Comme tous les États post-soviétiques, l'Ukraine hérita d'unités des forces spéciales (Spetsnaz) des restes des forces armées soviétiques, des unités du GRU et du KGB. L'Ukraine maintient désormais sa propre structure Spetsnaz sous le contrôle du ministère de l'Intérieur et du ministère de la Défense, tandis que le service de sécurité ukrainien maintient sa propre force Spetsnaz, le groupe Alpha. Le terme « Alpha » est également utilisé par de nombreux autres États post-soviétiques tels que la Russie, la Biélorussie et le Kazakhstan, car ces unités sont basées sur le groupe Alpha de l'Union soviétique.

Unités actives

Ministère de la Défense

Les forces d'opérations spéciales sont l'une des cinq branches des forces armées ukrainiennes. Le commandement des forces spéciales compte plus de 4 000 agents spetsnaz, tous soldats professionnels.

 Commandement des forces spéciales, Kiev
 99 bataillon d'état-major et de soutien, Berdytchiv
 3 régiment spécial, Kropyvnytskyï
 Personnel du QG
  détachement à vocation spéciale
 2 détachement à vocation spéciale
 3 détachement à vocation spéciale
 Unité d'entretien
 Unité des signaux
 8 régiment spécial, Khmelnytskyï
 Personnel du QG
  détachement à vocation spéciale
 2 détachement à vocation spéciale
 3 détachement à vocation spéciale
 4 détachement à vocation spéciale
 Unité d'entretien
 Unité des Signaux
 73 centre d'opérations maritimes, Otchakiv
  unité de démolitions sous-marines
 Unité 2 plongeur démineur
 3 unité de reconnaissance
 Unité logistique
 140 centre spécialisé, Khmelnytskyi
 142 centre de formation, Berdychiv
 16 centre d'opérations psychologiques et informationnelles, Huiva
 72 centre d'opérations informationnelles et psychologiques, Brovary
 74 centre d'opérations informationnelles et psychologiques, Lviv
 83 centre d'opérations informationnelles et psychologiques, Odessa

Unités spéciales de la Garde nationale de l'Ukraine
De nombreuses anciennes unités spéciales désignées des troupes internes du ministère de l'Intérieur de l'Ukraine ont été dissoutes ou converties en unités « opérationnelles » (combat) ou « protection et patrouille de la sécurité publique » (police). Après réorganisation, les unités spéciales suivantes sont actives au sein de la Garde nationale :

 18 régiment opérationnel (renforcé), Marioupol
  bataillon de patrouille
 2 bataillon spécial , Marioupol
 Régiment spécial , Marioupol
 Compagnie de patrouille spéciale, Marioupol
 Détachement des forces spéciales , Kiev, chargé de protéger l'industrie nucléaire ukrainienne
 Détachement antiterroriste des forces spéciales , Novi Petrivtsi
 Détachement des forces spéciales , Lviv
 Détachement de renseignement des forces spéciales , Kharkiv
 Détachement des forces spéciales , Odessa

Service de sécurité de l'Ukraine

Le service de sécurité d'Ukraine (SBU) maintient sa propre unité de forces spéciales appelée groupe Alpha, créée à partir de l'unité territoriale de Kiev du groupe Alpha de l'ère soviétique qui deviendra le Service  du SBU en 1992.

La création d'un détachement Alpha en Ukraine date du 3 mars 1990. C'est alors que l'ordre est donné au chef de la 7 direction du KGB de créer le 10 groupe (Kiev) des services du groupe « A » EIR de la 7 direction du KGB. Le processus de sélection fut rigoureux. Sur les 120 candidats initiaux du KGB, seuls 15 ont réussi le cours de sélection rigoureux pour établir le premier détachement sous la direction du commandant Peter Feliksovich Zakrevskii.

Service national des gardes-frontières d'Ukraine
 10 unité frontalière mobile

Police nationale d'Ukraine
 Unité de réponse opérationnelle rapide

Anciennes forces spéciales

Police spéciale de Berkut

Le Berkout (« aigle ») d'Ukraine, une force de police spéciale, était peut-être l'unité Spetsnaz la plus connue du pays et servit sous l'égide du ministère de l'Intérieur jusqu'à sa dissolution en 2014. À la suite de la crise de Crimée, le ministère russe de l'Intérieur absorba l'unité Berkut de Crimée.

La force attire l'attention du monde entier pendant les émeutes contre le président Koutchma au début des années 2000, ainsi que pendant la révolution ukrainienne de 2014. Berkut est essentiellement un successeur des unités de police spéciales OMON de l'Union soviétique et est analogue aux équipes SWAT aux États-Unis. Une unité Berkut était stationnée dans la plupart des villes d'importance régionale. L'unité s'est spécialisée dans le contrôle des émeutes et l'application tactique de la loi. En raison du fait que des unités Berkut étaient stationnées dans la plupart des régions d'Ukraine, le terme deviendra synonyme de Spetsnaz ou d'application de la loi et de nombreuses unités de police spéciales ont été désignées par ce nom.

Berkut fut accusé de brutalité excessive, d'intimidation et fut impliqué dans diverses activités criminelles tout au long de son histoire. Voici quelques exemples :

 23-25 juin 1995 - Agression des Tatars de Crimée près de Soudak (Crimée) et en assistant des criminels à échapper à une foule en colère
 18 juillet 1995,  — Enterrement empêché du patriarche Volodymyr (Kiev)
 24 août 1998 (fête de l'indépendance) — Dispersion violente d'une manifestation pacifique de mineurs de charbon pour ne pas avoir été payés pendant deux ans et demi à Louhansk (gouverneur de l'oblast de Louhansk — Oleksandr Yefremov)
 Novembre 2000 — mars 2001, manifestations contre le président ukrainien Koutchma
 19 août 2013 — Attaque d'un parlementaire lors des manifestations politiques de 2013 à Kiev près de l'hôtel de ville
 À partir du 22 novembre 2013, répression des manifestants de l'Euromaïdan
 23 janvier 2014 — Enlèvement d'Alexandra Haylak, une volontaire de 22 ans du service médical pendant l'Euromaïdan. Elle sera retrouvée dans les bois près de Vyshhorod
 23 janvier 2014 — selon Andriy Paroubiy, un membre de l'opposition au parlement ukrainien, l'unité Berkut modifiait les grenades assourdissantes standard, les transformant en dispositifs mortels en les enveloppant de clous et d'autres éclats d'obus et en les utilisant contre les manifestants de l'Euromaïdan. Parubiy rapporta aux journalistes des échantillons des armes modifiées

En raison de leur brutalité, ainsi que de leur implication dans la révolution ukrainienne de 2014, l'unité développa une histoire controversée et fut dissoute en 2014.

Histoire

Révolution ukrainienne de 2014
La force de police spéciale ukrainienne Berkut attire l'attention du grand public lors de la révolution ukrainienne de 2014, car ce fut l'une des principales forces utilisées par le gouvernement pour réprimer le soulèvement. L'Ukraine s'appuie sur les forces Spetsnaz pour diverses activités telles que la collecte de renseignements, la lutte contre la fraude et le crime organisé, la réponse au terrorisme, la guerre électronique, ainsi que la réponse aux manifestations de masse. Les unités Spetsnaz sont largement utilisées pendant la révolution par le régime Ianoukovitch pour réprimer les manifestants de l'Euromaïdan. Au cours de la crise de Crimée qui suivra et de la guerre du Donbass, le nouveau gouvernement hésita à utiliser ces forces, car considérées comme des symboles du régime précédent. De nombreux membres du Spetsnaz trouveront un but en rejoignant un bataillon de défense territoriale ou la Garde nationale d'Ukraine ; ironiquement, ils se sont souvent battus aux côtés des manifestants de l'Euromaïdan avec lesquels ils se sont récemment affrontés. Des unités Spetsnaz sont finalement déployées pour combattre les forces séparatistes alors qu'elles commencent à gagner du terrain. Le 3 régiment séparé de Spetsnaz d'Ukraine est chargé de défendre l'aéroport international de Donetsk, qui fait face à des batailles quasi quotidiennes depuis mai 2014.

De nombreuses unités de police spéciales répondent activement aux manifestations de la révolution ukrainienne de 2014, notamment les groupes des forces spéciales Tiger et Leopard du ministère de l'Intérieur, la force de police spéciale Berkut et le groupe SBU Alpha. Le 18 février, après des mois de troubles civils, les manifestations prennent une tournure plus dure et prennent d'assaut le Parlement. Des troupes supposées être SBU Alpha sont repérées lourdement armées et portant des fusils AKM ; des jets militaires sont également localisés survolant Kiev. Le 20 février, des tireurs d'élite apparaissent sur les toits. Cela conduira à l'affrontement peut-être le plus sanglant de la révolution, entraînant la mort de plus de 100 tireurs d'élite que le SBU est également soupçonné d'avoir dissimulé. Inhabituellement le 23 février, la présence policière sur la place de l'Indépendance se dissipe, alors que cela ne fait pas partie d'un accord signé par le nouveau gouvernement. L'opération résulte de la fuite du président alors au pouvoir, Viktor Ianoukovytch. Sentant un changement de pouvoir, les forces de police ont probablement abandonné leur poste. Tout au long de la révolution, des unités de police ont retenu les manifestants, cependant, après avoir attiré des unités de toute l'Ukraine à Kiev, les manifestations ont éclaté dans tout le pays, entraînant finalement un changement de gouvernement.

Guerre du Donbass

En raison de la corruption du ministère de l'Intérieur, de nombreuses unités et commandants Spetsnaz ont été limogés, Berkut étant le plus notable. Cependant, les unités russes Spetsnaz ont rapidement recruté de nombreux membres libérés. Pendant la crise de Crimée, les membres de Berkut sont localisés aux côtés de  qui s'avéreront être des membres russes du Spetsnaz. Le SBU signala également qu'environ 30% des membres de son groupe Alpha dans les régions de Donetsk et de Louhansk étaient portés disparus et combattaient probablement aux côtés de groupes d'insurgés de Donetsk ou de Louhansk et en mars 2014, le groupe Alpha ne comptait qu'environ 200 membres actifs toujours fidèles à l'Ukraine.

Au début de la crise de Crimée et de la guerre du Donbass, le parlement ukrainien déclare que ses forces ne compte que 6 000 fantassins prêts au combat, contre environ 20 000 soldats stationnés dans des bases russes rien qu'en Crimée. À l'époque, l'Ukraine dispose également d'un nombre important d'unités déployées à travers le monde dans le cadre de missions telles que l'opération Atalante, la FIAS, la force du Kosovo et plus de 200 soldats attachés à une mission de maintien de la paix des Nations Unies au Congo. Cela signifiait que les troupes ukrainiennes les plus expérimentées et les mieux entraînées étaient déployées et indisponibles au début du conflit. Le gouvernement ukrainien entama immédiatement un processus de mobilisation et de création de forces de réserve telles qu'une garde nationale, mais il faudra plusieurs mois avant que ces unités ne soient formées. Par conséquent, les forces ukrainiennes Spetsnaz épuisées, sans l'aide d'une force conventionnelle plus importante ou d'une force de police locale efficace, ont été appelées à défendre l'État. Selon le ministre de la Défense ukrainien, Stepan Poltorak, les forces Spetsnaz ont opéré en grande partie seules pendant la première période de la guerre dans la région ukrainienne du Donbass, étant les seules unités aptes au service à l'époque.

Un groupe d'hommes lourdement armés est apparu à Donetsk le 3 mars 2014. Ceux-ci ont été surnommés des  envahissant l'Ukraine par certains, ou des  par d'autres. Cependant, il est révélé qu'il s'agissait en fait de membres du groupe ukrainien Alpha escortant Andrey Shishatskiy, l'ancien gouverneur de Donetsk, après avoir été attaqué par un groupe de séparatistes pro-russes. Plusieurs mois plus tard, Marioupol est déclaré centre administratif de l'oblast de Donetsk en raison des troubles, et la plupart des fonctions administratives y ont été transférées.

Bien qu'ayant perdu de nombreux membres, le Spetsnaz ukrainien est appelé au service en avril 2014 lorsque les insurgés russes débutent leur avance en Ukraine. L'une des premières missions à grande échelle fut la reprise de l'aérodrome de Kramatorsk comme point de pivot pour faire pression sur Donetsk, largement repris par les insurgés. Le 15 avril, l'unité Spetsnaz  prend d'assaut l'aérodrome en le reprenant et en capturant un nombre non divulgué d'insurgés pro-russes dans l'opération. L'aérodrome de Kramatorsk est le théâtre de combats prolongés même après sa reprise. Le 25 avril, les insurgés lancent une tentative infructueuse de reprendre l'aérodrome en détruisant un hélicoptère Mil Mi-8 et un transport An-2. L'aérodrome est encerclé par des insurgés pendant plusieurs mois jusqu'à la libération de Kramatorsk en juillet 2014.

Le 25 avril 2014, les unités ukrainiennes Spetsnaz sont parmi les premières unités à rencontrer des insurgés à Sloviansk, qui allait devenir un bastion rebelle. Les unités ukrainiennes Spetsnaz commencent à détruire systématiquement les points de contrôle rebelles autour de la ville en avril afin que les forces régulières puissent pénétrer dans la ville, mais il faudra encore plusieurs mois avant que les principales composantes des forces terrestres ukrainiennes puissent pénétrer dans la ville.

Le 26 mai 2014, des insurgés russes lancent une attaque contre l'aéroport de Donetsk, le deuxième aéroport le plus fréquenté du pays à l'époque. Pour la première fois dans le conflit, les forces ukrainiennes réagissent quasi immédiatement au lieu d'attendre plusieurs jours en lançant des frappes aériennes à partir d'avions Su-25 et en lançant des navires de combat Mi-24 pour réprimer les assaillants. Les forces  Spetsnaz ainsi que les troupes aéroportées sont transportées par avion sur les lieux pour combattre les insurgés à l'aéroport, commençant la première bataille de l'aéroport de Donetsk. Avec l'aide de l'appui aérien, les forces gouvernementales chassent les insurgés le lendemain et prennent le contrôle de l'aéroport. Il s'agit de la première opération réussie de la guerre du Donbass, car avant cela, les forces insurgées étaient habituées à des victoires rapides et les forces gouvernementales mettaient généralement plusieurs jours à répondre aux attaques. Après la bataille, de nombreux étrangers, dont des terroristes tchétchènes, se sont révélés avoir combattu les forces ukrainiennes.

En mai et juin 2014, des unités des forces spéciales participent à l'aide aux unités de l'armée régulière et de la garde nationale lors de la première bataille de Marioupol. À cette époque, les séparatistes russes avaient capturé la majeure partie de l'oblast de Donetsk jusqu'au nord de Yampil, malgré la conservation des points de contrôles clés tels que les aérodromes de Kramatorsk et de Donetsk par les troupes gouvernementales. Les insurgés se sont ensuite répandus vers le sud en direction de Marioupol, la deuxième plus grande ville du Donbass. Le 17 avril 2014, un groupe important de plusieurs centaines de séparatistes tentent de prendre d'assaut une base militaire à Marioupol. L'armée ukrainienne contre-attaque et une unité des forces spéciales « Omega » est héliportée sur les lieux pour aider les troupes locales à repousser les assaillants. Au cours de l'assaut raté, 63 séparatistes sont capturés et trois tués. Le groupe des forces spéciales « Omega » est ensuite chargé de protéger Marioupol pour le reste de la première bataille de Marioupol. Plus tard, le 9 mai, des séparatistes prennent d'assaut le siège de la police de la ville ; les unités « Omega » et de la Garde nationale tentent de reprendre le bâtiment, mais les forces ukrainiennes se retirent finalement à l'extérieur de la ville et  bouclent les limites de la ville avec des points de contrôle. Le 13 juin, les forces spéciales « Omega », ainsi que les unités de la Garde nationale, le bataillon Azov et le bataillon Dnipro prennent d'assaut la ville. Au cours de la bataille de 6 heures suivante, les troupes gouvernementales reprennent la totalité des bâtiments séparatistes et hissent le drapeau ukrainien sur l'hôtel de ville.

Les forces spéciales ukrainiennes ont également mené plusieurs opérations en profondeur dans le territoire tenu par les rebelles, opérant dans les villes de Donetsk et Louhansk.

Les forces de Spetsnaz ont également été responsables de la localisation et de la neutralisation des cellules terroristes opérant au plus profond de l'Ukraine, du nettoyage des villes qui avaient été reprises aux insurgés, ainsi que de la recherche de saboteurs potentiels. En mai, le SBU a perquisitionné et arrêté plusieurs saboteurs potentiels dans la région d'Odessa.

L'infanterie navale ukrainienne maintient sa propre petite force Spetsnaz sous la forme du 73 détachement de marine Spetsnaz ; le détachement est nommé « Seals » d'après les SEAL des États-Unis et est construit autour du même objectif. En août 2014, le commandant du 73 détachement de marine Spetsnaz est tué lors d'une opération près de Donetsk, en Ukraine. Le major Alexei Zinchenko sera la première perte du 73 détachement de marine Spetsnaz ainsi que le premier marine tué dans la guerre du Donbass.

Alors que les forces du ministère de l'Intérieur sont souvent impliquées dans la localisation d'espions et de saboteurs, les unités Spetsnaz du ministère de la Défense sont plus directement impliquées dans la guerre. Les plus connues sont peut-être les unités Spetsnaz chargées de défendre l'aéroport international de Donetsk. L'aéroport est perquisitionné le 18 avril, mais maintient ses opérations jusqu'au 25 mai 2014, date à laquelle il fait face à des attaques quasi quotidiennes. Le 3 régiment séparé de Spetsnaz gagne le surnom de « Cyborgs » et est impliqué dans la deuxième bataille de l'aéroport de Donetsk. Les rebelles revendiquent à plusieurs reprises la capture de l'aéroport, sans succès, le drapeau ukrainien flottant toujours au-dessus de la tour de contrôle. La garnison de l'aéroport résistera aux attaques des chars russes T-72, de l'artillerie de roquettes Grad et Uragan, ainsi que des mortiers lourds 2S4 Tyulpan sans aucun soutien aérien. En septembre, les forces russes Spetsnaz assiste activement les rebelles à attaquer l'aéroport, mais ne réussissent à avancer que de 500 mètres tout au plus près du complexe à la fin du mois.

Le 22 novembre 2014, les groupes Spetsnaz « Cheetah » et « Titan » prennent d'assaut la raffinerie de pétrole d'Odessa. Il n'y a aucun blessé pendant l'opération. Une déclaration du bureau du procureur de l'oblast d'Odessa déclare que les forces Spetsnaz avaient été utilisées pour sécuriser les actifs de la raffinerie. En avril, un tribunal ukrainien décide la liquidation des actifs de la raffinerie, la direction étant soupçonnée de tirer profit de la vente illégale d'actifs d'une valeur de 55 millions de hryvnia sans l'approbation du tribunal. Les procureurs tentent d'entrer dans la raffinerie le 17 octobre 2014 pour faire exécuter une décision de justice de confisquer les actifs de la raffinerie, mais sont arrêtés par la sécurité. Par conséquent, l'utilisation des forces Spetsnaz pour sécuriser les locaux et exécuter l'ordonnance judiciaire précédente fut prise par le bureau du procureur.

Le 10 août 2016, la Russie accuse les forces spéciales ukrainiennes d'avoir mené un raid près de la ville d'Armyansk en Crimée, tuant 2 militaires russes ; le gouvernement ukrainien nié toute implication. Les services de renseignement ukrainiens signalent effectivement un affrontement à la frontière, mais déclarent qu'il s'agissait d'un incident de tir ami entre l'armée russe et le service frontalier du Service fédéral de sécurité russe.

Le 5 décembre 2016, les médias séparatistes ukrainiens affirment qu'un ressortissant canadien, qui aurait servi dans le 73 centre naval spécial, avait été tué lors d'une opération près de Vodyanoye. Dans l'ensemble, la communauté des forces spéciales d'Ukraine a perdu 73 de ses membres pendant la guerre au 28 octobre 2017. La répartition des victimes est la suivante:

 3 Special Purpose Regiment : 44 tués au combat
 8 Special Purpose Regiment : 15 tués au combat
 73 Naval Special Purpose Center : 10 tués au combat
 140 Special Purpose Center : 5 tués au combat

Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie depuis 2022

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles détaillés
 Spetsnaz
 Forces d'assaut aérien ukrainiennes

Liens externes
 Defence Intelligence of Ukraine - site officiel

Forces armées de l'Ukraine

Forces spéciales ukrainiennes


Nanoquímica es una rama de la nanociencia relacionada con la producción y reacciones de nanopartículas y sus compuestos. Está relacionada con las propiedades y características asociadas con ensamblajes de átomos o moléculas sobre una escala que varía de tamaño de los bloques individuales hasta las del material aglomerado.

El profesor Geoffrey Ozin de la Universidad de Toronto es considerado como el padre de la nanoquímica. "Su visionario artículo "Nanochemistry - Synthesis in Diminishing Dimensions" (Advanced Materials, 1992, 4, 612) estimuló a todo un nuevo campo: proponía que los principios de la química podían aplicarse a la síntesis de materiales de "abajo hacia arriba" "sobre cualquier escala de longitud" mediante los "principios de construcción de bloques jerárquicos": esto es, utilizando bloques de construcción de escala nano/molecular "programados" con información química que los auto-ensamblaría espontáneamente, de una manera controlada, en estructuras que abarcan un amplio intervalo de escalas de longitud.
La nanoquímica es una de las tantas aproximaciones que la nanociencia tiene hacia el diseño, caracterización y racionalización de las propiedades y estructura de un material nanoestructurado.
Esta ciencia emplea metodologías de la síntesis química y la química de materiales para obtener nanomateriales con tamaños, formas, propiedades superficiales, defectos, y propiedades auto-ensamblantes específicos, diseñados para cumplir con usos y funciones específicas.

Enlaces externos

Nanopartículas
Química supramolecular

Nanoquímica


Universitatea din Anvers (în ) este una dintre universitățile belgiene majore, care este situată în orașul Anvers. Numele său este abreviat actualmente UAntwerp, iar abrevierea UA nu mai este folosită.

În anul 2014, Universitatea din Anvers se afla pe locul 170 la nivel global, conform Times Higher Education, pe locul 205 conform QS World University Rankings și pe un loc situat între 201 și 300 loc potrivit Academic Ranking of World Universities.

Istoric

Origini
La originea universității se află Sint-Ignatie Handelshogeschool (Școala Saint-Ignatie de Înalte Studii Comerciale) fondată de iezuiți (Societatea lui Isus) la Anvers în anul 1852. Aceasta a fost una dintre primele școli europene de afaceri care oferea educație formală de grad universitar. Ea a deschis mai târziu o Facultate de Litere și Filosofie (inclusiv Drept) și o Facultate de Științe Politice și Sociale. A fost redenumită Universitaire Faculteiten Sint-Ignatie Antwerpen (UFSIA)
în anii 1960, când guvernul belgian i-a acordat statutul de universitate. La începutul anilor 1970 UFSIA a format o confederație cu "Rijksuniversitair Antwerpen Centrum" (RUCA) și "Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen" (UIA), instituții publice.

Fuziune
În 2003 UFSIA, RUCA, și UIA au fuzionat în cadrul Universității din Anvers, formând prima universitate pluralistă din Belgia deschisă către dialogul intercultural și religios. Curând, a devenit a treia cea mai mare universitate din Flandra cu 20.000 de studenți. În scopul de a face față provocărilor generate de internaționalizarea educației și cercetării europene, Universitatea face parte din Antwerp University Association (AUHA). Influența catolică pe care iezuiții au avut-o în cadrul UFSIA se manifestă în prezent prin Centrul Universitar Sfântul Ignatie (UCSIA) din Anvers, înființată în anul 2003.

Facultăți
Universitatea din Anvers are 33 de programe universitare de licență, 69 de programe de masterat, 18 programe post-masterat și 23 de programe postuniversitare. În plus, există 31 de programe academice predate complet în limba engleză (13 de master, 14 de post-master și 4 postuniversitare). Toate aceste programe sunt împărțite în 9 facultăți.

 Economie Aplicată
 Inginerie Aplicate
 Arte
 Design
 Drept
 Medicină
 Farmacie, Medicină Veterinară și Biomedicină
 Științe Sociale
 Științe

Absolvenți notabili

Economie
 Robert A. Burgelman (1961–), profesor de management la Universitatea Stanford
 Marcia De Wachter (1953–), director al Băncii Naționale a Belgiei
 Patrick Janssens (1956–), politician (deputat flamand, fostul primar al orașului Anvers)
 Mimi Lamote (1964–)
 Philippe Muyters (1961–), politician (ministrul flamand)

Istorie
 Bart De Wever (1970-), politician (reprezentant, lider al partidului Noua Alianță Flamandă și primar al orașului Anvers)
 Marie-Rose Morel, politician
 Linda De Win, jurnalist politic

Drept
 Gerolf Annemans (1958–), politician (parlamentar, lider al partidului Vlaams Belang)
 Cathy Berx (1969–), jurist și politician (guvernator al provinciei Antwerp)
 Ludwig Caluwé (1961–), politician
 Jan Grauls (1948–), diplomat (ambasador)
 Bernard Hubeau, fost ombudsman al Parlamentului Flamand
 Peter Meeus (1962–), om de afaceri
 Mieke Offeciers-Van De Wiele (1952–), politician (fost ministru)
 Kris Peeters (1962–), om politic (ministru-președinte al Flandrei)
 Herman Portocarero (1952–), scriitor și diplomat
 Matthias Storme (1959–), avocat și politician
 Rudi Thomaes (1952–), președinte al Federației Întreprinderilor Belgiene
 Bruno Valkeniers, om de afaceri și politician (lider al partidului Vlaams Belang)
 Staf Van Reet, om de afaceri
 Peter Van den Bossche, membru al organului de apel al Organizației Mondiale a Comerțului

Medicină
 Jan Gheuens
 Paul Stoffels (1962–), medic, cofondator al Tibotec și Virco
 Manto Tshabalala-Msimang (1940-2009), politician sud-african

Lingvistică, literatură și filozofie
 Wim Helsen (1968–)
 Jan Huyghebaert (1945–), bancher
 Jan Leyers (1958–), scriitor, muzician și prezentator
 Hugo Matthysen (1956–), scriitor, muzician și prezentator
 Bart Peeters (1959–), compozitor și prezentator
 Matthias Storme (1959–), avocat și politician

Științe sociale și politice
 Jos Geysels, fost politician și președinte al 11.11.11
 Patrick Janssens (1956–), politician (deputat flamand, primarul orașului Anvers)
 Peter Mertens (1969–), politician
 Johan Vande Lanotte (1955–), om politic (ministru, deputat, senator)
 Bogdan Vanden Berghe, secretar general al 11.11.11
 Rudy Van Eysendeyk, directorul general al Societății Zoologice Regale din Anvers
 Johan Van Hecke (1954–), membru al Parlamentului European
 Mieke Vogels (1954–), politician (fost ministru, deputat flamand)

Oameni de știință
 Dries Buytaert (1978–), programator, autor al sistemului Drupal
 Didier de Chaffoy de Courcelles (1953–), vicepreședinte pentru dezvoltare al Janssen Pharmaceutica
 Luc De Schepper
 Sabine Hagedoren (1968–), meteorolog
 Peter Piot (1949–), microbiolog, șef al UNAIDS
 Vincent Timmerman, biolog molecular
 Christine Van Broeckhoven (1953–), om de știință și politician

Profesori notabili
 Marc Bossuyt, drept
 Rudy Martens, management
 Bence Nanay, filosofie
 Georgios Pavlakos, drept
 Christine Van Broeckhoven, biologie moleculară
 Christine Van Den Wyngaert, drept
 Frank Vandenbroucke, economie aplicată și științe sociale

Referințe

Legături externe

Clădiri și structuri din Antwerpen
Anvers

Universitatea din Anvers


نيز بيرس أو ني برسيه  هي قبيلة هندية في أمريكا الشمالية من عرق ساهابتيان، وتعني الأنوف المثقوبة وهو ما أتى من عاداتهم بوضع أقراط على الأنف، وهم يسمون أنفسهم نيميبو Niimíipuu أو الشعب ولكن بالنسبة للقبائل الأخرى فهي معروفة باسم تشوبونيش، وأراضيهم في السابق كانت تمتد من شرق ولايات واشنطن وأوريغون إلى وسط إيداهو. وسيطروا على مناطق هضبة كولومبيا بمساعدة الخيول.

القبيلة هي واحدة من خمسة قبائل معترف بها اتحاديا في ولاية آيداهو، وتدير محميتها الخاصة عبر حكومة مركزية ذاتية في بلدة لابواي، وتعرف باسم لجنة نيز بيرس القبلية التنفيذية (NPTEC). لا يزال بعض منهم يتحدثون بلغتهم التقليدية، وهي تدير كازينوهين في المنطقة، وتمتلك القبيلة عيادات صحية ومركز الشرطة ومحكمة ولمراكز مجتمعية ومصائد سمك السلمون ومحطة إذاعية وغيرها من الأعمال التي تعزز الوضع الاقتصادي والثقافي لهم.

اليوم، يُعد تفريخ وحصاد وأكل سمك السلمون قوة ثقافية واقتصادية هامة في منطقة نيزبيرس من خلال الملكية الكاملة أو الإدارة المشتركة لمفارخ أسماك السلمون المختلفة، وأهمها الموجودة في بلدات كوسكا وأوروفينو في ايداهو.

عاشت القبيلة في سلام مع البيض، وفي عام 1875 ميلادي أخذ جزء من مستوطناتهم، وذلك بسبب الزعم بأنهم لم ينفذوا شروط المعاهدة، بدأت بعدها النزاعات فاندلعت حرب نيز بيرس بعد سنتين، والقسم الساخط من القبيلة وعددهم حوالي 400 استطاعوا الصمود لأشهر عديدة قبل أن يقبض عليهم الجيش في تلال سويت غراس شمال مونتانا. وضعوا بعدها في محميات ولكنهم نقلوا عام 1884 ميلادي إلى موقع آخر في شمال واشنطن بعد تناقص أعدادهم بسبب المرض، والقسم الرئيسي منهم يعيش في محميات شمال أيداهو.

الحياة

طريقة حصول أفراد القبيلة على الغذاء
تعتمد هذه القبيلة بشكل أساسي على صيد الأسماك خاصة سمك السلمون الأحمر، سمك السلمون الفضي، سمك الحفش الأبيض، سمك السلمون المرقط وغيره العديد من الأنواع المختلفة التي تصطاد من شواطئ المحيط الهادئ، بحيث يذهب الأفراد إلى مواقع صيد الأسماك المختلفة وتصطاد الأسماك عن طريق سحبها في شباك كبيرة.

الصيد نشاط اقتصادي مهم لقبيلة نيز بيرس، اليوم يشترك صيادون نيز بيرس في مصائد الأسماك القبلية في نهر كولومبيا، في موسم الصيد يمارس الصيادون طقوس معينة ويقدم الشكر للخالق والأسماك لأنها عادت وقدمت نفسها لأفراد القبيلة كطعام، وبهذه الطريقة كان الأمل قائم أن تعود الأسماك في العام المقبل.

كانت النساء تقوم في جمع وأعداد المحاصيل الغذائية من اجل تخزينها لفصل الشتاء وذلك من اجل الحفاظ على البقاء، ومن بين المحاصيل المهمة التي تعد في هذه القبيلة هي الفواكه المجففة.

يقوم أفراد القبيلة بالعديد من النشاطات التي تؤمن لهم حياتهم مثل صنع المنسوجات من جلود الكلاب أو القنب الهندي.

الثقافة
تؤمن هذه القبيلة بالأرواح والتي تسمى «وايكنز» والتي حسب اعتقادهم تقدم رابط للعالم غير المرئي للسلطة الروحية، ويقوم «وايكنز» بحمايتهم من الأذى وتصبح روح الوصاية الشخصية، ومن أجل الحصول عليه يذهب الفرد إلى الجبال بمفردهِ في رحلة رؤية يتضمنها الصوم والتأمل على مدى عدة أيام، وأثناء البحث قد يحصل الفرد على رؤية للروح، والتي تظهر على شكل حيوان ثدي وتظهر هذه الرؤية جسديا أو من خلال حلم، بحيث تمنح قوى الحيوان لحاملهِ على سبيل المثال قد تعطي الغزلان سرعة حاملها، وتبقى هذه الصفة مع الشخص حتى يموت.

القتال من اجل وجود نيز بيرس
قام الأوروبيون والأمريكيون في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر بالضغط على نيز بيرس مما أدى إلى انقسامهم إلى مجموعتين: - قبل أحد الطرفين الانتقال القسري إلى التحفظ والآخر رفض التخلي عن أرضهم الخصبة في إيداهو وأوريجون. وأولئك الذين أبدوا استعدادهم للذهاب إلى التحفظ أبرموا معاهدة في عام 1877 ميلادي، تمت ملاحقة نيز بيرس من قبل أكثر من 2000 جندي من الجيش الأمريكي، أكثر من 300 جندي أمريكي و1000 من نيز بيرس قتلوا خلال هذه الصراعات، أُجبرت غالبية نيز بيرس المتبقية على الاستسلام في 5 أكتوبر 1877 ميلادي بعد معركة جبال بير باو في مونتانا، على بعد 40 ميلاً (64 كم) من الحدود الكندية الأمريكية.

يوجد مسار تاريخي وطني كذكرى للمسار الذي سلكه نيز بيرس في محاولة للفرار إلى كندا.

خيول نيز بيرس
عام 1994 ميلادي، أراد نيز بيرس استعادة جزء من ثقافتهم التقليدية للخيول، حيث اعد برنامج تربية انتقائية لخيولهم، التي اعتبرت علامة للثروة والمكانة، ودربوا الأفراد بجودة عالية من الفروسية، أدى الاضطراب الاجتماعي بسبب الضغط من قبل الأمريكيين والحكومة إلى تدمير ثقافة خيولهم في القرن التاسع عشر، إلا ان تمويل برنامج تربية الخيول في القرن العشرين من قبل وزارة الصحة والخدمات الإنسانية الأمريكية ومنظمة غير ربحية تسمى «معهد الأمم الأولى للتنمية».

خارجية

 http://www.friendsnezpercebattlefields.org/
 http://www.nezpercehorseregistry.com/main.html

 Official tribal site
 http://www.critfc.org/
 https://www.nps.gov/nepe/index.htm

معرض صور

مراجع

أمريكيون أصليون
تاريخ نورث وسترن بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في أوريغن
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في أيداهو
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في مونتانا
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في ولاية واشنطن
مجموعات عرقية في الولايات المتحدة
نيز بيرس

نيز بيرس


Shola Shoretire, né le  à Newcastle upon Tyne en Angleterre, est un footballeur anglais qui évolue au poste d'ailier droit à Manchester United.

Biographie

Manchester United
Né à Newcastle upon Tyne en Angleterre, d'un père originaire du Nigeria, Shola Shoretire commence le football au . Il rejoint Manchester United à l'âge de 10 ans. Le 12 décembre 2018 il devient le plus jeune joueur à participer à un match de l'UEFA Youth League, à 14 ans et 314 jours, lors d'une victoire des Red devils contre les jeunes du Valence CF (2-1 score final).

Le  il signe son premier contrat professionnel avec Manchester United. Le 21 février suivant, il joue son premier match en professionnel contre Newcastle United, en championnat. Il entre en jeu à la place de Marcus Rashford et son équipe s'impose par trois buts à un. Le  suivant il fait sa première apparition en coupe d'Europe à l'occasion d'une rencontre de Ligue Europa face à la Real Sociedad. Il entre en jeu à la place de Mason Greenwood et les deux équipes se neutralisent (0-0). Il devient ainsi le plus jeune joueur à participer à un match de coupe d'Europe pour Manchester United, à 17 ans et 23 jours, battant le record jusqu'ici détenu par Norman Whiteside.

Au mois de , il est élu joueur du mois de février en Premier League 2, le championnat des réserves. En mai 2021, Shoretire remporte le prix Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year, qui récompense le meilleur jeune joueur du club.

Le , le nouvel entraîneur de Manchester United, Ralf Rangnick, le fait entrer en jeu face au Young Boys Berne en Ligue des champions. Les deux équipes se séparent sur un match nul ce jour-là (1-1).

Prêt à Bolton
Le , Shola Shoretire est prêté jusqu'à la fin de la saison à Bolton Wanderers, club évoluant alors en League One.

Carrière en équipe nationale
Shola Shoretire joue un match avec l'équipe d'Angleterre des moins de 18 ans, le 29 mars 2021 face au Pays de Galles. Il est titulaire et son équipe l'emporte par deux buts à zéro.

Le , il fait sa première apparition avec les les moins de 19 ans à 17 ans, contre l'Italie. Il est titularisé lors de cette rencontre remportée par son équipe sur le score de deux buts à zéro.

Statistiques

Palmarès

En club

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur anglais
Joueur du Manchester United FC
Naissance en février 2004
Naissance à Newcastle upon Tyne

Shola Shoretire


Ølsby Sogn (på tysk Kirchspiel Uelsby) er et sogn i det sydlige Angel i Sydslesvig, tidligere i Strukstrup Herred (Gottorp Amt), nu i kommunerne Ølsby og Strukstrup (delvis) i Slesvig-Flensborg Kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

I Ølsby Sogn findes flg. stednavne:
 en mindre del af Holmølle (Hollmühle) med gården Stade, resten under Strukstrup Sogn
 Kvastrup (Quastrup)
 Ølsby (Uelsby)
 Ølsbyskov (Uelsbyholz)

Litteratur
 M. Mørk Hansen: Kirkelig Statistik over Slesvig Stift: Med historiske og topografiske bemærkninger, bind 2, Kjøbenhavn 1864, side 364
 Jens Peter Trap: Statistisk-topographisk beskrivelse af hertugdømmet Slesvig, Kjøbenhavn 1864, side 512

Eksterne henvisninger
 Bøglund og Ølsby Menighed / Kirchengemeinde Böklund und Uelsby

Sogne i Sydslesvig

Ølsby Sogn


Tekke, Sinop ilinin Boyabat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Osman köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 5 Haziran 1953'te köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 99 km, Boyabat ilçe merkezine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Boyabat belde ve köyleri

Tekke, Boyabat


Volkswagen Bora, 20 Eylül 1998-2005 arası üretilmiş modeldir. Volkswagen'in 1999-2005 yılları arasında Vento modelinin yerine ürettiği kompakt C Sınıfı Sedan modelidir. Bu model Golf modeliyle aynı platformu paylaşmaktadır. Ancak ağırlık dağılımının daha iyi olması nedeniyle Golf 4'e göre daha iyi viraj performansı sergilemektedir.

Bora
1999'da tanıtılan taşıtlar
Sedan otomobiller
Sıralı 4 silindirli motoru olan taşıtlar
Sıralı 5 silindirli motoru olan taşıtlar
Sıralı 6 silindirli motoru olan taşıtlar
Station Wagon otomobiller

Volkswagen Bora


Venetian, wider Venetian or Venetan (  or  ) is a Romance language spoken natively in the northeast of Italy, mostly in the Veneto region, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it. It is sometimes spoken and often well understood outside Veneto: in Trentino, Friuli, the Julian March, Istria, and some towns of Slovenia, Dalmatia (Croatia) and Bay of Kotor (Montenegro) by a surviving autochthonous Venetian population, and in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, the United States and the United Kingdom by Venetians in the diaspora.

Although referred to as an "Italian dialect" (, ) even by some of its speakers, the label is primarily geographic. Venetian is a separate language from Italian, with many local varieties. Its precise place within the Romance language family remains somewhat controversial. Both Ethnologue and Glottolog group it into the Gallo-Italic branch. Devoto, Avolio and Ursini reject such classification, and Tagliavini places it in the Italo-Dalmatian branch of Romance.

History

Like all members of the Romance language family, Venetian evolved from Vulgar Latin, and is thus a sister language of Italian and other Romance languages. Venetian is first attested in writing in the 13th century.

The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the Republic of Venice, when it attained the status of a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Sea. Notable Venetian-language authors include the playwrights Ruzante (1502–1542), Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793) and Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806). Following the old Italian theatre tradition (), they used Venetian in their comedies as the speech of the common folk. They are ranked among the foremost Italian theatrical authors of all time, and plays by Goldoni and Gozzi are still performed today all over the world.

Other notable works in Venetian are the translations of the Iliad by Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798) and Francesco Boaretti, the translation of the Divine Comedy (1875) by Giuseppe Cappelli and the poems of Biagio Marin (1891–1985). Notable too is a manuscript titled Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova attributed to Girolamo Spinelli, perhaps with some supervision by Galileo Galilei for scientific details.

Several VenetianItalian dictionaries are available in print and online, including those by Boerio, Contarini, Nazari and Piccio.

As a literary language, Venetian was overshadowed by Dante Alighieri's Tuscan dialect (the best known writers of the Renaissance, such as Petrarch, Boccaccio and Machiavelli, were Tuscan and wrote in the Tuscan language) and languages of France like the Occitano-Romance languages and the langues d'oïl including the mixed Franco-Venetian.

Even before the demise of the Republic, Venetian gradually ceased to be used for administrative purposes in favor of the Tuscan-derived Italian language that had been proposed and used as a vehicle for a common Italian culture, strongly supported by eminent Venetian humanists and poets, from Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), a crucial figure in the development of the Italian language itself, to Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827).

Virtually all modern Venetian speakers are diglossic with Italian. The present situation raises questions about the language's survival. Despite recent steps to recognize it, Venetian remains far below the threshold of inter-generational transfer with younger generations preferring Italian in many situations. This extends to ongoing arrival of people who only speak or learn Italian.

Venetian spread to other continents as a result of mass migration from the Veneto region between 1870 and 1905, and between 1945 and 1960. Venetian migrants created large Venetian-speaking communities in Argentina, Brazil (see Talian), and Mexico (see Chipilo Venetian dialect), where the language is still spoken today.

In the 19th century large-scale immigration towards Trieste and Muggia extended the presence of the Venetian language eastward. Previously the dialect of Trieste had been a Rhaeto Romance dialect known as Tergestino. This dialect became extinct as a result of Venetian migration, which gave rise to the Triestino dialect of Venetian spoken there today.

Internal migrations during the 20th century also saw many Venetian-speakers settle in other regions of Italy, especially in the Pontine Marshes of southern Lazio where they populated new towns such as Latina, Aprilia and Pomezia, forming there the so-called "Venetian-Pontine" community (comunità venetopontine).

Some firms have chosen to use Venetian language in advertising, as a beer did some years ago (, 'only the name is foreign'). In other cases advertisements in Veneto are given a "Venetian flavour" by adding a Venetian word to standard Italian: for instance an airline used the verb  ( , "it is always bigger") into an Italian sentence (the correct Venetian being ) to advertise new flights from Marco Polo Airport.

In 2007, Venetian was given recognition by the Regional Council of Veneto with regional law no. 8 of 13 April 2007 "Protection, enhancement and promotion of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Veneto". Though the law does not explicitly grant Venetian any official status, it provides for Venetian as object of protection and enhancement, as an essential component of the cultural, social, historical and civil identity of Veneto.

Geographic distribution

Venetian is spoken mainly in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia and in both Slovenia and Croatia (Istria, Dalmatia and the Kvarner Gulf). Smaller communities are found in Lombardy (Mantua), Trentino, Emilia-Romagna (Rimini and Forlì), Sardinia (Arborea, Terralba, Fertilia), Lazio (Pontine Marshes), Tuscany (Grossetan Maremma) and formerly in Romania (Tulcea).

It is also spoken in North and South America by the descendants of Italian immigrants. Notable examples of this are Argentina and Brazil, particularly the city of São Paulo and the Talian dialect spoken in the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina.

In Mexico, the Chipilo Venetian dialect is spoken in the state of Puebla and the town of Chipilo. The town was settled by immigrants from the Veneto region, and some of their descendants have preserved the language to this day. People from Chipilo have gone on to make satellite colonies in Mexico, especially in the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro, and State of Mexico. Venetian has also survived in the state of Veracruz, where other Italian migrants have settled since the late 19th century. The people of Chipilo preserve their dialect and call it , and it has been preserved as a variant since the 19th century. The variant of Venetian spoken by the  () is northern Trevisàn-Feltrìn-Belumàt.

In 2009, the Brazilian city of Serafina Corrêa, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, gave Talian a joint official status alongside Portuguese. Until the middle of the 20th century, Venetian was also spoken on the Greek Island of Corfu, which had long been under the rule of the Republic of Venice. Moreover, Venetian had been adopted by a large proportion of the population of Cephalonia, one of the Ionian Islands, because the island was part of the  for almost three centuries.

Classification

Venetian is a Romance language and thus descends from Vulgar Latin. Its classification has always been controversial: According to Tagliavini, for example, it is one of the Italo-Dalmatian languages and most closely related to Istriot on the one hand and Tuscan–Italian on the other. Some authors include it among the Gallo-Italic languages, and according to others, it is not related to either one. Although both Ethnologue and Glottolog group Venetian into the Gallo-Italic languages, the linguists Giacomo Devoto and Francesco Avolio and the Treccani encyclopedia reject the Gallo-Italic classification.

Although the language region is surrounded by Gallo-Italic languages, Venetian does not share some traits with these immediate neighbors. Some scholars stress Venetian's characteristic lack of Gallo-Italic traits () or traits found further afield in Gallo-Romance languages (e.g. French, Franco-Provençal) or the Rhaeto-Romance languages (e.g. Friulian, Romansh). For example, Venetian did not undergo vowel rounding or nasalization, palatalize  and , or develop rising diphthongs  and , and it preserved final syllables, whereas, as in Italian, Venetian diphthongization occurs in historically open syllables. On the other hand, Venetian does share many other traits with its surrounding Gallo-Italic languages, like interrogative clitics, mandatory unstressed subject pronouns (with some exceptions), the "to be behind to" verbal construction to express the continuous aspect ("El ze drio manjar" = He is eating, lit. he is behind to eat) and the absence of the absolute past tense as well as of geminated consonants. In addition, Venetian has some unique traits which are shared by neither Gallo-Italic, nor Italo-Dalmatian languages, such as the use of the impersonal passive forms and the use of the auxiliary verb "to have" for the reflexive voice (both traits shared with German).

Modern Venetian is not a close relative of the extinct Venetic language spoken in Veneto before Roman expansion, although both are Indo-European, and Venetic may have been an Italic language, like Latin, the ancestor of Venetian and most other languages of Italy. The earlier Venetic people gave their name to the city and region, which is why the modern language has a similar name.

Regional variants
The main regional varieties and subvarieties of Venetian language:
 Central (Padua, Vicenza, Polesine), with about 1,500,000 speakers
Venice
Eastern/Coastal (Trieste, Grado, Istria, Fiume)
 Western (Verona, Trentino)
 Northern  of the Province of Treviso (most of the Province of Pordenone)
 North-Central  of the Province of Treviso (Belluno, comprising Feltre, Agordo, Cadore, and Zoldo Alto)

All these variants are mutually intelligible, with a minimum 92% in common among the most diverging ones (Central and Western). Modern speakers reportedly can still understand Venetian texts from the 14th century to some extent.

Other noteworthy variants are:
 the variety spoken in Chioggia
 the variety spoken in the Pontine Marshes
 the variety spoken in Dalmatia
 the Talian dialect of Antônio Prado, Entre Rios, Santa Catarina and Toledo, Paraná, among other southern Brazilian cities
 the Chipilo Venetian dialect () of Chipilo, Mexico

Grammar

Like most Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latin case system, in favor of prepositions and a more rigid subject–verb–object sentence structure. It has thus become more analytic, if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has the Romance articles, both definite (derived from the Latin demonstrative ) and indefinite (derived from the numeral ).

Venetian also retained the Latin concepts of gender (masculine and feminine) and number (singular and plural). Unlike the Gallo-Iberian languages, which form plurals by adding -s, Venetian forms plurals in a manner similar to standard Italian. Nouns and adjectives can be modified by suffixes that indicate several qualities such as size, endearment, deprecation, etc. Adjectives (usually postfixed) and articles are inflected to agree with the noun in gender and number, but it is important to mention that the suffix might be deleted because the article is the part that suggests the number. However, Italian is influencing Venetian language:

In recent studies on Venetian variants in Veneto, there has been a tendency to write the so-called "evanescent L" as . While it may help novice speakers, Venetian was never written with this letter. In this article, this symbol is used only in Veneto dialects of Venetian language. It will suffice to know that in Venetian language the letter L in word-initial and intervocalic positions usually becomes a "palatal allomorph", and is barely pronounced.

No native Venetic words seem to have survived in present Venetian, but there may be some traces left in the morphology, such as the morpheme -esto/asto/isto for the past participle, which can be found in Venetic inscriptions from about 500 BC:

 Venetian:  ("I have done")
 Venetian Italian:
 Standard Italian:

Redundant subject pronouns
A peculiarity of Venetian grammar is a "semi-analytical" verbal flexion, with a compulsory "clitic subject pronoun" before the verb in many sentences, "echoing" the subject as an ending or a weak pronoun. Independent/emphatic pronouns (e.g. ), on the contrary, are optional. The clitic subject pronoun () is used with the 2nd and 3rd person singular, and with the 3rd person plural. This feature may have arisen as a compensation for the fact that the 2nd- and 3rd-person inflections for most verbs, which are still distinct in Italian and many other Romance languages, are identical in Venetian.

The Piedmontese language also has clitic subject pronouns, but the rules are somewhat different. The function of clitics is particularly visible in long sentences, which do not always have clear intonational breaks to easily tell apart vocative and imperative in sharp commands from exclamations with "shouted indicative". For instance, in Venetian the clitic  marks the indicative verb and its masculine singular subject, otherwise there is an imperative preceded by a vocative. Although some grammars regard these clitics as "redundant", they actually provide specific additional information as they mark number and gender, thus providing number-/gender- agreement between the subject(s) and the verb, which does not necessarily show this information on its endings.

Interrogative inflection
Venetian also has a special interrogative verbal flexion used for direct questions, which also incorporates a redundant pronoun:

Auxiliary verbs
Reflexive tenses use the auxiliary verb  ("to have"), as in English, the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Spanish, Romanian and Neapolitan; instead of  ("to be"), which would be normal in Italian. The past participle is invariable, unlike Italian:

Continuing action
Another peculiarity of the language is the use of the phrase  (literally, "to be behind") to indicate continuing action:

Another progressive form in some Venetian dialects uses the construction  (lit. "to be there that"):

 Venetian dialect:  (lit. "My father he is there that he speaks").

The use of progressive tenses is more pervasive than in Italian; e.g.

 English: "He wouldn't have been speaking to you".
 Venetian: .

That construction does not occur in Italian: *Non sarebbe mica stato parlandoti is not syntactically valid.

Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses have double introduction ("whom that", "when that", "which that", "how that"), as in Old English:

As in other Romance languages, the subjunctive mood is widely used in subordinate clauses.

Phonology

Consonants

Some dialects of Venetian have certain sounds not present in Italian, such as the interdental voiceless fricative , often spelled with , , , or , and similar to English th in thing and thought. This sound occurs, for example, in  ("supper", also written ), which is pronounced the same as Castilian Spanish  (which has the same meaning). The voiceless interdental fricative occurs in Bellunese, north-Trevisan, and in some Central Venetian rural areas around Padua, Vicenza and the mouth of the river Po.

Because the pronunciation variant  is more typical of older speakers and speakers living outside of major cities, it has come to be socially stigmatized, and most speakers now use  or  instead of . In those dialects with the pronunciation , the sound has fallen together with ordinary , and so it is not uncommon to simply write  (or  between vowels) instead of  or  (such as ).

Similarly some dialects of Venetian also have a voiced interdental fricative , often written  (as in  'he cries'); but in most dialects this sound is now pronounced either as  (Italian voiced-Z), or more typically as  (Italian voiced-S, written , as in ); in a few dialects the sound appears as  and may therefore be written instead with the letter , as in .

Some varieties of Venetian also distinguish an ordinary  vs. a weakened or lenited ("evanescent") , which in some orthographic norms is indicated with the letter  or ; in more conservative dialects, however,  and  are merged as ordinary .
In those dialects that have both types, the precise phonetic realization of ⟨ł⟩ depends both on its phonological environment and on the dialect of the speaker. In Venice and its mainland as well as in most of central Veneto (excluding the peripheral provinces of Verona, Belluno and some islands of the lagoon) the realization is a non-syllabic  (usually described as nearly like an "e" and so often spelled as ), when  is adjacent (only) to back vowels (), vs. a null realization when  is adjacent to a front vowel ().

In dialects further inland  may be realized as a partially vocalised . Thus, for example,  'gondola' may sound like  ,  , or  . In dialects having a null realization of intervocalic , although pairs of words such as , "school" and , "broom" are homophonous (both being pronounced ), they are still distinguished orthographically.

Venetian, like Spanish, does not have the geminate consonants characteristic of standard Italian, Tuscan, Neapolitan and other languages of southern Italy; thus Italian  ("slices"),  ("ball") and  ("pen") correspond to , , and  in Venetian. The masculine singular noun ending, corresponding to -o/-e in Italian, is often unpronounced in Venetian after continuants, particularly in rural varieties: Italian  ("full") corresponds to Venetian , Italian  to Venetian . The extent to which final vowels are deleted varies by dialect: the central–southern varieties delete vowels only after , whereas the northern variety deletes vowels also after dental stops and velars; the eastern and western varieties are in between these two extremes.

The velar nasal  (the final sound in English "song") occurs frequently in Venetian. A word-final  is always velarized, which is especially obvious in the pronunciation of many local Venetian surnames that end in , such as Marin  and Manin , as well as in common Venetian words such as  ( "hand"),  ( "fork"). Moreover, Venetian always uses  in consonant clusters that start with a nasal, whereas Italian only uses  before velar stops: e.g.  "to sing",  "winter",  "to anoint",  "to cope with".

Speakers of Italian generally lack this sound and usually substitute a dental  for final Venetian , changing for example  to  and  to .

Vowels

An accented á is pronounced as [], (an intervocalic // could be pronounced as a [] sound).

Prosody

While written Venetian looks similar to Italian, it sounds very different, with a distinct lilting cadence, almost musical. Compared to Italian, in Venetian syllabic rhythms are more evenly timed, accents are less marked, but on the other hand tonal modulation is much wider and melodic curves are more intricate. Stressed and unstressed syllables sound almost the same; there are no long vowels, and there is no consonant lengthening. Compare the Italian sentence   "go there with him" (all long/heavy syllables but final) with Venetian   (all short/light syllables).

Sample etymological lexicon
As a direct descent of regional spoken Latin, Venetian lexicon derives its vocabulary substantially from Latin and (in more recent times) from Tuscan, so that most of its words are cognate with the corresponding words of Italian. Venetian includes however many words derived from other sources (such as Greek, Gothic, and German), and has preserved some Latin words not used to the same extent in Italian, resulting in many words that are not cognate with their equivalent words in Italian, such as:

Spelling systems

Traditional system
Venetian does not have an official writing system, but it is traditionally written using the Latin script — sometimes with certain additional letters or diacritics. The basis for some of these conventions can be traced to Old Venetian, while others are purely modern innovations.

Medieval texts, written in Old Venetian, include the letters ,  and  to represent sounds that do not exist or have a different distribution in Italian. Specifically:

 The letter  was often employed in words that nowadays have a voiced -sound (compare English xylophone); for instance  appears in words such as , ,  ("reason", "(holy) Cross" and "house"). The precise phonetic value of  in Old Venetian texts remains unknown, however.
 The letter  often appeared in words that nowadays have a varying voiced pronunciation ranging from  to  or  or even to ; even in contemporary spelling  "down" may represent any of  or even , depending on the dialect; similarly  "young woman" could be any of ,  or , and  "zero" could be ,  or .
 Likewise,  was written for a voiceless sound which now varies, depending on the dialect spoken, from  to  to , as in for example  "sweet", now ,  "sweetness", now , or  "hope", now .

The usage of letters in medieval and early modern texts was not, however, entirely consistent. In particular, as in other northern Italian languages, the letters  and  were often used interchangeably for both voiced and voiceless sounds. Differences between earlier and modern pronunciation, divergences in pronunciation within the modern Venetian-speaking region, differing attitudes about how closely to model spelling on Italian norms, as well as personal preferences, some of which reflect sub-regional identities, have all hindered the adoption of a single unified spelling system.

Nevertheless, in practice, most spelling conventions are the same as in Italian. In some early modern texts letter  becomes limited to word-initial position, as in  ("is"), where its use was unavoidable because Italian spelling cannot represent  there. In between vowels, the distinction between  and  was ordinarily indicated by doubled  for the former and single  for the latter. For example,  was used to represent  ("he/she kisses"), whereas  represented  ("low"). (Before consonants there is no contrast between  and , as in Italian, so a single  is always used in this circumstance, it being understood that the  will agree in voicing with the following consonant. For example,  represents only , but  represents .)

Traditionally the letter  was ambiguous, having the same values as in Italian (both voiced and voiceless affricates  and ). Nevertheless, in some books the two pronunciations are sometimes distinguished (in between vowels at least) by using doubled  to indicate  (or in some dialects ) but a single  for  (or , ).

In more recent practice the use of  to represent , both in word-initial as well as in intervocalic contexts, has become increasingly common, but no entirely uniform convention has emerged for the representation of the voiced vs. voiceless affricates (or interdental fricatives), although a return to using  and  remains an option under consideration.

Regarding the spelling of the vowel sounds, because in Venetian, as in Italian, there is no contrast between tense and lax vowels in unstressed syllables, the orthographic grave and acute accents can be used to mark both stress and vowel quality at the same time: à , á , è , é , í , ò , ó , ú . Different orthographic norms prescribe slightly different rules for when stressed vowels must be written with accents or may be left unmarked, and no single system has been accepted by all speakers.

Venetian allows the consonant cluster  (not present in Italian), which is sometimes written  or  before i or e, and  or  before other vowels. Examples include  (Italian , "to clear up"),  (, "plain clear"),  (, "gun") and  (, "[your] servant", , "hello", "goodbye"). The hyphen or apostrophe is used because the combination  is conventionally used for the  sound, as in Italian spelling; e.g.  (, "stupid"); whereas  before a, o and u represents :  (, "box"),  (, "to hide"),  (, "to forgive").

Proposed systems
Recently there have been attempts to standardize and simplify the script by reusing older letters, e.g. by using  for  and a single  for ; then one would write  for  ("[third person singular] kisses") and  for  ("low"). Some authors have continued or resumed the use of , but only when the resulting word is not too different from the Italian orthography: in modern Venetian writings, it is then easier to find words as  and , rather than  and , even though all these four words display the same phonological variation in the position marked by the letter . Another recent convention is to use  (in place of older  ) for the "soft" l, to allow a more unified orthography for all variants of the language. However, in spite of their theoretical advantages, these proposals have not been very successful outside of academic circles, because of regional variations in pronunciation and incompatibility with existing literature.

More recently, on December 14, 2017, the Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling was approved by the new Commission for Spelling of 2010. It was translated into three languages (Italian, Venetian and English) and it exemplifies and explains every single letter and every sound of the Venetian language. The graphic accentuation and punctuation systems are added as corollaries. Overall, the system was greatly simplified from previous ones to allow both Italian and foreign speakers to learn and understand the Venetian spelling and alphabet in a more straightforward way.

The Venetian speakers of Chipilo use a system based on Spanish orthography, even though it does not contain letters for  and . The American linguist Carolyn McKay proposed a writing system for that variant based entirely on the Italian alphabet. However, the system was not very popular.

Orthographies comparison

Sample texts

Ruzante returning from war
The following sample, in the old dialect of Padua, comes from a play by Ruzante (Angelo Beolco), titled  ("Dialogue of Ruzante who came from the battlefield", 1529). The character, a peasant returning home from the war, is expressing to his friend Menato his relief at being still alive:

The following sample is taken from the Perasto Speech (), given on August 23, 1797, at Perasto, by Venetian Captain Giuseppe Viscovich, at the last lowering of the flag of the Venetian Republic (nicknamed the "Republic of Saint Mark").

Francesco Artico
The following is a contemporary text by Francesco Artico. The elderly narrator is recalling the church choir singers of his youth, who, needless to say, sang much better than those of today
(see the full original text with audio):

Miscellaneous

Due to the diacritic letter Ł being present in few languages besides Polish and Venetian, the latter of which does not have any official recognition by software producers like Microsoft and Apple, the Polish magazine KomputerSwiat noted that the Venice region has the highest usage of Polish keyboard settings outside of Poland on iPhones and Windows, although the same article found in an unrepresentative sample that when needing the letter without the keyboard, some Venetians google the Polish złoty or the exchange rate in order to copy paste the letter.

Venetian lexical exports to English
Many words were exported to English, either directly or via Italian or French. The list below shows some examples of imported words, with the date of first appearance in English according to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.

See also
 Venetian literature
 Talian dialect
 Chipilo Venetian dialect
  — Venetian language magazine

Further reading

References

Bibliography

External links

 General grammar; comparison to other Romance languages; description of the Venetian dialect
 —samples of written and spoken Venetian by Francesco Artico
 Text and audio of some works by Ruzante

Languages of Veneto
Languages of Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Languages of Croatia

Venetian language


2010 අයිසීසී ලෝක විස්සයි20 යනු තුන්වන අයිසීසී ලෝක විස්සයි20 තරගාවලිය වන අතර එය 2010 අප්‍රේල් 30 සහ මැයි 16 අතර බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්හි පැවති ජාත්‍යන්තර විස්සයි20 ක්‍රිකට් තරඟාවලියකි. එහි ජය හිමිවූයේ අවසන් මහා තරගයේදී ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව පරාජය කළ එංගලන්තයයි. තරගාවලියේ වීරයා ලෙස කෙවින් පීටර්සන් නම් කෙරිණි.

2007 වසරේ ආරම්භ වී වසර දෙකකට වරක් මෙම තරගාවලිය පැවැත්වුවත්, 2010 වසරේ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්හිදී පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබූ අයිසීසී ශූරයන්ගේ කුසලාන එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර තරගාවලිය, 2008 වසරේ පාකිස්තානයේ පැවැති චැම්පියන්ස් කුසලාන තරගාවලිය ආරක්‍ෂාව හේතුවෙන් කල්දැමීම හේතුවෙන් විස්සයි20 ක්‍රමයට සංශෝධනය විය. මේ හේතුවෙන් ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් තරඟාවලියේ දින දර්ශනය නිවැරදි කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාවයක් තිබුනා.

මෙම අයිසීසී ලෝක විස්සයි20 ලෝක කුසලානය පැවතියේ අවසන් තරගයෙන් මාස 10කට පසුවයි. පෙර පරිදිම, තරඟාවලියට කණ්ඩායම් 12 ක් ඇතුළත් විය. ඒ ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රීඩා කරන රටවල් 10 සහ සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරගාවලියෙන් කණ්ඩායම් දෙකක් වශයෙනි.. බාබඩෝස් හි බ්‍රිජ්ටවුන් හි කෙන්සිංටන් ඕවල් ක්‍රීඩාංගණය, ගයනාවේ ප්‍රොවිඩන්ස් හි ප්‍රොවිඩන්ස් ක්‍රීඩාංගනය සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා හි ග්‍රොස් අයිලට් හි බියුස්ජෝර් ක්‍රීඩාංගනය හි මෙම සම්පූර්ණ තරගවලිය පවත්වන ලදී.. මෙම තරඟාවලියට සමගාමීව කාන්තා තරඟාවලිය සංවිධානය කර තිබූ අතර පිරිමි අවසන් පූර්ව තරඟ සහ අවසන් තරඟ දෙකට පෙර කාන්තා තරඟාවලියේ අවසන් පූර්ව තරඟ සහ අවසන් තරඟ පැවැත්විය.

මෙම තරඟයේදී ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය ප්‍රධාන අයිසීසී ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් තරඟාවලියකට ප්‍රථම වරට පෙනී සිටි අතර, ඔවුන් අනුබද්ධ සාමාජිකත්වය (Affiliate member) පමණක් හිමිකරගෙන සිටි අතර පසුව ප්‍රධාන අයිසීසී ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් තරඟාවලියකට සහභාගී වූ එකම අනුබද්ධ සාමාජිකයා බවට පත් වූ බැවින් එය වඩාත් කැපී පෙනෙන විය. .

සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරග
අයිසීසී ලෝක විස්සයි 20 සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරඟය ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය විසින් ජයග්‍රහණය කරන ලද අතර ඔවුන් අවසන් තරඟයේදී අයර්ලන්තය කඩුලු 8 කින් පරාජය කළ අතර දෙපිලම 2010 අයිසීසී ලෝක විස්සයි20 ලෝක කුසලානයට සුදුසුකම් ලබා ගත්හ. ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානය සුදුසුකම් ලැබූ පළමු ප්‍රධාන තරගාවලිය මෙය වූ අතර ප්‍රමුඛ පෙළේ කණ්ඩායම් වන නෙදර්ලන්තය සහ ස්කොට්ලන්තය මෙවර සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමට අපොහොසත් විය.

ක්‍රීඩාංගණ
සියලුම තරඟ පහත ක්‍රීඩාංගණ තුනේදී පැවැත්විණි.

නීති රීති
කණ්ඩායම් අදියරේදී සහ සුපිරි අටේදී කණ්ඩායම්වලට පහත පරිදි ලකුණු ප්‍රදානය කෙරේ.

සම තත්ත්වයකදී (එනම් කණ්ඩායම් දෙකම ඔවුන්ගේ අදාළ ඉනිම අවසානයේ එකම ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලබා ගනී), සුපිරි ඕවරයකින් ජයග්‍රාහකයා තීරණය කරයි. මෙය තරඟාවලියේ සෑම අදියරකටම අදාළ වේ.

එක් එක් කණ්ඩායම තුළ (කාණ්ඩ සහ සුපිරි අට අදියර දෙකෙහිම), කණ්ඩායම් පහත සඳහන් නිර්ණායක මත පදනම්ව එකිනෙකාට එරෙහිව ශ්‍රේණිගත කරනු ලැබේ.

 වැඩි ප්‍රසාද ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාව
 සමාන නම්, වැඩිම ජයග්‍රහණ සංඛ්‍යාව
 තවමත් සමාන නම්, ඉහළ ශුද්ධ ලකුණු අනුපාතය
 තවමත් සමාන නම්, අඩුම පන්දු යැවීමේ ප්‍රහාරක අනුපාතය
 තවමත් සමාන නම්, එකිනෙක හා තරග වැදුනු තරගයේ ප්‍රතිඵලය.

කාණ්ඩ
කණ්ඩායම් සියල්ල බෙදා ඇති කාණ්ඩ 2009 ජූලි 4 දින ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ආරම්භක කාණ්ඩ හතරේ ආකෘතිය 2009 තරඟාවලියේ භාවිතා කළ ආකාරයටම වේ. 2009 තරගාවලියේ ශ්‍රේණිගතකිරීම් වරහන් තුල වේ.

ඒ කාණ්ඩය

  (1)
  (9)
  (10)
බී කාණ්ඩය

  (2)
  (5)

සී කාණ්ඩය

  (3)
  (7)

ඩී කාණ්ඩය

  (4)
  (6)

සටහන්

 2010 අයිසීසී ලෝක විස්සයි20 සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමේ තරගය හරහා ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය සහ අයර්ලන්තය සුදුසුකම් ලබා ඇත.
 සිම්බාබ්වේ 2009 තරඟයෙන් ඉවත් වූ බැවින්, 2010 තරඟය සඳහා ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීමක් ලබා ගැනීමට ඔවුන්ට නොහැකි විය.
 අයර්ලන්තය 2009 තරගයේ සුපිරි අට අදියරට ළඟා වූ විට, ඔවුන් ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රීඩා කරන රටක් නම් ඔවුන් අටවැනි ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම වනු ඇත. ඒ නිසා අටවැනි ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීමක් තරගයෙන් අතුරුදන්ව ඇත.

සංචිත

පුහුණු තරග

කාණ්ඩ අධියර

ඒ කාණ්ඩය

බී කාණ්ඩය

සී කාණ්ඩය

ඩී කාණ්ඩය

සුපිරි 8
සුපිරි 8 අධියර සමන්විත වන්නේ කාණ්ඩ අදියරේ සෑම කාණ්ඩයකින්ම හොඳම කණ්ඩායම් දෙකෙනි. සුපිරි 8 වටය කාණ්ඩ දෙකකට බෙදා ඇත, එනම් "ඊ" සහ "එෆ්" ලෙසය. "ඊ" කාණ්ඩය, "ඒ" සහ "සී" හි ඉහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත සහ "බී" සහ "ඩී" හි දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම්ද, "එෆ්" කාණ්ඩය, "බී" සහ "ඩී" හි ඉහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත සහ "ඒ" සහ "සී" හි දෙවන ශ්‍රේණිගත කණ්ඩායම්ද, අයත් විය.

කාණ්ඩ අධියරේ තරග ප්‍රතිඵල අනුව පලමු හා දෙවන ස්ථාන දිනාගත් කණ්ඩායම් එම පිළිවෙලින් සුපිරි 8 වටයට සුදුසුකම් නොලබයි. තරගාවලියට පෙර ශ්‍රේණිගත ආකාරය අනුව ඔවුන්ගේ ස්ථානය වෙනස් වේ. (උදාහරණයක් ලෙස "බී" කාණ්ඩයේ තරග ප්‍රතිඵල අනුව දෙවන ස්ථානය ලබාගත්තත් ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් අනුව ඔවුන් නවසීලන්තයට ඉදිරියෙන් සිටි බැවින් "බී" කාණ්ඩයේ පළමුවැනියා ලෙස සුපිරි 8 වටයට සුදුසුකම් ලැබීය.) ශ්‍රේණිගත නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් සුපිරි 8ට සුදුසුකම් ලැබුවහොත් එම කාණ්ඩයේ නිරන්තරයෙන් දෙවනියා ලෙස ඉදිරියට යනු ඇත.

ඊ කාණ්ඩය

එෆ් කාණ්ඩය

අවසන් පූර්ව වටය

අවසන් තරගය
2010 මැයි 16 වන දින බාබඩෝස් හි පැවති අවසන් තරඟය, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ පැවති අළු බඳුනට මාස හයකටත් අඩු කාලයකට පෙර තරඟයේ පැරණිතම එදිරිවාදිකම් අළුත් කිරීමක් විය. ලෝක කුසලාන අවසන් තරඟ තුනකින් පරාජයට පත්වීමෙන් පසු එනම් 1979 බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්වන්ට එරෙහිව ලෝඩ්ස් පිටියේදී, 1987 ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට එරෙහිව, 1992 පකිස්ථානයට එරෙහිව සහ 2004 චැම්පියන්ස් කුසලාන අවසන් තරගය බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්වන්ට මව් බිමේදී පරාජයෙන් පසුව එංගලන්තය සිය පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ ලෝක ශූරතාවයක් ඕවර තුනක් ඉතිරිව තිබියදී කඩුලු හතකින් ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.

පළමුව පන්දුවට පහරදුන් ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව කඩුලු 6ක් දැවී ලකුණු 147ක් ලබා ගත් අතර, එංගලන්තය ඕවර 2.1කදී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ඉනිම 8/3 කට සීමා කර තිබියදී නායක මයිකල් ක්ලාක් ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව ඩේවිඩ් හසීගේ ඉහළම ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාව වූ 59 තීරණාත්මක විය. එංගලන්තය පන්දු 18ක් ඉතිරිව තිබියදී ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු පිලේ ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යා අභිබවා ලකුණු 148 ලබා ගත් අතර,  දෙවැනි කඩුල්ලට ලකුණු 111ක සබඳතාවක් ගොඩනැගීමට ක්‍රේග් කීස්වෙටර් (ලකුණු 63) සහ කෙවින් පීටර්සන් (ලකුණු 47) සමත් වූහ. නායක පෝල් කොලින්වුඩ් ජයග්‍රාහී ලකුණක් ලබා ගත්තේය. පීටර්සන් ලකුණු 248ක් රැස්කරමින් තරඟාවලියේ වීරයා ලෙස නම් කෙරුණු අතර, අවසන් තරඟයේදී ඔහුගේ පළමු වි20ජා අර්ධ ශතකය වාර්තා කළ ක්‍රේග් කීස්වෙටර් තරඟයේ වීරයා ලෙස නම් කෙරුණි.

මාධ්‍ය ආවරණය

රූපවාහිනී

ගුවන්විදුලිය

අන්තර්ජාලය

යොමු කිරීම්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය

2010 වි20 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය


Alejandro Gutiérrez Lara es un futbolista peruano, su actual equipo es el Alianza Huánuco que participa en la Segunda División del Perú. Es hijo del famoso "38" puente piedra.

Trayectoria

Formado en las divisiones inferiores del Sporting Cristal, su debut en el plantel profesional ocurrió en el 2002, bajo la dirección técnica de Paulo Autuori. Fue integrante del plantel campeón de la Primera División del Perú ese año, y subcampeón los años 2003 y 2004. Pasó al club Hijos de Acosvinchos de la Segunda División del Perú desde el 2008.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en BDFA

Futbolistas del Club Sporting Cristal en los años 2000

Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Auxilios Mutuos Hijos de Acosvinchos

Futbolistas de la Asociación Deportiva Tarma
Futbolistas del Club Alianza Huánuco

Alejandro Martín Gutiérrez Lara


İsra Suresi (Arapça: سورة الإسراء), Kur'an'ın 17. suresidir. Sure 111 ayetten oluşur.

Surenin Mekke'de, ancak 26., 32., 33. ve 57. ayetler ile 73.-80. ayetlerin Medine'de indirildiğine inanılmaktadır.
Sure ismini ilk ayetinde geçen ve 'gece yürüyüşü' anlamına gelen 'isra' kelimesinden alır.

Surenin ilk ayetinde Allah'ın bazı ayetleri göstermek için peygamberi bir gece Mescid-i Haramdan Mescid-i Aksaya götürdüğü ifade edilir. İnanca göre bu eylem miraç gecesinde olur ve sonrasında göğe çıkış gerçekleşir.

Sure yaptığı kötülüklerden dolayı İsrailoğullarının başına gelenlerden dolayı inanmayan Mekkelilerin ders alması gereğinden, herkesin yaptığı işlerden sorumlu olacağından, anaya ve babaya iyi davranılması gereğinden, temel dini emirlerden, insanlar ve cinlerin bir araya gelseler de Kur'an'ın bir benzerini meydana getiremeyeceklerinden, Allah'ın ayetlerini inkâr edenlerin durumundan, Musa peygamber ile kavminden bahseder.

Nüzul
Kuran'daki sıralamada 17., iniş sırasına göre 50. sûredir. Kasas sûresinden sonra, Yûnus sûresinden önce Mekke döneminde nüzul olmuştur. 26, 32-33, 60, 73-74, 80, 107-111. âyetlerle diğer bazı ayetlerinin Medine'de nüzul olduğu yolunda farklı rivayetler günümüze gelse de yüksek ihtimal tamamı Mekke'de inmiştir.

Kaynakça

Sureler

İsra Suresi


Graham Colton (born November 6, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. His most recent album, Inside Out, was released on August 14, 2020.  Colton's songs have been featured on numerous TV shows including American Idol, Pretty Little Liars, Kyle XY, Oprah's Big Give, Newport Harbor, Castle, Wildfire, October Road Fall promo, HBO Winter promo, Sundance promo, and many others.

He is an operating partner of The Jones Assembly, an acclaimed restaurant and 1700 capacity music venue located in downtown Oklahoma City. The Jones has hosted artists including Willie Nelson, Spoon, LANY, Ben Rector, Dwight Yoakam, Jenny Lewis and many more. He owns and operates Lunar Manor recording studio and collaborates regularly with Chad Copelin of Blackwatch Studios for various music projects.

Early life
Colton graduated from Heritage Hall School, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. While there, he was the quarterback of the football team. Together with his childhood friend and teammate Wes Welker, former wide receiver and current Offensive Assistant for the Houston Texans, Colton led his team to a class 2A state championship in 1998 against the Tishomingo Indians.  In the process, Colton and Welker set multiple state passing and receiving records, respectively.

Career

Graham Colton Band
After leaving his hometown of Oklahoma City to attend Southern Methodist University, Colton began writing and performing songs in Dallas pubs and coffee houses. During this time, Colton perceived an appreciable demand for his music.  Colton began recording songs for a growing local fan base; his self-titled demo, Graham Colton, became a local favorite and a top seller on the popular music website Awarestore.com.

Soon after, Colton formed the Graham Colton Band alongside Brian 'Turtle' Turton, Jordan Elder, Drew Nichols, & Ryan Tallent. The band's first trip outside of Texas included a tour stop at DC Sessions in Washington, DC. There, the band struck up a friendship with New Orleans band Better Than Ezra and frontman Kevin Griffin. They would perform with Better than Ezra off and on for the next 2 years and begin collaborating with Griffin on several songs.

Adam Duritz invited Colton to perform as a supporting act for the Counting Crows in their 2002 fall tour.  Colton was invited for another tour in 2004.

The Graham Colton Band signed a record deal with Universal Records.  The group started recording sessions with producer Brendan O'Brien at the Southern Tracks studio in Atlanta, GA.
The resulting album Drive was released in May 2004.  To support the album, performance dates were arranged with various high-profile acts, including John Mayer, O.A.R., Maroon 5 and the Dave Matthews Band. Guitarist Aben Eubanks served as an unofficial member of the band.

After extensive touring through 2006, the band officially parted ways.

Here Right Now
After spending the majority of 2005 on the road with Kelly Clarkson, who he also dated, Colton began writing songs for what would become his solo follow up, Here Right Now, which was released in late October 2007.  The album debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard New Artist/Heatseeker chart, and No. 4 Pop Album/#11 Top Album charts on iTunes.

Upon release of the album, Graham returned to the road for a series of solo performances with Vanessa Carlton.

On March 10, 2008, Graham mentioned that a full tour would be announced in early 2008 for this album. He also performed to promote the album on the Today Show, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, and the Late Show with David Letterman.

The lead track, "Best Days", was chosen as single of the week at iTunes and subsequently, Graham was named by its editors as a 'Top New Pop Artist' of '07.  In addition, the track landed coverage in Billboard magazine with a 'Singles Review' and was the subject of their 'Breaking and Entering' feature.

The music video for the song was directed by highly acclaimed director Nigel Dick, and made its TRL debut on MTV shortly after it was filmed. MTV proceeded to use four songs from the album as part of their 'Featured Artist Program' for the hit show, Newport Harbor.

That year, Colton performed at a number of concerts and radio events alongside Vanessa Carlton, Colbie Caillat, John Mellencamp, as well as a U.S headlining tour.

Colton officially parted ways with Universal/Republic records in 2008 and quickly began writing songs for what would later become the Twenty Something EP. As a newly independent artist, Colton enlisted touring bandmates Chad Copelin & Jarod Evans to produce the EP at Blackwatch Studios in Norman, Oklahoma. Colton played several solo acoustic shows in support of the EP including a month of tour dates with longtime pals Needtobreathe.

Pacific Coast Eyes
Colton began recording songs with producer Tommy Walter in 2010 that would later become Pacific Coast Eyes. Officially released in April 2011, the album would be Colton's first official full length independent release. The album was highly praised and reached the top of the iTunes singer songwriter chart. Colton enlisted David Green and Jon Cooper to direct/produce the music video for "Pacific Coast Eyes". It was filmed in three days in Los Angeles. Colton would again embark on a US headlining tour as well as open for artists including Sheryl Crow, Toad the Wet Sprocket, Colin Hay, Mat Kearney, and Ben Rector. After writing a handful of new songs he chose to re-release the album in October 2011 as Pacific Coast Eyes Volume 2 adding three new songs and three bonus tracks.

Sooner The Sunset
Colton collaborated with Lindsey Ray in the summer of 2011 under the name Sooner the Sunset and recorded a handful of songs for a self-titled EP released October 2, 2012. The band's first single "All Because of You" was released on iTunes in March 2012.

Lonely Ones
Colton's latest album Lonely Ones, produced by Chad Copelin and Jarod Evans at Blackwatch Studios, was released on January 21, 2014. Lonely Ones was inspired by Colton's collaborations with Wayne Coyne of The Flaming Lips and features Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips on guitar.

"Born To Raise Hell", the first music video from Lonely Ones, premiered on PopMatters on November 7, 2013. The song was inspired by a story told by Colton's co-producer Chad Copelin about his father picking up a hitchhiker in the 70s who turned out to be serial killer Richard Speck.

Colton released a series of live in-studio performances from the album called "The Lonely Sessions." In conjunction with the Lonely Ones Tour with Seattle indie band Cumulus, Colton released the Lonely Ones Tour EP on Noisetrade featuring two collaborations with The Flaming Lips frontman Wayne Coyne: "Don't Take My Sunshine Away," made popular by the band Sparklehorse, and an alternate version of "Another Night."

In August 2020, Colton released a digital album, Inside Out.

Television performances
Graham made his national television debut on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on Friday, February 2, 2008, with a full band performance of "Best Days" which included a three-piece string section.  Shortly thereafter, he travelled to New York to perform on CBS' Late Show with David Letterman on March 13 and NBC's Today Show on the 14th, again with full band and strings.  The next week, he performed on CBS' The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on March 19, with a stripped down acoustic performance with strings. The week after, he travelled back to New York for a solo acoustic performance on Live with Regis and Kelly on the 27th, making that the third consecutive week with a national television performance.  On April 9, Graham returned to Los Angeles to perform on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.

Discography

Studio albums
2007: Here Right Now [Billboard 200 #153]
2011: Pacific Coast Eyes
2014: Lonely Ones
2020: Inside Out

Independent albums
2002: Graham Colton

Studio albums (as Graham Colton Band)
2004: Drive

Live albums
2012: Live at Eddie's Attic

Extended plays
2009: Twenty Something EP
2009: Pictures on the Wall EP
2009: Dashboard Memory EP
2010: One by One EP
2010: Somewhere in Between EP
2010: Summertown EP
2011: Pacific Coast Eyes Volume 2 EP
2012: Sooner the Sunset EP (with Lindsey Ray)

Music videos
2008: "Best Days"
2011: "Pacific Coast Eyes"
2013: "Born to Raise Hell"
2014: "The Lonely Sessions"

References

External links

1981 births
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American male songwriters
Singers from Oklahoma
Living people
Songwriters from Oklahoma
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers

Graham Colton


Ladislav Keglević (László Keglevich; 1627. – 1665.), poznat i kao Ladislav Keglević Bužimski, je bio hrvatski plemić iz barunske obitelji Keglević.

Obitelj
Keglević je rođen 1627. godine od oca baruna Petra Keglevića, V. i majke Margarete Gradečki. Ima je dva brata Petra, VI. i Ivana, kao i četiri sestre. Petar je umro u djetinjstvu, a Ivan je bio pavlin u Lepoglavi. Sestre Eva i Katarina su bile klarise. Unuk je baruna Jurja Keglevića Bužimskog, hrvatskog banovca i praunuk baruna Nikole Istvánffyja, povjesničara, političar i pjesnika. Potomak je hrvatsko-slavonsko-dalmatinskiog bana Petra II. Keglevića Bužimskog.

Životopis
Keglević se školovao u Zagrebu, Grazu i Beču. Bio je nasljednik cjelokupnih posjeda obitelji.

Bio je vrhovni kapetan Jegerseka. Godine 1655. je postao komornikom kralja Ferdinanda III. Habsburgovca. Nazočio je krunidbi kralja Leopolda I. 1657. godine.

Njegova supruga Rozina je dala 1657. godine u franjevačkoj crkvi u Krapini podignuti glavni oltar sa slikom sv. Katarine.

Brak i potomstvo
Keglević se 20. veljače 1656. godine u Velikom Taboru oženio barunicom Rozinom Ratkaj, kćerkom baruna Petra Ratkaja.  Imali su četvoro djece:
 Sin Petar, VII. (1660. – 1724.), namjesnik hrvatskog bana i vojni zapovjednik. Kralj Leopold I. mu je zbog vojnih zasluga na Saboru u Požunu 1687. godine dodijelio grofovski naslov.
 Kćer Margita
 Kćer Judita je bila redovnica.
 Kćer Marija Tereza, prvo se udala za Jurja Széchyja, pa Sigmunda Drugeth Homonnaija.

Izvori

Ladislav
Hrvatski baruni

Ladislav Keglević


As espículas são elementos esqueléticos compostos de cálcio ou de sílica, que fazem parte do esqueleto dos poríferos e dos corais macios da subclasse Octocorallia.

Calcarea (Porifera) e Malacalcyonacea (Octocorallia)

 Espículas calcárias. A morfologia destas espículas é pouco variada. São típicas das esponjas calcárias, de algumas gorgônias marinhas do ordem Malacalcyonacea, e do tecido dos corais macios, proporcionando, neste último caso, maior rigidez e consistência às colônias coralinas.

As espículas das esponjas calcárias se formam extracelularmente, e são várias as células responsáveis por formá-las. Logo, se há duas células envolvidas na formação da espícula, ela será linear; se há três, se forma uma espícula com três raios em um mesmo plano, e se quatro células estão envolvidas no trabalho, se forma uma espícula de quatro raios, em forma de tetraedro. Neste caso, as espículas estão formadas por carbonato cálcio (CaCO3) cristalizado, geralmente, em forma de calcita e em exclusivas ocasiões, de aragonita.

Demospongiae e Hexactinellida (Porifera)

 Espículas siliciosas. Típicas de Hexactinellida e Demospongiae. Apresentam uma grande variedade de formas e tamanhos. Em geral, podem distinguir-se as megascleras (> 100 μm) e as microscleras (< 100 μm, com mínimo de 3 μm). Formam-se a partir de acúmulos cristalinos de sílicio hidratado (SiO2·H2Ou). Este tipo de espícula se forma no interior de um esclerocito (célula formadora da espícula), a partir de um eixo orgânico, geralmente, proteico. Só há uma célula agindo na fabricação da espícula e ela pode formá-la com seis raios (Hexactinélidos) ou em forma de varetas (algumas Demospongiae, já que outras carecem de esqueleto mineral). As esponjas são os únicos animais que utilizam o silício como material esquelético.

Anatomia animal
Porifera

Espículas


Nacionalni park Mago jedan nacionalni park u Etiopiji. Smješten je u Regiji Južnih naroda, narodnosti i etničkih grupa, oko 782 kilometra južno od Adis Abebe i sjeverno od velikog zavoja od 90° na rijeci Omo. Park pokriva površinu od 2162 četvornih kilometara. Rijeka Mago, pritoka rijeke Omo, dijeli park u dva dijela. Zapadno je rezervat divljine za životinje Tama, a rijeka Tama određuje granicu između njih. Južno je lovno područje pod nadzorom plemema Murle. Ured parka nalazi se 115 kilometara sjeverno od Omoratea i 26 kilometara jugozapadno od Jinke. Sve ceste do i iz parka su makadamske.

Okoliš u i oko nacionalnog parka su rijeke i riječne šume, močvarna područja duž nižeg Maga i oko jezera Dipa, različiti travnjaci na više nivoa visine i grmlje na stranama brda. Otvoreni travnjaci čine oko 9% površine parka. Najveća stabla nalaze se u riječnoj šumi pored Omoa, Maga i Neri. Područja duž donjeg Oma (unutar parka) naseljena su raznim etničkim grupama, uključujući narode Aari, Banna, Bongoso, Hamar, Karo, Kwegu, Male i Mursi.

Nacionalni park Mago osnovan je 1979. godine, što ga čini najmlađim od nacionalnih parkova Etiopije. Njegova najviša točka je Mount Mago (2528 metara). Autohtone vrste ptica su izuzetno neobičan Turdoides tenebrosus, posebno na jezeru Dipa, Estrilda troglodite u travama uz potoke i rubove močvara, Phoeniculus damarensis, Porphyrio alleni, Butorides striatus, također na jezeru Dipa, a oko rijeka Pluvianus aegypticus, Scotopelia peli i Cotopesspha peli. niveicapilla. Možda najpoznatija atrakcija u parku su Mursi, poznati po probijanju usana i umetanju diskova izrađenih od gline.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Službene stranice

Omo
Regija Južnih naroda, narodnosti i etničkih grupa

Nacionalni park Mago


La Honda Dominator o Honda NX es un modelo de motocicleta trail que fue fabricado por la compañía Honda entre los años 1988 y 2002.  La Dominator reemplazó a las Honda 600 XLM y XLRM.

Es considerada un motocicleta legendaria para un uso dentro y fuera de carretera, debido a su ligero peso(152 kg)y su potente motor en bajos y medios proporcionando cerca de 50 cv, siendo muy ágil, con un motor calificado como indestructible y participando en diversos rallys consiguió el reconocimiento de la época.

Además del modelo NX 650, también se produjeron variantes de menor cilindrada, como las NX125, NX250, NX350, NX400 y NX500. La NX350 Sahara continuó en producción en el mercado Brasileño hasta 1999, cuando se reemplazó por el modelo NX400 Falcon.

El motor RFVC (Radial Four Valve Combustion) sigue siendo usado en la actualidad en la Honda XR650L
al ser considerado un motor muy fiable y duradero.

Referencias

Dominator
Motocicletas de doble propósito

Honda Dominator


An Epidendrum parviexasperatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eric Hágsater, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eric Hágsater. An Epidendrum parviexasperatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum parviexasperatum


Anton Pelinka (Vienna, 14 de outubro de 1941) é professor de ciência política e de estudos de nacionalismo na Universidade da Europa Central de língua inglesa de Budapeste. Antes desta nomeação, Pelinka era professor de ciências políticas na Universidade de Innsbruck, uma das maiores universidades da Áustria. Durante sua carreira ele também serviu como reitor, com seu mais recente mandato nesta função ocorrendo entre os anos de 2004 e 2006 quando foi reitor da Faculdade de Ciências Políticas e Sociologia da Universidade de Innsbruck.

Vida
Depois de concluir os estudos em jurisprudência na Universidade de Viena (Ph.D 1964) e em Ciência Política no Instituto de Estudos Avançados, trabalhou para o jornal semanal "Die Furche". Seu primeiro trabalho acadêmico foi como assistente. Ele retornou ao Instituto de Estudos Avançados, cujo diretor na época era o historiador austro-americano Ernst Florian Winter. Em 1971, ele foi para Salzburg, onde se qualificou como professor universitário um ano depois. Depois foi para a Alemanha para ensinar em Essen e Berlim por dois anos. Em 1975, obteve uma cátedra permanente na Universidade de Innsbruck. Foi professor visitante em várias universidades no exterior. Em 1977, ele estava na Universidade Jawaharlal Nehru, em Nova Délhi. Nos Estados Unidos, ele foi para a Universidade de Nova Orleans em 1981, para a Universidade de Stanford em 1997 e para a Universidade de Michigan em Ann Arbor de 2001 a 2002. Durante este tempo, ele também visitou a Université Libre de Bruxelles. Ele também esteve na Universidade de Harvard (1990 a 1991) e no Collegium Budapest (1994) para fins de pesquisa.

Em outubro de 2004, Anton Pelinka foi nomeado professor titular da Universidade de Innsbruck. Em 1º de janeiro de 2005 foi selecionado como reitor da nova Faculdade de Ciência Política e Sociologia. Ele ocupou esse cargo até sua mudança para a Universidade da Europa Central de Budapeste.

Pelinka também é chefe da Society for Political Education e comentarista regular dos principais jornais e canais de mídia na Áustria e em vários outros países.

Além de suas atividades como cientista, foi representante da Áustria em uma comissão contra o racismo e a xenofobia na União Européia durante a década de 1990.

Depois que Pelinka repreendeu Jörg Haider por minimizar o nacional-socialismo na televisão italiana em 1999, Haider o processou por difamação. Em 2001, Anton Pelinka não foi considerado responsável.

Pesquisa Científica e Doutrina

WorldCat (Worldcat Identities) lista nada menos que nove de suas obras que alcançaram uma presença global de mais de 300 bibliotecas globais.Pelinka publicou sobre uma gama muito ampla de tópicos na ciência política contemporânea. OCLC.Classify
sugere que suas obras mais difundidas lidam com Preconceito (Manual de preconceito), Áustria Global (Áustria Global : o lugar da Áustria na Europa e no mundo), Áustria : da sombra do passado, pesquisa de paz (Friedensforschung, Konfliktforschung, Demokratieforschung ein Handbuch), social-democracia (Partidos social-democratas na Europa), o fenômeno Haider na Áustria, o desafio do conflito étnico, a democracia e a autodeterminação na Europa Central, a memória histórica austríaca e a identidade nacional, e a Democracia na Índia (Democracia estilo indiano : Subhas Chandra Bose e a criação da cultura política da Índia). As principais ênfases de Pelinka são as teorias democráticas, os sistemas políticos e a cultura política na Áustria e as pesquisas comparativas sobre partidos e associações. Ele é um especialista internacional líder em temas como extremismo de direita e xenofobia na sociedade. Entre 1965 e 2019, Pelinka publicou 92 artigos acadêmicos em importantes revistas de ciência política, documentados na Universidade de Columbia. New York Library.

Trabalho
Pelinka tem várias publicações que tratam de temas de interesse, especialmente o sistema político austríaco.{{citar web|último=Salzburg Global Seminary|título=Anton Pelinka - Faculty|url=http://www.salzburgglobal.org/current/includes/FacultyPopUp.cfm?IDSPECIAL_EVENT=515&IDRecords=28038%7Carquivourl=https://archive.today/20130415202350/http://www.salzburgglobal.org/current/includes/FacultyPopUp.cfm?IDSPECIAL_EVENT=515&IDRecords=28038%7Curlmorta= sim|arquivodata=15 de abril de 2013|acessodata=12 de maio de 2012 </ref> Em "Fünf Fragen an drei Generationen". Der Antisemitismus und wir heute" (Cinco perguntas a três gerações. O anti-semitismo e nós hoje), ele discute as mudanças históricas na sociedade austríaca. Ele é co-editor, com Ruth Wodak, da revista austríaca, "The Haider Phenomenon". Ele trata da ascensão do Partido da Liberdade Austríaco (FPÖ), sob a presidência de Jörg Haider, e aprofunda o impacto dos partidos e dos fatores econômicos ou sociais na sociedade.<ref name=Sully>/ref>

Bibliografia
Teorias Democráticas

 Dynamische Demokratie. Zur konkreten Utopie gesellschaftlicher Gleichheit. (Dynamic Democracy. The Concrete Utopia of Social Equality) Stuttgart 1974.
 Politics of the Lesser Evil: Leadership, Democracy, and Jaruelski's Poland, Frankfurt am Main 1996.
 Demokratie in Indien. Subhas Chandra Bose und das Werden der politischen Kultur. (Democracia na Índia: Subhas Chandra Bose e a criação da cultura política da Índia). Innsbruck 2005.

Sistema Político e Cultura Política na Áustria"".

 O Fenômeno Haider. New Brunswick (NJ) 2001
 Áustria na União Européia (Estudos Austríacos Contemporâneos)
 Áustria global: O lugar da Áustria na Europa e no Mundo (Estudos Austríacos Contemporâneos)

Prêmios

 1998: Willy und Helga Verkauf-Verlon Preis des DÖW (Prêmio Willy und Helga Verkauf-Verlon do Centro de Documentação da Resistência Austríaca)
 2005: Preis der Stadt Wien für Geisteswissenschaften (Prêmio para Humanidades da Cidade de Viena)

Ligações externas

 Artikel: "Demokratie jenseits des Staates". Über die (Un-)Möglichkeit einer transnationalen Demokratie''
 Zum Rechtsstreit mit Jörg Haider
 Anton Pelinka beim Department of Political Science der Budapester Central European University (inglês)
 OCLC Classify (inglês)
 CLIO Catalogue Columbia University New York, livros
 CLIO Catalogue Columbia University New York, artigos
 Worldcat Identities, Pelinka entry

Alunos da Universidade de Viena
Professores da Universidade de Innsbruck
Cientistas políticos da Áustria

Anton Pelinka


Auksokromne skupine (grč. αὔξω: rastem + χρῶμα: boja) su organski supstituenti (zamjenske grupe) sa slobodnim elektronskim parovima koji osposobljavaju obojene kemijske tvari da se mogu upotrebljavati kao tehnička bojila, na primjer supstituenti –OH, –NH2, –COOH.

Azo-bojila

Azo-bojila (prema fr. azote: dušik) su organska sintetska bojila koja sadrže najmanje jednu azo-skupinu, –N=N–, vezanu na aromatsku jezgru, te jednu auksokromnu skupinu. Proizvode se diazotacijom nekoga aromatskog amina i vezanjem nastaloga diazonijeva spoja na neku aktivnu kopulacijsku (veznu) komponentu. Procesi diazotacije i kopulacije mogu se primijeniti na mnogo azo-spojeva koji sadrže amino-skupine ili slobodno mjesto za kopulaciju, a mogu se i nekoliko puta ponavljati, što vodi do velikog broja diazo-bojila i poliazo-bojila različite građe. Azo-bojila se uobičajeno dijele prema broju azo-skupina u molekuli, o čemu ovisi i njihova boja. Najbrojnija su skupina sintetskih organskih bojila, s najširom primjenom, ponajprije za bojenje vune i pamuka, ali i svile, kemijskih vlakana i prehrambenih namirnica (prehrambeni aditivi).

Izvori

Pigmenti
Funkcionalne skupine

Auksokromne skupine


Jeff Noon () este un scriitor englez de fantezie și science fiction, muzician, pictor și dramaturg. Vurt, primul său roman, a primit Premiul Arthur C. Clarke în 1994. Cărțile sale de ficțiune speculativă sunt influențate de cele ale lui Lewis Carroll și  Jorge Luis Borges.

Biografie
S-a născut în Droylsden, Lancashire.

Lucrări

Romane și nuvele
 Vurt (1993),
 Pollen (1995),
 Automated Alice (1996),
 Nymphomation (1997),
 Needle in the Groove (2000),
 Falling Out of Cars (2002),
 Channel SK1N (2012), ASIN: B008RZD9ZI
 A Man of Shadows (2017),
 The Body Library (3 aprilie 2018),

Note

Legături externe
 Metamorphiction  - Official site.
 Micro Spores - Official Microspores project site.
 The Ghost On The B-Side - Jeff Noon's Remixing Narrative Manual.

Vezi și
Listă de scriitori englezi

Scriitori englezi
Scriitori englezi de literatură științifico-fantastică
Nașteri în 1957

Jeff Noon


O Católico do Oriente (em malaiala: കിഴക്കൻ കത്തോലിക്കർ) é primaz da Igreja Ortodoxa Síria Malankara, que também é chamada de Igreja Ortodoxa Indiana. O Catolicato foi restabelecido em 1912. Desde 1934, o Católico do Oriente também detém o título de Metropolita de Malankara.  O termo "Católico" é derivado da palavra grega Katholikos (Καθολικός), que significa "Bispo Universal". Sua Santidade Basílio Marthoma Mateus III é a atual Católico do Oriente e Metropolita de Malankara.

Ver também

 Católico da Índia
 Mafrianato do Oriente
 Metropolita de Malankara
 Mafriano
 Católico

Referências

Cristãos de São Tomé
Igreja Ortodoxa Síria
Títulos eclesiásticos
Cristianismo na Índia
Cristianismo siríaco

Católico do Oriente


Ronda Jean Rousey (Riverside, Kalifornija, 1. veljače 1987.) je američka profesionalna hrvačica, MMA borkinja i glumica. Prije potpisivanja ugovora za WWE osvajala je naslove u Strikeforceu i UFC-u. MMA karijeru okončala je s 12 pobjeda i 2 poraza.

Životopis
Ronda Rousey rođena je 1. veljače 1987. godine u Riversideu. Njezina majka, Ann Maria Rousey DeMars je bila vrhunski judo borac te ju je upisala na judo. Nakon osvajanja brončane medalje u džudu na Ljetnim olimpijskim igrama 2008. godine Ronda Rousey se prebacila na mješovite borilačke vještine (MMA) i ubrzo je postala najveća zvijezda u ženskom MMA-u. U 2012. godini postala je prva žena prvakinja Ultimate Fighting Championshipa. Rousey se 2018. pridružila World Wrestling Entertainmentu (WWE).

Karijera u mješovitim borilačkim vještinama

Strikeforce
Rousey je 2011. godine debitirala u borilačkoj organizaciji Strikeforce protiv Sarah D'Alelio. 2012. godine Rousey je postala Strikeforce prvakinja u ženskoj bantam kategoriji pobijedivši Mieshu Tate te je nakon toga jednom branila Strikeforce pojas protiv Sarah Kaufman.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Ronda Rousey je 2012. godine potpisala ugovor s UFC-om te postala prva borkinja u najpoznatijoj MMA organizaciji. U prvoj borbi pobijedila je polugom Liz Carmouche. Nakon toga obranila je naslov prvakinje u bantam kategoriji protiv Mieshe Tate, Sare McMann, Alexis Davis, Cat Zingano te Beth Correia. Rondina dominacija završila je porazom nokautom od Holly Holm u studenom 2015. godine. Rousey se na pobjedničke staze pokušala vratiti u prosincu 2016. godine protiv prvakinje Amande Nunes. U kratkoj borbi Nunes je pobijedila za samo 48 sekundi tehničkim nokautom.

Izvori

Američki MMA borci

Ronda Rousey


NGC 7833 je četverostruka zvijezda u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7833
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7833 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7833 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7800 - 7849

7833

NGC 7833