Robert William Bishop (born July 13, 1951) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for  from 2003 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he became the dean of Utah's congressional delegation after the retirement of Orrin Hatch from the U.S. Senate in 2019.

Prior to his congressional tenure, Bishop was a Utah State Representative (1978–1994), including two final years as Speaker of the Utah House of Representatives, as well as Chair of the Utah Republican Party (1997–2001). He was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Utah as Thomas Wright's running mate in the 2020 election.

Early life and education
Bishop was born in Kaysville, Utah, and graduated from Davis High School. He served as a Mormon missionary in Germany from 1970 until 1972. Bishop received a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Utah in Salt Lake City in 1974.

Career
He taught civics classes at Brigham City's Box Elder High School from 1974 to 1980; he next taught German in Ogden, Utah at Ben Lomond High School; then he returned to teaching government and history classes at Box Elder High School until his retirement from teaching in 2002. While a teacher at Box Elder, Bishop partnered with the Close Up Foundation to help students participate in Close Up's Washington, D.C. based civic education programs.

Utah politics
Bishop was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 1978 to 1994. He was House Majority Leader and later served as Speaker of the House from 1992 until 1994.

In 1997, he was elected chairman of the Utah Republican Party, and served for two terms in this position. He has also worked as a legislative lobbyist in Washington.

U.S. House of Representatives
In 2002, Bishop returned to politics when he ran for the Republican nomination in the 1st District. 22-year incumbent Jim Hansen had recently announced his retirement. At the state Republican convention, he finished first in the seven-candidate field and went on to face State Representative Kevin Garn in a primary. He defeated Garn in that primary with 59.8 percent of the vote, all but assuring him of being the next congressman from this heavily Republican district. As expected, he won the general election with 61% of the vote. He has won re-election in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 with even larger margins. In 2014, he was reelected with 64% of the vote.

In the 2016 election cycle, 92.6% of contributions to Bishop's political campaign came from outside Utah, the highest out-of-state percentage of any member of the House, with much of the contributions coming from the energy and agribusiness sectors, according to an analysis by OpenSecrets.

Political positions

Federalism
In 2010 Bishop introduced to the House an amendment to the United States Constitution, known as the "repeal amendment," which would allow a majority vote of the states to overturn any act of the United States Congress.

Land use and the environment
Bishop supports repeal of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, saying it has been "hijacked" to control land and block economic development, and that he "would love to invalidate" the law. Bishop is among those most critical of the Antiquities Act. Bishop opposed the designation of the Bears Ears National Monument and supports repealing or shrinking the designation. Bishop supports transferring federal public lands to the states. Despite this, Bishop sponsored a successful amendment to the 2006 National Defense Authorization Act to create the Cedar Mountain Wilderness, specifically to block transportation access to the Private Fuel Storage nuclear storage facility on Goshute's Skull Valley Indian Reservation land in Tooele County.

In February 2011, Bishop introduced a budget amendment that would have defunded the National Landscape Conservation System, which manages 27 million acres of Bureau of Land Management land, including the National Monument, National Conservation Area, National Wilderness Preservation, National Wild and Scenic Rivers, National Scenic Trail, National Historic Trail systems and other systems. After coming under fire for introducing this amendment, Bishop withdrew it.

On April 10, 2013, Bishop introduced the Ensuring Public Involvement in the Creation of National Monuments Act. The bill would amend the Antiquities Act of 1906 to subject national monument declarations by the President to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). At present, the President of the United States can unilaterally designate areas of federally-owned land as a national monument, whereas national parks and other areas are required to be enacted into law by the United States Congress. Bishop argued that "the American people deserve the opportunity to participate in land-use decisions regardless of whether they are made in Congress or by the President". He claims his new bill would ensure "that new national monuments are created openly with consideration of public input".

In March 2019, Bishop said that "the ideas behind the Green New Deal are tantamount to genocide". Asked to elaborate how this was similar to genocide, Bishop answered, "I'm an ethnic. I'm a westerner." Asked whether he believed that the Green New Deal would kill him, Bishop said, "If you actually implement everything they want to. Killing would be positive if you implement everything the Green New Deal actually wants to. That's why the Green New Deal is not ready for prime time."

Utah GOP closed primary
Bishop was chairman of the Utah Republican Party when the decision was made to close primaries to nonparty members in the late 1990s. The Utah Democratic party holds open primaries. When asked about Democrats changing their party affiliation to vote in the 2020 Republican primary, he replied ""instead of piddling around with the Republican primary. Doing it this way ... the best you can call it is dishonorable. It really is a slimy way of doing things." He said the only reason Democrats are attempting to "pervert the process" is to help advance a candidate. "That's inherently wrong," Bishop said. In a recent editorial, Bishop restated his view: "A leading Democrat wants to create havoc in the system. For what aim? Maybe to elect the "correct" candidates? Maybe to help Democrats have a bigger voice in the elections?"

Committee assignments
 Committee on Natural Resources - Ranking Member
 Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation
 House Armed Services Committee

Caucus memberships
 Tenth Amendment Task Force (Co-Founder)
 Second Amendment Task Force
 Congressional Lupus Caucus
 House GOP Policy Committee (Vice Chair)
 Co-founder of the Western States Coalition
 past Chairman of the Congressional Western Caucus
 Tea Party Caucus
 Republican Study Committee
 House Baltic Caucus
Congressional Constitution Caucus (Co-Chair)
Congressional Western Caucus
United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus

Electoral history

Lieutenant gubernatorial candidacy
Bishop announced in July 2019 that he would not seek reelection to the House in 2020. He mentioned the same year that he was considering running for governor, but considered himself a "horrible" candidate.

He joined Thomas Wright's ticket as a candidate for lieutenant governor in the 2020 Utah gubernatorial election but later lost the primary.

Personal life
Bishop is married to Jeralynn Hansen, a former Miss Peach Queen for Brigham City, Utah. He and his family reside in Brigham City. The Bishops have four sons and one daughter.

Well known for his three-piece suits, Bishop was named the third-best-dressed congressmen in 2012 according to the Washingtonian.

References

External links

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1951 births
20th-century Mormon missionaries
21st-century American politicians
American educators
American lobbyists
American Mormon missionaries in Germany
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Republican Party members of the Utah House of Representatives
People from Brigham City, Utah
People from Kaysville, Utah
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Utah
Speakers of the Utah House of Representatives
State political party chairs of Utah
Tea Party movement activists
University of Utah alumni
Utah State University faculty

Rob Bishop


Stellantis Canada (formerly, FCA Canada, Inc. and Chrysler Canada) is the wholly owned subsidiary of Stellantis through its North American division operating in Canada. Incorporated in 1925, the Chrysler Corporation of Canada acquired a Maxwell-Chalmers plant in Windsor, Ontario that had been used to manufacture some Chrysler models in the previous year. Initially called Chrysler Canada, Ltd, the name of the company changed to DaimlerChrysler Canada Inc. following the merger of the two parent automotive conglomerates. In August 2007, the company was renamed Chrysler Canada Incorporated when Cerberus Capital Management purchased 80.1% of its parent company Chrysler.

FCA Canada has three manufacturing plants in operation in Canada, and built 535,878 cars and trucks in 2002. In 2007, the company sold 232,688 vehicles in the Canadian market. In 2012, Stellantis Canada sales were 243,845, a 6% increase over 2011; this put the company into the #2 sales slot for Canada.

History
FCA Canada was established in mid-June 1925, with 181 employees. 7,857 vehicles were produced in the first year.

"Plodge"
Plodge, a portmanteau of the names Plymouth and Dodge, is a name informally used to refer to vehicles Chrysler Canada built with a mix of U.S. Plymouth and Dodge parts for the Canadian and export markets. This practice allowed dealers in Canada to offer a wider array of vehicles at lower development cost in the relatively small Canadian market. For example, a Plymouth with a Dodge grille and taillights became a Dodge without the expense of tooling a vehicle for the market. On the Dodge Dart introduced in 1960, only the interiors were shared; Canadian-market 1960-61 Darts had Plymouth dashboards. The 1965 to 1966 Dodge Monaco used a Dodge body, with a Plymouth Fury dashboard and interior trim. Not all Canadian-market Chrysler-built vehicles were badge engineered in this manner, however; the DeSoto Diplomat, for example—a rebadged Dodge Dart—was never sold in Canada, where DeSotos were similar to the US models. The Canadian 1960 DeSoto Adventurer looked like the American 1960 DeSoto but used the upholstery and door panels from the 1960 Chrysler Saratoga.

 The Valiant was sold by both Dodge and Plymouth dealers as a separate make, as had been the original plan in the United States. 1960 to 1962 Canadian Valiants were substantially the same as American models, with minor trim and mechanical equipment differences. 1963-64 Canadian Valiants had U.S. Valiant front sheetmetal on the U.S. Dart body. 1965 Canadian Valiants were available in the full range of sizes and models offered across the American Valiant and Dart models, but all Canadian-market cars used Dart instrument clusters and were badged "Valiant". For 1966, the Valiant Barracuda was the only offering in Canada on the U.S. Valiant's  wheelbase, with no Valiant station wagons in Canada for 1966.

"Plodge" vehicles include:
DeSoto Diplomat: Dodge Dart body, DeSoto-like side trim
Dodge Kingsway: Dodge body, Plymouth fenders and trim
Dodge Mayfair: Dodge front clip, Plymouth body
Dodge Regent: Dodge front clip, Plymouth body
Dodge Crusader: Dodge Front Clip (grille minus six "teeth") Plymouth body
Dodge Viscount: Dodge front clip, Plymouth body
Dodge Monaco 1965-1966: Used 1965-1966 Plymouth Fury dashboard
Valiant 1960-1966: parts mix varied by model year
Dodge Dart 1960-1961: Plymouth instrument panel

Once the Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement (the "Auto Pact") took practical effect in 1967, virtually all differences ceased to exist between U.S. and Canadian Chrysler products. However, until the early 2000s the model distribution within and among marques was sometimes different in Canada than in the U.S. The Dodge and Plymouth Neon was sold in Canada as the Chrysler Neon; the Dodge Dynasty and Intrepid were likewise both badged and sold as Chrysler models in Canada. In 2003 this practice was stopped and the U.S. and Canadian marque and model ranges are fully aligned.

Historically, Stellantis Canada sold vehicles under the Dodge, Plymouth, Chrysler, DeSoto, Valiant, and Imperial marques. Presently there are four marques: Dodge, Ram, Jeep, and Chrysler. Dodge is the mainstream car and van line, Jeep is the main SUV range, Chrysler is the premium line, and Ram is the range of trucks and truck-based SUVs.

Operations

Manufacturing plants

Stellantis Canada has other operations in Canada:

Offices
 One Riverside Drive headquarters - employs 345 in Windsor, Ontario
 Automotive Research and Development Centre - employs 200 in Windsor, Ontario
 DC Transport - employs 326 in Windsor, Ontario
 National Fleet Office - employs 16 in Mississauga, Ontario
 Eastern Business Centre - employs 37 in Mississauga, Ontario
 Quebec Business Centre - employs 24 in Montreal, Quebec
 Western Business Centre - employs 26 in Calgary, Alberta
 Atlantic Sales Branch - Moncton, New Brunswick

Parts and distribution centres
 employs 190 in Mississauga, Ontario (regional and national)
 employs 26 in Red Deer, Alberta

References

External links

 Mopar Canada
 The Chrysler Canada Story (serialized history book)

Car manufacturers of Canada
Chrysler
Fiat
Stellantis
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1925
Companies based in Windsor, Ontario
Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies
1925 establishments in Ontario

Stellantis Canada


Canton este un film românesc din 2004 regizat de Constantin Popescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Nicodim Ungureanu, Petre Nicolae și Mihai Constantin.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2004 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2004
Filme regizate de Constantin Popescu
Filme dramatice românești

Canton (film din 2004)


Closed list describes the variant of party-list systems where voters can effectively vote for only political parties as a whole; thus they have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected. If voters had some influence, that would be called an open list. Closed list systems are still commonly used in party-list proportional representation, and most mixed electoral systems also use closed lists in their party list component. Many countries, however have changed their electoral systems to use open lists to incorporate personalised representation to their proportional systems.

In closed list systems, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list tend to always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not. However, the candidates "at the water mark" of a given party are in the position of either losing or winning their seat depending on the number of votes the party gets. "The water mark" is the number of seats a specific party can be expected to achieve. The number of seats that the party wins, combined with the candidates' positions on the party's list, will then determine whether a particular candidate will get a seat.

List of countries using closed list systems

Proportional representation

  Algeria
  Angola
  Argentina
  Armenia
  Benin
  Burkina Faso
  Burundi
  Cambodia
  Colombia (depending on the party)
  Costa Rica
  Dominican Republic
  East Timor
  Equatorial Guinea
  Guatemala
  Guinea-Bissau
  Guyana
  Hong Kong (1997-2016)
  Israel
  Kazakhstan
  Kyrgyzstan
  Lithuania (1992-1997) (Seimas and munipalities' councils)
  Moldova
  Montenegro
  Morocco
  Mozambique
  Namibia
  Nicaragua
  Niger
  North Macedonia
  Paraguay
  Portugal
  Romania
  Rwanda
  Serbia
  South Africa
  Spain
  Sri Lanka
  Togo
  Tunisia
  Turkey
  Uruguay

Mixed electoral systems
Mixed electoral system using closed lists for the proportional component
  Andorra
  Hungary
  Germany (mixed-member proportional representation)
  Italy
  New Zealand (mixed-member proportional representation)
 Russia
  Scotland
  Taiwan
 Wales

Majoritarian representation
Party block voting (general ticket) with a closed list

  Côte d'Ivoire  (party block voting in multi-member districts)
  Singapore (party block voting in multi-member districts)
  United States (electoral college)

See also
 Ley de Lemas
 List of democracy and elections-related topics
 Sekihairitsu
 Zweitmandat

References

External links
 Country profiles at IFES
 Open, Closed and Free Lists at Ace Project

Party-list proportional representation

Closed list


Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Ludwig Wittgenstein'ın hayatı boyunca yayımladığı tek eseridir. Gerçeklik ve dil arasındaki ilişkileri tanımlamak ve bilimin sınırlarını betimlemek amacıyla yazılmıştır. Wittgenstein kitabın notlarını I. Dünya Savaşı'nda askerlik yaparken hazırlamıştır. Ağustos 1918'de, İtalya'da savaş esiriyken tamamlamıştır. Kitap 1921'de yayımlanmış, önsözü Bertrand Russell tarafından yazılmıştır. Daha sonra 1929 yılında Wittgenstein bu eseri Cambridge Üniversitesi'nden doktora derecesi almak için kullanacaktır. Wittgenstein, felsefi hayatının ikinci döneminde bu eseri basit bularak dil oyunlarını temel alan Felsefi Soruşturmalar adlı eseriyle uğraşacaktır. Tractatus'un Wittgenstein'in dünya, gerçeklik, bilim, etik, mantık, din, mistisizm, felsefe, dil ve düşünce alanında yaptığı önermeler ve bu önermeleri açıklamak için kullandığı alt-önermelerden oluşan bir yapısı vardır. G. E. Moore, kitabın adının Baruch Spinoza'nın Tractatus Theologico-Politicus adlı eserine atıfta bulunduğunu söyler.

Dil Anlayışı
Eser önermelerin doğruluk koşullarını ve anlam-doğruluk ilişkisini sorgulamaktadır. Bu eserde Wittgenstein'a göre dil: fikirleri, dinleri, bilimleri ve metafiziği içinde barındırır. Metafizik ve akıl dışı unsurları dışarıda bırakacak, belirsizliklerden arınmış bir dil inşa etmek gerektiğini söyler. Bu dil, dünyayı yansıtan bir resimden farksız olmalıdır. İnsan, dil tarafından sınırlandırılır. Dilin sınırları aynı zamanda dünyanın sınırlarıdır. Dilin sınırları geçildiğinde metafizik alanına girilir. Tractatus'ta ideal bir fizik dili kurmanın olanağı tartışılır. Yazar bütün dillerin ortak özünü tasvir eder ve gerçekliği dil yoluyla ortaya koyabilmeyi tartışır. Bunun için mantık dili oluşturmanın imkanını soruşturur.

Temel Önermeler
 Dünya olup biten her şeydir. (Die Welt ist alles, was der Fall ist.)
 Olup biten, olgu olan, olayların durumunun varlığıdır. (Was der Fall ist, die Tatsache, ist das Bestehen von Sachverhalten.)
 Olguların mantıksal resmi düşüncedir. (Das logische Bild der Tatsache ist der Gedanke.)
 Bir düşünce anlamı olan bir önermedir. (Der Gedanke ist der sinnvolle Satz.)
 Bir önerme basit önermelerin doğruluk fonksiyonudur (Basit bir önerme kendinin doğruluk fonksiyonudur). (Der Satz ist eine Wahrheitsfunktion der Elementarsätze.)
 Bir doğruluk fonksiyonunun genel biçimi  şeklindedir. Bu bir önermenin genel biçimidir. (Die allgemeine Form der Wahrheitsfunktion ist:  Dies ist die allgemeine Form des Satzes.)
 Üzerinde konuşulamayan konuda susmalı. (Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muß man schweigen.)

Etkiler
Eser Wittgenstein'in Gottlob Frege ve Bertrand Russell'ın felsefeleriyle etkileşim içindeki, oldukça sıkı mantık bağlantılarıyla kurulu dil felsefesinin bir özetidir. Kitabın anlaşılması kendi deyimiyle "bu konular üzerinde düşünenlerce" mümkündür. Genel olarak dilin bir görünümünü serimlemek ve mantıksal yapıyı anlamak amacındadır. Yayımlandıktan sonra birçok felsefe çevresinin ilgisini çekmiştir. Özellikle Viyana Çevresi'nden Rudolf Carnap ve Moritz Schlick kitap ve Wittgenstein ile bağlantı içerisindeydiler. Rudolf Carnap ise Wittgenstein tarafından fikirlerini intihal etmekle suçlanmıştır. Daha sonra Wittgenstein Viyana Çevresi'ne ilgisini bırakacaktır. Kitap hakkında Macar yönetmen Peter Forgacs'ın bir adet filmi bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Derek Jarman'ın Wittgenstein adlı filmi de kitaptan fikirleri içerir.

Kitaptan Önermeler
Nesne yalındır.

İmge bir olgudur.

Dünya olgulara bölünür.

İmgenin sunduğu anlamıdır.

Biçim yapının olanağıdır.

Dünya durum olan her şeydir.

Toplam edimsellik dünyadır.

Bir apriori gerçek imge yoktur.

Dünya olguların toplamıdır, şeylerin değil.
İşlerin durumları birbirlerinden bağımsızdır.

Uzay, zaman ve renk nesnelerin biçimleridir.

İmgenin öğeleri imgede nesnelerin yerini alır.

Uzaysal nesne sonsuz uzayda yatıyor olmalıdır.

Nesneler imgede imgenin öğelerine karşılık düşer.

Töz durum olandan bağımsız olarak kalıcı olandır.

İmgesel biçimi imgeyi temsil edemez; onu gösterir.

İmge biçimini taşıdığı her edimselliği temsil edebilir

Ama imge kendini sunma biçiminin dışında sunamaz.

İmge mantıksal bir uzaydaki olanaklı bir durumu sunar.

Olgunun yapısı işlerin durumlarının yapılarından oluşur.

Olgu imge olabilmek için imgelenenle ortaklaşa bir şey taşımalıdır.

Nesne değişmez, kalıcı olandır; betileniş değişen, kalıcı olmayandır.

Nesneler dünyanın tözünü oluştururlar. Buna göre bileşik olamazlar.

Yalnızca imgeden onun gerçek mi yoksa yanlış mı olduğu bilinemez.

Tüm nesneler verili olsa, bununla işlerin olanaklı tüm durumları da verilmiş olur.

Eğer nesneyi biliyorsam, işlerin durumunda bulunmasının tüm olanaklarını da bilirim.

İmgede ve imgelenende bir şey özdeş olmalıdır ki bütününde biri ötekinin bir imgesi olabilsin.

Bir nesneyi bilebilmek için, hiç kuşkusuz dışsal değil ama tüm içsel özelliklerini bilmeliyim.

İmge mantıksal uzaydaki olgu durumlarını, işlerin durumlarının kalıcı olmasını ve olmamasını temsil eder.

İmge nesnesini dışarıdan sunar (duruş noktası sunma biçimidir), bu yüzden imge nesnesini doğru ya da yanlış olarak sunar.

Mantıkta hiçbir şey olumsal değildir: Şey işlerin durumunda bulunabilirse, işlerin durumunun olanağı şeyde önceden yargılanmış olmalıdır.

Her şey bir bakıma işlerin olanaklı durumlarının bir uzayındadır. Bu uzayı boş düşünebilirim, ama şeyi uzay olmaksızın değil.

Karmaşıklar üzerine her bildirim onların bileşenleri üzerine bir bildirime ve karmaşıkları tam olarak betimleyen tümcelere ayrışır.

Dünyanın hiçbir tözü olmasaydı, o zaman bir tümcenin anlamının olup olmadığı bir başka tümcenin doğru olup olmadığına bağımlı olurdu.

Kaynakça

1921 kitapları
Ludwig Wittgenstein kitapları
Felsefe kitapları
Analitik felsefe
Çağdaş felsefe
Felsefi mantık

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus


Rico Henry Mark Lewis (Bury, 21 de novembro de 2004) é um futebolista profissional inglês que atua como lateral-direito ou médio-defensivo. Atualmente joga no Manchester City, clube da Premier League.

Carreira
Lewis juntou-se à formação do Manchester City com 8 anos de idade. Na temporada 2021–22, foi capitão da equipa Sub-18 dos Citizens. Foi convocado para a equipa principal na primeira jornada da Premier League 2022–23, mas não saiu do banco. Estreou-se pelo City na semana seguinte, a 13 de agosto de 2022, substituindo Kyle Walker aos 82 minutos de uma vitória caseira por 4–0 sobre o Bournemouth.

A 5 de outubro de 2022, Lewis estreou-se na Liga dos Campeões, numa vitória do Manchester City por 5–0 sobre o Copenhaga, entrando como substituto de João Cancelo, jogador com o qual já foi comparado. A 2 de novembro, marcou o seu primeiro golo na competição, numa vitória por 3–1 sobre o Sevilla; com 17 anos e 346 dias, Lewis tornou-se, simultaneamente, o mais jovem de sempre a marcar na sua primeira titularidade na Liga dos Campeões e o mais jovem marcador do City na competição. Durante a partida, Lewis foi alvo de insultos racistas por parte de adeptos do Sevilla.

Em 2022, foi nomeado para o Prémio Jovem Personalidade Desportiva do Ano da BBC. Em maio de 2023, sagrou-se campeão da Premier League com o Manchester City.

Carreira Internacional
Em setembro de 2021, Lewis marcou por Inglaterra Sub-18 num empate por 1–1 contra o País de Gales.

A 21 de setembro de 2022, Lewis fez a sua estreia por Inglaterra Sub-19, numa vitória por 2–0 sobre Montenegro, num jogo de qualificação para o Campeonato Europeu Sub-19 de 2023.

A 17 de março de 2023, Lewis foi pela primeira vez convocado por Inglaterra Sub-21. Estreou-se a 28 de março, numa derrota por 2–1 frente à Croácia, em Craven Cottage.

Vida Pessoal
Natural de Bury, Grande Manchester, Lewis é de ascendência jamaicana. Em jovem, Muhammad Ali era um dos seus ídolos. O seu pai, Rick Lewis, é campeão britânico de Muay Thai.

Estatísticas de Carreira

Títulos
 Manchester City
 Liga dos Campeões da UEFA: 2022–23
 Supercopa da UEFA: 2023
 Premier League: 2022–23
 Copa da Inglaterra: 2022–23

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 2004
Naturais de Bury (Grande Manchester)
Futebolistas da Inglaterra
Futebolistas do Manchester City F.C.

Rico Lewis


Hidden Nightmares er en dansk kortfilm fra 2010 med instruktion og manuskript af Petros Goritsas.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Kim Sønderholm - Martin
 Christa Waldorff - Maria
 Elliott Crosset Hove - Elliott
 Birthe Hove - Eva
 John Sigve Strand - Læge
 Jarl Robert Kristiansen - Patient
 Mihalis Monemvasiotis - Patient

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Hidden Nightmares


Râul Cetății este un curs de apă, al cincilea afluent de dreapta (din treisprezece) al râului Almaș, care este, la rândul său, al patrusprezecelea afluent de stânga din treizeci ai râului Someș.

Generalități
Râul Cetății izvorește din Munții Meseș, se găsește integral în Județul Sălaj, are un singur afluent semnificativ (de stânga), râul Stana, trece prin trei localități, Stana, Petrinzel, Almașu, vărsându-se în aval de localitatea Almașu.

Bibliografie
 Administrația Națională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - București
 Institutul de Meteorologie și Hidrologie - Rîurile României - București 1971

Hărți
 Harta interactivă - județul Sălaj
 Trasee turistice județul Sălaj

Alte referințe
 Harta interactivă - județul Sălaj

Bazinul Someș
Geografia județului Sălaj
Gospodărirea apelor
Râuri din județul Sălaj
Râuri din România

Râul Cetății


Azerbajdžan
 Sarisu (jezero), najveće jezero u Azerbajdžanu
 Sarisu, Bejlagan, selo u Bejlaganskom rajon
 Sarisu, Gejgelj, selo u Gejgeljskom rajon
 Sarisu, Imišli, selo u Imišlinskom rajon

Iran
 Sari Su, Iran, selo u Centralnom distriktu, Poldaštanski okrug, Zapadni Azerbajdžan

Kazahstan
 Sarisu (rijeka), rijeka u Kazahstanu
 Sarisu (rajon), rajon u Kazahstanu

Rusija
 Volga, najduža rijeka u Europi.

Ukrajina
 Sarisu, Aljma, pritoka rijeke Aljme

Turkmenistan
 Sumbar, rijeka u Turkmenistanu

Turska
 Sarısu, Kahta, pokrajina Adıyaman
 Sarısu, Çubuk, pokrajina Ankara
 Sarısu, Kiraz, pokrajina İzmir

Sarisu


O Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo Urbano é a competição de ciclismo urbano mais importante a nível mundial. É organizado anualmente desde 2017 pela União Ciclista Internacional (UCI), após uma restructuração das disciplinas do Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo de Montanha e da incorporação ao programa olímpico do ciclismo BMX estilo livre.

Neste campeonato incluíram-se as seguintes disciplinas de ciclismo de montanha e de ciclismo BMX:
 Trials (TRI) – masculino 20″, masculino 26″, feminino de 20″/26″ e equipa mista (não incluído na edição de 2021).
 BMX estilo livre – parque (masculino e feminino) e, desde 2019, rua (masculino e feminino).
 Cross-country por eliminação (XCE) – masculino e feminino (realizado só nas duas primeiras edições).

Edições
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Medalheiro histórico
Atualizado em Montpellier 2021.

Ver também
Ciclismo nos Jogos Olímpicos
Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo de Montanha
Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo BMX
Campeonato Mundial de Trials
Campeonato Europeu de Ciclismo BMX Estilo Livre

Notas

Referências

Urbano
Ciclismo urbano

Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo Urbano


Baranbatır, Yakutların Tengricilik inancında evleri koruyan bir tanrıdır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk Mitolojisi
 Tengricilik

Yakut mitolojisi

Baranbatır


ආහාර විද්‍යාව යනු ආහාර පිළිබඳ සියළු තාක්ෂණික පැතිකඩයන් පිළිබඳ අවධානය යොමු කිරීමයි. එය අස්වැන්න නෙලා ගැනීම, පරිභෝජන තත්වයට එය පිළියෙල කර ගැනීම, පිසීම හා අවසානයේ පරිභෝජනය දක්වා දිවේ. එය කෘෂි අංශයේ එක් විද්‍යාවක් වන අතර පෝෂණය අංශයෙන් එක් විද්‍යාවක් වන අතර පෝෂණය අංශයෙන් එය කැපී පෙනෙන විද්‍යාවකි.

මෙම විද්‍යාවට අයත් කාර්යයන් අතර අලුත් කාර්යයන් අතර අලුත් ආහාර වර්ග නිෂ්පාදනය ඒවා නිෂ්පාදනයට අවශ්‍යය ක්‍රියා පටිපාටිය සැලසුම් කිරීම, එම නිෂ්පාදනයට අඩංගු දෑ එය මිළ දී ගැනීමේ හෝ පරිභෝජන කිරීමේ හැකියාව, සේම රසායනික හා ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවීන් පිළිබඳ පරීක්ෂණ ආදී සියළු දෑ සම්බන්ධ වේ. විශ්ව විද්‍යාල මට්ටමේ දී , ආහාර විද්‍යාව විෂයේ දී කෙලින්ම අධ්‍යයනය කරනුයේ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදනය හා එහි අඩංගු දෑ පිළිබඳවයි. ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ මෙම විෂය උගන්වනු ලබනුයේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල තුළය.

ආහාර විද්‍යා විෂයට අඩංගු උපකරණ

·	ආහාර වල සුරක්ෂිත බව - ආහාර තුළින් වැලදෙන රෝග කාරකයන් වළක්වා ගැනීම.

·	ආහාර වල ඇති ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවීන් පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය - ආහාර ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවීන් අතර ධන හා රින (සුභ හා අසුභ) ක්‍රීයාවලීන්

·	ආහාර කල්තබාගැනීම - ආහාර වල ගුණය අඩුනොවන ලෙස

·	ආහාර නිෂ්පාදනය - ආහාර නිෂ්පාදන ක්‍රියාවලිය

·	නිෂ්පාදනාගාර - අළුත් ආහාර නිෂ්පාදනයට

·	වෙළද පොළ අධ්‍යයනය - පාරිභෝගිකයාගේ රුචිකත්වය විමසීමට

·	ආහාර රසායන විද්‍යාව - ආහාර වල අඩංගු විවිධ අංශු හා ඒවායේ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය අධ්‍යයනය

·	ආහාරයේ අඩංගු දෑ - ආහාර පරිභෝජනයට සුදුසු තත්ත්වයට ගෙන ඒමේ ක්‍රියාවලියෙන් පසු කල්තබා ගැනීම පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය

·	හොද ආහාරයක තිබිය යුතු ගුණාත්මක බව හා පිසීම පිළිබද විද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යයනය

·	ආහාර තාක්ෂණය - ආහාර නිෂ්පාදනයේ තාක්ෂණික අංශය

·	ආහාර භෞතිකමය ස්වභාවය - ආහාරයන්ගේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය

එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඇති ප්‍රධාන සංවිධානය The Institute of food Technologist (IFT) ආහාර තාක්ෂණයන්ගේ ආයතන ලෙස හැදින්වේ. මෙහි මුලස්ථානයේ චිකාගෝ වල ඉල්ලිනොයිස් හි ඇති අතර එය අන්තර් ජාතික ආහාර විද්‍යාව හා තාක්ෂණික ආයතනයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. යුරෝපානු ජාතික විද්‍යාව හා තාක්ෂණික ආයත‍නයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. යුරෝපානු ජාතික සංවිධානය European Federation of food science and Technology ආහාර විද්‍යාව හා තාක්ෂණය පිලිබද යුරෝපානු සංවිධානය ලෙසද හැදින්වේ. මෙහි මූලික ස්ථානය නෙදර්ලන්තයේ Wageningen විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

හැරල්ඩ් මැක්ගී හා‍හෝවාර්ඩ් හිල්මන් ආහාර විද්‍යාව හා මුළු තැන්ගෙහි තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම පිළිබද ප්‍රචලිත වොක් ලියන ලදී.

2006 ඔක්තෝබර් මස ආහාර තාක්ෂණය පිළිබද ගැටළුවකදී ආහාර තාක්ෂණයන්ගේ ආයතනයේ සභාපති ඩෙනිස් අතර හෙලින්ටන් සිය  ආහාර විදයා පිළිබද අළුත්ම නිර්වචනය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඒ අනුව ආහාර විද්‍යාව යන්ත්‍ර ආහාරයන්හි ස්වභාවය අධ්‍යයනය කිරීම හා ඒවායේ ගුණාත්මක බව පිරිහීම පිළිබද භාවිතයට ගැනෙන ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක, භෞතික විද්‍යාත්මක හා යන්ත්‍ර ශීල්පීයමය ක්‍රියාවලියයි.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_science

ආහාර විද්‍යාව
ක්‍ෂුද්‍රජීවවේදය
ජීව විද්‍යාව

ආහාර විද්‍යාව (ආහාර තාක්ෂණය)


Gradele militare sunt treptele din ierarhia militară, prin care o persoană din cadrul forțelor armate poate promova de la soldat până la gradul de general sau amiral.

Gradele militare sunt un sistem  ierarhic de relații în forțele armate, poliție, servicii secrete sau a altor instituții organizate conform liniei militare. De obicei, uniforma indică rangul purtătorului prin  însemne particulare aplicate pe uniforma respectivă. Sistemele de clasare pe grade au fost recunoscute în cele mai multe istorii militare ca fiind avantajoase pentru operațiuni militare, în special în ceea ce privește logistica, comanda și coordonarea; pe măsură ce în timp, operațiunile militare au devenit mai mari și mai complexe, gradele militare au crescut și  sistemele de gradare militară în sine au devenit și ele mai complexe.

În cadrul forțelor armate moderne, utilizarea gradelor militare este aproape universală. Statele socialiste, în anumite perioade au desființat gradele militare (de exemplu, Armata Roșie 1918-1935, Armata Republicii Populare Chineze 1965–1988, și Forțele armate ale Albaniei 1966–1991), care au fost restabilite după  ce au întâmpinat dificultăți operaționale de comandă și control a forțelor armate.

Referințe

Terminologie militară

Grad militar


Le ruisseau du Carre ou ruisseau du Carré est un cours d'eau de France situé en Isère, au nord-est de Grenoble et au sud de Chambéry, dans le massif de la Chartreuse, et qui conflue avec l'Isère dans le Grésivaudan. Né au pied des falaises des rochers de Bellefont dans le massif de la Chartreuse, il porte le nom de ruisseau Bruyant jusqu'à la cascade qui lui fait quitter le plateau des Petites Roches et entrer dans le Grésivaudan où il conflue avec l'Isère.

Système hydrologique de l'Isère
Cours d'eau dans le département de l'Isère
Ruisseau du Carre

Ruisseau du Carre


NGC 7318 es un grupo de dos galaxias en colisión (NGC 7318a y NGC 7318b) pertenecientes al Quinteto de Stephan, en la constelación de Pegaso. Esas galaxias están a una distancia de 286 y 246 millones de años luz de la Tierra.

Galería de imágenes

Véase también
Quinteto de Stephan
NGC 7318A
NGC 7318B

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 SIMBAD: Nuevo Catálogo General 7318 -- Galaxia en grupo de galaxias. Datos de NGC 7318.

7318
Constelación de Pegaso
Galaxias en interacción

NGC 7318


Jimmy Jones (né le 2 juin 1930 à Birmingham et mort le 2 août 2012 à Aberdeen) était un auteur-compositeur-interprète américain.

Il est principalement connu pour ses succès Handy Man et Good Timin, tous deux atteignant le top 5 au Billboard Hot 100 et au UK Singles Chart.

Il influencera plusieurs artistes tels que Del Shannon, Frankie Valli ou James Taylor par l'utilisation d'une voix de fausset dans ses titres.

 Biographie
Jones nait à Birmingham en Alabama. Il pratique les claquettes qu'il bricole à l'aide de capsules de bouteille et chante dans son église. À l'adolescence, il déménage à New York avec ses sœurs et entre au collège George Washington.

En 1954, il rejoint le groupe de doo-wop The Berliners créé par Floyd Edmonds. Par l'intermédiaire d'Andrew Backsdale que Jones a rencontré dans son enfance à Birmingham, il réalise quelques essais et intègre le groupe en tant que chanteur principal. Le groupe se compose alors de Jones, Floyd Edmonds (baryton), Andrew Barksdale (basse), Willie Peebles et Johnny Peebles.

Successivement renommé The Spirits of Rhythm puis Sparks of Rhythm, le groupe interprète quelques titres en 1955 pour le label Apollo. Jones écrit à cette époque une première version de son futur succès Handy Man que les Sparks of Rhythm enregistreront dès 1956 alors que Jones a quitté le groupe à la suite des échecs commerciaux de leurs deux premiers singles.

Ayant pour modèle Louis Jordan, Jones crée son propre ensemble avec William Walker et Bobby Moore (tous deux ténors), Melvin Walton (baryton) et Kerry Saxton (basse). Le groupe The Savoys nait à la suite de la signature du contrat auprès du label éponyme Savoy de Herman Lubinsky et pour lequel ils enregistrent quatre titres en février 1956. Rapidement, le groupe est repéré par George Goldner, propriétaire de , qui paie Lubinsky pour les libérer de leur contrat. Ce dernier accepte la transaction mais veut conserver la propriété du nom, ce qui conduit à renommer le groupe en The Pretenders, en référence au titre des Platters. Le groupe voit le retour momentané de Andrew Backsdale pour remplacer Kerry Saxton, jusqu'à son retrait définitif en fin d'année 1956, moment choisi par Walton et Walker pour reprendre contact avec Bobby Robinson du label , un manager qu'ils avaient connu précédemment lorsqu'ils chantaient tous les deux dans le groupe The Vocaleers.

Au printemps 1957, le groupe signe auprès du label Arrow et devient The Jones Boys. C'est en septembre qu'est diffusé The Whistlin' Man, dans lequel on entend les sifflements de Otis Blackwell et qui constitue la première tentative de Jones d'enregistrer sa propre version de Handy Man.

Le groupe signe ensuite une série de contrats auprès d'autres labels entre 1958 et 1959 (, Central Records et ) mais n'obtient aucun succès notable. Jones choisit de quitter le groupe en 1959, s'estimant soumis à trop de responsabilités et fatigué des absences répétées de certains membres.

Désirant entamer une carrière solo et ayant gardé un contact avec Otis Blackwell, ils s'associent et retravaillent Handy Man. Le flûtiste souhaité par Jones étant absent lors de l'enregistrement de la démo, c'est Blackwell qui entreprit de siffler. Le titre est alors vendu à MGM puis diffusé dès septembre 1959 via sa filiale , offrant à Jones son premier succès aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni (2 au Billboard Hot 100 en 1960, classé durant 18 semaines, et 3 au UK Singles Chart).

Le succès de Handy Man provoque la sortie des anciens labels de Jones : la proximité de Whistlin' Man et Handy Man pousse Arrow à ouvrir un procès pour plagiat, Apollo publie la version des Sparks of Rhythm, Central Records presse à nouveau le dernier titre des Pretenders, Roulette (racheté entre-temps par Rama) diffuse une seconde fois le vinyle Lover/Plain Old Love et Savoy sort un inédit associé à Say You're Mine.

Quelques mois plus tard, Jones enregistre Good Timin', qui atteint la 1 position au Royaume-Uni et la 3 aux États-Unis. Handy Man et Good Timin''' se vendent tous deux à plus d'un million d'exemplaires, lui permettant d'obtenir 2 disques d'oret initiant sa première tournée au Royaume-Uni.

La suite de la carrière de Jones est plus discrète : il obtient encore trois entrées dans le classement anglais l'année suivante, dont deux entrant également au Billboard (That's When I Cried et I Told You So). Jones reste sous contrat avec Cub jusque 1962, puis enregistre pour plusieurs autres labels durant la décennie suivante (notamment Bell,  ou encore Vee-Jay).

Jones sort Grandma's Rock & Roll Party dans les années 1990, en partie en raison de sa popularité dans les cercles de Northern soul au Royaume-Uni. il inclut de nouvelles versions de Handy Man et Good Timin'.

En 2002, Sanctuary publie un double album intitulé Good Timin': The Anthology en 2002.

Jones meurt le 2 août 2012 à Aberdeen, en Caroline du Nord, à l'âge de 82 ans. Marié à Mattie, il avait deux filles et un garçon.

 Style
Jones chante avec une voix de fausset inspirée du style de Clyde McPhatter et Sam Cooke. Il introduit le fausset rock au Royaume-uni, traçant la voie des futurs succès de Del Shannon et James Taylor. Del Shannon mentionne d'ailleurs Jones et  comme ayant influencé son style. Plus tard, d'autres chanteurs utiliseront le fausset, tels que Frankie Valli des Four Seasons, Lou Christie, , Jimmy Somerville ou Barry Gibb, ce dernier citant l'influence de Shannon.

 Discographie
Une discographie exhaustive est disponible sur Discogs et 45cat.

 Albums

 Good Timin (1960)
 Handyman's Back In Town (Part II) (1977)
 Timin'' (1978)

Singles

En groupe

En solo

Références

Notes

Références

Naissance en juin 1930
Décès en août 2012
Single numéro un au Royaume-Uni
Chanteur américain du XXe siècle
Artiste d'Apollo Records
Artiste de Vee-Jay Records
Artiste de Savoy Records
Décès à 82 ans

Jimmy Jones (chanteur)


Miranda kan henvise til:

Geografi
 Miranda (delstat) – en delstat i Venezuela
 Miranda (Californien) – en by i Californien
 Miranda de Ebro - en by i Nordspanien

Film og tv
 Miranda (film) – en dansk kortfilm fra 1997
 Miranda (tv-serie) – en britisk tv-serie

Musik
 Miranda (gruppe) – fransk eurodance-gruppe med forsanger Sandra Miranda García

Personer
 Miranda (fodboldspiller) – en brasiliansk fodboldspiller (født 1984)
 Miranda (fornavn) – et fornavn
 Miranda (efternavn) – et efternavn

Teknologi
 Miranda IM - en messengerklient
 Miranda (programmeringssprog) – et programmeringssprog

Andet
 Miranda (måne) – en af Uranus' måner
 Miranda (tegneserie) – norsk tegneserie af InkaLill

Miranda


An Holcoglossum wangii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eric Alston Christenson. An Holcoglossum wangii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Holcoglossum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Holcoglossum

Holcoglossum wangii


Ricardo Álvarez (n. Veracruz, México) fue un futbolista mexicano que se desempeñaba como delantero.

En su carrera profesional jugó para los clubes Unión Deportiva Moctezuma de Orizaba, Puebla F.C. y Club Deportivo Veracruz donde terminó su carrera profesional.
Álvarez dejó un récord de máximo goleador del Puebla con 87 goles en 115 juegos jugados por 5 años de estancia con el conjunto de la angelopolis.

Biografía
Ricardo Álvarez comenzó su carrera futbolista con el club Mexicano Unión Deportiva Moctezuma de Orizaba con cual debutó en la temporada 1944/45.
Tras una temporada en el Moctezuma donde anotó 17 goles. Su carrera profesional lo llevó a Puebla F.C.. Tras la buena temporada que había tenido con el Moctezuma llegó a Puebla con mucha esperanza sobre el jugador, cual aprovechó metiendo 25 goles en la temporada 1945/46. Para la temporada 1947/48 nuevamente es el máximo goleador en el equipo con 19 goles. Tuvo una mala racha durante la temporada 1948/49 pero para la temporada 1949/50 regresa a su racha goleadora anotando 21 goles. La temporada 1949/50 fue la última del Ricardo Álvarez con el Puebla después de anunciar su salida del equipo cual sorprendió a la afición y la liga siendo el referente del equipo.

Álvarez dejó un récord de máximo goleador del Puebla con 87 goles en 115 juegos jugados por 5 años de estancia con el conjunto de la angelopolis. La temporada 1959/51 la juega en su tierra natal Veracruz con el equipo local Club Deportivo Veracruz donde no brilló como era habitual y decide retirarse ese mismo año. El hijo de Ricardo Álvarez también porto la playera del Club De Fútbol Puebla en le época de los 60s pero no llegó a brillar como lo había hecho su padre.

Trayectoria

 Álvarez dejó un récord de máximo goleador del Puebla con 87 goles en 115 juegos jugados por 5 años de estancia con el conjunto de la angelopolis.

Referencias

Futbolistas del Club Puebla en los años 1940
Futbolistas del Club Puebla en los años 1950

Ricardo Álvarez (futbolista mexicano)


Post- og telerevy er en film instrueret af Frank Paulsen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1979

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Post- og telerevy


Paris-Roubaix 2016 var den 114. udgave af cykelløbet Paris-Roubaix og det var den tredje af de store klassikere. Det var det tiende arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2016 og blev arrangeret 10. april 2016.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Søren Kragh Andersen kørte for
 Magnus Cort kørte for
 Lars Bak kørte for
 Michael Mørkøv kørte for

Ruten

Resultater

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
UCI World Tour 2016

Paris-Roubaix 2016


A 11.ª edição da clássica de ciclismo Drôme Classic (chamado oficialmente: Drôme Classic) foi uma corrida no França que se celebrou a 26 de fevereiro de 2023 sobre um percurso de 191,5 quilómetros com início e final no município de Étoile-sur-Rhône no departamento de Drôme e a região Ródano-Alpes.

A corrida fez parte do UCI ProSeries de 2023, calendário ciclístico mundial de segunda divisão, dentro da categoria UCI 1.pro e foi vencida pelo francês Anthony Perez do Cofidis. Completaram o pódio, como segundo e terceiro classificado respectivamente, o português Rui Costa do Intermarché-Circus-Wanty e o italiano Andrea Bagioli do Soudal Quick-Step.

Equipas participantes
Tomaram parte na corrida 21 equipas: 13 de categoria UCI WorldTeam convidados pela organização, 6 de categoria UCI ProTeam e 2 de categoria Continental. Formaram assim um pelotão de 140 ciclistas dos que acabaram 72. As equipas participantes foram:

Classificação final
 A classificação finalizou da seguinte forma:

Ciclistas participantes e posições finais

Convenções:
 AB-N: Abandono na etapa "N"
 FLT-N: Retiro por chegada fora do limite de tempo na etapa "N"
 NTS-N: Não tomou a saída para a etapa "N"
 DES-N: Desclassificado ou expulsado na etapa "N"

UCI World Ranking
La Drôme Classic outorgou pontos para o UCI World Ranking para corredores das equipas nas categorias UCI WorldTeam, UCI ProTeam e Continental. As seguintes tabelas são o barómetro de pontuação e os dez corredores que obtiveram mais pontos:

Referências

Ligações externas

UCI ProSeries de 2023
2023
Desporto na França em 2023

La Drôme Classic de 2023


Rafael Saraiva (São Paulo),  é um político brasileiro, filiado ao União Brasil (UNIÃO). Nas eleições de 2022, foi eleito deputado estadual por SP.

Deputados estaduais de São Paulo
Membros do União Brasil
Naturais da cidade de São Paulo

Rafael Saraiva


Mathilde Marie Adrienne Joséphine Fraiquin, née à Molenbeek-Saint-Jean le  et morte le , est une pianiste et compositrice belge.

Biographie
On lui doit plus d'une centaine de compositions qui comprennent des musiques de chansons, des pièces pour piano, de la musique de scène et des danses (valses, polkas, mazurkas...).

Elle épouse en 1876 Jules Auguste Leprévost.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1836
Naissance à Molenbeek-Saint-Jean
Compositrice belge de musique classique
Pianiste belge
Décès en mai 1917
Décès à 81 ans

Mathilde Fraiquin


Dave Hansen (born December 18, 1947) is an American Democratic politician and former state legislator.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate from 2001 through 2021, representing the 30th senatorial district.

Early life and education
Hansen was born in Green Bay, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay in 1971, marrying Jane Dessart the same year; the couple has three children.

Early career
Before being elected to public office, Hansen was a school teacher, a Teamster's Union steward, and also a truck driver for the City of Green Bay. He served on the Board of Supervisors for Brown County from 1996 to 2002.

Wisconsin State Senate
Hansen was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in November 2000. He defeated incumbent Republican Senator Gary Drzewiecki. He was re-elected in 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016. He served as the Assistant Democratic Leader from 2003 until 2016.

2011 Act 10 protests

On February 20, 2011 Hansen, along with the 13 other Democratic State Senators, fled the state to deny the State Senate a quorum on Governor Scott Walker's legislation, which, among other things, limited collective bargaining benefits for most municipal and state employees.

2011 Recall effort

Hansen was the target of a recall effort as a result of his leaving the state in an attempt to prevent the Senate from being able to vote on Act 10. On July 19, however, he handily defeated his challenger and retained his seat.

A chronology of the recall effort:

 February 25: The committee "Recall Dave Hansen" officially registered with the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board. 13,582 signatures were required by April 26, 2011 to force a recall election. He was considered to be one of the three potentially vulnerable Democratic senators.
 April 21: Recall supporters filed about 18,872 signatures with Wisconsin's Government Accountability Board.
 June 10: Wisconsin's Government Accountability Board certified the recall election.
 July 19: Hansen defeated his recall challenger, Republican David VanderLeest, receiving 66% of the vote.

Committees
 Committee on Agriculture, Small Business and Tourism
 Committee on Senate Organization
 Committee on Transportation and Veterans Affairs
 Committee on Universities and Technical Colleges
 Joint Committee on Legislative Organization

Decision to retire

On January 9, 2020, Hansen announced he would retire after his term ended in January 2021.  He cited the desire to spend more time with his wife, young grandchildren and older grandchildren as they start their careers.  Hansen said he raised the possibility of retirement during a family get together over the Christmas holiday.  He says his family was very supportive of the decision.  Hansen said he was proud of bipartisan cooperation to pass legislation covering senior care and the Silver Alert system.  But he also lamented the declining trend away from bipartisanship.

Senator Hansen's nephew, De Pere alderman Jonathon Hansen, ran in his uncle's senate district following his retirement.

References

External links
 Senator Dave Hansen at the Wisconsin State Legislature
 constituency site
 Dave Hansen official campaign site

 Campaign 2008 campaign contributions at Wisconsin Democracy Campaign

1947 births
County supervisors in Wisconsin
Living people
Politicians from Green Bay, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Green Bay alumni
Democratic Party Wisconsin state senators
21st-century American politicians

Dave Hansen (politician)


The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, known as the PhyloCode for short, is a formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature. Its current version is specifically designed to regulate the naming of clades, leaving the governance of species names up to the rank-based nomenclature codes (ICN, ICNCP, ICNP, ICZN, ICVCN).

The PhyloCode is associated with the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN). The companion volume, Phylonyms, establishes 300 taxon names under PhyloCode, serving as examples for those unfamiliar with the code. RegNum is an associated online database for registered clade names.

The PhyloCode regulates phylogenetic nomenclature by providing rules for deciding which associations of names and definitions are considered established, which of those will be considered homonyms or synonyms, and which one of a set of synonyms or homonyms will be considered accepted (generally the one registered first; see below). The PhyloCode only governs the naming of clades, not of paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups, and only allows the use of specimens, species, and apomorphies as specifiers (anchors).

Phylogenetic nomenclature

Unlike rank-based nomenclatural codes (ICN, ICZN, ICNB), the PhyloCode does not require the use of ranks, although it does optionally allow their use. The rank-based codes define taxa using a rank (such as genus, family, etc.) and, in many cases, a type specimen or type subtaxon. The exact content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes.

In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on a phylogenetic hypothesis.

The following are examples of types of phylogenetic definition (capital letters indicate specifiers):
 Node-based: "the clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of A and B" or "the least inclusive clade containing A and B"
 Branch-based: "the clade consisting of A and all organisms or species that share a more recent common ancestor with A than with Z" or "the most inclusive clade containing A but not Z."  Another term for definitions of this sort is stem-based.
 Apomorphy-based: "the clade originating with the first organism or species to possess apomorphy M inherited by A".
Other types of definition are possible as well, taking into account not only organisms' phylogenetic relations and apomorphies but also whether or not related organisms are extant.

The following table gives examples of phylogenetic definitions of clades that also have ranks in traditional nomenclature. When all the specifiers in a node-based definition are extant specimens or species, as in the following definition of Mammalia, a crown group is defined. (The traditional definition of Mammalia is less restrictive, including some fossil groups outside of the crown group.)

Versions

The draft of the PhyloCode has gone through several revisions. All older versions can be found on the website. , the current version is 5, finalized January 2014 and released 21 January 2019.

Organization

As with other nomenclatural codes, the rules of the PhyloCode are organized as articles, which in turn are organized as chapters. Each article may also contain notes, examples, and recommendations.

Table of contents
 Preface (including Literature Cited)
 Preamble
 Division I. Principles
 Division II. Rules
 Chapter I. Taxa (Arts. 1–3)
 Chapter II. Publication (Arts. 4–5)
 Chapter III. Names (Arts. 6–8)
 Chapter IV. Clade Names (Arts. 9–11)
 Chapter V. Selection of Established Names (Arts. 12–15)
 Chapter VI. Provisions for Hybrids (Art. 16)
 Chapter VII. Orthography (Arts. 17–18)
 Chapter VIII. Authorship of Names (Art. 19)
 Chapter IX. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers (Art. 20)
 Chapter X. Species Names (Art. 21)
 Chapter XI. Governance (Art. 22)
 Glossary
 Tables
 Appendices
 Appendix A. Registration Procedures and Data Requirements
 Appendix B. Code of Ethics

Registration database

Once implemented, the PhyloCode will be associated with a registration database, called RegNum, which will store all clade names and definitions that will be considered acceptable. It is hoped that this will provide a publicly usable tool for associating clade names with definitions, which could then be associated with sets of subtaxa or specimens through phylogenetic tree databases (such as TreeBASE).

As currently planned, however, the most important use of RegNum will be the decision of which one of a number of synonyms or homonyms will be considered accepted: the one with the lowest registration number, except in cases of conservation.

History

(Condensed from the PhyloCode'''s Preface.)

The PhyloCode grew out of a workshop at Harvard University in August 1998, where decisions were made about its scope and content. Many of the workshop participants, together with several other people who subsequently joined the project, served as an advisory group. In April 2000, a draft was made public on the web and comments were solicited from the scientific community.

A second workshop was held at Yale University in July 2002, at which some modifications were made in the rules and recommendations of the PhyloCode. Other revisions have been made from time to time as well.

The First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting, which took place from July 6, 2004, to July 9, 2004, in Paris, France, was attended by about 70 systematic and evolutionary biologists from 11 nations. This was the first open, multi-day conference that focused entirely on phylogenetic nomenclature, and it provided the venue for the inauguration of a new association, the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN). The ISPN membership elects the Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature (CPN), which has taken over the role of the advisory group that oversaw the earlier stages of development of the PhyloCode.

The Second International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from June 28, 2006, to July 2, 2006, at Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.).

The Third International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from July 21, 2008, to July 22, 2008, at Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada).

The PhyloCode went into effect with the publication of the companion volume, Phylonyms, in 2020.

Influences

The theoretical foundation of the PhyloCode was developed in a series of papers by de Queiroz and Gauthier, which was foreshadowed by earlier suggestions that a taxon name could be defined by reference to a part of a phylogenetic tree.

Whenever possible, the writers of the PhyloCode used the draft BioCode, which attempted to unify the rank-based approach into a single code, as a model. Thus, the organization of the PhyloCode, some of its terminology, and the wording of certain rules are derived from the BioCode. Other rules are derived from one or more of the rank-based codes, particularly the botanical and zoological codes. However, many rules in the PhyloCode have no counterpart in any code based on taxonomic ranks because of fundamental differences in the definitional foundations of the alternative systems.  Note that the PhyloCode dos not govern the names of species, whose rules of availability, typification, etc., remain regulated by the requisite traditional Code of Nomenclature.

Future

The PhyloCode is controversial and has inspired considerable criticism from some taxonomists.
While inaugurated decades ago, the number of supporters for widespread adoption of the PhyloCode is still small, and the publication of PhyloCode literature stagnated in the mid 2010s, before accelerating after publication of Phylonyms in 2020. To be valid under the PhyloCode, taxon names and associated definitions should be registered in the RegNum database.

A list of published critiques of the PhyloCode can be found on the ISPN's website, as can a list of rebuttals.

References

Literature

  including proposal, but without the 150 supporting signatories

External links
 The PhyloCode (current draft)
 International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature
 International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature Discussion Forum
 Literature on Phylogenetic Nomenclature
RegNum, the official repository of phylogenetic clade names generated according to the rules of the PhyloCode
 Christine Soares, What's in a Name?, Scientific American, (November 2004).
 PhyloCode debate
What if we decide to rename every living thing on Earth?, Discovery Magazine'', (04.28.2005)

Nomenclature codes

PhyloCode


Cherrapunji es una localidad de la India, en el distrito de East Khasi Hills, estado de Meghalaya.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 1498  a 51 km de la capital estatal, Shillong, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Clima
Con un clima monzónico, Cherrapunji es el lugar del planeta que registra las mayores precipitaciones anuales, llegando a registrar para el intervalo 1973-2005 una media de 12.028 mm anuales.

También podemos destacar que en esta localidad se ha registrado la mayor precipitación mensual del mundo con 9.360 mm de lluvia en julio de 1861, así como la mayor precipitación anual jamás registrada por un observatorio en la tierra, con 26.460 mm entre agosto de 1860 y julio de 1861.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 12 392 habitantes.

Referencias

Localidades de Meghalaya

Cherrapunji


التهاب الجنبة أو ذات الجنب أو الشوصة أو البرسام  يعرف بأنه التهاب الجنبة، والجنبة هي البطانة المحيطة بالرئتين. توجد العديد من الأسباب المحتملة لالتهاب الجنبة ولكن الأخماج الفيروسية (حالات العدوى الفيروسية) المنتشرة من الرئتين إلى الجوف الجنبي تعد السبب الأكثر شيوعًا. في كل مرة تتوسع فيها الرئتان من أجل تنفس الهواء تحتك فيها الطبقات الجنبية الملتهبة ببعضها البعض. وقد يؤدي ذلك إلى ألم حاد عند التنفس يعرف بـ ألم الصدر المتعلق بالتهاب الجنبة.

الأعراض و العلامات
العرَض المميز لالتهاب الجنبة هو ألم مفاجئ حاد طاعن مصحوب بشيء من الحرقة أو قد يكون ألمًا غير حاد في الجهة اليمنى أو اليسرى من  أثناء التنفس و خاصة أثناء عمليتي الشهيق والزفير. يكون الألم أسوأ أثناء التنفس العميق، السعال، العطاس والضحك، ومن المحتمل أن يبقى الألم في موضع واحد أو ينشر ليصل الكتف أو الظهر، وفي بعض الأحيان قد يصبح ألمًا خفيفًا مستمرًا غير حاد.

بالاعتماد على المسبب، ألم الصدر المتعلق بالتهاب الجنبة قد يكون مصحوبًا بعدد من الأعراض منها:
 سعال جاف.
 حمّى و قشعريرة.
 تنفس ضحل سريع.
 ضيق التنفس.
 تسرّع القلب.
 التهاب الحلق يليه ألم وتورم في المفاصل.

المسببات

من الممكن أن يتم اجتياح وملأ جوف الجنبة بسائل، هواء، وجسيمات من أجزاء مختلفة من الجسم مما يعقد إلى حد ما عملية التشخيص. تعد العدوى الفيروسية (فيروس كوكساكي، لقاحات الفيروسة المخلوية الثانوية، الفيروسة مضخمة الخلايا، فيروس غدى، فيروس إبشتاين-بار، نظيرة النزلة الوافدة، النزلة الوافدة) أكثر مسبب شائع لالتهاب الجنبة، مع ذلك، هناك عدة ظروف أخرى من الممكن أن تسبب ألم الصدر المتعلق بالتهاب الجنبة:
 تسلخات .
 اضطرابات المناعة الذاتية مثل الذأب الحمامي المجموعي (أو الذأبة الحمامية الناتجة عن استخدام بعض الأدوية)، التهاب الكبد ذاتي المناعة والتهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي.
 العدوى البكتيريا التي يصاحبها الالتهاب الرئوي والسل.
 إصابات الصدر (اختراق الصدر بأداة حادة).
 حمى البحر المتوسط العائلية: حالة موروثة تسبب غالبا حمى وتورم في البطن أو الرئتين.
 عدوى طفيلية أو فطرية.
 جراحة قلبية وخاصة عملية مجازة الشريان التاجي.
 مشاكل قلبية (الإقفار، التهاب التامور).
 أمراض الأمعاء الالتهابية.
 سرطان الرئة وسرطان الغدد الليمفاوية.
 أمراض رئوية أخرى مثل: الليفية الكيسية، الساركويد، داء الأسبست، وورم المتوسطة.
 استرواح الصدر.
 الانصمامات الرئوية وهي عبارة عن جلطات دموية تدخل الرئتين.

عندما يمتلأ الفراغ بين الطبقتين الجنبيتين بالسوائل في حالة انصباب الجنبة فإن هذا الامتلاء يساعد على تخفيف ألم الصدر، لكنه في المقابل سيؤدي إلى ضيق في التنفس؛ وذلك لأن الرئتين بحاجة إلى مساحة للتوسع أثناء التنفس. بعض حالات ألم الصدر الجنبي تكون مجهولة السبب، مما يعني أن السبب الدقيق للألم لا يمكن تحديده.

التشخيص
تشخيص التهاب الجنبة أو أي حالة تتعلق بالجنبة يستند إلى السيرة الطبية للمريض، الفحص البدني والفحوصات التحليلية. الهدف من ذلك استبعاد أي مصادر أو احتمالات أخرى للأعراض التي يحملها المريض، ولإيجاد مسبب التهاب الجنبة للتمكن من علاج الاضطراب الكامن.

الفحص البدني
يستخدم الطبيب السماعات ليستمع إلى تنفس المريض، هذه الطريقة تكشف عن أي أصوات غير اعتيادية في الرئتين. شخص يعاني من التهاب الجنبة قد تكون الطبقات الجنبية لديه ملتهبة، وهذا ينتج عنه صوت خشن مشخبط عند احتكاك هذه الطبقات مع بعضها البعض أثناء التنفس. يطلق على ذلك الاحتكاك الجنبي.

الفحوصات التحليلية
بالاعتماد على نتائج الفحص البدني قد تنجز بعض الفحوصات التحليلية في بعض الأحيان.

فحص الصدر بالأشعة السينية
عند فحص الصدر بالأشعة السينية يتم أخذ صورة للقلب و الرئتين، قد تظهر الصورة هواء أو سائلًا في الجوف الجنبي، قد تظهر أيضًا مسبب التهاب الجنبة (التهاب الرئتين، ضلع مكسور، ورم رئوي).

في بعض الأحيان تؤخذ صورة الأشعة السينية أثناء استلقاء المريض على الجهة التي تؤلمه، هذه الطريقة في التصوير تظهر سائلًا بالإضافة إلى تغيرات في موقع هذا السائل التي لا تظهر في صورة الأشعة السينية التي أخذت بشكل عامودي.

فحص الدم
تكشف فحوصات الدم عن عدوى بكتيرية أو فيروسية، التهاب الرئتين، حمى الروماتيزم، الانصباب الرئوي، و الذئبة.

تخطيط كهربية القلب ECG
اختبار تخطيط كهربية القلب يحدد إذا كانت حالة القلب تساهم في أعراض المرض أم لا.

الصوت الفائق
يستخدم تخطيط الصدى موجات الصوت لابتكار صورة معينة. قد تظر الصورة موقع السائل في الصدر. قد تظهر أيضًا بعض الأورام. بالرغم من أن الصوت الفائق قد يكشف عن السائل المتواجد حول الرئتين (المعروف بالانصباب الرئوي) فإن موجات الصوت تتشتت بسبب الهواء. لذلك لا يمكن الحصول على صورة فعلية للرئتين من خلال تخطيط الصدى.

التصوير المقطعي

يوفر التصوير المقطعي صورة منتجة عن طريق الحاسوب للرئتين والتي يظهر من خلالها أكياس من السائل، تظهر الصورة أيضًا علامات لالتهاب الرئة، خراج الرئة أو ورم في الرئة.

التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي
يعرف التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي أيضًا بالرنين المغناطيسي النووي الجزيئي الحيوي، تستخدم هذه التقنية أحجار مغناطيس فائقة القوة لعرض الانصباب الجنبي والأورام.

الغاز الدموي الشرياني
عند أخذ عينة من الغاز الدموي الشرياني تؤخذ كمية قليلة من الدم في الشريان، وغالبًا تؤخذ عينة الدم من المعصم، بعد ذلك يتم التحقق من مستويات الأكسجين وثاني أكسيد الكربون في عينة الدم، هذا الاختبار يبين مدى قدرة الرئتين على أخذ الأكسجين.

بزل الصدر

عندما يشتبه بوجود كمية زائدة من السائل في الجوف الجنبي أو حدوث انصباب رئوي، وعند التأكيد على موقع هذا السائل يتم أخذ عينة من هذا السائل للفحص. الإجراء الذي يتم من خلاله إزالة السائل من الصدر يطلق عليه بزل الصدر التحليلي. يقوم الطبيب بإدراج إبرة صغيرة أو أنبوب بلاستيكي مجوف في جدار الصدر و يقوم بسحب السائل.

يمكن إجراء بزل الصدر في مكتب الطبيب أو في المشفى. يستخدم الصوت الفائق هنا لإرشاد الإبرة إلى السائل المحصور في تجاويف صغيرة حول الرئتين.

بزل الصدر لا يسبب مضاعفات خطيرة في العادة. بشكل عام تؤخذ صورة الأشعة السينية للصدر بعد إجراء بزل الصدر لتقييم حالة الرئتين. بعض المضاعفات المحتملة لبزل الصدر تتضمن ما يلي:
 نزيف وكدمات في المنطقة التي أدخلت الإبرة فيها. في بعض الحالات النادرة قد يحدث النزيف داخل أو حول الرئتين. يستطيع الطبيب أن يستخدم أنبوبًا صدريًا لتصريف الدم. بعض الحالات تستلزم الجراحة.
 عدوى في المنطقة التي أدخلت فيها الإبرة.
 تعرض الكبد أو الطحال للأذى (في حالات نادرة).
 ألم.
 استرواح الصدر أو تراكم الهواء في الجوف الجنبي مصحوبًا برئة منهارة جزئيًا أو كليًا. في بعض الأحيان يدخل الهواء من خلال الإبرة أو تقوم الإبرة بصنع ثقب في الرئة. في العادة يسد هذا الثقب بنفسه. و لكن في بعض الأحيان قد يتراكم الهواء حول الرئة مما يؤدي إلى انهيارها. بإمكان أنبوب صدري أن يتخلص من الهواء مما يعطي الرئة الفرصة للتوسع مجددًا.

يتم فحص سائل الرئة تحت المجهر لتقييم وجود أي نوع من المواد الكيميائية فيه، ولتقييم لونه وبنيته. درجة صفاء السائل تعد مؤشرًا للعدوى، السرطان، أو أي حالات أخرى قد تسبب تراكم السائل أو الدم في الجوف الجنبي.

الخزعة

إذا اشتبه بوجود السل أو السرطان يتم أخذ قطعة صغيرة من الجنبة لفحصها تحت المجهر للوصول إلى تشخيص حاسم و نهائي. يطلق على هذا الإجراء الخزعة.

يوجد العديد من الأساليب المتاحة لأخذ عينة من النسيج:
 إدراج إبرة في الجلد الموجود على الصدر لإزالة عينة صغيرة من الطبقة الخارجية للجنبة.
 إدراج أنبوبة صغيرة مصحوبة بضوء في نهايتها (منظار داخلي) بهدف رؤية الجنبة. من الممكن الحصول على قطع صغيرة من النسيج من خلال المنظار الداخلي.
 إزالة عينة من الجنبة من خلال قص صغير في جدار الصدر. يطلق على هذا الإجراء خزعة الجنبة المفتوحة. يتم هذا الإجراء في العادة إذا كانت العينة المأخوذة من إبرة الخزعة صغيرة جدًا لغايات التشخيص الدقيق.

العلاج
للعلاج عدة أهداف منها:
 تخفيف الأعراض.
 إزالة السائل، الهواء أو الدم من الجوف الجنبي.
 علاج الحالات الكامنة.

الإجراءات
إذا كانت كمية السائل، الهواء أو الدم كبيرة، ولم يتم إزالتها من الجوف الجنبي؛ فإن ذلك سيؤدي إلى انهيار الرئة.

فيما يلي الإجراءات الجراحية المستخدمة لسحب السائل، الهواء أو الدم من الجوف الجنبي:
 أثناء إجراء بزل الصدر يتم إدراج إبرة أو أنبوب بلاستيكي رفيع و مجوف خلال أضلاع الصدر من الخلف حتى تصل جدار الصدر. يتم إرفاق محقان لسحب السائل خارجًا من الصدر. يمكن من خلال هذا الإجراء إزالة 6 أكواب (1.5 لتر) من السائل في كل مرة.
 عند تواجد كميات أكبر من السائل لإزالتها فإنه يتم إدراج أنبوب صدري في جدار الصدر. يقوم الطبيب بحقن مسكن موضعي للألم في منطقة جدار الصدر بعيدًا عن موقع السائل. يتم بعد ذلك إدراج أنبوب بلاستيكي في الصدر بين ضلعين. ثم يتم وصل الأنبوب إلى صندوق يقوم بامتصاص السائل خارجًا. تؤخذ صورة أشعة سينية للصدر للتحقق من موقع الأنبوب.
 يتم استخدام أنبوب صدري أيضًا لسحب الدم والهواء من الجوف الجنبي. وقد يَستغرق هذا الإجراء عدة أيام. يتم ترك الأنبوب في مكانه، وعادة يضطر المريض للبقاء في المشفى أثناء هذا الإجراء.
 يحتوي السائل في بعض الأحيان على صديد سميك أو جلطات دموية، وقد يكون السائل جلدًا أو قشرًا صلبًا. لتحطيم الصديد أو الجلطات الدموية يقوم الطبيب باستخدام أنبوب صدري لوضع أدوية معينة في الجوف الجنبي. يطلق على هذه الأدوية اسم الفبرينات. إذا لم يتمكن الطبيب من التخلص من الصديد والجلطات الدموية وسحبها خارجًا فإنه يضطر إلى إجراء جراحة.

الأدوية
يتم استخدام زوجين من الأدوية لتخفيف أعراض التهاب الجنبة:
 الباراسيتامول (أسيتامينوفين)، أو عوامل مضادة للالتهاب للتحكم بالألم وتقليل الالتهاب. الاندوميتاسين (الاسم التجاري إندوسين) هو الدواء الوحيد الذي تمت دراسته فيما يتعلق بتخفيف التهاب الجنبة.
 أشربة السعال القائمة على الكودايين للتحكم بالسعال.
قد يكون لاستخدام الكورتيكوستيرويد (يستخدم في علاج التهاب الجنبة السلي) التاكروليموس (أو بروجراف)، والميثوتريكسات (تريكسال أو روماتريكس) دور في علاج التهاب الجنبة. ما زالت الحاجة لدراسات لإضافية لهذه الأدوية قائمة.

تغييرات في نمط المعيشة
الإجراءات التالية قد تكون مفيدة في إدارة التهاب الجنبة:
 الاستلقاء على الجانب المؤلم قد يعطي المريض شعورًا أفضل بالراحة.
 التنفس بعمق والسعال للتخلص من المخاط مما يساعد على تخفيف الألم، وإلا فإن التهاب الرئتين قد يحدث.
 الحصول على قسط من الراحة.

معالجة المسبب
من الناحية المثالية فإن معالجة التهاب الجنبة يتم عن طريق القضاء على المسبب الكامن للمرض.
 إذا كان السائل الجنبي حاملًا لعدوى فإن العلاج سيشمل استخدام المضادات الحيوية وسحب السائل. إذا كانت العدوى هي السل أو عدوى فطرية فإن العلاج سيتضمن استخدامًا مطولًا للمضادات الحيوية أو الأدوية المضادة للفطريات.
 إذا كان السائل ناتجًا عن أورام في الجنبة فإنه من المحتمل أن يتراكم السائل من جديد وبصورة سريعة بعد أن تم سحبه. تقوم الأدوية المضادة للأورام بمنع أي تراكم إضافي للسائل. إذا لم تجدي هذه الأدوية نفعًا فإن الطبيب يقوم بسد الجوف الجنبي. يطلق على هذا الإجراء الالتصاق الجنبي. يشمل الالتصاق الجنبي على تصريف كل السوائل خارج الصدر باستخدام أنبوب صدري. يتم إدراج مادة من خلال الأنبوب الصدري إلى الجوف الجنبي. تعمل هذه المادة على إثارة سطح الجنبة مما يسبب ضغط الطبقتين الجنبيتين وانغلاقهما مما يعني عدم توفر أي مساحة لتراكم أي سائل إضافي.
 تستخدم المعالجة الكيميائية أو المعالجة بالأشعة لتقليص حجم الأورام.
 فشل القلب الاحتقاني يسبب تراكم السائل. علاج ذلك يتضمن عادة أدوية مدرة للبول.
علاج التهاب الجنبة يعتمد على أصل المرض ومنشئه، ويتم وصفه من قبل الطبيب اعتمادًا على تقييمه الفردي. الباراسيتامول (أسيتامينوفين)، والأموكسيسيلين، أو أي مضادات حيوية أخرى مستخدمة في حالة العدوى البكتيرية هي علاجات شائعة تمنح من قبل الأطباء للتخفيف من الأعراض الأولية للمرض والألم في الصدر. أما حالات العدوى الفيروسية فإنها تشفى وحدها دون الحاجة إلى تدخل طبي. تستخدم الأدوية الغير ستيرويدية المضادة للالتهابات (يفضل استخدام الإندوميتاسين) كعوامل للتحكم بالألم.

علاجات بديلة
عدد من الأدوية البديلة أو التكميلية يتم فحصها ودراستها للإلمام بخصائصها المضادة للالتهاب، واستخدامها في علاج التهاب الجنبة. حتى هذا الوقت لم يتم تجريب هذه المركبات سريريًا.
مستخلصات من الطب الشعبي البرازيلي وخاصة من زهرة تعرف ب (Wilbrandia ebracteata (Taiuia والتي أظهرت أثرًا في تقليل الالتهاب في الجوف الجنبي للفئران. يعتقد أن المستخلص يثبط من عمل الإنزيم سيكلوكسجيناز-2 مشابهًا في ذلك الأدوية الغير ستيرويدية المضادة للالتهاب. بنفس الطريقة قام مستخلص من جذور النبتة البرازيلية Petiveria alliacea بتقليل الالتهاب في فأر مصاب بالتهاب الجنبة. قلل المستخلص أيضًا من الإحساس بالألم عند الفئران. وجد أن مستخلصًا مائيًا من زهرة معروفة باسم Solidago chilensis يقلل أيضًا من الالتهاب في فأر مصاب بالتهاب الجنبة.

وجد أيضًا أن محلولًا مستخلصًا من جذر نبتة الصقلاب الدرني له آثار علاجية على التهاب الجنبة.

مشاكل ذات صلة بالتهاب الجنبة
غالبًا ما يكون التهاب الجنبة مرافقًا لبعض المضاعفات التي تؤثر على الجوف الجنبي.

الانصباب الجنبي
تحدث بعض حالات التهاب الجنبة بسبب وجود كميات زائدة من السائل الذي يتراكم في الجوف الجنبي. يطلق على هذه الحالة اسم الانصباب الجنبي. عادة ما يرغم تراكم السائل الطبقتين الجنبيتين على الانفصال لذلك لا تحتك الطبقتان ببعضهما البعض أثناء التنفس. ويؤدي ذلك إلى تخفيف ألم التهاب الجنبة. من الممكن لكمية كبيرة من السائل الزائد أن تدفع الجنبة باتجاه الرئة أو جزء من الرئة مما يؤدي إلى انهيارها. وقد يؤدي ذلك إلى صعوبة في التنفس.

في بعض حالات الانصباب الجنبي يحتوي السائل على عدوى مما يؤدي إلى تحوله إلى خراج. يطلق على هذه الحالة اسم دُبَيلَة.

الانصباب الجنبي الذي يتضمن مواد مفرزة فبرينية في السائل من الممكن أن يطلق عليه اسم التهاب الجنبة الفبريني. يحدث التهاب الجنبة الفبريني أحيانًا في المراحل المتأخرة من التهاب الجنبة. من الممكن أن يحدث عند الشخص انصباب جنبي وإن لم يكن يعاني من التهاب الجنبة. من الأمثلة على ذلك: التهاب الرئة، السكتة القلبية، السرطان أو الانصمام الرئوي كل هذه الحالات قد تؤدي إلى انصباب الجنبة في غياب الاتهاب الجنبي.

استرواح الصدر
وكما يتراكم السائل في الجوف الجنبي فإنه من الممكن أيضًا تراكم الهواء أو الغاز فيه، يطلق على هذه الحالة اسم استرواح الصدر، تنشأ هذه الحالة من حدوث إصابة حادة في الرئة أو مرض رئوي مثل الانتفاخ، كما أن الإجراءات التي يتم تطبيقها على الرئتين مثل: الجراحة، سحب السائل باستخدام الإبرة، فحص الرئة من الداخل باستخدام ضوء وكاميرا أو التهوية الميكانيكية تسبب أيضًا استرواح الصدر.

العَرَض الأكثر شيوعًا لاسترواح الصدر هو ألم مفاجئ في جانب واحد من الرئة وضيق في التنفس، قد يعرض استرواح الصدر الرئة إلى الضغط مما قد يسبب انهيارها، وإذا كان استرواح الصدر صغيرًا فإنه قد يذهب ويعالج من تلقاء نفسه، أما إذا كان كبيرًا فإن أنبوبًا صدريًا يوضع خلال الجلد وجدار الصدر ليصل إلى الجوف الجنبي لإزالة الهواء منه.

تدمي الجنبة
من الممكن أن يتجمع الدم أيضًا في الجوف الجنبي، يطلق على هذه الحالة اسم تدمي الجنبة، و السبب الأكثر شيوعًا لهذه الحالة هو تعرض الصدر لضرر ناتج من قوة خشنة أو جراحة أجريت للقلب أو الصدر. قد يحدث تدمي الجنبة أيضًا عند الأشخاص الذين يعانون من سرطان الرئة أو سرطان الجنبة.

قد يعرض تدمي الجنبة الرئة للضغط وبالتالي انهيارها، و قد يسبب أيضًا حالة تعرف بالصدمة وهي حالة من نقص انسياب الدم الواصل إلى الأعضاء.

التنبؤ
التهاب الجنبة واضطرابات الجنبة المتعددة قد تكون خطيرة وجدية بالاعتماد على المسبب لها، بشكل عام فإن علاج التهاب الجنبة له تنبؤ ممتاز ولكن إن تركت الحالة بلا علاج فإنه قد تسبب مضاعفات حادة وبليغة، فعلى سبيل المثال قد يؤدي ترك الحالة إلى مرض القلب الرئوي والذي يظهر فيه التهاب الذراعين والساقين والذي يؤدي بدوره إلى فشل القلب، إذا تم تشخيص الظروف التي سببت التهاب الجنبة أو أي اضطرابات أخرى متعلقة بالجنبة على نحو ملائم وتم علاجها مبكرًا فإنه من المتوقع أن يشفى المريض شفاء تامًا. قد تطلب المساعدة من طبيب الرئة (طبيب أخصائي بالجهاز التنفسي في المملكة المتحدة وأستراليا) من أجل معالجة السبب الكامن والتخطيط لإعادة تأهيل المريض بعد معالجة المرض.

قضايا مشهورة
 غايوس ماريوس, a Roman general and statesman, according to فلوطرخس died of the disease in 86 BC.
 قسطنطينيوس الثالث, a co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire, died of pleurisy according to سيدونيوس أبوليناريس on 2 September 421 AD.
 شارلمان, known as the father of Europe for reuniting much of the Roman Empire, died in 814 of pleurisy.
 إرنان كورتيس died on 2 December 1547, from a case of pleurisy at the age of 62.
 كاترين دي ميديشي, sometimes described as a "wife of one King and mother of three others", died from pleurisy in January 1589 at age 69.
 باليسترينا, Renaissance composer died in 1594 from pleurisy in Rome, Italy.
 بنجامين فرانكلين developed fever and chest pain in 1790 at the age of 84. He spent ten days in bed having severe cough and difficulty breathing. He died after an abscess in his lungs burst from what is believed to be a case of pleurisy.
 أديلايد من ساكس-ماينينغن, wife of ويليام الرابع ملك المملكة المتحدة, contracted pleurisy in 1819, it is, in part, blamed for her difficulty in bearing children throughout that year.
 Juan O'Donojú, last viceroy of the Spanish colony of إسبانيا الجديدة (المكسيك), died of pleurisy on 8 October 1821.
 فرانسيس سكوت كي died in 1843 at the home of his daughter Elizabeth Howard in Baltimore from pleurisy.
 ويليام ووردزوورث, the English poet, died of pleurisy aged 80 on 23 April 1850.
 دومينيك سافيو, Italian Saint, became ill and died in March 1857 at the age of 14 possibly from pleurisy.
 تاد لينكولن, the fourth and youngest son of Abraham Lincoln, had difficulty breathing when lying down and had to sleep sitting in a chair, and probably died of pleuristic attack, which was believed to be tubercular in origin, in Chicago in 1871 at age 18.
 Prince Alemayehu, son of Emperor تيودروس الثاني of Ethiopia died in Britain of pleurisy in 1879 at age 18.
 Devil Anse Hatfield, a leader of the Hatfield clan and the driving force of the infamous Hatfield–McCoy feud, had a bout of pleurisy in the 1890s (probably 1897).
 فرانك س. ستانلي, former Peerless Quartet member, died of pleurisy at the age of 41 on 12 December 1910 at his home in Orange.
 مهاتما غاندي suffered from pleurisy during the الحرب العالمية الأولى, while he was in London.
 إنريكو كاروسو was struggling with pleurisy in the winter of 1920-1921, which contributed to his premature death.
 إيلي بوين, a circus performer known as "The Legless Wonder", or "The Legless Acrobat", died on 2 May 1924 in Coney Island of pleurisy days before a scheduled performance for The Dreamland Circus at age 79.
 إيريك ساتيه, French composer, died from pleurisy at l'Hôpital St. Joseph on 1 July 1925.
 رودلف فالنتينو, an international movie star, died in August 1926 from pleurisy at age 31.
 ألفين كرانزلاين was the first athlete to win four Olympic titles in a single event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. He suffered from bouts of pleurisy at the end of 1927 and died from a related complication early 1928 at the age of 51.
 توماس هاردي, English novelist and poet, became ill with pleurisy and died of related causes in 1928 at age 87.
 آنا بافولوفا, one of the world's most famous ballerinas, died unexpectedly of pleurisy at age 49 at the Hotel des Indes in The Hague in January 1931,
 Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., a Broadway impresario, who was credited with staging several hit musicals including Show Boat (1927), died on 22 July 1932 of pleurisy after a lung infection at age 65.
 دوايت وايت, a starting defensive end for the بيتسبورغ ستيلرز, was hospitalized with pleurisy in نيو أورلينز (لويزيانا) while the team prepared for  in January 1975. White, who lost 20 pounds while hospitalized, checked out the morning of the game, and played nearly every defensive snap of the Steelers' 16-6 victory over the مينيسوتا فايكنج. White scored the game's first points on a safety when he downed Vikings quarterback Fran Tarkenton in his own end zone in the second quarter. Shortly after the game concluded, White was readmitted to the hospital and missed the Steelers' flight back to Pittsburgh.
 كينجي ميازاوا, a Japanese poet and writer, suffered from chronic pleurisy and died of pneumonia in September 1933 at age 37.
 Nino Manfredi, prominent actor in the commedia all'italiana genre, was given three months to live for his bilateral pleurisy in 1937. He eventually survived and died at age 83 in 2004.
 Sir روبرت تشييزيبرو, inventor of فازلين, suffered pleurisy in his 50s and is said to have treated it by rubbing his whole body with petroleum jelly.
 Colonel إدوارد هاوس died on 28 March 1938 in New York City, following a bout with pleurisy. The Colonel was President وودرو ويلسون's advisor, particularly in the area of foreign affairs, including the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
 جورج الخامس ملك المملكة المتحدة suffered from pleurisy in his later life.
 إليزابيث فريمان, a suffragist and civil rights activist, best known for a report for the الجمعية الوطنية للنهوض بالملونين on the إعدام جيسي واشنطن died of pleurisy in February 1942.
 كارسون ماكولرز, author of القلب صياد وحيد, was diagnosed with influenza and pleurisy in 1944.
 رينغو ستار, former البيتلز drummer and solo artist, had chronic-pleurisy at age 13 in 1953.
 Basil Sydney, the British actor died of the condition in 1968.
 ليبرون جيمز, an American professional basketball player, was diagnosed with pleurisy after being admitted to the Cleveland Clinic in October 2005 with complaints about chest pain during practice.
 كين غريفي جونيور, an American professional baseball player, complained of soreness in the chest and, after a تصوير الصدر بالأشعة السينية, was diagnosed with pleurisy in April, 2007.
 Shin Dongho, former يو كيس member, was diagnosed with pleurisy in mid-October 2012.
 England cricketer James Southerton, the oldest person to appear in the inaugural Test, against Australia in Melbourne in 1876-77 when he was 49 years old, and still the oldest Test debutant, died not long after his brief taste of Test cricket, succumbing to pleurisy on 16 June 1880, aged 52.
 إدموند هوسرل, a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology died of a form of pleurisy on 27 April 1938.

المراجع

الوصلات الخارجية

 The Lung Association of Canada explanation of Pleurisy (also available in French)

أعراض وعلامات الجهاز التنفسي
أمراض غشاء الجنب
اضطرابات الرئتين
التهابات
مصطلحات طبية

التهاب الجنبة


Fimmti Bítillinn er óformlegur titill sem hefur verið notaður yfir fólk sem hefur á einum tímapunkti verið meðlimur Bítlanna eða átt sterk tengsl við John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, og Ringo Starr. Hugtakið "fimmti Bítilinn" birtist fyrst í blöðum fljótt eftir að hljómsveitin hlaut heimsfrægð á árunum 1963–64. Meðlimir sveitarinnar hafa komið með sínar skoðanir á því hverjum mætti lýsa með titlinum:

 McCartney sagði í tvö skipti að "ef einhver væri fimmti Bítillinn", þá væru það umboðsmaðurinn Brian Epstein (í viðtali við BBC árið 1997) og framleiðandinn George Martin (í minningargrein árið 2016).
 Þegar Bítlarnir voru vígðir inn í Frægðarhöll rokksins árið 1988 sagði Harrison að það væru einungis tveir sem væru "fimmti Bítillinn": umboðsmennirnir Derek Taylor og Neil Aspinall.

Uppruni titilsins má rekja til ársins 1964 þegar bandaríski plötusnúðurinn Murray the K lýsti sjálfum sér sem "fimmta Bítilinn" vegna mikillar umfjöllunar hans um þá í útvarpsþættinum sínum. Aðrir sem hafa verið nefndir "fimmti Bítillinn" eru upprunalegi trommuleikarinn þeirra Pete Best, bassaleikarinn Stuart Sutcliffe, og hljómborðsleikarinn Billy Preston.

Tilvísanir

Bítlarnir

Fimmti Bítillinn


سجن إدلب المركزي هو سجن سوري صغير، يقع شمال البلاد بمدينة إدلب التي تبعد عن دمشق بحوالي 350 كم.
 تبلغ طاقة استيعاب هذا السجن 250 سجينا.
 هذا السجن مخصص لسجناء الحق العام.

سجون سورية
معالم إدلب

سجن إدلب


43804 Peterting este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
43804 Peterting este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Lutz Dieter Schmadel și Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,21 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 7,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 43001-44000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

43804 Peterting


Giuseppe Pericu () a fost un om politic italian, membru al Partidului Democrat, membru al Camerei Deputaților între anii 1994 și 1996 și primar al orașului Genova între anii 1997 și 2007.

Note

Legături externe
 Parlamentarul Giuseppe Pericu

Nașteri în 1937
Nașteri pe 20 octombrie
Decese în 2022
Decese pe 13 iunie
Deputați italieni
Primari italieni
Oameni din Genova

Giuseppe Pericu


Samuel Pulido Serrano (* 18. Juni 1983 in Priego de Córdoba) ist ein spanischer Biathlet.

Samuel Pulido lebt in Jaca. Der Soldat begann 2005 mit dem Biathlonsport, zwei Jahre später rückte er in den Nationalkader Spaniens auf. Er startet für den Militärsportverein E.M.E.M. und wird von Jordan Pentchew trainiert. Seine ersten internationalen Einsätze hatte er im Rahmen der Militär-Skiweltmeisterschaften 2006 in Andermatt, wo er 74. des Sprintrennens wurde. Auch 2007 startete er in Võru bei den Militär-Skiweltmeisterschaften und wurde unter anderem mit Sergio Gimeno, Luis Hernando und José Ramón Navarro Pérez 16. des Militärpatrouillenlaufes. 2007 gab der Spanier in Cesana San Sicario sein Debüt im Europacup, dem späteren IBU-Cup, und wurde 71. eines Einzels. Es dauerte bis 2011, dass er bei einem Sprint in Bansko als 23. erstmals Punkte gewann und zugleich seine bislang beste Platzierung in der zweithöchsten Rennserie erreichte. Früh in der Saison 2008/09 bestritt Pulido in Hochfilzen seine ersten Rennen im Weltcup und kam auf die Plätze 119 im Sprint und 121 im Einzel. Seine besten Weltcup-Ergebnisse erreichte der Spanier im Rahmen der Weltmeisterschaften 2012 in Ruhpolding, seiner ersten großen internationalen Biathlon-Meisterschaft. Im Sprint erreichte er als 100. seine erste Top-100-Platzierung, verpasste aber noch ein erstes zweistelliges Resultat, das er dann mit Rang 99 im Einzel schaffte.

Weltcupstatistik

Weblinks

Biathlet (Spanien)
Spanier
Geboren 1983
Mann
Spanischer Meister (Biathlon)

Samuel Pulido Serrano


Marco Aurélio (født 10. februar 1952) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldtrænere fra Brasilien

Marco Aurélio


{{Taksobitki
| ad = Büyük kızgözü
| resim = Coreopsis gigantea.jpg
| alem = Plantae
| bölüm = Magnoliophyta (Kapalı tohumlular)
| sınıf = Magnoliopsida (İki çenekliler)
| takım = Asterales
| familya = Asteraceae (Papatyagiller)
| oymak = Heliantheae
| cins = Coreopsis (Kızgözü)
| tür = C. gigantea
| ikili_ad = Coreopsis gigantea
| ikili_ad_yazar = (Kellogg) H.M. Hall
| dış_bağlantılar =
}}Büyük kızgözü''' (Coreopsis gigantea''), Asteraceae familyasından anavatanı Kaliforniya olan bir bitki türü.

Gövdesi 1–2 m uzunluğunda ve 4–10 cm çapındadır. Parlak yeşil yaprak ve çiçekler gövdenin üst tarafını örter, kalan kısmı çıplaktır. Papatya benzeri sarı çiçekleri 6–20 cm arasında değişir.

Drenajı iyi olan yerleri tercih eder. Kuraklıktan etkilenir. Ancak aşırı suya toleranslı değildir. Yazın az miktardaki su, gelişimi için yeterlidir.

Dış bağlantılar

Heliantheae
Kaliforniya florası
Meksika florası
1873'te tanımlanan bitkiler

Büyük kızgözü


Kamrun Nahar Putul (falecida a 21 de maio de 2020) foi uma política de Bangladesh.

Biografia
Putul serviu como membro do Jatiya Sangsad representando o círculo eleitoral de Bogura-Joypurhat, num assento reservado para mulheres, de 1996 a 2001.

Putul era casada com Mustafizur Rahman, também um legislador da Liga Awami eleito em 1973. Ela morreu após sofrer com complicações da COVID-19 a 21 de maio de 2020, durante a pandemia do COVID-19 em Bangladesh.

Mulheres de Bangladesh na política
Nascidos na década de 1950
Mortos em 2020
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Kamrun Nahar Putul


Gutowo may refer to:

Gutowo, a sub-camp of Stutthof concentration camp
Gutowo, Brodnica County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Gutowo, Toruń County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Gutowo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)

See also
Gutow (disambiguation)
Gutów (disambiguation)

Gutowo