La síntesis de Paal-Knorr es un método de síntesis orgánica en el que se originalmente se obtenían furanos a partir de 1,4-dicetonas y se extendió su uso a síntesis de pirroles y tiofenos. Se reportó inicialmente de forma independiente por los químicos alemanes Carl Paal y Ludwig Knorr en 1884. [1] [2] A pesar de la síntesis de Paal-Knorr ha tenido un uso generalizado, el mecanismo no se entendió hasta que fue aclarada por V. Amarnath et al. en la década de 1990.
. Aunque la síntesis de Paal-Knorr ha tenido una gran variedad de usos, los mecanismos no fueron conocidos hasta que fueron reportados por Amarnath et al. en los 1990's.

La síntesis de furanos requiere sólo la 1,4-dicetona en catálisis ácida:

La síntesis de pirrol requiere además una amina primaria:

Y la síntesis de tiofeno requiere la presencia de pentasulfuro de tetrafósforo:

Mecanismos

Mecanismo de la síntesis del furano
La síntesis de furanos catalizada por ácidos procede por protonación de un carbonilo el cual es atacado por el tautómero enol del otro carbonilo. La deshidratación del hemiacetal da el furano resultantes. El mecanismo de la síntesis de Paal-Knorr del furano fue reportado en 1995 por Amarnath y sus colaboradores [3]. El trabajo de Amarnath trabajo mostró que las configuraciones d,l-racémico y meso de las 3,4-dietil-2 ,5-fenildionas reaccionan a diferentes tasas de variación. En el mecanismo comúnmente aceptado, estas dionas se modifican a través de un intermedio enólico común, lo que significa que los isómeros meso y d, l-racémicos ciclizarían a la misma velocidad a la que se forman a partir de un intermedio común. Esto implica que la ciclización tiene que ocurrir en una etapa concertada con la formación de un enol. Así, el mecanismo se propuso de manera de que se produzca un ataque del carbonilo protonado con la formación de enol.

Mecanismo de la síntesis de pirroles
El mecanismo de la síntesis del pirrol fue investigado por Amarnath  en el año 1991. [4] Su trabajo sugiere que el carbonilo protonado es atacado por la amina para formar el hemiaminal. La amina ataca al carbonilo para formar un derivado de 2,5-dihidroxitetrahidrofurano que sufre de deshidratación para dar el correspondiente pirrol sustituido. La reacción normalmente procede  en condiciones de ácidos próticos o de Lewis, con una amina primaria. El uso de hidróxido de amonio o de acetato de amonio (según lo informado por Paal) da el pirrol sin sustitución en N.

Mecanismo de la reacción en tiofeno
La síntesis de tiofeno se logra a través de un mecanismo muy similar a la síntesis de furanos. La dicetona inicial se convierte en una  ti r lo tanto favorecen la reacción. Los primeros postulados hacia el mecanismo de la síntesis de Paal-Knorr de furanos sugieren que el tiofeno se obtuvo mediante la sulfuración del producto furánico. Campaigne y Foye demostraron que el tratamiento de furanos aislados de la síntesis de Paal-Knorr para furanos con pentóxido de fósforo dieron resultados inconsistentes con el tratamiento de 1,4-dicarbonilos con pentóxido de fósforo, lo que descartó la sulfuración de un mecanismo de furano y sugiere que la reacción a través de la sulfuración de un dicarbonilo.

Aplicaciones

La reacción de Paal-Knorr es muy versátil. En todas las síntesis casi todos los dicarbonilos pueden convertirse en su heterociclo correspondiente. R2 y R5 pueden ser H, alquilo o arilo. R3 y R4 pueden ser H, arilo, alquilo, o un éster. En la síntesis de pirrol (X = N), R1 puede ser H, arilo, alquilo, amino o hidroxilo. [7]
Diversas condiciones se pueden utilizar para llevar a cabo estas reacciones, la mayoría de los cuales son suaves. La síntesis de Paal-Knorr de furanos normalmente se lleva a cabo bajo condiciones ácidas acuosas con ácidos próticos como ácido sulfúrico o ácido clorhídrico, o también en condiciones anhidras con un ácido de Lewis como agente deshidratante. Algunos agente deshidratantes comunes son el pentóxido de fósforo, anhídridos, o cloruro de zinc. La síntesis de pirrol requiere una amina primaria en condiciones similares; también el amoníaco (o sales de amonio) puede ser utilizado. La síntesis de tiofenos requiere un agente sulfurante que suele funcionar también como deshidratante , por ejemplo el  pentasulfuro de fósforo, el reactivo de Lawesson,o sulfuro de hidrógeno.

Tradicionalmente, la reacción de Paal-Knorr ha tenido un alcance limitado por la disponibilidad de 1,4-dicetonas como precursores sintéticos. Los métodos actuales de productos químicos han ampliado en gran medida la accesibilidad de estos reactivos, y las variaciones de la Paal-Knorr permiten ahora una gran variedad de precursores empleados. La reacción de Paal-Knorr es considerada también limitada por las condiciones de reacción duras, como el calentamiento prolongado de ácido, que puede degradar las funciones sensibles en muchos potenciales precursores de furano. Los métodos actuales permiten condiciones más suaves que se pueden evitar por completo el calentamiento, incluyendo ciclizaciones con microondas.

Variaciones
Se han reportado varios sustitutos de compuestos 1,4-dicarbonílicos. Mientras que estos sustitutos tienen diferentes estructuras de un 1,4-dicarbonilo, sus reacciones ocurren a través de mecanismos muy similares a la de la Paal-Knorr.

β-Epoxicarbonilos
Se ha reportado que los β-epoxycarbonilos han ciclizado a furanos. En este procedimiento se puede utilizar un compuesto carbonílico β,γ-insaturado como material de partida, el cual puede ser epoxidado. El epoxicarbonilo resultante puede ser ciclado a un furano en condiciones ácidas o básicas.

1,4-Diol-2-inos

Los sistemas alqu-2-ino-1,4-diol  también se han utilizado para sintetizar furanos. Utilizando paladio, un 1,4-diol-2-ino puede ser isomerizado a la correspondiente1,4-dicetona in situ y luego deshidratarlo a su  correspondiente furano. [9] La relevancia de esta modificación es que presenta rendimientos significativamente mayores a los del Paal-Knorr y los alqu-2-ino-1,4-dioles son más accesibles de sintetizar.

Acetales
Los acetales han demostrado su utilidad como materiales de partida para la reacción de Paal-Knorr. Un diacetal a 3 enlaces de distancia (un 2,5-dihidroxioxolano) se puede convertir exactamente en las mismas condiciones que una 1,4-dicetona en el heterociclo correspondiente.

Paal-Knorr asistida por microondas
Otra variación ha sido la introducción de la radiación de microondas para mejorar la reacción de Paal-Knorr. Las condiciones convencionales  para la Paal-Knorr implican calentamiento prolongado de ácidos fuertes para impulsar la deshidratación durante un período de varias horas. El empleo de microondas ha demostrado que las reacciones se producen en minutos y en frascos abiertos a temperatura ambiente.

Reacciones relacionadas
También se han reportado una síntesis de pirazoles por medio de 1,3-dicarbonilos e hidracinas, hidrazidas o semibicarbazidas. Esta síntesis se produce a través de un mecanismo de condensación similar a la Paal-Knorr, sin embargo, si una hidrazina sustituida se utiliza, el resultado es una mezcla de regioisómeros.
Una reacción similar es la síntesis de pirroles de Knorr. Para sintetizar imidazoles, se utiliza una reacción similar a Paal Knorr por medio de un precursor análogo a una 1,4-dicetona (Síntesis de Robinson-Gabriel).

Aplicaciones sintéticas
En 2000,  Trost y sus colaboradores informaron de una síntesis formal del antibiótico roseofilina. La ruta de Trost para sintetizar el núcleo macrocíclico de la roseofilina, como otros, se basó en una síntesis de Paal-Knorr para obtener el pirrol fusionado. [13] El calentamiento de la 1,4-dicetona con acetato de amonio en metanol con alcanfor, ácido sulfónico y 4 tamices moleculares produjeron el pirrol sin N-sustitución. Este pirrol se encontró que era inestable, por lo que fue tratado con cloruro de etoximetoxicloruoro de trimetilsililo (SEM-Cl) para el pirrol protegido antes de su aislamiento.

En 1982, Hart y colaboradores reportaron una síntesis para un macrociclo que contiene dos anillos fusionados de furano utilizando una síntesis de Paal–Knorr. Esto se realizó reflujando ácido p-toluenosulfónico en benceno y se deshidrogenaron las 1,4-dicetonas a sus respectivos furanos para así obtener los furanos deseados.

Referencias

Síntesis de heterocíclicos
Ciencia y tecnología de Alemania del siglo XIX
Alemania en 1884
Ciencia de 1884

Síntesis de Paal-Knorr


El Thalos es un río ficticio que en El Silmarillion, obra póstuma del escritor británico J. R. R. Tolkien, es el segundo de los seis afluentes que fluyen al Gelion en Ossiriand desde las Montañas Azules, empezando a contarlos desde el norte, es decir desde aguas arriba, entre el Ascar y el Legolin.

Llegada de los hombres a Occidente
El valle del río Thalos es importante en la historia ficticia de los hombres en el legendarium de Tolkien. Después de algo más de trescientos años desde la llegada de los noldor a Beleriand, Finrod Felagund durante una cacería junto a Maglor y Maedhros, hijos de Fëanor, decidió dirigirse hacia el norte de Ossiriand. En un valle, bajo las fuentes del Thalos, vio por primera vez a los primeros hombres que llegaban a Occidente, miembros de la Casa de Bëor, allí acampados.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Ríos de Beleriand

fr:Thalos

Thalos


Aguiaria, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice sljezovki, smješten u potporodicu Bombacoideae. Jedina vrsta je sjevernobrazilski endem A. excelsa.

Izvori

Simalovke

Aguiaria


Alan Cousin (født 7. marts 1938, død 20. september 2016) var en skotsk fodboldspiller (angriber).

Cousin tilbragte størstedelen af sin karriere hos Dundee F.C., som han repræsenterede i 10 år, fra 1955 til 1965. Her var han med til at vinde det skotske mesterskab i 1962. Han repræsenterede desuden Hibernian og Falkirk.

Titler
Skotsk mesterskab
 1962 med Dundee

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Skotland
Fodboldspillere fra Dundee F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Hibernian F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Falkirk F.C.

Alan Cousin


A globalização política é o crescimento do sistema político mundial, tanto em tamanho quanto em complexidade. Esse sistema inclui governos nacionais, suas organizações governamentais e intergovernamentais, bem como elementos independentes do governo da sociedade civil global, como organizações não governamentais internacionais e organizações de movimentos sociais. Um dos aspectos-chave da globalização política é o declínio da importância do estado-nação e a ascensão de outros atores no cenário político. A criação e existência das Nações Unidas é considerada um dos exemplos clássicos de globalização política.

A globalização política é uma das três principais dimensões da globalização comumente encontradas na literatura acadêmica, sendo as outras duas a globalização econômica e a globalização cultural.

Definições
William R. Thompson a definiu como "a expansão de um sistema político global e suas instituições, nas quais as transações inter-regionais (incluindo, mas certamente não se limitando ao comércio) são gerenciadas". Valentine M. Moghadam a definiu como "uma tendência crescente para o multilateralismo (no qual as Nações Unidas desempenham um papel fundamental), para um emergente 'aparato estatal transnacional' e para o surgimento de organizações não-governamentais nacionais e internacionais que atuam como vigilantes dos governos e aumentaram suas atividades e influência". Manfred B. Steger, por sua vez, escreveu que "refere-se à intensificação e expansão das inter-relações políticas em todo o mundo". A definição mais longa de Colin Crouch é a seguinte: "A globalização política refere-se ao crescente poder das instituições de governança global, como o Banco Mundial, o Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) e a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Mas também se refere à disseminação e influência de organizações não-governamentais internacionais, organizações de movimentos sociais e redes de defesa transnacionais que operam além das fronteiras e constituem uma espécie de sociedade civil global." Finalmente, Gerard Delanty e Chris Rumford a definem como "uma tensão entre três processos que interagem para produzir o complexo campo da política global: geopolítica global, cultura normativa global e redes policêntricas".

Metodologia
Salvatore Babones, discutindo fontes usadas por estudiosos para estudar globalizações políticas, observou a utilidade do Europa World Year Book para dados sobre relações diplomáticas entre países, publicações do Instituto Internacional de Estudos Estratégicos, como The Military Balance, para questões militares, e a publicação do governo dos EUA, Patterns of Terrorismo Global para questões de terrorismo.

A globalização política é medida agregando e ponderando dados sobre o número de embaixadas e altos comissários em um país, o número de membros do país em organizações internacionais, sua participação nas missões de paz da ONU e o número de tratados internacionais assinados por esse país. Esta medida foi usada por Axel Dreher, Noel Gaston, Pim Martens Jeffrey Haynes e está disponível no Instituto KOF da ETH Zurich.

Aspectos
Como a própria globalização, a globalização política tem várias dimensões e se presta a várias interpretações. Tem sido discutido no contexto de novas possibilidades emancipatórias, bem como no contexto de perda de autonomia e fragmentação do mundo social. A globalização política pode ser vista em mudanças como a democratização do mundo, a criação da sociedade civil global, e o movimento para além da centralidade do estado-nação, particularmente como o único ator no campo da política. Algumas das questões centrais para a discussão da globalização política dizem respeito ao futuro do Estado-nação, se sua importância está diminuindo e quais são as causas dessas mudanças; e entender o surgimento do conceito de governança global. A criação e existência das Nações Unidas tem sido considerada um dos exemplos clássicos de globalização política. Ações políticas de organizações não-governamentais e movimentos sociais, preocupadas com diversos temas, como a proteção do meio ambiente, é outro exemplo.

David Held propôs que a globalização política contínua pode levar à criação de uma democracia cosmopolita semelhante a um governo mundial, embora essa visão também tenha sido criticada por ser muito idealista.

Globalização Política e Estado-Nação
Há um debate acalorado sobre Globalização Política e Estado-Nação. A questão que surge é se a globalização política significa ou não o declínio do estado-nação. Os hiperglobalistas argumentam que a globalização engolfou o mundo de hoje de tal forma que as fronteiras dos estados estão começando a perder importância. No entanto, os céticos consideram isso uma ingenuidade, acreditando que o Estado-nação continua sendo o ator supremo nas relações internacionais.

Veja também

 Política global
 União supranacional

Referências

Leitura adicional

 Ougaard, M. 2004. Globalização Política: Estado, Poder e Forças Sociais. Nova York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ligações externas

 Índice KOF de Globalização

Política global
Política
Globalização
Estudos culturais

Globalização política


Mule Variations is the thirteenth studio album by American musician Tom Waits, released on April 16, 1999, on the ANTI- label. It was Waits' first studio album in six years, following The Black Rider (1993). The album was backed by an extensive tour in Europe and North America during the summer and autumn of 1999, which was Waits' first proper tour since 1987. Other promotional stops included a solo performance on VH1 Storytellers.

Mule Variations won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album and was nominated for Best Male Rock Performance for the track "Hold On". It has sold more than 500,000 copies worldwide. In 2012, the album was ranked number 416 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Reception

Upon its release, Mule Variations received widespread critical acclaim. AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated that "the album uses the ragged cacophony of Bone Machine as a starting point, and proceeds to bring in the songwriterly aspects of Rain Dogs, along with its affection for backstreet and backwoods blues, plus a hint of the beatnik qualities of Swordfish. So Mule Variations delivers what fans want, in terms of both songs and sonics" and awarded the album four out of five stars. Former Village Voice editor Robert Christgau gave the album an A− rating and praised the songwriting of Waits and his wife Kathleen Brennan, saying "together they humanize the percussion-battered Bone Machine sound, reconstituting his '80s alienation effects into a Delta harshness with more give to it." David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said that Mule Variations "restores the wizened humanity — and a more traditional sense of songcraft — to [Waits'] music," gave the album a B+ rating and concluded that Waits was "the last of the classic American tunesmiths."

Hot Press reviewer Peter Murphy described the album as "an emotionally forthright record" and called it "a record of at least two minds: scuffed rooming-house madrigals [...] contrasted with big, fat, bleeding heart ballads." Zach Hooker of Pitchfork awarded the album a 9.5 out of 10 rating, describing it as "a great album" and further saying that "sonically, it picks up where Bone Machine left off, but drops some of that album's artifice: the clattering, trebly out-back-of-the-shed sound is still here and the inexplicable presence of Primus persists." Rolling Stone said that the album "contains the most blues of any album [Tom Waits has] made" but added "the problem is that it's more of the same", describing it as "the latest installment of discourse" and awarding the album three out of five stars.

Mule Variations was a moderate commercial success. The album charted in 14 countries worldwide upon its release, including debuting at number 30 on the United States Billboard 200 and number 1 on Norway's album chart. The album was certified gold in Canada in July 2001 after selling over 50,000 copies and as of April 2009 had sold more than 500,000 copies worldwide. Mule Variations won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album at the 42nd Grammy Awards and was nominated for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance.

In 2010, Mule Variations was awarded a platinum certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 500,000 copies throughout Europe. As of 2006, sales in the United States have exceeded 440,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Track listing

Personnel
 Tom Waits - vocals (1–7, 9–16), The Voice (8), guitar (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12), piano (5, 11, 13, 15, 16), organ (3), pump organ (7), percussion (9, 10), Chamberlin (9), optigan (2)

 Andrew Borger - drums (9, 14, 16), percussion (14)
 Ralph Carney - trumpet (1), saxophone (1, 16), alto saxophone (11), bass clarinet (10), reeds (8, 9)
 Les Claypool - bass (1)
 Greg Cohen - bass (11, 12, 15), percussion (10)
 Linda Deluca-Ghidossi - violin (13)
 Dalton Dillingham III - bass (13)
 Joe Gore - guitar (3, 16)
 Chris Grady - trumpet (2, 14)
 John Hammond - blues harp (7)
 Stephen Hodges - percussion (3, 4)
 Smokey Hormel - guitar (4), dobro (7), chumbus, dousengoni (2)
 Jacquire King - programming (2, 14), recording engineer, mixing
 Larry LaLonde - guitar (1)
 Bryan "Brain" Mantia - drums (1)
 Christopher Marvin - drums (6)
 Charlie Musselwhite - blues harp (4, 12, 14, 16)
 Nik Phelps - baritone saxophone (11, 16)
 DJ M. Mark "The III Media" Reitman - turntable (8, 9, 10, 14)
 Larry Rhodes - contrabassoon (10)
 Marc Ribot - guitar (3, 9, 10, 14), lead guitar (5), guitar solo (6, 9)
 Jeff Sloan - percussion (8)
 Larry Taylor - bass (3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 16), guitar (14), rhythm guitar (5)
 Wings Over Jordan Gospel, Bali Eternal - turntable samples (10)
Technical
Oz Fritz - recording engineer, mixing
Matt Mahurin - cover photography

Christopher Marvin, the son of actor Lee Marvin, was featured as a guest drummer as a nod to Waits' membership in The Sons of Lee Marvin, a humorous secret society of Marvin look-alikes.

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

Tom Waits albums
1999 albums
Epitaph Records albums
Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album

Mule Variations


ශ්‍රී ලංකාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතයක්ව පැවති යුගයේ සිටම සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයට නතු වු මෙන්ම එය පදනම් කරගත් ආර්ථික සමාජයන් කිහිපයකින්ද සංයුක්ත වු රාජ්‍යයක් විය. දිනෙන් දිනම ආර්ථිකය තුළ සංචාරක කර්මාන්තයට තිබු ආර්ථිකමය වෑදගත්කම වැඩි වු අතර 1978 සිදුවූ ආර්ථික ලිහිල්කරනය ඵ් සදහා දැඩි සාධනීය බලපෑමක් ඇති කළේය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංචාරක කර්මාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන වර්ධනීය ලක්ෂ්‍යයක් සනිටුහන් වන්නේ මුහුද හා වෙරළ ආශ්‍රයෙනි. සිව් දෙසින්ම මුහුදෙන් වටවු කොදෙව්වක් ලෙසට පැවතීමත් රට වටා වු වෙරළ තීරයත් ඵ් සදහා බෙහෙවින් හේතු විය. ඵයිනුදු වඩාන් ආකර්ෂණීය ලෙස සංචාරක අවධානයට පාත්‍ර වනුයේ දකුණු හා නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයි. හික්කඩුව සංචාරක පුරවරය මෙයින් ලංකාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයට අයත් ලංකා සංචාරක ව්‍යපාරයේ කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානයකි. සංචාරක ව්‍යපාරය හා ඍජුව බැඳුණු ආරථිකමය පමනක් නොව සමාජීය, දේශපාලන යාන්ත්‍රනයයක් ද හික්කඩුවට හිමිවේ.

හික්කඩුවේ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය

හික්කඩුව සංචාරක පුරවරයේ සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය දෙයාකාරයකට ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.ඵනම්,
වෙරළාශ්‍රිත සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය
අභ්‍යන්තරික සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය

මෙහිදී වෙරලාශ්‍රිත සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන්ම විදේශීය සංචාරකයන් අරමුණු කරගනිමින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අතර අභ්‍යන්තරික සංචාරක කරමාන්තය දේශීය සහ විදේශීය දෙපාර්ශවයෙන්ම සංචාරකයන් කේන්ද්‍ර කර ගනිමින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. මෙහිදී හික්කඩුව සංචාරක කලාපයක් ලෙස වඩාත් ආකර්ශනයට ලක් වන්නේ විදේශීය සංචාරකයින් මූලාශ්‍ර කර ගනිමිනි.

සංචාරක ආකර්ශනීය ස්ථාන
හික්කඩුව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශය සංචාරක අවධානයට පාත්‍ර කිරීමට දැඩි ලෙස හේතුවූ ස්ථානයන් කීපයකි.

මුහුදු වෙරළ සහ ස්වාභාවික ගල් මල් උයන
සීනිගම දේවාලය
තොටගමුව රජමහා විහාරය
ධිවර වරායන්
ගංඟා, ගං මෝය සහ කලපු

අම්බලන්ගොඩ සිට ගාල්ල දක්වා දිවෙන හික්කඩුව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශයේ කි.මී.24 ක් පමණ වු දුරක් පුරා පැතිරුණ වෙරළක් පවති.. මෙම වෙරළ තිරයට සුවිශේෂි බවක් ඵක් කරන්නේ අක්කර 251ක් පුරා මුහුදු පතුලේ පැතිරී ඇති ස්වාභාවික ගල් මල් උයනයි. වෙරළ සීමාවට ආසන්න මුහුදු පත්ලේ පිහිටි බැවින් මෙය සංචාරක අවධානයට නිරන්තරයෙන් ලක් වූවකි.

දේශිය සංචාරක ගෞරවාදරයට මෙන්ම විදේශිය සංචාරක අවධානයට ද ලක් වු ඓතිහාසික වැදගත්කමකින් යුතු ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සීනිගම දේවාලය හැදින්විය හැක. ගොඩබිමට ආසන්න මුහුදේ පිහිටි දුපතක පිහිටා ඇති සීනිගම දේවාලය දේවපතිරාජ නම් කෝට්ටේ යුගයේ විසු අමාත්‍යවරයකු විසින් කරවන ලද්දකි. දෙවොල හා බැදුණු ඇදහැලි සහ විශ්වාසයන් හේතුවෙන් පොල් ගැසීම, මිරිස් ඇඹරීම වැනි කර්තව්‍යයන් සඳහා දේශිය වශයෙන්ම විශාල පිරිසක් මේ සදහා ඇදී එති. එසේම දේවොල ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශයේ ඇති දැවැන්ත වෙරළද දෙස් විදෙස් සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයට නොමදව ලක් වුවකි. සුනාමි ව්‍යසනයෙන් මෙම දෙවොලට උපද්‍රවයක් නොවීම ඒ කෙරේ ඇති අවදානය වඩාත් තීව්‍ර කිරිමට හේතු විය.

රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ඇති සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථාන අතුරින් හික්කඩුව ප්‍රාදේශිය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශයේ වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත ආගමික සිද්ධස්ථානයක් ලෙස තොටුගමුව රජමහ විහාරය හැදින්විය හැක. ඵෙතිහාසික වැදගත්කසකින් හිමි මෙම විහාරයේ ඇති දඹරන් ධාතු කරඩුව, රාජාධි රජසිංහ රජුගේ මංගල හස්තියගේ ඇත්දළ යුගල, ක්‍රි.ව.6වන සියවසට හා මහනුවර යුගයට අයත් බිතු සිතුවම් එයට පෞරාණික බවක් ගෙන දීමට හේතු සාධක වී ඇත.

මේ හැරුණු විට ,හික්කඩුව,දොඩන්දුව ධීවර වරායන්ද සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයට හේතු වි ඇත. ඒ ආශ්‍රිතව කරනා ධීවර කර්මාන්තය හා බැදුණු ආවේණික ලක්ෂණ සංචාරක අවධානයට ලක් වී ඇත.  එමෙන්ම  ෙ.ල් වත්ත,ගං මෝයද අති සුන්දර ස්ථානයකි.

සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය හා බැඳුණු කර්මාන්ත
ලංකාවේ අන් සංචාරක ප්‍රදේශයන්ට සාපේක්ෂව කර්මාන්තයන්ගෙන් සහ රැකියාවල බහුල හා ක්‍රමවත් භාවයක් හික්කඩුවේ දී දැක ගත හැක. 2006 හික්කඩුව ග්‍රාම නිලෂාරි වාර්තාවන්ට අනුව පෞද්ගලික අංෂයේ සේවා නියුක්තිය වු 4440ක පිරිසෙන් 60%ක් පමණ සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය හා බැඳුණු රැකියාවන්හි නියැලේ. 4055 ක් වු ස්වයං රැකියා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේද එයට සමාන ප්‍රතිශතයක් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය ඇසුරු කර ගනිමින් සේවා නියුක්තව සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන වෂයෙන් ගත් කළ හික්කඩුවේ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය හා බද්ධ වු මුලික කර්මාන්ත ප්‍රභවයන් මෙසේ දැක්විය හැක.
සංචාරක හෝටල්, නිවාඩු නිකේතන, හා ආපන ෂාලා
පිහිනුම් සහ බෝට්ටු සේවා
සංචාරක ප්‍රවාහන සේවා
සංචාරක මග පෙන්වන්නම්
විසිතුරු භාණ්ඩ සහ දේශීය අත්කම් භාණ්ඩ අලෙවිය
දේශීය වෛද්‍ය ක්‍රම හා සංස්කෘතික සේවා
වෙනත්

සංචාරක හෝටල්, නිවාඩු නිකේතන, හා ආපන ශාලා
මෙහිදි හික්කඩුව ප්‍රදේශීය සියළු ආර්ථික නියැදීන් අතුරින් වඩාත් ප්‍රමුක හාමහා පරිමාණ කර්මාන්තය වන්නේ සංචාරක හෝටල් සම්බන්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයයි. ලියාපදිංචි නොවු සුළු පරිමාණයේ හොටල්, නිවාඩු නිකේතන සහ ලැගුම් හල් සියයකට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වෙ. මෙහිදී මෙම හොටල් ව්‍යාපාරය තුළ සේවකයන් තුන්දහසකට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් සේවයේ නිරත වේ. මීට අමතරව ඇතම් හොටල, ආයුර්වේද මධ්‍යස්ථාන, ප්‍රවාහන සේවා, මග පෙන්වීමේ සේවා, පිහිනුම් හා බෝට්ටු සේවා ආදී සේවාවන් රුසක් සිදුකරනු ලබයි.

පිහිනුම් සහ බෝට්ටු සේවා
හික්කඩුව මුහුදු තීරය ආශ්‍රිත සුවි‍ශේෂි ස්වාභාව ධර්මයේ දායාදයක් වන ගල්මල් උයන නැරඹීම උදෙසා සකස් කරන ලද පතුළ විනිවිද පෙනෙන විශේෂිත බෝට්ටු 70කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක් පවතින අතර පිහිනුම් සහ කිමිදුම් උපකරණ සැපයීම හා ඒ සඳහා අවශ්‍ය පුහුණුව ලබාදීම සඳහා ආයතන 12ක් පමණ හික්කඩුව ප්‍රාදේශීය කොට්ඨාශය තුළ ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.

සංචාරක ප්‍රවාහන සේවා
සංචාරකයින් ජලයේදි ප්‍රවාහනයට යොදා ගන්නා බෝට්ටු සේවා හැරුණුකොට ගොඩබිම් ප්‍රවාහනය‍ට කාර්,වෑන්,බස්,ත්‍රී රෝද රථ මෙන්ම යතුරු පැදි කුලියට ලබා දෙන ස්ථාන රැසක් මේ ප්‍රදේශයේ දැකගත හැක.

සංචාරක මඟ පෙන්වන්නන්
සංචාරක මණ්ඩලයේ සමීක්ෂණයකට අනුව 2006 වසර වන විට මෙම කටයුත්තේ නියැලෙන පුද්ගලයන් සංඛ්‍යාව 430ක් පමණ වේ.විසිතුරු භාණ්ඩ හා දේශීය අත්කම් වන කැටයම් හා මූර්ති කලාවන්ද චිත්‍ර ශිල්පය ද සංචාරක කර්මාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන තැනක් උසුලයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
හික්කඩුව

බාහිර සබැදි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංචාරක මණ්ඩලයේ නිල වෙබ් පිටුව

හික්කඩු‍වේ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය


El corchete de Dirac es una generalización del corchete de Poisson, desarrollado por Paul Dirac para tratar correctamente a sistemas con constricciones de segunda clase en Mecánica Hamiltoniana y en Cuantización Canónica. Es una parte importante del desarrollo de Dirac de la Mecánica Hamiltoniana para manejar lagrangianas más generales. Más abstractamente, la 2-forma implícita desde el corchete de Dirac es la constricción de la forma simplética a la superficie ad hoc en el espacio fase.

Este artículo supone familiaridad con los formalismos lagrangiano y hamiltoniano estándar y su conexión con la cuantización. Los detalles del formalismo hamiltoniano modificado de Dirac se resumen para colocar el corchete de Dirac en contexto.

Procedimiento Hamiltoniano Estándar

El desarrollo estándar de la Mecánica Hamiltoniana es insuficiente en varias situaciones específicas:
 Cuando la lagrangiana es lineal en la velocidad de al menos una coordenada; en este caso, la definición del impulso canónico conduce a una constricción. Esta es la razón más frecuente por la cual recurrir a corchetes de Dirac. Por ejemplo, la lagrangiana (densidad) para cualquier fermión es de esta forma.
 Cuando hay grados de libertad que deban fijarse.
 Cuando existen otras constricciones que uno quiera imponer en el espacio fase.

Ejemplo de un lagrangiana lineal en la velocidad

Un ejemplo típico en Mecánica Clásica, es el de la partícula con carga y masa fijo en el plano  con un campo magnético intenso homogéneo y constante, apuntando en la dirección  con fuerza . Con una selección de parámetros adecuada, la lagrangiana del sistema es:

donde  es el potencial vectorial para el campo magnético ;  es la velocidad de la luz en el vacío y  es un potencial escalar externo arbitrario. Utilizamos

como nuestro potencial vectorial. Aquí, el sombrero  indican vectores unitarios. Más adelante, en el artículo se utilizan para distinguir los operadores en Mecánica Cuántica de sus análogos clásicos. El uso debe quedar claro desde el contexto.

Explícitamente, la lagrangiana se convierte en

que conduce a las ecuaciones de movimiento

Ahora, considere el límite correspondiente a un campo magnético muy grande. En este caso, se puede colocar el término masivo para encontrar una lagrangiana aproximada

y ecuaciones de movimiento de primer orden

Observe, que esta lagrangiana aproximada es lineal en las velocidades, que es una de las condiciones bajo las cuales se rompe el procedimiento estándar hamiltoniano. Si bien este ejemplo se ha motivado como una aproximación, la lagrangiana bajo consideración, es perfectamente admisible y conduce a ecuaciones de movimiento consistentes en el formalismo de Lagrange.

Siguiendo el procedimiento hamiltoniano, el momento canónico asociado con las coordenadas

son inusuales, ya que no son invertibles a las velocidades. Una transformación de Legendre produce la hamiltoniana

Tenga en cuenta que esta hamiltoniana "principal" no depende de los momentos, lo que significa que las ecuaciones de movimiento de Hamilton son incompatibles; el procedimiento hamiltoniano ha fallado. A veces, se podría intentar solucionar el problema al expresar las coordenadas como momentos y a veces como coordenadas; sin embargo, esta no es una solución general y rigurosa. Esta última observación obtiene el meollo del asunto: que la definición de los momentos canónicos implica una constricción sobre el espacio fase (entre momentos y coordenadas) nunca tomada en cuenta anteriormente.

Procedimiento Hamiltoniano Generalizado

En mecánica lagrangiana, si el sistema tiene constricciones holonómicas, entonces generalmente se agregan multiplicadores de Lagrange a la lagrangiana para tomarlas en cuenta. Los términos adicionales, desaparecen cuando se cumplen las constricciones, obligando así, a la trayectoria de acción estacionaria, a permanecer en la superficie de constricción. En este caso, acudiendo al formalismo hamiltoniano se introduce una constricción sobre el espacio fase en la mecánica hamiltoniana, pero la solución es similar.

Antes de continuar, es útil entender las nociones de igualdad débil e igualdad fuerte. Dos funciones en el espacio fase  y , son iguales débilmente ---lo que se denota como ---, si ellas son idénticas hasta que se cumplan las ecuaciones de movimiento, lo también denotado como on shell. Si  y  son iguales on shell, entonces , y se dice que son fuertemente iguales. Es importante tener en cuenta, que para obtener la solución correcta, ninguna ecuación débil puede utilizarse antes de evaluar derivadas o corchetes de Poisson.

El nuevo procedimiento funciona como sigue, al iniciar con una lagrangiana y definir los momentos canónicos de la forma habitual. Algunas de esas definiciones pueden ser no invertibles y dar en su lugar a constricciones en el espacio fase (como arriba). Las constricciones derivadas de esta manera o impuestas desde el inicio del problema se denominan constricciones primarias. Las constricciones, con la etiqueta , deben anularse débilmente, .

A continuación, se encuentra la hamiltoniana principal , de la forma habitual a través de una transformación de Legendre, exactamente como en el ejemplo anterior. Tenga en cuenta que la hamiltoniana siempre puede escribirse como una función de 's y de 's, aunque las velocidades no puedan ser invertidas en función de los momentos.

Generalizando el Hamiltoniano

Dirac argumenta que la hamiltoniana se debe generalizar (algo análogamente al método de multiplicadores de Lagrange) a

donde  no son constantes, sino funciones de las coordenadas y de los momentos. La nuevo hamiltoniana , es la función más general de coordenadas y momentos, igualmente débiles a la hamiltoniana principal ;  es la generalización más amplia posible de la hamiltoniana.

Para indagar más acerca de las , considere cómo se obtienen las ecuaciones de movimiento desde la hamiltoniana principal, en el procedimiento estándar. Se expresa la variación de la hamiltoniana en dos formas y se les conjunta para que sean iguales (mediante una notación algo abreviada en cuanto a índices suprimidos y sumas):

donde la segunda igualdad se mantiene después de simplificar las ecuaciones de movimiento de Euler-Lagrange y de la definición de impulso canónico. De esta igualdad, se deducen las ecuaciones de movimiento en el formalismo hamiltoniano

donde el símbolo de igualdad débil deja de mostrarse explícitamente, ya que por definición, las ecuaciones de movimiento sólo se mantienen débilmente. En el contexto actual, simplemente no se pueden establecer los coeficientes de  y  igualando a cero por separado, ya que las variaciones son algo restringidas por las constricciones. En particular, las variaciones deben ser tangentes a la superficie de constricción.

Se puede demostrar que la solución

es general para las variaciones  y  restringido por las constricciones  (suponiendo que las constricciones satisfacen algunas condiciones de regularidad)

donde las  son funciones arbitrarias.

Con este resultado, las ecuaciones de movimiento se convierten en

donde  son funciones de las coordenadas y de las velocidades, que pueden determinarse, en principio, de la segunda ecuación de movimiento anterior. La transformada de Legendre entre el formalismo de Lagrange y el formalismo hamiltoniano se guarda con el costo de agregar nuevas variables.

Condiciones de Consistencia

Las ecuaciones de movimiento se vuelven más compactas cuando se utiliza el corchete de Poisson. Si  es alguna función de las coordenadas y de los momentos, entonces

Si se asume que existe el corchete de Poisson entre las  (funciones de la velocidad), esto se hace sin problemas ya que la contribución se desvanece débilmente. Ahora, hay algunas condiciones de coherencia que deben cumplirse para que este formalismo tenga sentido. Si las constricciones se satisfacen, entonces sus ecuaciones de movimiento deben anularse débilmente, es decir, requerimos

Hay cuatro tipos diferentes de condiciones que pueden derivarse de las anteriores:
 Una ecuación que es intrínsecamente falsa, como .
 Una ecuación que es idénticamente cierta, posiblemente después de usar una de nuestras principales constricciones.
 Una ecuación que impone nuevas constricciones sobre nuestras coordenadas y momentos, pero es independiente de .
 Una ecuación que ayuda a fijar .

El primer caso, indica que la lagrangiana  da ecuaciones de movimiento inconsistentes. El segundo caso no aportan nada nuevo. El tercer caso da nuevas constricciones en el espacio fase. Una constriccicción derivada de esta forma se llama constricción secundaria. Al encontrar la constricción secundaria uno debe agregarla a la hamiltoniana extendida y comprobar las nuevas condiciones de consistencia, que pueden provocar aún más constricciones. Este proceso se repite hasta que no haya más constricciones. La distinción entre las constricciones primarias y secundarias es en gran medida artificial (es decir, una constricción para el mismo sistema puede ser primaria o secundaria dependiendo de la lagrangiana), por lo que este artículo no distingue entre ellos desde aquí. Asumiendo la condición de consistencia se itera hasta que todas las constricciones han sido encontradas, entonces  indexará todos ellos. Note que este artículo utiliza constricción secundaria a significar cualquier constricción que no estaba inicialmente en el problema o derivados de la definición de momento canónico; algunos autores distinguen entre constricciones secundarias, terciarias constricciones, etcétera.

Finalmente, el último caso ayuda a corregir . Si al final de este proceso, las  no están completamente determinadas, significa que hay grados de libertad de calibración en el sistema. Una vez que todas las constricciones (primarias y secundarias) se agregan a la hamiltoniana principal y las soluciones a las condiciones de coherencia para  están conectadas en el resultado, entonces se le llama hamiltoniana total.

Fijación de la

El  debe resolver un conjunto heterogéneo de ecuaciones lineales de la forma

La ecuación anterior debe poseer al menos una solución, ya que de lo contrario la lagrangiana inicial es inconsistente; sin embargo, en sistemas con grados de libertad de calibración, la solución no es única. La solución más general es de la forma

donde  es una solución particular y  es la solución más general para la ecuación homogénea

La solución más general será una combinación lineal de soluciones a la ecuación homogénea, linealmente independientes. El número de soluciones linealmente independientes es igual al número de  (que es lo mismo que el número de constricciones) menos el número de las condiciones de coherencia del cuarto tipo (en el párrafo anterior). Este es el número de grados de libertad que satisfacen al sistema. Etiquetando las soluciones independientes lineales  donde el índice  va desde 1 hasta el número satisfactorio de grados de libertad, la solución general de las condiciones de coherencia es de la forma

donde la  son funciones completamente arbitrarias del tiempo. Una opción diferente de la  corresponde a una transformación de calibración y debe dejar sin cambios el estado físico del sistema.

Hamiltoniana Total

En este punto, es natural introducir la hamiltoniana total

y lo que se denota

La evolución temporal de una función en el espacio de fase,  se rige por

Más tarde, se introduce la hamiltoniana extendida. Para cantidades de calibración invariantes (cantidades medibles físicamente) todas las hamiltonianas deben dar la misma evolución temporal ya que toda calibración es débilmente equivalente. Es sólo para cantidades no invariantes ante calibración, que la distinción se convierte en importante.

El corchete de Dirac

Arriba está todo lo necesario para encontrar las ecuaciones de movimiento, en el procedimiento hamiltoniano modificado de Dirac. Tener las ecuaciones de movimiento, sin embargo, no es el extremo de consideraciones teóricas. Si uno quiere cuantificar canónicamente un sistema general, uno necesita los corchetes de Dirac.

Antes de definir los corchetes de Dirac, es preciso introducir constricciones de primera clase y de segunda clase. Llamamos a una función  de coordenadas y de momentos de primera clase si su corchete de Poisson desaparece débilmente con todas las constricciones, es decir,

para todos . Tenga en cuenta, que las constricciones  son cantidades que sólo desaparecen débilmente, y por lo tanto, cualquier cosa que se desvanezca de manera semejante, debe ser igual fuertemente a una combinación lineal de las constricciones. Uno puede demostrar que el corchete de Poisson de dos cantidades de primera clase también debe ser de primera clase. Las constricciones de primera clase están íntimamente conectadas con los grados de libertad no-físicos mencionados anteriormente. Es decir, el número de constricciones de primera clase independientes es igual al número de grados de libertad no-físicos, y además las principales constricciones de primera clase generan transformaciones de calibración. Dirac postuló además que todas las constricciones de primera clase secundarias son generadoras de transformaciones de calibración, lo que resulta ser falso; sin embargo, normalmente uno opera bajo la suposición de que todas las constricciones de primera clase generan transformaciones de calibración cuando se utiliza este tratamiento.

Cuando se agregan las constricciones de primera clase secundarias en la hamiltoniana, con arbitraria  y cuando se agregan las constricciones de primera clase principal para llegar a la hamiltoniana total, entonces se obtiene la hamiltoniana extendida. La hamiltoniana extendida da la evolución temporal más general posible para las cantidades que dependen de la calibración; realmente puede generalizar las ecuaciones de movimiento correspondientes al formalismo de Lagrange.

A los efectos de introducción del corchete de Dirac, las constricciones de segunda clase son de un interés prioritario. Las constricciones de segunda clase son las que tienen corchete de Poisson no nulo, otrora al menos una constricción. Por ejemplo, considere las constricciones  y  cuyo corchete de Poisson es simplemente una constante, ,

Ahora, suponga que se desea cuantizar, entonces el espacio fase de coordenadas se convierte al de operadores, cuyos conmutadores conducen a . Suponiendo que no existen problemas que den lugar a nuevas correcciones cuánticas, esto implica

donde el sombrero  son para indicar que las constricciones son operadores. Por un lado, la cuantización da la relación anterior de conmutación, pero por otro lado,  y  son las constricciones que deben desaparecer en estados físicos, mientras que el lado derecho no puede. Este ejemplo ilustra la necesidad de una generalización del corchete de Poisson que respete las constricciones del sistema y conduzca a un procedimiento de cuantización uniforme.

El nuevo corchete debe ser antisimétrico, bilineal, satisfacer la identidad de Jacobi, como hace el corchete de Poisson, reducir el corchete de Poisson para sistemas sin constricciones, y además debe anular el corchete de cualquier constricciones con cualquier otra cantidad. En este punto, las constricciones de segunda clase serán etiquetadas como . Defina una matriz con las entradas

En este caso, el corchete de Dirac de dos funciones en el espacio de fase,  y , se define como

donde  denota el  entrada de  de matriz inversa. Dirac demostró que  es siempre invertible. Es fácil comprobar, de la definición anterior, que el corchete de Dirac satisface todas las propiedades deseadas. Cuando se cuantiza un sistema hamiltoniano restringido, el conmutador de los operadores se estable como  por su corchete de Dirac clásico. Ya que el corchete de Dirac respeta las constricciones, uno no tiene que ser cuidadoso en la evaluación de todos los corchetes antes de utilizar cualquier ecuación débil, como sucede con el corchete de Poisson.

Tenga en cuenta que mientras el corchete de Poisson de una variable bosónica (incluso Grassmann) consigo mismo debe anularse, no necesita suceder lo mismo en cuanto el corchete de Poisson de un fermión (representado como una variables de Grassmann) consigo mismo. Esto significa que en el caso fermiónico es posible que haya un número impar de constricciones de segunda clase.

Concluyendo el Ejemplo

Volviendo al ejemplo anterior, la hamiltoniana principal y las dos principales constricciones son

Por lo tanto, la hamiltoniana extendida se puede escribir

El siguiente paso es aplicar las condiciones de consistencia

que en este caso son

Estas no son las constricciones secundarias, sino las condiciones que fijan  y . Por lo tanto, no hay constricciones secundarias y los coeficientes arbitrarios están completamente determinados, lo que indica que no hay grados de libertad no físicos.

Si se fija en los valores de  y , entonces se puede ver que las ecuaciones de movimiento

son uniformes e iguales a las ecuaciones de movimiento de Lagrange.

Un cálculo simple confirma que  y  son constricciones de segunda clase, ya que

por lo tanto, la matriz

que se invierte fácilmente a

donde  es el símbolo de Levi-Civita. Así, el corchete de Dirac se definen como

Si siempre utiliza el corchete de Dirac en lugar del de Poisson, entonces, no hay diferencia acerca del orden de aplicar constricciones, y evaluar expresiones; por el corchete de Dirac cada cero débil es fuertemente igual a cero. Esto significa que se puede utilizar a la hamiltoniana principal con corchete de Dirac y obtener las ecuaciones de movimiento correctas, que se puede confirmar fácilmente. Al cuantizar el sistema, es necesario el corchete de Dirac, entre todas las variables del espacio fase. El corchete de Dirac no nulo, de este sistema es

Por lo tanto, la aplicación correcta de la cuantización, impone las siguientes relaciones de conmutación

Curiosamente, este ejemplo muestra un conmutador no nulo entre  y , lo que significa que en el sistema hay geometría no conmutativa subyacente. Ya que no conmutan las dos coordenadas, hay un relación de incertidumbre para las posiciones  y .

Notas

Véase también
 constricción de primera clase
 constricciones de segunda clase
 Mecánica hamiltoniana
 corchete de Poisson
 Cuantización
 Lagrange
 Soporte Faddeev–Jackiw
 deformación cuántica del soporte Dirac

Referencias
 Dirac, Paul A. M., Lectures on Quantum Mechanics. Belfer Graduate School of Science Monographs Series Number 2, 1964. ISBN 0-486-41713-1
 Henneaux, Marc and Teitelboim, Claudio, Quantization of Gauge Systems. Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-691-08775-X
 Weinberg, Steven, The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-55001-7

Mecánica hamiltoniana
Dirac, corchetes

Corchete de Dirac


Agaricomycetes, razred gljiva u diviziji Basidiomycota. Pripadaju mu većina gljiva koje se mogu sresti u šetnji prirodom, a pripada mu preko 36.400 vrsta unutar 22 imenovana reda i 55 rodova koji još nisu uključene ni u jednu postojeću porodicu ili red

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Izvori

Basidiomycota

Agaricomycetes


محمد مفتاح الفيتوري (1936-2015) شاعر سوداني بارز. يعتبر من رواد الشعر الحر الحديث، ويلقب بشاعر إفريقيا والعروبة. وتم تدريس بعض أعماله ضمن مناهج آداب اللغة العربية في مصر في ستينيات وسبعينيات القرن الماضي، كما تغنى ببعض قصائده مغنّون كبار في السودان.

ميلاده
ولد محمد مفتاح رجب الفيتوري، في 24 نوفمبر / تشرين الثاني عام 1936م في مدينة الجنينة بولاية غرب دارفور الحالية بالسودان، ووالده هو الشيخ مفتاح رجب الفيتوري وهو ليبي، وكان خليفة صوفي في الطريقة الشاذلية، العروسية، الأسمرية.

نشأته
نشأ محمد الفيتوري في مدينة الإسكندرية بمصر وحفظ القرآن الكريم في مراحل تعليمه الأولى، ثم درس بالمعهد الديني وانتقل إلى القاهرة حيث تخرج في كلية العلوم بالأزهر الشريف.

حياته العملية
عمل الفيتوري محرراً أدبياً بالصحف المصرية والسودانية، وعُيّن خبيرًا للإعلام بجامعة الدول العربية في القاهرة في الفترة ما بين 1968 و 1970. ثم عمل مستشارًا ثقافياً في سفارة ليبيا بإيطاليا. كما عمل مستشارًا وسفيرًا بالسفارة الليبية في بيروت بلبنان، ومستشارا للشؤون السياسية والإعلامية بسفارة ليبيا في المغرب.

أسقطت عنه الحكومة السودانية في عام 1974 إبان عهد الرئيس جعفر نميري الجنسية السودانية وسحبت منه جواز السفر السوداني، لمعارضته النظام آنذاك، وتبنّته الجماهيرية الليبية وأصدرت له جواز سفر ليبي، وارتبط بعلاقة قوية بالعقيد معمر القذافي وبسقوط نظام القذافي سحبت منه السلطات الليبية الجديدة جواز السفر الليبي. أقام بعدها في المغرب مع زوجته المغربية رجات في ضاحية سيدي العابد، جنوب العاصمة المغربية الرباط. وفي عام 2014، عادت الحكومة السودانية ومنحته جواز سفر دبلوماسي.

أعماله الأدبية
يعتبر الفيتوري جزءًا من الحركة الأدبية العربية المعاصرة، وهو من رواد الشعر الحر الحديث، ففي قصيدة «تحت الأمطار» نجده يتحرر من الأغراض القديمة للشعر كالوصف والغزل، ويهجر الأوزان والقافية، ليعبر عن وجدان وتجربة ذاتية يشعر بها وغالبًا ما يركّز شعره على الجوانب التأملية، ليعكس رؤيته الخاصة المجردة تجاه الأشياء من حوله مستخدماً أدوات البلاغة والفصاحة التقليدية والإبداعية.
ففي قصيدة «معزوفة درويش متجول» يقول الفيتوري:

في حضرة من أهوى عبثت بي الأشواق

حدقت بلا وجه ورقصت بلا ساق

وزحمت براياتي وطبولي الآفاق

عشقي يفني عشقي وفنائي استغراق

مملوكك لكني سلطان العشاق

تعد أفريقيا مسرحا أساسياً في نص الفيتوري الشعري، شكلت فيه محنة الإنسان الأفريقي وصراعه ضد الرّق و الإستعمار، ونضاله التحرري أهم الموضوعات التي تناولتها قصائده، وألف عدة دواوين في هذا المضمار منها ديوان «أغاني أفريقيا» الصادر في عام 1955، و «عاشق من أفريقيا» وصدر في عام 1964م، و«اذكريني يا أفريقيا» ونشر في عام 1965 ، وديوان «أحزان أفريقيا» والصادر في عام 1966، حتى أصبح الفيتوري صوتَ أفريقيا وشاعرها. يقول في إحدى إفريقياته:

جبهة العبد ونعل السـيد

وأنين الأسود المضطهد

تلك مأساة قرون غبرت

لم أعد أقبلها لم أعد

وللهّم العربي أيضاً مكانة في أعمال الفيتوري من خلال تناوله للقضايا العربية، خاصة القضية الفلسطينية. فقد تنقل الفيتوري بين العديد من بلدان الوطن العربي ومدنه من الإسكندرية وحتى الخرطوم ومن بيروت و دمشق حتى بنغازي و طرابلس، وكتب العديد من القصائد المهمة التي جعلته واحدًا من كبار الشعراء العرب المعاصرين، فهو يقول:

لقد صبغوا وجهك العربي

آه... يا وطني

لكأنك، والموت والضحكات الدميمة

حولك، لم تتشح بالحضارة يوما

ولم تلد الشمس والأنبياء

كتب الفيتوري عن الحرية والانعتاق ومناهضة القيود والاستبداد، والاعتزاز بالوطن منذ بداياته الشعرية، ففي قصيدة «أصبح الصبح» والتي تغنى بها المغني السوداني محمد وردي يقول:

أصبح الصبح فلا السجن ولا السجان باق

وإذا الفجر جناحان يرفان عليك

وإذا الحسن الذي كحل هاتيك المآقي

التقى جيل البطولات بجيل التضحيات

التقى كل شهيد قهر الظلم ومات

بشهيد لم يزل يبذر في الأرض بذور الذكريات

أبدا ما هنت يا سوداننا يوما علينا

بالذي أصبح شمساً في يدينا

وغناء عاطرا تعدو به الريح، فتختال الهوينى

وفي قصيدة أخرى يقول:

كل الطغاة دُمىً

ربما حسب الصنم، الدمية المستبدة

وهو يعلق أوسمة الموت

فوق صدور الرجال

أنه بطلاً ما يزال

إلى جانب نظمه للشعر نشر الفيتوري العديد من الأعمال النثرية والنقدية، وبعض الدراسات في الصحف والمجلات العربية وتمت ترجمة بعض أعماله إلى لغات أجنبية
ومن بين تلك الأعمال المترجمة:
 نحو فهم المستقبلية (دراسة)
 التعليم في بريطانيا
 تعليم الكبار في الدول النامية

جوائزه
حصل محمد الفيتوري على «وسام الفاتح» الليبي، و «الوسام الذهبي للعلوم والفنون والآداب» بالسودان .

دواوينه الشعرية
 أغاني إفريقيا (أول دواوينه، 1955)
 عاشق من إفريقيا (1964)
 إذكريني يا إفريقيا (1965)
 أحزان إفريقيا (1966)
 البطل والثورة والمشنقة (1968)
 سقوط دبشليم (1969)
 سولارا (مسرحية شعرية) (1970)
 معزوقة درويش متجول (1971)
 ثورة عمر المختار (1973)
 أقوال شاهد إثبات
 ابتسمي حتى تمر الخيل (1975)
 عصفورة الدم (1983)
 شرق الشمس... غرب القمر (1985)
 يأتي العاشقون إليك (1989)
 قوس الليل... قوس النهار (1994)
 أغصان الليل عليك
 يوسف بن تاشفين (مسرحية) (1997)
 الشاعر واللعبة (مسرحية) (1997)
 نار في رماد الأشياء
 عريانا يرقص في الشمس (2005)

وفاته
توفي محمد الفيتوري في يوم الجمعة 24 أبريل / نيسان 2015م، في المغرب التي كان يعيش فيها مع زوجته المغربية عن عمر ناهز 78 عامًا بعد صراع طويل ومرير مع المرض حيث اصيب بعدة جلطات.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الفيتورى في الموسوعة العالمية للشعر
 بوابة الشعراء: ديوان محمد الفيتوري

أشخاص من الإسكندرية
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون سودانيون
سودانيون من أصل ليبي
سودانيون من أصل مصري
شعراء سودانيون
شعراء سودانيون في القرن 20
شعراء سودانيون في القرن 21
شعراء عرب
شعراء ليبيون
كتاب دراما ومسرح ليبيون
كتاب سودانيون في القرن 20
كتاب عرب
كتاب غير روائيين سودانيون
كتاب ليبيون في القرن 20
كتاب وكاتبات سودانيون
ليبيون من أصل مصري
مواليد 1355 هـ
مواليد 1929
مواليد 1936
مواليد رمضان
وفيات 1436 هـ
وفيات 2015
وفيات بسبب الأمراض
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 21

محمد الفيتوري (شاعر)


Double Dare is an American game show in which two teams compete to win cash and prizes by answering trivia questions and completing messy stunts known as physical challenges. It originally ran from 1986 to 1993. A revival ran in 2000, and the most recent revival ran from 2018 to 2019.

Hosted by Marc Summers, the program originally premiered on Nickelodeon on October 6, 1986, as its first game show. A continuation for syndication premiered on February 22, 1988, later revamped as Super Sloppy Double Dare on January 22, 1989. The program also had a short run on Fox as Family Double Dare, airing from April 3 to July 23, 1988. Nickelodeon continued Family Double Dare, premiering a new version on October 6, 1990. The original series ended on February 7, 1993. The series was revived, hosted by Jason Harris, and titled Double Dare 2000; this aired from January 22 to November 10, 2000. A second revival of the series, hosted by Liza Koshy and featuring Marc Summers, aired from June 25, 2018, to December 20, 2019.

Double Dare saw many adjustments in scheduling and titling throughout its run. Almost immediately after its debut, Double Dare had more than tripled viewership for Nickelodeon's afternoon lineup, becoming the most-watched original daily program on cable television. The program was a major success for Nickelodeon, helping to establish the network as a major player in cable television and to revitalize the genre of game shows for children in the 1980s and 1990s. Double Dare remains Nickelodeon's longest-running game show. In 2001, TV Guide ranked the show number 29 on its list of 50 Greatest Game Shows. The program has been nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards, two Kids' Choice Awards, and won a CableACE Award in 1989.

Gameplay

Main game
Each team on the original Double Dare and Super Sloppy Double Dare consisted of two children, while teams on Family Double Dare and Double Dare 2000 included two adults and two children. Originally, both teams wore red uniforms, but after Double Dare entered syndication in 1988, one team wore blue uniforms while the other wore red.

Each round begins with a toss-up physical challenge in which both teams compete, with the winning team receiving both initial control of the round, and money for their score. After the toss-up, the host begins asking trivia questions of the team in control. Each correct answer earns a monetary award and allows the team to maintain control, while an incorrect answer or failure to respond within approximately ten seconds turns control over to the opponents. However, the team can dare their opponents to answer the question, doubling its value; in response, the opponents can double dare for quadruple the original value. When the team in control is challenged to a double dare, they have to either answer or compete in a physical challenge. An incorrect answer, or not responding within approximately five seconds on a dare or double dare, awards both control and the appropriate amount of money to the team that issues it. The second round plays the same as the first, with question values doubled. On the original Double Dare and Super Sloppy Double Dare, a question was initially worth $10. On Family Double Dare and Double Dare 2000, a question was initially worth $25. On the 2018 Double Dare, a question was initially worth $50, later 50 points.

After the toss-up at the start of the first round, the host explains the rules as follows:

Physical challenges

Physical challenges are often messy stunts that a team has to perform in a specified time, usually 20 or 30 seconds, although occasionally 10 or 15 seconds. All physical challenges on Double Dare 2000 were 30 seconds in length, unless a time reduction was in play due to the Triple Dare Challenge. The team wins money and retained control for completing the stunt. Otherwise, the money and control pass to their opponents.

Many challenges have involved filling a container past a line with one of a variety of substances including water, uncooked rice, green slime, whipped cream, and milk. Others involve catching a specific number of items before time runs out. For example, during "Pies in the Pants," a contestant has to catch a set number of pies in a pair of oversized clown pants within the specified time limit, while their teammate launches the pies from a foot-operated catapult at the opposite end of the stage.

On the original Double Dare and Super Sloppy Double Dare, both contestants on a team competed in all physical challenges. For the 1988 version of Family Double Dare, all four members of a team competed in the challenges. On the 1990–93 version of Family Double Dare and on Double Dare 2000, two members of a team competed in round one, and all four members competed in round two. All members of a team competed in physical challenges in the first season of the 2018 Double Dare, while most challenges in the second season are for two players.

Double Dare 2000 introduced the Triple Dare Challenge. Available only in round two, this allowed a team to make their physical challenge more difficult, increasing its value by $100, and putting a bonus prize at stake. Difficulties included reducing the time limit, adding an extra item to the stunt, or increasing the overall difficulty of the stunt. The actual modifier was not revealed unless the team decided to accept the challenge. If the team did not complete the challenge successfully, the money, prize, and control went to their opponents.

Obstacle course

The team with the highest score at the end of round two goes on to the bonus round, the obstacle course (renamed the Slopstacle Course for Double Dare 2000). From the original Double Dare through Double Dare 2000 both teams keep all money earned, regardless of the outcome. Only the winning team on the 2018 version gets to keep their money.

The course consists of eight obstacles that have to be completed within 60 seconds. Each obstacle has an orange flag either at its end or hidden within it. One team member runs the first obstacle, then passes its flag to a partner, who then moves on to the next obstacle. The team continues to alternate in this manner until they have completed the course or until time expires. For safety reasons, team members are given helmets, elbow pads, and knee pads to wear while running the course.

Many obstacles have appeared in the course rotation, often based on body parts, food, and enlarged items found in daily life. Popular elements of the obstacle course have included The One-Ton Human Hamster Wheel, an oversized hamster wheel; Pick It, a giant human nose with a flag hidden inside; The Sundae Slide, a chocolate-covered ramp leading to a playground slide with ice cream at the bottom; and Gum Drop, which required contestants to leap into a giant gumball machine filled with plastic balls and slide out through the dispensing hatch at the bottom.

Through January 2019, the team would win a prize for each obstacle completed, escalating in value up to a grand prize for completing the entire course. Two-person teams split cash earnings from the front game, and both contestants receive the same physical prize for each obstacle. Prizes have included televisions, concert tickets, encyclopedias, electronics, gift certificates, non-motorized modes of transportation and, on the Fox Family Double Dare, cash. On the original and Super Sloppy versions, the grand prize was usually a vacation or an experience at Space Camp. All eight prizes were usually worth a total of between $3,000 and $4,000, with some episodes featuring a prize package nearing $10,000. On the Fox Family Double Dare, as well as the first season of the Nickelodeon run, the grand prize was a vehicle, making all eight prizes worth between $15,000 and $25,000. Once again, the grand prize was typically a vacation for the second season of Nickelodeon's Family Double Dare, Double Dare 2000 and the first season of the 2018 Double Dare, with grand prize packages on the 2018 version having a value of more than $6,000. With the premiere of the second season of the 2018 revival, the obstacle course was played for $500 cash for each obstacle completed, with a total jackpot of $5,000 for successfully completing the course. Cash values were doubled for the finals game of a tournament series.

Broadcast and production history

1986–1989

In the mid-1980s, Nickelodeon was approached by production and consulting groups with the idea of doing a game show for children, a first for the network. Nickelodeon conducted focus groups and concluded that children enjoyed watching game shows with adults, but they did not have a game show targeted at their demographic. Dee LaDuke, Robert Mittenthal, Michael Klinghoffer, and Geoffrey Darby worked to develop a new format, basing it on a combination of trivia, truth or dare, and the board game Mouse Trap. The pilot presentation was recorded in May 1986, hosted by Darby. Double Dare was green-lighted, and Nickelodeon announced its premiere on June 5, 1986.

Initial candidates to host the program included Soupy Sales, host of children's variety shows in the 1950s and 1960s, and comedian Dana Carvey. After Nickelodeon determined Sales to be too old for the role, and Carvey was offered a chance to audition for Saturday Night Live, the search for a host continued. Producers viewed over 1,000 applicants from New York or Los Angeles. First attending a tryout in lieu of a friend, and later passing multiple auditions, television warm-up comedian Marc Summers was one of two finalists advancing to a final audition. Each hosted a mock game for Nickelodeon to make an ultimate decision on who would host Double Dare. The producers felt the way Summers ended the game by leading into a commercial break was more professional and he was hired for the position in the first week of September 1986. Because focus groups showed that the audience thought he was more than 10 years younger than he actually was, Summers, then 34 years old, was obligated by Nickelodeon for years to not mention his age publicly.

In need of an announcer, Double Dare producers were made aware of Philadelphia-area radio host John Harvey, known on-air as Harvey, whose Harvey in the Morning program on WIOQ had been canceled months earlier. He accepted the offer to be announcer of the program. Stage assistants also appeared on-camera on Double Dare, initially only assisting in setting up physical challenges and obstacles, but expanding the role as the series continued to sometimes interacting with Summers, demonstrating challenges, and modeling prizes. Robin Marrella and Dave Shikiar were the two permanent stage assistants when the program began.

James Fenhagen and Byron Taylor created the original stage design for Double Dare. The design for the original series' set was inspired by a 1980s Italian postmodern design and architecture group known as the Memphis Group. Glass brick walls and yellow and pink, often in a checkerboard pattern, were prominent aspects of the set design. Highlighted by blue and yellow tile-style floors, Geoffrey Darby gave the direction for the set to look like a natatorium (swimming pool), while Robert Mittenthal feels its inspiration is derived from a bathroom. All the original Double Dare music was composed by Edd Kalehoff.

Production originated at the studios of PBS affiliate WHYY-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. WHYY offered Nickelodeon their newly opened production wing to use, and Nickelodeon felt Philadelphia was a better location to initially produce Double Dare because of its lower production costs, instead of cities like New York or Los Angeles where national television production is more common. The 65-episode first season was recorded in a 23-day period beginning September 18, 1986. Double Dare premiered on Nickelodeon on October 6, 1986. New episodes aired weekdays at 5:30p.m. ET during the original series' run on Nickelodeon. After the success of the first 65 episodes, a second 65-episode season was ordered.

A weekend edition titled Super Sloppy Double Dare taped over two weeks in July 1987 and premiered August 2, 1987, airing 26 episodes on Sunday mornings. Super Sloppy Double Dare featured gameplay identical to the original format; however, physical challenges and obstacles were designed to make a bigger mess. Viewers were encouraged to send in a postcard with their contact information and could win a prize if their card was selected, and a team performing a physical challenge completed the stunt successfully. Episodes of Super Sloppy Double Dare were taped at Unitel Studio in New York City before production moved back to WHYY-TV.

In July 1987, pilots hosted by Caitlyn Jenner (formerly Bruce Jenner) were produced by Viacom for two possible versions of Double Dare with adult players: one pairing celebrities with contestants, and another with married couples. Neither concept advanced to series.

By November 1987, Fox announced they had partnered with Viacom to purchase the distribution rights for new episodes of the program in syndication. New episodes of Double Dare aired on independent stations and Fox affiliates beginning on February 22, 1988. There were 130 first-run syndication episodes in 1988.

A 13-episode Saturday night edition titled Family Double Dare aired on Fox from April 3 to July 23, 1988. Teams on this version consisted of four family members, most often a mother, father, and two children. The budget was increased, and the prize total featured during the obstacle course was larger than that featured on the Nickelodeon series. A further 13 episodes of Family Double Dare were then ordered, but Fox canceled the series shortly before production was to begin because of "creative differences."

On January 5, 1989, production began on a new version of Super Sloppy Double Dare from Philadelphia at WHYY-TV, continuing in syndication. The series premiered on January 22, 1989. The second half of the series was produced at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida, with production beginning in April 1989. For the second half, 40 episodes were taped. This version of the show recorded in larger studios with a larger set allowed for a lower level devoted to physical challenges and obstacles with a bigger size and, typically, bigger messes. Many episodes in this part of the series featured unique and offbeat themes that questions, challenges, and sometimes wardrobe would be patterned after. Themes included a Salute to Baseball, Backwards Day, Stupid Hat Day, a Salute to Breakfast, and two Super-Slop-a-Mania episodes featuring wrestlers and personalities from the World Wrestling Federation. Another special episode saw Summers and Harvey each team with a contestant to compete against each other, with Jim J. Bullock taking over hosting duties. By the end of Super Sloppy Double Dare, the program was syndicated to 154 stations. The series left syndication on September 8, 1989.

1990–1993

Family Double Dare returned to Nickelodeon on August 13, 1990, first airing repeats of the Fox version. A Salute to Double Dare special aired September 2, 1990, with Summers, Harvey, and Marrella highlighting moments from Double Dare, discussing its popularity, and previewing the upcoming Family Double Dare. Nickelodeon launched its own version of Family Double Dare on weekends beginning October 6, 1990. Nickelodeon produced the series at the newly opened Nickelodeon Studios on the Universal Studios Florida grounds in Orlando. Production began in July 1990 and ended on July 24, 1992, with 80 episodes taped over two seasons. Between the production cycles of Family Double Dare, two special episodes of Double Dare were recorded on February 6–7, 1992: NBA All-Star Double Dare with National Basketball Association alumni and Super Special Double Dare with members of the casts of Clarissa Explains It All and Welcome Freshmen.

Jaime Bojanowski and Chris Miles joined Robin Marrella as stage assistants for Family Double Dare, replacing Dave Shikiar who left the series between the ending of Super Sloppy Double Dare in 1989 and the beginning of Family Double Dare in 1990 to pursue production opportunities on other programs like The Home Show and Wild & Crazy Kids. In order to spend time with his wife and his newborn son Caleb, Harvey did not announce the last season of Family Double Dare in 1992. He was replaced as announcer by Doc Holliday, an Orlando-area radio host on WXXL's Doc & Johnny in the Morning. Harvey made a cameo appearance on the final episode of the season and the series.

Family Double Dare concluded on February 7, 1993, with a one-hour Tournament of Champions episode. The episode featured a "brains vs. brawn" mini-tournament where the two families from the final season who answered the most questions correctly played against each other, and the two families from the final season with the fastest obstacle course times played against each other. The winners of those games competed to determine the 1993 Family Double Dare champions. Physical challenges from Double Dare appeared on Nickelodeon All-Star Challenge, a three-part special combining elements from many of Nickelodeon's game shows, airing on October 3, 1994.

Repeats of the original Double Dare continued to air on Nickelodeon until March 15, 1991, and returned to Nickelodeon's schedule again from June 12 to September 30, 1994. Repeats of Family Double Dare remained on the Nickelodeon schedule until January 31, 1999. At this time, development began for the revival that would become Double Dare 2000.

Double Dare has spawned versions in foreign countries throughout the world, including: Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, The Netherlands, Germany, India, and Brazil. Six episodes of the Australian version recorded for American consumption, one featuring an American team competing against an Australian team, aired on Nickelodeon during a special marathon on September 3, 1990. Repeats of all versions of Double Dare aired in various cycles on Nick GAS from the network's inception in 1999 until its closure in 2009. From 2011 to 2019, Double Dare was incorporated into the branding of TeenNick's classic Nickelodeon blocks The '90s Are All That, and its successor, The Splat (later known as NickSplat and NickRewind). Episodes of Double Dare have occasionally aired in these blocks.

Double Dare 2000
On December 20, 1999, Nickelodeon announced a revival of the original Double Dare show, titled Double Dare 2000. Production began on January 5, 2000, and the show broadcast its first episode later that same month on January 22, 2000, now hosted by Jason Harris with Tiffany Phillips as announcer. Additional episodes were taped in July of the same year. Eileen Braun, who worked on the original Double Dare as a production assistant and a production coordinator, was the executive producer for Double Dare 2000. Marc Summers advised on production as an executive consultant. Jeffrey Lamar, Tia Marie Schroeder and Will Finley worked on Double Dare 2000 as stage assistants.

Double Dare 2000 followed the Family Double Dare format with a revamped set and bigger physical challenges. It also featured the new Triple Dare Challenge option in round two, and referred to the obstacle course as the Slopstacle Course. In association with Sony and National Mobile Television, five episodes of Double Dare 2000 were produced in high-definition with a 16:9 aspect ratio. The episodes were broadcast in a 4:3 letterboxed format as Nickelodeon did not broadcast in high-definition until 2008. The music for Double Dare 2000, a remix of the original soundtrack, was composed by former Crack the Sky guitarist Rick Witkowski. Byron Taylor again served as set designer. The series concluded on November 10, 2000. Repeats remained on the Nickelodeon schedule until July 29, 2001.

2012–2016
Beginning May 21, 2012, Nickelodeon Suites Resort in Orlando produced Double Dare as a nightly live stage presentation, Double Dare Live. As part of the Studio Nick feature of the hotel, shows were performed each night exclusively for the resort's guests. The show featured elements and updates from the various versions of Double Dare, including remixed music, physical challenges and an obstacle course similar to the TV show. Like the most recent formats of the program, eight contestants were selected to participate for the game-playing teams, while additional audience members played other physical challenges throughout the program. The production continued until Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando rebranded as a Holiday Inn Resort on June 1, 2016. A scaled-down version of Double Dare Live, called Double Dare Challenge, has been presented at Nickelodeon Universe in Mall of America in seasonal cycles since 2016.

On July 22, 2016, special live editions of Double Dare, produced by Nickelodeon and The Splat with original host Marc Summers, took place at the Fluxx nightclub during San Diego Comic-Con 2016. The event was live streamed on The Splat's Facebook page and included in the later anniversary special. The week of July 25, 2016, The Splat aired a Double Dare-themed week featuring episodes and moments from the series' history and included edited versions of the Comic-Con games. These events marked Summers' first Nickelodeon-sponsored involvement with the brand since Double Dare 2000.

2018 version

A half-hour special presentation, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the show's premiere, the Double Dare Reunion Special, aired on November 23, 2016, on Nick at Nite, with an encore airing on The Splat. The special included vintage clips, behind-the-scenes footage, and a new game recorded at San Diego Comic-Con 2016 played by cast members from All That. Summers, announcer Harvey, and stage assistant Robin Russo (née Marrella) appeared in the special. 1.126 million viewers watched the special on Nick at Nite, outperforming all other shows on the network for the evening, and finishing as the third-most viewed of all non-sports original cable telecasts among viewers ages 18 to 34 for that day.

In 2017, Summers stated that, due to the success of the special, he was in negotiations to return to Double Dare in some form with Nickelodeon. News outlets reported in March 2018 that Nickelodeon was producing a new series of Blue's Clues, and was in negotiations to reboot Clarissa Explains It All, two shows originally made by the network in the 1990s. Upon learning of these developments, and inspired by the success of other contemporary television revivals like Will & Grace, Summers emailed Nickelodeon executives to ask if he was going to be the person to receive "the next phone call."

On April 25, 2018, Nickelodeon announced a new version of Double Dare, which is the second revival of the show. The network ordered 40 episodes that recorded in Los Angeles at CBS Studio Center throughout June 2018. The series premiered on June 25, airing weeknights. Actress and television/internet personality Liza Koshy hosted the series. Original host Marc Summers also appeared on the series in an on-camera role. Along with performing traditional duties of an announcer, Summers provided commentary on the show's physical challenges and helped introduce elements and transition the game.
Summers was also one of the show's executive producers. Fremantle produced the series on behalf of Nickelodeon.

The set, designed by James Pearse Connelly, bore a heavy resemblance to the original set used in the 1980s. Updates included using digital screens for displays and decoration, enhanced lighting, and a dedicated space for the obstacle course, though timing and scoring uses emulation of the original vane display-type numerals. Members of the "challenge team" also appeared as stage assistants, including Eric Pierce, Michelle Kallman, James Michael Ryan Jr., and Stad St. Fleur. Edd Kalehoff remixed and re-composed the original theme song and soundtrack for this version.

Episodes broadcast predominantly featured teams of two children competing, but some episodes have participation from teams of one child and one adult family member. An episode also aired with teams of three siblings, and one with teams of two children with two adult family members. Some episodes featured celebrity participants, such as actors from past Nickelodeon series competing, including All Thats Jamie Lynn Spears and Josh Server. The 2018 Kids' Choice Sports, which aired on July 20, 2018, culminated with host and basketball player Chris Paul competing against Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps in the Double Dare obstacle course, presented by Liza Koshy and Marc Summers. Because Koshy had difficulty with her voice during the taping of an episode, Summers filled in as host for the second half of a show, which aired on July 26. The first cycle of season one, airing 24 half-hour episodes, concluded on July 27. Episodes resumed airing on September 30, with weekly airings, culminating with a special 60-minute episode featuring Kenan & Kel stars Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell aired on November 21. The final episode of season one aired on February 1, 2019.

In celebration of Super Bowl LIII, a special 45-minute episode featuring stars of Nickelodeon comedy Cousins for Life and NFL players was recorded on January 31, 2019, at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, as part of the Super Bowl Experience. The episode was simulcast on Nickelodeon, TeenNick, and Nicktoons on February 3, the same day Super Bowl LIII was held.

In January 2019, casting began for a second season of Double Dare. Filming of season two began on February 27 and ran through early March. The season premiered on March 11, with a new tournament format offering cash prizes in the obstacle course. Two teams of four children compete in the first episode, with the winning team splitting up into four individual teams, where each child is paired up with a celebrity. The winning teams from these episodes play against each other in the fourth and final episode of the tournament. The premiere week featured the Kids' Choice Awards Tournament, teaming kids with nominees of the 2019 awards. WWE Superstars Week aired the week of April 22, teaming kids with wrestlers in WWE. SpongeBob Week aired the week of July 8, celebrating the 20th anniversary of SpongeBob SquarePants. Halloween Week aired the week of October 21, celebrating Halloween. The Holiday Tournament aired in four weekly installments, beginning November 29. On August 31, 2019, Summers announced that Double Dare would not be renewed for a third season. The series concluded with the finals of the Holiday Tournament, which aired on December 20, 2019.

On October 29, 2021, Summers hosted a reunion special streamed by Red Tail Entertainment's Double Dare Live. Titled Double Dare Live at 35, the Facebook special featured Harvey, Robin Russo, Jason Harris, and other cast members, crew and contestants from Double Dare'''s runs discussing their experiences with the program.

Reception and achievements
Ratings and impact
Within a month of its premiere, Double Dare had more than tripled viewership for Nickelodeon's afternoon schedule becoming the highest-rated original, daily program on cable. During Double Dares first year, the program averaged a 3.0 household Nielsen rating, with over 1 million households tuned in each week. On its February 1988 debut in syndication, the program averaged a 5.4 household Nielsen rating and a 15.4 rating among children ages 2 to 11, and was the second-highest rated syndicated program in that demographic. By January 1989, Double Dare averaged a 3.1 household Nielsen rating. The special Sunday premiere episode of Family Double Dare on Fox on April 3, 1988, scored a 4.0 household Nielsen rating, finishing fifth out of 10 programs broadcast on Fox that week helping to give Fox's Sunday night schedule its highest ratings to that point.

When Double Dare 2000 premiered in January 2000, episodes in its first two weeks averaged household Nielsen ratings of up to 3.0, being viewed by up to 2.7 million households, and finishing in the top 25 basic cable programs each week. Double Dare 2000 often won its time slot in viewership among children ages 2 to 11.

The June premiere of the 2018 revival was watched by 1.843 million viewers, outperforming all other shows on Nickelodeon for the day, finishing as the highest-rated broadcast for teenagers ages 12 to 17. Double Dares premiere was Nickelodeon's most-viewed series launch among adults 18 to 49 in more than five years. By the end of its second week, viewership for new episodes hovered around one million overall viewers.

At its peak, Double Dare was the highest-rated, live-action show for children ages 8 to 15. The show was also popular with college students, with many schools offering Double Dare fan clubs. Half of Nickelodeon's operating profit in 1988 was due to the success of Double Dare and its syndication. On the show's success, then-senior vice-president of Nickelodeon programming Herb Scannell said that Double Dare was like "having a hit record your first time out. Double Dare put Nick on the map."Double Dare revitalized interest in the concept of a game show for children. Less than a year after the program launched, NBC had premiered I'm Telling!, Lorimar Television had announced plans for Fun House, and Nickelodeon's Finders Keepers began airing—all shows based on competition between teams of children. During Double Dares first year on television, junior versions of established game shows including Hollywood Squares and The Cross-Wits were developed for syndication, but ultimately were not produced. Game show executive and producer Bob Boden noted that Double Dare "allowed kids to get dirty and have a good time in ways that really were not acceptable before that show". Double Dare remains the longest-running game show produced by Nickelodeon.

As Double Dare grew messier, a green slime substance became more commonly used in physical challenges and obstacles. Slime was originally introduced on another Nickelodeon program, You Can't Do That on Television. Double Dare's high viewership led to greater visibility for Nickelodeon's association with slime and saw it featured in promotions for the network in the late 1980s. The substance proliferated further, including annual slimings on the Kids' Choice Awards, a slime geyser at Nickelodeon Studios, and slime-based segments on other game shows including Wild & Crazy Kids and Figure It Out. The relationship between Nickelodeon and slime still lasts on the network.

Critical reception

Reviews of the show were often favorable, noting it was fun entertainment for the family. After Double Dare premiered, Kenneth R. Clark, media writer for the Chicago Tribune, observed that when contestants "squeal and make faces, it is somehow natural, wholesome and infectious," and said, "Double Dare is so refreshing." Noel Holston of the Minneapolis Star and Tribune wrote that "kids and game shows, when you think about it, go together like hot fudge and ice cream". The Orange County Registers Ellen T. Klein said Double Dare is "such fast-paced, furious and messy fun" and rated the show as "good". In 1988, television critic Ken Tucker cited the interaction between, and the performances of host Marc Summers and announcer Harvey as "the not-so-secret ingredients in the show's success in drawing adult, as well as youthful, viewers".

Some criticism came from the feeling that the program was not educational. Others were concerned about food waste like beans and eggs in physical challenges and obstacles. In a "Cheers and Jeers" section in 1988, TV Guide gave "jeers" to Double Dare for "daring to push beyond the limits of good taste," saying it was "gross and insulting to watch." In 1989, television and film critic Jeffrey Lyons wrote that he "wouldn't dream of proclaiming that Super Sloppy Double Dare is good for your child. But what's wrong with watching an admittedly dumb—but hilarious—program just for fun?"

Andrea Graham wrote for Common Sense Media that revival series Double Dare 2000 is a "fun, action-filled game show that families can watch together – amid all the slime are some good messages about family togetherness". Original host and executive consultant for Double Dare 2000 Marc Summers said that "there were issues" with the revival. In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, he said that he felt the length of the Triple Dare Challenge took away from the game and that "if we would have done it the way we originally did it, we would have been fine, but unfortunately, it didn't happen".

The 2018 revival of Double Dare premiered to positive reviews, particularly for host Liza Koshy. Reality Blurred's Andy Dehnart said that the reboot "did an excellent job of balancing the old and new," and praised the combination of Koshy and Marc Summers, saying she "can absolutely hold her own as host," and "her rapport with [Summers] felt natural and playful." Joel Keller of the New York Post's Decider observed that "the show belongs to Koshy, who ad-libs well and makes the kids feel at ease," and gave Double Dare a favorable "stream it" rating.Double Dare was nominated for a CableACE Award in the Game Show Special or Series category at the 1989 and 1993 ceremonies, winning the award in 1989, but losing to MTV's Lip Service in 1993. Dana Calderwood was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing in a Children's Series in 1989. Nickelodeon was nominated for a 1988 Golden ACE award, cable's then-highest programming honor, for its "pro-social television," including Double Dare by name. In January 2001, TV Guide ranked the show number 29 on its list of 50 Greatest Game Shows.  At the 2019 Kids' Choice Awards, Double Dare was nominated in the category of Favorite Reality Show, and Liza Koshy and Marc Summers were nominated as a duo in the category of Favorite TV Host. Double Dare was honored at the 47th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2020 with an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Game Show.

Other media

Portrayals and parodiesDouble Dare has been featured in a number of notable visual media since its premiere, often with one or more characters participating as contestants in homages to the series. On "Double Dare", a 2016 episode of the 1980s-set sitcom The Goldbergs, Adam Goldberg (Sean Giambrone) tries to find the perfect partner to audition to be a contestant on Double Dare. After rejecting his friend Emmy Mirsky (Stephanie Katherine Grant), he eventually runs through a mock obstacle course at a tryout with his grandfather Albert "Pops" Solomon (George Segal). Neither are selected to take part in the program. Benjamin Bauman and Amy Gross, real-life friends of series' creator Adam F. Goldberg who appeared as contestants on Double Dare in 1988, cameo as producers of the show. A first-season episode of the 2013 Nickelodeon series Sanjay and Craig titled "Trouble Dare" features the titular characters (voiced by Maulik Pancholy and Chris Hardwick), along with Sanjay's mother and father (voiced by Grey Griffin and Kunal Nayyar), leaving their home after a bug infestation. After asking Remington Tufflips (voiced by Chris D'Elia) to stay in his trailer and finding that the Dickson family is already occupying it, Tufflips decides which family can stay through a game of Family Double Dare hosted by himself. Harvey (voiced by himself) is concerned with how Tufflips is running the game until Marc Summers (voiced by himself) appears and declares Sanjay's family the winners of a night's sleep inside the Pick It obstacle. Another Family Double Dare game is seen in the music video for rock band Good Charlotte's 2011 single "Last Night." The video shows an abridged game of Family Double Dare, going through questions, physical challenges, and the obstacle course. Marc Summers appears as himself, guitarist Benji Madden appears as Harvey, and band members play contestants and stage assistants. In July 2020, an episode in season four of Nickelodeon's The Loud House aired titled "How Double Dare You!" in which the Loud family siblings attempt to get on Double Dare.Double Dare has also been subject to parodies and spoofs in various forms. The October 1988 issue of Mad has a spoof of Double Dare called "Double Damp". Marc Summers and Harvey are lampooned as "Muck Slummers" and "Hardly". The piece mocked the program's use of food products, the dangerous nature of some stunts, and the similarity to game show Beat the Clock. Both Summers and Harvey consider being parodied in Mad a high point in their careers. A 2015 episode of the truTV sketch comedy series Friends of the People titled "Double Dare" guest stars Marc Summers as himself, hosting "banned" moments from Double Dare. Sketches include a contestant exploding, and another being stuck permanently inside an obstacle. "March Dadness," a 2012 episode of The Cleveland Show, features a flashback to a Family Double Dare-like program called Dare Squared. A young Cleveland Brown (voiced by Mike Henry) has difficulty finding an orange flag in an oversized stack of pancakes at the end of the program's obstacle course. Marc Summers voices the frustrated host. Also, in a 2017 episode of Billy on the Street, host Billy Eichner led guest Keegan-Michael Key through an obstacle course with gun law themes titled Super Sloppy Semi-Automatic Double Dare. Eichner has cited Double Dare as a favorite show of his.

Merchandise and promotions

Reebok has been a major sponsor of Double Dare throughout its run. Every contestant and stage crew member wore a pair of the company's shoes. Additional corporate sponsorships and tie-ins were proposed, including Casio putting their logo on the stage clock, and a Double Dare-branded breakfast cereal, but Nickelodeon declined the offers.

From 1987 to 1995, various Double Dare live tours visited venues around the United States. Featuring a format similar to the TV show wherein members of a live local audience could participate, the tour would later incorporate aspects of What Would You Do?, another show hosted by Marc Summers for Nickelodeon. Some events in these tours sold-out arenas they were held in, with attendance of more than 20,000 spectators. The tours and events resumed in 2000 to promote Double Dare 2000. Beginning October 30, 2018, a version of Double Dare once again began touring nationwide. Marc Summers served as host, with previous Double Dare personality Robin Russo appearing as well. The tour ran through the end of 2019.Double Dares lasting popularity has led to a variety of products being made available. Pressman Toy Corporation released two traditional board games based on the show: The Double Dare home game was released in September 1987 and Wet 'N Wild Double Dare was released in March 1989. Another board game titled Double Dare: The Game was manufactured by Mattel in 2001. GameTek published a PC game in 1988, and a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990 based on the program. Stages based on Double Dare are playable in the 2020 racing game Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix, and as a downloadable content update in the 2021 fighting game Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl. Containing facts about the show, along with trivia and activities to host a home version of the game, two editions of The Double Dare Game Book were released by Parachute Press in 1988 and 1989. Based on substances referenced on Double Dare and Double Dare 2000, Mattel and Jakks Pacific manufactured a series of toy slimes called Gak and Goooze. Other toys, apparel, lunchboxes, and school supplies have been sold featuring the show's logo and art.Double Dare was heavily featured in the summer 2016 "Remember When" promotion at New York concept store STORY. Their partnership with Nickelodeon offered exclusive in-store products like Double Dare T-shirts and other goods designed in the style of the program's themes. Patrons at STORY could also participate in Double Dare experiences, like running the One-Ton Human Hamster Wheel obstacle. As well, other Double Dare-inspired products available in-store, including Keds shoes and Stance socks, were offered online through retail partner Neiman Marcus.

Four collections of Double Dare highlights and special features were released on home video by Kids Klassics on October 1, 1988,— Double Dare: The Inside Scoop and Double Dare: The Messiest Moments. On October 17, 1989, a home party guide titled How to Throw a Double Dare Party was released by Elektra Video. Sony Wonder released Double Dare: Super Sloppiest Moments on May 31, 1994.

Collections of episodes of the original Super Sloppy Double Dare and versions of Family Double Dare were made available for purchase via digital distribution on Amazon Prime Video and the iTunes Store throughout 2013. A DVD titled Nickelodeon Games and Sports: All-Star Collection, released by Nickelodeon for Amazon.com on April 27, 2015, features an episode of the original Super Sloppy Double Dare and Family Double Dare. Added at launch in August 2018, select episodes of Double Dare 2000 were available to view on the now defunct NickSplat channel on Otter Media's VRV streaming service. 246 episodes from the first three years of the original Double Dare were added to the now defunct NickHits channel, available on Prime Video and Apple TV, in December 2019, and later added to Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access) in January 2021. Recent versions were added to channels on Paramount Global's over-the-top streaming television service Pluto TV.

Episodes of the 2018 version of Double Dare are available for purchase through many online video retailers, sold individually and in multi-episode volumes. The first season of the 2018 version was added to Paramount+ in March 2021, with the second season being added in December of that same year. In August 2018, a Double Dare'' game was released on Facebook Messenger, allowing users to play against friends or other Messenger users in a turn-based version of the program.

References

External links

 Production website (archived)

1986 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
2000 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
2018 American television series debuts
2019 American television series endings
1980s American children's game shows
1990s American children's game shows
2000s American children's game shows
2010s American children's game shows
1980s Nickelodeon original programming
1990s Nickelodeon original programming
2000s Nickelodeon original programming
2010s Nickelodeon original programming
Television franchises
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Nickelodeon game shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
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Double Dare (franchise)


Sukma (Hindi:   []) ist eine Stadt im indischen Bundesstaat Chhattisgarh.

Die Einwohnerzahl betrug beim Zensus 2011 13.926. Sukma ist Verwaltungssitz des Distrikts Sukma.

Sukma liegt im äußersten Süden Chhattisgarhs nahe der Grenze zum Nachbarbundesstaat Odisha am nördlichen Ufer des Sabari-Flusses. Nach Raipur, die Hauptstadt Chhattisgarhs, sind es rund 390 Kilometer. Die nationale Fernstraße NH 221 verbindet Sukma mit Jagdalpur und Vijayawada.

Klima
Das Klima in Sukma ist tropisch. In den Monsunmonaten Juli und August fallen die meisten Niederschläge. Der durchschnittliche Jahresniederschlag beträgt 1477 mm. Die Jahresmitteltemperatur liegt bei 27,0 °C.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Chhattisgarh
Nagar Panchayat in Chhattisgarh
Distrikt Sukma

Sukma


Stefan Trienekens (* 21. August 1970) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Mit der B-Jugend von Bayer 05 Uerdingen wurde Trienekens 1986/87 Deutscher Meister. Der Jahrgang um Stephan Paßlack und Markus Bayertz besiegte den 1. FC Nürnberg klar mit 4:0. Von 1989 bis 1991 gehört der 1,94 m große Stürmer dem Bundesligakader der Uerdinger an, kam jedoch nur zu einem Einsatz. Daraufhin wechselte er 1991 zum Bundesligisten Fortuna Düsseldorf, mit dem er 1991/92 als Tabellenletzter abstieg. 1992/93 folgte der Absturz in die Oberliga Nordrhein. 1993 nahm Trienekens mit der Bundeswehr-Nationalmannschaft an der Militär-Weltmeisterschaft in Marokko teil und belegte den dritten Rang. Trienekens schloss sich daraufhin dem westfälischen Oberligisten VfL Gevelsberg an und spielte danach von 1994 bis 1996 zwei Jahre lang für den FC Remscheid. 1996 kehrte er zu Fortuna Düsseldorf zurück, stieg mit dem Verein in der Spielzeit jedoch erneut aus der Bundesliga ab. 1998 wurde er vom Oberligisten FC Wegberg-Beeck verpflichtet. Seine Spielerkarriere ließ Trienekens in der Reservemannschaft des MSV Duisburg auslaufen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (KFC Uerdingen 05)
Fußballspieler (FC Remscheid)
Fußballspieler (Fortuna Düsseldorf)
Fußballspieler (MSV Duisburg)
Fußballspieler (FC Wegberg-Beeck)
Deutscher
Geboren 1970
Mann

Stefan Trienekens


Giro di Sicilia er et italiensk etapeløb i landevejscykling. Løbet bliver i 2019 arrangeret for første gang siden 1977. Løbet er af UCI klassificeret som 2.1 og er en del af UCI Europe Tour.

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Etableret i 1907

Giro di Sicilia


بلدية فاتشيكا , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 93 نسمة.

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