The pentagrid converter is a type of radio receiving valve (vacuum tube) with five grids used as the frequency mixer stage of a superheterodyne radio receiver.

The pentagrid was part of a line of development of valves that were able to take an incoming RF signal and change its frequency to a fixed intermediate frequency, which was then amplified and detected in the remainder of the receiver circuitry.  The device was generically referred to as a frequency changer or just mixer.

Origins
The first devices designed to change frequency in the manner described above seem to have been developed by the French, who simply put two grids into what would otherwise have been an ordinary triode valve (the bi-grille or bi-grid).  Although technically a four electrode device, neither the term tetrode nor the tetrode valve as it is known today had yet appeared. The bi-grid differed from the later tetrode because the second (outer) grid was coarsely wound compared with the tetrode's screen grid which had to be finely wound to provide its screening effect. Each grid was able to accept one of the incoming signals, and the non-linearity of the device produced the sum and difference frequencies.  The valve would have been very inefficient, but, most importantly, the capacitive coupling between the two grids would have been very large.  It would therefore have been quite impossible to prevent the signal from one grid coupling out of the other.  At least one reference claims that the bi-grille was self-oscillating, but this has not been confirmed.

In 1918, Edwin Armstrong used only triodes when he invented the superheterodyne receiver.  One triode operated in a conventional oscillator circuit. Another triode acted as a mixer by coupling the oscillator signal into the mixer's cathode and the received signal to the grid. The sum and difference frequencies were then available in the mixer's anode circuit.  Once again, the problem of coupling between the circuits would be ever present.

Shortly after Armstrong invented the superheterodyne, a triode mixer stage design was developed that not only mixed the incoming signal with the local oscillator, but the same valve doubled as the oscillator.  This was known as the autodyne mixer.  Early examples had difficulty oscillating across the frequency range because the oscillator feedback was via the first intermediate frequency transformer primary tuning capacitor, which was too small to give good feedback.  Keeping the oscillator signal out of the antenna circuit was also difficult.

The invention of the tetrode demonstrated the idea of screening electrodes from each other by using additional earthed (grounded) grids (at least, as far as the signal was concerned).  In 1926, Philips invented a technique of adding yet another grid to combat the secondary emission that the tetrode suffered from.  All the ingredients for the pentagrid were now in place.

Pentagrid

The development of the pentagrid or heptode (seven-electrode) valve was a novel development in the mixer story.  The idea was to produce a single valve that not only mixed the oscillator signal and the received signal and produced its own oscillator signal at the same time but, importantly, did the mixing and the oscillating in different parts of the same valve.

The invention of the device at first sight doesn't seem to be obscure, but it would appear that it was developed in both America and the United Kingdom, more or less at the same time.  However, the UK device is different from its American counterpart.

It is known that Donald G. Haines of RCA applied for a patent for the pentagrid on 28 March 1933 (subsequently granted on 29 March 1939) under US patent number 2,148,266.  The pentagrid also featured in a UK patent (GB426802) granted on 10 April 1935.  However, the Ferranti company of Great Britain entered the valve business with the first known UK-produced pentagrid, the VHT4, late in 1933 (though it must have been in development, and would certainly have existed as a prototype well before that time).

The pentagrid proved to be a much better mixer.  Since the oscillator circuit was more or less self-contained, good feedback for reliable oscillation across the frequency range was easy to obtain.  Some manufacturers that had adopted the autodyne mixer converted some, if not all, of their designs to pentagrid mixers.

What was the goal to develop a reliable self-oscillating mixer?  The reasons were to differ from the UK to America.  The UK radio manufacturers had to pay a royalty of £1 per valve holder to the British Valve Association to cover use of their members' patent rights.  Further, they dictated that not more than one electrode structure could be contained in a single envelope (which would have evaded the royalty - at least in part).  The Americans appeared to be driven by the desire to produce a low-cost 'every expense spared' design which was to lead to the All American Five.  By making the mixer self-oscillate, the necessity of providing a separate oscillator valve is avoided.  The All American Five was to use a pentagrid converter from when it first appeared in 1934, right up until valves became obsolete when transistors took over.

In the UK, the five grids operated thus.  Grid 1 acted as the oscillator grid in conjunction with grid 2 which acted as its anode.  Grid 4 accepted the incoming signal with the remaining two grids, 3 and 5 connected together (usually internally) which acted as screen grids to screen the anode, grid 4 and grid 2 from each other.  Because grid 2 was a 'leaky' anode in that it allowed part of the modulated electron stream through, the oscillator was coupled into the mixing section of the valve.  In fact, in some designs, grid 2 consisted of just the support rods, the actual grid wire itself being omitted.

In America, the configuration was different.  Grid 1 acted as the oscillator grid as before, but in this case, grids 2 and 4 were connected together (again usually internally).  Grid 2 functioned as both a screen and the oscillator anode; in this case the grid wire had to be present to provide the screening.  Grid 3 accepted the incoming signal.  Grid 4 screened this from the anode, and grid 5 was a suppressor grid to suppress secondary emission.  This configuration limited the oscillator design to one where the oscillator 'anode' was operated from the HT+ (B+) rail.  This was often accomplished by using a Hartley Oscillator circuit and taking the cathode to the tap on the coil.

The UK version would have had significant secondary emission and would also have had a tetrode kink.  This was exploited in providing the non linearity necessary to produce good sum and difference signals.  The American devices although having no secondary emission due to the suppressor grid, nevertheless were able to get the required non linearity by biasing the oscillator such that the valve was overdriven.  The American version was also a little more sensitive because the grid that accepted the signal was closer to the cathode increasing the amplification factor.

The pentagrid converter in either guise operated extremely well, but it suffered from the limitation that a strong signal was able to 'pull' the oscillator frequency away from a weaker signal.  This was not considered a major problem in broadcast receivers where the signals were likely to be strong, but it became a problem when trying to receive weak signals that were close to strong signals.  Some short wave radios managed quite satisfactorily with these devices.  Special high frequency versions appeared after World War II for the 100 MHz FM bands.  Examples are the 6SB7Y (1946) and the 6BA7 (1948).  The pulling effect had a beneficial side effect in that it gave a degree of automatic tuning.

Another disadvantage was that in spite of the presence of the screen grids, the electron beam, modulated by the oscillator electrodes, still had to pass through the signal grid, and coupling of the oscillator into the signal circuit was inevitable.  The American Federal Communications Commission (FCC) started requiring radio manufacturers to certify that their products avoided this interference under Part 15 of their rules.  In the UK, the Postmaster General (who was responsible for radio licensing at this time), laid down a set of stringent rules concerning radio interference.

Hexode

The hexode (six-electrode) was actually developed after the heptode or pentagrid.  It was developed in Germany as a mixer but was designed from the start to be used with a separate triode oscillator.  Thus the grid configuration was grid 1, signal input; grids 2 and 4 screen grids (connected together - again, usually internally) and grid 3 was the oscillator input.  The device had no suppressor grid.  A major advantage was that by using grid 1 as the signal input grid, the device was more sensitive to weak signals.

It was not long before the triode and hexode structures were placed in the same glass envelope - by no means a new idea.  The triode grid was usually internally connected to the hexode grid 3, but this practice was dropped in later designs when the mixer section operated as a straight IF amplifier in AM/FM sets when operating on FM, the mixing being carried out in a dedicated FM frequency changing section.

The UK manufacturers were initially unable to use this type of mixer because of the BVA prohibition on multiple structures (and indeed unwilling to use separate valves because of the levy).  One UK company, MOV, successfully enforced the cartel rules against the German Lissen company in 1934 when they attempted to market a radio in the UK which had the triode-hexode mixer.

Following pressure from the UK manufacturers, the BVA were compelled to relax the rules and the UK started to adopt triode-hexode mixers.  The Mullard ECH35 was a popular choice.

One company, Osram, made an ingenious move.  One of their popular pentagrid converter designs was the MX40, initially marketed in 1934.  They put on sale in 1936, the X41 triode-hexode frequency changer.  The clever bit was that the X41 was a direct plug-in pin-compatible replacement for the MX40.  Thus a pentagrid radio could easily be converted to a triode-hexode without any other circuit modifications.

America never really adopted the triode-hexode and it was seldom used, even though the 6K8 triode-hexode was available to manufacturers in 1938.

In some designs, a suppressor grid was added to produce yet another heptode design.  Mullard's ECH81 became popular with the move to miniature nine-pin valves.

Octode

Although not strictly a pentagrid (in that it has more than five grids), the octode (eight-electrode) nevertheless operates on the pentagrid principle.  It resulted simply from the addition of an extra screen grid to the UK version of the pentagrid heptode.  This was done mainly to improve the antenna/oscillator separation and to reduce the power consumption for use in radio sets operated by dry-cell batteries that were becoming increasingly popular.

In North America, the only octode manufactured was the 7A8.  Introduced by Sylvania in 1939 (and used mostly by Philco), this valve was the product of adding a suppressor grid to type 7B8, which was the loctal version of type 6A7.  Adding the suppressor allowed Sylvania to lower the current of the 6.3-volt heater from 320 milliamperes to 150 milliamperes while maintaining the same conversion transconductance (550 microsiemens).  This allowed Philco to use this valve in every line of radio throughout the 1940s.

The Philips EK3 octode was designated as a "beam octode".  The novel part about the design was that grids 2 and 3 were constructed as beam-forming plates.  This was done in such a way that Philips claimed that the oscillator electron beam and the mixer electron beams were separated as much as possible and thus the pulling effect was minimised.  No information is available as to the degree of success.  The manufacturer's information also notes that the valve's high performance comes at a cost of a high heater current of 600 mA – double that of more conventional types.

Pentode

The use of a pentode would seem an unlikely choice for a frequency converter because it only has one control grid.  However, during the Great Depression, many American radio manufacturers used pentode types 6C6, 6D6, 77 and 78 in their lowest priced AC/DC receivers because they were cheaper than pentagrid type 6A7.  In these circuits, the suppressor (grid 3) acted as the oscillator grid, and the valve operated in a similar manner to a true pentagrid.

One UK company, Mazda/Ediswan, produced a triode-pentode frequency changer, the AC/TP.  Designed for low-cost AC radios, the device was deliberately designed to allow strong signals to pull the oscillator without the risk of radiating the oscillator signal from the aerial.  The cathode was common to both sections of the valve.  The cathode was connected to a secondary coil on the oscillator coil and thus coupled the oscillator into the pentode mixer section, the signal being applied to grid 1 in the conventional manner.  The AC/TP was one of the AC/ range of valves designed for low-cost radios.  They were considered durable for their time (even the AC/TP frequency changer, which was normally troublesome).  Any AC/ valves encountered today are likely to be brand new as service shops stocked up on spares which were seldom required.

Nomenclature
In order to distinguish between the two versions of the heptode, manufacturers data often describes them as "heptode of the hexode type" for a heptode without a suppressor grid, and a "heptode of the octode type", where a suppressor grid is present.

Examples

True pentagrids
2A7 and 6A7 – The first of the RCA pentagrids, 1933
VHT1 – Ferranti pentagrid, 1933
MX40 – Osram pentagrid, 1934
6SA7 and 6BE6/EK90 – Pentagrids produced by RCA, Mullard, etc.
6SB7Y and 6BA7 – VHF pentagrids, 1946
1LA6 and later 1L6 – Battery pentagrid for Zenith Trans-Oceanic and other high-end portable short-wave radios
DK91/1R5, DK92/1AC6, DK96/1AB6, DK192 – Battery pentagrids
1C8,1E8 - Subminiature battery pentagrids

Octodes (operating on the pentagrid principle)
EK3 – Beam octode produced by Philips
7A8 – The only octode produced in America by Sylvania, 1939

Triode/hexode types (not operating on the pentagrid principle)
X41 – Osram triode-hexode, 1936; plug-in replacement for MX40 above
ECH35 – Mullard triode-hexode
ECH81 (Soviet 6И1П) – Mullard triode-heptode of the octode type
6K8 – American triode-hexode, 1938

This list is by no means exhaustive.

See also

Beam deflection tube

Notes

References
Valve Manuals
General Electric Essential Characteristics, 1970
Sylvania Technical Manual, 1958
Other Books
Sibley, Ludwell, "Tube Lore", 1996
Stokes, John W, "70 Years of Radio Tubes and Valves" 1997
Thrower, Keith, "History of the British Radio Valve to 1940"

External links

Mullard FC4
Octode
AC/TP data sheet
2A7 data sheet
 6SA7/12SA7 datasheet
 12BE6 datsheet
 12BA7 Datasheet
 Reflex Converter patent Oct 12 1933

Frequency mixers
Vacuum tubes

de:Elektronenröhre#Heptode

Pentagrid converter


Johan af Brandenburg-Küstrin (tysk: Johann von Brandenburg-Küstrin eller Hans von Küstrin), også kaldt Johan den vise (født 3. august 1513, død 13. januar 1571) var medlem af huset Hohenzollern og markgreve af Brandenburg-Küstrin fra 1535 til sin død.

Biografi
Johan var yngste søn af kurfyrsten Joakim I af Brandenburg og Elisabeth af Danmark. Faderen havde ved sin død den 11. juli 1535 testamenteret, at kurfyrstendømmet Brandenburg skulle deles mellem den ældre søn Joakim II og den yngre søn Johan. Joakim fik kurfyrstetitlen og den større vestlige del med Berlin-Cölln som hovedstad, mens Johan fik Neumark med Dramburg (Drawsko Pomorskie), Schivelbein (Świdwin), Sternberg (Torzym), Crossen an der Oder (Krosno Odrzańskie), Züllichau (Sulechów) og Sommerfeld (Lubsko) samt Cottbus og Peitz. Samlet dannede de markgrevskabet Brandenburg-Küstrin, med Küstrin (Kostrzyn nad Odrą) som residensstad; 1548 flyttedes Neumarks administration til Küstrin fra Soldin.

Johan var til forskel fra sin broder religiøst orienteret og økonomisk sindet. Han indførte reformationen i sit markgrevskab ved tiltrædelsen. 1538 gik han med i det Schmalkaldiske forbund men blev på grund af sin slægts politiske bånd i Den schmalkaldiske krig alligevel tvunget til at gå med på kejseren Karl Vs side. Fra kejseren fik han en forsikring om religionsfrihed i Neumark.

På rigsdagen i Augsburg 1548, da Augsburgske interim besluttedes, kom han i unåde hos kejseren da han nægtede at deltage i Corpus Christi-processionen. Han undlod også at kundgøre interimsbeslutningen i Brandenburg-Küstrin. Senere fik han i 1551 tilbud om at gå med i den gruppe omkring Moritz af Sachsen som åbent modarbejdede Augsburgske interim, men afslog på grund af en personlig konflikt med Moritz. Han afslog også en alliance med hertugen Albrekt af Preussen.

Johan døde den 13. januar 1577, blot ti dage efter sin broder Joakim. Han efterlod en fyldt statskasse på en halv million gulden, mens broderen havde gæld på på 2,5 millioner gulden. Da Johan inte havde nogen sønner, gik Brandenburg-Küstrin i arv til Joakims søn, den nyblivne kurfyrste Johan Georg, som også var svigerfader til Johans datter Katarina. I og med dette kom Brandenburg-Küstrin at atter indgå i kurfyrstendømmet Brandenburg.

Gravsted i Küstrin
Johan blev begravet i krypten under det Hohenzollernske gravkor i Mariakirken i Küstrin. 1758 ødelagdes kirken ved et artilleribombardement, og efter genopbygningen faldt krypten i glemsel. Den blev genopdaget i 1880 og renoveredes. Da kirken sammen med den gamle by i Küstrin ødelagdes til grunden 1945, under den Røde hærs erobring af byen, lodes graven til sin skæbne og udsattes troligen for gravplyndring. Ved en udgravning i 1999 fandt man låget til markgrevinde Katarinas sarkofag, men Johans sarkofag er i dag forsvundet.

Familie
Johans forældre var kurfyrsten Joakim I af Brandenburg (1484-1535), af huset Hohenzollern, og prinsesse Elisabeth af Danmark (1485-1555), af huset Oldenburg.

Han giftede sig i 1537 med Katarina af Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1518–1574), datter af hertugen Henrik II af Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. Parret fik to døtre:
 Elisabeth af Brandenburg-Küstrin (1540–1578), gift 1558 med markgreven Georg Fredrik af Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach.
 Katharina af Brandenburg-Küstrin (1549–1602), gift 1570 med kurfyrsten Joachim Frederik af Brandenburg.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Schmook, Reinhard (2002), Wo Markgraf Hans begraben liegt. I Königsberger Kreiskalender 2003.

Huset Hohenzollern
Markgrever af Brandenburg-Küstrin
Tyskere i 1500-tallet

Johan af Brandenburg-Küstrin


A Região Geográfica Imediata de Montes Claros é uma das 70 regiões imediatas do estado brasileiro de Minas Gerais, uma das sete regiões imediatas que compõem a Região Geográfica Intermediária de Montes Claros. Criada em 2017 pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), é composta por 32 municípios, sendo o município de Montes Claros o mais populoso com uma população estimada de  habitantes.

Municípios

Ver também

 Lista de regiões geográficas intermediárias e imediatas de Minas Gerais
 Subdivisões do Brasil

Montes Claros


Muckle Roe is an island in Shetland, Scotland, in St. Magnus Bay, to the west of Mainland. It has a population of around 130 people, who mainly croft and live in the south east of the island.

'Muckle' is Scots for 'big' or 'great'.

History
The island is referred to in the Orkneyinga saga.

In 1905 a bridge was built between Muckle Roe and the Shetland Mainland over Roe Sound at a cost of £1,020 met from public subscription and a grant from the Congested Districts Board. The construction was of iron and concrete and its completion was followed by a reversal in the population decline seen in the 19th and earlier 20th centuries. The bridge was later widened and strengthened, and opened on 22 October 1947 by the Convener of Zetland, W. Thomson Esq. Construction of a replacement bridge commenced in May 1998, the work being completed in January 1999. It was opened officially by Councillor Drew Ratter on 3 April 1999.

Muckle Roe was part of the civil parish of Delting until the abolition of civil parishes in Scotland by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929.

Geography and geology
Muckle Roe is approximately  in diameter, with high cliffs in the south. Its highest point is Mid Ward .

The island's rock is red granite, which gives the island its name – a combination of Scots and Old Norse meaning "big red island".

There are crofts in the east and south east. The rest of the island is lochan-studded moorland.

Population

Notable residents
Gilbert Williamson Wood (2 September 1828 – 24 September 1886), a merchant seaman, was born at Little Ayre and emigrated to Adelaide, Australia in 1853. He founded G. Wood, Son & Co. along with his eldest son Peter in 1876. The company produced goods under a number of brand names, including Anchor, Snowflake, Viking, and Medallion. He donated sums of money back to Muckle Roe, including funds towards the building of the first bridge to mainland Shetland, and the Muckle Roe Church of Scotland, which was completed in 1911. The remaining funds were used to purchase books and school bags for every child attending the local school. Some profits from the sale of Anchor butter went towards paraffin lamps for the chapel.

Gallery

See also

 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

Notes

References

 Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
 Nicolson, James R. (1972) Shetland. Newton Abbott. David & Charles.
 Waugh, Doreen "Placing Papa Stour in Context" in Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; and Williams, Gareth (2007) West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden. Brill.

External links

 scottishislands.org.uk
 Shetland in Statistics 2006 from shetland.gov.uk
 Northern Lighthouse Board

Islands of Shetland

Muckle Roe


Die Communauté de communes du Plateau Beauceron  ist ein ehemaliger französischer Gemeindeverband mit der Rechtsform einer Communauté de communes im Département Loiret in der Region Centre-Val de Loire. Sie wurde am 9. Dezember 2004 gegründet und umfasste 10 Gemeinden. Der Verwaltungssitz befand sich im Ort Sermaises.

Historische Entwicklung
Mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar 2017 fusionierte der Gemeindeverband mit
 Communauté de communes de Beauce et du Gâtinais sowie
 Communauté de communes Le Cœur du Pithiverais
und bildete so die Nachfolgeorganisation Communauté de communes du Pithiverais.

Ehemalige Mitgliedsgemeinden
 Audeville
 Autruy-sur-Juine
 Césarville-Dossainville
 Engenville
 Intville-la-Guétard
 Morville-en-Beauce
 Pannecières
 Rouvres-Saint-Jean
 Sermaises
 Thignonville

Plateau Beauceron
Gegründet 2004
Aufgelöst 2016


Place theory is a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.  By this theory, the pitch of a sound, such as a human voice or a musical tone, is determined by the places where the membrane vibrates, based on frequencies corresponding to the tonotopic organization of the primary auditory neurons.

More generally, schemes that base attributes of auditory perception on the neural firing rate as a function of place are known as rate–place schemes.

The main alternative to the place theory is the temporal theory, also known as timing theory.  These theories are closely linked with the volley principle or volley theory, a mechanism by which groups of neurons can encode the timing of a sound waveform.  In all cases, neural firing patterns in time determine the perception of pitch.  The combination known as the place–volley theory uses both mechanisms in combination, primarily coding low pitches by temporal pattern and high pitches by rate–place patterns.  It is now generally believed that there is good evidence for both mechanisms.

The place theory is usually attributed to Hermann Helmholtz, though it was widely believed much earlier.

Experiments to distinguish between place theory and rate theory are difficult to devise, because of the strong correlation: large vibrations with low rate are produced at the apical end of the basilar membrane while large vibrations with high rate are produced at the basal end. The two can be controlled independently using cochlear implants: pulses with a range of rates can be applied via electrodes distributed along the membrane. Experiments using implant recipients showed that, at low stimulation rates, ratings of pitch on a pitch scale were proportional to the log of stimulation rate, but also decreased with distance from the round window. At higher rates, the effect of rate was weaker, but the effect of place was strong.

References

Hearing

Place theory (hearing)


Darko Hajsek (Zagreb, 22. rujna 1959.) hrvatski je skladatelj. Napisao je i orkestrirao značajan opus od preko 650 pjesama, glazbenih i glazbeno-scenskog oblika, počevši od malih, instrumentalnih komornih oblika do velikih orkestralnih simfonijskih djela, te deset velikih glazbenih i glazbeno-kazališnih djela suvremenih oblika i sinteza koji uključuju operu, kazališnu glazbu i balet.

Rani život
Od početka njegove uključenosti u glazbu klasičnih temelja Hajsek je pokazao tendenciju prema širem spektru glazbenog izražavanja i razvio u sebi sposobnost da izrazi cijeli raspon glazbenih stilova koje se koriste u kreativnom radu, ponekad i kao glazbeni leksikon u čistom obliku, a ponekad kao elementi svojstvene autorske sinteze i prepoznatljivog skladateljevog "dodira".
Svoj interes za glazbu, glazbeni talent i skladateljski zamah izrazio je u ranoj dobi, počinjući intenzivno skladati u sedamdesetim godinama prošlog stoljeća, s 15 godina starosti pišući svoje prve simfonijske stavke.

1980. – 1990.
Hajsek je studirao klasičnu kompoziciju, polifoniju, harmoniju i kontrapunkt na muzičkoj Akademiji Zagrebačkog sveučilišta, specijaliziravši se na seminarima suvremene i elektrofone glazbe. Iz tog perioda datira i autorova suradnja s poznatim američkim avangardnim skladateljem Alvinom Lucierom.

Izvori

Hrvatski skladatelji
Hrvatski kantautori
Životopisi, Zagreb

Darko Hajsek


Marius Gelu Dragomir (n. 19 aprilie 1969, Brașov) este un compozitor, interpret și textier român, inițiatorul curentului muzical "Kashay", stil etno-pop care îi aduce Discul de Aur în 1996, pentru albumul "Party in Transilvania", vândut în peste 1.800.000 de exemplare.

Biografia și cariera

1973 - 1989: Copilăria și primele activități muzicale
Marius Dragomir s-a nascut pe data de 19 aprilie la Brasov. Debutează în muzică la vârsta de patru ani și câștigă Premiul I interpretând la vioară "Balada" lui Ciprian Porumbescu pe scena Festivalului "Lira de Aur". În 1986, câștigă Premiul I la Festivalul național "Cântarea României", ca solist vocal de muzică ușoară, premiu ce îi va reveni și în 1987, ca interpret instrumentist la nai, în cadrul aceluiași festival.

A studiat la Liceul Pedagogic și Conservatorul de Arte Muzicale Târgu Mureș și Semiotica la Universitatea Româno-Americană București. Cunoaște peste 11 instrumente, exprimându-și mereu aprecierea pentru muzica clasică și muzica de film și studiind compoziția orchestrală, armonia și contrapunctul muzical. Instrumente cunoscute: pian, vioară, trompetă, contrabas, instrumente de percuție ș.a.

Anul 1989 îi aduce consacrarea pe scena muzicii pop românești, artistul obținând Trofeul concursului TV "Steaua fără Nume", precum și Premiul I la "Festivalul Național de Interpretare și Creație Mamaia", unde a cântat atât cu vocea, cât și cu trompeta, piesa "Prin noi trăiește muzica" a regretatului compozitor Cornel Fugaru.

1989 - 2000: Debutul - Primele materiale discografice
În anul 1992, Marius lansează primul album cu muzică electronică progresivă "The Voice of Nature" iar în 1993 albumul pop-rock "Magicianul".

În anul 1993, acesta lansează pentru prima oară stilul "Kashay", un stil etno-pop, pe piața muzicală din România prin intermediul albumului "Party in Transilvania" pentru care avea sa primeasca si Discul de Aur 3 ani mai târziu.

Marius Dragomir a compus și pentru alți artiști din țară, printre care Sanda Ladoși, Ileana Șipoteanu, Dana Dorian, Otilia Romea, Angela Similea, Manuela Fedorca și alții, colaborând totodată, pe meleaguri americane, cu mezzosoprana Nicoleta Strauss, căreia i-a compus un album și alături de care a înregistrat două duete.

Artistul a compus librete muzicale pentru teatru de păpuși, jucate în România și în Franța, și a realizat coloana sonoră pentru filme precum "La luce del mondo" (1992), "Histria și Callatis" (1993), "Bariera" (regia Liviu Pojoni, 1994), "The lost amulet" (2008-2009). De asemenea, compozitorul Marius Dragomir semnează, în 2011, genericul muzical al emisiunilor "În premieră", cu Carmen Avram și "Secvențial", cu Adrian Ursu, difuzate la postul de televiziune, Antena 3.

2000 - Prezent
Fiind clasician la bază, Marius și a dorit întotdeauna să aducă la cunoștința publicului un album de muzică clasică, iar în anul 2015 a lansat albumul "Ethno Symphonika" la "Târgul Internațional de Carte și Muzică din Brașov" eveniment cu tradiție în orașul de la poalele Tâmpei. Albumul conține 13 compoziții de muzică cultă, inspirate din lumea basmelor și legendelor populare românești, unde regăsim un concert de pian, o rapsodie în patru părți pentru fiecare anotimp, un cvartet de coarde, un concert pentru vioară dar și alte lucrări.  Albumul a fost prezentat și la Târgurile Internaționale de Carte si Muzică din Paris și Torino. Albumul este inclus în diferite spectacole de balet, sub coregrafia balerinilor Emilia și Dorin Mirea, care au avut loc în cadrul unor evenimente precum:

 Festivalul de Carte și Muzică , organizat anual în Brașov unde maeștrii coregrafi Emilia și Dorin Mirea au dansat pe una din compozițiile incluse pe acest album "Zmeul și domnița cea de nea"
 Balul Caritabil "Inimi albastre" (organizat pentru copii cu autism la Aro Palace Brașov), unde balerinii au dansat pe un minicolaj muzical din piese extrase de pe albumul "Ethno Symphonika": "Concertul lăutei de sare" și "Zmeul și domnița cea de nea".
 Spectacolul caritabil "Zmeul și domnița cea de nea" organizat la Centrul Cultural "Reduta" din Brașov unde balerinii au dansat exclusiv pe muzica inclusă pe albumul "Ethno Symphonika", eveniment de basm romanesc, original în conceptul și coregrafia lui Dorin Mirea.

In anul 2018 este dezvelit bustul lui Marius Gelu Dragomir, alături de alte lucrări de sculptură ale unor personaje importante în istoria Romaniei, precum: regele Mihai, regina Maria, Neagu Djuvara, Andrei Șaguna etc. Bustul a fost realizat de sculptorul Petrică Buhnici și prezentat în cadrul vernisajului "România eternă" cu ocazia Centenarului la Târgul Internațional de Carte și Muzică organizat anual in Brașov.

Tot în anul 2018, Marius Gelu Dragomir surprinde din nou prin colaborarea cu soprana Elena Moșuc la proiectul "Resonance", scriind pentru divă 6 compoziții de gen pop-opera. Orchestra Operei Naționale Române Iași a prezentat publicului, în premieră, "Resonance", un proiect muzical original, conceput de soprana Elena Moșuc. Evenimentul s-a desfășurat în cadrul festivității de închidere a celei de-a 45-a ediție a "Vacanțelor Muzicale la Piatra Neamț". A fost "Seara Muzicii de Operă". Sub bagheta dirijorului Marcello Mottadelli, soprana Elena Moșuc, chitaristul Bogdan Mihăilescu și invitatul Christoph Hebeisen au interpretat lucrări de Gabriel Fauré, Giacomo Puccini, Marius Dragomir, Raul Ferrão, Alfonso Montes, Joaquin Rodrigo, Francesco Cilea, Erik Satie, Pietro Mascagni, Ariel Ramirez, Vincenzo Bellini, Gregory Pino, Giorgio Tortora, Flavio Motalla. Spectacolul se va desfășura printr-un turneu internațional, urmând Belgrad, Ljubljana precum și alte țări.

Discografie
 Voice of Nature (1992)
 The Magician (1993)
 Party in Transylvania (1995)
 Happy Birthday, Dracula (1996)
 Cântă române (1997)
 Sex on the beach (1997)
 Cucuruzul în pârgă (1998)
 Blue Angel (1998)
 One more Party (1998)
 Mustafa (1998)
 Best of 60′s (1999)
 Asta-mi place (1999)
 De chef (2000)
 Dă-mă mamă după Gyuri (2001)
 Cine oare (2002)
 Suflet de român (2003)
 Kashay românul (2004)
 Dragostea mea (2005)
 Best of Marius Dragomir (2009)
 Ethno Symphonika (2015)
Return to the Solomons Temple (2015)

Premii
 1996 - Discul de Aur pentru cele peste 1.800.000 de exemplare vândute, ale albumului Party in Transylvania
 1997 - Premiul pentru "Record de popularitate", acordat de către Uniunea Compozitorilor din România
 1998 - Premiul pentru "Cel mai prolific artist al anului", cu 6 albume lansate într-un singur an
 2002 - Premiul Special la Festivalul RBA
 2002 - Premiul Special oferit de către ziarul "Gardianul"
 2003 - Premiul pentru întreaga carieră la Festivalul RBA

Referințe

Bibliografie

 Site-ul oficial http://www.mariusdragomir.ro
 Site-ul oficial http://mariusgdragomir.wix.com/mariusdragomir
 Societatea Muzicală http://www.societateamuzicala.ro

Legături externe
https://www.libertatea.ro/monden/marius-dragomir-are-bust-in-brasov-2395115
http://www.culturaneamt.ro/vacante-muzicale-sambata-7-iulie-2018-ora-2100-piata-turnului/
http://www.mytex.ro/stiri/546-expres/577755-brasov-zmeul-si-domnita-cea-de-nea-in-premiera-in-an-centenar.html
http://newsbv.ro/2015/10/27/10-000-euro-copiii-tinerii-autism/
https://b1.ro/stiri/monden/marius-dragomir-casatorit-dupa-17-ani-243377.html
Va fi din nou "Party in Transilvania!" Cunoscutul cântăreț al anilor '90 Marius Dragomir se însoară din nou la 45 de ani, 23.06.2014, cancan.ro, accesat la 16.12.2015
 Vă mai aduceți aminte de "Party in Transilvania"? Marius Dragomir, amintiri de dincolo, antenastars.ro, 10.01.2014, accesat la 16.12.2015
 Marius Dragomir revine, voceata.eu, accesat la 16.12.2015
 Experiență paranormală! Marius Dragomir a fost în moarte clinică 20 de secunde, libertatea.ro, accesat la 18.12.2015
 Marius Dragomir: Fără credință, omul este ca pasărea cu o singură aripă, Loreta Popa, jurnalspiritual.eu, accesat la 18.12.2015
https://www.facebook.com/mariusgdragomir
https://www.facebook.com/mariusgeludragomir/

 Compozitori români
 Cântăreți români
 Cântăreți români de muzică ușoară
 Cantautori români
 Brașoveni
 Nașteri în 1969

Marius Dragomir


Alain Marconnet (1945-1990), footballeur français.
 Sylvain Marconnet (né en 1976), joueur de rugby à XV français.

Marconnet


Ağaçhan, Diyarbakır ilinin Çermik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Diyarbakır il merkezine 119 km, Çermik ilçesine 26 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx  Genel Mahalle Listesi, T.C.İçişleri Bakanlığı, Mart 2020.

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Çermik'in mahalleleri

Ağaçhan, Çermik


Bunji Kimura (født 27. juli 1944) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yanmar Diesel.

Han har tidligere trænet Kyoto Purple Sanga og Yokohama Flügels.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Bunji Kimura


John Ronald Reuel Tolkien'in yazdığı Yüzüklerin Efendisi (İng: The Lord of the Rings) adlı bir fantastik edebiyat üçlemesinin ilk kısmıdır. Bu üçlemeden önce okunması faydalı olabilen Hobbit adlı kitapta Tolkien, Hobbitlerin yaşayışlarını ve Gandalf'ın Bilbo'yla ilk tanışmasını anlatmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra Yüzük'ün Bilbo'nun eline nasıl geçtiği de anlatılmaktadır. Yüzük Kardeşliği, Yüzüklerin Efendisi üçlemesinin ilk kısmıdır. Kitapta tek yüzüğün yok edilmesi için Imladris'te kurulan Yüzük Kardeşliği'nin yolculuğunun ilk safhası anlatılmaktadır.

Kitap tüm üçlemedeki olayların temelini oluşturacak biçimde yazılmıştır. Ayrıca içinde değişik dillerden (Elfçe, Cüce dili) şiirler de bulunmaktadır. Kitapta Silmarillion'ın konusunu teşkil eden eski efsanelere ve olaylara göndermeler yapılmıştır. Kitap 2 bölüme ayrılır, bu bölümler de kendi içlerinde 12 ve 10 kısım olarak parçalanmıştır. Olaylar oluş sırasına göre yer almaktadır.

Uyarlamalar

Yüzük Kardeşliği
Sinemaya uyarlanmış İngiliz romanları
İngiliz romanları
Popüler kültürde Cermen mitolojisi
Avrupa mit ve efsanelerine dayanan eserler
Popüler kültürde Kelt mitolojisi
Popüler kültürde Fin mitolojisi
Popüler kültürde mitoloji

Yüzük Kardeşliği


منطقة نيقوسيا هي إحدى مناطق قبرص الستة. المدينة الرئيسية فيها هي نيقوسيا عاصمة البلاد.

مراجع

قبرص الشمالية
مناطق قبرص

منطقة نيقوسيا


අරිසිමලේ රජ මහා විහාරය (ආසිරි කන්ද පුරාණ රජ මහා විහාරය) ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ත්‍රිකුණාමලය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අයත් කුච්චවේලි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශයට අයත් පුල්මුඩේ පිහිටි ඓතිහාසික වටිනාකමකින් යුත් බෞද්ධ විහාරස්ථානයක් වේ.

ඉතිහාසය
බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ කේෂ ධාතු රැගෙන පැමිණි තපස්සු බල්ලුක වෙළෙන්දෝ මෙම අරිසිමලය වෙරළෙන් ගොඩබටව තිරියාය වෙත ගමන් කල බැව් විශ්වාස කෙරේ. මෙම හේතුවෙන් පුරාවිද්‍යා නටඹුන් රැසක් මෙහිලා පැවත තිබූ බව සැළකේ.

1980 දශකයේ මුල් සමය වන විට අරිසිමලේ විහාරය සතු භූමිය අරිසිමලය වෙරළ දක්වා වී පැතිර තිබූ බව කියවේ. නැසීගිය කර්මාන්ත අමාත්‍ය සිරිල් මැතිව් විසින් විහාරයට ප්‍රධානය කරනු ලැබූ අක්කර 500 ක්ද ඊට අයත් විය. කුඩා සිංහල ධීවර ප්‍රජාවක්ද විහාරය ආශ්‍රිතව වාසය කොට තිබුණි. කෙසේ වූවද හටගත් දෙමළ කොටි ත්‍රස්තවාදය හේතුවෙන් විහාරය හා අවට ප්‍රදේශය ජන ශුන්‍යත්වයට පත් විය.

දෙමළ කොටි ත්‍රස්තවාදය පරාජය කිරීමත් සමගම මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ ඉඩම් මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජාව විසින් වේගයෙන් අයත් කරගත් අතර, බොහොමයක් පුරාවිද්‍යා නටඹුන් මේ නිසා විනාශයට පත් වූ බව සැළකේ. නමුදු නාවික හමුදාව විසින් එම භූමිය නැවතත් සළකුණු කොට විහාරය ගොඩනැංවීමට කටයුතු සිදුකරන ලදී. විහාරයට අයත්ව තිබූ භූමිය යළි සළකුණු කිරීම කෙරේ ප්‍රදේශවාසී මුස්ලිම් ප්‍රජාව විරුද්ධ වූ බවත් එකල නැගෙනහිර පළාත් සභා මන්ත්‍රී ආර්. එම්. අන්වර් විසින් එම අක්කර 500 භූමිය ප්‍රදේශවාසී මුස්ලිම් ජනාවාසකරණයට යෙදවිය යුතු බවට ක්‍රියා කල බවත් ප්‍රකාශ වේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

රජමහා විහාර
ත්‍රිකුණාමලය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
ත්‍රිකුණාමලය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

අරිසිමලේ රජ මහා විහාරය


منافسة الموقع التذكاري لمركز التجارة العالمي هي أكبر مسابقة تصميم في التاريخ، نظمت في مدينة نيويورك من قبل شركة تنمية مانهاتن (LMDC) وفقاً لمواصفات المهندس المعماري دانيل ليبسكيند.
 بدأت المسابقة في 28 نيسان / أبريل 2003
 في عام 2004 فاز المسابقة المهندس المعماري الإسرائيلي اراد مايكل (Michael Arad).
 شارك في المسابقة 5201 مهندس من 63 دولة، من أصل 13683 سجلوا في المسابقة 50 من 94 دولة، ولهذا فهي أكبر مسابقة تصميم في التاريخ.

المتطلبات التوجيهية

 تعترف بكل فرد كان ضحية لهجمات 11 سبتمبر 2001
 توفير مساحة من الهدوء والتأمل للزيارات
 منطقة لأسر الضحايا

مرحلة التأهيل

لجنة التحكيم اختارت 8 مهندسين للمشاركة في مرحلة المسابقة.

مراجع

ما بعد هجمات 11 سبتمبر
منافسة معمارية


Zombi était un magazine rock samizdat publié à Moscou de 1984 à 1992 par .

Histoire
Zombi a été fondé à l'automne 1984 par Natalya Komarova, qui a dirigé le comité de rédaction du magazine tout au long de ses 16 numéros jusqu'en 1992.

Groupes évoqués
Alissa, Aquarium, , , , , , ,

Références

Samizdat
Titre de presse créé en 1984
Titre de presse disparu en 1992
Presse consacrée au rock
Presse écrite en russe

Zombi (samizdat)


Michael Loeb (* 1. August 1963 in Köln) ist ein deutscher Medien-Manager. Seit Juli 2008 leitet er als Geschäftsführer die WDR mediagroup.

Werdegang
Michael Loeb studierte von 1985 bis 1991 Rechtswissenschaften an den Universitäten Mannheim und München. Von 1991 bis 1994 war er als Rechtsreferendar in Bonn und von 1994 bis 1999 als Volljurist im Justitiariat des Westdeutschen Rundfunks (WDR) tätig, bevor er in die Geschäftsleitung der WDR mediagroup wechselte. Nebenamtlich war er von 2007 bis 2008 Geschäftsführer der Produktionsfirma Colonia Media GmbH. Im Juli 2008 übernahm Loeb die Geschäftsführung der WDR mediagroup GmbH in Köln, seit März 2017 ist er Sprecher der Geschäftsführung. Seit 2020 ist Michael Loeb zusätzlich Geschäftsführer der ARD Plus GmbH, einer Tochter der WDR mediagroup.

Einzelnachweise

Deutscher
Geboren 1963
Manager
Mann

Michael Loeb


أبجدية سيريلية الرومانية استعملت لكتابة اللغة الرومانية قبل أن يتم استبدالها خلال 1860-1862 بالأبجدية اللاتينية، وعلى الرغم من ذلك، فقد ظلت السيريلية كنظام كتابة للرومانية إلى أن تم التخلي عنها في عشرينات القرن العشرين. ويجب التنبيه على أن هذه الأبجدية لا تشبه الأبجدية المولدافية المبنية على الأبجدية الروسية المستعملة منذ 1926 إلى 1989 في جمهورية مولدوفا السوفييتية الاشتراكية.

وبين كل من الترك الأبجدية واستبدالها بالأبجدية اللاتينية، استعملت أبجدية مدموجة بين السيريلية واللاتينية، واستعملت الشكلة في اللاتينية والتي أنشئت كطريقة لتهجئة الحروف الرومانية كبداية.

جدول المقارنة

انظر أيضا
 أبجدية سيريلية مولدافية

ملاحظات

انحلالات القرن 19 في رومانيا
أبجدية سيريلية
تاريخ اللغة الرومانية
تأسيسات سنة 1521 في أوروبا
حروف سيريلية
لغة رومانية
تأسيسات عقد 1520 في رومانيا

أبجدية سيريلية رومانية


Malcolm James McCormick (19. janúar 1992 – 7. september 2018), betur þekktur sem Mac Miller, var bandarískur rappari og upptökustjóri. Áður en hann byrjaði ferilinn sinn sem einstaklings rappari, var hann í rapphóp sem kallaðist The III Spoken. Hópurinn gaf út blandspóluna How High árið 2008. Áður en hann tók upp listamannanafnið Mac Miller, var hann þekktur sem Easy Mac. Fyrsta breiðskífan hans, Blue Slide Park, var síðan gefin út 8. nóvember 2011.

Miller lést vegna ofskammts vímuefna, 26 ára að aldri.

Útgefið efni

Breiðskífur
 Blue Slide Park (2011)
 Watching Movies with the Sound Off (2015)
 GO:OD AM (2015)
 The Divine Feminine (2016)
 Swimming (2018)
 Circles (2020)

Stuttskífur
 On and On and Beyond (2011)
 You (2012)

Blandspólur
 But My Mackin' Ain't Easy (2007)
 How High (2008)
 The Jukebox: Prelude to Class Clown (2009)
 The High Life (2009)
 K.I.D.S. (2010)
 Best Day Ever (2011)
 I Love Life, Thank You (2011)
 Macadelic (2012)
 Run-On Sentences: Vol. 1 (2012)
 Stolen Youth (2013)
 Delusional Thomas (2013)
 Faces (2014)
 Run-On Sentences: Vol. 2 (2015)

Tenglar

Bandarískir rapparar
Bandarískir tónlistarmenn
Bandarískir upptökustjórar

Mac Miller


McKenzie Wark (10. rujna 1961.), australski pisac i znanstvenik. Poznat je po spisima o teoriji medija, kritičkoj teoriji, novim medijima, i situacionističkom internacionalu. Njegova najpoznatija djela su A Hacker Manifesto and Gamer Theory. Profesor je medija i kulturalnih studija na The New School u New Yorku.

Životopis
Rođen je u Newcastleu i odrastao sa starijim bratom Robertom i sestrom Susan. Majka mu je umrla kad je imao 6 godina. Diplomirao je na Sveučilištu Macquarie, magistrirao na Tehnološkom sveučilištu u Sydneyu te doktorirao na Sveučilištu Murdoch. U braku je s Christen Clifford. Imaju dvoje djece, Felixa i Veru.

Radovi
U Virtualnoj geografiji, objavljenoj 1994., Wark je ponudio teoriju koju je nazvao "čudnovati globalni medijski dogadaj". Primjeri su pad tržišta dionica, demonstracije na pekinškom trgu Tiananmenu 1989. te pad Berlinskog zida iste godine. Tvrdio je da je pojava globalnog medijskog prostora – virtualni geografski – koji sadrži i prožima sve linije komunikacije-vektora-pojavljuje se kao još kaotičniji prostor od teorije globalizacije kao što obično biva.

Većina Warkovih ranih anganžmana u javnim debatama dogodila su se u Australskom postmarksizmu kvartalno u Areni, kroz broj članaka i angažmana o liku prave apstrakcije, metaideološkom liku o post-strukturalizmu, i posljedice ovih pitanja za emancipacijsku društvenu teoriju.

U sljedeće dvije knjige, Virtualna republika (1997.) i Slavni, Kultura i Cyberspace (1999), Wark je obratio pažnju prema prostoru nacionalne kulture svoga zavičaja, Australije. Prvi pregledani radovi, tako-zvani '' ratovi kulture'' iz 1990ih kao simptomatske borbe oko redefinicije australskog nacionalnog identiteta kulture u doba globalnog medija. Druga od ovih australskih knjiga, pratila je transformaciju društveno demokratske iideje popularne kao političke ideje ali više temeljena na tržištu i medijskoj popularnoj kulturi.

Oboje od ovih studija rasle su iz Warksovog iskustva kao javnog intelektualca koji je sudjelovao u javnim kontroverzijama, većinom kroz njegovu kolumnu u The Australian, vodećim dnevnim novinama. Razvio je pristup temeljen na promatranju sudionika, ali prilagoden medijskoj sferi.

Wark je opisao proces kulture pomoću kojega '' šum novih iskustava'' postaje naturalizirano u naviku ili drugu prirodu i opisuje informacijsko društvo kao ništa novo, ali nešto što kroz kulturu mijenja ravnotežu između vezivanja prostora i vremena obvezujećeg medija. Nadalje, objašnjava koncept ''treće prirode'' ili telestazije, pri čemu uredaji poput televizije i telefona stvaraju platformu koju koristimo kako bi komunicirali s ljudima na velikim udaljenostima a ne samo uređajem kojim naučimo pojedinačno baratati. To je opisano u njegovoj knjizi Virtualna Republika:

Iako se može osjećati prirodno da neki žive u ovom medijskom svijetu, sumnjam da postoji temeljita promjena koja je puno ljudi pomalo zastrašila. Više nije slučaj izrade druge prirode iz prirode,izgradnja stvari i navikavanja na život u svijetu koji ljudi grade. Mislim da bi moglo biti zanimljivo uzeti u obzir da je telestazija nešto bitno drugačije. Ono što se potiskuje iz telegrafa,telefona,telekomunikacija, nije druga priroda, nego ono što ja nazivam trećom prirodom.

Wark je emigrirao u SAD 2000.godine. zajedno s australskim pjesnikom John Kinsella, australskog romanopisca Bernard Cohen i australsku dopisnicu Terri-Ann White, zajednički napisao Speed Factory, eksperimentalni rad o udaljenosti i raseljavanju. Autori su za to razvili tehniku pisanja brzine, u kojoj autor napiše 300 riječi, e-poštom šalje sljedećem autoru,koji onda ima 24h da napiše svojih 300 riječi.

Dispozicije, slijedi je još jedan eksperimentalni rad. Wark je putovao svijetom GPS uređajem i snimio zapažanja u odredeno vrijeme i koordinate. Medijski teoretičar Ned Rossiter nazvao je ovaj pristup 'mikro-empirizmom',  i smatrao ga je izvedenim iz rada filozofa Gilles Deleuze.

Godine 2004. Wark je objavio svoj najpoznatiji rad, A Hacker Manifesto. Ovdje Wark tvrdi da uspon intelektualnog vlasništva stvara novu podjelu klase, između onih koji ga proizvode, kojega naziva hacker klasom, klasom i onih koji dolaze posjedovati, vektoralističku klasu.  Wark tvrdi da su ti vektoralisti nametnuli concept imovine na svim fizikalnim područjima (stoga imaju oskudicu), ali sada novi vektoralisti postavljaju pravo na intelektualno vlasništvo, polje koje nije vezano za oskudicu. Po konceptu intelektualnog vlasništva, ovi vektoralisti pokušavaju uspostaviti nametnutu oskudicu na
nematerijalnom polju. Wark tvrdi da vektoralna klasa ne može kontrolirati sami intelektualni (imovinski) svijet, ali samo u njegovoj komodificiranoj formi- a ne njegovoj cjelokupnoj aplikaciji ili upotrebi.

Gamer Theory ujedinjuje Warkovo zanimanje za eksperimentalne tehnike pisanja u networked media vlastitom teorijom medija u razvoju. Gamer Theory najprije je objavila Institut za budućnost knjige kao umrežena knjiga s vlastitim posebno dizajniranim sučeljem. U Gamer Theory Wark tvrdi da su u svijetu koji je sve konkurentniji i sličniji igri, računalne igre, utopijske verzije svijeta (same nesavršene igre), jer zapravo ostvaruju principe ravnopravnog igranja i nagrade zasnovane na zaslugama koji je drugdje obećao, ali zapravo nije isporučen.

Warkov nedavni rad istražuje umjetnost, pisanje i politiku situacionističkog internacionalizma. U svojoj knjizi "50 godina oporavka situacijskog internacionalizma" (rezultat predavanja na Sveučilištu Kolumbija), Wark ispituje utjecaje situacijske estetike na suvremenu umjetnost i aktivističke pokrete, od taktičkih medija do anti-globalizacijskog pokreta. Wark posebnu pažnju posvećuje često zanemarenim likovima i djelima u SI, uključujući utopijske arhitektonske projekte Constant,slika Giuseppe Pinot, The Situationist Times Jacqueline de Jong i romana Michelea Bernsteina.

Godine 2013. Wark je, zajedno s Aleksanderom Gallowayom i Eugene Thackerom, objavio knjigu ''exkomunikacija: tri zahtjeva u mediji I mediitaciji''. U početku knjige autori pitaju: Postoji li sve što postoji,postoji i prezentira i zastupa, posreduje i mijenja,da se priopći i prevodi? Postoje medijativne situacije u kojima krivovjerje,egzil, ne ponavljanje, zajedništvo ili intergracija. Postoje odredene vrste poruka koje tvrde da više neće biti poruka pa stoga za svaku komunikaciju postoji korelativna exkomunikacija, a ovaj se pristup naziva ''New York skola medijske teorije''.

U The New School, profesor Wark predaje seminare o situacionističkoj međunarodnoj,predavanju militariziranojo viziji,kao i uvod u kulturne studije. Bio je Eyebeam rezident 2007.

Odaziv
Na teoretskoj razini, Warkovo pisanje može se vidjeti u 3 konteksta : Britanski kulturni studij, Njemačka kritička teorija i Francuski poststrukturalizam. Njegovi raniji radovi kombiniraju britanske i francuske utjecaje kako bi proširili australske kulturne studije kako bi obuhvatili pitanja globalizacije i nove tehnologije medija. Njegova kasnija djela privlače više od Kritičke teorije i mnogo revidiranog marksizma. Svojim eksperimentiranjem s novim medijskim oblicima, počevši od listervera poput nettime.org, a kasnije s web sučeljima kao što je onaj razvijen za Gamer Theory, njegovi su radovi presijecani s drugim teoretičarima novih medija kao što su Geert Lovink i Mark Amerika.

Bibliografija
 Virtual Geography: Living With Global Media Events (Indiana University Press, 1994)
 The Virtual Republic: Australia's Culture wars of the 1990s (Allen & Unwin, 1997)
 Ray Edgar and Ashley Crawford (eds) Transit Lounge (Fine Art Publishing, 1998 – includes several of Wark's 21C essays).
 Celebrities, Culture and Cyberspace (Pluto Press Australia, 1999)
 Josephine Bosma et al. (eds), Readme! (Autonomedia, 1999)
 Dispositions (Salt Publishing, 2002)
 Speed Factory, with Bernard Cohen, John Kinsella and Terri-Ann White (Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2002)
 A Hacker Manifesto (Harvard University Press, 2004; Spanish translation: Un Manifiesto Hacker, Alpha Decay, Barcelona, 2006)
 GAM3R 7H30RY (Institute for the Future of the Book, 2006 – Link)
 Gamer Theory (Harvard University Press, 2007)
 50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International (Princeton Architectural Press, 2008)
 The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International (Verso, 2011)
 Telesthesia: Communication, Culture and Class (Polity, 2012)
Excommunication: Three Inquiries in Media and Mediation (with Alexander R. Galloway and Eugene Thacker) (University of Chicago Press, 2013)
 The Spectacle of Disintegration (Verso, 2013)
 Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene (Verso, 2015)
 General Intellects: Twenty-One Thinkers for the Twenty-First Century (Verso, 2017)

Više
 Situationist International
 Guy Debord
 Raoul Vaneigem
 Constant Nieuwenhuys
 Jacqueline de Jong
 Michèle Bernstein
 Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio
 Hacktivism
 Marshall McLuhan

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 The New School: Ken Wark
 A Hacker Manifesto
 Hacker Manifesto, version 4
 From Hypertext to Codework, Hypermedia Joyce Studies 3.1 (2002)
 Interview with First Monday
 Review of A Hacker Manifesto by Terry Eagleton
 Post Human? All Too Human
 Chronicle of Higher Education article Gamer Theory and the networked book
 GAMER THE0RY, version 2.0 (Institute for the Future of the Book)
 The Aims of Education (The New School convocation, 2 September 2010)
 An Inhuman Fiction of Forces, lecture at Leper Creativity symposium, The New School, 11 March 2011
 The Legacy of Marshall McLuhan, ABC Radio, 15 July 2011
 The Unreturnable Situationist International – Berfrois Interviews McKenzie Wark, 2 September 2011
 Courting Vectoralists – An Interview with McKenzie Wark on the 10-Year Anniversary of A Hacker Manifesto, LA Review of Books, 17 December 2013
 New Ancestors – A Conversation with McKenzie Wark and Gean Moreno, e-flux No. 51 (2014)
 Excommunication – Mediating the Nonhuman, with Alexander Galloway and Eugene Thacker, NYU, 16 April 2014
 New knowledge for a new planet: critical pedagogy for the Anthropocene, interview with Petar Jandrić, Open Review of Educational Research, 3(1), 148-178.

Australski znanstvenici
Pisci

McKenzie Wark


Avusor veya Avusör (Hala Ağzı: Avuçör), Rize ilinin Çamlıhemşin ilçesine bağlı bir yayla durumundadır. 2700 rakımdadır ve 300 civarı ev barındırır. Yayla, Komilo ve Abişho köyünde yaşayan Laz köylüler tarafından kullanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Rize ilinin yaylaları
Kaçkar Dağları
Çamlıhemşin

Avusor Yaylası


Kim Ok-suk (en hangeul 김옥숙), née le  en Corée sous occupation japonaise, est une femme politique sud-coréenne, ainsi que la première dame de Corée du Sud de 1988 à 1993, en tant que femme du président Roh Tae-woo. Considérée comme l'une des premières dames les plus secrètes, elle reste néanmoins impliquée dans le soutien des orphelins et des malades en Corée du Sud.

Biographie

Jeunesse et éducation
Kim Ok-suk naît le  à Antoku-men, en Corée sous occupation japonaise, de Kim Young-han et de Hong Mon-kyung. Elle est la quatrième enfant de ce couple, qui totalise trois fils et deux filles. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme au lycée pour filles Kyungpook, elle s'inscrit en économie domestique à l'université nationale Kyungpook, mais arrête de suivre ce cursus à l'issue de son mariage avec Roh Tae-woo, rencontrés par l'intermédiaire d'amis communs, lors de sa troisième année d'étude.

Lors de l'élection présidentielle sud-coréenne de 1987, elle soutient son mari, en adoptant une image de soutien de l'ombre, et de femme ordinaire. Pendant la période électorale, elle était souvent présente dans la foule, à agiter des drapeaux, afin de promouvoir une image d'épouse modèle et dévouée, dans le cadre d'une stratégie électorale.

Première Dame de Corée du Sud
Dès le début de son mandat de Première Dame, Kim Ok-suk fait des apparitions à des évènements publics, comme la cérémonie d'ouverture des jeux olympiques d'été de 1988, qui se déroulent à Séoul.

Très secrète et discrète, elle n'accorde aucune interview durant son mandant de Première Dame, et ne fait que très peu d'apparitions publiques. Il est presque impossible pour les médias de la contacter par téléphone, et ces derniers ne sont pas mis au courant de son emploi du temps, de ses visites professionnelles. Lors de son passage à la Maison Bleue, elle est considérée comme l'une des Premières Dames les plus silencieuses et les plus effacées, ce qui conduit certaines associations féministes sud-coréennes à se plaindre, estimant que Kim Ok-suk négligeait des problèmes dont la première dame devrait se soucier. Malgré ces accusations, elle effectue des visites récentes dans des orphelinats de Busan et Séoul, donnant un soutien financier et humain à plusieurs orphelins. Elle est également responsable de la construction de plusieurs maisons de retraite et d'orphelinats dans des régions reculées du pays.

Malgré son attrait pour la mode, Kim Ok-suk fait très attention à sa tenue, et cherche à imiter le style classique de l'ancienne première dame Yuk Young-soo, avec des hanboks blancs et ivoires, afin de dégager une attitude calme et réservée, et d'accentuer son image de citoyenne ordinaire. Elle désire montrer une image sobre au peuple coréen, afin de contraster avec Lee Soon-ja, la femme de l'ancien président et dictateur militaire Chun Doo-hwan, peu appréciée car très extravertie, méprisante, et s'habillant de manière très extravagante et onéreuse. Pour cette même raison, malgré plusieurs témoignages décrivant Kim Ok-suk comme une femme active et impliquée, elle se force à rester en retrait pour son image publique.

Elle participe également à la repentance des actions de son mari lors du soulèvement de Gwangju, en 1980. Deux jours après son investiture, elle est aperçue se recueillant sur une tombe à la mémoire des victimes. Bien que son mari ne se soit pas excusé à ce moment de ses actions lors du soulèvement, sa famille, en particulier Kim Ok-suk, fait acte de regrets, et souhaite se repentir et s'excuser auprès du peuple coréen, une attitude qui contraste avec celle de la famille du président Chun Doo-hwan, lui aussi impliqué, qui n'a jamais montré le moindre remords.

Initialement opposée à la politique de Kim Young-sam, elle change d'avis durant son mandat, et tente de persuader son entourage de voter pour ce dernier, pour préparer au mieux la transition entre le gouvernement de son mari et le suivant.

Après la présidence et postérité
Après l'incarcération, puis la grâce de son mari, elle s'occupe principalement de son mari, fortement affaibli à la suite d'une opération du cancer de la prostate. Elle se consacre également au remboursement de la dette de son mari à l'état sud-coréen, à l'issue de son procès pour corruption et haute trahison, procès pour corruption dans lequel elle comparaît également.

Elle survit à son mari, Roh Tae-woo, qui décède en octobre 2021 de complications de son cancer de la prostate. Elle tient une place d'honneur lors des funérailles d'État, mais ne peut pas bénéficier d'une pension du gouvernement en tant que veuve d'un ancien président, son mari ayant été condamné à de la prison.

Considérée comme étant l'une des rares premières dames à avoir fait un nombre très limité d'interventions publiques, elle est décrite par les analystes comme une assistante de l'ombre. Le rôle de première dame voit ses fonctions considérablement réduites lors de son mandat et cantonné à un rôle d'hôtesse de la Maison Bleue, en raison de l'image publique très négative de la précédente première dame, Lee Soon-ja. Elle reste majoritairement peu connue du peuple coréen, ce dernier n'ayant d'elle ni d'opinions négatives ou positives.

Vie personnelle
Elle se marie à Roh Tae-woo le , alors qu'il était encore officier de l'armée coréenne. Ensemble, ils ont deux enfants,  et Roh Jae-heon.

Elle apprécie fortement le tennis, qu'elle pratique régulièrement en duo avec son mari.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Roh Tae-woo

Première dame de Corée du Sud
Naissance en septembre 1935

Kim Ok-suk


Kumari Mayawati (born Kumari Mayawati Das; 15 January 1956) is an Indian politician who served as the 18th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1995 to 1995, 1997 to 1997, 2002 to 2003 and from 2007 to 2012. She is the national president of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), which focuses on a platform of social change for Bahujans, more commonly known as Other Backward Castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes as well as  religious minorities since 2003. She had also served as a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 2012 to 2017 from Uttar Pradesh. Mayawati's rise from humble beginnings has been called a "miracle of democracy" by P. V. Narasimha Rao, former prime minister of India. In 1993, Kanshi Ram formed a coalition with the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1995. She was the first female Scheduled Caste chief minister in India. In 1997 and in 2002 she was chief minister with outside support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the second time only for a year up to 26 August 2003 due to BJP withdrawing support. Mayawati's tenure has attracted praise and criticism. Millions of Dalits across India popularly view her as an icon, and refer to her as Behen-ji (elder sister) and Iron lady. She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party and her birthdays have been widely celebrated by her supporters. On the contrary, the rise in her personal wealth and that of her party have been criticised as indicative of corruption.

Early life and education
Mayawati was born as Kumari Mayawati Das on 15 January 1956 at Shrimati Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, New Delhi into a family of Chamar caste. Her father Prabhu Das, was a post office employee at Badalpur village, near Dadri in Gautam Buddha Nagar. The sons in the family were sent to private schools, while the daughters went to "low-performing government schools".

Mayawati studied for her B.A. in 1975 at the Kalindi College, University of Delhi and obtained her LL.B. from the prestigious Faculty of Law, University of Delhi in 1983. She completed a B.Ed. from Meerut University's VMLG College, Ghaziabad, in 1976. She was working as a teacher in Inderpuri JJ Colony, Delhi, and studying for the Indian Administrative Services exams, when Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other backward castes politician Kanshi Ram visited her family home in 1977. According to biographer Ajoy Bose, Ram told her: "I can make you such a big leader one day that not one but a whole row of IAS officers will line up for your orders." Kanshi Ram included her as a member of his team when he founded the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) in 1984. Mayawati was first elected to Parliament in 1989.

Early political career

Kanshi Ram founded the BSP in 1984. Influenced by B. R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Constitution of India, the party's primary focus is to improve the situation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other disadvantaged groups through policy reform, affirmative action on hiring of members of scheduled castes for government posts, and providing rural development programmes. Reservation in India is a system whereby a percentage of government positions and seats at universities are reserved for persons of backward classes and scheduled castes and tribes. Throughout her political career, Mayawati supported reservation in both government and private sectors for backward classes, with an increase in quotas and inclusion of more communities such as religious minorities and economically weak upper castes. In August 2012 a bill was cleared that starts the process of amending the constitution so that the reservation system can be expanded to promotions in state jobs. Mayawati's career has been called a "miracle of democracy" by former Prime Minister of India P. V. Narasimha Rao. Millions of Dalit supporters view her as an icon and refer to her as "Behen-ji" (sister). Her public meetings have been attended by large audiences, who use slogans such as "Kanshi Ram ka mission Adhoora; karegi Behen Mayawati poora" (Kanshi Ram's unfulfilled mission will be completed by Mayawati) and "Behenji tum sangharsh karo; hum tumhare saath hain" (Sister, go ahead with your struggle; we are with you).

In its first election campaign in 1984, BSP fielded Mayawati for the Lok Sabha (Lower House) seat of Kairana in the Muzaffarnagar district, for Bijnor in 1985, and for Haridwar in 1987. In 1989 she was elected as the representative for Bijnor, with 183,189 votes, winning by 8,879 votes. Although BSP did not win control of the house, the electoral experience led to considerable activity for Mayawati over the next five years, as she worked with Mahsood Ahmed and other organisers. The party won three seats in the 1989 national election and two seats 1991.

Mayawati was first elected to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in 1994. In 1995 she became, as head of her party, Chief Minister in a short-lived coalition government, the youngest Chief Minister in the history of the state up until that point, and the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India. She won election to the Lok Sabha in two different constituencies in 1996 and chose to serve for Harora. She became Chief Minister again for a short period in 1997 and then from 2002 to 2003 in coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2001 Ram named her as his successor to the party leadership.

BSP presidentship

On 15 December 2001, in an address during a rally in Lucknow, Kanshi Ram named Mayawati as his successor. She was elected national president of the BSP for her first term on 18 September 2003. She was elected unopposed for a second consecutive term on 27 August 2006, for a third term on 30 August 2014 and for fourth term on 28 August 2019.

Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
As the Chief Minister, Mayawati gained a reputation for efficient governance and promoting law and order, winning praise even from opposition parties and other rivals. In 2007, MP Umakant Yadav of her own political party, accused in a land grabbing case, was arrested near her dwelling on her orders. During September–October 2010, at the time of the Ayodhya verdict, her government maintained law and order and the state remained peaceful. Several high-profile criminals and mafia dons were jailed during her terms in office. She called for strong anti-rape laws. Fewer riots, lowest rapes, and least corruption occurred during her tenure as compared to previous or successive governments. In the 2007-2012 assembly, only 124 MLAs were crorepatis as compared to 271 crorepatis in successive assembly elected in 2012. Uttar Pradesh achieved higher GDP growth rate at 17 per cent and lesser crimes under Mayawati regime as compared to previous and successive governments.

First term, 1995
Mayawati first served as Chief Minister from 3 June 1995 to 18 October 1995 with support of BJP. During this term, the new districts of Ambedkar Nagar district and Udham Singh Nagar district were created.

Second term, 1997
Her second term was from 21 March 1997 to 20 September 1997. A drive under her government allotted pattas or gram sabha lands on lease to thousands of landless residents. In April 1997, she created Gautam Budh Nagar district from the district of Ghaziabad, Kaushambi district was separated from Allahabad district, and Jyotiba Phule Nagar district (now called Amroha district) from Moradabad district. In May 1997, Mahamaya Nagar district (now called Hathras district) was created out of Aligarh district and Banda district was split into Banda and Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Nagar. Mayawati carried out review meetings with bureaucrats and suspended 127 officers. She set up the Dr Ambedkar Awards and erected over 100 statues of various sizes of Ambedkar in Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad and other key towns.

Third term, 2002–03

Her third term was from 3 May 2002 to 26 August 2003. She suspended 12 IAS officers, including Divisional Commissioners and District Magistrates. Six IPS officers were suspended for failing to maintain law and order, while 24 officers were warned to improve. She started 511 acre Gautam Buddha University. She renamed King George's Medical University to Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University. She suspended three senior officials after review in a couple of administrative divisions.

2007 State and 2009 general election

Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state and one of its poorest, is considered pivotal in the politics of India because of its large number of voters. BSP won a majority in the 2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, due to support of Brahmans. The campaign was accompanied by a colourful slogan: Haathi nahin, Ganesh hain, Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh Hain: "The elephant (the BSP logo) is really the Lord Ganesha, the trinity of gods rolled into one". 37 percent Brahmins voted for the party.

The BSP won 20 seats in Lok Sabha from the state of Uttar Pradesh in the 2009 elections, obtaining the highest percentage (27.42%) of votes for any political party in the state. The party placed third in terms of national polling percentage (6.17%).

Fourth term, 2007–12: BSP absolute majority
Mayawati was sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for the fourth time on 13 May 2007. She announced an agenda that focused on providing social justice to the weaker sections of society and providing employment instead of distributing money to the unemployed. Her slogan was to make "Uttar Pradesh" ("Northern Province") into "Uttam Pradesh" ("Excellent Province"). Her government began a major crackdown on irregularities in the recruitment process of police officers recruited during the previous Mulayam Singh government. Over 18,000 policemen lost their jobs for irregularities in their hiring, and 25 Indian Police Service officers were suspended for their involvement in corruption while recruiting the constables. Mayawati instituted reforms to introduce transparency into the recruiting process, including posting the results of selection exams online.

On 10 August 2007, the Mayawati government proposed 30 per cent reservation in jobs in the private sector. A quota for promotions was also introduced, but was later quashed by the Supreme Court of India. In September 2007, Bhimrao Ambedkar Rural Integrated Development Programme was started. The Dr Ambedkar Gram Vikas Yojana scheme was launched for supplying water, electricity, and constructing roads in villages with a Dalit majority. Under this scheme, 24,716 villages received improvements.

In 2008, Mayawati launched, Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Shahri Garib Awas Yojna, a scheme for building low-cost housing colonies for urban poor with 90,000 low-cost homes under the first round of construction in different towns and cities across the state while a second and a third round were still underway when government ended in 2012 and next government scrapped the scheme including cutting down electricity of these colonies.

Mayawati government started efforts to set up solar power plants and the first 5 MW solar power plant located in Naini of Allahabad district started functioning in March 2012 and was developed by EMC Limited. UP government signed a MoU with NTPC Limited for 1,320-MW power plant. Mayawati's dream project of 165 km six lane Yamuna Expressway connected Delhi to Agra through Noida–Greater Noida Expressway, touching 1,182 villages in the state. Later, Indian Air Force fighter jet Dassault Mirage 2000 test-Landed on Yamuna Expressway as Part of Trials. On 15 January 2008, Mayawati inaugurated the construction of the 1,047 km Ganga Expressway at the cost of  for joining Ballia to Greater Noida. In 2008, her government established Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University for the Physically challenged students. In November 2009, Mayawati dedicated Noida Metro constructed at the cost of . She had vigorously proposed for construction of Jewar airport near Noida. In October 2011, Mayawati government under public-private partnership with Jaypee Group successfully executed and delivered First F1 Indian Grand Prix, an international event at Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida constructed by Jaypee Group. The event was hailed as flawlessly conducted salvaging some of India's prestige when compared to minor embarrassments in 2010 Commonwealth Games (Before opening ceremony) conducted in Delhi. Mayawati presented the winning trophy to winner Sebastian Vettel. Foreigners found the track as 'impressive' and 3 Indian teenagers picked by a F1 panel to train them as future Formula One drivers in Europe.

Mayawati has seen through to completion of several memorials dedicated to icons of Bahujan Samaj build first time in India, including the Manyawar Shri Kanshiram Ji Green Eco Garden (inaugurated March 2011), the Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden (inaugurated October 2011), and the Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Samajik Parivartan Prateek Sthal (opened November 2012). She renamed Amethi district as Chattrapati Sahuji Maharaj Nagar, Kanpur Dehat as Rambai Nagar, Sambhal as Bheem Nagar, Shamli as Prabuddha Nagar, Hapur as Panchsheel Nagar, Kasganj as Kanshiram Nagar, Hathras as Mahamaya Nagar and Amroha as JP Nagar.

Mayawati during her tenure directed all the Commissioners and the District Magistrates to distribute 3 acre land pieces or pattas to weaker sections of society by launching special drive for illegal possesses of pattas be dispossessed of them and the eligible poor be identified by regular monitoring of pattas and strict action against the mafias and musclemen through spot verification of different development and public welfare programmes. In 2010, 5596 people belonging to the SC and ST communities were allotted 1054.879 hectares of agriculture land. In a special drive 74 FIRs were filed and 88 people were arrested for illegal occupation from agricultural land. Sugar Information Service a model website supported by SMS and IVRS facility was developed. Mayawati dedicated the  286-bed super-specialty Centenary hospital in Lucknow and 50-bed critical care unit at CSMMU and increased salaries of doctors. Mayawati, in 2007, launched  Manyawar Kanshiram Multi-speciality Hospital in Greater Noida which started its OPD services in April 2013. Mayawati government also spent  on Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Multi Speciality Hospital in Sector 30 of Noida.

Her government also instituted Sant Ravidas Kala Samman Award with a cash prize of . Under Savitri Bai Phule Balika Shiksha Madad Yojna, Mayawati distributed over 10 lakh bicycles among Muslim and poor school girls from 2008 to 2011.

After coming to power in 2007, Mayawati wrote letters to the Prime Minister regarding partitioning of Uttar Pradesh into four different states in 2007, in March 2008 and December 2009. Finally on 15 November 2011, Mayawati's cabinet approved partitioning Uttar Pradesh into four different states (Pashchim Pradesh, Awadh Pradesh, Bundelkhand and Purvanchal) for better administration and governance.

On 6 March 2012 the Bahujan Samaj Party lost its majority to the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati tendered her resignation to the governor of Uttar Pradesh the next day, thereby becoming the first CM to complete five full years in office. On 13 March 2012 she filed nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha, and she was declared elected unopposed on 22 March.

Political and legal issues

Mayawati's political career has attracted praise and controversy. She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party, and her birthdays were major media events as well as a symbol for her supporters. The increase in her personal wealth and that of her party have been viewed by critics as signs of corruption.

Taj corridor

In 2002, the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor, the important tourist area in Agra that includes the Taj Mahal. The project was soon riddled with problems, including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities. Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) raided twelve residences, including Mayawati's. It had filed a First Information Report against her and seven others two days earlier. The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income. Afterwards, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not "hungry for power" She asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove Union Tourism and Culture Minister, Jagmohan for conspiring this all controversy against her.

In June 2007, Governor T. V. Rajeswar said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her. In his 23-page order, he said: "the fact that the Mission Management Board, consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government, regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of  17 crores was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking, NPCC, all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny." Advocates unsuccessfully challenged the governor's decision in court. The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI and refused to direct the governor to prosecute her. The Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial.

Disproportionate assets case
In the 2007–08 assessment year, Mayawati paid an income tax of 26 crore, ranking among the top 20 taxpayers in the country. Earlier the CBI filed a case against her for owning assets disproportionate to her known sources of income. Mayawati described the CBI investigation against her as illegal. Her party asserted that her income comes from gifts and small contributions made by party workers and supporters.

On 3 August 2011 the Delhi High court dismissed the central government's appeal against Mayawati, stating that "she has fully discharged her obligations by disclosing the identities of all of her donors, the gifts had been donated by her supporters". The central government decided not to file an appeal in the Supreme Court. On 13 March 2012 Mayawati revealed assets worth  111.26 crore in an affidavit filed with her nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha. The disproportionate assets case was finally quashed on 6 July 2012—nine years later—by a Supreme Court bench of Justice P Sathasivam and Dipak Misra; the court found that the case was unwarranted. Based on an opinion received from the Directorate of Prosecution, the CBI decided not to file an appeal. On 4 October 2012 a review petition was filed by Kamlesh Verma, contending that the case had been dismissed merely on technical grounds, and that the evidence had not been adequately reviewed. On 8 August 2013 the Supreme Court declined a request to re-open the case. After seeking legal advice, the CBI finally closed their file on 8 October 2013.

Bahujan monuments
In her tenures as a Chief Minister, Mayawati commissioned the production and public display of several monuments having parks, gallerias, museums, memorials, murals and statues representing Buddhist and Hindu, Dalit/OBC icons like Gautama Buddha, Gadge Maharaj, Sant Ravidas, Sant Kabir, Narayana Guru, Jyotirao Phule, Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj, Babasaheb Ambedkar, BSP party founder Kanshi Ram, and of herself. She claims that the expenditure was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders, in whose memory nothing had ever been built. She spent somewhere between  25 and 60 billion rupees (about US$500 million to US$1.3 billion) on projects in five parks and at memorials such as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Samajik Parivartan Sthal and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal, built in the name of B.R. Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar, and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India reported that  66 crore (about US$12 million) in excessive costs had been incurred on the construction of the memorials. In February 2010 Mayawati's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues, as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them. In December 2010, her government received permission to continue part of the plan, namely maintenance and completion of Ambedkar Memorial Park.

Despite the existing Supreme Court stay, in October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden, built at a cost of  685 crore. Since the memorial also features her own statues, Mayawati was accused by the Indian National Congress of wasting the taxpayers' money. The BSP dismissed the allegations, stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP. Mayawati accused the Congress of being "anti-Dalit".

In January 2012, the Election Commission ordered that all of the statues of Mayawati as well as recent statues of elephants ( the symbol of the Bahujan Samaj Party) should be covered up until after February's Uttar Pradesh election. On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of a group calling themselves "Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena". A replacement statue was re-installed overnight by the Lucknow city administration. Following the Lucknow vandalism, there were similar such incidents in other parts of Uttar Pradesh.

World Bank criticism
The World Bank lent India funds for development, and Mayawati was to manage projects with this money in UP. The projects were preplanned and on schedule, but the Mayawati government made changes which put the projects behind schedule, including rapidly transferring upper caste managers in and out of rural posts. The World Bank sent a letter of complaint on 1 August 2002 to India's central government stating, "We have now learnt that project managers have been replaced within three weeks of assuming office. The project coordinator of the Diversified Agriculture Support Project has been changed twice in quick succession and at the moment there is no project coordinator. In the forestry project, numerous changes have been made over past six months ... Such developments do not augur well for these time-bound projects that require consistently good leadership." Mayawati initially responded by saying the letter was a fake and later said there had been a misunderstanding. She then decreased the number of transfers, stopped creating new posts, and temporarily reduced the level of government spending on furniture and vehicles in response to the allegations. The World Bank continued to criticise the level of corruption even after these measures had been implemented.

Positions held
Kumari Mayawati has been elected three times as Rajya Sabha MP and four times as Lok Sabha MP.

As per the election affidavit of 2012 (Rajya Sabha), Mayawati has assets worth ₹111.64 crores and liabilities worth ₹87.68 lakhs (0.87 crores).

Personal life and public image

Mayawati started her political career after Kanshi Ram, the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party, persuaded her not to join the civil service, but to enter politics. Mayawati chose to remain unmarried. She is also known as Iron Lady.

Kanshi Ram praised Mayawati at her 47th birthday celebrations for her fundraising activities on behalf of the party. He stated that the party's eventual goal is to gain power at the national level, and that Mayawati's efforts had helped in that quest. Her birthdays have since become major media events at which she has appeared laden with diamonds. Her supporters have declared her birthday as Jan Kalyankari Diwas (People's Welfare Day). In 2009, the day was marked by the announcement of welfare schemes targeted towards poor and downtrodden people of the state and, in 2010, by the launch of social programmes with a value of over  7,312 crore.

In 2007–08, Mayawati paid  as income tax. She was at number 20 in the I-T department's compilation of the top 200 taxpayers' list with names like Shah Rukh Khan and Sachin Tendulkar. Mayawati paid  in advance tax in April–December 2007. She paid  on other incomes, most of which was declared by her as "gifts" by party members.

When BSP workers garlanded Mayawati with currency notes on the occasion of the party's silver jubilee celebrations coinciding with BSP founder Kanshi Ram's birth anniversary on 15 March 2010, Indian news channels and newspapers purported to expose the event as a 'scandal' on the presumption that the Chief Minister had publicly committed an act of corruption that was being flaunted openly and declaring that the garland of currency notes was made from money through corrupt means and not from donations of Bahujan Samaj Party supporters as Mayawati, her Ministers and supporters claimed.
At Kanshi Ram's funeral ceremonies in 2006, Mayawati stated that both Kanshi Ram and herself had been, and she would continue to be, observant of Buddhist traditions and customs. She has stated her intention to formally convert to Buddhism when the political conditions enable her to become Prime Minister of India. Her act of performing the last rites (traditionally done by a male heir) was an expression of their views against gender discrimination. When she was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, she publicly called Bhikkhus to prayer.

Literature about Mayawati
Literature about Mayawati includes studies and books. One of the first works about her was journalist Mohammad Jamil Akhter's book, Iron Lady Kumari Mayawati. Her autobiographies are Mere Sangarshmai Jeevan Evam Bahujan Movement Ka Safarnama in three volumes in Hindi and A Travelogue of My Struggle-ridden Life and of Bahujan Samaj, in two volumes in English. Behenji : A Political Biography of Mayawati is a biography by veteran journalist Ajoy Bose.

Awards and recognition
In 2003, Mayawati as the Chief Minister, was awarded Paul Harris Fellow Award by UNICEF, World Health Organization and Rotary International, for her initiative in Polio eradication. Mayawati was also honoured with Rajarshi Shahu Award by Rajarshi Shahu Memorial Trust. In 2008, Forbes added Mayawati in the 59th place on its list of the 100 most powerful women in the world. She appeared in Newsweeks top woman achievers list in 2007. In 2009 a Newsweek article described her as the Barack Obama of India, and a potential candidate for Prime Minister. Time magazine included Mayawati in India's 15 Most Influential list for 2007.

See also

 Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
 Kanshi Ram
 Bahujan Samaj Party
 Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti
 BAMCEF
 Bahujan Volunteer Force
 Jai Bhim

References

External links

 Official biodata
 Bahujan Samaj Party

1956 births
Living people
India MPs 2004–2009
Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
People from Bijnor district
Bahujan Samaj Party politicians
Leaders of political parties in India
Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1998–1999
India MPs 1999–2004
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007
Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
Women members of the Rajya Sabha
Women chief ministers of Indian states
Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Women members of the Lok Sabha
People from Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar
Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni
People charged with corruption

Mayawati


Nikolaj Konstantinovič Rerih (rus. Николай Константинович Рерих; Sankt Peterburg, 9. listopada 1874. – Naggar, Indija, 13. prosinca 1947.) – ruski slikar, filozof, znanstvenik, pisac

Rođen je u Sankt Peterburgu od majke Ruskinje i oca baltičkog Nijemca. Naslikao je oko 7000 slika, od kojih su mnoge izložene u poznatim svjetskim muzejima i galerijama, i objavio je oko 30 književnih radova. Rerih je bio autor i inicijator međunarodnog pakta za zaštitu umjetničkih i akademskih institucija i povijesnih lokacija (Rerihov pakt) i osnivač je međunarodnog pokreta za obranu kulture. Više puta je nominiran za Nobelovu nagradu za mir. Rerih je svoje ideje širio i u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, gdje je stekao suradnike.

Istodobno je pohađao Pravni fakultet, Povijesno-filološki fakultet, Umjetničku akademiju i Institut za arheologiju Sveučilišta u Sankt Peterburgu. Nakon studija u Rusiji nastavio je studij u Parizu i putovao po Europi. Imao je izvanredno pamćenje. Oženio se Helenom i dobili su dvoje djece Jurija i Svetoslava, slikara poput njegova oca.

Njegov rad sastoji se od tisuća slika, freski u crkvama i javnim zgradama, crteža za mozaike i arhitektonskih motiva. Slikao je kulise i kostime za nekoliko opera. Zanimala ga je hipnoza i druge duhovne prakse. Za njegove slike se kaže da imaju hipnotički izraz. Kao autor i znanstvenik napisao je knjige o umjetnosti, kulturama, filozofiji i humanitarizmu. Objavio je blizu 30 svezaka, uz mnoge eseje i članke.

Rerih je primljen kao počasni član u JAZU. Zamolio je i za počasni doktorat Zagrebačkog sveučilišta za sina Jurija, što je ljubazno odbijeno. Bio je u kontaktu s Ivanom Meštrovićem i pozvan posjetiti Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju 1934. godine. Međutim, on je te godine krenuo na drugu ekspediciju po Središnjoj Aziji.

Suradnici ruskog veleposlanstva u Hrvatskoj pronašli su 2017. godine u jednom muzeju u Zagrebu deset slika Nikolaja Reriha za koje se smatralo da su izgubljene. One su uz njegov pristanak donesene potkraj 1930-ih godina kada se održavala izložba njegovih slika. Nakon toga su ostale, a zatim je izbio Drugi svjetski rat i na njih se praktički zaboravilo. Bit će vraćene u Rusiju.

Galerija

Izvori

Ruski slikari
Ruski znanstvenici
Ruski filozofi
Ruski književnici

Nikolaj Rerih


Nadire Mater (d. 1949, Söke), Türk gazeteci ve yazar.

Sosyal Hizmetler Akademisi'ni bitirdikten sonra devlet memurluğu yaptı. 1981'den beri gazetecilik yapıyor. İzmir'de yayınlanan bölgesel Yeni Asır gazetesi, Nokta, Tempo ve Sokak haber dergilerinde çalıştı. 1991'den 2000'e dek Interpress Service'in (IPS) temsilciliğini ve muhabirliğini yaptı. Bağımsız İletişim Ağı bianet.org kurucusu ve danışmanı. Tayfun Mater'le evli.

Mehmedin Kitabı isimli kitabı nedeniyle açılan davada yargılandı ve beraat etti.

2000 Sertel Demokrasi Ödülü'ne layık görülmüştür. Mehmedin Kitabı adlı eseri; İngilizce, Almanca, İtalyanca, Fince ve Yunanca'ya çevrildi.

"Sokak Güzeldir / 68'de ne oldu" kitabı Metis yayınlarınca 2009'da yayımlandı.
Her yıl 4 Aralık'ta verilen Mülkiye Büyük Ödülü 2012 yılında; insan hakları ve demokrasi savunucusu olduğu, halk odaklı haberciliğin ve Türkiye alternatif medyasının gelişimine büyük katkı sunduğu, 30 yılı aşkın gazetecilik hayatında onurlu bir gazetecilik anlayışı ve pratiği ortaya koyduğu gerekçesiyle Nadire Mater'e verildi. Mater, bu ödülü alan ilk kadın oldu.

Ödülleri
2000 Türkiye Yayıncılar Birliği Düşünce ve İfade Özgürlüğü Ödülü

Kaynakça
 Metis Kitap

Dış bağlantılar
 Bianet'teki yazıları
 Mehmed'in Kitabı - Metis Yayınları

1949 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
Söke doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları

Nadire Mater


Stichomythia () is a technique in verse drama in which sequences of single alternating lines, or half-lines (hemistichomythia) or two-line speeches (distichomythia) are given to alternating characters. It typically features repetition and antithesis. The term originated in the theatre of Ancient Greece, though many dramatists since have used the technique. Etymologically it derives from the Greek stikhos ("row, line of verse") + muthos ("speech, talk").

Stichomythia is particularly well suited to sections of dramatic dialogue where two characters are in violent dispute. The rhythmic intensity of the alternating lines combined with quick, biting ripostes in the dialogue can create a powerful effect.

In Ancient Greek drama
Stichomythia originated in Greek drama. Adolf Gross concludes that stichomythia developed from choral response. J. Leonard Hancock differs in this regard, not finding overwhelming evidence for any particular origin theory, but admitting that the role of musical symmetry must have been significant. Instead he finds that the trends, within Ancient Greek aesthetics, toward agonistic expression, subtlety in language, and love of symmetry, helped to give rise to stichomythia as a popular dialogue device.

In Seneca
Senecan stichomythia, while ultimately derived from Athenian stichomythia (as Roman theatre is derived from Greek theatre generally) differs in several respects. First, Seneca uses the technique less than all but the earliest extant pieces of classical Greek tragedy. Secondly, the stichomythic form found in Seneca is less rigid. Finally, and most substantially, Seneca's tragedies are much more prone to revolve around literary quibbles, even leaving aside the plot of the play for entire sections while the characters engage in an essentially linguistic tangent.

In more recent theatre
Renaissance Italian and French drama developed in many respects as an imitation of the classic drama of the Greeks and Romans. Stichomythic elements, however, were often absent. Where they did occur, they tended to follow the lead of Seneca in using "catchwords" as launching points for each subsequent line.

Modern theatre rarely uses verse, so any construct that depends on verse, such as stichomythia, is also rare. Where a form of stichomythia has been used, the characters involved are typically building subsequent lines on the ideas or metaphors of previous lines, rather than words.

General trends
In terms of character relationships, stichomythia can represent interactions as mundane as question-and-answer exchanges, or as tense as heated rapid-fire arguments. While the equal line lengths can create a sense of equality of voice between the characters, stichomythia can also feature one character silencing another with a vociferous rebuff, especially where one character's line interrupts the other's.

In terms of how stichomythia moves forward as a section of dialogue, the Ancient Greeks tended to favor subtle flavorings and reflavorings of grammatical particles, whereas Senecan (and by extension Renaissance) stichomythic passages often turned on verbal minutiae or "catchwords". Modern theatre, on the other hand, uses the technique in such a manner that the characters use each line to add depth to a shared idea or metaphor.

Examples

Sophocles
A short example from R. C. Jebb's translation of Antigone: the scene is an argument between Ismene and her sister Antigone.
For further examples from Antigone, consult the text at the Internet Classics Archive .
ISMENE:  And what life is dear to me, bereft of thee?
ANTIGONE: Ask Creon; all thy care is for him.
ISMENE:   Why vex me thus, when it avails thee nought?
ANTIGONE: Indeed, if I mock, 'tis with pain that I mock thee.
ISMENE:   Tell me,—how can I serve thee, even now?
ANTIGONE: Save thyself: I grudge not thy escape.
ISMENE:   Ah, woe is me! And shall I have no share in thy fate?
ANTIGONE: Thy choice was to live; mine, to die.
ISMENE:   At least thy choice was not made without my protest.
ANTIGONE: One world approved thy wisdom; another, mine.

Shakespeare (an example of hemistichomythia)
Richard III, Act I, scene ii.  Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Gloucester (later Richard III of England) threatens to kill himself unless Lady Anne, widow of Prince Edward (of Lancaster), agrees to marry him.

LADY ANNE:   I would I knew thy heart.
GLOUCESTER:                               'Tis figured in my tongue.
LADY ANNE:   I fear me both are false.
GLOUCESTER:                               Then never man was true.
LADY ANNE:   Well, well, put up your sword.
GLOUCESTER:                               Say, then, my peace is made.
LADY ANNE:   That shall you know hereafter.
GLOUCESTER:                               But shall I live in hope?
LADY ANNE:   All men, I hope, live so.
GLOUCESTER:                               Vouchsafe to wear this ring.
LADY ANNE:   To take is not to give.

GLOUCESTER:  Sweet saint, for charity, be not so curst.
LADY ANNE:     Foul devil, for God's sake, hence, and trouble us not,

In Hamlet, Act III, Scene iv (the Closet scene), Hamlet is confronted by his mother, the queen, about the play (III, ii) which Hamlet rigged to expose his murderous step-uncle.

QUEEN:   Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended.
HAMLET:  Mother, you have my father much offended.
QUEEN:   Come, come, you answer with an idle tongue.
HAMLET:  Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue.

In "The Merchant of Venice", Shylock and Bassanio enter into an argument using stichomythia at 4.1.65-9, which "catches the dramatic tension of a quasi-forensic interrogation":

SHYLOCK:  I am not bound to please thee with my answers.
BASSANIO: Do all men kill the things they do not love?
SHYLOCK:  Hates any man the thing he would not kill?
BASSANIO: Every offence is not a hate at first.
SHYLOCK:  What, wouldst thou have a serpent sting thee twice?

A further intensification is often achieved by antilabe, in which a single verse line is distributed on alternating speakers.

Corneille
An exchange  in Le Cid (1.3.215–226), by Pierre Corneille, has been called "an excellent instance of Corneille's skilful handling of 'stichomythia'".  Don Diègue (an old man, the hero's father) has been appointed the prince's tutor, a post that the Count (le Comte) wanted.

LE COMTE: Ce que je méritois, vous avez emporté.
DON DIÈGUE: Qui l'a gagné sur vous l'avoit mieux merité.
LE COMTE: Qui peut mieux l'exercer en est bien le plus digne.
DON DIÈGUE: En être refusė n'est pas un bon signe.
LE COMTE: Vous l'avez eu par brigue, ėtant vieux courtisan.
DON DIÈGUE: L'éclat de mes hauts faits fut mon seul partisan.
LE COMTE: Parlons-en mieux, le Roi fait honneur a votre âge.
DON DIÈGUE: Le Roi, quand il en fait, le mesure au courage.
LE COMTE: Et par là cet honneur n'était dû qu'à mon bras.
DON DIÈGUE: Qui n'a pu l'obtenir ne le méritoit pas.
LE COMTE: Ne le méritoit pas!  Moi?
DON DIÈGUE:                      Vous.
LE COMTE:                                  Ton impudence,
Téméraire viellard, aura son récompense.  [Il lui donne un soufflet

Musical drama
In the scene in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera The Marriage of Figaro, libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, where Susanna learns that Marcellina is Figaro's mother, she repeats her disbelief (Sua madre?, that is, "his mother?") to each character and is reassured in the same words.  A critic has called that "the merriest and most congenial form imaginable" of stichomythia.  For another example from opera, the following passage from the libretto by Andrea Maffei for Giuseppe Verdi's I masnadieri has been called "musical stichomythia", though it does not contain repetition or antithesis:

AMALIA: Qual mare, qual terra da me t'ha diviso?
CARLO: Deh! cessa, infelice, l'inchiesta crudel!
AMALIA: Mendaci novelle ti dissero ucciso.
CARLO: Beato se chiuso m'avesse l'avel!
AMALIA: Tu pure, o mio Carlo, provasti gli affanni?
CARLO: Li possa il tuo core per sempre ignorar!
AMALIA: Anch'io, derelitta, ti piansi lung'anni.
CARLO: E un angelo osava per me lagrimar?

Examples from musicals are "I Remember it Well" (lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, first version in the Broadway musical Love Life, second in the film Gigi) and "Anything You Can Do" (by Irving Berlin, from Annie Get Your Gun).  Another is from "The Last Supper" in Jesus Christ Superstar. When Judas says Jesus knows who will betray him, a passage of stichomythia (with a two-line interruption) follows:

Jesus: Why don't you go do it?
Judas: You want me to do it!
Jesus: Hurry, they're waiting
Judas: If you knew why I do it...
Jesus: I don't care why you do it
Judas: To think I admired you,
for now I despise you
Jesus: You liar—you Judas

Film
In the prose context of most film, stichomythia has been defined as a "witty exchange of one-liners" and associated with the film noir characters  Jeff Bailey in Out of the Past, Sam Spade, and Philip Marlowe. Another film-noir example is in Double Indemnity (dialog by Billy Wilder and Raymond Chandler). Walter Neff flirts with Phyllis Dietrichson; she resists him.

Dietrichson: You were anxious to talk to [my husband] weren't you?
Neff: Yeah, I was, but I'm sort of getting over the idea,
      if you know what I mean.
Dietrichson: There's a speed limit in this state, Mr. Neff, 45 miles an hour.
Neff: How fast was I going officer?
Dietrichson: I'd say around 90.
Neff: Suppose you get down off your motorcycle and give me a ticket?
Dietrichson: Suppose I let you off with a warning this time?
Neff: Suppose it doesn't take?
Dietrichson: Suppose I have to whack you over the knuckles?
Neff: Suppose I bust out crying and put my head on your shoulder?
Dietrichson: Suppose you try putting it on my husband's shoulder?
Neff: That tears it!

Notes

References

Marks, Joseph, ed. In

Ancient Greek theatre
Drama
Poetic forms

Stichomythia