Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant. The smaller-scale weather systems – mid-latitude depressions, or tropical convective cells – occur chaotically, and long-range weather predictions of those cannot be made beyond ten days in practice, or a month in theory (see chaos theory and the butterfly effect).

The Earth's weather is a consequence of its illumination by the Sun and the laws of thermodynamics. The atmospheric circulation can be viewed as a heat engine driven by the Sun's energy and whose energy sink, ultimately, is the blackness of space. The work produced by that engine causes the motion of the masses of air, and in that process it redistributes the energy absorbed by the Earth's surface near the tropics to the latitudes nearer the poles, and thence to space.

The large-scale atmospheric circulation "cells" shift polewards in warmer periods (for example, interglacials compared to glacials), but remain largely constant as they are, fundamentally, a property of the Earth's size, rotation rate, heating and atmospheric depth, all of which change little. Over very long time periods (hundreds of millions of years), a tectonic uplift can significantly alter their major elements, such as the jet stream, and plate tectonics may shift ocean currents. During the extremely hot climates of the Mesozoic, a third desert belt may have existed at the Equator.

Latitudinal circulation features

The wind belts girdling the planet are organised into three cells in each hemisphere—the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the polar cell. Those cells exist in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The vast bulk of the atmospheric motion occurs in the Hadley cell. The high pressure systems acting on the Earth's surface are balanced by the low pressure systems elsewhere. As a result, there is a balance of forces acting on the Earth's surface.

The horse latitudes are an area of high pressure at about 30° to 35° latitude (north or south) where winds diverge into the adjacent zones of Hadley or Ferrel cells, and which typically have light winds, sunny skies, and little precipitation.

Hadley cell

The atmospheric circulation pattern that George Hadley described was an attempt to explain the trade winds. The Hadley cell is a closed circulation loop which begins at the equator. There, moist air is warmed by the Earth's surface, decreases in density and rises. A similar air mass rising on the other side of the equator forces those rising air masses to move poleward. The rising air creates a low pressure zone near the equator. As the air moves poleward, it cools, becomes denser, and descends at about the 30th parallel, creating a high-pressure area. The descended air then travels toward the equator along the surface, replacing the air that rose from the equatorial zone, closing the loop of the Hadley cell. The poleward movement of the air in the upper part of the troposphere deviates toward the east, caused by the coriolis acceleration (a manifestation of conservation of angular momentum). At the ground level, however, the movement of the air toward the equator in the lower troposphere deviates toward the west, producing a wind from the east. The winds that flow to the west (from the east, easterly wind) at the ground level in the Hadley cell are called the trade winds.

Though the Hadley cell is described as located at the equator, it shifts northerly (to higher latitudes) in June and July and southerly (toward lower latitudes) in December and January, as a result of the Sun's heating of the surface. The zone where the greatest heating takes place is called the "thermal equator". As the southern hemisphere's summer is in December to March, the movement of the thermal equator to higher southern latitudes takes place then.

The Hadley system provides an example of a thermally direct circulation. The power of the Hadley system, considered as a heat engine, is estimated at 200 terawatts.

Ferrel cell
Part of the air rising at 60° latitude diverges at high altitude toward the poles and creates the polar cell. The rest moves toward the equator where it collides at 30° latitude with the high-level air of the Hadley cell. There it subsides and strengthens the high pressure ridges beneath. A large part of the energy that drives the Ferrel cell is provided by the polar and Hadley cells circulating on either side, which drag the air of the Ferrel cell with it.
The Ferrel cell, theorized by William Ferrel (1817–1891), is, therefore, a secondary circulation feature, whose existence depends upon the Hadley and polar cells on either side of it. It might be thought of as an eddy created by the Hadley and polar cells.

The air of the Ferrel cell that descends at 30° latitude returns poleward at the ground level, and as it does so it deviates toward the east. In the upper atmosphere of the Ferrel cell, the air moving toward the equator deviates toward the west. Both of those deviations, as in the case of the Hadley and polar cells, are driven by conservation of angular momentum. As a result, just as the easterly Trade Winds are found below the Hadley cell, the Westerlies are found beneath the Ferrel cell.

The Ferrel cell is weak, because it has neither a strong source of heat nor a strong sink, so the airflow and temperatures within it are variable. For this reason, the mid-latitudes are sometimes known as the "zone of mixing."  The Hadley and polar cells are truly closed loops, the Ferrel cell is not, and the telling point is in the Westerlies, which are more formally known as "the Prevailing Westerlies." The easterly Trade Winds and the polar easterlies have nothing over which to prevail, as their parent circulation cells are strong enough and face few obstacles either in the form of massive terrain features or high pressure zones. The weaker Westerlies of the Ferrel cell, however, can be disrupted. The local passage of a cold front may change that in a matter of minutes, and frequently does. As a result, at the surface, winds can vary abruptly in direction. But the winds above the surface, where they are less disrupted by terrain, are essentially westerly. A low pressure zone at 60° latitude that moves toward the equator, or a high pressure zone at 30° latitude that moves poleward, will accelerate the Westerlies of the Ferrel cell. A strong high, moving polewards may bring westerly winds for days.

The Ferrel system acts as a heat pump with a coefficient of performance of 12.1, consuming kinetic energy from the Hadley and polar systems at an approximate rate of 275 terawatts.

Polar cell

The polar cell is a simple system with strong convection drivers. Though cool and dry relative to equatorial air, the air masses at the 60th parallel are still sufficiently warm and moist to undergo convection and drive a thermal loop. At the 60th parallel, the air rises to the tropopause (about 8 km at this latitude) and moves poleward. As it does so, the upper-level air mass deviates toward the east.   When the air reaches the polar areas, it has cooled by radiation to space and is considerably denser than the underlying air. It descends, creating a cold, dry high-pressure area. At the polar surface level, the mass of air is driven away from the pole toward the 60th parallel, replacing the air that rose there, and the polar circulation cell is complete. As the air at the surface moves toward the equator, it deviates westwards, again as a result of the Coriolis effect. The air flows at the surface are called the polar easterlies, flowing from northeast to southwest near the north pole and from southeast to northwest near the south pole.

The outflow of air mass from the cell creates harmonic waves in the atmosphere known as Rossby waves. These ultra-long waves determine the path of the polar jet stream, which travels within the transitional zone between the tropopause and the Ferrel cell. By acting as a heat sink, the polar cell moves the abundant heat from the equator toward the polar regions.

The polar cell, terrain, and katabatic winds in Antarctica can create very cold conditions at the surface, for instance the lowest temperature recorded on Earth: −89.2 °C at Vostok Station in Antarctica, measured in 1983.

Contrast between cells
The Hadley cell and the polar cell are similar in that they are thermally direct; in other words, they exist as a direct consequence of surface temperatures. Their thermal characteristics drive the weather in their domain. The sheer volume of energy that the Hadley cell transports, and the depth of the heat sink contained within the polar cell, ensures that transient weather phenomena not only have negligible effect on the systems as a whole, but — except under unusual circumstances — they do not form. The endless chain of passing highs and lows which is part of everyday life for mid-latitude dwellers, under the Ferrel cell at latitudes between 30 and 60° latitude, is unknown above the 60th and below the 30th parallels. There are some notable exceptions to this rule; over Europe, unstable weather extends to at least the 70th parallel north.

Longitudinal circulation features

While the Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells (whose axes are oriented along parallels or latitudes) are the major features of global heat transport, they do not act alone. Temperature differences also drive a set of circulation cells, whose axes of circulation are longitudinally oriented. This atmospheric motion is known as zonal overturning circulation.

Latitudinal circulation is a result of the highest solar radiation per unit area (solar intensity) falling on the tropics.  The solar intensity decreases as the latitude increases, reaching essentially zero at the poles. Longitudinal circulation, however, is a result of the heat capacity of water, its absorptivity, and its mixing. Water absorbs more heat than does the land, but its temperature does not rise as greatly as does the land. As a result, temperature variations on land are greater than on water.

The Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells operate at the largest scale of thousands of kilometers (synoptic scale). The latitudinal circulation can also act on this scale of oceans and continents, and this effect is seasonal or even decadal.  Warm air rises over the equatorial, continental, and western Pacific Ocean regions. When it reaches the tropopause, it cools and subsides in a region of relatively cooler water mass.

The Pacific Ocean cell plays a particularly important role in Earth's weather.  This entirely ocean-based cell comes about as the result of a marked difference in the surface temperatures of the western and eastern Pacific.  Under ordinary circumstances, the western Pacific waters are warm, and the eastern waters are cool. The process begins when strong convective activity over equatorial East Asia and subsiding cool air off South America's west coast create a wind pattern which pushes Pacific water westward and piles it up in the western Pacific. (Water levels in the western Pacific are about 60 cm higher than in the eastern Pacific.).

The daily (diurnal) longitudinal effects are at the mesoscale (a horizontal range of 5 to several hundred kilometres).  During the day, air warmed by the relatively hotter land rises, and as it does so it draws a cool breeze from the sea that replaces the risen air. At night, the relatively warmer water and cooler land reverses the process, and a breeze from the land, of air cooled by the land, is carried offshore by night.

Walker circulation

The Pacific cell is of such importance that it has been named the Walker circulation after Sir Gilbert Walker, an early-20th-century director of British observatories in India, who sought a means of predicting when the monsoon winds of India would fail. While he was never successful in doing so, his work led him to the discovery of a link between the periodic pressure variations in the Indian Ocean, and those between the eastern and western Pacific, which he termed the "Southern Oscillation".

The movement of air in the Walker circulation affects the loops on either side. Under normal circumstances, the weather behaves as expected. But every few years, the winters become unusually warm or unusually cold, or the frequency of hurricanes increases or decreases, and the pattern sets in for an indeterminate period.

The Walker Cell plays a key role in this and in the El Niño phenomenon. If convective activity slows in the Western Pacific for some reason (this reason is not currently known), the climates of areas adjacent to the Western Pacific are affected. First, the upper-level westerly winds fail. This cuts off the source of returning, cool air that would normally subside at about 30° south latitude, and therefore the air returning as surface easterlies ceases. There are two consequences. Warm water ceases to surge into the eastern Pacific from the west (it was "piled" by past easterly winds) since there is no longer a surface wind to push it into the area of the west Pacific. This and the corresponding effects of the Southern Oscillation result in long-term unseasonable temperatures and precipitation patterns in North and South America, Australia, and Southeast Africa, and the disruption of ocean currents.

Meanwhile, in the Atlantic, fast-blowing upper level Westerlies of the Hadley cell form, which would ordinarily be blocked by the Walker circulation and unable to reach such intensities. These winds disrupt the tops of nascent hurricanes and greatly diminish the number which are able to reach full strength.

El Niño – Southern Oscillation

El Niño and La Niña are opposite surface temperature anomalies of the Southern Pacific, which heavily influence the weather on a large scale. In the case of El Niño, warm surface water approaches the coasts of South America which results in blocking the upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water. This has serious impacts on the fish populations.

In the La Niña case, the convective cell over the western Pacific strengthens inordinately, resulting in colder than normal winters in North America and a more robust cyclone season in South-East Asia and Eastern Australia. There is also an increased upwelling of deep cold ocean waters and more intense uprising of surface air near South America, resulting in increasing numbers of drought occurrences, although fishermen reap benefits from the more nutrient-filled eastern Pacific waters.

See also

 Brewer–Dobson circulation
 Prevailing winds

References

External links
Animation showing global cloud circulation for one month based on weather satellite images
Air-sea interactions and Ocean Circulation patterns on Thailand's Government weather department

Atmospheric circulation


Olaylar
 Montreale Katedrali'nin yapımı tamamlandı.

Doğumlar
 I. Aleksios, Trabzon İmparatorluğu'nun ilk imparatoru (ö. 1222)
 IV. Aleksios, Bizans imparatoru (ö. 1204)

Ölümler
 Temmuz - Maria Komnini, Bizans İmparatoru I. Manuil ile Sulzbachlı Bertha'nın en büyük kızı (d. 1152)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Antakyalı Maria, Bizans İmparatoru I. Manuil'un karısı (d. 1145)
 İoannis Komnenos Vatacis, I. Manuil ve II. Aleksios hükümdarlıklarının önemli askeri ve siyasi karakteri (d. y. 1132)

1182


Socialistas por Tenerife (SxTf) es un partido político español fundado el 26 de febrero de 2011, formado por antiguos militantes del PSC-PSOE descontentos con las políticas de este. La fundación de la organización recibió el apoyo de Izquierda Unida y Los Verdes.

Su primer congreso se celebró el 16 de septiembre de 2011 y en él se acordó buscar la unidad con Izquierda Unida y Los Verdes para concurrir a las elecciones generales de 2011, aunque finalmente lo hizo junto con Equo y Alternativa Sí se puede.

En las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 2014 se presentó junto a Equo, Coalició Compromís, Chunta Aragonesista y otros cinco partidos dentro de la coalición Primavera Europea.

Su II congreso se celebró el 8 de noviembre de 2014 siendo proclamado como Secretario General Gregorio Negrín. En el encuentro, abierto a los ciudadanos, se decidió además la renovación parcial de la ejecutiva.

De cara las elecciones municipales y autonómicas de 2015 se presenta junto a Construyendo la Izquierda-Alternativa Socialista, Demos+ y Los Verdes en la coalición SxTf-Los Verdes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
https://sxtf2congreso.wordpress.com/

Partidos políticos de Canarias
Partidos políticos de España posteriores a la Transición

Socialistas por Tenerife


Sunčana Škrinjarić () a fost o scriitoare, poetă și jurnalistă croată. A devenit cunoscută prin scrierea de cărți pentru copii, cum ar fi Kaktus bajke, Pisac am vrijeme, Slikar u šumi, Pisac am princeza, Ulica predaka și Kazališna kavana.

Proza scriitoarei este caracterizată de imaginație și un limbaj sugestiv. Metaforic, copilăria sa este menționată în multe dintre lucrările sale, indiferent de faptul că a fost sau nu frumoasă. Poveștile ei, mereu interesante și imaginative, au fost adesea folosite ca scenarii pentru serii de film și televiziune. Este autoarea unui scenariu pentru primul filmul croat Pădurea minunată.

Skrinjaric a câștigat Premiu Literar "Grigor Vitez" în 1970, 1978 și 1983 și premiul "Ivana Brlić Mazuranic" în 1981. A fost nominalizată pentru premiul  în 1999. Lucrările sale au fost adaptate în două filme de animație: The Elm-Chanted Forest (1986) și The Magician's Hat (1990), regizate de Milan Blažekovič.

Cărțile ei au fost traduse în lituaniană, maghiară, slovenă și alte limbi.

Note

Nașteri în 1931
Decese în 2004
Oameni din Zagreb
Scriitori de literatură pentru copii
Jurnaliste
Scriitori croați

Sunčana Škrinjarić


Hiskjo er et fiskeleje og en 1,8 km²  stor ø i den vestligste del af Bømlo kommune i Sunnhordland, der ligger i den sydvestlige del af Vestland fylke i Norge. Hiskjo ligger vest for Øen  Bømlo og er knyttet til denne med Hiskabroen.

Kilder og henvisninger
  Store Hiskjo Geir Thorsnæs på snl.no ver. 5. juni 2017
 Kort på norgeskart.no

Bømlo

Øer i Vestland

Hiskjo


D432 je državna cesta u Hrvatskoj. Ukupna duljina iznosi 3,70 km.

Naselja
 Split

Izvori

Državne ceste u Hrvatskoj

Državna cesta D432


Michael Doughty (born 5 August 1979) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) between 2000 and 2012. He is now playing for Reynella Football Club in the Southern Football League, where he played junior football.

Originally from South Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL), Doughty was drafted by Adelaide with their first choice (fourth overall) at the 1999 Rookie Draft and elevated to Adelaide's senior list in 2000 when he made his senior AFL debut.

Known as a solid utility player, Doughty has most often used as a midfielder, tagger or a small defender. Doughty played his 150th game in round 8, 2009 and his 200th game in Round 15, 2011. Adelaide defeated Sydney by seven points to end a record-equalling six-match losing streak in this match.  He retired at the end of the 2012 season, having played in 24 of Adelaide's 25 matches, only missing one game when his wife Sara gave birth to his son, Max.  He joined sports management company Elite Sports Properties as a player manager after retiring as a player.

Statistics
 Statistics are correct to end of AFL career

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|  || 41 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 1.5 || 2.0 || 3.5 || 0.5 || 0.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|  || 11 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 11 || 4 || 15 || 6 || 2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.7 || 1.3 || 5.0 || 2.0 || 0.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|  || 11 || 25 || 13 || 5 || 220 || 161 || 381 || 95 || 39 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 8.8 || 6.4 || 15.2 || 3.8 || 1.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|  || 11 || 6 || 3 || 3 || 46 || 30 || 76 || 23 || 11 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 7.7 || 5.0 || 12.7 || 3.8 || 1.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|  || 11 || 17 || 4 || 5 || 117 || 114 || 231 || 70 || 55 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 6.9 || 6.7 || 13.6 || 4.1 || 3.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|  || 11 || 24 || 1 || 5 || 129 || 176 || 305 || 90 || 52 || 0.0 || 0.2 || 5.4 || 7.3 || 12.7 || 3.8 || 2.2
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|  || 11 || 23 || 8 || 5 || 241 || 235 || 476 || 137 || 69 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 10.5 || 10.2 || 20.7 || 6.0 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|  || 11 || 19 || 2 || 2 || 141 || 212 || 353 || 89 || 59 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 7.4 || 11.2 || 18.6 || 4.7 || 3.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|  || 11 || 23 || 3 || 1 || 239 || 264 || 503 || 134 || 75 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 10.4 || 11.5 || 21.9 || 5.8 || 3.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|  || 11 || 24 || 8 || 1 || 255 || 266 || 521 || 127 || 89 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 10.6 || 11.1 || 21.7 || 5.3 || 3.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|  || 11 || 22 || 1 || 1 || 200 || 211 || 411 || 114 || 74 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 9.1 || 9.6 || 18.7 || 5.2 || 3.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|
| 11
| 19
| 1
| 0
| 172
| 180
| 352
| 87
| 70
| 0.0
| 0.0
| 9.0
| 9.5
| 18.5
| 4.6
| 3.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|
| 11
| 24
| 2
| 1
| 206
| 167
| 373
| 100
| 74
| 0.1
| 0.0
| 8.6
| 7.0
| 15.5
| 4.2
| 3.1
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3 | Career
! 231
! 46
! 30
! 1980
! 2024
! 4004
! 1073
! 670
! 0.2
! 0.1
! 8.6
! 8.8
! 17.3
! 4.6
! 2.9
|}

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Australian people of English descent
Adelaide Football Club players
South Adelaide Football Club players
Reynella Football Club players

Michael Doughty (Australian footballer)


Baykonur (Kazakça: Байқоңыр, Rusça: Байконур, eski adı: Leninsk), Kazakistan'ın Kızılorda eyaletinde kent. Rusya tarafından kiralanmıştır ve yönetilmektedir. Şehir Sovyetler döneminde Baykonur Uzay Üssü'ne hizmet vermek üzere kurulmuştur. Gerçek Baykonur, birkaç yüz kilometre kuzeydoğuda, Karagandı eyaletinde bir madencilik kasabasıdır. Sovyetler, uzay üssüne bu adı vererek düşman casuslarını şaşırtmaya ve üssün gerçek yerini gizlemeye çalıştılar. Demiryolu istasyonu uzay üssünden önce yapılmıştır ve kentin eski adını taşır. Şehrin ekonomisi büyük ölçüde uzay üssüne bağlıdır.

İsim

Baykonur adını şehre 20 Aralık 1995'te Boris Yeltsin vermiştir.

Baykonur, Kazakça bay (bereketli) ve konur (kahverengi) kelimelerinden oluşan bir bileşik kelimedir.

Kaynakça

Kazakistan'daki şehirler
Kapalı şehirler

Baykonur


Singaporekvindens Hævn (originaltitel: The Letter er en amerikansk dramafilm fra 1929, produceret af Paramount Pictures. Det var den første tonefilm i spillefilmslængde, der blev filmet i Astoria Studios, Queens, New York City.
Filmen har Jeanne Eagels i hovedrollen sammen med O. P. Heggie, og blev instrueret af Jean de Limur.
Manuskriptet blev skrevet af Garrett Fort baseret på skuespillet The Letter fra 1927, af W. Somerset Maugham.
Filmen fortæller historien om en gift kvinde, der dræber sin elsker og kommer for retten.

Eagles, der døde blot få måneder efter at filmen var færdig, blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle for sin skildring af den gifte kvinde.
Hun var den første skuespiller, der blev anerkendt af akademiet efter hendes død, selvom det ikke var en officiel nominering.

Medvirkende
 Jeanne Eagels som Leslie Crosbie
 Reginald Owen som Robert Crosbie
 Herbert Marshall som Geoffrey Hammond
 Irene Browne som Mrs. Joyce
 O. P. Heggie som Mr. Joyce
 Lady Tsen Mei som Li-Ti
 Tamaki Yoshiwara som Ong Chi Seng

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1929
Sort-hvide film fra USA
Engelsksprogede film
Dramafilm fra USA

Singaporekvindens Hævn


Virginia Cherrill () a fost o actriță americană cel mai cunoscută pentru interpretarea fetei nevăzătoare din filmul lui Charlie Chaplin din 1931, Luminile orașului.

Luminile orașului

Charlie Chaplin a intervievat mai multe actrițe pentru a o juca pe fata oarbă, dar nu a fost impresionat de nici una. În timpul vizionării unui film cu femei care fac baie pe plaja din Santa Monica, a dat din întâmplare peste Virginia Cherrill. Cherrill l-a salutat și l-a întrebat dacă i se poate oferi șansa să lucreze cu el. După o serie de audiții neconvingătoare ale altor actrițe, Chaplin a invitat-o în cele din urmă să dea o probă. Ea a fost prima actriță care a jucat în mod subtil și convingător rolul oarbei în fața aparatului de înregistrat din cauza miopiei sale, prin urmare Cherrill a semnat un contract la 1 noiembrie 1928.  Producția a început cu prima scenă de la standul de flori, unde Micul vagabond o întâlnește pentru prima dată pe fata oarbă cu flori. Scena a durat câteva săptămâni pentru a fi filmată, iar Chaplin a început sa aibă dubii privind distribuția actriței Cherrill în film. Câțiva ani mai târziu, Cherrill a spus: "Nu mi-a plăcut niciodată de Charlie și el nu m-a plăcut niciodată". În autobiografia sa, Chaplin și-a asumat responsabilitatea pentru tensiunile dintre cei doi, dând vina pe stres. "Am lucrat cu o stare nevrotică datorată dorinței mele de a găsi perfecțiunea", și-a amintit el. Filmarea scenei a continuat până în februarie 1929 și din nou timp de zece zile la începutul lunii aprilie, până când Chaplin s-a hotărât să lase această scena deoparte pentru a fi filmată mai târziu.

În noiembrie, Chaplin a început să lucreze din nou cu Cherrill în unele dintre scenele mai puțin dramatice cu fata cu flori. În timp ce aștepta de câteva luni să joace în scenele ei, Cherrill s-a plictisit și s-a plâns lui Chaplin de acest lucru. În timpul filmării unei scene, Cherrill l-a întrebat pe Chaplin dacă ar putea pleca mai devreme deoarece are o programare la coafor. Chaplin a concediat-o imediat pe Virginia Cherrill și a înlocuit-o cu Georgia Hale, co-vedeta filmului Goana după aur. Chiar dacă lui Chaplin i-a plăcut de aceasta la probele de filmare și-a dat seama că a filmat deja prea multe scene cu fata cu flori și nu a mai dorit să le refacă cu o altă actriță. Chaplin a luat-o în calcul și pe actrița de șaisprezece ani Violet Krauth, dar nu a discutat despre această idee cu asociații săi. În cele din urmă, Chaplin a reangajat-o pe Cherrill pentru a termina filmul Luminile orașului. Ea a cerut și a obținut o majorare de 75 de dolari pe săptămână.

Filmografie

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de actori americani
Listă de oameni din statul Illinois

Nașteri în 1908
Decese în 1996
Actrițe americane

Virginia Cherrill


Għar Dalam (o la Cueva de la Oscuridad) es una cueva prehistórica sin salida, situada en las afueras de Birzebbuga, en el país europeo de Malta. Contiene los restos óseos de animales que fueron abandonados y posteriormente se extinguieron en Malta, a finales de la Edad de Hielo.
La cueva fue por primera vez investigada científicamente en 1885, pero no fue abierta al público hasta 1933. Fue utilizada como un refugio antiaéreo durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Véase también
 Geografía de Malta
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Cuevas de Malta

Għar Dalam


NGC 7425 je prečkasta spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Vodenjaku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7425
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7425 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7425 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7400 - 7449

7425

NGC 7425


جوناس كوين  هو أحد شخصيات ستارغيت، لعب دور دانييل جاكسون حينما ارتقى في الموسم السادس. ويؤدي دوره الممثل كورين نيميك.

مراجع

علماء خياليون في التلفاز
شخصيات خيالية
شخصيات خيالية ظهرت في 2002
شخصيات ستارغيت
علماء خياليون
شخصيات تلفزيونية ظهرت في 2002

جوناس كوين


Kulturno-povijesna urbanistička cjelina Jastrebarsko, je kompleks u gradu Jastrebarsko, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis
Kompleks građevina iz 13. st. do 19. st.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2629 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene urbane cjeline u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Građevine u Jastrebarskom


Striber er en film instrueret af Peter Bay.

Handling
Maleren Peter Hanghøj arbejder hårdt hjemme i sin ydmyge lejlighed på at skabe nogle strukturalistiske system-malerier. Hans seje knokleri fra morgen til aften er blevet en minimalistisk, humoristisk hyldest til alle der målbevidst og engageret går efter det man synes er vigtigt i livet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Striber


An Carex nubigena in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Don, Tilloch ngan Thomas Taylor. An Carex nubigena in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. n. albata
 C. n. nubigena
 C. n. pseudoarenicola
 C. n. franchetiana

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex nubigena


Demeclociclina este un antibiotic din clasa tetraciclinelor, fiind utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Printre acestea se numără: boala Lyme, acneea și bronșita. Calea de administrare disponibilă este cea orală.

Compusul a fost identificat în cultura unei tulpini mutante de Streptomyces aureofaciens.

Note

Vezi și
 Doxiciclină
 Tetraciclină
 Tigeciclină
 Clortetraciclină

Tetracicline
Antiacneice
Carboxamide

Demeclociclină


Stuart A. Reiss (n. 15 iulie 1921, Chicago, SUA – d. 21 decembrie 2014) a fost un decorator de film american. El a câștigat două premii Oscar și a fost nominalizat la încă patru premii la categoria cele mai bune decoruri. El a lucrat la mai mult de 100 de filme din 1947 până în 1986.

Filmografie selectivă
Reiss a câștigat două premii Oscar pentru cele mai bune decoruri și a fost nominalizat la încă patru premii:

 Premii Oscar
 Jurnalul Annei Frank (1959)
 Fantastic Voyage (1966)

 Nominalizări
 Titanic (1953)
 Teenage Rebel (1956)
 What a Way to Go! (1964)
 Doctor Dolittle (1967)

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1921
Decese în 2014
Oameni din Chicago, Illinois

Stuart A. Reiss


Das Peñablanca Protected Landscape & Seascape ist ein Landschaftsschutzgebiet auf der Insel Luzon in den Philippinen. Es umfasst eine Fläche von 118.781,58 Hektar und liegt in der Provinz Cagayan, auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Peñablanca. Mit dem Präsidenten-Erlass Nr. 484 wurde es am 6. Oktober 2003 eingerichtet.

Das Peñablanca Protected Landscape & Seascape liegt im Bergland der Sierra Madre, ca. 35 km nordöstlich von Tuguegarao, und reicht bis in die Gipfelregion des 1.833 Meter hohen Mount Cetaceo. Bis in Höhenlagen um 900 Meter findet sich Flachlandregenwald; oberhalb davon schließt sich Bergregenwald an, der sich bis in Gipfelregionen erstreckt. Zwischen den geschlossenen Wäldern liegen Gebiete mit Bambuswäldern, Heiden und Grasland. Die Regenwälder sind bislang wenig vom Menschen beeinträchtigt worden; es leben nomadische Aetas in dem Gebiet. Es ist eines der nördlichen Naturschutzgebiete im Sierra-Madre-Biosphären-Korridor.

Im Schutzgebiet gibt es Vorkommen der Kurznasenflughundart Otopteropus cartilagonodus, das Philippinischen Pustelschweins, der endemischen Palanan-Spitzmausratte (Archboldomys musseri) und des Philippinenhirschs. Von der Avifauna sind erwähnenswert der Philippinenadler (Pithecophaga jefferyi), der Streifenuhu (Bubo philippensis), der Kochpitta (Pitta kochi), der Isabellpirol (Oriolus isabellae), die Manila-Papageiamadine (Erythrura viridifacies), der Luzonrötel (Rhyacornis bicolor) sowie verschiedene Arten von Fruchttauben und Eisvögeln.

Im Gebiet des Naturschutzgebiets liegen Teile der archäologischen Ausgrabungsstätten im Cagayan Valley. In der Callao-Höhle wurden die bisher ältesten Überreste des modernen Menschen auf den Philippinen gefunden wurden und sind ca. 67.000 Jahre alt. Die Ausgrabungsstätten stehen seit 2006 auf der Vorschlagsliste der Philippinen zur Aufnahme in die Welterbeliste der UNESCO.

Siehe auch
Biodiversität der Philippinen

Quellen

Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) auf den Philippinen
Provinz Cagayan
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Asien


Die Nordjyske Bank Arena ist eine Eissporthalle im dänischen Frederikshavn. Es ist die Heimspielstätte des Eishockeyclubs Frederikshavn White Hawks.

Geschichte

Bis in die 1960er Jahre waren sämtliche Eissportarten in Frederikshavn nur möglich, wenn die Seen in der Umgebung zugefroren waren. Um diesen Zustand zu verbessern, gründete sich 1964 eine Gesellschaft aus verschiedenen privaten Investoren, um eine künstliche Eisfläche zu errichten. So wurde auf dem Gelände des heutigen Stadions eine offene Eisfläche gebaut und noch im selben Jahr eröffnet. Gleichzeitig wurde der Frederikshavn Ishockey Klub gegründet. Nur fünf Jahre später begann man mit der Überdachung, die 1970 vollendet wurde. Zudem wurden bis 1980 Umkleidekabinen, Sanitärräume sowie eine Cafeteria und Verwaltungsräume errichtet. In den Jahren 1993 und 1999 wurde das Stadion mehrmals renoviert und erweitert, unter anderem durch ein neues Dach.

Im Jahr 2003 übernahm die Stadt Frederikshavn 98 % Anteile am Stadion, den Rest übernahmen die White Hawks. Im Zuge dessen wurde die Halle in Iscenter Nord umbenannt. 2003 wurden nach einjähriger Bauzeit die zweite Eishalle sowie das neue Verwaltungsgebäude eröffnet. In den neuen Räumen sind auch die Geschäftsstelle und der Fanshop der White Hawks untergebracht.

Ende Januar 2018 erhielt die Halle einen neuen Namen und wird zukünftig Nordjyske Bank Arena heißen. Die Nordjyske Bank verlängerte ihren Sponsoringvertrag bis zur Saison 2020/21. Darin ist die Namensänderung enthalten.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (dänisch)
 Nordjyske Bank Arena auf hockeyarenas.net

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeystadion in Dänemark
Veranstaltungszentrum
Sporthalle
Frederikshavn White Hawks
Bauwerk in Frederikshavn Kommune

Nordjyske Bank Arena


An Eremurus persicus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Hippolyte François Jaubert ngan Édouard Spach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Pierre Edmond Boissier. An Eremurus persicus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eremurus, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eremurus

Eremurus persicus


Thomas Cranley Onslow ( - ), de Stoke Park, Guildford et Upton House, Hampshire, est un homme politique britannique et officier de l'armée britannique.

Biographie
Il est le deuxième fils de Thomas Onslow, 2e comte d'Onslow. Onslow sert dans les Scots Fusilier Guards, atteignant le grade de Lieutenant-colonel. Il est affecté à la garnison de Cadix en tant que capitaine en 1810. Le 15 mars 1812, il succède à son père comme colonel de la  milice royale du Surrey, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'à sa démission le 14 août 1852.

Il épouse Susannah Elizabeth Hillier (décédée le 26 mars 1852), cohéritière de Nathaniel Hiller de Stoke Park, le 28 mai 1813, et ils ont plusieurs enfants:
 George Augustus Cranley Onslow (1813–1855), épouse Mary Harriet Anne Loftus en 1848, père de William Onslow,  comte d'Onslow
 Guildford Onslow (1814–1882), plus tard Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow, épouse sa cousine éloignée Rosa Anna Onslow en 1838
 Lieutenant-colonel Arthur Edward Onslow (1815–1897), plus tard Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow, épouse Margaret Anne Ferrers en 1846
 Thomas Frederick Onslow (15 janvier 1821 - 15 juillet 1883)
 Charles? Townshend Onslow (30 mai 1822 - 28 février 1823)
 Susannah Augusta Arabella Onslow (8 novembre 1816 - 12 juin 1899)
 Elizabeth Harriet Onslow (17 octobre 1817 - 19 juillet 1824)
 Harriet Charlotte Matilda Onslow (20 avril 1826 - 11 juillet 1885)

Références

 Capt John Davis, Historical Records of the Second Royal Surrey or Eleventh Regiment of Militia, Londres: Marcus Ward, 1877.

Liens externes

Député du 5e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 4e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 3e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Représentant de l'Angleterre à la Chambre des communes
Décès en juillet 1861
Naissance en octobre 1778
Décès à 82 ans

Thomas Cranley Onslow


Lista episoadelor din Black Bullet cuprinde episoadele din anime-ul Black Bullet, care într-un viitor apropiat, în care majoritatea oamenilor au fost răpuși de virusul numit Gastrea, în această lume cuprinsă de întuneric, Rentaro, un băiat care locuia în apropiere de Tokyo, membru al "Unității de Securitate Civilă", organizație care luptă împotriva virusului, este folosit pentru a duce la capăt sarcini periculoase. Rentaro luptă alături de partenera lui, Enju, mulțumită puterilor lor specifice, până într-o zi când aceștia primesc o sarcină importantă din partea guvernului. Misiunea lor secretă e să evite distrugerea orașului Tokyo!

Episoade

Black Bullet

Această listă cuprinde episoadele din anime-ul Black Bullet.

1. Ultima speranță

2. Masca nebuniei

3. Soarta copiilor

4. Glonțul negru

5. Asasinul Negru Purpuriu

6. Ironie tragică

7. În liniștea lunii

8. Momentul de la graniță

9. Protectorii barierei

10.  Lupta defensivă a zonei Tokyo

11. Inima taurului, sulița luminii

12. Momentul crucial

13. Cei care aspiră să fie Zei

Black Bullet

Lista episoadelor din Black Bullet


Parque Nacional de Pacaás Novos
 Serra dos Pacaás Novos

Desambiguações de topônimos

Pacaás Novos


Tart cards are cards advertising the services of prostitutes. They are found in many countries, usually in capital cities or red-light districts. Originating in the 1960s, the cards are placed in locations such as newsagents' windows or telephone boxes. Alternatively they are handed out or dropped in the street. Legal action is sometimes taken against their use. Illustrated tart cards from the 1980s and 1990s have come to be regarded as examples of sub-cultural accidental art.

History
In England and Wales the Sexual Offences Act 1956 made soliciting for street prostitution illegal. As a result, indoor sex work became more common and sex workers began to advertise their services and telephone numbers on small, cheaply produced cards in the windows of newsagents. Known as tart cards, they became established in the 1960s in places such as Soho, London, where they were typically handwritten postcards which were displayed outside prostitutes' flats or in the windows of newsagents or shops. As direct references to prostitution would generally be unacceptable, the cards were carefully worded and often contained euphemistic references to sex, with terms such as large chest for sale.

The abolition of the 1953 Post Office Act in 1984 inadvertently legalised the placement of advertisements in telephone boxes, and they became the main location for tart cards, particularly in London. By the late 1980s the cards had become black-and-white photocopied cards containing printed text and telephone numbers. The cards from the 1980s and 1990s often included black-and-white drawings printed on neon-coloured card along with tongue-in-cheek phrases. In larger cities, the cards were placed in phone boxes. The style of illustration changed in the early twenty-first century, when tart cards began to appear with full-colour nude photographs, mobile telephone numbers and websites.

The cards from the 1980s and 1990s have become a memorable part of London counter-culture from that era. Over time they have become regarded as items of "accidental art" and developed a cult following. They have influenced the work of mainstream artists, inspiring collections, research, exhibitions and books such as the 2003 publication Tart Cards: London's Illicit Advertising Art. Subsequently, they have been recognised as a sociological record of trends related to sex work, advertising, design and print. The Wellcome Collection in London contains thousands of examples, just over half of which advertise BDSM services.

Tart cards by country

 Argentina: They are found in Buenos Aires.
 Brazil: They are found in São Paulo.
 Dubai: Cards advertising "massage" services, often printed with images of scantily-clad young East Asian women, were slipped under front doors or car windows. This practice has since been made illegal.
 China: They are commonly put under the doors of hotels during the day after the cleaning staff have finished in the rooms.
 Macau: They are dropped in the city's sidewalks and underpasses.
 United Kingdom: in London tart cards are placed in phone boxes by professional "carders", who tour the phone boxes, replacing cards which have been removed by the telephone companies' cleaners. Carders often remove cards placed by rival carders. Placing tart cards in phone boxes was made illegal by the passing of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 which made carding punishable by up to six months imprisonment or a fine of up to £5000. By 2002 most convicted carders were receiving fines of £200–£1000, although persistent offenders were receiving jail terms of 28 days. An estimated 13 million tart cards per year were being distributed across Britain at that time; the telephone company British Telecom was removing 150,000 tart cards per week from central London telephone boxes and it had call-barred 500 of the telephone numbers used on tart cards. However, despite police operations against carders the practice of carding still continues.
 United States: In hispanophone parts of New York City they are known as "Chica Chica" (Girl Girl) cards and men hand them out as flyers at night on the streets. In Las Vegas they are known as "sex cards" and left on sidewalks and hotel stairways or handed out as flyers.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Pictures of the inside of a phone box covered in tart cards
 Pages from The X-Directory
 Tart Art: the prostitute calling cards of London

Prostitution in the United Kingdom
Advertising tools

Tart card


අප‍්‍රිකානු අධ්‍යයන යනු අප්‍රිකාව පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනය වන අතර, විශේෂයෙන් එහි සංස්කෘතිය සහ ජන කොටස් පිළිබඳ (එහි භූවිද්‍යාව, භූගෝලය, සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාව ආදිය පිළිබඳ නොවේ.) අධයයනය වෙයි.

අප‍්‍රිකානු අධ්‍යයන


Excess-3, 3-excess or 10-excess-3 binary code (often abbreviated as XS-3, 3XS or X3), shifted binary or Stibitz code (after George Stibitz, who built a relay-based adding machine in 1937) is a self-complementary binary-coded decimal (BCD) code and numeral system. It is a biased representation. Excess-3 code was used on some older computers as well as in cash registers and hand-held portable electronic calculators of the 1970s, among other uses.

Representation
Biased codes are a way to represent values with a balanced number of positive and negative numbers using a pre-specified number N as a biasing value. Biased codes (and Gray codes) are non-weighted codes. In excess-3 code, numbers are represented as decimal digits, and each digit is represented by four bits as the digit value plus 3 (the "excess" amount):
 The smallest binary number represents the smallest value ().
 The greatest binary number represents the largest value ().

To encode a number such as 127, one simply encodes each of the decimal digits as above, giving (0100, 0101, 1010).

Excess-3 arithmetic uses different algorithms than normal non-biased BCD or binary positional system numbers. After adding two excess-3 digits, the raw sum is excess-6. For instance, after adding 1 (0100 in excess-3) and 2 (0101 in excess-3), the sum looks like 6 (1001 in excess-3) instead of 3 (0110 in excess-3). To correct this problem, after adding two digits, it is necessary to remove the extra bias by subtracting binary 0011 (decimal 3 in unbiased binary) if the resulting digit is less than decimal 10, or subtracting binary 1101 (decimal 13 in unbiased binary) if an overflow (carry) has occurred. (In 4-bit binary, subtracting binary 1101 is equivalent to adding 0011 and vice versa.)

Motivation
The primary advantage of excess-3 coding over non-biased coding is that a decimal number can be nines' complemented (for subtraction) as easily as a binary number can be ones' complemented: just by inverting all bits. Also, when the sum of two excess-3 digits is greater than 9, the carry bit of a 4-bit adder will be set high. This works because, after adding two digits, an "excess" value of 6 results in the sum. Because a 4-bit integer can only hold values 0 to 15, an excess of 6 means that any sum over 9 will overflow (produce a carry-out).

Another advantage is that the codes 0000 and 1111 are not used for any digit. A fault in a memory or basic transmission line may result in these codes. It is also more difficult to write the zero pattern to magnetic media.

Example
BCD 8-4-2-1 to excess-3 converter example in VHDL:
entity bcd8421xs3 is
  port (
    a   : in    std_logic;
    b   : in    std_logic;
    c   : in    std_logic;
    d   : in    std_logic;

    an  : buffer std_logic;
    bn  : buffer std_logic;
    cn  : buffer std_logic;
    dn  : buffer std_logic;

    w   : out   std_logic;
    x   : out   std_logic;
    y   : out   std_logic;
    z   : out   std_logic
  );
end entity bcd8421xs3;

architecture dataflow of bcd8421xs3 is
begin
    an  <=  not a;
    bn  <=  not b;
    cn  <=  not c;
    dn  <=  not d;

    w   <=  (an and b  and d ) or (a  and bn and cn)
         or (an and b  and c  and dn);
    x   <=  (an and bn and d ) or (an and bn and c  and dn)
         or (an and b  and cn and dn) or (a  and bn and cn and d);
    y   <=  (an and cn and dn) or (an and c  and d )
         or (a  and bn and cn and dn);
    z   <=  (an and dn) or (a  and bn and cn and dn);

end architecture dataflow; -- of bcd8421xs3

Extensions

 3-of-6 code extension: The excess-3 code is sometimes also used for data transfer, then often expanded to a 6-bit code per CCITT GT 43 No. 1, where 3 out of 6 bits are set.
 4-of-8 code extension: As an alternative to the IBM transceiver code (which is a 4-of-8 code with a Hamming distance of 2), it is also possible to define a 4-of-8 excess-3 code extension achieving a Hamming distance of 4, if only denary digits are to be transferred.

See also
 Offset binary, excess-N, biased representation
 Excess-128
 Excess-Gray code
 Shifted Gray code
 Gray code
 m-of-n code
 Aiken code

References

Binary arithmetic
Numeral systems

Excess-3


Epistolarni roman je roman sačinjen od niza pisama koje si pišu likovi u priči. Naziva se još romanom u pismima. Ponekad njegovu strukturu čine i dnevnički zapisi, isječci iz dokumenata, a u novije vrijeme i e-mailovi i blogovi.

Epistolarni roman je popularan u engleskoj i francuskoj književnosti 19. stoljeća. Istaknuti primjeri su "Pamela" (1740) i "Clarissa" (1747.-1748.) engleskog pisca Samuela Richardsona, "Julia ili Nova Heloiza" (1761.) francuskog filozofa i književnika Jean-Jacques Rousseaua, i "Opasne veze" (Les Liaisons dangereuses, 1782.), čiji autor je Pierre Choderlos de Laclos. Značajan primjer u njemačkoj književnosti je Goetheov roman Patnje mladog Werthera (1774).

Nakon 1800. forma gubi na popularnosti, premda su romani koji kombiniraju pisma s dnevnicima i pripovijedanjem i dalje česti. U 20. stoljeću, primjer epistolarnog romana su "Pisma" (Letters, 1979.) američkog postmodernističkog pisca Johna Bartha.

Izvori

Romani
Književnost

Epistolarni roman


Le personnage de Cervantes Don Quichotte créé en 1605 et ses aventures ont été à la racine de nombreuses réflexions littéraires, artistiques et philosophiques,  et ont inspiré une oeuvre artistique très large : autres romans, théâtre, opéras, peintures.

Autres regards sur Don Quichotte

Marthe Robert

Michel Foucault

Jorge Luis Borges
Dans Pierre Ménard, auteur du Quichotte, Jorge Luis Borges met en scène un auteur voulant ré-écrire le célèbre roman à l'identique, sans pour autant le recopier, sans même se placer dans les mêmes conditions d'écriture que Cervantes afin de retrouver le processus originel qui avait donné naissance au roman, mais en tentant d'arriver à l'écriture du Quichotte à partir de ses propres expériences et de sa propre vie.

Jorge Luis Borges décrit, de sa manière érudite, ce travail fantasque et surréel, comme une preuve philosophique de la puissance supérieure quasi écrasante du contexte historique et social dans l'analyse d'une œuvre. Il finit même par affirmer, comme un pied de nez, la supériorité du texte de Pierre Ménard sur celui de Cervantes (alors qu'ils sont en tout point identiques).

Cette idée sera à l'origine de la réflexion de l'essai de Pierre Bayard intitulé Et si les œuvres changeaient d'auteur ? qui reprend et approfondit l'idée borgésienne selon laquelle les œuvres sont étudiées selon leur auteur, parfois aux dépens du texte brut.

Joseph Ratzinger

Joseph Ratzinger (futur Benoît XVI) dans Les Principes de la théologie catholique, à propos de Don Quichotte :

Boris Mouravieff
Avec Boris Mouravieff, Don Quichotte est présenté comme un personnage  ; ce combat étant considéré comme vain et promis à l'échec ainsi qu'à l'épuisement des forces.

Les influences "A" sont les influences créées par la vie elle-même, qui forment la Loi du Hasard ou Loi de l'Accident, sous l'empire de laquelle est placé le sort humain.

José Saramago

Pour José Saramago :

Günter Grass
Pour Günter Grass :

René Girard
René Girard commence son premier livre, Mensonge romantique et Vérité romanesque, par une analyse du Don Quichotte. Pour le fondateur de la théorie mimétique, le désir est mimétique, c'est-à-dire que le sujet désire l'objet parce que l'objet est désiré par un modèle jouissant d'un prestige particulier (l'illusion de la possibilité de s'autodéterminer) auprès du sujet.

En règle générale, la médiation est interne, c'est-à-dire que le modèle est assez proche du sujet pour devenir un obstacle entre le sujet et l'objet, d'où la genèse de la violence. Mais dans Don Quichotte, le modèle chevaleresque (Amadis de Gaule) est si éloigné du personnage que le désir reste externe.

Michel Onfray
Selon Michel Onfray, le don-quichottisme permet de penser un comportement très répandu, la dénégation, sans passer par le biais de la psychanalyse qui l'a ou l'aurait indûment récupéré.

Don Quichotte est l'intellectuel, celui pour qui l'idée prime sur le réel, quitte à affirmer que les moulins sont des géants à combattre. Sancho est l'homme du bon sens, l'anti-Machiavel qui, dans un passage du roman, gouverne un royaume de façon épicurienne, avec justesse. Sancho serait le véritable héros du texte.

Autour du livre

Tourisme sur les lieux liés au livre
La communauté autonome de Castille-La Manche exploite la célébrité du roman de Cervantès pour faire la promotion du tourisme dans la région. Plusieurs sites ont un lien avec les péripéties, dont des moulins et une auberge où l'on dit que les évènements se sont passés.

La ville de Vélez-Malaga en Andalousie également.

Célébration des 400 ans du livre
L'Espagne et l'Amérique hispanophone ont fêté les  de l'œuvre tout au long de l'année 2005. À cette occasion, un jeune montagnard espagnol, Javier Cantero, a gravi le sommet de l'Amérique latine, l'Aconcagua, culminant à , en décembre 2005, afin d'y lire un passage de .

Influences de Don Quichotte

Don Quichotte est l'un des livres les plus lus au monde. Grand succès dès sa première édition, il a aussi fait l'objet de plusieurs suites et pastiches, ainsi que d'une comédie musicale et de plusieurs adaptations théâtrales et cinématographiques.

Le roman a été traduit dans plus de 140 langues et dialectes ; c'est, après la Bible, le livre le plus traduit du monde.

Romans

 Il existe quelques tentatives de suites de Don Quichotte qui ont été écrites en français : Histoire de l'admirable Don Quichotte de la Manche, de Filleau de Saint-Martin et Robert Challe, et la Suite nouvelle et véritable de l'histoire et des aventures de l'incomparable Don Quichotte de la Manche, d'auteur inconnu.
 Jorge Luis Borges, Pierre Ménard, auteur du Quichotte, nouvelle ayant pour thème la question de l'écriture à l'origine du roman de Cervantes, 1939
 Graham Greene, Monsignore Quichotte (1982), roman mettant en scène le descendant de Don Quichotte, devenu monsignore, et celui de Sancho Pacha, devenu maire communiste. Roman au ton léger narrant les aventures tragi-comique d'un duo que tout oppose, et qui est peut-être également un pastiche du duo Don Camillo / Peppone.
 Thomas Mann, Traversée avec Don Quichotte, journal qui évoque l'exil de l'auteur aux États-Unis à la lumière du personnage de Don Quichotte, 1934.
 Kathy Acker, Don Quixote: Which Was a Dream (1986), est un livre d'avant-garde, une réécriture et désacralisation du texte de Cervantes.
 Denis Diderot, Jacques le Fataliste et son maître (entre 1765 et 1784). Il ne s'agit pas d'une suite mais il comporte des similitudes avec les pérégrinations et conversations farfelues d'un maître et de son valet Jacques. Dans le roman Denis Diderot en fait d'ailleurs référence .
 Salman Rushdie, Quichotte, 2019.
 Le roman Female Quixotism: Exhibited in the Romantic Opinions and Extravagant Adventures of Dorcasina Sheldon de Tabitha Gilman Tenney publié en 1801 est considéré comme une des meilleures parodies du Don Quichotte.

Poésie
 Don Quichotte  de Florian, fable dans laquelle:

Théâtre
Des adaptations au théâtre ont été faites :
 Don Quichotte de Victorien Sardou, pièce en trois actes et huit tableaux, dont la première eut lieu au Théâtre du Gymnase le
 Don Quichotte de Jean Richepin, drame héroï-comique en vers, en trois parties et huit tableaux, dont la première représentation a eu lieu à la Comédie-française le . Le rôle de Don Quichotte était tenu par Leloir, celui de Sancho Panza par André Brunot et celui de Ginès de Passamont par Georges Berr.
 Don Quichotte d'Yves Jamiaque, Théâtre des Célestins, 1965
 …  d'Irina Brook, l'histoire de Don Quichotte est transposée à notre époque, à New York, 2008.
 Don Quichotte de Laurent Rogero, trad. d'Aline Schulman, 2013. Groupe Anamorphose.
 Don Quichotte de Yann Palheire, comédie dramatique pour trois acteurs, création de la Troupe Solilès. 2014.
 Don Quixote de Bastien Ossart, théâtre musical au Théâtre de l'Épée de Bois (Cartoucherie, Vincennes), du  au .
 Don Quichotte de Jean-Pierre Ronfard, drame québécois.
 Don Quichotte, Compagnie des Dramaticules, adaptation et mise en scène Jérémie Le Louët, création en juin 2016 au château de Grignan.
 Le Songe de Don Quichotte, écrit et mis en scène par Florient Azoulay, création en mars 2017 au Grand Palais (Paris).
Quichotte, une adaptation pour enfants en théâtre d'objets et d'ombres de Benjamin Déziel et Maude Gareau de la compagnie Ombres folles, création en 2017 à la Maison de la culture Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.

Films

 Les aventures de Don Quichotte de la Manche (1903) de Ferdinand Zecca et Lucien Nonguet 	 ;
Don Quichotte (1910), film d'animation d'Émile Cohl ;
Don Quichotte (1913) de Camille de Morlhon ;
Don Quixote (1915) film de Edward Dillon ;
Don Quixote (1923) film de Maurice Elvey ;
Don Quichotte (1926) (Don Quixote), film danois de Lau Lauritzen Sr ;
 Don Quichotte (1933) de Georg Wilhelm Pabst ;
 Don Quichotte (1947) (Don Quijote de la Mancha), film espagnol de Rafael Gil ;
 Don Quichotte (1957), film soviétique de Grigori Kozintsev ;
Dulcinea (1962), film de Vicente Escrivá ;
Don Quijote (1965), feuilleton télévisé de Louis Grospierre ;
Don Quijote von der Mancha (1965), mini série allemande ;
Don Chisciotte e Sancio Panza (1968), film de Giovanni Grimaldi ;
L'Homme de la Manche (1972), adaptation cinématographique par Arthur Hiller de la comédie musicale de Dale Wasserman ;
Don Quijote cabalga de nuevo (1973), film mexicano-espagnol de Roberto Gavaldón ;
Ark II (1973), série télévisé dans l'épisode Don Quixote de Ted Post ;
Don Quijote de la Mancha (1979), série d'animation de Cruz Delgado ;
 Don Quichotte (1987) (Osvobozhdennyj Don Kihot), film soviétique de Vadim Kurchevskiy ;
 Don Coyote et Sancho Panda (1990) (The Adventures of Don Coyote and Sancho Panda), série télévisée d'animation américaine ;
 El Quijote de Miguel de Cervantes (1992), série télévisée en 5 épisodes de Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón pour la télévision espagnole (TVE) ;
 Don Quichotte (1992) de Jesús Franco, montage du film laissé inachevé par Orson Welles ;
 Don Quichotte (2000), téléfilm de Peter Yates ;
 Don Quichotte (2002) (El caballero Don Quijote), film espagnol de Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón ;
  (2002), documentaire sur l'impossibilité de tourner un film, d'après la tentative avortée de Terry Gilliam de réaliser, en 2000, le film L'Homme qui tua Don Quichotte ;
 Honor de cavallería (2006) de Albert Serra, avec Don Quichotte (Lluís Carbó) et Sancho Panza (Lluís Serrat) dans des moments supposés être entre les lignes du roman de Cervantes ;
Les Folles Aventures de Rucio (2007), film italo-espagnol de José Pozo ;
 Don Quichotte (2008) (Don Quichote - Gib niemals auf!), téléfilm allemand de Sibylle Tafel ;
 Les Aventures de Don Quichotte (2010) (Las aventuras de Don Quijote), film espagnol d'Antonio Zurera ;
Don Quixote (2015), de David Beier et Dave Dorsey ;
 L'Homme qui tua Don Quichotte (2018) (The Man Who Killed Don Quixote), film britannico-franco-espagnol de Terry Gilliam ;
He Dreams of Giants, (2019), documentaire qui fait suite 15 ans après celui de Lost In La Mancha mais cette fois sur le film achevé de Terry Gilliam.

Iconographie

Don Quichotte inspira un grand nombre d'illustrateurs et de peintres dont Gustave Doré, Honoré Daumier, Pablo Picasso, Albert Dubout, Salvador Dalí, Antonio de La Gandara, Raymond Moretti, François Heaulmé, Alexis Hinsberger, Gérard Garouste et Robert Di Credico.
 Les Advantures du fameux chevalier Dom Quixot de la Manche et de Sancho Pansa son escuyer, en un volume illustré de 38 gravures signées Jacques Lagniet, Paris, 1650.
 Série de tableaux peints sur les aventures de Don Quichotte par Charles Antoine Coypel entre 1715 et 1727. À partir de ceux-ci, 175 tapisseries seront réalisées (Musée national du château de Compiègne).
 Don Quichotte dans sa bibliothèque, dessin de Francisco de Goya, 1812
 370 illustrations de Gustave Doré, ornant la réédition de la traduction française, faite par Louis Viardot, de Don Quichotte, 1863
 Dessin au lavis représentant Don Quichotte et Sancho, par Pablo Picasso, 1947
 Quatre lithographies sur Don Quichotte, réalisées par Salvador Dalí pour une édition française du roman, 1964
 Don Quichotte de Cervantès illustré par Garouste, Paris, éditions Diane de Selliers, 1998.
 Une édition soviétique parue en 1952 a été illustrée à l'aquarelle noire par les Koukryniksy. La page consacrée à ces artistes permet de voir plusieurs reproductions.
 Eaux-fortes sur le thème de Don Quichotte réalisées par Jean Revol (1960).
 Antonio Saura a illustré Don Quichotte dans une édition d'art publiée à Barcelone en 1987 par le Círculo de Lectores, Barcelone.

Bande dessinée
 1997 : One Piece : L'un des sept « Grands Corsaires » () porte le nom de Donquixote (Don Quichotte) Doflamingo. Il apparaît comme un personnage manipulateur dans l'ombre et cruel. Le frère de ce personnage porte le nom du cheval de Don Quichotte, Rossinante : ce dernier se trouve être très maladroit, perçu comme le canasson de Don Quichotte de La Manche.
 2005 : Mortadelo de la Mancha.
 2015 : Don Quichotte de Rob Davis aux éditions Warum.
 2022 : Dingo Quichotte, éditions Glénat, scénariste Fausto Vitaliano et dessinateur Claudio Sciarrone.

Musique

Opéra, musique de scène

 The Comical History of Don Quixote (1695), opéra-bouffe d'Henry Purcell
 Don Quixotte (1712), cantate française de Jean-Baptiste Morin
 Don Chisciotte in Sierra Morena (1719), opéra de Francesco Bartolomeo Conti
 Don Quichotte, cantate de Philippe Courbois (1710)
 Don Quichotte (1727), opéra de Giovanni Ristori
 Don Quichotte chez la duchesse, opéra de Joseph Bodin de Boismortier
 Burlesque de Quichotte (1761), suite pour cordes et basse continue de Georg Philipp Telemann
Sancho Pança dans son île, opéra-bouffon en 1 acte de François-André Danican Philidor (1762)
Don Chisciotte della Mancia, opéra de Giovanni Paisiello (1769, Naples SF)
Don Chisciotte, opéra de Niccolò Piccinni (1770)
Don Chisciotte alle nozze di Gamace (1771), opéra de Antonio Salieri
 Nouveau Don Quichotte (le) (1789), opéra de Stanislas Champein
 Don Quichotte (1791), opéra d'Angelo Tarchi
 Don Quichotte (1829), opéra de Giuseppe Mercadante
 Don Quichotte (1869), opéra d'Henri Boulanger
 Don Quichotte, un tableau musical d'après Cervantes (1870), poème symphonique opus 87 de Anton Rubinstein
 Don Quichotte (1874), opéra d'Émile Pessard (première le , à la Salle Érard à Paris).
 Don Chisciotte (1887), opéra de Luigi Ricci-Stolz
 Don Quichotte (1897), poème symphonique de Richard Strauss
 Don Quichotte (1910), comédie héroïque en cinq actes de Jules Massenet
 Una Aventura de Don Quijote (1916), poème symphonique de Jesús Guridi
  (1923), opéra de Manuel de Falla
 Trilogie Faust - Don Quichotte - Saint François d'Assise (1929), tragédie lyrique de Charles Tournemire
 Chansons de Don Quichotte (1932), quatre mélodies pour baryton de Jacques Ibert, composées pour le film de Pabst et dédicacées à Chaliapine
 Don Quichotte à Dulcinée (1932), trois mélodies pour baryton de Maurice Ravel, initialement également prévues pour le film de Pabst
 Don Quichotte Corporation- Dulcinée (1981), essai musical d'Alain Savouret sur le thème du roman (musique électroacoustique)
 Quichotte de Jean-Luc Lagarce est un livret écrit en 1989 pour un opéra jazz composé par Mike Westbrook. Le texte est librement inspiré du dernier chapitre de Don Quichotte.
 Don Quichotte (2000), opéra de Cristobal Halffter
 Don Quijote (2008), symphonie pour orchestres d'harmonie de Robert W. Smith

Ballets

 Le chorégraphe français Marius Petipa a créé, en 1869, Don Quichotte, un ballet en  sur une musique de Léon Minkus. De nombreuses reprises ont eu lieu à partir de 1970 dont celles de Rudolf Noureev, alors directeur de l'Opéra de Paris.
 Le chevalier errant (1935), épopée chorégraphique en quatre tableaux, textes d'Alexandre Arnoux, musique de Jacques Ibert.
 Le Ballet national de Cuba, dirigé par la chorégraphe Alicia Alonso, a également conçu un ballet intitulé Don Quichotte.

Comédie musicale
 , comédie musicale américaine de Dale Wasserman (1965).
 L'Homme de la Mancha, adaptation francophone de la précédente, texte traduit et adapté par Jacques Brel qui l'interpréta sur scène à Bruxelles et à Paris en 1968.
 L'Homme de la Mancha, (2008) conception et mise en scène Gérard Chambre, chansons de Jacques Brel et également de Gérard Chambre, direction musicale Jérôme Yorfela.

Chanson
 Le Retour de Don Quichotte (1979) de Michel Rivard
 Don Quichotte () par Magazine 60
  (2001), sur l'album Au Marché des illusions, de Babylon Circus
 Canal Saint-Martin (2009), sur l'album Le Sens de la gravité, par Les Fatals Picards
 Es esmu mazliet dons Kihots, chant de l'ensemble Tumsa, Lettonie ; texte par Mārtiņš Freimanis
 Don Quichotte par Julio Iglesias

Éditions en français
 L'ingénieux don Quixote de la Manche (vol. 1), traduit par César Oudin, Paris, 1614
 L'ingénieux don Quixote de la Manche (vol. 2), traduit par François de Rosset, 1618
 Don Quichotte de la Manche, traduit par Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian, publication posthume en 1798, rééd. librairie Garnier Frères
 Histoire de Don Quichotte, Bibliothèque rose illustrée, édition de 1924

 Don Quichotte de la Manche, trad. par Louis Viardot, Lausanne, Éditions Rencontre, 1967, 2 vol. (592 et 644 p.) (en ligne)
  Don Quichotte de la Manche, trad. par Jean Cassou, sur base du travail de César Oudin, éd. 1949, rééd. Gallimard, Folio, 2001, 2 vol. de 640 p.
 Œuvres romanesques complètes, t. I, Don Quichotte, précédé de La Galatée; t. II, Nouvelles exemplaires, suivies de Persilès et Segismunda, Paris, éditions Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 2001, 2 vol. : 1 728 et 1 072 p.
 Don Quichotte de la Manche, trad. par Jean-Raymond Fanlo, éd. Livre de Poche, La Pochotèque, 2008, 1 250 p.
 Don Quichotte de la Manche, trad. d'Aline Schulman, éd. Seuil, coll. Points 2001
 Don Quichotte, trad. par Louis Viardot, Paris, L'École des loisirs, coll. « Classiques abrégés », 1981, 120 p. (version abrégée)

Références

Roman espagnol adapté au cinéma
Roman espagnol adapté à la télévision
Roman comique
Folie dans la littérature
Roman paru en 1605
Roman paru en 1615
Littérature parodique
Roman adapté à l'opéra
Littérature de la Renaissance
Œuvre littéraire se déroulant à Barcelone

Réception et postérité de Don Quichotte


Rævegade er en gade i Indre By i København, der ligger mellem Borgergade og Sankt Pauls Plads. Gaden er opkaldt efter dyret ræv.

Gaden var oprindelig en del af kong Christian 4.s anlæggelse af de første dele af Nyboder i 1630'erne og 1640'erne og udgjorde en del af en gruppe gader mellem Borgergade og Adelgade, der fik navne efter dyr. Dengang eksisterede Sankt Pauls Plads ikke, og i stedet fortsatte Rævegade frem til Adelgade, der dengang gik på skrå gennem kvarteret, og hvor den stadigt eksisterende Krusemyntegade lå som en forlængelse af Rævegade. Omkring 1870 blev Adelgade imidlertid rettet ud, og gadekrydset forsvandt under nyopførte etageejendomme. Ydermere anlagdes Sankt Pauls Kirke henover en anden del af Rævegade, der i stedet blev afkortet til den omkringliggende plads, fra 1930 Sankt Pauls Plads. I den modsatte ende lå i øvrigt oprindeligt Kattegade som en tilsvarende forlængelse op til Store Kongensgade, men den forsvandt ligeledes til fordel for etageejendomme i 1870'erne.

I den overlevende del af Rævegade er Christian 4.s Nyboder-huse for længst forsvundet. I stedet ligger på begge sider de toetages såkaldte Grå Stokke, som arkitekten Olaf Schmidth opførte i 1889 hhv. 1893. De var inspireret af tidens arbejderboliger men tilpasset Nyboders eksisterende arkitektur.

Kilder
 Storbyens stednavne, s. 244-245, 252, af Bent Jørgensen. Gyldendal, 1999.
 København før og nu - og aldrig, bind 5, Kgs. Nytorv, Rosenborg og Nyboder, s. 271, 388-389, 428-429, af Sys og Godfred Hartmann. Palle Fogtdal, 1988.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Rævegade på Indenforvoldene.dk

Gader i Indre By (København)

Rævegade


An Hypolytrum nudicaule in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ngan Henri Chermezon. An Hypolytrum nudicaule in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypolytrum, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hypolytrum

Hypolytrum nudicaule


Padişah İbrahim (Osmanlıca: سلطان ابراهيم; İbrahim) (5 Kasım 1615, İstanbul – 18 Ağustos 1648, İstanbul), 18. Osmanlı padişahı ve 97. İslam halifesidir. İbrahim, 8 Şubat 1640'ta ağabeyi IV. Murad'ın ölümü üzerine 25 yaşında ve 18. padişah olarak Osmanlı tahtına çıktı. Şehzadeliğinde çok sıkı bir saray hayatı yaşamış, erkek kardeşleri IV. Murad tarafından öldürtülmüş olduğundan korku içinde büyümüştü.

Şehzadeliği

İbrahim, 5 Kasım 1615 tarihinde doğdu. Babası Osmanlı Padişahı I. Ahmed, annesi Kösem Sultan'dır. Babasının 1617 senesinde vefat etmesi ve amcası I. Mustafa'nın tahttan indirilmesi ile ağabeyi II. Osman tahta çıktı. Daha 2 yaşındayken kafese kapatıldı. Daha sonra aynı anne'den doğan ağabeyi IV. Murad tahta çıktı. Sultan IV. Murat'ın emriyle Şehzade Bayezid 1635'te Revan Seferi'ne çıkarken ibrişim kemendiyle boğduruldu. Aynı zamanda diğer kardeşi Şehzade Süleyman da boğduruldu. Kösem Sultan'dan doğan öz kardeşi Şehzade Kâsım ise 1638'de Bağdat Seferi arefesinde boğduruldu. Sultan İbrahim'in tahta nasıl çıktığı hakkında çeşitli tevatürler bulunmaktadır. Fransız seyyah Du Loir'in seyahatnamesine göre,  IV. Murad ölürken hayatta kalan tek şehzade olan İbrahim'i öldürmek üzere Şeyhülislam Zekeriyazade Yahya Efendi'den fetva almış ve kendisinden sonra tahta Kırım Hanı'nın geçmesini istemişti. Fakat bu emir Kösem Sultan tarafından engellenmiş, böylece Şehzade İbrahim Osmanlı tahtına çıkmıştı. Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemî'ye göre ise, IV. Murad ölüm döşeğindeyken kardeşi İbrahim'i çağırıp tahtın kendisinden sonra ona nasip olacağını söylemiş ve halkı koruyup gözetmesi vasiyetinde bulunarak kardeşiyle helalleşmişti.

Osmanlı kroniklerinde anlatıldığı üzere; ağabeyinin vefat haberini İbrahim, bunun kendisini öldürmek için bir tertip olduğunu düşünüp odasından çıkmak istememiş, ancak ağabeyinin cesedini gördükten sonra ikna olmuş ve tahta cülûs etmiştir.

Dönemin önemli olayları
Sultan İbrahim tahta geçtiğinin ilk senesinde Emirgüneoğlu Yusuf Paşa olayı yaşandı. IV. Murad'ın İran Seferi sırasında Revan Kalesi kumandanı olan Emirgünoğlu, kalenin fethinden sonra affedilerek Emirgan'da oturmasına izin verilmişti. Emirgünoğlu, IV. Murad'ın ölümünü fırsat bilerek bölücü ve yıkıcı propaganda yaptı. Bu faaliyetleri üzerine İbrahim, onu idam ettirdi. Ancak bundan dolayı İbrahim bazı çevrelerden düşmanlar edindi.

Diğer taraftan, Malta Şövalyelerinin fırsat buldukça Türk ticaret gemilerine saldırmaları yüzünden, Sultan İbrahim onların en büyük sığınağı olan Girit Adası'nın fethini emretti. 20 Haziran 1645'te Sakız Adası'ndan denize açılan Osmanlı donanması, 17 Temmuz'da Girit'in Hanya limanını fethetti. Hanya'nın Osmanlılar tarafından fethi, Avrupa'da büyük etki uyandırdı. Almanya ve İtalya bölgelerinde ülkeler asker göndererek Venedik'e yardım kararı aldılar. Hanya muhafazasına getirilen Deli Hüseyin Paşa, harekâta devâmla Resmo Kalesi'ni ele geçirdi.

Bu sırada Hezarpare Ahmed Paşa aleyhine olarak başlayan isyan, İbrahim'in de tahttan indirilmesiyle sonuçlandı. Tahta oğlu IV. Mehmed çıkarıldı. İsyancılar ve bunların önderi olan Sofu Mehmed Paşa, İbrahim'i idam ettirdiler (18 Ağustos 1648). Ayasofya Selatin haziresinde, caminin Roma döneminde vaftizhane olarak kullanılan kısmına defnedilmiştir (I. Mustafa ve İbrahim Türbesi).

Sultan İbrahim döneminde devletin iç huzurunun sağlanması, mali durumunun düzeltilmesi için önemli çalışmalar yapılmış, para basılmadan para ayarının düşürülerek ve vergilerin toplanarak hazinenin güçlendirilmesine çalışılmıştı.

Araba yasağı

İstanbul sokaklarında sık sık dolaştığı günlerden birinde önüne çıkan bir öküz arabası Sultan İbrahim'i hiddetlendirir. Bunun üzerine Sultan İbrahim verdiği bir emir ile şehir içinde halka arabayı yasaklar. Ancak günün birinde üfürükçüye gittiği sırada karşısına bir araba çıkması üzerine Sultan İbrahim, bundan sorumlu tuttuğu Veziriazam Nevesinli Salih Paşa'yı üfürükçünün evine çağırtıp oracıkta kuyu ipiyle boğdurttu.

Varvar Ali Paşa İsyanı

İbşir Mustafa Paşa'nın güzelliğiyle bilinen Sivas'taki eşi Perihan Hanım'ı kendine isteyen Sultan İbrahim'in emrine Varvar Ali Paşa karşı gelmiş ve İbşir Mustafa Paşa'nın eşini Sultan İbrahim'e götürmemişti. Bu durum üzerine emri yerine getirmeyen Varvar Ali Paşa'nın görevinden alınmasına karar verildi. Onu öldürmekle görevlendirilen İbşir Mustafa Paşa'nın saldırısına ise hazırlıksız yakalandı. Eşini savunduğu İbşir Mustafa Paşa, Varvar Ali Paşa'nın sonu oldu. İdam edilen Varvar Ali Paşa'nın kesilen başı İstanbul'a yollandı ve İbşir Mustafa Paşa da ödüllendirildi.

Ölümü
Sultan İbrahim'in savruk harcamaları tamamen mücevher işli yeni bir saltanat kayığı yaptırması isteği ile daha da arttı. Bunun için esnaftan, ulemadan, ocak ağalarından ve devlet ricalinden ek vergiler istenildi ve buna muhalefet edecek olanların cezalandırılacakları duyuruldu. Kösem Sultan, bunun bir patlamaya yol açabileceğine dair Sultan İbrahim'i uyarmak istemesi dolayısıyla saraydan atılarak İskender Bahçesi'ne sürgün edildi. Sadrazam Tezkereci Ahmet Paşa ise kendi savruk harcamalarına devam etmekte ve oğlunun düğünü için yaptığı eğlentiler ve harcamalar hakkındaki haberler şehirde herkese yayılmakta idi.

7 Ağustos 1648'de ulema Fatih'te (başlarındaki yeniçeri ağası) kapıkulu ocakları ağaları da At Meydanı'nda Orta Camii'nde toplandılar. Sultan İbrahim'in sefahatine ve koyduğu samur ve amber vergisine karşı olarak bir ayaklanma üzerinde anlaştılar. Sabahleyin silahlanmış kapıkulu askerleri Fatih Camii avlusuna geldiler. Bunu haber alan sadrazam Tezkereci Ahmet Paşa korkup saklandı. O zaman başdefterdar olan Sofu Mehmed Paşa Fatih Camii'ne çağrıldı ve burada isyancıların liderleri olan ocak ağaları ve ulema liderleri tarafından geniş tecrübesi nedeniyle kendisinin sadarete getirildiği ilan edildi. O zamana kadar sadrazam olan Tezkereci Ahmet Paşa saklandığı için kendisinden mühr-ü humayun alınamamıştı. O akşam geç saatlerde Tezkereci Ahmet Paşa saklandığı konağında yakalandı. Konağı yağmalandı. Eski sadrazam, Fatih Camii'ne isyancı kapıkulu askeri komutanları; ulema liderleri ile bunların veziriazam seçtikleri ve sarayın da bunu teyit ettiği Sofu Mehmed Paşa önüne getirildi. Orada Cellat Kara Ali tarafından boğularak idam edildi. Öldürüldüğünde yaşının 50'yi geçtiği bildirilir.

Sadrazam olan damadının katledilmesinden sonra, Sultan İbrahim durmadan haber gönderiyor ve isyancılara dağılmalarını söylüyordu. Bir değişiklik olmadığını tespit edince, saray burçlarına topları yerleştirtmiş, bostancıları silahlandırmıştı. İtaatsizlikleri devam ettiği takdirde hepsini kırıp geçireceği haberi yayılsın istiyordu. İsyancılar ise Kösem Sultan'na saldıkları bir haberde, Şehzade Mehmed'i Orta Camii'e göndermesini talep ettiler. Kösem Sultan bunun mümkün olamayacağını, böyle bir cülus adeti olmadığını, padişahın patırdısına bakılmamasını, kendisinin sarayda her ne kadar on iki bin silahlı bostancı neferi olmasına rağmen ağaların kendisi tarafında olduğunu, cemiyet saraya geldiğinde bostancıların kendilerine iltihak edeceğini bildirdi. Bu bilgiyi ertesi gün gizlice kıyam erbabının yanıbaşına gelen bostancıbaşı te'yid etti. O gün cuma idi ve bu hâl üzere salatı cuma elden gitmişti. Atmeydanı'na doluşan kıyamcılar, ayak divanı istediler, orada da durmayıp saray içine daldılar. Karşılarında Sultan İbrahim değil, Valide Sultanı gördüler. Karşılıklı olarak konuştular. Valide Sultan kıyam edenlere her ne kadar mukavemet etmeye çalıştıysa da, oğlu İbrahim'in tahtta kalmasını sağlayamadı. Sonunda: "Varayım arslanımın sarıkcığını sardırayım ve çıkarayım" diyerek içeri girdiği görüldü. Az sonra küçük şehzade babaannesinin elinden tuttuğu halde, masum ve güzel yüzü ile göründü. Osmanlı tahtına oturtuldu. Birbir önünden biat ederek geçiyorlardı. Bu kalabalıktan ürken yeni padişah ağlamağa başlayınca, daha fazla rahatsızlık vermeyi önlemek için biat yeterli sayıldı. 6 Ağustos 1648 Çarşamba günü başlayan ihtilâl, cuma günü nihayetlendiğinde, Osmanlı tahtında otuz dokuz yıl hüküm sürecek, IV. Mehmed unvanlı Sultan İbrahim'in oğlu vardı. IV. Mehmed'in tahta çıkışından sonra yeni sadrazam Sofu Mehmed Paşa, şeyhülislamdan İbrahim'in idamı için fetva istedi. Şeyhülislam "Eğer iki sultan var ise birini öldürün." diyerek Sultan İbrahim'in katline fetva vermişti. Sultan İbrahim'in kapatıldığı, pencereleri dahi olmayan karanlık odaya iki cellat gönderildi. Bunlardan birisi Cellatbaşı Kara Ali'ydi. Sofu Mehmed Paşa ve diğer vezirler bu idamı izlemekteydi. 18 Ağustos'da İbrahim boğularak katledildi. Her ne kadar fetva verilmişse de saltanat görmüş bir padişahın idamı uygun değildi. İbrahim'in ölümü halk tarafından üzüntüyle karşılandı.

Mimari gelişmeler
Dönemin önemli mimari eserleri; Topkapı Sarayı'nın içine yapılan Sünnet Odası, yine Topkapı Sarayı'nda Sünnet Odası ile Bağdat Köşkü arasına inşa edilen Kameriye (İftar yeri) ve sarayın alt tarafında, deniz kıyısına yapılan yazlık Sepetçiler Köşkü'dür. Bir diğer eseri de Edirne'de Gazi Mihal Köprüsü'ne bitişik olarak Tunca Nehri üzerinde yaptırdığı Seferşâh Köprüsüdür. Bu köprü abisine IV. Murad olan bir sözden dolayı yapılmıştır.

Kişiliği

Sultan İbrahim üç erkek kardeşi IV. Murad tarafından öldürtülmüş, 23 yıl kafes denilen bölümde yaşamış, öldürülme korkusu nedeniyle sinirleri bozulmuş biri olarak 25 yaşında tahta çıktı. İbrahim'in kişiliğine kardeşlerini öldürten IV. Murad'dan duyduğu korku damgasını vurmuştu. Öyle ki IV. Murad'ın ölüm haberi ona ulaştırıldığında buna inanmamıştı.

Sultan İbrahim'in samur kürke ve ambere aşırı düşkünlüğü nedeniyle "kürk ve amber vergisi" denilerek halktan para toplandı. Üstelik bu düşkünlüğü kedilere varıncaya dek sarayı samurla donatmasına neden oldu. İbrahim sevdiği kedilere samur kürk giydirerek dolaştırıyordu.

Kadınlara oldukça düşkün olan Sultan İbrahim, devletin en önemli haslarını kadınlarına vermekteydi. Bir defasında İstanbul'daki en iri kadının kendisi için bulunmasını emretmiş ve bulunan bu kadından memnun kalınca Şam'ın tüm gelirlerini ona bağışlamıştı. Kadınlara olan düşkünlüğü Varvar Ali Paşa İsyanı'nın çıkmasına sebep oldu. Sultan İbrahim'in İpşir Paşa'nın Sivas'taki nikahlı eşini kendine istemesi Varvar Ali Paşa İsyanı'na neden oldu. İsyan eden Varvar Ali Paşa idam edildikten sonra kesilen başı İstanbul'a yollandı. Döneminde görevliler mevki ve geleceklerini Sultan İbrahim'in kadınlarından bekler olmuşlardı. Sıkıntılarını gidermek için üfürükçüleri saraya dolduran Sultan İbrahim, Cinci Hoca olarak bilinen bir üfürükçüye özel ilgi gösteriyordu. Sultan İbrahim'i etkisi altına alan Cinci Hoca için dayalı döşeli bir saray inşa ettirildi. Asıl amacı maddi kazanç elde etmek olan Cinci Hoca, sorumluluğu altındaki ilmiye kadrolarını rüşvetle satarak çok büyük bir servetin sahibi oldu.

Ailesi

Eşleri
 Turhan Hatice Sultan
 Saliha Dilaşub Sultan
 Hatice Muazzez Sultan
 Ayşe Sultan
 Saçbağlı Sultan
 Mahıenver Sultan
 Şivekar Sultan
 Telli Hümaşah Sultan
 Zafire (Cariye)

Erkek çocukları
 IV. Mehmed
 II. Süleyman
 II. Ahmed
 Şehzade Murad
 Şehzade Selim
 Şehzade Osman
 Şehzade Bayezid
 Şehzade Cihangir
 Şehzade Orhan

Kız çocukları
 Ümmü Gülsüm Sultan
 Fatma Sultan
 Gevherhan Sultan
 Kaya Sultan
 Beyhan Sultan
 Atike Sultan
 Ayşe Sultan
 Bican Sultan

Popüler kültürde Sultan İbrahim
 Zülfü Livaneli'nin Engereğin Gözündeki Kamaşma romanının Sultan İbrahim dönemini anlattığı varsayılabilir.
 Zeki Alasya ve Metin Akpınar tarafından sahneye konan Deliler isimli güldürüde İbrahim ile ilgili bir skeç yer almaktadır.
 Turan Oflazoğlu'nun birçok kez sahnelenen Deli İbrahim adlı tiyatro oyunu, Sultan İbrahim'in saltanatını ve kişisel dramını konu edinir.
 Muhteşem Yüzyıl Kösem adlı tarihi-Türk dizisinde şehzadelik dönemi Rıdvan Aybars Düzey, padişahlık dönemi Tugay Mercan tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
Varvar Ali Paşa İsyanı

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya

  say.255-269

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

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1615 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu devlet görevlileri
1648 yılında ölenler
17. yüzyılda Osmanlı padişahları
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu duraklama dönemi
Tahttan indirilen Osmanlı padişahları
Suikast sonucu ölen Osmanlılar
Suikast sonucu ölen hükümdarlar
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
İki kutsal caminin hizmetkârları

İbrahim (Osmanlı padişahı)


Krümmel, historisch auch Krumel, Krummel oder Krymmele, ist der Name eines erloschenen pommerschen Adelsgeschlechts, das ursprünglich aus Holstein stammte.

Geschichte
Im Jahre 1355 erhielt Friedrich Krümmel, mit dem auch die gesicherte Stammreihe beginnt, die Güter Dünnow, Muddel, Horst, Lindow und Starkow als Lehen. 1499 wurde Jürgen Krumel (= Georg I. von Krümmel) mit diesen Gütern belehnt. 1544 empfingen Christoph und Wulf Krümmel von Herzog Barnim IX. von Pommern-Stettin ihre Lehen. Horst und Storkow waren zu diesem Zeitpunkt nicht mehr bei der Familie. Der Sage nach, hatte Wulf Krümmel diese zur Sühne für den von ihm verübten Priestermord an das Kloster Gallenzin abgetreten. Mit Georg II. von Krümmel (1539–1602) ⚭ Margarthe von Below, der in besonderer Gunst Herzogs Johann Friedrich stand, denn er hatte von diesem nicht nur die Gesamte Hand am bisherigen Familienbesitz und der von ihm erworbenen Feldmark Reddichow erhalten, sondern auch an den Gütern der Familie seiner Gattin, hat das Geschlecht seinen Ausgang gefunden. Dünnow, Lindow und Muddel fielen an die von Below, wo Dünnow bis 1843 besitzlich verblieb. Im Jahre 1630 ist auch die letzte Tochter der Familie verstorben.

Nach Ledebur soll die Familie im 14. Jahrhundert auch Silligsdorf und zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts auch Neuendorf im späteren Kreis Regenwalde besessen haben.

Wappen
Das Wappen zeigt in Gold einen nach rechts gelegten schwarzen Maueranker. Auf dem Helm mit schwarz-goldenen Decken drei (schwarz-gold-schwarz) Straußenfedern.

Literatur
 Julius Theodor Bagmihl: Pommersches Wappenbuch. Stettin 1855, Band 5, S. 45
 Siegfried von Boehn: Die Geschichte der pommerschen von Krümmel. 1979

Einzelnachweise

Pommersches Adelsgeschlecht

Krümmel (Adelsgeschlecht)


Publix Super Markets, Inc., cunoscut ca Publix, este un lanț de supermarketuri americane, deținut de către angajați, cu sediul în Lakeland, Florida. Fondat în 1930 de George W. Jenkins, Publix este o companie privată deținută de foști și actuali angajați. Este considerată una dintre cele mai mari companii din lume deținute de angajați.

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial

Companii de retail din Statele Unite ale Americii

Publix


Pozitron emisyon tomografisi (İngilizce: positron emission tomography, kısaca PET) adı verilen ve damar yolu ile enjekte edilen metabolik radyoaktif ajanların biriktiği normal veya patolojik dokuları görüntüleyen bir görüntüleme tekniği. Genel anlamda metabolik veya fonksiyonel görüntüleme için kullanılır.

Pet organ ve dokularda ortaya çıkan fonksiyonel değişikleri gösteren etkinliği kanıtlanmış bir nükleer tıp görüntüleme tekniğidir.
Bir şeker türevi olan ve pozitron ışıması yapan flor-18 ile işaretlenmiş fdg molekülü damar yoluyla enjekte edilerek hastaya uygulanır.

Pozitron emisyon tomografisi


Rosoideae, pek çok çalıyı ve çok yıllık bitkileri kapsayan bitki alt familyası. Sadece küçük bir kısmı bir yıllık bitkilerden oluşur.

Oymaklar

Kaynakça

Rosoideae


is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama. He is first introduced as a desert bandit and an antagonist of Son Goku in chapter #7 "Yamcha and Pu'ar", published in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on September 11, 1984, alongside his constant companion Pu'ar. He is eventually depicted as being reformed, becoming an ally of Goku.

Yamcha has received mixed reviews since his inception, being criticized for his weak abilities compared to other characters, but he has also been praised as being a fun character.

Creation
When Toriyama decided to create Dragon Ball, he used Chinese author Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West as a prototype for his own series. Yamcha took the role of Sha Wujing. His name is a pun on a form of Cantonese brunch called yum cha. A prototype for Yamcha was Gojō, the river monster, from Toriyama's one-shot series Dragon Boy.

Voice actors
In the original Japanese version, Yamcha is voiced by Tōru Furuya in all media. In the Funimation English dub, Yamcha is voiced by Christopher Sabat. Sabat currently voices him in all Dragon Ball related media.

Abilities
Though Yamcha is a skilled swordsman he is an exceptional martial artist. His signature technique is the , a quick flurry of punches and kicks. After training with Master Roshi Yamcha became Superhuman gaining Super strength, speed, agility, reflexes, the ability to fly, with telepathy, telekinesis, generate energy from his very being called ki, produce energy blasts, absorb energy and energy blasts and control energy as well as sense energy around him and enhance his abilities by increasing his energy through force of will. He has the ability to perform the Kamehameha, a concentrated beam of a chi energy blast that many other characters in the series have the ability to perform as well. Yamcha also uses the , a technique that forms a ball of chi energy to assault an opponent with. He can fully control the ball, allowing it to home in on enemies and to go underground for a surprise attack.

Summary

Yamcha enters the series ambushing Goku, Bulma, and Oolong as they are traveling through his territory and attempts to rob them of their money and hoi poi capsules. He also becomes a student under Master Roshi, known as Master Roshi in the English anime, and loses a long-held fear of women through his relationship with Bulma. Yamcha also enters the 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Tenkaichi Budōkai along with Goku, but loses in the first round of each tournament, to "Jackie Chun", Tien Shinhan, and Shen (Kami) respectively. Yamcha is shown to be a baseball player in the anime filler material for Dragon Ball Z. This was suggested by the series creator Akira Toriyama.

Yamcha becomes a major league baseball player for the West City Titans. Later, Yamcha is killed along with Tien Shinhan, Chaozu, and Piccolo in a battle against the Saiyans. He is killed when a Saibaiman grabs onto him and self-destructs. Yamcha goes on to train with King Kai in the afterlife just as Goku did, growing greatly in power. Through King Kai, he is able to witness his friends battles on Planet Namek; when Goku is thought to have been killed in the destruction of the Planet Namek after defeating Frieza, Yamcha relays the information to everyone through Bulma. He is later returned to life from a wish to Porunga and continues to live at Capsule Corp with Bulma and, after the two finally end their relationship, she and Vegeta enter a long-term relationship.

During the Android arc, Yamcha is the first to encounter Android #19 and #20, and is left for dead when #20 absorbs his chi and drives a hand through his chest. He is healed by a Senzu bean and takes the heart-diseased Goku home to get his medicine after the Super Saiyan loses to #19. Yamcha later joins the others in the Cell Games and teams up with Tien Shinhan to protect the weakened Goku from the Cell Juniors, before losing to them. Following Cell's defeat at the hands of Son Gohan and Goku's death, Yamcha and the others return to their peaceful lives. In the alternate timeline of the Cell arc, like most of the heroes, Yamcha was killed in the encounter with the Androids.

By the time of the 25th Tenkaichi Budōkai, Yamcha has given up fighting and goes with the others to be a spectator and also meet Goku, who is given a single day to return from death. Yamcha is later killed again when Majin Buu turns him into chocolate and eats him, along with Krillin, Bulma, and the other allies. During Goku and Vegeta's battle against Buu, Yamcha and Krillin try to fend off the Majin who's rampaging the Grand Kai's Planet; before he is brought back to life by the Namekian Dragon Balls, and he and the others on Earth give their energy to Goku's Genki-Dama, which he uses to destroy Majin Buu and restore peace to the universe.

Yamcha returns in Dragon Ball Super where he and Puar attend Bulma's birthday party along with the other characters, while there he meets Beerus the God of Destruction and later witnessed Goku's fight against the deity. Sometime after Frieza's 2nd death, he goes with the others to the Nameless Planet to watch the Tournament between Universe 6 and Universe 7. Yamcha plays a prominent role during the baseball match between Universe 6 and Universe 7, he is the team's captain uses his newly invented technique (Wolf Fang Pitching Fist) to effortlessly strike out Universe 6 during the first half of the first set, afterwards both Whis and Vados call off the match after Beerus and Champa started fighting physically, not before Vados points down to Yamcha laying at home base, scoring the winning run. During the Universal Survival saga, Yamcha's eager of the Tournament of Power, but wasn't recruited by Goku at all.

In the Galactic Patrol Prisoner arc, Yamcha is informed of Moro's invasion of Earth and is recruited by Gohan and the Galactic Patrol. Yamcha flies off on his own and easily defeat/subdue 3 of Moro's goons, before flying off to the next location. Yamcha soon finds himself in a difficult battle against Saganbo's adviser Zauyogi (even with the later assistance of Tenshinhan and Chaozu). Luckily for the three, Son Goku intervenes and easily beats Zauyogi, Yamcha informs Goku to assist Son Gohan and Piccolo, whilst assuring the Saiyan that he, Tenshinhan, and Chaozu can handle the rest of the remaining convicts. Yamcha later appears and collectively lends his energy to Vegeta (whom reverse engineers his newfound technique) in order for Goku to re-awaken Mastered Ultra Instinct. Yamcha and the others continue to view the battle, until Goku attains the power-up he needed to finally defeat the earth-infused Moro. Yamcha and the others (barring Vegeta) cheer for Goku's victory, and later attended a party hosted at Mr. Satan's house.

Appearances in other media
In Dragon Ball GT, Yamcha makes two cameo appearances.

Yamcha is the main subject of the spin-off manga . Written and illustrated by Dragon Garow Lee, it is about a high school boy who after an accident wakes up in the body of Yamcha in the Dragon Ball manga. He trains as Yamcha to make him the strongest warrior, having known what happens to him later in the manga against the Saiyans.

Yamcha is a playable character in multiple Dragon Ball-related video games, including the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai series, the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi series, and Dragon Ball FighterZ.

Yamcha also appears in an unofficial Chinese live-action remake of the first Dragon Ball feature film, played by Cheng Tung-Chuen. Here he is known as Westwood. He joins Monkey Boy, Sparkle, Turtle Man and Seeto in the quest to destroy King Horn and his powerful warriors. He was played by Korean pop singer Joon Park in the film Dragonball Evolution, for which James Kyson Lee also auditioned.

Reception and legacy

Yamcha has had mixed reviews during his inception. He is commonly described as useless and outclassed as a fighter in the  Dragon Ball series yet has also been described as fun and an iconic anime character to other publishers. A few have noted that his most highlighted moments in the anime was in the original anime adaptation compared to the more popular Dragon Ball Z anime. In 2004, Japanese fans voted Yamcha the fifteenth most popular character of the series. He was ranked as the thirty-eighth greatest Dragon Ball Z character of all time by Complex describing his willing to sacrifice himself as being the best part of his character.

Yamcha is commonly joked about as one of the weaker fighters by fans of the series. When younger fans would belittle the character as weak, Krillin's voice actress Mayumi Tanaka said she would explain to them that Krillin and Yamcha are the strongest earthlings, the other characters are all aliens. Despite this, he has been used as a joke that appears in internet memes, T-shirts and action figures, especially regarding his initial death which has been described as "iconic" and is subject to many parodies and homages. So much so that online writers such as Moviepilot's Ak Khan Ten's described him as an "iconic troll legend". He felt that despite being a weaker fighter he still is an important character from the Dragon Ball mythos since the creation of the manga and felt that he deserves respect as "an iconic Dragon Ball character". He also described Yamcha as Goku's first real rival in the series. He also praised the revealing of him mastering the Spirit Ball technique and also him being the first one who realized that he should cut Goku's tail to stop Goku in ape form. Yamcha's initial death has inspired a phrase by fans on when somebody dies in the Dragon Ball universe as being "Yamcha'd". Yamcha's "death pose" was even referenced in the official Dragon Ball Super anime during the 2016 episode, "A Challenge From Champa! This Time, a Baseball Game!", in which Yamcha, during a baseball game between Universe 7 and 6, steals home base during a confrontation between God of Destruction Beerus and his brother, Champa. In the ensuing fight between the two Destroyers, Yamcha ends up wounded, laying face down in a crater in the same pose with his hand on home base. Krillin comments that this scene looks familiar.

Furuya, the character's voice actor, designates Yamcha as one of the characters by whom he was inspired to create his music, as well as one of the top six favorite characters he voiced. Rebecca Bundy of Anime News Network takes note of resemblance of scars between Yamcha and Kenshin Himura, but also observes that their meaning is quite different. Furuya has expressed disatissfaction for the way Akira Toriyama handled his character on multiple occasions. The first was the way Yamcha was murdered by a Saibaman despite his constant training during the Saiyan Arc which made him a supporting character in following arcs. The second time he was shocked with Yamcha's development was when it was the revealed when the characters Trunks was Bulma's and Vegeta's child from the future despite the fact that Yamcha and Bulma were often in a relationship and Yamcha was turned into a cheater to cause such change. Hiromi Tsuru, Bulma's first Japanese actress, was also shocked by this change, believing her character would end with Yamcha. This caused Furuya to protest against Toriyama who said that Yamcha was always a cheater while laughing.

References

Bibliography
Dragon Ball manga, Volume 1 —
Dragon Ball manga, Volume 2 —
Dragon Ball manga, Volume 3 —
Dragon Ball manga, Volume 10 —
Dragon Ball manga, Volume 15 —
Dragon Ball manga, Volume 16 —
Dragon Ball Z manga, Volume 5 —
Dragon Ball Z manga, Volume 12 —
Dragon Ball Z manga, Volume 13 —
Dragon Ball Z manga, Volume 18 —
Dragon Ball Z manga, Volume 20 —
Dragon Ball Z manga, Volume 26 —

Dragon Ball characters
Animated human characters
Anime and manga characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Anime and manga characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Anime and manga characters with superhuman strength
Comics characters introduced in 1984
Fictional baseball players
Fictional bodyguards
Fictional characters with disfigurements
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with extrasensory perception
Fictional male martial artists
Fictional swordfighters in anime and manga
Fictional thieves
Fictional murdered people
Fictional resurrected characters
Male characters in anime and manga
Martial artist characters in anime and manga
Martial artist characters in films
Teenage characters in anime and manga

Yamcha


A Traitor Like Judas war eine Metalcore-Band aus Braunschweig.

Geschichte
A Traitor Like Judas gründeten sich im Jahr 2000, nachdem sich die Bands Mingle und In Memory Of auflösten, unter dem Namen Parker Frisbee. Die Gruppe bestand anfangs aus Jan Knackstedt (Bass), Dennis Thiele (Gitarre), Phillip Resslhuber (Schlagzeug) und Björn Decker (Gesang). Im Dezember des Gründungsjahres änderte die Gruppe ihren Namen schließlich zu A Traitor Like Judas.

Bereits ein Jahr später spielt die Gruppe ihre erste Europatour als Vorband von Narziss ohne einen Plattenvertrag, noch eine CD produziert zu haben. Durch den wachsenden Erfolg der Band erhielten sie ein Vertragsangebot von Erdkampf Records. Über diesem Label erschien die EP Poems for a Dead Man. Die Gruppe tourte erneut durch Europa, dieses Mal mit Muad'Dib. In Braunschweig zurückgekehrt nimmt die Gruppe mit Christoph Schönbach einen zweiten Gitarristen in die Band auf. Auch wechselte die Gruppe zu Winter Recordings worüber das Debütalbum Too Desperate to Breathe In erschien.

Die Band plante die Veröffentlichung einer Split-CD mit der Gruppe Fall of a Season. Dieses Vorhaben scheiterte, da sich das Label aufgelöst hatte. Die Gruppe unterschreibt bei Let It Burn Records und veröffentlichten eine Split-CD mit der Band Under Siege aus Hannover. Im Oktober erschien die Split-CD unter dem Titel Ten Angry Men. Die Gruppe tourte mit Burning Skies durch das Vereinigte Königreich. Es folgten Konzerte mit Heaven Shall Burn, Caliban, Walls of Jericho und As I Lay Dying.

Unter Goodlife Records, zu dem die Gruppe inzwischen gewechselt ist, arbeitete die Gruppe an dem zweiten Album Nightmare Inc. Da Goodlife kein großes Label war beschloss die Gruppe bei Dockyard 1 zu unterschreiben worüber das Album Ende November 2005 erschien. 2006 verließ Sänger Björn Decker aus gesundheitlichen Gründen die Gruppe und wurde durch Jasper Older ersetzt. Da das ständige Touren immer zeitaufwendiger wurde, gab es in den folgenden Jahren verschiedene Besetzungswechsel. Dennis Thiele verließ kurz nach den Aufnahmen zum Album Endtimes als letztes Gründungsmitglied die Band, unterstützt sie aber als Ersatz bei Livekonzerten noch immer. Am 24. September 2010 erschien mit Endtimes das dritte Studioalbum der Band. 2011 erschien mit Lifetimes eine zweite Split-CD, diesmal mit Maintain.

2010 und 2011 spielte die Gruppe außerdem über 100 Konzerte und tourte unter anderem mit bekannteren Bands aus Amerika wie Sworn Enemy und All Shall Perish. Zudem unterstützte die Gruppe aus Braunschweig auf einer weiteren Europatournee die international bekannten Sepultura aus Brasilien auf einigen Konzerten. Im Februar 2013 gab die Band bekannt, im deutschen Kohlekeller Studio mit Kristian Kohlmannslehner ein neues Album produziert sowie bei Redfield Records einen neuen Vertrag unterschrieben zu haben. Zwischen dem 15. März und dem 1. April 2013 tourte die Gruppe mit Nasty, CDC, Warhound und The Green River Burial als Support auf der "Taste of Anarchy Tour" durch Deutschland, Belgien und den Niederlanden.

Es wurde bekannt, dass das neue Album Guerilla Heart heißen und voraussichtlich am 23. August 2013 veröffentlicht wird. Am 20. Mai 2013 erschien die erste Single What Counts als Musikvideo auf YouTube.

Am 21. Januar 2018 gab die Band bekannt, sich nach einigen Festivalauftritten und einer ausgedehnten Clubtour, am Ende des Jahres aufzulösen. Die letzten Konzerte fanden am 14. und 15. Dezember 2018 im B58 in Braunschweig statt.

Diskografie

Split-CDs
 2004: Ten Angry Men (Let It Burn Records; mit Under Siege)
 2011: Lifetimes (Swell Creek Records, Soulfood Distribution; mit Maintain)

EPs
 2002: Poems for a Dead Man (Erdkampf Records)

Alben
 2003: ...Too Desperate to Breathe In... (Winter Recordings)
 2006: Nightmare Inc. (Goodlife Records, Dockyard 1)
 2010: Endtimes (Swell Creek Records, Soulfood)
 2013: Guerilla Heart (Redfield Records)

Singles
 2018: Darkest Hour (Redfield Records)

Weblinks

 A Traitor Like Judas bei Let It Burn Records

 A Traitor Like Judas bei Facebook

Einzelnachweise

Metalcore-Band
Band (Braunschweig)
Deutsche Band

A Traitor Like Judas


ද බ්‍රොන්ක්ස් යනු, නිව්යෝර්ක් ජනපදය තුල පිහිටි නිව්යෝර්ක් නගරයෙහි පේරු පහ අතුරින් උතුරු දෙසින්ම පිහිටන එක වෙයි.

ද බ්‍රොන්ක්ස්


Oleg Tarnovschi (în ; ) este un canoist moldovean de origine ucraineană, laureat cu argint la proba de 500 m din cadrul Campionatului Mondial de Kaiac-Canoe din 2015 de la Milano. Fratele său mai mic, Serghei, este și el un canoist de performanță. Amândoi au fost naturalizați de Republica Moldova în anul 2013.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Oleg Tarnovschi pe Sports.md

Moldoveni în viață
Canoiști moldoveni
Canoiști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Oameni din Liov

Oleg Tarnovschi