلى باريس سان جرمان وبعدها إلى نادي ليفربول الإنجليزي معاراً لمدة عام وبعدها إلى فريق مانشستر سيتي الإنجليزي وبعدها إلى فنربخشه التركي وهناك ازداد تعلقه بالإسلام وفي عام 2006 انتقل إلى فريق بولتون واندررز الإنجليزي. وفي فترة الانتقالات الشتوية بداية عام 2008 انتقل إلى تشلسي.

بدء أنيلكا مسيرته الكروية مع شباب نادي باريس سان جيرمان الفرنسي وفي فبراير من عام 1997م أنتقل بلال إلى نادي الآرسنال الإنجليزي وهو لم يتجاوز الـ 17 من عمره ليعمل تحت قيادة الخبير آرسين فينجر وأستطاع أنيلكا من إحراز أول أهدافه مع المدفعجيه ضد نادي مانشستر يونايتد ليساعد فريقه في تحقق الانتصار 3-2.. خلال أول موسم له مع فريق الآرسنال كانت مشاركاته محدودة جداً، ولكن في الموسم الذي يليه 1997 - 1998م وبعد الإصابة القوية التي تعرض لها مهاجم الفريق الأول إيان رايت، أصبح بلال هو مهاجم الفريق الأول وساهم بإحراز فريقه لثنائية الموسم عندما تمكن المدفعجية من إحراز لقب الدوري والكأس، أحرز بلال أحد أهداف نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي أمام نادي نيوكاسل.

ومع تقديم الاعب لمستوى متميز حصل أنيلكا على جائزة أفضل المواهب بالكرة الإنجليزية لعام 1999م، وفي نفس العام قدم الفريق الملكي الأسباني الريال مدريد عرضاً يقدر بـ 23 مليون جنيه أسترليني لضم بلال إلى صفوفه، لم يتمكن اللاعب ولا حتى الآرسنال من رفضه.. أنضم أنيلكا للريال واستطاع خلال الموسم الوحيد الذي مثل الريال فيه من إحراز بطولة الأبطال الأوربيه، تمكن بلال من إحراز أحد أهداف نهائي أبطال أوروبا في العام 2000م ضد فريق فالنسيا والتي انتهى 3-0 لمصحلة الريال.

وبعد 12 شهراً قضاها أنيلكا في البرنابو عاد الفرنسي مره أخرى إلى نادي باريس سان جيرمان، تمكن من إحراز 18 هدفاً خلال 18 شهراً قضاها مع النادي الفرنسي قبل أن يعار إلى نادي ليفربول الإنجليزي، لم يستمر بلال طويلاً مع الليفر فقد أنتقل بشكل نهائي إلى فريق مانشستر سيتي الإنجليزي ليجد طريقه إلى هز الشباك ويتمكن من إحراز 46 هدفاً خلال السنتين والنصف التي قضاها مع النادي. ومع مرور الوقت انضم بلال إلى نادي آخر وهو فنربخشه التركي في عام 2005م حيث حقق الفرنسي النجاح في بلاد الأتراك، كان معدل أهدافه هو هدف واحد كل ثلاث مباريات وكان ذلك المعدل كافياً في أن يقدم سام الارديس مدرب بولتون الإنجليزي عرضاً إلى الفرنسي بلال وقد نجح في التعاقد معه في العام 2006م.

أضطر نادي تشلسي للبحث عن مهاجم يخلف الفيل الإيفواري ديديه دروغبا خلال مشاركته في البطولة الأفريقية وكان بلال أفضل الخيارات المتاحة لإدارة البلوز، وتم بالفعل التعاقد معه لينضم إلى كتيبة أسود لندن، أحرز أول أهدافه مع تشلسي في ثلاث حضور له في مباراة تشلسي ضد نادي ويجان ضمن مباريات كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي، شارك في نهائي موسكو كبديل أمام نادي مانشستر يونايتد ولسوء الحظ أضاع ركلة ترجيحة أهدت اللقب الأوربي للشياطين الحمر.. ويطمح بلال بأن يكون نادي تشلسي هو آخر محطه له في مشواره الكروي بعدما تنقل كثيراً بين مختلف أندية القارة العجوز.. وعلى صعيد منتخب بلاده فقد شارك مع منتخب فرنسا تحت 20 عامًا في بطولة كأس العالم 1997م، وعلى صعيد المنتخب الأول فقد ساهم في عبور فرنسا للتصفيات الأوربية نحو بطولة الأمم الأوربية 2008م، وشارك أيضاً منتخب بلاده في اليورو 2008م.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب نيكولا أنيلكا خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 13 ناديًا في ثمانية وعشرون موسمًا وسجل خلالها 176 هدف ضمن 532 مباراة. حيث فاز في أربعة مواسم بالكأس وفي أربعة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض نيكولا أنيلكا مسيرته مع نادي باريس سان جيرمان في موسم 1995–96 في المرة الأولى ولمدة موسمين ثم في موسم 2000–01 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا طوالها في 49 مباراة سجل خلالها 11 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي أرسنال في موسم 1996–97 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، حيث شارك في 65 مباراة سجل خلالها 23 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي ريال مدريد في موسم 1999–00 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 19 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين. ثم انتقل إلى نادي ليفربول في موسم 2001–02 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 20 مباراة سجل خلالها 4 أهداف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي مانشستر سيتي في موسم 2002–03 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 89 مباراة سجل خلالها 38 هدفًا. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي فنربخشة في موسم 2004–05 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 39 مباراة سجل خلالها 14 هدفًا. ليعود وينتقل من جديد، لكن هذه المرة إلى نادي بولتون واندررز في موسم 2006–07 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 52 مباراة سجل خلالها 21 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي تشيلسي في موسم 2007–08 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، مشاركًا في 125 مباراة سجل خلالها 38 هدفًا. ثم لعب في نادي شانغهاي غرينلاند شينهوا ما بين عامي 2012 و2013 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 22 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف. ليعود ويرتحل عنه إلى نادي يوفنتوس في موسم 2012–13 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في مباراتين ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي وست بروميتش ألبيون في موسم 2013–14 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 12 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي مومباي سيتي في عامي 2014-2016 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 13 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين أيضًا.

سر الرقم 39
عُرف عن أنيلكا أنه دائماً ما كان يرتدي الرقم 39 في معظم الأندية التي لعب فيها، والسبب في ذلك أنه حينما وقّع مع مانشستر سيتي كان هنالك ثلاثة أرقام فقط هي المتاحة وإحداها الرقم 39، فاختار أنيلكا هذا الرقم ثم قرر لاحقاً الاستمرار به حتى نهاية مسيرته الكروية ابتداءً من فنربخشة التركي وانتهاءً بمومباي سيتي الهندي.

الإنجازات

مع الأندية

أرسنال
 الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز (1): 1997–98
 كأس إنجلترا (1): 1997–98
 الدرع الخيرية (1): 1998

ريال مدريد
 دوري أبطال أوروبا (1): 1999–2000

باريس سان جيرمان
 كأس إنترتوتو (1): 2001

فناربخشة
 الدوري التركي الممتاز (1): 2004–05

تشيلسي
 الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز (1): 2009–10
 كأس إنجلترا (2): 2008–09، 2009–10
 الدرع الاجتماعية (1): 2009

يوفنتوس
 الدوري الإيطالي (1): 2012–13

مع المنتخبات

فرنسا تحت 18
 بطولة أمم أوروبا تحت 18 سنة (1): 1997

فرنسا
 بطولة أمم أوروبا (1): 2000
 كأس القارات (1): 2001

فردية
 أفضل لاعب هاوي في الدوري الفرنسي (1): 1998.
 أفضل لاعب في الشهر في الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز (1): فبراير 1999، نوفمبر 2008.
 أفضل لاعب شاب في الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز (1): 1998–99.
 فريق العام في الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز (2): 1998–99، 2008–09.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من الإيفلين (إقليم فرنسي)
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص اعتنقوا الإسلام
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تراب (مدينة)
أشخاص من لو شسنيه
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في الصين
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في الهند
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون من الإيفلين
طاقم نادي ليل غير اللاعبين
فرنسيون من أصل مارتينيكي
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو دوري السوبر الصيني
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو باريس سان جيرمان
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2000
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بولتون واندررز
لاعبو نادي تشيلسي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري السوبر الهندي
لاعبو ريال مدريد
لاعبو فنار باغجه
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس القارات 2001
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرازيل
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو ليفربول
لاعبو مانشستر سيتي
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو مومباي سيتي
لاعبو نادي آرسنال
لاعبو نادي شنغهاي شينهوا
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
لاعبو ويست بروميتش ألبيون
لاعبو يوفنتوس
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
لاعبون فائزون بكأس القارات
لاعبون فازوا بدوري أبطال أوروبا
لاعبون من مركز كليرفونتين
مدربو دوري السوبر الهندي
مدربو كرة القدم
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في الهند
مدربو مومباي سيتي
مسلمون فرنسيون
مواليد 1399 هـ
مواليد 1979

نيكولا أنيلكا


Die katholische Pfarrkirche St. Antonius ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude in Dottel, einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Kall im Kreis Euskirchen (Nordrhein-Westfalen). Die Pfarrei St. Antonius bildet heute mit mehreren anderen Pfarreien die Gemeinschaft der Gemeinden Hl. Hermann-Josef Steinfeld im Bistum Aachen.

Geschichte und Architektur
Über die Vorgängerkapelle des 14. Jahrhunderts existieren keine urkundlichen Überlieferungen.

Die zweischiffige, kreuzrippengewölbte Pseudobasilika aus dem 15. Jahrhundert steht auf einer Anhöhe oberhalb des Dorfes. Sie wurde aus Bruchstein gemauert und verputzt. Der vorgesetzte, dreigeschossige Westturm mit einem Glockengeschoss in Höhe des Schiffdaches wurde ebenso wie das Chorhaus mit der Sakristei im 16. Jahrhundert errichtet. Die Turmhalle ist kreuzgewölbt. Es besteht eine Ähnlichkeit mit der Johanneskirche in Olef, deren Filialkapelle sie ursprünglich war. Die Kanzel und der Hochaltar stammen aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Das nördliche Seitenschiff ist niedriger als das Mittelschiff, der Chor ist so breit wie das Mittelschiff. Mittel- und Seitenschiff sind dreijochig, der Chor ist einjochig und er schließt fünfseitig. An der linken Chorwand steht ein Sakramentshäuschen. Die Sakristei befindet sich im Winkel zwischen Chorjoch und Seitenschiff. Von 1977 bis 1982 wurde eine Außenrenovierung vorgenommen und 1985/86 wurde das Innere der Kirche renoviert. Die Ausmalung erfolgte durch Josef Bürger. Dabei wurden an der linken Chorwand zwei Fresken freigelegt. Einmal das Jüngste Gericht, mit einer Größe von etwa 200 × 280 cm, aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Zum anderen das Letzte Abendmahl mit einer Größe von 130 × 160 cm, aus jüngerer Zeit.

Ausstattung

 Eine Glocke mit dem Ton b' von 1748 wurde von  Bartholomäus Gunder aus Köln gegossen.
 Die Glocke mit dem Ton f' as'  von 1967 wurde von Johannes Mark aus Brockscheid gegossen.
 Die Orgel hat 5 Register und eine mechanische Traktur, sie wurde 1871 von Wilhelm Bertram aus Engers gebaut. 1900 wurde sie von Orgelbau Schäben aus Köln mit einer pneumatischen Traktur ausgerüstet. Die Orgelbaufirma Weimbs aus Hellenthal renovierte das Instrument 1958.
 Der Altar aus Holz mit einer Größe von 300 × 350 cm aus dem 18. Jahrhundert ist mit Rokokodekor geschmückt. Der Drehtabernakel stammt aus der Bauzeit des Altares.
 Der Zelebrationsaltar und das Verkündigungspult aus Rotsandstein wurden 1985 von Rumpf aus Andernach angefertigt.
 Ein Taufstein aus dem 19. Jahrhundert.
 Ein Ölgemälde auf Eichenholz 130 × 150 cm groß, aus dem 18. Jahrhundert mit der Darstellung der Kreuzigungsszene.
 Ein Ölgemälde auf Leinwand mit einer Größe von 110 × 70 cm aus dem 18. Jahrhundert zeigt die Heilige Familie.
 Die Büste, wohl eine des hl. Antonius, ist 60 cm hoch, 40 cm breit und 25 cm tief.
 Ein Kelch aus dem 18. Jahrhundert aus vergoldetem Silber mit einer Höhe von 25 cm.
 Die Monstranz aus Kupfer ist vergoldet. Sie ist  68 cm hoch und wurde im 17. Jahrhundert angefertigt.
 Das rote Messgewand mit aufwändiger Gold- und Silberstickerei wurde im 16. Jahrhundert gearbeitet.
 Eine Kreuzgruppe mit den Heiligen Georg, Klara, Barbara und Agnes.

Literatur
 Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer (Bearb.): Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Band I: Rheinland. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X.

Weblinks

 Eintrag auf der Homepage der Gemeinschaft der Gemeinden Hl. Hermann-Josef Steinfeld

Einzelnachweise

Dottel
Antonius
Dottel, Antonius
Dottel
Dottel, Antonius
Dottel

St. Antonius (Dottel)


Cameron "Cam" Pipes je kandaski heavy metal glazbenik, koji je nastupao kao glavni vokalist kanadskog heavy metal sastava 3 Inches of Blood. Pipes je bio jedini član sastava koji je sudjelovao na svakom albumu, iako nije bilo izvorni član sastava.

Pipesovi prvi uzori bili su: Iron Maiden, Twisted Sister, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple, Accept i klasična glazba.

Pipes je također privremeno svirao bas-gitaru za black metal-sastav Allfather.

Također je gostovao u animiranoj seriji Metalocalypse.

Diskografija
3 Inches of Blood
 Battlecry Under a Wintersun (2002.)
 Advance and Vanquish (2004.)
 Fire Up the Blades (2007.)
 Here Waits Thy Doom (2009.)
 Long Live Heavy Metal (2012.)

Izvori

3 Inches of Blood
Kanadski pjevači

Cam Pipes


Japansk lifting er en form for afstressende og muskelafspændende ansigtsbehandling, et naturligt ansigtsløft.
Behandlingen udføres med blid ansigtsmassage, som fokuserer på bestemte punkter og zoner, mindsker rynker og giver ansigtet velvære og et ungdommeligt og sundt udseende.
Japansk lifting kan siges at være i familie med zoneterapi og akupunktur, idet teknikken fokuserer på et bestemt område på kroppen, men alligevel virker holistisk.
Behandlingen udbydes i forskellige wellness og helse kontekster og kombineres som oftest med ansigtsmaske, olie eller cremer og slutteligt en massage, hvor der rulles med kugler af fx rosakvarts eller saltsten på det afslappede ansigt.
For et synligt og mærkbart resultat skal behandlingen gentages omkring otte gange.
Alternativ behandling

Japansk lifting


Dacrycarpus compactus er sígrænt tré (að 20m hátt) frá Nýju-Gíneu.

Tilvísanir

Gagnviðarætt

Dacrycarpus compactus


Luisa Landová-Štychová, née Aloisie Vorlíčková le  à Ratboř et morte le  à Prague, est une femme politique, féministe, éducatrice et astronome tchécoslovaque. En 1920, elle fait partie du premier groupe de femmes élues à l'Assemblée nationale de la République tchécoslovaque.

Biographie
Luisa Landová-Štychová est née Aloisie Vorlíčková le  à Ratboř, alors partie du Royaume de Bohême (Autriche-Hongrie, actuelle Tchéquie). Elle est la fille d'un propriétaire de boulangerie. Elle a fait ses études dans une école monastique et a fréquenté une académie de commerce. Elle a ensuite travaillé comme correspondante pour une entreprise de joaillerie à Vienne, où elle a rencontré Jaroslav Štych. Ayant refusé de reprendre l'entreprise de son père, elle a plutôt rejoint le mouvement ouvrier. Elle a changé son nom de famille en Landová (nom de jeune fille de ses grands-mères) et a épousé Štych en 1912. En 1907, elle a participé à des manifestations anti-militaires anarchistes et est devenue membre de la Fédération anarchiste tchèque, parlant des opinions féministes radicales. Avec Štych, elle a cofondé en 1913 l'Union des monistes socialistes, organisation athée et social-démocrate qui a été interdite pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Elle s'est également impliquée dans la Fédération des anarcho-communistes tchèques et a été placée sous surveillance policière pendant la guerre. En 1918, les anarcho-communistes décident de fusionner avec le Parti national social tchèque, rebaptisé Parti socialiste tchèque.

Landová-Štychová a participé à l'organisation d'une grève générale le , qui s'est transformée en une manifestation de masse en faveur de l'indépendance. De 1918 à 1920, elle est membre de l'. Elle a ensuite été candidate pour le désormais nommé Parti socialiste tchécoslovaque à la Chambre des députés lors des élections législatives de 1920 et a été l'une des seize femmes élues au parlement. Elle a tenté de faire adopter une loi légalisant l'avortement, mais n'a pas pu obtenir un soutien suffisant. Les tensions entre les anarcho-communistes et les membres originaux du parti national social se sont envenimées et, en mars 1923, Landová-Štychová et trois autres membres ont été excluls du parti pour ne pas avoir voté pour une loi de protection de la république. Elle a ensuite été déchue de son siège à la Chambre en juin.

Les anarcho-communistes exclus formèrent le Parti ouvrier socialiste indépendant et Landová-Štychová a représenté le parti au conseil municipal de Prague en remplacement de  . Le nouveau parti a fusionné avec le Parti communiste tchécoslovaque en 1925 et elle a été réélue à la Chambre des députés lors des élections de novembre 1925, siégeant au parlement jusqu'en 1929. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, son activité politique cessa en grande partie et elle s'impliqua plus profondément dans la Société tchécoslovaque d'astronomie, devenant vice-présidente de son comité en 1945 et siégeant au comité de rédaction du magazine d'astronomie . À partir de 1952, elle est vice-présidente de la Société tchécoslovaque pour la diffusion des connaissances politiques et scientifiques et, en 1959, elle est nommée membre honoraire de l'Académie tchécoslovaque des sciences. Elle est décédée à Prague le .

Prix et récompenses

En 1949, elle reçoit le prix František-Nušl.

Références

Naissance en janvier 1885
Naissance dans le royaume de Bohême
Femme politique tchécoslovaque
Femme politique tchèque
Anarchiste tchécoslovaque
Anarchiste tchèque
Personnalité du Parti national social tchèque
Personnalité du Parti communiste tchécoslovaque
Féministe tchécoslovaque
Astronome tchécoslovaque
Astronome tchèque du XXe siècle
Femme astronome
Décès en août 1969
Décès à Prague
Décès en Tchécoslovaquie
Décès à 84 ans

Luisa Landová-Štychová


Sektou es una película del año 2008.

Sinopsis
Smain tiene un programa nocturno de radio. Vuelve a casa al amanecer con la idea de meterse en la cama. Pero la cama se encuentra en el tercer piso de una popular calle del centro de Argel. La ciudad se despierta poco a poco. Para Smain, dormir es un sueño, pero despertar es una pesadilla.

Premios
 Poulain d'Or FESPACO 2009
 Taghit d'Or 2008

Referencias

Sektou


The Beauty and the Beer dvanaesti je studijski album njemačkog thrash metal sastava Tankard. Album je 26. svibnja 2006. godine objavila diskografska kuća AFM Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Tankard
Gerre – vokali
Frank Thorwarth – prateći vokali, bas-gitara
Andy Gutjahr – gitara
Olaf Zissel – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
Harald Maul – prateći vokali
Timon Schreiber – prateći vokali
Alex Wenzel – prateći vokali
Ostalo osoblje
Andy Classen – produkcija, miksanje, mastering
Steffi Veenstra – fotografija (piva)
Thomas Ewerhard – omot albuma
Buffo – fotografija
Vincenzo Mancuso – fotografija
Nils Wasko – izvršna produkcija
Sandra Eichner – izvršna produkcija
Michel Montheillet – naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi iz 2006.
Albumi sastava Tankard

The Beauty and the Beer


Mir slot () er et verdensarvsted i Hviderusland nær Mir i distriktet Karelitski, Hrodna voblast.

Konstruktionen af slottet blev påbegyndt i slutningen af 1400-tallet. Slottet, som oprindeligt var i gotisk stil, blev færdigt under hertug Ilinich i Begyndelsen af 1500-tallet. Omkring 1568 overtog hertug Radziwil slottet, og byggede det om til et renæssanceslot. Et tre etager højt palads blev også bygget langs den nordlige og østre del af slotsmuren. Murfacaderne blev dekorerede med kalkstensportaler, plader, balkonger og en portal.

Efter at være blevet stærkt skadet efter nær et århundrede under okkupation under Napoleonsperioden blev slottet renoveret i slutningen af 1800-tallet. I 1813, efter at Dominik Radzivill døde, blev slottet arvet af hans datter Stefania, som giftede sig med Ludwig af Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg. Slottet blev senere overtaget af deres datter Maria, som igen giftede sig med prins Chlodwig Hohenloche-Schillingfurst. Deres søn Maurice Hohenloche-Schillingfurst solgte slottet til Mikolaj Swiatopelk-Mirski af Bialynia i 1895. Mikolajs søn Michal Swiatopelk-Mirski begyndte at ombygge slottet efter tegninger fra arkitekten Teodor Burszes. Familien Swiatopelk-Mirski ejede slottet frem til 1939. Under 2. verdenskrig blev slottet brugt som base for den tyske okkupationsmagt og blev brugt til internering af jøder.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Mir-slottet, officiell netside
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Mir Castle Complex
 bileder fra slottet (radzima.org)

Verdensarvsområder i Hviderusland
Hrodna voblast

Mir slot


Serridslev var en landsby, som havde jorder, hvor Østerbro og Nørrebro i dag ligger, men man ved ikke, hvor selve landsbyen var placeret. Serridslev nævnes første gang i et dokument fra 1186, hvor pave Urban 3. godkender at biskop Absalon skænker en række landsbyer (heriblandt Havn og Serridslev) til Roskilde Domkirke. Landsbyen blev nedlagt i 1523, og København overtog dens jorder.

Under navnet Serritslev lader Johannes V. Jensen sin historiske roman Kongens Fald begynde ved Serritslev: "Vejen bøjede tilvenstre over en Bro og ind gennem Serritslev By".
Landsbyen er som "Serretslev" vist på kortet Topographia Hafniæ 1520 der er gengivet i Erich Pontoppidans bog Origines Hafniensis eller Den kongelige Residentz-stad Kiøbenhavn fra 1760.
Her angives landsby til at ligge umiddelbart udenfor Nørreport.
Som "Serritslev" er landsby også at se i forgrunden på kobberstikket Hafnia Anno 1520, der også er angivet i Pontoppidans bog.

Kilder

Københavns historie

Serridslev


Kromozom 6, 22 çift otozomal insan kromozomlarından 6. olanıdır. İnsanlarda normalde bir çift halinde bulunur. Yaklaşık olarak 170 milyon baz çifti ve toplam hücre DNA'sının %5,5 ya da %6'sına sahiptir. Kromozom 6, muhtemelen 1,100 ile 1,600 arasında gen içermektedir.

Genler
Kromozom 6'da bulunan genlerden bazıları şunlardır;

 BCKDHB: dallanmış zincir keto asit dehidrogenaz E1, beta polipeptid (akçaağaç ürin hastalığı)
 COL11A2: kollajen, tip XI, alfa 2
 CYP21A2: sitokrom P450, aile 21, altaile A, polipeptid 2
 DSP: kardiomyopati ile bağlantılı desmoplakin geni
 EYA4: göz yokluğu homolog 4 (Drosophila)
 HFE geni: hemokromatozis
 HLA-B: major histouygunluk kompleksi, sınıf I, B
 MUT: metilmalonil Koenzim A mutasyonu
 MYO6: myosin VI
 PARK2: Parkinson hastalığı (otozomal çekinik, genç dönem) 2, parkin
 PKHD1: polksitik böbrek ve karaciğer hastalığı 1 (otozomal çekinik)
 TNXB: tenaskin XB

Hastalıklar
Kromozom 6 üzerinde bulunan genlerin yol açtığı hastalıklardan bazıları şöyledir;

 Ankilozan spondilit
 Kollajenopati, tip II ve XI
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu, klasik tip
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu, hiperakışkan tip
 Hemokromatozis
 hemokromatozis, tip1
 21-hidroksilaz eksikliği
 Akçaağaç ürin hastalığı
 metilmalonik asidemi
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık, otozomal baskın
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık, otozomal çekinik
 otospondilomegaepifizal displazi
 Parkinson hastalığı
 Polikistik böbrek hastalığı
 porfiriya
 porfiriya kutanea tarda
 Stickler sendromu
 Stickler sendromu, COL11A2
 Weissenbacher-Zweymüller sendromu
 X-bağlantılı sideroblastik anemi

Düzensizlikleri
Bu kromozomun halka (ring kromozom) biçimini alması şeklindeki anomalisi sık görülür. Atrial septum defektiyle birlikte görülmektedir.

Kromozom 6 (insan)


Unter Arbeitsgewohnheiten () versteht man im pädagogischen und betriebswirtschaftlichen Diskurs insbesondere des englischsprachigen Raumes diejenigen Gewohnheiten eines Menschen, die es ihm erleichtern und ermöglichen, effektiv zu lernen und zu arbeiten.

Im Erziehungsdiskurs des englischsprachigen Raumes gelten gute Arbeitsgewohnheiten heute als charakterliche Kompetenzen, die ‒ neben der sozialen Kompetenz und einem guten Karrieremanagement ‒ grundlegend wichtig für die Erreichung akademischer und beruflicher Ziele sind. Die Arbeitsgewohnheiten bilden damit eine Dimension des Selbstmanagements. Die Übergänge zwischen den Arbeitsgewohnheiten einerseits und dem Sozial- und Kommunikationsverhalten in der Schule und am Arbeitsplatz andererseits sind gelegentlich fließend, etwa im Falle der Pünktlichkeit, die über die soziale Dimension hinaus auch eine Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass kein Unterricht bzw. keine Tätigkeit versäumt wird.

Arbeitsgewohnheiten werden in der Kindheit durch Erziehung erworben. Es gibt jedoch eine Fülle populärwissenschaftlicher Ratgeberliteratur, die Leser mit Tipps versorgt, wie man sich gute Arbeitsgewohnheiten auch im Erwachsenenalter noch zulegen kann.

Gute Arbeitsgewohnheiten
Als gute Arbeitsgewohnheiten gelten u. a.:
 das auf Qualität ausgerichtete, genaue und vollständige Erledigen von Aufgaben
 das zügige und termingerechte Erledigen von Aufgaben aus eigener Initiative und ohne unmittelbaren äußeren Druck (vs. Aufschieben)
 das freiwillige Sich-Melden für angebotene Extra-Aufgaben
 die Übernahme von Verantwortung für Fehler, die man gemacht hat, und das Lernen aus Kritik (Kritikkompetenz)
 eine Priorisierung von Tätigkeiten von hoher Wichtigkeit, die mit hochkonzentrierter Aufmerksamkeit durchgeführt werden, gegenüber solchen von geringer Wichtigkeit, die eventuell vollständig verzichtbar sind
 Anwesenheit und Pünktlichkeit (vs. Blaumachen und gewohnheitsmäßigem Zuspätkommen)
 ein effizientes Zeitmanagement
 ein hohes Organisationsniveau, das z. B. gute Vorbereitung und das Bereithalten von Arbeitsmaterialien einschließt
 das Ausschalten von potentiellen Störungen und Ablenkungen
 die Berücksichtigung der Arbeitssicherheit

Literatur

Weblinks
 Getting Organized & Good Work Habits Erwerb guter Arbeitsgewohnheiten bei Schülern
 Gingrich Says Poor Children Have No Work Habits abc News, 1. Dezember 2011; Newt Gingrich: In America, Work Habits Begin Young Human Events, 14. Dezember 2011

Einzelnachweise

Selbstmanagement
Tugend
Lernen
Arbeitswelt

Arbeitsgewohnheiten


Instruktiv er i grammatik en kasus, der udtrykker den måde, en handling sker eller er sket på. Denne kasus er tæt på instrumentalis.

Instruktiv findes fx i finsk, men mest i faste udtryk, idet man nu mest bruger adessiv.

Eksempler fra finsk med kasusendelsen -n: jalka- "fod" → tulin jalan "jeg er kommet til fods". Suljetuin silmin "med lukkede øjne".

Grammatik
Kasus

Instruktiv


En la web color el  blanco fantasma es un color blanco asociado con lo que se imagina el color muy esteriotipada de un fantasma.

No hay evidencia de que este nombre de color estaba en uso antes del X11, los nombres  de los colores se inventaron en 1987.

Véase también
 Blanco
 Fantasma

Enlaces externos

Blanco
en:Shades of white#Ghost white

Blanco fantasma


In biochemistry, isomerases are a general class of enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another. Isomerases facilitate intramolecular rearrangements in which bonds are broken and formed. The general form of such a reaction is as follows:

There is only one substrate yielding one product. This product has the same molecular formula as the substrate but differs in bond connectivity or spatial arrangement. Isomerases catalyze reactions across many biological processes, such as in glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism.

Isomerization

Isomerases catalyze changes within one molecule.   They convert one isomer to another, meaning that the end product has the same molecular formula but a different physical structure. Isomers themselves exist in many varieties but can generally be classified as structural isomers or stereoisomers. Structural isomers have a different ordering of bonds and/or different bond connectivity from one another, as in the case of hexane and its four other isomeric forms (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane).

Stereoisomers have the same ordering of individual bonds and the same connectivity but the three-dimensional arrangement of bonded atoms differ. For example, 2-butene exists in two isomeric forms: cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene. The sub-categories of isomerases containing racemases, epimerases and cis-trans isomers are examples of enzymes catalyzing the interconversion of stereoisomers. Intramolecular lyases, oxidoreductases and transferases catalyze the interconversion of structural isomers.

The prevalence of each isomer in nature depends in part on the isomerization energy, the difference in energy between isomers. Isomers close in energy can interconvert easily and are often seen in comparable proportions. The isomerization energy, for example, for converting from a stable cis isomer to the less stable trans isomer is greater than for the reverse reaction, explaining why in the absence of isomerases or an outside energy source such as ultraviolet radiation a given cis isomer tends to be present in greater amounts than the trans isomer. Isomerases can increase the reaction rate by lowering the isomerization energy.

Calculating isomerase kinetics from experimental data can be more difficult than for other enzymes because the use of product inhibition experiments is impractical. That is, isomerization is not an irreversible reaction since a reaction vessel will contain one substrate and one product so the typical simplified model for calculating reaction kinetics does not hold. There are also practical difficulties in determining the rate-determining step at high concentrations in a single isomerization. Instead, tracer perturbation can overcome these technical difficulties if there are two forms of the unbound enzyme. This technique uses isotope exchange to measure indirectly the interconversion of the free enzyme between its two forms. The radiolabeled substrate and product diffuse in a time-dependent manner. When the system reaches equilibrium the addition of unlabeled substrate perturbs or unbalances it. As equilibrium is established again, the radiolabeled substrate and product are tracked to determine energetic information.

The earliest use of this technique elucidated the kinetics and mechanism underlying the action of phosphoglucomutase, favoring the model of indirect transfer of phosphate with one intermediate and the direct transfer of glucose. This technique was then adopted to study the profile of proline racemase and its two states: the form which isomerizes L-proline and the other for D-proline. At high concentrations it was shown that the transition state in this interconversion is rate-limiting and that these enzyme forms may differ just in the protonation at the acidic and basic groups of the active site.

Nomenclature
Generally, "the names of isomerases are formed as "substrate isomerase" (for example, enoyl CoA isomerase), or as "substrate type of isomerase" (for example, phosphoglucomutase)."

Classification
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions each have a uniquely assigned classification number. Isomerase-catalyzed reactions have their own EC category: EC 5.  Isomerases are further classified into six subclasses:

Racemases, epimerases
This category (EC 5.1) includes (racemases) and epimerases). These isomerases invert stereochemistry at the target chiral carbon. Racemases act upon molecules with one chiral carbon for inversion of stereochemistry, whereas epimerases target molecules with multiple chiral carbons and act upon one of them. A molecule with only one chiral carbon has two enantiomeric forms, such as serine having the isoforms D-serine and L-serine differing only in the absolute configuration about the chiral carbon. A molecule with multiple chiral carbons has two forms at each chiral carbon. Isomerization at one chiral carbon of several yields epimers, which differ from one another in absolute configuration at just one chiral carbon. For example, D-glucose and D-mannose differ in configuration at just one chiral carbon. This class is further broken down by the group the enzyme acts upon:

Cis-trans isomerases
This category (EC 5.2) includes enzymes that catalyze the isomerization of cis-trans isomers. Alkenes and cycloalkanes may have cis-trans stereoisomers. These isomers are not distinguished by absolute configuration but rather by the position of substituent groups relative to a plane of reference, as across a double bond or relative to a ring structure. Cis isomers have substituent groups on the same side and trans isomers have groups on opposite sides.

This category is not broken down any further. All entries presently include:

Intramolecular oxidoreductases
This category (EC 5.3) includes intramolecular oxidoreductases. These isomerases catalyze the transfer of electrons from one part of the molecule to another. In other words, they catalyze the oxidation of one part of the molecule and the concurrent reduction of another part.  Sub-categories of this class are:

Intramolecular transferases
This category (EC 5.4) includes intramolecular transferases (mutases). These isomerases catalyze the transfer of functional groups from one part of a molecule to another. Phosphotransferases (EC 5.4.2) were categorized as transferases (EC 2.7.5) with regeneration of donors until 1983. This sub-class can be broken down according to the functional group the enzyme transfers:

Intramolecular lyases
This category (EC 5.5) includes intramolecular lyases. These enzymes catalyze "reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining covalently attached to the molecule." Some of these catalyzed reactions involve the breaking of a ring structure.

This category is not broken down any further. All entries presently include:

Mechanisms of isomerases

Ring expansion and contraction via tautomers

A classic example of ring opening and contraction is the isomerization of glucose (an aldehyde with a six-membered ring) to fructose (a ketone with a five-membered ring). The conversion of D-glucose-6-phosphate to D-fructose-6-phosphate is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, an intramolecular oxidoreductase. The overall reaction involves the opening of the ring to form an aldose via acid/base catalysis and the subsequent formation of a cis-endiol intermediate. A ketose is then formed and the ring is closed again.

Glucose-6-phosphate first binds to the active site of the isomerase. The isomerase opens the ring: its His388 residue protonates the oxygen on the glucose ring (and thereby breaking the O5-C1 bond) in conjunction with Lys518 deprotonating the C1 hydroxyl oxygen. The ring opens to form a straight-chain aldose with an acidic C2 proton. The C3-C4 bond rotates and Glu357 (assisted by His388) depronates C2 to form a double bond between C1 and C2. A cis-endiol intermediate is created and the C1 oxygen is protonated by the catalytic residue, accompanied by the deprotonation of the endiol C2 oxygen. The straight-chain ketose is formed. To close the fructose ring, the reverse of ring opening occurs and the ketose is protonated.

Epimerization

An example of epimerization is found in the Calvin cycle when D-ribulose-5-phosphate is converted into D-xylulose-5-phosphate by ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase. The substrate and product differ only in stereochemistry at the third carbon in the chain. The underlying mechanism involves the deprotonation of that third carbon to form a reactive enolate intermediate. The enzyme's active site contains two Asp residues. After the substrate binds to the enzyme, the first Asp deprotonates the third carbon from one side of the molecule. This leaves a planar sp2-hybridized intermediate. The second Asp is located on the opposite side of the active side and it protonates the molecule, effectively adding a proton from the back side. These coupled steps invert stereochemistry at the third carbon.

Intramolecular transfer

Chorismate mutase is an intramolecular transferase and it catalyzes the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, used as a precursor for L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine in some plants and bacteria. This reaction is a Claisen rearrangement that can proceed with or without the isomerase, though the rate increases 106 fold in the presence of chorismate mutase. The reaction goes through a chair transition state with the substrate in a trans-diaxial position. Experimental evidence indicates that the isomerase selectively binds the chair transition state, though the exact mechanism of catalysis is not known. It is thought that this binding stabilizes the transition state through electrostatic effects, accounting for the dramatic increase in the reaction rate in the presence of the mutase or upon addition of a specifically-placed cation in the active site.

Intramolecular oxidoreduction

Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase type I (also known as IPP isomerase) is seen in cholesterol synthesis and in particular it catalyzes the conversion of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In this isomerization reaction a stable carbon-carbon double bond is rearranged top create a highly electrophilic allylic isomer. IPP isomerase catalyzes this reaction by the stereoselective antarafacial transposition of a single proton. The double bond is protonated at C4 to form a tertiary carbocation intermediate at C3. The adjacent carbon, C2, is deprotonated from the opposite face to yield a double bond.  In effect, the double bond is shifted over.

The role of isomerase in human disease
Isomerase plays a role in human disease. Deficiencies of this enzyme can cause disorders in humans.

Phosphohexose isomerase deficiency
Phosphohexose Isomerase Deficiency (PHI) is also known as phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency or Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase deficiency, and is a hereditary enzyme deficiency. PHI is the second most frequent erthoenzyopathy in glycolysis besides pyruvate kinase deficiency, and is associated with non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia of variable severity. This disease is centered on the glucose-6-phosphate protein.  This protein can be found in the secretion of some cancer cells. PHI is the result of a dimeric enzyme that catalyses the reversible interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate and gluose-6-phosphate.

PHI is a very rare disease with only 50 cases reported in literature to date.

Diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical picture in association with biochemical studies revealing erythrocyte GPI deficiency (between 7 and 60% of normal) and identification of a mutation in the GPI gene by molecular analysis.

The deficiency of phosphohexose isomerase can lead to a condition referred to as hemolytic syndrome. As in humans, the hemolytic syndrome, which is characterized by a diminished erythrocyte number, lower hematocrit, lower hemoglobin, higher number of reticulocytes and plasma bilirubin concentration, as well as increased liver- and spleen-somatic indices, was exclusively manifested in homozygous mutants.

Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency

The disease referred to as triosephosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI), is a severe autosomal recessive inherited multisystem disorder of glycolytic metabolism. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia and neurodegeneration, and is caused by anaerobic metabolic dysfunction. This dysfunction results from a missense mutation that effects the encoded TPI protein. The most common mutation is the substitution of gene, Glu104Asp, which produces the most severe phenotype, and is responsible for approximately 80% of clinical TPI deficiency.

TPI deficiency is very rare with less than 50 cases reported in literature.  Being an autosomal recessive inherited disease, TPI deficiency has a 25% recurrence risk in the case of heterozygous parents.  It is a congenital disease that most often occurs with hemolytic anemia and manifests with jaundice. Most patients with TPI for Glu104Asp mutation or heterozygous for a TPI null allele and Glu104Asp have a life expectancy of infancy to early childhood. TPI patients with other mutations generally show longer life expectancy. To date, there are only two cases of individuals with TPI living beyond the age of 6. These cases involve two brothers from Hungary, one who did not develop neurological symptoms until the age of 12, and the older brother who has no neurological symptoms and suffers from anemia only.

Individuals with TPI show obvious symptoms after 6–24 months of age. These symptoms include: dystonia, tremor, dyskinesia, pyramidal tract signs, cardiomyopathy and spinal motor neuron involvement.  Patients also show frequent respiratory system bacterial infections.

TPI is detected through deficiency of enzymatic activity and the build-up of dihyroxyacetone phosphate(DHAP), which is a toxic substrate, in erythrocytes. This can be detected through physical examination and a series of lab work. In detection, there is generally myopathic changes seen in muscles and chronic axonal neuropathy found in the nerves. Diagnosis of TPI can be confirmed through molecular genetics. Chorionic villus DNA analysis or analysis of fetal red cells can be used to detect TPI in antenatal diagnosis.

Treatment for TPI is not specific, but varies according to different cases. Because of the range of symptoms TPI causes, a team of specialist may be needed to provide treatment to a single individual. That team of specialists would consists of pediatricians, cardiologists, neurologists, and other healthcare professionals, that can develop a comprehensive plan of action.

Supportive measures such as red cell transfusions in cases of severe anaemia can be taken to treat TPI as well. In some cases, spleen
removal (splenectomy) may improve the anaemia. There is no treatment to prevent progressive
neurological impairment of any other non-haematological clinical manifestation of the diseases.

Industrial applications
By far the most common use of isomerases in industrial applications is in sugar manufacturing. Glucose isomerase (also known as xylose isomerase) catalyzes the conversion of D-xylose and D-glucose to D-xylulose and D-fructose. Like most sugar isomerases, glucose isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses.

The conversion of glucose to fructose is a key component of high-fructose corn syrup production. Isomerization is more specific than older chemical methods of fructose production, resulting in a higher yield of fructose and no side products. The fructose produced from this isomerization reaction is purer with no residual flavors from contaminants. High-fructose corn syrup is preferred by many confectionery and soda manufacturers because of the high sweetening power of fructose (twice that of sucrose), its relatively low cost and its inability to crystallize. Fructose is also used as a sweetener for use by diabetics. Major issues of the use of glucose isomerase involve its inactivation at higher temperatures and the requirement for a high pH (between 7.0 and 9.0) in the reaction environment. Moderately high temperatures, above 70 °C,  increase the yield of fructose by at least half in the isomerization step. The enzyme requires a divalent cation such as Co2+ and Mg2+ for peak activity, an additional cost to manufacturers. Glucose isomerase also has a much higher affinity for xylose than for glucose, necessitating a carefully controlled environment.

The isomerization of xylose to xylulose has its own commercial applications as interest in biofuels has increased. This reaction is often seen naturally in bacteria that feed on decaying plant matter. Its most common industrial use is in the production of ethanol, achieved by the fermentation of xylulose. The use of hemicellulose as source material is very common. Hemicellulose contains xylan, which itself is composed of xylose in β(1,4) linkages. The use of glucose isomerase very efficiently converts xylose to xylulose, which can then be acted upon by fermenting yeast. Overall, extensive research in genetic engineering has been invested into optimizing glucose isomerase and facilitating its recovery from industrial applications for re-use.

Glucose isomerase is able to catalyze the isomerization of a range of other sugars, including D-ribose, D-allose and L-arabinose. The most efficient substrates are those similar to glucose and xylose, having equatorial hydroxyl groups at the third and fourth carbons. The current model for the mechanism of glucose isomerase is that of a hydride shift based on X-ray crystallography and isotope exchange studies.

Membrane-associated isomerases
Some isomerases associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or anchored through a single transmembrane helix, for example isomerases with the thioredoxin domain, and certain prolyl isomerases.

References

External links
 GoPubMed: Top authors, journals, places publishing on Isomerases

Isomerase


Hooge (Danca: Hoge, Frizce: Huuge), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 5,78 km² yüz ölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 95 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 16 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye başkanlığı Matthias Piepgras tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

 Hooge turist ofisi

Kaynakça

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Hooge


Celartem, Inc., doing business as Extensis, is a software company based in Portland, Oregon.

History
Extensis and its parent company CreativePro.com were sold to ImageX in year 2000, which in turn sold Extensis to Japanese content-management company Celartem Technology in 2002. In 2003, Extensis acquired competitor DiamondSoft and their Font Reserve applications (stand-alone and client-server). In January 2006, Extensis merged its two font management products, Font Reserve and Suitcase into a single product called Suitcase Fusion. In August 2010, Extensis launched WebINK, a web font subscription service. This service was discontinued on July 1, 2015.

In 2018, Extensis united with its sister company, LizardTech, to continue developing and distributing software for compressing and distributing massive, high-resolution geospatial data.

See also
 List of companies based in Oregon
 LizardTech, Inc. v. Earth Resource Mapping, Inc.

References

Software companies of the United States
Companies based in Portland, Oregon

Extensis


Tod oder Freiheit ist ein deutscher Kostüm- und Abenteuerfilm aus dem Jahre 1977, frei gestaltet nach Friedrich Schillers Die Räuber. Unter der Regie von Wolf Gremm spielten Erika Pluhar, Peter Sattmann, Mario Adorf und Gert Fröbe  die Hauptrollen.

Handlung
Süddeutschland um 1750. Ein ebenso despotischer wie prunksüchtiger und verschwenderisch lebender Landesfürst lässt wahllos unschuldige Bauernsöhne direkt von den Feldern, wo sie gerade ihre Arbeit verrichten, verhaften, um sie gegen ein Kopfgeld als Söldner nach Amerika zu verkaufen. Der junge Fritz von Buttlar, Spross eines alten Adelsgeschlechtes, will diesem ungeheuerlichen Treiben nicht länger tatenlos zusehen. Seine Empörung wird grenzenlos, als er mit ansehen muss, wie selbst die junge Adelige Nicole von Beck eingekerkert wird.

Fritz zieht daraufhin die Konsequenz, verlässt das väterliche Schloss und formiert sich mit gleichgesinnten Freunden zu einer Rebellentruppe, die sich gegen die Despotie des Landesherrn auflehnen will. Rasch gelingt es ihm, mit seinen Leuten eine schlagfertige Einheit auf die Beine zu stellen. In den Wäldern rund um Coburg, Urach und Bamberg will er gegen die Fürstenarmee kämpfen. Nur sein Bruder Ludwig hält dagegen, hat er doch längst ein Auge auf Fritzens Braut Maria geworfen. Er will die Gunst der Stunde nutzen und sie für sich gewinnen. Am Ende wartet auf so manchen der Aufständischen der fürstliche Strick.

Produktionsnotizen
Die Uraufführung des Films fand am 25. Dezember 1977 im Residenz-Kino von Urach statt.

Gedreht wurde an 40 Tagen vom 9. Juli bis 27. August 1977 vor Ort in der Umgebung von Coburg, Bamberg, auf der Festung Rosenberg in Kronach, dem Wasserschloss Irmelshausen (Nordbayern), dem Wasserschloss Brennhausen und in Urach. Die Fertigstellung des Films erfolgte am 22. November 1977.

Die Kostüme entwarf Ingrid Zoré, für die Ausstattung sorgte Götz Heymann. Die pyrotechnischen Spezialeffekte gestaltete Erwin Lange.

Der erst 26-jährige Malte Thorsten, der hier unter seinem eigentlichen Namen Wolfgang Schumacher in einer der Hauptrollen als Peter Sattmanns Bruder zu sehen war, beendete mit Tod oder Freiheit seine kurzlebige Filmkarriere.

Kritik
Das Lexikon des Internationalen Films urteilte: "Aus vielfältigen Quellen (unter anderem Schillers "Räuber") gespeister, zwischen Freilichtaufführung und Italowestern schwankender Film."

In Cinema heißt es: "Regisseur Gremm hat den noch immer aktuellen Stoff sehr frei fürs Kino bearbeitet. Sein rasant inszeniertes Lichtspiel wirkt wie ein (ins Spielfilm-Geschehen verpackter) Beitrag zur Zeitgeschichte".

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1977
Deutscher Film
Friedrich-Schiller-Verfilmung

Tod oder Freiheit


Tunstall puede hacer referencia a:

 Tunstall, una comunidad no incorporada en el estado de Virginia (Estados Unidos).
 Tunstall, una parroquia civil y un pueblo en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).
 Tunstall, una parroquia civil y un pueblo en el condado de Yorkshire del Norte (Inglaterra).
 Tunstall, uno de los seis pueblos que forman la ciudad de Stoke-on-Trent en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).
 Kate Victoria «KT» Tunstall (1975), una cantautora escocesa.
 Marmaduke Tunstall (1743-1790), un ornitólogo inglés.

Tunstall


Da spaniolerne kom til Danmark er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2008 instrueret af Laila Hodell og Elisabeth Colding.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2008

Da spaniolerne kom til Danmark


La plaza de toros La Montera multiusos Los Barrios está situada en la localidad gaditana de Los Barrios, en la comarca del Campo de Gibraltar.

Historia
La plaza de toros de Los Barrios fue construida en el año 1998. La primera piedra la colocó el ganadero y rejoneador Álvaro Domecq Díez. En el año 2000 concluyeron las obras y fue inaugurada el 16 de abril de este mismo año por los toreros El Juli, Manuel Caballero y José Antonio ortega, lidiando toros de la ganadería de Gavira, muy conocida en la zona del Campo de Gibraltar.

Características
Es la única en España con nombre taurino, esta denominación se debe a un monumento natural en piedra que semeja a una Montera del torero taurina, está enclavado en la carretera que une la conocida Ruta del Toro, de la que Los Barrios se ha erigido como capital. Su capacidad es de 5.000 localidades.

Proyecto de cobertura de la plaza
En 2006 se inició un proyecto de cerramiento de la plaza de toros. Este proyecto consistió en realizar la cobertura del recinto por medio de una estructura espacial constituida por barras tubulares y nudos esféricos atornillados entre sí.

Finalizado el montaje, se pretendía obtener un conjunto formado por una estructura fija (con una medida de 80 metros de diámetro en su circunferencia de apoyo y una apertura central de 36 por 36) y una móvil (compuesta por una malla espacial de base cuadrangular, una estructura auxiliar para la sujeción del cerramiento translúcido y una estructura auxiliar de fijación a bastidores móviles).

El objetivo principal del proyecto era que la plaza de toros pudiera dar cobertura a eventos deportivos, ampliar el calendario de la oferta taurina existente en el municipio, acoger espectáculos y conciertos, celebraciones, mítines y exposiciones.

A pesar de tener un 90% de la obra ejecutada y un 70% pagada, la llegada de la crisis económica obligó a paralizar el proyecto y, a raíz de un informe técnico que instaba al ayuntamiento a actuar sobre dicha obra en el sentido de retirar la cubierta o mantener la cubierta fija, se organizó una consulta popular para conocer la opinión de la población del municipio.

En esa consulta ciudadana, que se realizó el 17 de abril de 2016,  ganó la opción de conservar la cubierta con el 67'19% de los votos. Esta opción consistió en cerrar de forma permanente la parte móvil de la cubierta, el repintado de la misma, y la reparación de las deficiencias. El proyecto tiene un coste de 694.278,79 euros.

Referencias

Véase también
 Los Barrios
 Toro embolado (Los Barrios)

Plazas de toros de España del siglo XXI
La Montera
Los Barrios
Arquitectura en Andalucía en el siglo XXI
Arquitectura de España de 2001

Plaza de toros La Montera


Die Saison 2005/06 der Oberliga Südwest war die 28. Spielzeit der Fußball-Oberliga Südwest seit ihrer Wiedereinführung im Jahr 1978 und die zwölfte als vierthöchste Spielklasse in Deutschland. Die Meisterschaft und den Aufstieg in die Regionalliga sicherte sich der FK Pirmasens mit drei Punkten Vorsprung auf den FC 08 Homburg.

Der einzige sportliche Absteiger war Hassia Bingen. Zudem stieg die zweite Mannschaft von Eintracht Trier ab, da die erste Mannschaft der Trierer in derselben Spielzeit von der Regionalliga in die Oberliga abstieg. Der SV Weingarten zog seine Mannschaft noch vor dem Saisonstart wegen der Eröffnung eines Insolvenzverfahrens vom Spielbetrieb zurück, wodurch nur 17 Mannschaften am Ligabetrieb teilnahmen.

Die Aufsteiger waren der TuS Hohenecken aus der Verbandsliga Südwest, der FSV Salmrohr aus der Rheinlandliga und der FC Kutzhof aus der Verbandsliga Saar. Aus der Regionalliga Süd stieg Eintracht Trier ab.

Der Torschützenkönig Andreas Haas vom FC 08 Homburg mit 26 Treffern.

Tabelle

|}

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Weblinks
 Oberliga Südwest 2005/06 bei kicker.de

2005
Fußballsaison 2005/06

Fußball-Oberliga Südwest 2005/06


Ina Mihalache (), cunoscută sub numele de Solange, este o actriță canadiană, artistă video, artistă vizuală, comediană și editoare. A locuit în Franța începând cu anul 2004.

Este în principal cunoscută pe canalul YouTube, sub denumirea de SolangeTeParle, care prezintă programe pe diferite teme și video-uri în care ea adoptă personalitatea lui Solange, un personaj fictiv. Și-a creat propriul canal în noiembrie 2011 și a avut un succes modest, ajungând la 200.000 de abonați până în aprilie 2016. Mihalache își propune să reprezinte emoții prin filmele ei, filme care acoperă o gamă largă de subiecte, inclusiv din cultură, artă, sexualitatea și sentimente.

Biografie
Mihalache s-a născut în Montreal, Quebec , pe14 mai 1985. Este fiica unui emigrant român în Canada, Dumitru Mihalache, care a fugit de regimul dictatorial al lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, și a unei femei din provincia Quebec, Doris Duguay. La vârsta de zece ani a decis să-și piardă accentul zonei Quebec și să adopte limba "franceză din Franța", accent pe care l-a auzit la radio sau pe canalele de televiziune în limba franceză, cum ar fi TV5. Ea explică că acest lucru a fost o "alegere estetică", ceea ce era o controversă în provincia ei natală.

S-a mutat la Paris în 2004 unde s-a înscris la o școală privată de teatru, Cours Florent. Ulterior a fost admisă la Classe Libre sub îndrumarea lui Jean-Pierre Garnier și a lui Olivier L. Brunet, , dar a eșuat de patru ori la rând la concursul de admitere la Conservatorul Național de Artă Dramatică.

Principalele sale influențe artistice și cinematografice sunt Anna Karina, Emmanuelle Riva, Lars von Trier, Sophie Calle, și Tehching Hsieh.

După ce a fost introdusă la Talents Cannes de l'Adami de Mathieu Amalric în scurt metrajul Deux cages sans oiseaux, s-a dedicat producției de lucrari atipice, cum ar fi trilogia Réussites/Patiences, abordând problemele insuficienței, a izolarii, lenei și nuditații corpului în spațiul public. A lucrat de asemenea pentru France Télévisions, ca editor și voice-over.

În noiembrie 2011 a creat blog-ul Solange te parle, o compilație de clipuri cu teme asemeni lui Norman Thavaud. Personajul Solange oferă sfaturi comice și adesea sfaturi absurde pentru a rezolva problemele din viața de zi cu zi a unei femei tinere, antisociale. Argumentele ei despre caracterul patafizic sunt evocate în La Minute nécessaire de monsieur Cyclopède de Pierre Desproges și Jean-Louis Fournier sau câteva experiențe conceptuale ale artistul american John Baldessari. Ina Mihalache a declarat, după o perioadă de timp, despre propria ei creație că: "Solange este inadecvată. Ea nu știe cum să facă lucruri, dar ea încearcă".

În aprilie 2012 a jucat rolul lui Sasha Maréchal în documentarul realizat de France 3: EtrangesAffaires.com, alături de jurnalistul Patrick Pesnot. Sasha Maréchal și-a prezentat multitudinea de desene și secvențe animate.

În iulie 2012 a colaborat cu Radio France într-o serie de 54 de zile consecutive de difuzare, pe postul de radio France Inter, la emisiunea lui Thomas Baumgartner, Antibuzz: Solange lit tous tes tweets, a cărei teme sunt preluate din tweet-uri. S-a întors în televiziune în februarie 2013 cu seria Solange dans le bus, emisiune difuzată în fiecare marți în programul lui Pascale Clark, Comme on nous parle. O altă serie, Solange pénètre ta vie intim, alcătuită din mărturii ale femeilor care au încredere în Solange, a apărut pe site-ul Mouv', pe data de 14 februarie 2013 și a fost difuzat zilnic pe site-ul postului până în iunie 2013. Seria a fost reluată în ianuarie 2014, de data aceasta difuzată de două ori pe zi, pe post.

A jucat rolul principal în piesa de teatru de tineret, Virginia Wolf , în regia Nathalie Bensard, fiind o adaptare nu prea reusită după albumul lui Kyo Maclear si al lui Isabelle Arsenault.

Pe 6 ianuarie 2016 a publicat prima ei carte, ediția Payange, Solange te parle, inspirată din experiențele ei de pe internet.

Pe 30 ianuarie 2016, difuzarea filmul Solange et les vivants (ecranizat între 2013 și 2014 și produs printr-o finanțare participativa) s-a realizat la cinematograful Luminor Hôtel de Ville. Proiecția națională a început pe data de 9 martie 2016.

În octombrie 2016 s-a înscris la Le Fresnoy - Studioul Național de Artă Contemporană, sub îndrumarea regizoarei Chantal Akerman.

În februarie 2017 a publicat a doua lucrare intitulată Très intime, cronicile fiind difuzate pe Le Mouv' și publicate de Payot.

Filmografie

Alte realizări

Lucrări video

Publicații

Radio

Editare și voice-overs

Teatru

Premii

Cours Florent

Note

Legături externe

  fr
  fr

Nașteri în 1985
Români din Canada
Oameni în viață

Ina Mihalache


Europæisk stør (Acipenser sturio) er en fisk i størfamilien. Europæisk stør kan blive op til 6 m lang. De voksne fisk lever i havet og yngler i store floder. Arten var tidligere vidt udbredt i Europa, men er i dag kritisk truet og yngler kun i Gironde i Frankrig og de tilløbende floder Dordogne og Garonne.

Udseende

Europæisk stør har en langstrakt krop med en lang snude og en asymnetrisk hale. Den kan blive op til 6 m lang og veje op til 1000 kg. Munden er tandløs og sidder på undersiden af hovedet. Den kan skydes frem så den danner et rør. På undersiden af snuden sidder 4 skægtråde. Kroppen har ingen skæl, men er forsynet med 5 rækker af benplader (også kaldet skjolde), og mindre plader og torne mellem rækkerne. Den er meget svær at kende fra vestatlantisk stør, men har generelt lidt flere rygplader og sideplader end denne, samt glatte benplader imod den vestatlantiske størs benplader med fordybninger og ru kanter.

Levevis

Europæisk stør lever i havet, oftest i brakvand eller kystnært som regel på dybder mindre 40 m, men de er fanget på ned til næsten 100 m's dybde. De glider hen over bunden og spiser muslinger, orme, kredsdyr og småfisk. De kan finde byttet ved hjælp af skægtrådene og et poresystem på undersiden af snuden. Når munden og snuden er begravet i havbunden kan de ånde gennem små spirakelåbninger bag øjnene. Den nu uddøde bestand i Sortehavet jagede ansjoser i de frie vandmasser.

De yngler i store floder med stærk strøm (nu kun i Gironde-flodsystemet). Europæisk stør kan lægge op til 2,4 millioner æg som er ca. 2 mm i diameter. Æggene klækker efter 5-6 dage, og yngelen bliver i ferskvand eller brakvand i 1-4 år. Når de er 3-8 år gamle søger de til havet om vinteren, efter 8-10 års alderen bliver støren i havet på nær når de gyder. Hannerne bliver kønsmodne efter 9-13 år, og hunnerne efter 11-18 år. Hannerne gyder hvert eller hvert andet år, mens hunnerne kun gyder hvert tredje år eller sjældnere. Europæisk stør er rapporteret at kunne blive over 100 år gammel.

Sygdomme og parasitter

Der kendes en del forskellige parasitter som lever i eller på europæisk stør, bl.a. bændelorme og digene ikter. Europæisk stør kan også være vært for kæmpeperlemuslingens (Margaritifera auricularia) larve som sætter sig fast i størens gæller. Denne ferskvandsmusling er også kritisk truet, og størens tilbagegang er anført som en medvirkende årsag.

Udbredelse

Europæisk stør har været udbredt i Europa, fra Hvidehavet i nord langs atlanterhavskysten til Spanien, i Middelhavet og i Sortehavet. Den ynglede i mange floder, og kunne findes i havet helt til Island. De vigtigste ynglefloder var Rhinen og Elben. Genetiske undersøgelser har vist at bestanden i Middelhavet var forskellig fra bestanden i Gironde.

Undersøgelser i 2000'erne har vist at nogle at de størbestande man tidligere regnede til europæsisk stør i virkeligheden var vestatlantisk stør som indvandrede til Europa omkring år 200 og etablerede bestande i Østersøen og Ladoga- og Onega-søerne. Europæiske stør blev helt fortrængt fra Østersøen under den lille istid (ca. 1300-1800) hvor vandet formodes at være havet for koldt til at yngle.

Fra omkring 1850 er bestanden gået voldsomt tilbage. De sidste ynglepladser er i Gironde, Dordogne og Garonne i Frankrig, og her har man ikke observeret opgang af vilde fisk siden 1994. Status for bestanden i Sortehavet, som ynglede i den georgiske flod Rioni, er uvis, men europæisk stør menes ikke at være set i Riono siden 1991 og er sandsynligvis udød der.

Europæisk stør holdes i live ved opdræt i Frankrig og Tyskland. Der udsættes yngel i Gironde-systemet og andre floder, bl.a. Elben.

Europæisk stør er listet som "kritisk truet" på den internationale IUCN-rødliste. Den er beskyttet af Bern-konventionen (liste 2: strengt beskyttede dyrearter) og Bonn-konventionen og er således totalfredet i de lande som har tiltrådt konventionerne. Den er også med på Washington-konventionens liste 1, som forbyder al handel med arten eller dele af den, herunder dens æg (kaviar).

Hverken europæisk stør eller vestatlantisk stør menes nogensinde at have ynglet i danske vandløb, men der har tidligere været fanget stør (både vestatlantisk og europæisk stør) i danske åer, sidste gang i 1945 i Varde Å. C.V. Otterstrøm skrev i 1914 i Danmarks Fauna, bd. 15 at der har været fanget stør i fleste danske åer.

Udnyttelse

Støren har været en vigtig spisefisk i dele af Vesteuropa. I begyndelsen af 1900-tallet blev der årligt fanget 10.000 stør. Rognen var også indtil 1900-tallet en yndet spise. Rognen af europæisk stør kaldtes elbkaviar i modsætning til russisk kaviar, som primært stammer fra belugastør. Fiskeriet fortsatte i Gironde helt op til 1970'erne.

I England skulle fangede stør efter en gammel lov afleveres til kronen. Det vides at være sket så sent som i 1960'erne, hvor et forskningsskib afleverede en stør til dronning Elizabeth, som lod den servere til en middag med præsident de Gaulle. I Danmark skulle store strandede fisk og hvaler ifølge Jyske Lov og Sjællandske Lov afleveres til monarken, og herunder faldt stør, som blev opfattet som særlig værdifuld.

Husblas er oprindeligt fremstillet af den inderste hinde i størens svømmeblære. Det fremgår også af navnet: Hus er et gammelt ord for stør, og blas betyder blære.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Støre

Europæisk stør


Dumortiera, rod jetrenjarnica smješten u vlastitu porodicu Dumortieraceae. Postoji devet vrsta

Vrste
 Dumortiera calcicola Campb.
 Dumortiera denudata Mitt.
 Dumortiera dilatata (Hook. f. & Taylor) Nees
 Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees
 Dumortiera irrigua (Wilson ex Hook.) Nees
 Dumortiera nepalensis (Taylor) Nees
 Dumortiera spathysii (Lindenb.) Nees
 Dumortiera trichocephala (Hook.) Nees
 Dumortiera velutina Schiffn.

Izvori

Jetrenjarnice

Dumortiera


ලාසන් හිම කවචය යනු, වෙඩ්ල් මුහුදෙහි වයඹ කොටසෙහි පිහිටි දිගු හිම කවචයක් වන අතර, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයෙහි නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ ඔස්සේ ලොංගිං තුඩුවෙහි සිට  හර්ස්ට් දිවයිනට මදක් දකුණු පසට වන පෙදෙස දක්වා විහිදෙයි.

ලාසන් හිම කවචය


Güvenlik Korucusu diğer adıyla Köy Korucusu, 26 Mart 1985 tarihinde 442 sayılı Köy Kanununun 74. maddesinde yapılan değişiklikle muhtarın teklifi, kaymakamın kabulü ile gönüllü ya da valiliğin teklifi ve İçişleri Bakanı'nın onayı ile geçici olarak görev yapılan ve köy koruculuğu adıyla oluşturulan paramiliter kurum. İdari bakımdan kaymakamların, mesleki bakımdan ise Jandarma Bölük Komutanı'nın emir ve komutası altındadırlar.

2019 yılının Kasım ayı rakamlarına göre Türkiye'de 26 ilde toplam 54 bin güvenlik korucusu bulunuyor. 2016 yılında çıkarılan kanun hükmünde kararname ile geçici köy korucularının adı "güvenlik korucusu" olarak değiştirildi.

Kanun
Köy Kanunu'nun 74. maddesine göre "köy muhtarı ve ihtiyar meclisi mahsul zamanlarında çapulcular ve eşkiya türemiş ise yağmadan köy halkını korumak için köylünün eli silah tutanlarından lüzumu kadarını 'gönüllü korucu ayırarak bunların isimlerini bir kağıda yazıp kaymakama götürür. Kaymakamın müsaadesi olursa bu gönüllü korucular asıl korucularla beraber yağmacılara ve eşkiyaya karşı köy ve köylüyü
korurlar".

Korucular ve suç
Korucuların Doğu ve Güneydoğu'daki köylerin boşaltılmasında, siyasi ve faili meçhul cinayetlerin işlenmesinde rol oynadıkları kaydedilmiştir.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı'nın verilerine göre, 1985'ten 1997'e kadar görevde ihmal sebebiyle 20 bin 319, yardım ve yataklık, adam öldürme, dolandırıcılık, kadın kaçırmak, ırza geçmek, uyuşturucu madde, silah ve muhimmat kaçakçılığı, büyük ve küçük baş hayvan çalmak, mesken masuniyeti ihlali, köy ve aşiretler arası çatışmaya girmek, terör, asayişe müessir, zabıtanın takibini gerektiren ve kaçakçılık olayları kapsamına giren suçları işleyen 3 bin 498; Toplam 23 bin 817 geçici köy korucusunun görevine son verildi. İçişleri Bakanlığı'nın verilerine göre, 1985'ten Mart 2009'a kadar 123.476 kişi "geçici köy korucusu" olarak görev yaptı ve bunlardan 38.945'i hakkında adli veya idari işlem yapıldığı için görevine son verildi. İnsan Hakları Derneği'nin koruculuk sistemine yönelik raporuna göre 1990'dan bu yana 183 kişi köy korucuları tarafından öldürüldü, 259 kişi yaralandı.

Mayıs 2009'da Mardin'in Mazıdağı ilçesi Bilge köyünde 7'si çocuk 44 kişinin öldürüldüğü katliamın zanlısı Mehmet Çelebi, 17 yıl koruculuk yaptığını ve iki faili meçhul cinayete tanıklık ettiğini dile getirdi. Çelebi'nin ihbarıyla tutuklanan köy korucusu Burhan Çelebi'nin, 5 Ağustos 1994'te öldürülen Davut Karçi'yi tasarlayarak öldürmek suçundan ömür boyu hapis istemiyle yargılanmasına başlandı, ancak dava zaman aşımından düştü.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
Bilge Köyü Katliamı

Güvenlik birimleri
Türkiye'deki kolluk kuvvetleri
Zeytin Dalı Harekâtı'ndaki askerî birim ve gruplar
Yarı askerî kuruluşlar
1985'te kurulan kuruluşlar

Güvenlik korucusu


متحف إسبانيا الوطني للآثار  يقع في مدينة مدريد عاصمة إسبانيا، ويتشارك في المبنى مع المكتبة الوطنية.
تم تأسيس المتحف عام 1867 بأمر من الملكة إيزابيل الثانية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الألكتروني الرسمي

تأسيسات سنة 1867 في إسبانيا
عمارة كلاسيكية جديدة في إسبانيا
كهوف إسبانيا
متاحف أثرية في إسبانيا
متاحف أسست في 1867
متاحف روما القديمة
إسباني وطني
إسباني وطني

متحف إسبانيا الوطني للآثار


An Briza minor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné. An Briza minor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Briza, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Briza

Briza minor