Pedro Martín Cermeño y Paredes, conocido también como Pedro Cermeño (Melilla, 26 de marzo de 1722 - La Coruña, 15 de diciembre de 1790), fue un noble, arquitecto e ingeniero militar español, Gobernador Militar de Orán y Capitán General de Galicia.

Biografía

Hijo del también ingeniero militar Juan Martín Cermeño y de la melillense Antonia de Paredes. Casó con María del Carmen Cisneros de Castro y Ulloa, hija del I Conde de Gimonde, Juan Antonio Cisneros de Castro y hermana del II Conde, Pedro Cisneros de Castro y Ulloa.

Hizo sus estudios en la Real Academia Militar de Matemáticas y Fortificación de Barcelona, donde estaba destinado su padre, llegando en su carrera militar al grado de Capitán General. Fue nombrado caballero de la Orden de Alcántara en 1755. También fue administrador de la encomienda de Villafames en la Orden de Montesa.

En 1768 fue nombrado individuo de honor y mérito en arquitectura por la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando y en 1770 consiliario de dicha institución.

En 1774 fue nombrado Gobernador de Orán y ocupó el cargo hasta 1778, un cargo que también había ocupado años antes su padre.

En 1776 con el grado de maestre de campo (ascendió en 1770) estuvo en la expedición para la conquista de la isla de Santa Catalina como segundo al mando del ejército después de don Pedro de Ceballos. Entonces tenía asiento en el Consejo Supremo de la Guerra.

En octubre de 1777 asciende al grado de teniente general.

Desde octubre de 1777 ejerce la interinidad como capitán general del Reino de Galicia y la presidencia de su Real Audiencia. El 24 de febrero de 1779 el Rey le otorga la plaza en propiedad, hasta que murió en La Coruña, en 1790, aunque no a consecuencia de una caída del caballo como sostiene Ortega Romero, sino probablemente por causa de un derrame cerebral.

La Gaceta de Madrid de 25 de enero de 1791 publicó la defunción de Pedro Cermeño:

Con motivo de haber estado presente Pedro Cermeño como asistente y diputado a la Jura del Príncipe don Fernando (futuro Fernando VII) como príncipe de Asturias, en la Iglesia del Real Monasterio de San Jerónimo de Madrid el 23 de septiembre de 1789; el rey Carlos IV le hace merced de título de noble de Castilla (marqués de Cermeño) con Real Decreto de 12 de noviembre de 1789 (según Mercurio Histórico de noviembre de 1789).

Su retrato junto al de su padre, fue colocado en la galería de ingenieros célebres de la antigua Academia de ingenieros militares de Guadalajara, según boletín del ejército del año 1844.

De su matrimonio con María del Carmen Cisneros, hermana del Conde de Gimonde, tuvo un hijo, Santiago Cermeño Cisneros, que falleció sin descendencia, dejando como heredera a su prima hermana Jacoba Cisneros, Condesa de Gimonde.

Obra arquitéctónica en Cataluña

Tras la conversión de la Catedral medieval de Lérida en cuartel, en 1707, la sede episcopal se trasladó a distintas iglesias hasta que se decidió la construcción de una Catedral Nueva, bajo la advocación de la Asunción de la Madre de Dios, que Cermeño proyectó. La primera piedra se puso el 15 de abril de 1761 en presencia del obispo Manuel Macías Pedrejón. Las obras fueron llevadas a término por Francisco Sabatini.

También construyó la iglesia de San Miguel del Puerto, en la Barceloneta, barrio que había proyectado su padre, Juan Martín Cermeño.

Trabajó con su padre en las obras del Castillo de San Fernando de Figueras, continuándolas cuando murió aquel.

Obra arquitectónica en Galicia

Durante su estancia en Galicia intervino en diversas obras, entre las que se cuentan el proyecto de ordenación de la Plaza de santa Susana en Santiago de Compostela, que no se llegó a realizar, y el proyecto de la fachada atlántica de Marineda, en La Coruña, que se llamaron las Casas de Paredes, que no llegó a terminarse pero cuya realización parcial dejó una huella relevante en la ciudad. Su ambiciosa idea era la de crear un frente uniforme en la Marina, desde el Cantón Grande hasta la Puerta Real, dejando como lugar central la Casa de la Aduana. La fuente de inspiración de Cermeño debieron de ser los "quais" que en el  engalanaron las fachadas marítimas y fluviales de ciudades francesas como Burdeos o Nantes.

Notas y referencias

Nacidos en Melilla
Fallecidos en La Coruña
Ingenieros militares de España del siglo XVIII
Arquitectos de España del siglo XVIII
Urbanistas de España del siglo XVIII
Caballeros de la Orden de Alcántara
Generales de España del siglo XVIII
Capitanes generales de Galicia
Gobernadores de Orán

Pedro Martín-Paredes Cermeño


العظم الكبير عظم متصل بمشط اليد ويرتبط به العظم السنعي الثالث وهو إحدى عظام الصف الثاني من عظام الرسغ والثالث من جهة الإبهام.

مراجع

جهاز هيكلي
عظام الطرف العلوي
مقالات تتضمن نصوصا من الطبعة العشرين لكتاب تشريح جرايز (1918)
معصم

العظم الكبير


Repak (lat. Alopecurus), biljni rod iz porodice trava. Pripada mu četrdesetak vrsta jednogodišnjih biljaka ili trajnica. Ime roda dolazi od grčkih riječi alopex (lisica) i oura (rep), i to zbog toga što njihovi metličasti klasovi nakon što uvenu postanu crveni poput lisičjeg repa.

Ovaj rod raširen je po Euroaziji, obje Amerike i sjevernoj Africi, dok su u Australiju i po nekim otocima neke vrste uvezene.

U Hrvatskoj rastu crvenožuti repak (Alopecurus aequalis), kritično ugroženi lukovičav repak (Alopecurus bulbosus),  koljenčasti repak (Alopecurus geniculatus), poljski repak (Alopecurus myosuroides), livadni repak (Alopecurus pratensis), mješinasti repak (Alopecurus rendlei).

Vrste

 Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.
 Alopecurus albovii Tzvelev
 Alopecurus anatolicus Dogan
 Alopecurus apiatus Ovcz.
 Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.
 Alopecurus aucheri Boiss.
 Alopecurus baptarrhenius S.M.Phillips
 Alopecurus bonariensis Parodi & Thell.
 Alopecurus borii Tzvelev
 Alopecurus bornmuelleri Domin
 Alopecurus brachystachyus M.Bieb.
 Alopecurus × brachystylus Peterm.
 Alopecurus bulbosus Gouan
 Alopecurus carolinianus Walter
 Alopecurus creticus Trin.
 Alopecurus dasyanthus Trautv.
 Alopecurus davisii Bor
 Alopecurus geniculatus L.
 Alopecurus gerardii (All.) Vill.
 Alopecurus glacialis K.Koch
 Alopecurus goekyigitianus Cabi & Soreng
 Alopecurus × haussknechtianus Asch. & Graebn.
 Alopecurus heleochloides Hack.
 Alopecurus himalaicus Hook.f.
 Alopecurus hitchcockii Parodi
 Alopecurus japonicus Steud.
 Alopecurus laguroides Balansa
 Alopecurus lanatus Sm.
 Alopecurus longiaristatus Maxim.
 Alopecurus magellanicus Lam.
 Alopecurus × marssonii Hausskn.
 Alopecurus mucronatus Hack.
 Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.
 Alopecurus nepalensis Trin. ex Steud.
 Alopecurus × plettkei Mattf.
 Alopecurus ponticus K.Koch
 Alopecurus pratensis L.
 Alopecurus rendlei Eig
 Alopecurus saccatus Vasey
 Alopecurus setarioides Gren.
 Alopecurus textilis Boiss.
 Alopecurus turczaninovii O.D.Nikif.
 Alopecurus × turicensis Brügger
 Alopecurus utriculatus Sol.
 Alopecurus vaginatus (Willd.) Pall. ex Kunth
 Alopecurus × winklerianus Asch. & Graebn.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Alopecurinae

Repak


الاقتصاد المنزلي أو كما يعرف باللغة الإنجليزية ب (home economics)، وهو اقتصاد ربة البيت لإدارة وتدبير شؤون المنزل، من تقييم الحاجيات الضرورية لإستهلاك أهل المنزل، ومقدار المصروفات اللازمة خلال وقت معلوم، وتوفير حاجيات ومتطلبات المنزل في حدود الزمن والموارد المتاحة لربة البيت، وعموما يشمل الاقتصاد المنزلي تدريب الأطفال على حسن الاستهلاك وعدم التبذير، في الملبس والمأكل.

ويندرج ضمن مفهوم الاقتصاد المنزلي مفهوم ميزانية العائلة الإستهلاكية، (Family Budget)، وهي عبارة عن التوازن بين الدخول النقدية والعينية للعائلة، ومصروفاتها مع بيان مصادر الدخل وبنود المصروفات بالتفصيل، وميزانية العائلة ذات أهمية بالغة فهي تساعد إلى حد كبير في التحقق بدقة عن مستوى معيشة الأفراد وتعطي الأساس لكل نوع من أنواع حسابات التخطيط.

ويمكن إعداد ميزانية العائلة بطريقتين، الأولى: أن تملأ بطاقات الميزانية بواسطة التسجيل اليومي من قبل رب العائلة، أو أفراد الأسرة ضمن نطاق البحث، ويراجع هذه المعلومات بدقة من وقت لآخر مرشد أو رقيب يقوم بزيارة الأسرة لجمع المعلومات المدونة في نهاية كل شهر.

والطريقة الثانية تتلخص بان يقوم الباحث أو المرشد الأجتماعي بملأ البيانات الخاصة بميزانية الأسرة على أساس استجواب رب العائلة فيما يتعلق بمصادر دخله.

في المناهج الدراسية
ولأهمية الاقتصاد المنزلي توفر المدارس الحكومية في مصر وبعض البلدان العربية حصة مدرسية باسم مادة الاقتصاد المنزلى.

وبالرغم من تعدد مفاهيم وأهمية الاقتصاد المنزلى الا انه في المدراس الحكومية المصرية لا يهتمون سوى بتدريس الفتيات الطبخ ومحاولة تعليمهم التطريز والخياطة.

انظر أيضًا
 تدبير منزلي

مصادر

 القاموس الاقتصادي - تأليف حسن النجفي - بغداد - 1977م - صفحة 122.

حياة منزلية
سلوك أسري واقتصاد عائلي
علم الرفاهية
علوم تطبيقية
منزل
مهارات حياتية

اقتصاد منزلي


Sistemul directorial este o formă de guvernământ care conține elemente ale sistemului prezidențial și parlamentar. Într-un sistem directorial un consiliu exercită atât puterea prezidențială cât și puterea guvernamentală. Consiliul este ales de parlament dar nu este supus acestuia pe durata mandatului.

Cel mai cunoscut stat cu sistem directorial de guvernare este Elveția.

Forme de guvernământ

Sistem directorial


Maraş veya Varoşa (, Varosia), Gazimağusa şehrinde bulunan bölge. Kıbrıs'ın en ünlü bölgesiydi. 1974 Kıbrıs Harekâtı'nda Kıbrıslı Rumlardan oluşan nüfusu tarafından terk edilen bölge, harekât sonrası askerî kontrolde kalmış, büyük bir kısmı yerleşim ve iskana kapatılmıştı. Yeşil Hat'ın hemen kuzeyinde yer alan Maraş sahil şeridi 8 Ekim 2020'de yeniden kullanıma açıldı.

Tarihçe
1974 öncesi Akdeniz'in en ünlü tatil merkezlerinden biri olan Maraş, 13 Ağustos 1974'te (o gün son bulan) İkinci Kıbrıs Harekâtı sırasında Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri tarafından ele geçirilmiştir. Türk uçaklarının şehri bombalamasının ardından bölgenin tamamen Kıbrıslı Rumlardan oluşan nüfusu güneye kaçtı. Türk ordusunun eline geçmesinin ardından Maraş, askerî yasak bölge ilan edildi. 1976-77 yıllarında Maraş bölgesinin kuzeyinde kalan bazı sınırlı bölgeler iskâna açılarak önce güneyden göçmen olan Kıbrıslı Türkler, sonrasında da Türkiyeli göçmenler yerleştirildi. Maraş bölgesi, 1974-1990 yılları arasında doğrudan Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin parçası olan Kıbrıs Türk Barış Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı tarafından idare edildi ve 1981'de resmen birinci derece askerî yasak bölge ilan edildi. 29 Temmuz 1990'da bölgenin kontrolü KKTC Güvenlik Kuvvetleri Komutanlığına teslim edildi.

Maraş bölgesi, Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi kararlarına konu olmuştur. 11 Mayıs 1984 tarihinde alınan 550 sayılı kararda "Maraş'ın herhangi bir bölgesine sakinleri dışında insanlarca yerleşilmesinin kabul edilemez olduğu değerlendirilir ve bölgenin idaresinin Birleşmiş Milletler'e verilmesi için çağrıda bulunulur." ifadesi yer aldı. 14 Eylül 1992 tarihli 789 sayılı karardaysa 550 numaralı karara atıfta bulunularak bölgenin kontrolünün BM Barış Gücü'ne teslim edilmesi çağrısında bulunuldu.

Annan Planı'na göre Kapalı Maraş, Rum tarafının denetimine bırakılacaktı. Ancak yapılan referandumda Annan Planı, Kıbrıs Türklerince kabul edilmesine rağmen Kıbrıs Rumları tarafında reddedilince bu durum gerçekleşmedi.

İçerisinde Birleşmiş Milletler'e ait bir adet bina bulunmaktadır. Yaklaşık 400 metre ilerisindeki altı apartman, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'ne orduevi yapılması için tahsis edilmiştir. 2020 öncesinde bölgeye, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri mensupları ile orduevinin yanında bulunan kız öğrenci yurdunda kalan kişiler dışında içeriye giriş kesinlikle yasaktı. "Hayalet Şehir" olarak tabir edilen bu bölgeyi görmek isteyen turistler, Maraş İkon Kilisesi'nden ileriye gidememekteydi. Buna karşın 2016 yılından itibaren turistlerin kiliseye de girmeleri yasaklanmıştı. Askerî kimlikleri olanlar, bölgede bulunan kız yurdunda kalan öğrenciler ve öğrenciler için çalışan kayıtlı taksiler dışında hiçbir şekilde sivil araç ve yaya bu mahalleye alınmamaktaydı.

Yeniden açılması

18 Haziran 2019 tarihinde yapılan KKTC Bakanlar Kurulu Toplantısı'nın ardından Kuzey Kıbrıs Başbakanı Ersin Tatar ve Dışişleri Bakanı Kudret Özersay'ın yaptıkları ortak açıklamalar doğrultusunda Maraş'ta öncelikle bir envanter çalışması yürütüleceği ve ardından şehrin tekrar turizme açılacağı bildirilmiştir. Envanter çalışmalarında Kıbrıslı ekiplere Türkiye'den gelen uzmanların da yardım etmesi ve ortak yürütülecek bir çalışma sonucunda Maraş'taki taşınır ve taşınmaz mülklerin kayıtlarının tutanak altına alınması kararlaştırılmıştır. Maraş'ın altyapısının yenilenip, çevre düzenlemesi yapılarak yeniden inşa edilip turizme açılmasının maliyeti 10 Milyar Dolar olarak öngörülmektedir. KKTC Su Temin Projesi Boru Hattı Onarımını Müteakip Su Verme Merasiminde konuşan KKTC Başbakanı Ersin Tatar, Türkiye Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın da katılımıyla alınan ortak bir kararla 8 Ekim 2020 Perşembe günü, 1.5 km'lik Maraş kıyı şeridinin ve denizinin KKTC halkının kullanımına açılacağını duyurdu. Günümüz itibari ile Maraş belirlenen güzergahta yürüyerek veya bisiklet kiralayarak saat 08.00 ile 20.00 saatleri arasında gezilebilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kıbrıs Sorunu
 Kıbrıs Harekâtı
 Yeşil Hat
 Hayalet kasaba

Dış bağlantılar

 Kapalı Maraş Dosyası-32.Gün

Kaynakça

Mağusa kazasındaki yerleşim birimleri
Gazimağusa'daki yerleşim birimleri
Asya'daki hayalet kasabalar
Kıbrıs Sorunu

Maraş, Kıbrıs


Agave pintilla ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave). Ein englischer Trivialname ist "Maguey Pintillo, Pintollo Agave".

Beschreibung
Agave pintilla wächst solitär oder mit spärlichen Ausläufern mit einer Wuchshöhe von 20 bis 35 cm und ist 30 bis 60 cm breit. Die grünen, steifen, aufrechten, dreikantigen Blätter sind 13 bis 22 cm lang und 5,8 bis 8 cm breit. Die hornigen Blattränder sind weiß bis grau. Der graue bis braune Enddorn wird bis 1,5 cm lang.

Der rispige, gerade Blütenstand wird 1,6 bis 4,3 m hoch. Die gelben bis cremefarbenen Blüten erscheinen am oberen Teil des Blütenstandes und sind 25 bis 40 mm lang. Die Blütenröhre ist 11 bis 15 mm lang.

Die kugelförmigen, hellbraunen, dreikammerigen Kapselfrüchte sind 13 bis 21 mm lang und 7 bis 11 mm breit. Die schwarzen, Samen sind 4 bis 5 mm lang und 2,5 bis 4 mm breit.

Die Blütezeit reicht von Juni bis August.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave pintilla ist in einem begrenzten Gebiet in Mexiko in der El Mezquital Region im Südosten des Bundesstaats Durango verbreitet. Sie wächst in 1440 bis 1580 m Höhe. Sie ist vergesellschaftet mit zahlreichen Sukkulentenarten.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Maria del Socorro González-Elizondo, Martha González-Elizondo und Lorenzo Reséndiz-Rojas ist 2011 veröffentlicht worden.

Agave pintilla ist ein Vertreter der Gruppe Marginatae. Typisch sind die schmalen Rosetten und die geringe Anzahl der Blätter in Kontrast zu der nahen verwandten Agave victoria-regina, bekannt unter dem Namen f. nickelsii, die in Größe und Blattstruktur abweicht. Die Mezquital-Populationen sind seit vielen Jahren bekannt. Michael Bechtold hat vor etwa 20 Jahren Kolonien entdeckt. Ihr taxonomischer Status ist umstritten und bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.
Interessante Hybriden der Gruppe Marginatae (Agave victoriae-reginae) sind bekannt.

Nachweise
 August J. Breitung: Agave victoriae-reginae. In: The Agaves. The Cactus & Succulent Journal Yearbook, 1968, S. 25–27.
 Howard Scott Gentry: Agave victoriae-reginae. In: Agaves of Continental North America. The University of Arizona Press, 1982, S. 183–185.
 Thomas Heller: Agave victoriae-reginae. In: Agaven. Münster 2006, S. 144–145.
 Mary Irish, Gary Irish: Agaves, Yuccas and related plants of Continental North America. Timber Press, 2000, S. 176–178, Tafel 47, 48.
 Alejandro Martínez-Palacios, Luis E Eguiarte, Glenn R Furnier: Genetic diversity of the endangered endemic agave victoriae-reginae (Agavaceae) in the chihuahuan desert. In: American Journal of Botany. Band 86, 1999, S. 1093–1098 online (PDF; 65 kB)
 Ivana Richter: Die Gattung Agave. A.I.A.S., 2011.

 Bernd Ullrich: Agave victoriae-reginae. In: Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten. Band 42, Nummer 7, 1991, Karteikarte.
 Bernd Ullrich: Zum Verbreitungsgebiet von Agave victoriae-reginae T. Moore. In: Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten. Band 42, Nummer 11, 1991, S. 262–263.

Einzelnachweise

Agaven
pintilla

Agave pintilla


Alice ist der Name folgender tropischer Wirbelstürme:

Atlantischer Ozean:
 Tropischer Storm Alice (1953), tropischer Sturm mit Auswirkungen auf Kuba
 Hurrikan Alice (Juni 1954), Kategorie-1-Hurrikan
 Hurrikan Alice (Dezember 1954), atlantische Hurrikan
 Hurrikan Alice (1973), Kategorie-1-Hurrikan mit Auswirkungen auf Bermuda und die Seeprovinzen Kanadas

westlicher Pazifischer Ozean:
 Taifun Alice (1947) (T4716), blieb weitab vom Festland
 Taifun Alice (1953) (T5318), Taifun, der die Datumslinie überquerte und sich dann auflöste
 Supertaifun Alice (1958) (T5811), starker Taifun mit Auswirkungen auf Japan
 Taifun Alice (1961) (T6103, 10W), bildete sich im Südchinesischen Meer mit Auswirkungen auf Hongkong
 Taifun Alice (1964) (T6404, 05W), Taifun östlich der Philippinen
 Supertaifun Alice (1966) (T6616, 16W), Taifun mit Landfall im Osten der Volksrepublik China
 Tropischer Sturm Alice (1969) (T6907, 07W), mit Auswirkungen auf das südliche Japan
 Taifun Alice (1972) (T7213, 13W), zog an der japanischen Halbinsel Boso vorüber
 Taifun Alice (1975) (T7511, 13W), zog über die philippinische Insel Luzon und die chinesische Insel Hainwan
 Taifun Alice (1979) (T7901, 01W), richtete Schäden auf den Marshallinseln an

südwestlicher Indischer Ozean:
 Zyklon Alice (1960), traf auf Mauritius
 Zyklon Alice (1973), langlebiger Zyklon, zogr über die südlichen Seychellen

australische Region:
 Zyklon Alice (1965), kurzlebiger Zyklon auf offener See
 Zyklon Alice (1974), Zyklon vor New South Wales und Queensland
 Zyklon Alice (1976), bildete sich in der Timorsee und zog nach Westen
 Zyklon Alice (1980), bildete sich bei Sumatra und zog nach Südwesten

Tropischer Wirbelsturm Alice


قد تشير تسمية كلوريد الرصاص الكيميائية إلى أحد المركبين الكيميائيين للرصاص:

 كلوريد الرصاص الثنائي PbCl2؛ حيث حالة أكسدة الرصاص +2
 كلوريد الرصاص الرباعي PbCl4؛ حيث حالة أكسدة الرصاص +4

فهرس صفحات الكيمياء

كلوريد الرصاص


Ulugh Beigh steht für:
 Ulugh Beg (1394–1449), Timuriden-Fürst in Samarkand, Astronom und Märtyrer der Wissenschaft
 Ulugh Beigh (Mondkrater)

Ulugh Beigh


An Habenaria ferdinandii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Habenaria ferdinandii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Northern Territory. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria ferdinandii


An Didymoplexis philippinensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Didymoplexis philippinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Didymoplexis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Didymoplexis

Didymoplexis philippinensis


Arnsbach ist ein Ortsteil von Probstzella im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Geografie
Arnsbach liegt nördlich von Probstzella und südlich von Unterloquitz westlich der Bundesstraße 85, die ebenso wie die Bahnstrecke nach Probstzella und weiter durch das Tal der Loquitz führt. Im Bereich des Ortsteils reicht im Süden der Auerbachgrund in das Dorf und vom Norden das Tal des Metterbachs.

Geschichte
Wolfgang Kahl weist den 17. März 1370 als urkundliche Ersterwähnung des Ortes nach, die Gemeinde geht von 1417 aus. Damals war der Ort ein schwarzburgisches Dorf mit dem Namen Arembach. 1493 war die Schreibweise dann Arnßbach.
Der Ort gehörte zur Grafschaft Schwarzburg-Leutenberg und nach dessen Erlöschen von 1564 bis 1918 zur Oberherrschaft der Grafschaft bzw. des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

1858 existierten sieben Wohnhäuser mit einem Gut; 130,1 ha umfasste die Flur. Diese Fläche teilten sich die Bergarbeiter mit dem Gut und betrieben Ackerbau als Nebenerwerb. Nach 1900 eröffnete man drei Schieferbergbaugruben. 1885 erfolgte die Eröffnung des Bahnhofs in Unterloquitz. Deshalb kam auch die Dachschieferproduktion in die Nähe des Bahnhofs nach Arnsbach. Die Schiefergruben Glückauf-Brand, Glückauf-Heimann und der Mühlenbruch waren 1944/45 für diverse U-Verlagerungen vorgesehen. Letztendlich begann die BASF mit der Verlagerung von Nebenprodukten der Treibstoffindustrie unter dem Decknamen Steinbock II. Nach Kriegsende entwickelte sich der VEB Thüringer Schiefergruben Unterloquitz. Nach der Wende wurde der Betrieb von der Niederländischen KOOP Holding übernommen, die bald darauf in Konkurs ging. Derzeitiger Besitzer ist die Unternehmensgruppe Link aus Stuttgart. Arnsbach wurde am 1. Juli 1950 ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Unterloquitz und mit dieser 1994 nach Probstzella umgegliedert.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Probstzella)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Ersterwähnung 1370
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Arnsbach (Probstzella)


Operacija Anton (njemački: Unternehmen Anton) bio je kodni naziv okupacije Višijske Francuske koju su u studenom 1942. godine zajednički izveli Treći Reich i Kraljevina Italija. Operacija je označila kraj Višijske Francuske kao načelno nezavisne države i službeno dokinula njezinu ionako ograničenu vojsku, makar je vlada u Vichyju nastavila postojati kao marionetska država Trećega Reicha. Jedna od posljednjih akcija vojske Višijske Francuske prije njezina ukidanja bilo je samopotapanje francuske flote u Toulonu kako bi se spriječilo njezino padanje u njemačke ruke.

Početna ideja o okupaciji Višijske Francuske javila se još u prosincu 1940. godine pod kodnim imenom Operacija Attila, no ubrzo je uključena u provedbeni plan okupacije Korzike. Operacija Anton nastala je nešto kasnije kao proširenje Operacije Atilla, koje je uključivalo raznovrsnije njemačke jedinice i talijansko sudjelovanje. Nakon što su Saveznici pokrenuli Operaciju Baklja, Hitler nije mogao riskirati mogući proboj na Sredozemlju te je, nakon razgovora s Pierreom Lavalom, naredio okupaciju Korzike, a sljedećega dana i početak Operacije Anton.

Operacija je provedena izrazito brzo. Spremne 10. studenoga, njemačke jedinice već su 11. studenoga 1942. stigle do Sredozemlja. Hitlerov daljni plan bila je Operacija Lila, kojoj je cilj bilo preuzimanje razvojačene francuske flote u Toulonu. Ipak, francuski zapovjednici uspjeli su odgoditi operaciju dovoljno dugo kako bi izveli samopotapanje cjelokupne flote 27. studenoga iste godine. Glavni cilj samopotapanja bilo je sprječavanje Nijemaca u stavljanju brodovlja pod svoj nadzor. Nedugo zatim, raspušten je i ostatak vojske Višijske Francuske.

Francuske bitke u Drugom svjetskom ratu
Njemačke bitke u Drugom svjetskom ratu
Talijanske bitke u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Operacija Anton


Das Roßfeld, auch Rossfeld, Gipfel , ist ein nördlicher Ausläufer des Gölls an der österreichisch-deutschen Grenze im Nordosten der Berchtesgadener Alpen.

Lage und Landschaft
Das Roßfeld bildet den nordstreifenden Nebengrat des Göll zwischen Salzach und Berchtesgadener Ache, trennt also das Halleiner Becken von der "Beckenlandschaft" des Berchtesgadener Kessels bzw. der geomorphologischen Einheit Berchtesgadener Talkessel.
Die Westflanke erstreckt sich im Berchtesgadener Land (Landkreis Berchtesgadener Land) über einen Teil des Gemeindegebiets von Berchtesgaden (Gemarkung Eck, unter anderem mit der Roßfeld-Skihütte) und dem gemeindefreien Gebiet Eck (unter anderem mit der Roßfeldalm sowie der Oberen und Unteren Ahornalm). Die Ostflanke gehört zu den Ortschaften Weißenbach und Gasteig von Kuchl im Tennengau (Bezirk Hallein).

Im Salzachtal prägnant als Bergzug, 1000 m frei abfallend, stellt sich das Roßfeld in der markanten Bergumrahmung des Berchtesgadener Talkessels nur unscheinbar dar und zieht sich sanftkuppig und besiedelt ins Tal.
Im Süden setzt er am Westgrat zwischen Hauptgipfel (Hoher Göll) und Kehlsteinhaus an. Dann zieht sich der Hahnenkamm genannte Grat vom Ahornbüchsenkogl () zum Roßfeld-Gipfel. Nach Norden findet er im Zinken(-kopf, -kogel) () und im Halleiner Dürrnberg seinen Ausläufer und wendet sich dann, von der Berchtesgadener Ache/Königsseeache bei Marktschellenberg und Hangender Stein durchbrochen, zum Untersberg hin (Kienberggrat zum Geiereck).

Geologie
Das Roßfeld ist eine nördlich an die Kalkmassen des Gölls anschließende Deckscholle von kieseligen Sandsteinen und hornsteinführenden sandigen Mergeln, die Roßfeld-Formation genannt wird. Sie stammt aus der Zeit Hauterivium bis Barremium der Unterkreide und ist etwa 130 Mio. Jahre (mya) alt. Direkt westlich des Gipfels liegt ein weiterer Schollenrest mit ladinischem Dolomit und Haselgebirge des Oberperm (230–260 mya), die Nordwestflanke zeigt dann schon das glazial überprägte Bild der triassischen Hallstätter und Reichenhaller Formationen (200–230 mya), die den Halleiner Salzberg hervorbringen.

Die Roßfeld-Formation zieht sich am Salzachtal entlang nordwärts,  findet sich auch östlich von Kuchl und Golling (Moldan-Gipswerke Grubach-Moosegg) und von dort weiter bis an den Alpenostrand, wie auch im Saalachtal etwa an der Steinplatte. Die Geologie der ganzen Göll-Lammer-Masse, Hallstätter Fazies und der Störzone über unteres Lammertal–Gosauer Becken ist nicht gänzlich geklärt.

Erschließung und Naturschutz
Bis zum Gipfel wird das Roßfeld mit seinen Almen von der Roßfeldhöhenringstraße durchzogen. Die mautpflichtige Panoramastraße führt östlich des Hahnenkamm-Grates, obschon deutsche Bundesprivatstraße, zum Teil über österreichisches Gebiet und bietet einen weiten Blick in die Salzburger Vor- und Kalkalpen bis zum Dachsteingebirge.
Der an dieser Straße gelegene österreichische Abschnitt ist seit 1960 als Landschaftsschutzgebiet Roßfeldstraße (LSG 39) ausgewiesen bzw. als .

Am nördlichen Seitengipfel, dem Zinkenkopf (), wurde von Dürrnberg-Gmerk aus eine Sommerrodelbahn eingerichtet.
Zudem wird das Roßfeld mit seinen zahlreichen Höhen- und Forststraßen als Mountainbike-Gelände und auf deutscher Seite schon seit langem als Skigebiet genutzt, das auch die Möglichkeit einer Abfahrt bis nach Ober- und Unterau bietet.

Weblinks

 rossfeld.info, deutsche Website des Sport- und Ausflugsbergs

Nachweise

Berchtesgadener Alpen
Geographie (Berchtesgaden)
Geographie (Kuchl)
Wintersportgebiet in Deutschland
Sport (Bayern)
Grenze zwischen Deutschland und Österreich
Berg in den Alpen

Roßfeld (Göllstock)


Concorde-flyulykken i Paris 25. juli 2000 skete, da et Air France Concorde-fly med kendingsbogstaverne F-BTSC på flyrutenummer AF 4590 styrtede ned kort efter starten fra Aéroport Paris-Charles de Gaulle med planmæssig destination John F. Kennedy International Airport i New York. Ved ulykken omkom samtlige 109 ombordværende, der bestod af 9 franske besætningmedlemme og 100 passagerer, fortrinsvis tyskere, men også et dansk ægtepar fra Højbjerg. Udover de ombordværende omkom fire personer på nedstyrtningsstedet, et hotel ved La Patte-d'Oie de Gonesse nær Le Bourget-lufthavnen.

Passagererne skulle have været på et 16-dages luksuskrydstogt med MS Deutschland fra New York via Bahamas og Cuba til Manta i Ecuador, arrangeret af Peter Deilmann Reederei GmbH & Co i Neustadt ved Lübeck.

Efterforskningen viste, at flyets venstre dæk eksploderede under starten, da det ramte en flydel på banen, som stammede fra en 5 minutter tidligere lettet Continental Airlines DC-10.
Dækrester gennemtrængte undersiden af venstre vinge og forårsagede et læk i en brændstoftank lige foran motorernes luftindtag.
Indsugning af det udstrømmende brændstof forårsagede en kraftig reducering i motorkraften på et kritisk tidspunkt kort efter, at flyet var lettet.
Det efterfølgende tab af hastighed førte på trods af besætningens meget dygtige forsøg på at holde flyet i luften til fuldstændig tab af kontrol og dermed nedstyrtning.

Eksterne links
 To danskere blandt 113 omkomne i Concorde-styrt - Berlingske 25. juli. 2000
 Concorde-styrtet: Danske ofre ville forkæle sig selv - BT 27. juli. 2000
 Concorde-piloternes sidste ord - BT 5. sep. 2000
 Amerikansk flyselskab får skylden for Concorde-styrt - Politiken 6. dec. 2010
 Dansk flymekaniker er dømt for Concorde-ulykken - Politiken 7. dec. 2010
 Flyselskab frifundet for Concorde-styrt - Jyllands-Posten 29. nov. 2012

Flyulykker og -hændelser i Frankrig
Flyulykker og -hændelser i 2000

Concorde-flyulykken i Paris år 2000


සිල්ලා හි හොන්ගං (861 ප.–886) (රාජ්‍ය. 875–886) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ කොරියාවේ සිල්ලා රාජධානියේ 49වන පාලකයායි.

සම්ගුක් සගි ග්‍රන්ථය අනුව, ඔහු රාජ්‍ය කටයුතු සම්බන්ධයෙන් දක්ෂයෙකු වූ බැව් පෙනේ.  හොන්ගං යනු ග්යොංමුන් රජුගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයා වන අතර, මුනුයි රැජින ඔහුගේ මවයි. මොහුට නීත්‍යානුකූල උරුමකරුවකු නොසිටි නමුත්, ඔහුට දාව උයිමියොං ආර්යාවට උපන් පුත්‍රයකු (පසුකාලීනව හ්යෝගොං රජු වූ) සිටියේ ය.

879 දී, හොන්ගංට එරෙහිව ඔහුගේම ඉහළ නිලධාරියකු වූ ඉල්ගිල්චන් සින් හොං කැරැල්ලක් දියත් කළේ ය.

හොන්ගොංගේ දේහය ග්‍යොංජු හි බොරිසා විහාරයට ඊසාන දෙසින් භූමිදානය කෙරිණි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
කොරියානු රජවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
සිල්ලා ජනයා ලැයිස්තුව
එක්සත් සිල්ලා

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

සිල්ලා පාලකයෝ
886 මරණ
9වන සියවසේ ආසියාවේ පාලකයෝ

සිල්ලා හි හොන්ගං


Serhat Güller (d. 18 Aralık 1968, Eskişehir), Türk eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör.

Futbolculuk kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
1987-88 sezonunda İnegölspor'da profesyonel oldu. Burada defanstaki kesiciliğiyle yıldızı parlayınca 1989-90 sezonunda Galatasaray'a transfer oldu. Ancak kadroya girmekte zorlanınca 1990-91 sezonunda kiralandığı MKE Ankaragücü'ne ertesi sezon transfer oldu. Bu dönemde defalarca A ve ümit millî takım forması giymiştir. 1995-96 sezonunda Karşıyaka'ya transfer olduktan sonra, 1996-1998 arası Kardemir Karabükspor, 1998-2000 arası Yimpaş Yozgatspor formalarını giydi ve 2000-2001 sezonunda Hatayspor formasını giydikten sonra futbolu bıraktı.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri
Futbola vedasının ardından antrenörlük yapmaya başladı ve ilk olarak İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor'da Hüsnü Özkara'nın yardımcılığını yaptı. Önce Şekerspor'u, sonra Pursaklarspor ve Kayserispor'u çalıştırdı. 2006-2007 sezonunda İnegölspor'u çalıştırdı, 2007-2008 sezonu başında Boluspor teknik direktörlüğüne getirildi. Boluspor'da 2 sezon çalıştı. 1. sezonda Eskişehirspor'la final oynadı fakat maçı 1-0 kaybetti. 2. sezonda da Karşıyaka ile yarı final oynadı penaltılarla kaybetti. 2009-2010 sezonunda 1. Lig takımlarından Mersin İdman Yurdu'na teknik direktörlüğe getirildi, üst üste aldığı başarısız sonuçlar üzerine sözleşmesi yönetimle karşılıklı olarak feshedildi. 2010-2011 sezonu öncesi Karşıyaka tarafından kendisiyle anlaşıldı açıklanmış ancak taraftardan gelen yoğun baskılar sonucu vazgeçilmiştir. Ekim 2010 tarihinden itibaren istifa eden Giresunspor Teknik Direktörü Hüsnü Özkara'nın yerine göreve getirilecekken bir kez daha kendisinden vazgeçildi ve yerine Bahri Kaya göreve geldi. Son olarak Boluspor taraftarının baskısıyla görev başına getirilecekken Boluspor'un Mersin İdman Yurdu'nu 2-1 yenmesiyle göreve getirilmemiştir. Mersin İdman Yurdu'nun başında iken bugün 10 milyon avro değer biçilen Emmanuel Emenike'yi beğenmemiş ve takımdan göndermiştir şeklinde kanılar olsa da Emenike mersin idman yurdu kampına hiç katılmamıştır.

Teknik direktör Hamza Hamzaoğlu'nun istifasından sonra teknik direktör arayışında bulunan Denizlispor ile anlaşmıştır ve geçici olarak Denizlispor teknik direktörlüğünü üstlenen Kenan Atik'dan görevi teslim almıştır. Bu görevinde  6 hafta kaldıktan sonra istifa ettiğini açıkladı. Görevini tekrar bir önceki teknik direktör Kenan Atik'a teslim etti.

2010-11 sezonunun son haftasında teknik direktör İsmail Ertekin'nin istifasından sonra teknik direktör arayışında bulunan Bandırmaspor ile anlaştıştı ve geçici olarak Bandırmaspor teknik direktörlüğünü üstlenen Ahmet Cem Çorakçı'dan görevi teslim aldı. Bandırmaspor'la 2. Lig play-off'larda final oynamış ancak finalde Sakaryaspor'a karşı kaybederek 1. Lig çıkma şansını elde edememiştir. Sezon bitimiyle beraber takımdan ayrıldı.

2014-1015 sezonu Altay 15. haftada teknik direktör Serhat Güller'le anlaşmıştı. Güller yönetiminde 7 maçta 2 beraberlik ve 5 yenilgi alan siyah-beyazlı ekip, bu maçlarda kalesinde 10 gol görüp, hiç gol atamadı.Bu istatistiklerle Altay spor tarihinde bir ilk imza atmıştır.

101 Yıllık Altay tarihinin en kötü teknik direktörleri sırasında 1. sıradadır.

Başarıları

Millî takım başarıları
 Akdeniz Oyunları İkinciliği
 1991 -

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1968 doğumlular
Eskişehir doğumlu futbolcular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Galatasaray SK futbolcuları
MKE Ankaragücü GSK futbolcuları
İnegölspor futbolcuları
Karşıyaka SK futbolcuları
Kardemir Karabükspor futbolcuları
Yozgatspor futbolcuları
Hatayspor futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Türk teknik direktörler
Bandırmaspor teknik direktörleri
Körfez SK teknik direktörleri
Denizlispor teknik direktörleri
Boluspor teknik direktörleri
Mersin Talim Yurdu SK teknik direktörleri
İnegölspor teknik direktörleri
Pendikspor teknik direktörleri
Altay SK teknik direktörleri
Afjet Afyonspor teknik direktörleri
1. Lig teknik direktörleri
2. Lig teknik direktörleri
Yaşayan insanlar
1. Lig futbolcuları
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Defans futbolcuları
Türk Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Gümüş Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
1991 Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı futbolcular

Serhat Güller


El Aeropuerto de Bogashevo (en ruso: Аэропорт Богашёво) (IATA: TOF, ICAO: UNTT) es un aeropuerto ubicado en la ciudad de Tomsk, en Rusia. El aeropuerto se ubica más exactamente en la localidad de Bogashevo, a 11 km del centro de Tomsk.

El aeropuerto se inauguró en noviembre de 1967, para sustituir a otro aeródromo ubicado en la localidad de Kashtak. En el sitio que ocupaba el anterior aeropuerto actualmente se encuentra un bloque de apartamentos construidos tras la apertura del nuevo aeropuerto en Bogashevo.

El espacio aéreo está controlado desde el FIR de Novosibirsk (ICAO: UNNT).

Pista
El aeropuerto de Bogashevo dispone de una pista con dirección 02/20, de 2.500x42 m. (8.202x138 pies) y tiene un pavimento del tipo 32/R/B/X/T.

Aerolíneas y destinos
Bogashevo es la base de operaciones de la aerolínea Tomskavia.

Estadísticas

Font

Reconstrucción
En 2004 y 2005, el área del terminal y la fachada del aeropuerto fueron reconstruidas, por un costo de 70 millones de rublos. Junto a esto también se construyó una nueva autopista que comunicase al aeropuerto con la ciudad para aliviar el tráfico en la zona.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Datos técnicos
 http://www.aviaAeropuerto de Tomsk inicia operaciones internacionales
 Diagrama del aeropuerto en la base de datos de aeropuertos rusos. (en inglés). Consultado el 7 de septiembre de 2011
 Historial de accidentes en Tomsk-Bogashevo (en inglés) Consultado el 31 de marzo de 2012
 Mapa de ubicación de los aeropuertos Tomsk en "Our Airports" (en inglés). Consultado el 31 de marzo de 2012.

Tomsk-Bogashevo

Aeropuerto de Tomsk-Bogashevo


Olaylar
 Koguryo-Tang Savaşları sona erdi ve Goguryeo yıkıldı.

Doğumlar
 I. Velîd, Emevilerin altıncı halifesi (ö. 715)
 İbrahim en-Nehaî, Tabiun dönemi hadis ve fıkıh bilgini (ö. 715)

Ölümler
 15 Eylül - II. Konstans, Bizans imparatoru (d. 630)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Brahmagupta, Hint matematikçi ve gök bilimci (d. 598)

668


An Habenaria barbata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Wight ngan Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Habenaria barbata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria barbata


كفر عزب غنيم أو كفر حجازي إحدى قرى مركز كفر شكر التابع لمحافظة القليوبية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان كفر عزب غنيم 5,092 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة القليوبية

مصادر

قرى كفر شكر

كفر عزب غنيم


Vologda (, ) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population:

The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as a historic city, one of 41 in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast. 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments.

History

Foundation
The official founding year of Vologda is 1147, based on the 17th century "Tale of Miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda" and Ivan Slobodsky's 1716 "Chronicler", which tells the story of the arrival of the monk Gerasimus who founded the Trinity Monastery near the Vologda river. This date, which would make Vologda about the same age as Moscow, was introduced by the historian Aleksey Zasetsky in 1780.

However, historians and archaeologists have expressed doubts on the official founding year, due to the age and secondary nature of the sources and also due to archaeological excavations dating no earlier than the 13th century. Instead, they believe that the city was founded in the 13th century with Vologda being mentioned in a 1264 agreement between the Novgorod Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir as an outlying possession of the Novgorod Republic.

The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as "Lazy ground" (), close to the Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood.

Early history
The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the White Sea (via the Northern Dvina) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic, as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow, who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries.

In 1371, Dmitry Prilutsky, a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky, founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, close to the city. Dmitry Donskoy, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod.

In 1397, during the reign of Vasily I, Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the Muscovite Civil War, Vologda played a key role. After Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447, he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka; however, they did not manage to occupy the town.

After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda. In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Under Ivan the Terrible
During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia's trade. The foreign trade was conducted mostly with  England, Holland, and other western countries via the White Sea. Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda, and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod, and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following the reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya, a native of Vologda.

In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda in the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a moat. Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason (Nason in the Russian tradition) and Saint Sosipater. Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the "Nason-gorod" (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently, the name is sometimes referred only as the Bishop's courtyard).

Between 1568 and 1570, a new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov. In 1571, Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs.

However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as a sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building.

Time of Troubles
The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II.

In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September 22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants.

Under the Romanovs

After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During the reign of Peter the Great, Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye,  north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting the lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose.

Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda.

However, after St. Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk, which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate.

The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty, a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate. In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into Vologda Governorate, the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now.

A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).

In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye,  from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with the Buman's creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia.

Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as "Siberia close to the capital". In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), Nikolai Berdyaev (the famous Russian philosopher), Boris Savinkov (later known as a successful terrorist), Mariya Ulyanova, and Alexander Bogdanov  were sent to Vologda. Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov's sister.

Soviet period

Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the "diplomatic capital of Russia" for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador David R. Francis, relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July 24, 1918, the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk.

During the Russian Civil War, Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army. The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia.

In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral, that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city. In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, Northern Krai, which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates, as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast. The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast, with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September 23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast. These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined.

In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, "Northern Communard," were constructed.

During World War II, martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became a front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment "Vologda Collective Farmer" was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street.

Between 1961 and 1985, Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a bearing plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the fifth and the sixth Microdistricts. In 1976, the Vologda trolleybus system opened.

Post-Soviet period

In November 1991, the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People's Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the City Duma was established. The first Duma elections took place on March 20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies.

On July 25, 1996, the City Duma adopted the main city document: the Charter of Vologda. On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008.

In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since the completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – Novaya Ladoga), Р5 (Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk), and М8 (Moscow – Arkhangelsk). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head.

Administrative and municipal status
Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda (one of the four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug.

Politics
The key subjects of power in the city are:
 The Vologda City Duma is a representative body. It comprises 30 deputies elected based on universal, equal, and direct suffrage in 30 single-mandate constituencies. The term of office of the City Council is five years. The Vologda City Duma is controlled and accountable to all elected officials (including the head of the city of Vologda), the city administration, and the Chamber of Control and Accounts. The activities of the city duma are managed by its chairman and presidium (consisting of the chairman, deputy chairmen, heads of factions and standing committees, and a representative of the head of the city of Vologda). The only faction in the Vologda City Duma is the United Russia faction (26 people).
The Mayor of Vologda is the highest official in the city, authorized to manage the city economy, budget, distribution of funds, and management of the city administration. On 24 November 2017, Sergei Voropanov (United Russia) was appointed acting mayor of Vologda, being the first deputy head of the city. On 26 November 2019, he was appointed to the post of mayor.
 The head of the city of Vologda is a city official authorized for external municipal relations, accountable to the federal authorities. Appointed by deputies of the city duma and the governor for five years. Reports to the Vologda City Duma at least once a year. Since 26 September 2016, Yuri Sapozhnikov has been appointed mayor of Vologda.
 The Vologda city administration is an executive and administrative body. It consists of 7 departments (directly carry out management), 5 departments and 2 departments (provide the work of the administration). The head of administration is the head of the city of Vologda. Deputy heads of the city are heads of departments.
 The Chamber of Control and Accounts of the city of Vologda is a control body. It is formed by the Vologda City Duma and reports to it. Controls the execution of the budget and the disposal of property owned by the city, conducts budgetary examinations of municipal legal acts, and audits the effectiveness of the use of budgetary funds.

Climate
Vologda's climate is mild humid continental (Dfb) under the Köppen classification and temperate continental with mild summer and cold winter (Dclo) under the Trewartha classification. Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is mild, the coldest months are January and February, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn.
Mean annual temperature:
Mean annual speed of wind: 3.0 m/s
Mean annual humidity of air: 80%

Demographics
The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians. A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of  different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose.

Culture and art
Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance. The most known of them are
Vologda Kremlin (Bishop's courtyard)
Saint Sophia cathedral
Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery
ensemble of the Vladimir churches
Konstantin and Elena church, St. John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes
Dmitry Prilutsky church
Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona
architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square

Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda is among them.

Trademarks

Vologda's trademark products include Vologda lace, butter, and flax.

Museums
In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery "Red bridge". The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums,
Vologda Kremlin (Bishop's courtyard)
Peter the Great's house museum (Peter's house) – the first museum of Vologda (opened in 1885)
Expocenter "Vologda at a boundary of centuries"
Museum "World of the forgotten things"
K. N. Batyushkov's apartment museum
Museum "Literature. Art. 20th century"
Alexander Mozhaysky's house museum
Museum "Vologda exile"
Museum of Architecture and Ethnography (Semyonkovo)

Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918.

Theaters
Drama theater
Theater for children and youth
Puppet theater "Teremok"
Chamber theater
Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin
Children's musical theater

Annual festivals
The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda:
"Voices of History" (the beginning of July, every year)
Valery Gavrilin international music festival (every year, from October until December)
"Summer in the Kremlin" (every even year, from June until July)
The annual open international festival of multimedia art "Multimatograf"

Exhibitions
Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following:
"Russian Flax"
"Russian Wood"
"Gates of the North"
"Your Home"

Literature
Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov, Varlam Shalamov, Nikolay Rubtsov, and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova, Maria Markova, Galina Schekina, and Anton Chorny.

Institutions of higher education
Vologda State Technical University
Vologda State Pedagogical University
N.V. Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy
Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service
Vologda Institute of Business
Branches:
Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy
Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service
Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics
Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies

Transportation
Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways.

The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and trolleybus lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center.

Railway
Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway. It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation, with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1.

Air
The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway. Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, Ukhta, Velikiy Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra. Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8  are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service.

Highways
The following highways go through Vologda:
Federal highway М8 (Moscow–Yaroslavl–Vologda–Arkhangelsk–Severodvinsk). The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side (south) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street, from the Arkhangelsk side (north) to Chernyshevskaya street.
Road А-114 (Vologda–Cherepovets–Novaya Ladoga). The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse.
Line Р-5 (Vologda–Kirillov–Vytegra–Pudozh–Medvezhyegorsk). The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street.
Roads of local importance lead to
Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo,
Fetinino (through Semyonkovo)
Gryazovets and Rostilovo (old Moscow highway).

The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114, Р-5 and М-8 (the Arkhangelsk destination) is under construction around Vologda. The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road.

Urban public transport
The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes, and also by lines of fixed-route taxis. Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929, the trolleybus service was open in 1976. As of November 2009, in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes, nineteen municipal bus routes, and about forty marshrutkas (routed taxis). The main transport companies are the open society "VologdaElectroTrans" (trolleybuses), PATP-1 and PATP-32 (municipal bus routes).

Industry
Currently, there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda. The most notable ones are:
Closed joint-stock company "Vologda Bearing Factory" – produces bearings of various types
Open joint stock company "Vagron" – alcohol production
Open joint stock company "Vologda Machine-Building Plant" – produces various processing equipment for agriculture
Open joint stock company "Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant" – produces optical devices
State-owned enterprise "Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works", branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains, makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages
Open joint stock company "Byvalovsky machinery plant" – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes
Open joint stock company "ElectroTechMash" – produces electric household and technological products
Limited liability company "Central operating company" – building, designing, management of dwellings, management of the commercial real estate
Open joint stock company "Trans-alpha" (former "Vologda mechanical factory") – produces trolleybuses and buses
Opened joint-stock company "Vologda building designs and road machines factory" – produces mobile buildings for household, public, and industrial use
Closed joint-stock company "SoyuzLesMontazh" – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry

Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» (lace), limited liability company "Hope" and other enterprises.

Sports
Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums "Dynamo", "Locomotive", "Vityaz", the swimming pools "Dynamo" and "Lagoon", the sports and concert complex "Spectrum", fitness centers, regional athletic spots.
Vologda is a home to:
the male soccer team "Dynamo"
the female basketball team "Chevakata"

Twin towns – sister cities

Vologda is twinned with:

 Burgas, Bulgaria
 Grodno, Belarus
 Kouvola, Finland
 Sevastopol, Ukraine
 Yevpatoria, Ukraine

Notable people

Arts
 Konstantin Batyushkov (1787–1855), poet
 Valery Gavrilin (1939–1999), composer
 Varlam Shalamov (1907–1982), writer, poet
 Georgi Vasilyev (1899–1946), film director, screenwriter
 Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad, writers, were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order
 Anya Monzikova (born 25 August 1984), model and actress

Sciences
 Alexander Bykov (born 1962), historian, numismatist
 Khariton Chebotaryov (1746–1815), historian, rector of the Moscow University
 Nikolay Devyatkov (1907–2001), engineer and inventor
 Grigory Landsberg (1890–1957), physicist

Sports
 Uno Aava (born 1928), Estonian racing driver
 Yuliya Chekalyova (born 1984), cross-country skier
 Zhanna Gromova (born 1949), figure skating coach
 Nikolay Gulyayev (born 1966), speed skater
 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov (born 1988), football player
 Natalia Podolskaya (canoeist) (born 1993), canoeist
 Artur Rylov (born 1989), football player
 Tamara Rylova (born 1931), speed skater
 Adam Vishnyakov (born 1991), former professional football player
 Artem Yashkin (born 1975), football player

See also
Northern Thebaid

References

Notes

Sources

Brumfield, William. Vologda Album (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2005)    (in English and in Russian)

Sources

External links
Official website of Vologda

Official website of Vologda
Vologda in photos: photoarchive by William Brumfield
Tracing Russia's Past and Present in Vologda
Detailed information on Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery
Unofficial website of Vologda
View from St. Sophia Cathedral bell tower
Russian Pillow Lace
Historic architecture of Vologda
Russia Beyond the Headlines. Treasures of the Vologda Region

Vologda Urban Okrug
Vologodsky Uyezd

Vologda


The Grinding Wheel osemnaesti je studijski album thrash metal sastava Overkill. Diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast Records objavila ga je 10. veljače 2017.

Popis pjesama

 "Mean, Green Killing Machine" - 7:29
 "Goddamn Trouble" - 6:21
 "Our Finest Hour" - 5:49
 "Shine On" - 6:03
 "The Long Road" - 6:45
 "Let's All Go To The Hades" - 4:55
 "Come Heavy" - 4:59
 "Red, White and Blue" - 5:05
 "The Grinding Wheel" - 4:51
 "The Wheel" - 7:55

Osoblje

 Blitz - vokali
 Derek Tailer - gitara
 Dave Linsk - gitara
 D. D. Verni - bas-gitara
 Ron Lipnicki - bubnjevi

Izvori

Albumi sastava Overkill
Albumi iz 2017.

The Grinding Wheel


Alfonso María Dastis Quecedo (Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, 5 de octubre de 1955) es un diplomático español, actual embajador de España en Hungría desde 2022. Anteriormente, fue ministro de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación entre 2016 y 2018, y ha sido el máximo responsable de la Representación Permanente de España ante la Unión Europea (2011-2016) así como de las embajadas ante los Países Bajos (2004-2011) e Italia (2018-2022).

Datos biográficos
Licenciado en Derecho por la Universidad CEU San Pablo, ingresó en 1983 en la carrera diplomática del Reino de España. Durante la misma ha desarrollado tareas de asesor ejecutivo en el gabinete del ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, consejero en la Representación Permanente de España ante la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, vocal asesor en el gabinete de Presidencia del Gobierno, director de la Unidad de Apoyo del comité organizador de la Presidencia Española de la Unión Europea de 2002 y secretario general de Asuntos Europeos.

En 2004 fue nombrado embajador de España en los Países Bajos y hasta diciembre de 2011 era coordinador COREPER en la Representación Permanente ante la Unión Europea en Bruselas.

Entre diciembre de 2011 y noviembre de 2016 fue Representante Permanente de España ante la Unión Europea.

El 4 de noviembre de 2016 fue nombrado ministro de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación responsabilidad que asumió hasta junio de 2018.

En octubre de 2017 dijo en una entrevista que el castellano se discriminaba en las escuelas catalanas. Días después, en una entrevista internacional explicó que no era cierto que hubiera existido brutalidad policial en las cargas policiales durante el 1 de octubre en Cataluña y defendió que algunas fotos y noticias difundidas fueron falsas.

En septiembre de 2018 se anunció su nombramiento como nuevo embajador de España en la República Italiana.

En octubre de 2022, fue destinado a la Embajada en Hungría.

Condecoraciones

 Gran Cruz de la Orden de Carlos III (3 de agosto de 2018)

 Gran Cruz de la Orden El Sol del Perú (2017)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página web de la Representación Permanente de España ante la Unión Europea
 Página web del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación de España

Nacidos en Jerez de la Frontera
Diplomáticos de España del siglo XX
Diplomáticos de España del siglo XXI
Ministros del Gobierno de España nacidos en Andalucía
Ministros del Gobierno de España del Partido Popular
Ministros del Gobierno de España de la XII Legislatura
Ministros de Asuntos Exteriores de España
Representantes Permanentes de España ante la Unión Europea
Embajadores de España en los Países Bajos
Embajadores de España en Italia
Embajadores de España en Hungría
Caballeros grandes cruces de la Orden de Carlos III
Grandes cruces de la Orden El Sol del Perú

Alfonso Dastis


Loßack ist der Familiennachname folgender Personen:
 Angelika Köster-Loßack (1947–2020), deutsche Politikerin (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), MdL
 Dirk Loßack (* 1970), deutscher Schulleiter und Staatssekretär

Loßack


A Região Geográfica Imediata de Itabira é uma das 70 regiões imediatas do estado brasileiro de Minas Gerais, uma das cinco regiões imediatas que compõem a Região Geográfica Intermediária de Belo Horizonte. Criada em 2017 pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), é composta por 9 municípios, sendo o município de Itabira o mais populoso com uma população estimada de  habitantes.

Municípios

Ver também

 Lista de regiões geográficas intermediárias e imediatas de Minas Gerais
 Subdivisões do Brasil

Itabira

Região Geográfica Imediata de Itabira


Rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) is a type of vehicle armour made of a single steel composition hot-rolled to improve its material characteristics, as opposed to layered or cemented armour. Its first common application was in tanks. After World War II, it began to fall out of use on main battle tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles intended to see front-line combat as new anti-tank weapon technologies were developed which were capable of relatively easily penetrating rolled homogeneous armour plating even of significant thickness.

Today, the term is primarily used as a unit of measurement of the protection offered by armour on a vehicle (often composed of materials that may not actually contain steel, or even contain any metals) in equivalent millimetres of RHA, referring to the thickness of RHA that would provide the same protection. Typically, modern composite armour can provide the same amount of protection with much thinner and lighter construction than its protective equivalence in RHA. Likewise, the term is also used as a unit of measurement of penetration capability of armour-piercing weaponry, in terms of the millimetres of RHA that the weapon system can reliably penetrate.

Composition
Armoured steel must be hard, yet resistant to shock, in order to resist high velocity metal projectiles. Steel with these characteristics is produced by processing cast steel billets of appropriate size and then rolling them into plates of required thickness. Hot rolling homogenizes the grain structure of the steel, changing the crystalline structure of the steel and normalizing it.

RHA is homogeneous because its structure and composition are uniform throughout its thickness. The opposite of homogeneous steel plate is cemented or face-hardened steel plate, where the face of the steel is composed differently from the substrate. The face of the steel, which starts as an RHA plate, is hardened by a heat-treatment process.

History
From the invention of tanks through to the Second World War, tank armour increased in thickness to resist the increasing size and power of anti-tank guns. A tank with sufficient armour could resist the largest anti-tank guns then in use.

RHA was commonly used during this period (combined with other plate alloys and cast steel armour), and the power of anti-tank guns was measured by the thickness of RHA they could penetrate. This standard test has remained in use despite the modern usage of many other types of armour, some of which do not include steel or any other metals.

RHA was in common use as primary armour until after World War II, during which a new generation of anti-tank rounds using shaped charges came into use instead of heavy high-velocity projectiles.

Current use
Since World War II, because of a reduction in effectiveness against new weapons (mainly shaped charges and improved kinetic energy penetrators), RHA has largely been superseded by composite armour, which incorporates air spaces and materials such as ceramics or plastics in addition to steel, and explosive reactive armour.

For the testing and calibration of anti-tank guns, the term  rolled homogeneous armour equivalency (RHAe) is used when giving an estimate of either the penetrative capability of a projectile or the protective capability of a type of armour which may or may not be steel. Because of variations in armour shape, quality, material, and case-by-case performance, the usefulness of RHAe in comparing different armour is only approximate.

Currently, most armoured vehicles have their basic structures formed from RHA to lend general strength and toughness.

Specifications
For current United States Army use, RHA is produced to military standard MIL-DTL-12560 by several manufacturers.  Another standard is MIL-DTL-46177; however, this standard has been inactivated, and all new designs use MIL-DTL-12560.  MIL-DTL-46177 RHA is nearly identical to AR500 in terms of tensile and yield strength. The typical Brinell Hardness range of MIL-A 12560 is 302-400, making it weaker than AR500 which is in the 477-534 range.

See also
Slat armour
Sloped armour
Spaced armour

References

External links
 Bibliography of Tank Armor
  Internet Archive Wayback Machine link change on May 10, 2009.  Contains alloy compositions of military specification armor steels.

Vehicle armour
Steels

Rolled homogeneous armour


Mustafa İnan Kütüphanesi, İTÜ Ayazağa yerleşkesinde yer alan kütüphanedir. Tüm İTÜ Kütüphaneleri ve Kütüphane Hizmetleri'nin yönetim ve koordinasyon merkezidir. 1797 yılında Mühendishane-i Bahri Hümayun'da açılan matbaada basılan kitaplar kütüphanenin temelini oluşturmuştur. Kütüphane adını eski İnşaat Fakültesi dekanı ve eski İTÜ rektörü olan Mustafa İnan'dan alır. Kütüphane, 500.000 civarında kitap ve tez içeriği ile Türkiye'nin teknik anlamda en geniş kütüphanelerindendir. 2013 yılı itibarıyla 161 veritabanıyla Türkiye'de en fazla veritabanına sahip akademik kütüphanedir.7 gün 24 saat açıktır Türkiye'nin ilk 7 gün 24 saat açık olan Akademik Kütüphanesidir.

 Nadir eser sayısı: 6235 (32' si El Yazmasıdır)
 Abone olunan e-dergi sayısı: 62.221
 Abone olunan veritabanı sayısı: 216
 Yabancı Elektronik tez sayısı: 1.500.000
 Elektronik kitap sayısı: 347.308
 Merkez ve şube kütüphanesi sayısı: 8
 Kütüphanelerdeki toplam çalışan sayısı: 95

Nadir Eserler
Kütüphane önemli büyüklükte nadir eser koleksiyonuna sahiptir. Benzerlerinden farklı olarak koleksiyon genellikle teknik alanlarda yazılmış eserlerden oluşmaktadır ve hem doğu hem de batıdan örnekler içermektedir.http://dijitalkoleksiyonlar.kutuphane.itu.edu.tr/

Teknik Altyapı
Kütüphanecilik işlemleri için uluslararası alanda kabul görmüş Innovative firmasının Sierra otomasyon sistemi kullanılmaktadır. Geniş ölçekli bir otomasyon sistemi ile kütüphanecilik hizmetlerini veren ülkenin ilk kütüphanesidir. Çeşitli türlerde birçok elektronik kaynağa yerleşke içinden ve dışından erişim sağlamaktadır.Kitapların yanı sıra geniş bir görsel materyal ve harita koleksiyonu mevcuttur.Konu alanı Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri olmasına rağmen geniş bir sosyal bilimler koleksiyonu da mevcuttur.

Türkiye'de otomatik ödünç verme cihazını (self-check machine) ilk kez hizmete sunan kütüphanedir.

Kütüphane Yerleşimi
2007 yılında kullanıma açılan yeni kütüphane binasında ki yerleşim şu şekildedir :
3. KAT : Nadir Eserler, Eski Teknik Yayınlar, İTÜ Yayınları Arşivi ve Süreli Yayınlar
2. KAT : E-Kaynaklar Birim Ofisleri ve Süreli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu
1. KAT : Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Kitap Koleksiyonu
GİRİŞ KAT: Danışma Kaynakları, İTÜ Lisans üstü Tez Koleksiyonu, Sosyal Bilimler Koleksiyonu
ALT KAT : Toplantı Salonları ve Teknik Birimler

Kütüphane içerisindeki salonlara, masalara ve sandalyelere bina yapımında bağışta bulunan kişi ve kurumların adları verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Mustafa İnan Kütüphanesi Ana Sayfası
 Sanal Tur
 Kütüphane Hakkında Bilgi

İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Türkiye'deki üniversite kütüphaneleri
İstanbul ilindeki kütüphaneler
Sarıyer'deki yapılar

Mustafa İnan Kütüphanesi


Arapović je hrvatsko prezime, koje se najčešće pojavljuje u Zagrebu, Splitu, Metkoviću, Pločama i u Rijeci.

Osobe s prezimenom Arapović
Asan Arapović (? – 1669.), bogati zemljoposjednik i vođa graničara Turskog Carstva
Borislav Arapović (rođ. 1935.), hrvatski pjesnik, pripovjedač i prevoditelj
Emina Arapović (rođ. 1984.), hrvatska pjevačica
Franjo Arapović (rođ. 1965.), hrvatski košarkaš
Krešimir Arapović (1924. – 1994.), hrvatski nogometaš
Marko Arapović (rođ. 1996.), hrvatski košarkaš
Rudolf Arapović (1937. – 2007.), hrvatski publicist
Vera Arapović (rođ. 1940.), hrvatska i bosanskohercegovačka pjesnikinja

Izvori

Hrvatska prezimena

Arapović


Penge er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1954 instrueret af Henning Carlsen.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1954

Penge (dokumentarfilm)


79 Park Avenue, also known as Harold Robbins' 79 Park Avenue, is an American drama television miniseries developed and co-written by Richard De Roy, based on the 1955 novel of the same name by Harold Robbins. The miniseries stars Lesley Ann Warren as Marja Fludjicki, a poor but beautiful girl who is forced into prostitution despite sincere efforts to make a living and ultimately becomes New York City's most famous madam. It also stars Marc Singer and David Dukes.

Directed and produced by Paul Wendkos, the miniseries premiered on NBC on October 16, 1977, and concluded on October 18, 1977. Warren received critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for her performance.

Cast

Production
It stars Lesley Ann Warren as a prostitute and Marc Singer as a gangster struggling to survive in the 1930s. David Dukes, Barbara Barrie, Raymond Burr, and Polly Bergen co-starred.

The teleplay was split among three writers, with Richard DeRoy doing the first part, Jack Guss the second, and Lionel E. Siegel the third.

Reception
The show was a ratings success.  Part I (which debuted on Sunday October 16, 1977) was the 10th most watched show in the United States for the week (22.3 rating, 16.3 million homes) and the ratings momentum jumped for the last two installments.  Part II (Monday, October 17, 1977) was the second-most watched primetime show for the following week (29.9 rating, 21.8 million homes), and Part III (Tuesday October 18) was third. (27.7 rating, 20.2 million homes).

The critical reviews of the series were not positive, but not overly vicious, recognizing the series for what it was and no more.  Tom Shales of The Washington Post called the series a "laughable tawdry throwback to movie eyebrow raisers of the '50s, though without any of their appealingly cheap panache. Television loves to raise the subject of sex and then avoid it like the plague."  Joan Hanauer of UPI described the series as "what is usually called a 'woman's show'", meaning, "the romance is unrealistically sentimental and the moral tone is high, which in no way interferes with depicting the sleaziest kind of sex."  She found the second installment to be strongest of the three.

And although he credited the performances of the lead actors, John J. O'Connor of The New York Times was also underwhelmed by the series, calling it an "already tired story ... manufactured for mass consumption with all of the artistic concern afforded a can of baked beans."  O'Connor's year end review of 1977 television referred to 79 Park Avenue and Aspen as "dumb pot-boilers" which "tarnished considerably" the "promising concept of mini-series."

That the series might be somewhat controversial due to the sexual nature of the story was known from the beginning.  Executive Producer George Eckstein admitted "broadcasting standards people got very apprehensive when it was announced that this property was going to be on TV."  And when Fred Silverman took over at NBC in June 1978, he promised to stop lurid programming like 79 Park Avenue.  Silverman stopped plans for a sequel to the miniseries and also halted a planned rerun in 1979.

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1977 American television series debuts
1977 American television series endings
1970s American drama television series
1970s American television miniseries
1970s romantic drama television series
American romantic drama television series
English-language television shows
Television series by Universal Television
Television series set in the 1930s
Television shows based on American novels
Television shows set in New York City
NBC original programming
Rape in television
Prostitution in American television
Films directed by Paul Wendkos

79 Park Avenue


La croix de cimetière de Butot est un monument situé à Butot, en Normandie.

Localisation
La croix est située dans le cimetière du village.

Historique
La croix est datée par une inscription de 1560.

Le monument est classé comme monument historique depuis le .

Description

La croix, haute de  et en grès, possède une base octogonale. Elle comporte des motifs végétaux et religieux ; en particulier des têtes humaines, une représentation d'évêque bénissant, les différents instruments de la passion du Christ et des fleurs de lis.

Références

 Le patrimoine des communes de Seine-Maritime

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Seine-Maritime
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'arrondissement de Rouen

Liens externes

Butot
Monument historique dans la Seine-Maritime
Monument historique classé en 1913

Croix de cimetière de Butot


بوحشانة مدينة وبلدية تابعة إقليميا إلى دائرة لخزارة ولاية قالمة الجزائرية،

بوحشانة تلك المنطقة الجبلية السياحية التابعة إداريا لولاية قالمة لحتوائها على محمية طبيعية جد رائعة أهم المناطق الريفية وبها المعلم التاريخي كاف الريح وكاف بوزيون وكاف مخدوم أيضا الذي يعتبر أهم منطقة أثرية تكشف الوجود الروماني بوضوح حيث توجد تحف رائعة، وتعيش في تلك المنطقة العديد من الحيوانات ك النمس والثعالب والخنازير البرية والنسور ذات الريش البني والذئاب.
بوحشانة, أيضا منطقة جبلية ذات غابات في طور النمو لديها امتداد شاسع، تحيطها الوديان مثل واد الصخر، وادي حلية وواد فتوح التي بدورها تعتبر مناطق ريفية ذات إطلالة رائعة، إضافة إلى الحمامات المعدنية الطبيعية(حمام عساسلة، حمام الرومية، حمام بن طاهر)، كثيرا ما تشهد هذه المنطقة اعتدالا في الجو خاصة في الصيف حيث تجد جميع الناس ينعمون بنسيمها العليل، وهي أيضا من المناطق المرتفعة ففي الشتاء يزيد الثلج روعة في بوحشانة وينحت الغابات بحلة بيضاء ناصعة...، غاباتها هي من انظف الغابات بالولاية والمتكونة من اشجار الصنوبر والبلوط.

وصلات أخرى

وصلات داخلية

وصلات خارجية

المصادر

بلديات ولاية قالمة

بوحشانة


Karl-Erik Andersson (født 16. januar 1927, død 16. august 2005) var en svensk fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

På klubplan tilbragte Andersson hele sin karriere, fra 1943 til 1957, hos Djurgårdens IF i sin fødeby Stockholm. Han vandt i 1955 det svenske mesterskab med klubben.

Andersson spillede desuden 11 kampe for Sveriges landshold. Han repræsenterede sit land ved OL 1952 i Helsinki, hvor svenskerne vandt bronze.

Titler

Allsvenskan
 1955 med Djurgårdens IF

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Sverige
Fodboldspillere fra Djurgårdens IF Fotboll
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Sverige
Personer fra Stockholm

Karl-Erik Andersson


Lamont Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Lamont Township (Kansas)
 Lamont Township (Oklahoma)

Lamont Township


21 bölge bulunur. Bu bölgeler ve yerleşim yerleri adları:

Acklins ve Crooked adaları
 Albert Town
 Colonel Hill

Bimini
 Alice Town

Cat adaları
 Arthur's Town

Exuma
 Gergetown

Grand Bahama
 Freeport
 High Rock
 Sweeting Cay
 West End

Fresh Creek

Governor's limanı

Green Turtle Cay

Inagua adaları
 Matthew Town

Kemps Bay

Long Adası
 Clarence Town

Abaco
 Marsh Limanı
 Coopers Town

Mayaguana
 Pirates Well

New Providence
 Nassau

Andros
 Nicholls Town
 Andros Town

Berry Adaları
 Great Harbour

Ragged Adası
 Duncan Town

Eleuthera
 Rock Sound
 Spanish Wells
 Freetown
 Dunmore Town

Sandy Burunu

San Salvador
 Cockburn Town

Rum Cay
 Port Nelson

Şehirler
Ülkelerine göre şehir listeleri

Bahama Adaları'ndaki şehirler listesi


NGC 188, Kral takımyıldızı yönünde bulunan bir açık yıldız kümesidir. John Herschel tarafından 3 Kasım 1831 tarihinde keşfedilmiştir.

Yaklaşık 6 milyar yıllık yaşıyla Samanyolu'nun en eski kümelerinden biri olan NGC 188, yaklaşık olarak 5.000 yıldızdan oluşmaktadır. Çoğu açık yıldız kümesi galaksinin yerçekim etkisi dolayısıyla dağılma eğilimi gösterse de, NGC 188 galaksi düzleminden yüksekte olması sayesinde en eski açık yıldız kümelerinden biri olarak bilinmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 NGC 188'in SEDS NGC cisimleri sayfası

1831'de keşfedilen astronomik cisimler
Açık yıldız kümeleri
001
Kral takımyıldızı
0188

NGC 188


Ayşe Leyla Gencer (10 Ekim 1928; Polonezköy - 10 Mayıs 2008; Milano), Türk opera sanatçısı. 20. yüzyılın en önemli sopranolarından biri olarak görülür.

Batı ülkelerinde "La Diva Turca", "La Gencer", "La Regina" olarak ün yapan; Milano, Roma, Napoli, Venedik, Viyana, Paris, San Francisco, Köln, Buenos Aires, Londra, Rio de Janerio, Bilbao, Chicago'da sanatını dinleten; Lucia'nın, Norma'nın, Lady Macbeth'in, Kraliçe Elizabeth'in, Filoria Tosca'nın, Lucrezia'nın, Madam Butterfly'ın, Alceste'nin, Aida'nın, Violetta'nın, Leonora'nın "Leyla la Turca"sı soprano Leyla Gencer, hem seçkin opera sahnelerinde hem resitallerinde hayranlık uyandırmış sanatçılardandır. Opera repertuvarı 23 bestecinin 72 yapıtını kapsamıştır. Gencer, T.C. Devlet Sanatçısıdır.

Doğumu ve ailesi
Leyla Gencer 1928'de Polonezköy'de doğdu.  Babası Safranbolu köklü Müslüman bir ailenin oğlu olan Hasanzade İbrahim Bey, annesi Polonyalı Katolik bir ailenin kızı olan Alexandra Angela Minakovska'dır. Ailesi sonradan Çeyrekgil soyadını aldı. Annesi, İbrahim Bey'le evlendikten sonra Müslüman olup Atiye adını aldı. Gencer ileriki yıllarda bir röportajında "Müslüman ve oryantal bir altyapıdan geliyorum." demiştir.

Babası İbrahim Bey, ağabeyi Hüseyin Çeyrekgil ile çiftçilik, balıkçılık, taşımacılık ve Çubuklu suyunun işletmesini yapıyordu; ayrıca Lale Sineması'nın işletmesini üstlenmişti ve Karaköy'de hanları bulunuyordu. Leyla, babasını genç yaşta kaybetti. 1946'da varlıklı bir bankacı olan İbrahim Gencer ile evlendi ve Gencer soyadını aldı.

Eğitimi
Leyla Gencer, İstanbul İtalyan Lisesi'ni bitirdi ve bir süre İstanbul Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda şan eğitimi aldı. Konservatuvarda, Fransa'nın önde gelen hocalarından Reine Gelenbevi, ünlü orkestra şefi Muhittin Sadak ve besteci Cemal Reşit Rey'in öğrencisi oldu. Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda ders vermek üzere Türkiye'ye gelen ünlü İtalyan soprano Giannina Arangi-Lombardi ile tanıştıktan sonra İstanbul'daki konservatuvar eğitimini yarıda bırakarak çalışmalarını Ankara'da onun özel öğrencisi olarak sürdürdü. Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu'nun (opera da tiyatroya bağlı idi) korosuna girdi. Hocası Arangi Lombardi, bir yıl sonra kızını ziyaret için gittiği İtalya'da hastalanarak hayatını yitirince çalışmalarını İtalyan bariton Apollo Granforte ile sürdürdü.

Opera kariyeri

Leyla Gencer,  Devlet Tiyatroları Ankara Operası'nda  korist olarak görev yapmaktayken Ankara'ya geldiği yıl (1950'de) sahnelenmeye başlayan Cavalleria rusticana operasında Santuazza rolü ona verildi, Gencer'in opera kariyeri bu rolle başladı.

Leyla Gencer, Ankara Devlet Operası'nda görev yaptığı 1950-1958 yılları arasında devlet konuklarına verilen resitallerde en çok görev alan sanatçılardan oldu. ABD devlet başkanlarından Harry S. Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Yugoslavya'nın kurucusu Mareşal Tito, İran Şahı Rıza Pehlevi ve eşi Prenses Süreyya, Ürdün Kralı Hüseyin, huzurunda resitaller verdiği devlet konuklarındandır.

İlk defa 1953 yılında, Türkiye ile İtalya arasında imzalanan Kültür Anlaşması çerçevesinde bir resital görevi ile Roma'ya gitti. Bu resital bütün İtalya'da radyolarda naklen yayınlandı. Bu konserin başarısı üzerine Napoli Yaz Festivali'nde sahnelenen Cavalleria rusticana Operası'nda başrol üstlenmek fırsatını elde etti. Bir sonraki sezon Napoli'nin ünlü San Carlo Operası'nda Eugenio Onegin ve Madam Butterfly operalarında başrol oynama teklifi aldı. Leyla Gencer'in uluslararası platformdaki opera serüveni böylece başladı, Madam Butterfly  operasındaki başarısı ile Napolillerin sevgisini kazanan Gencer, Napolili Türk olarak anılmaya başladı. Bu başarı bir sonraki sezon San Carlo Operası'nda sahnelenen La Traviatadaki Violetta rolü ile sürmüştü. Sanatçı "La Traviata"'yı Palermo, Trieste, Ankara, Torino, Varşova, Poznan, Lodzi Krakov'da, Viyana Devlet Operası'nda Herbert von Karajan yönetiminde, San Francisco ve Philadelphia'da, Moskova ve Leningrad'da seslendirdi. 1956'da San Francisco operasında San Francesca da Rimini operasında son anda oynayamayacağını bildiren ünlü soprano Renata Tebaldi'nin yerine başrolü seslendirdi.  Eserin San Francisco ve Los Angeles temsillerinden sonra San Francisco operası ile kontrat imzaladı.

1957 sezonunda San Fransicso Operası'nda sahnelenen La Traviata operasında başrolü Leyla Gencer, Lucia di Lammermoor operasında ise dünyaca ünlü soprano Maria Callas üstlenmişti. Callas'ın gelmemesi üzerine Lucia rolünü de Gencer üstlendi ve büyük başarı kazandı. O günden başlayarak ABD'de sayısız opera temsili, resital, konser gerçekleştirdi.

26 Ocak 1957 gecesi Leyla Gencer, kendisine koyduğu Milano'nun ünlü La Scala Tiyatrosu'nda sahneye çıkma hedefine ilk defa ulaştı. Fransız besteci Francis Poulenc'in Carmelit'lerin Diyaloğu eserinin dünyadaki ilk temsilinde başrolü (Lidoine-başrahibe) oynadı. Scala'daki ilk sahneye çıkışından sonra Gencer, 18 Şubat 1957'de tüm zamanların en büyük orkestra şefi kabul edilen ve kısa bir süre önce ABD'de hayatını kaybeden Arturo Toscanini için Milano'nun Duomo di Milano Katedrali'nde düzenlenen görkemli cenaze töreninde Verdi'nin Requiem'ini seslendirilirken soprano partisini başarıyla söyledi. Bu başarının ardında La Scala Operası'nın; Köln Operası'nın açılışı nedeniyle düzenlediği turnede, Verdi'nin Kaderin gücü adlı eserinde başrol oynadı. 1958'de Pizzetti'nin dünyada ilk gösterimi gerçekleşen Katedral'de Cinayet adlı eserinde başrahibe rolünü, ardından Boito'nun az bilinen Mefistofele operasında Margherita rolünü üstlendi.

Gencer, 1958 yılında kontratı feshedilinceye kadar yurtdışındaki operalarda Ankara Devlet Operası Sanatçısı sıfatıyla rol aldı. 1958'de görevine son verildikten bir süre sonra Milano'ya yerleşti. 1958'de İtalyan Radyosu'nda Donizetti'nin "Anna Bolena" operası Leyla Gencer'in yorumuyla yayımlanmıştı (Bu yayım, 1980'de plak olarak piyasaya çıktı). Bu yorumun başarısı üzerine ünlü orkestra şefi Vittorio Gui şefliğini yaptığı 3 ayrı eserde, 3 ayrı kentte (Palermo, Floransa Roma Operaları) başrol teklif etti. Gencer böylece 1959 yılı Floransa Festivali'nin açılışında Verdi'nin 1849'dan beri hiç sahnelenmemiş "Legnano Savaşı" adlı eserinde başrolü oynadı. Bunu, Palermo'da Verdi'nin "Macbeth" Operası, Roma'da Mozart'ın "Don Giovanni" Operası'nı seslendirdi.

Gencer, 1960'larda mesleğinin doruğuna çıktı. Hiç bilinmeyen operaları seslendirmeyi sürdürdü. 1963'te Verdi'nin unutulmuş operası "Kudüs"te başrol Elena'''yı oynadı. Bunu Donizetti'nin hiç bilinmeyen operası Robert Devereux'daki Kraliçe Elizabeth rolü ve Bellini'nin 130 yıldır sahnelenmeyen Beatrice di Tanda operası takip etti.

1985 yılında sahneye veda eden sanatçı, 1983-1988 yılları arasında As. Li. Co.'nun genel sanat yönetmenliğini yürüttü. 4 Aralık 1987'de Donizetti ödülü verildi. 1997-1998 arasında La Scala korosunun genç sanatçılar okulunda yöneticilik yaptı, ölümüne kadar La Scala Tiyatrosu'nda opera sanatçıları için kurulan akademinin sanat yönetmenliğini yapmaktaydı. Gencer, aynı zamanda opera yorumu üzerine dersler vermeye devam ediyordu. Uluslararası yarışmalarda seçiciler kurulu üyelikleri yapan, festivallere, seminer ve konferanslara katılan Leyla Gencer, İstanbul'da kendi adını taşıyan "Uluslararası Şan Yarışması"nın kurucusudur. Yarışma, 1995 yılından beri düzenlenmektedir.

Leyla Gencer, 1988 yılında "Devlet Sanatçısı" unvanıyla onurlandırıldı.

2004 yılında Darphane ve Damga Matbaası Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından 1000 yılın Türkleri özel koleksiyonunda adına 15.000.000 TL değerinde 0.999 ayar gümüş hatıra para basıldı.

 Ölümü
10 Mayıs 2008'de Milano'daki evinde kalp ve solunum yetmezliği nedeniyle 79 yaşında hayatını kaybetti. Leyla Gencer'in cenazesi 12 Mayıs günü Milano'da La Scala Operası'nın Santa Babila Kilisesi'nde düzenlenen kalabalık bir törenden sonra vasiyeti doğrultusunda krematoryuma götürülerek yakıldı. Leyla Gencer'in külleri daha sonra İstanbul'a getirildi. Kendi vasiyeti gereği küller, 16 Mayıs günü Dolmabahçe Sarayı ile Dolmabahçe Camii arasındaki  yapılan bir törenden sonra Dolmabahçe açıklarında Boğaz sularına döküldü. Törende, Mozart'ın Requiem'inden "Lacrimosa" ile Ahmed Adnan Saygun'un "Yunus Emre Oratoryosu"nun 5, 12 ve 13. bölümleri İstanbul Devlet Opera ve Balesi Orkestra ve Korosu tarafından seslendirildi.

İstanbul Kültür Sanat Vakfı'nın yeni yapılmakta olan merkezinde sanatçının vasiyeti üzerine bir "Leyla Gencer Müzesi" oluşturulması öngörülmektedir.

 Leyla Gencer Şan Yarışması

İlki "Yapı Kredi Uluslararası Leyla Gencer Şan Yarışması" adıyla 3-9 Eylül 1995 tarihinde gerçekleştirilen Leyla Gencer Şan Yarışması, 2006 yılından bu yana iki yılda bir, La Scala Tiyatrosu Sahne ve Gösteri Sanatları Akademisi Vakfı işbirliğiyle İstanbul Kültür Sanat Vakfı tarafından düzenleniyor. 1997 yılındaki ikinci yarışmaya Leyla Gencer jüri üyesi olarak katıldı. Her iki senede bir gerçekleştirilen yarışma 1999 yılında 17 Ağustos Depremi nedeniyle düzenlenmedi.

Bugüne kadar birçok ülkeden yüzlerce sanatçının katıldığı Leyla Gencer Şan Yarışması'nda dereceye girenler dünyaca ünlü operalardan konser teklifleri aldılar.

 Diskografi
 Donizetti: Anna Bolena 1958/ Gavazzeni, Gencer, Simionato, et al
 Donizetti: Anna Bolena 1965/ Gavazzeni, Gencer, Cava, et al
 Donizetti: Caterina Cornaro 1972 / Cillario, Gencer, Aragall
 Donizetti: Les Martyrs / 1975 Camozzo, Gencer, Bruson, et al
 Donizetti: Les Martyrs / 1978 Gelmetti, Gencer, Bruson, et al
 Donizetti: Lucrezia Borgia / 1970 Gracis, Gencer, Raimondi et al.
 Donizetti: Lucrezia Borgia / 1966 Franci, Gencer, Aragall, Petri et al.
 Donizetti: Maria Stuarda (Mary Stuart) / 1967 Molinari-Pradelli, Gencer, Verret, Tagliavini et al.
 Donizetti: Messa di Requiem / Gavazzeni, Teatro La Fenice
 Donizetti: Roberto Devereux 1964 / Gencer, Cappuccilli, et al.
 Donizetti: Belisario 1969 / Gavazzeni, Gencer, Taddei et al.
 Mozart: Don Giovanni 1960/ Molinari-Pradelli, Gencer, Petri, Bruscantini, Stich-Randall et al
 Mozart: Don Giovanni 1962/ Solti, Gencer, Jurinac, Freni
 Ponchielli: La Gioconda 1971 / de Fabritiis, Gencer, Raimondi
 Zandonai: Francesca da Rimini 1961 / Capuana, Gencer, Cioni et al.
 Rossini: Elizabet, İngiltere Kraliçesi (Elisabetta, Regina d'Inghilterra) 1971/ Sanzogno, Gencer, Grilli
 Verdi: I due Foscari" 1957/ Serafin, Gencer, Guelfi
 Verdi: Battaglia di Legnano (Legnano Savaşı) 1959/ Gencer, Limarilli
 Verdi: Rigoletto 1961/ Quadri, Gencer, McNeil, Raimondi
 Verdi: Gerusalemme 1963/ Gavazzeni, Gencer, Aragall, Guelfi
 Verdi: Sicilya Vesperleri (I Vespri Siciliani) 1965/ Gavazzeni, Gencer, et al
 Verdi: Macbeth 1960/ Gui, Gencer, Taddei, Picchi et al.
 Verdi: Macbeth 1968/ Gavazzeni, Gencer, Guelfi, Corradi, et al
 Verdi: Attila 1972/ Silipigni, Gencer, Hines
 Verdi: Ernani 1972/ Gavazzeni, Gencer, Bergonzi
 Verdi: Simon Boccanegra 1961/ Gavazzeni, Gobbi, Gencer
 Verdi: Il Trovatore 1957/Previtali, Gencer, Del Monaco, Barbieri, Bastianini
 Verdi: Un ballo in maschera (Maskeli Balo) 1961/ Gencer, Bergonzi
 Verdi: Aida 1956/ Capuana, Gencer, Bergonzi, Cossotto
 Verdi: La Forza del Destino (Kaderin Gücü) 1957/ Serafin, Gencer, Di Stefano
 Verdi: La Forza del Destino 1965/ Molinari Pradelli, Gencer, Bergonzi

Ödüller
 1988: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Sanatçısı unvanı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Biyografisi ve Röportaj
 Adına basılan paranın özellikleri
 Leyla Gencer Şan Yarışması
 Zeynep Oral 2008 yılında BBC Türkçe Leyla Gencer'i anlatıyor
 İstanbul Kültür Sanat Vakfı'nın Leyla Gencer'in vefatının 10. yılı anısına yapmış olduğu belgesel.

1928 doğumlular
Beykoz doğumlular
Türk opera şarkıcıları
Devlet Sanatçıları
Devlet Senfoni Orkestrası sanatçıları
Polonya asıllı Türkler
İtalyan Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Cenazesi yakılarak icra olunan kişiler
Türk sopranolar
20. yüzyılda Türk kadın şarkıcılar
2008 yılında ölenler
Milano'da ölenler

Leyla Gencer