Kisangani  (formerly Stanleyville or Stanleystad) is the capital of Tshopo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the fifth most populous urban area in the country, with an estimated population of 1,312,000 in 2021, and the largest of the cities that lie in the tropical woodlands of the Congo.

Some  from the mouth of the Congo River, Kisangani is the farthest navigable point upstream. Kisangani is the nation's most important inland port after Kinshasa, an important commercial hub point for river and land transportation and a major marketing and distribution centre for the north-eastern part of the country. It has been the commercial capital of the northern Congo since the late 19th century.

History

Before Henry Morton Stanley, working on behalf of King Leopold II of the Belgians, founded what would become Stanley Falls Station in 1883, on the Island of Wana Rusari in the Congo River, the area was inhabited by a native Congolese tribe known as the Clans of Enya, who had used Wagenia Falls (former name Stanley Falls) for fishing. The island is located a few meters from the shore site of the present town on the Lualaba River, its 7 falls spread over  between Kisangani and Ubundu.

Stanley founded the area's first trading post, some  from the mouth of the Congo River, in December 1883. The settlement was known first as Falls Station (or "the Post Stanley Falls" or "The Falls" or simply "Boyoma" the African name of Boyoma Falls) and then, with Belgian colonization of the area, it grew into a settlement called Stanleyville. A city terminus of steamer navigation on the Congo River, the town began as a trading post. It has been the major centre of the northern Congo since the late 19th century.

Stanley left Mr. Binnie, an engineer who was a Scotsman, in charge to trade with the local people and to be the chief representative of King Leopold's Congo Free State in the area. The name "Kisangani" was apparently used consistently by the local people, while the name "Stanleyville" was used in French (and Stanleystad in Dutch). In the Swahili manual published by the Marist Brothers in the 1920s, we find an example of substitution naming "from X to Stanleyville" which is translated "toka X Mpaka Kisangani". The name "Kisangani" is a Swahili rendering of the indigenous Congolese language word Boyoma, meaning "City on the Island", also rendered in Lingala as Singitini (or Singatini) with the same meaning.

Soon after the establishment of ties between the Africans and Europeans, slavers from Zanzibar, traditionally called "Arabs" by European writers of the time, reached Stanley Falls from the east. Relations between Free State officials and the slavers were strained and, after a fight, the station was abandoned in 1887.

After the Arab-Euro wars in the Congo, in 1888 the Free State obtained (after negotiations in Zanzibar) an agreement to establish a form of power by appointing Mohammed Bin Alfan Mujreb Tippu Tip, one of the greatest Zanzibar slavers, as first governor of the district of "Stanley Falls" stretching from eastern Tanganyika in Ituri through Maniema. Ultimately the Europeans sent by Leopold gained complete control of the vast area in central Africa. On 15 July 1898, Stanleyville began serving as the capital of the relatively prosperous District of the Eastern Province of Stanley Falls.

Official city status was achieved 50 years after the Congo Free State was taken over by Belgian Government, by incorporation Order No. 12/357 on 6 September 1958, which divided Stanleyville into 4 municipalities: Belgian I, Belgian II, Brussels and Stanley. Towards the end of 1958, the city became the stronghold of Patrice Lumumba, the leader of the political party Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). His strong ties with the city had been forged during his days as one of 350 clerks at the central post office. Ethiopian ONUC troops arrived in the city after July 1960. After the assassination of Lumumba in 1961, Antoine Gizenga installed the Free Republic of the Congo in Stanleyville, which competed with the central government in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). Before the country gained independence from Belgium in 1960, Kisangani was reputed to have more Rolls-Royces per capita than any other city in the world.

In early 1964, the Simba Rebellion ("Simba Revolution") occurred, mushrooming into outright rebellion by May and June. By August rebels had overrun Stanleyville from their bases in Wanie Rukula. They closed the airport and barred civilians from leaving, including at least one foreign consular staff. A number of American and European nationals were taken captive, and, following intense negotiations, Operation Dragon Rouge was launched by Belgium, the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC), and a plethora of foreign mercenaries under Colonel Mike Hoare to free the hostages.

The city was renamed Kisangani in 1966.

In 1966 and 1967, Kisangani was the site of the Stanleyville mutinies, which led to widespread looting.

With the assumption of the "Zairianisation" program in the 1970s by Mobutu Sese Seko, Stanleyville was officially renamed Kisangani and Stanley Falls became Boyoma Falls, and as of 27 October 1977 the municipalities were renamed as follows: Belgian I (Mangobo and Tshopo), Belgian II (Lubunga), Brussels (Kabondo) and Stanley (Makiso).

Regional conflicts
In the 1990s, the area emerged as the theatre for a series of major battles known as the fight of Kisangani during the First Congo War. Laurent-Désiré Kabila, leader of the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo, invaded the Congo from the eastern region of the country with assistance from Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda military forces. As of 30 October 1998, there were 15,000 Ugandan and 19,000 Rwandan troops on Congolese soil. Laurent Kabila designated Kisangani as the forward base for the foreign forces as he marched westwards towards Kinshasa to overthrow Mobutu Sese Seko.

The alliance of foreign military forces disintegrated when people of Hutu descent were massacred by the thousands in western Zaire and because of looting in the mining areas, in particular in Kisangani and the Kivus. The population was completely opposed to the presence of foreign forces because of their behaviour. Laurent-Désiré Kabila could not continue to support the use of Kisangani as the base for foreign fighters as they launched attacks to massacre the Hutu people – hence he demanded that Rwanda pull its forces out of the country.

In 1999, the city was the site of the first open fighting between Ugandan and Rwandan forces in the Second Congo War, when nearly 3,000 people died in the cross fire. This followed the fracturing of the anti-government rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) into camps based in Kisangani and Goma. The fighting was also over the gold mines near the town. The local population was caught in the cross fire between Ugandan and Rwandan military forces, which led to the destruction of about a quarter of the city. Various buildings were damaged, most notably the roof of the Cathedral Rosaire of Notre-Dame, which was ignited by missiles. Both of the foreign forces were reported to have looted and pillaged the city. Despite the condemnation of Uganda by the International Court of Justice, establishment of responsibility, payment of compensation, and arrests have yet to be made.
Further clashes between Rwandan and Ugandan forces led to thousands more deaths and widespread destruction from 5 to 10 June 2000.

During the Second Congo War, on 14 May 2002, 160 people were massacred in Kisangani; this is believed to be the work of those under the command of Laurent Nkunda. By the time a peace agreement was signed in 2002, the town was under the control of the Rwandan-backed Rally for Congolese Democracy - Goma (RCD-Goma).

The three encounters between Uganda and Rwanda in Kisangani have been termed the wars of 1 day, 3 days and, the deadliest fought in 2000, 6 days.

Geography

Kisangani is strategically placed at the junction of the Congo,
Tshopo, and Lindi rivers and at the crossroads between eastern and western Congo. Approximately central of the African continent, it is located in North-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), central of Tshopo Province. The location at the northernmost tip of the Congo River, navigable for large waterborne cargo between Kinshasa and Kisangani and connected to a natural transportation waterway for much of the Congo Basin, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city.

Kisangani is at the centre of the Tshopo, and is bordered by the city of Banalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the north, Ubundu and Opala territories to the south, Isangi to the west, and Bafwasende municipalities to the east. The city of Kisangani lies 324 km from Buta,  from Isiro,  from Bunia and  from Kinshasa.

The Lualaba River flows through a bend to a confluence with the Congo River; at the alteration of the waterways lies the city of Kisangani. Much of Kisangani City is built on land with the Tshopo river on its north and the Congo River on its south. Many tributaries and islands are intertwined, conducive to moving inland waterways. Tidal straits separate L'Île Mbiye from the mainland of Kisangani City. The city is locally referred to as Boyoma after the prominent geographical feature, Boyoma Falls. The seven cataracts have a total drop of 61 meters (200 feet). Falls Wagenia where the fishery is installed on the rapids can be seen.

The city's land area is estimated at 1910 square kilometres. The City of Kisangani has a density of 229 inhabitants per km2.  The city sits in the midst of the vast and isolated Congo Basin, the second largest tropical woodlands on the planet.  It is located at 0° 31' north latitude (57 km from the equator), 25° 11' east longitude from the meridian of Greenwich and  above sea level.

L'Île Mbiye is situated on the Congo River in the eastern part of Kisangani.  It is located upstream of the Wagenia Falls, between latitude 0°31' North and longitude 25°11' East, with  of altitude.  It adjoins the town of Kisangani, and it is 14 km long and 4 km wide.  All around Kisangani, L'Île Mbiye is the only ecosystem that has a dense forest that is relatively well preserved.  The island is part of the Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Symposium project of forest ecosystem conservation conducted by Stellenbosch University. The island has an area of 1,400 ha, and it comprises three types of forest: dry land forest, periodically flooded forest and swampy forest.

Climate
Despite being adjacent to the equator, the city has a tropical monsoon climate due to the fact that its driest month (January) sees on average below 60 mm of rain.  Kisangani experiences an average relative humidity of 86%.

Typical climate in regions through which the Congo River flows is that of Kisangani, a town situated on the river's right and left bank slightly north of the Equator. Humidity is high throughout the year, and annual rainfall amounts to  and occurs fairly regularly; even in the driest month, the rainfall totals more than . Temperatures are also uniformly high throughout the year, and there is little diurnal variability. The average temperature at Kisangani is in the mid-20s°C (mid-70s°F). Kisangani is also a beneficiary of a cool breeze that often blows off the Congo River.

Architecture

Modern, multi-storey buildings of brick emerge from the dense walls of the vast Congo Basin jungle. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominia, and apartment buildings can be found in Kisangani. The building form most closely associated with Kisangani is of Belgium influence, whose introduction and widespread adoption in colonial times saw Kisangani's buildings shift from the thatch African tradition to the low-scale and vertical rise of European business districts.

Kisangani has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles still in their original form. These include the Aumonerie which is distinctive for its facade using visible stone-tone to evoke the building's structure, the impressive 20th century headquarters landmark that is Central Prisons' with its towering fortress walls, Cathédrale Notre-Dame du Rosaire, an early cathedral revival built with massively scaled stone detailing, and the Congo Palace on avenue de l'eglise is an important example of highly influential European style buildings in Kisangani.

The character of Kisangani's urban residential districts is often defined by the elegant villas with tiled roofs of old Belgian influence, brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1908 to 1950. Large swaths of Kisangani's rural residential areas away from the city centre are characterized by continual strings of villages unfolding, each composed of thatched roof tops built from the early 20th century through to the present day. At times the path is filled with a sweet floral fragrance and clouded with white and purple butterflies. Forests give way to patches of grassland, then clumps of bamboo and then more forest.

Communes

The city of Kisangani is composed of six large communes, which are further subdivided into smaller neighbourhoods. The partitioned communes are Lubunga, Makiso, Kisangani, Tshopo, Kabondo and Mangobo. Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighbourhoods, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Every municipality in the city has a nickname denoting how the Boyoma perceive their cities. Kisangani, which in Swahili means on the island ("Kisanga" translates island and "ni" is on), is officially given the nickname of "City of Hope" by administrative authorities, in opposition to the title of martyred city. Boyomas' affectionately nicknamed their city "Boyoma Singa Mwambé", which translates as "before reaching the most beautiful city the pole must be thrown 8 times" (Boyoma means the most beautiful girl, while Singa is the mast and Mwambé is the number 8).

Kisangani commune is commonly referred to as "Tolimo" in Kigenyi, mainly due to the craft of scaffolds installed on Wagenia Falls.
Mangobo is the city's most populous commune and is known as "Mathématique" because of the difficulty in locating particular street address names that are simply manuscript numbered rather than word labelled. The commune is home to the political youth movement the "Bana Etats-Unis" (Children of the United States)
Tshopo is Kisangani City's northernmost commune, it features a long beachfront. It is home to a hydroelectric plant and the site of Tshopo River.
Makiso is the most densely populated borough and home to many of the city's commercial and financial institutions. The commune contains the headquarters of many major corporations, NGOs, International organisations, the United Nations, as well as a number of important administrative structures of governorship, and many cultural attractions. It is the site of a continuous supply of electricity with some of the most beautiful houses and of the widest boulevards. Makiso is as known as "Miroir".
Lubunga is the most suburban commune in character of the Six communes. Ascribed the nickname of "Pays" it supplies Kisangani with most of its agricultural crops.
Kabondo is the commune that usually takes lead in annually hosting some of the city's largest parades and public events mainly due to its cultural and social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighbourhoods and unique architectural heritage. As a result, Kabondo is known as "Pilote".

Culture
The city is a centre for television productions, radio, theatre, film, multimedia and print publishing. Kisangani's many cultural communities have given it a distinct local culture. The city's waterfront allure and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. As a Central African city, Kisangani shares many cultural characteristics with the rest of the continent. It has a tradition of producing African jazz, nu-rumba, African folk, rumba and ndombolo music. The city has also produced much talent in the fields of visual arts, theatre, music, and dance. Some of its better known popular culture residents include Aberti Masikini, Anne-Sylvie Mouzon, Barly Baruti, Koffi Olomide and Moreno. Yet, being at the African confluence of the South and the North and West and East traditions, Kisangani has developed a unique and distinguished cultural face. Another distinctive characteristic of Kisangani culture life is to be found in the animation of its downtown, particularly during summer, prompted by cultural and social events, particularly festivals. The city's largest festival is the Cercle Boyoma Culture festival, which is the largest in the world of its kind. Other popular festivals include the Kisangani Jazz Festival, Kisangani Film Festival, Nuits d'Afrique and the Kisangani Fireworks Festival.

Entertainment and performing arts
Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Barly Baruti and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Artists of all cultural disciplines in Kisangani such as musicians, stage actors, comedians, fashion, cultural operators, draftsmen, folk music, painters, sculptors, and silkscreen meet annually for the seasonal culture shows. Cercle Boyoma Culture is one of such shows where cultural activities of Kisangani come together synergistically for an exchange and reflection involving different associations of all cultural disciplines. Cercle Boyoma Culture is annually held in Makiso on 14 Fina Avenue from the month of December through to June. The culture show displays a digital audio recording studio, a large stage show, 10 booths that host libraries, internet cafes, sewing stations, interactive gaming machines and cafeterias.

The cultural space in Kisangani provides multitudes of beauty pageants a platform to exchange experiences, provide mentoring consultation and hosting of training seminars. Miss Boyoma is annually held in December, organised by the cities' authority to determine the most beautiful girl in Kisangani. Elysée of 17 years old is Miss Boyoma 2009.

Other live music genres which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Kisangani Blues, Kisangani Soul, African Jazz, soukous and gospel. The city is the birthplace of Congolese legendary musicians Aberti Masikini and Koffi Olomide and is the site of an influential nu-rumba scene. In the 1950s, the city was a center for African Folk, soukous and African jazz. This influence continued into the more developed soukous of the 1960s. The city has been an epicenter for Ndombolo culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent folk music culture brought forth Kisangani Blues. The city has also been spawning a critically acclaimed underground nu-rumba scene with various bands gaining national attention in the nu-rumba world. Annual festivals feature various acts such as the Cercle Boyoma Culture Festival.

Kisangani is also the city of world-famous choreographer and stage director Faustin Linyekula. Since 2007, the Studios Kabako, the cultural organization he founded in Kinshasa in 2001, has been resettled in Kisangani. There, the Studios Kabako have been accompanying the debuts of young Congolese artists from training to production and touring, in the fields of dance, theatre, music and video. The rising generation of young dancers and choreographers trained by the Studios Kabako include Jeannot Kumbonyeki, Michel Kiyombo, Dorine Mokha, Djino Alolo and Yves Mwamba among others...

The Studios Kabako have opened there the only professional recording studio of the Eastern part of Congo, accompanied musicians include guitarist Flamme Kapaya, rap singers Pasnas, Franck Moka and Shoggy, musicians Pépé Lecoq...

Kisangani is also the home-town of film-maker Dieudo Hamadi.

Tourism
Shopping along the avenue de l'Eglise, its many restaurants, as well as Kisangani's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the DRC's third-largest convention destination. Most conventions are held at Stade Lumumba, just north of Stade du Marche. The historic City Hall also now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The Alliance Franco-Congolese (AFRACO) building which hosts governmental conference.

The variety of attractions in Kisangani include botanical gardens, museums, factories, zoos, exhibition halls, elevators, retail stores, breweries, warehouses, libraries, mills, auditoriums and refineries which today provide a legacy of historic and architectural interest, especially in the downtown area.

Rosaire of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Central Market and the impressive 19th century headquarters of all major Kisangani banks on 1st Avenue . Kisangani holds a campus of the National University of the Congo, which includes the renowned Medicine Faculty, also known because of the refuted oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis. Kisangani also maintains the city's focal library at University of Kisangani. The city holds an extensive collection of ancient Congolese and near East African archaeological artifacts, at its regional archaeological and ethnological, the National Museum of Kisangani.

Other landmarks include: L'Hôtel des chutes, Le Voyageur, Hellénique ainsi que Psistaria, l'Hôtel Congo Palace, l'Hôtel Boyoma, l'Hôtel Kisanganian and L'Hôtel Palm Beach. Place de la Femme which was completed in 1934 as a dedication to Boyomaise women, the landmark One of the most revered religious leaders Reverend Father Gabriel Grison was buried at the Mission St. Gabriel in Kisangani and has monument dedicated to him on Monseigneur Grison Avenue. Mobutus' residential home on route de Lubutu, Place des Martyrs that held the Lumumba Square until 1967, the controversial Central Public Fountain that anchors the downtown park was installed by the distraction of the popular monument of Stanley and its surrounding structures are but a few notable examples of 20th-century architecture.

On the right bank of the Tshopo River, the Kisangani Zoo attracts many visitors, as well as the Kisangani Hydroelectric Dam that supplies electricity to the city of Kisangani. At spectacular waterfall of Wagenia Falls, fishing with the old age tradition tools installed on the rapids can be witnessed. Fishing is practiced through a scaffold installed among rocks, with vines attached and serving through the tensioning creels of woven conical vines immersed in the current of the river.

A major destination includes the forest ecosystem of L'Île Mbiye, which is part of a protection conservation forest program called Sustainable Forest Management in Africa as spearheaded by Stellenbosch University. L'Île Mbiye is an ecosystem with a well preserved dense forest. The Island has an area of 1,400 ha, and it comprises three types of forest: dry land forest, periodically flooded forest and swampy forest. The Island is situated on the Congo River in the eastern part of Kisangani. It is located upstream of the Wagenia Falls, between latitude 0°31' North and longitude 25°11' East, with 376 m of altitude. It adjoins the town of Kisangani, and it is 14 km long and 4 km wide.

Cuisine
Kisangani lays claim to a large number of regional specialties, all of which reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these is its nationally renowned deep-dish Manioc.

Kisangani's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Eastern Africa and Indian immigrants have made the city famous for their traditional foods. Some of the mobile food vendors licensed by the city have made foods such as husking paddy standbys of contemporary Kisangani street food, although kosa kosa (prawns from the river, also known as cossa cossa) and Kisangani coffee are still the main street fare. The city is also home to many of the finest prawn cuisine restaurants in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

The Riviera, La Vanille and Rwenzori constitute some of the city's principal restaurants.

Media
Kisangani is served by a variety of media outlets, including several Swahili, Lingala and French language television stations, newspapers, radio stations, and magazines. There are four over-the-air Swahili and Lingala-language television stations and they also air multicultural programming. There are also five over-the-air French-language television stations, including: Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise (RTNC), Télé Boyoma and Radio Télévision Amani (RTA).

Kisangani has four daily newspapers, in Swahili and Lingala language Kisangani Gazette and the French-language Mungongo, La Tshopo, Le Thermomètre, Agence de Presse Congolaise and Kisangani. There are also two free French dailies, Nationaliste and Kisanga. Kisangani also has numerous weekly tabloids and community newspapers serving various neighbourhoods and schools. Mungongo is produced by young journalists of Université de Kisangani at the Faculty of Arts, with supervision of the news agency Syfia Great Lakes.

There are 11 AM and 23 FM radio stations in Kisangani. Of these13 broadcast in French, 16 broadcast in multiple languages and three stations are bilingual. The major Kisangani station networks include: Radio-Télévision Numérique Boyoma(RTNB), OPED FM and Radio Okapi. All three networks broadcast in Lingala, French and Swahili.

OPED FM specializes in environmental issues and is headquartered in Kisangani. OPED is acronym for l'Organisation pour la Protection de l'Environnement et le Développement. OPED FM broadcasts can be heard in Germany through radio Deutsche Welle.

RTNB has niche prioritizes business coverage of financial markets. The station works in partnership with Radio Télévision Belge Francophone (RTBF) and Radio Africa n°1. Programs of the two stations regularly broadcast in Kisangani.

Kisangani is a filming-friendly location. Since the 1920s, many motion pictures have been filmed in the city, most notably The Nun's Story.

Sports

Sports of all kinds play an important part in many Boyomai's lives. The city of Kisangani is home to several stadiums with the 3 main stadiums being Stade Lumumba, Stade du Marche and the Stade of Athenee Royal.

The city is represented in Nationwide Football League Linafoot by TS Malekesa, RC Etoile d' and AS NIKA in the 2009/2010 season. They both play their home games at a soccer-specific stadium called Stade Lumumba.

Kisangani is also represented in Province Oriental Provincial League by, CS Makiso, Sotexki SC, RC Stella, AS Kisangani, RC Boyoma, Echo Sport, CS Monami, FC Procure, AS Vita Boyoma and AS Pars. They draw packed crowds at the small but picturesque Stade of Athenee Royal for their regular-season games. The current president of the Kisangani Football Association the Entente Urbaine of Football in Kisangani (EUFKIS) is Anaclet Kanangila who succeeded to the post left by Robert Kabemba.

Retired boxer Biko Botowamungu is originally from Kisangani.

Places of worship

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kisangani (Catholic Church), Kimbanguist Church, Baptist Community of Congo (Baptist World Alliance), Baptist Community of the Congo River (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Assemblies of God, Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Community in Congo (World Communion of Reformed Churches). There are also Muslim mosques.

Economy

Kisangani's economy is the one largest of cities in the Congo Basin and is the largest in the former Orientale province. It's an intricate hub of business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the Congolese economy (along with Kinshasa and Lubumbashi). Before the country gained independence from Belgium in 1960, Kisangani was reputed to have more Rolls-Royces per capita than any other city in the world. It flourished because of the many Boyoman who prospered during a boom in coffee, cotton and rubber production late in the colonial era, when those commodities still fetched high prices. Strategically positioned and central on a geographical map of the continent of Africa, at the confluence of the Lualaba River and Congo River, Kisangani is the inception and terminus point of river traffic between east and west of DR Congo, playing a major economic role in the '5 Chantiers' economic recovery and redevelopment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The city is today an important centre of commerce, finance, industry, metallurgy, panning, real estate, hydro industries, agriculture, breweries, technology, culture, media, and arts.

One of Africa's great trading centres; Kisangani's strengths in its transportation system have contributed to the development of the city. SOTEXKI, the Textile Society of Kisangani produces fabrics and manufactures clothing, while Bralima produces beverages, REGIDESO treats and supplies water to the population, SORGERIE (Société de Gestion, de Gérance et d'Investissement), produces soaps, vegetable oils and other cosmetic products. Compagnie Forestière de Transformation (CFT) is the firm that process and exports African teak. Pharmaceuticals, printed material, food processing, telecommunications, textile and clothing manufacturing, tobacco and transportation, also play major roles in the city's economy. The service sector is strong and includes civil, mechanical and process engineering, finance, higher education, and also research and development.

The forest island of Mbiye is one of the natural ecosystems in Kisangani that play a leading economic role with regard to the supply of food, medicines and building material, in which is of critical importance to the survival of plant life, wildlife and human populations.

Realising the importance of the biosphere and preservation of the forests biodiversity: "Forty million Congolese depend in one way or another for their survival on the Congo forest" says Stephan Van Praet of Greenpeace, who coordinated the research for the report, entitled Carving up the Congo. "I can assure you they know the value of their forests. If you cut the sapele trees you take away the caterpillars they rely on as a source of protein."

L'Île Mbiye in Kisangani is part of the Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Symposium project of forest ecosystem conservation conducted by Stellenbosch University. Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is also looking to expand the area of forest under protection, for which it hopes to secure compensation through emerging markets for forest carbon.

The Port of Piroguiers is the largest inland port in the DRC, after the nation's capital Kinshasa, handling million tonnes of cargo annually. As one of the most important ports in DRC, it remains a trans-shipment point link Kinshasa to the North-Eastern provinces for grain, sugar, petroleum products, machinery, and consumer goods. For this reason, Kisangani is a railway hub of DRC and has always been an extremely important rail city; it is home to the headquarters of Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo. Since the resumption of road traffic between Kisangani and its eastern cities, the markets of the city are regularly supplied and export food from and to Beni, Bunia and Butembo.

The city's television and film industry is among the largest in the country.  Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with Kisangani City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.

Kisangani's informal sector is highly developed. Its composed of handicrafts, local brick manufactures, merchants close to the banks of the river that sell a variety of edible products (like prawns, kosa kosa and caterpillars), others engage in artisanal quarrying, ceramics, coffee growing, Jeweller dealing, producing cultural artifacts, precious metals goldsmithing or subsistence farming.

Manufacturing accounts for a large share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products. Most of the food products derived from rural areas whose main activities are agriculture and livestock include kosa kosa and prawns, which are exported to all major cities of the DRC. The Wagenia, whom mostly fish the rapids of the famous Wagenia Falls on the Congo River are known for the possession of excellent fishing skills. The food-processing industry is a stable major manufacturing sector in the city. Chocolate is Kisangani's leading specialty-food export, with imports of cocoa from nearby Kabinda District.

During the holidays, the young people enjoy the school holidays by engaging in part-time jobs, learning earlier on how to earn money and gaining family budgetary skills, thus adding to the family income. The children are likely to open up small vending businesses, of which the services offered may include selling boiled eggs, cooking oil or operating shoeshine stores, to name a few. Many parents believe that part-time work helps children to become more independent as well as providing them (and sometimes their families) with some extra income.

Demographics
During its first century, Kisangani grew at a rate that ranked among the fastest growing in the Belgian Congo. Within the span of forty years, the city's population grew from slightly under 15,018 to over 121,765 by 1958. By the close of the 20th century, Kisangani was the third largest city in Zaire, and the largest of the cities that existed in the former Orientale province. Within thirty-three years of Zairieanastion, the population had tripled to over 600,000, and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 672,739 for the 2003 census.

The population is ethnically diverse and is changing rapidly, especially in large cities such as Kisangani, so it is not always easy to get an exact picture of the ethnic origin of all the population from census statistics. The last census in 2003 counted almost 672 739 inhabitants in the city of Kisangani. Lubunga is the town's most populous but least dense with 115 775 inhabitants while Mangobo with 98 434 inhabitants is the most dense.

Demography has evolved as follows since colonial times:

Kisangani is the most populous city of the Northern provinces in the DRC, with an estimated 2008 population of 1,200,000 (up from 406,249 thousand in 1993). This amounts to about more than half the population of the northern regional population lives in the province of Tshopo. Over the last decade the city's population has been increasing.

Historical populations
In 1905, there were a total of eleven stations and stations of the state in the area of Stanley Falls and Stanleyville. The total number of state officials increased to 40.

In 1909, the European Stanleyville numbered 80 and the native population was estimated at 15,000 people within a radius of 5 kilometers.

At the time the sprawling population in 1918 required the District Commissioner to create a daily food market in Kisangani, near the Hospital Avenue, 1 kilometre from shore. Two more weekly markets were also created on the other side, one near the docks and another at CFL Mission St. Gabriel. The population in the 1920s increased to 4,000 Africans and 200 Europeans, with an average of 2000 inhabitants moving around downtown Stanleyville (in the chiefdom Arabized).

The population of Stanleyville, in the early 1950s stood at 40,000 and by the late 1950s the population reached 70,000.

Ethnicities
The population of Kisangani is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has been a major melting pot of entry for immigrants. Today, some of the city's population has foreign ancestry and among Congolese cities, this proportion is exceeded only by Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. In Kisangani no single community or region of origin dominates.

Some of the many African ethnic groups in Kisangani are: Bamanga, Popoi, Boa, Lokele, Turumbu, Mbole, Kumu, Wagenia, Rega, Topoke, Lokele, Turumbu, Basoko, Lendu, Budu, Bangetu, Logo, Alur, Hema, Azande and Yira ethnic group also have a notable presence. Non-African ethnic groups include many Flemings of Belgian origin. There are also small groups of Greeks, Chinese, Walloons, Indians and, lately, Lebanese.

The city has a heterogeneous population of over 250 ethnic African majorities of which Wagenia and Kumu compose the native population:

In the north of the city of the Tshopo Commune, reside the Bamanga, Popoi, Boa that emigrated all the way from Buta.
 To the south of the city live the population groups of the Lokele, Turumbu, Mbole, Kumu, Wagenia and Rega, in the Lubunga Commune. Some arrived from the province of Maniema by the way of Ubundu road and rail, as well as the Opala road and the river toward the neighbouring territory of Isangi.
Towards the west in the Commune of Mangobo, lie the Topoke, Lokele, Turumbu and Basoko, whom emigrated through the Congo River and Tshopo River, which divides the city into two banks of Tshopo.
To the east of the city in the commune of Kabondo, is home to the Lendu, Budu, Bangetu, Logo, Alur, Hema, Nande, Yira, whom arrived Kisangani the Ituri road in Bunia.

Language
French is the official language of the DR Congo (DRC) and widely used and understood. Common local languages in Kisangani include Lingala, Pa-Zande and Swahili.

Boyoma Kisanganien(sis)
Aberti Masikini
Anne-Sylvie Mouzon
Bamanisa Jean Saidi
Barly Baruti
Jean-Luc Ernst
Ntema Ndungidi
Koffi Olomide
Moreno (Batamba Wenda Morris)
Reverend Father Gabriel Grison

Government

During independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the city was the political central base of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). Patrice Lumumbas' strong ties with the city had been forged during his days as one of 350 clerks at the central post office. Kisangani is now home to influential political youth groups such as Bana Etats-Unis and Vendome.

Since its devolution in 2006, Kisangani has been the Capital of Tshopo with a "strong" mayor-council form of government. Decentralisation of central government power was enabled to give provincial governments more control of matters that directly affect them. The government of Kisangani is more centralized than that of most other DRC cities. As a constitutional democracy, Kisangani is governed by a wide range of institutions: the judiciary, the police, the civil service and the institutions of local government. In Kisangani, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.

The People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (PPRD) holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2006, most of registered voters in the city are PPRD. Kisangani is the capital of the Tshopo Province. Kisangani was given the official nickname "City of Hope" by its government. Kisangani, a city home to some 1,200,000 civilians, is administratively divided into six urban communes: Makiso, Tshopo, Mangobo, Kabondo, Kisangani, and Lubunga and the communities of Lubuya and Bera are also parts of Kisangani City. Each commune is home to dozens of smaller neighborhoods (known in French as quartiers).

The head of the city government in Kisangani is the mayor, who is first among equals in the city council. The mayor in the period of 2008–2009 was Guy Shilton Baendo. The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The city council is also required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the commune councils.

Reporting directly to the City Council, the executive committee exercises decision-making powers similar to that of the cabinet in a parliamentary system and is responsible for preparing various documents including budgets and by-laws, submitted to the City Council for approval. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in particular, the awarding of contracts or grants, the management of human and financial resources, supplies and buildings. It may also be assigned further powers by the City Council.

Administration history
During much of the last half of the 20th century, Kisangani's politics were dominated by a growing Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) organization dominated by the charismatic Patrice Lumumba. During 1964 Kisangani was under siege of the Simbas, a group of powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations.

Indeed, a decree of Governor General dated 6 September 1958 and entered into force on 1 January 1959 established the city of Stanleyville. The city was divided into communes; each headed by a Mayor, the chief head of all of Stanleyville City was the city's first Mayor.

The first consultation was held in commune of Stanleyville on Sunday, 14 December 1958. By Order No. 12/35 of 6 September 1958, the territory of Stanleyville took the status of a city. Stanleyville was divided into 4 municipalities: Belgian I, Belgian II, Brussels and Stanley.

Stanleyville's City Council assisted each mayor in running the whole city, whilst each of the municipalities was assisted by Municipal Councils. The mayors of municipalities and municipal council members were elected. The city council included members of law, the mayors of municipalities, members appointed has company representatives, middle class representative and members representing the municipal councils.

Laws
Kisangani and its administrative representatives formed a prominent group responsible for drafting of the Congolese Forestry Code. The new forestry code according to section 89 requires logging companies, to draw up social responsibility contracts with their concessions, which may include building schools, housing and clinics while they carry out logging operations. Essentially the law demands firms to set up company towns. Greenpeace has however attacked this corporate-centred model, because it undermines the state's responsibility to create a functioning system of social services.

The law states that the schooling age is from 5 to 19 years old, which comprises 39% of Kisangani's population. The working age begins at 20 years and retirement age is set at 69 years old of which is 41.42% of the city's demography.

Education
Since the 1950s, Kisangani has been a Congolese center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. Kisangani has the third largest campus of the National University of Congo. Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. The Medicine Faculty at the Université de Kisangani was made infamous by Polio Vaccine conspiracy theorists.

In 2007, there were 381 academic and research staff, most of them (215) active in the humanities and social sciences – but the recent history of the institution overshadows its current realities.

Currently, the university's income is derived from student fees (49 percent) and government subsidies (51 percent), but university management reports that the current income level is insufficient for effective operation. In addition, there is a serious need for infrastructure rehabilitation and additions, as well as for the acquisition of research literature. Although the university does not have a strategic plan to develop additional income sources, it is taking steps to increase academic fees to improve the daily operation of the institution.

The main challenges facing the university include serious weaknesses in the university's information and communication technology (ICT) capabilities; and then the lack of qualified staff, of financial means, of premises and equipment, and of literature and laboratories. Clearly, the university's physical infrastructure has not been rebuilt since the troubles. This is one reason why only 20% of the institutional focus of the Université de Kisangani is reckoned for research.

Kisangani is the seat of the Université de Kisangani (1963), Université Mariste du Congo, Institut Superieur du Commerce (ISC), Institut Superieur Pedagogique and Institut de Batiment et de Travaux Publiques, and the Kisangani Hellenic Center. The Kisangani Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the Kisangani, serves Makiso, Tshopo, Mangobo, Kabondo, Kisangani, Lubunga, Lubuya and Bera. The city's public school system is managed by the Kisangani Department of Education.  The primary and secondary schools are public and privately run by secular and religious groups in the city.

Infrastructure
Kisangani grew in importance as a trading port while under Belgian rule. After the upper Congo basin wars of Euro-Arab in the 1880s the city became the Belgian military and political base of operations in Northern Congo. In the mid-20th century, the city was transformed by immigration and development. A visionary development proposal expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Boyoma, and the 1819 opening of a railroad built to bypass the cataracts on the Congo River, opened shipping routes further into the Congo jungle. Kisangani became the most populous urbanized area and the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Northern Congo.

Transport
The transportation system in Kisangani is extensive and complex. It includes the longest suspension bridge in Northern Congo. Public local transport is served by a network of buses, commuter trains and waterways that extend across and off the island.

Unlike many major cities, Kisangani does not have a problem with vehicular traffic congestion. Kisangani's high rate of public transit use, daily Toleka users and many pedestrian commuters makes it the most energy-efficient major city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Walk and tolek modes of travel account for high percentage of all modes for trips in the city. The Tolek is a cycling taxi ("Toleka" means "Time" in Lingala), that emerged as the primary means of transportation around Kisangani during the mid-1990s.

As the city lies between stretches of the Tshopo and Congo Rivers, many tributaries and islands are intertwined conducive to moving inland waterways for the population of Kisangani and the transportation of goods by ships, boats or canoe (paddle or motorized), from one bank to another and from one neighbourhood to another is made possible. Waterway systems connect Kisangani to various locales within and outside the city (including Isangi and Lomami). Kisangani is the highest navigable point on the River Congo and the terminus of river traffic from Kinshasa and all ports operated by ONATRA.

A considerable amount of automobile taxis and buses are also employed to supporting public transit throughout the city. The building of new gas stations and rehabilitation efforts for redevelopment of urban roads and the opening of the No. 4 National Highway Road are among the main factors behind this resumption of automobiles. The redevelopment of the National Highway Road No.4 has meant an increase in scrambling shuttles of traffic between Kisangani, Bafwasende, Komanda, Nurse, Mambasa, Beni and Butembo. Kisangani provides connections to Ubundu and Opala, along the southern corridors of Ubundu and Opala road respectively as well as long-distance road networks to cities such as Lubutu, Walikale, Goma and Kigali (in Rwanda) by way of the National Highway Road No. 2. Kisangani is part of the Trans-African Highway network 8 (TAH 8), at a length of 6259 km, the Trans-African Highway between Lagos (Nigeria) – Mombasa (Kenya) is longest transcontinental route between east–west of Africa. Kisangani also has access to the Indian Ocean coast by way of a highway corridor connecting the city to Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)

Shipping beyond Kisangani is impossible due to the Boyoma Falls; a portage railway was therefore built to Ubundu. It is operated by Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo, starting from Kisangani Station. This is considered the first section of the Great Lakes line.

Kisangani is served by Kisangani Bangoka International Airport on the far east side and the older Simi-Simi Airport on the west side. Bangoka is for commercial passenger flights and cargo only, whereas Simi-Simi mainly serves military purposes, though it also hosts some private and humanitarian flights.

Future and proposed projects

Rail
In October 2007 a railway was proposed to connect Kisangani to Kasese in western Uganda. This railway would extend as  gauge to the Kenyan port of Lamu.

Road
The transcontinental road projects in Africa, Trans-African Highway network encompass Kisangani through the Lagos-Mombasa Highway.

Following the mandate of "5 Chantiers" the city of Kisangani road network undergoing redevelopment to make the city more integrated with towns and cities of other provinces, especially the eastern regions that previously made up the former Orientale Province. Boulevards in and around downtown Kisangani are part of the project.

References

Further reading

 Jason Stearns:  Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa,,2011.
 V.S. Naipaul: A Bend in the River, 1979.
 Michela Wrong:  In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz,2002.
 Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness, 1899
 Tim Butcher: Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart, 2008.

External links

 Provinceorientale.cd the Government official site for Orientale Province.
 Stanleyville.be City of Kisangani Website.
 Bamanisajean.unblog.fr is Governor Jean Bamanisa's blog site.
 Unikis.ac.cd is the official website of the University of Kisangani (Unikis).
 @Prov_orientale Twitter for Orentale Provincial Government.
 Facebook Orentale.
 Kisangani.be Kisangani Agroforestry Cultivation and Conservation.
 Cboc.e-monsite.com is the Official Cercle Boyoma Culture.

Communities on the Congo River
Lualaba River
1883 establishments in Africa
Populated places established in 1883
Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kisangani


Svete vjere mučenici: hrvatski blaženici iz Janjeva i Vrnavokola je hrvatski dokumentarni film.
Film govori o trojici svećenika Hrvata. Dvojica su podrijetlom iz najstarije hrvatske dijaspore na Kosovu, koji su djelovali u Albaniji, a mučeništvo podnijeli u vrijeme režima Envera Hodže. To su fra Serafin Glasnović Kodić iz Janjeva i don Anton Muzić iz Vrnavokola. Na svečanosti 5. studenoga 2016. godine u Skadru u Albaniji, Sveta Stolica proglasila ih je blaženima među još 38 mučenika kojima je život oduzet iz mržnje prema vjeri u razdoblju od 1945. do 1974. godine. U tijeku je bio i postupak za proglašenje blaženim vodi se i za slugu Božjeg fra Alojzija Palića koji je svoj život položio također iz vjere i svjedočenja Isusa Krista nekoliko desetljeća ranije na Kosovu, gdje je ubijen 1913.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi
Katoličanstvo u Albaniji
Katoličanstvo na Kosovu


Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1926.

Explorations
 February: Thomas Gann visits the Maya ruin of Coba, and publishes the first first-hand description of the site later in the year.
  Enrique Juan Palacios makes detailed description of Chinkultic.
 Matthew Stirling explores New Guinea (through 1929).
 Leo Frobenius makes the first detailed survey of the central Eastern Desert of Egypt.
 First survey at Tel Hazor made by John Garstang.
 Louis and Mary Leakey discover the neolithic site at Hyrax Hill, Kenya.

Excavations
 British Museum-sponsored excavations at Lubaantun under T. A. Joyce.
 Uaxactun project by Carnegie Institution led by Oliver Ricketson begins.
 Alexander Keiller and Harold St George Gray excavate Windmill Hill, Avebury, in England (continues to 1929).
 Col. William Hawley concludes work (begun in 1919) at Stonehenge in England, including investigation of the Aubrey holes.
 Roman amphitheatre at Isca Augusta near Caerleon in South Wales excavated by Victor Erle Nash-Williams.
 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin joins the ongoing excavations of the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, China, as an advisor.
 Aage Roussell and Poul Nørlund unearth 13 skeletons at Igaliku in Greenland.
 Hilbre Islands.

Publications
 Nils Åberg - The Anglo-Saxons in England during the early centuries after the invasion.
 V. Gordon Childe - The Aryans: a Study of Indo-European Origins.

Finds
 October: Johan Gunnar Andersson announces the discovery of two human molars amongst the material excavated from the Peking Man site in Zhoukoudian, China by his assistant Otto Zdansky in 1921 and 1923.
 Dorothy Garrod finds 'Gibraltar 2', fossilized components of a Neanderthal child's skull, in excavations at the Devil's Tower rock shelter on Gibraltar.
 Mayan settlement of El Mirador first discovered.
 Crofton Roman Villa discovered by bricklayers in Orpington, England.
 Leonidas sculpture discovered on the Acropolis of Sparta.
 Dancing Girl sculpture discovered in British India.
 Treasure buried by pirate Benito de Soto in 1828 is discovered at his home village in Galicia (Spain).

Awards

Miscellaneous
 June - Baghdad Archaeological Museum opens.
 Sir Ellis Minns elected to the Disney Professorship of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge.

Births
 August 22: Ángela Jeria, Chilean archaeologist and human rights activist (b. 1926)
 September 24: Aubrey Burl, English prehistoric archaeologist (d. 2020)
 December 12: Wang Jin, Chinese prehistoric archaeologist (d. 2020)

Deaths
 July 12: Gertrude Bell, British archaeologist (b. 1868)
 December 9: Francis Joseph Bigger, Irish antiquarian (b. 1863)

References

Archaeology
Archaeology
Archaeology by year

1926 in archaeology


Antonio Kovačević, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Sudionik SP do 19 održanog 2005. u Kataru na kojem je osvojio broncu.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši

Antonio Kovačević


دوير هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء المتن في محافظة جبل لبنان. وأغلب سكانها من المسيحيين

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء المتن
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

دوير (المتن)


Anomalías eléctricas es una película del año 2010.

Sinopsis
El personaje principal estudia en su casa de Malabo cuando, de pronto, las luces se apagan. Busca una vela y se cae en la oscuridad. Vuelve la luz y se pone a estudiar de nuevo, pero no dura mucho. Vuelve a haber otro corte de luz. El personaje intenta arreglarlo, pero se electrocuta. Cuando vuele la luz, tiene el pelo rasta y, al poco, la luz se va por tercera vez.

Referencias

Anomalías eléctricas


La Chine est le pays hôte aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 4 au . Il s'agit de sa douzième participation à des Jeux d'hiver.

Athlètes engagés
Aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022, les athlètes de l'équipe de Chine participent aux épreuves suivantes :

Médaillés

Résultats

Biathlon

Bobsleigh

Combiné nordique

Curling

Hockey sur glace

Luge

Patinage artistique

Patinage de vitesse

Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte (short-track)

Saut à ski

Skeleton

Ski acrobatique

Ski alpin

Ski de fond

Snowboard

Références

Chine
2022
Sport en Chine en 2022

Chine aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022


El museo de Granollers (Granollers, Barcelona) contiene un fondo heterogéneo formado por colecciones de arqueología, artes decorativas, etnografía, numismática y arte antiguo, moderno y contemporáneo. El Museo, que está integrado en la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona, coordina y apoya la mayoría de las excavaciones arqueológicas de la comarca del Vallés Oriental, y a su vez potencia el conocimiento y la protección del patrimonio cultural local. Asimismo, el Museo gestiona L'Adoberia, centro de interpretación histórica del Granollers medieval, localizado en la antigua curtiduría de Ginebreda, un espacio enmarcado por la muralla medieval y la propia curtiduría.

Historia
El Museo tiene su origen en la creación en 1932 de la comisión organizadora del Museo de Granollers y del Vallés Oriental (Comissió Organitzadora del Museu de Granollers i del Vallès Oriental en catalán), encargada de recoger e inventariar piezas, y sustituida en 1934 por el Patronato del Museo-Archivo de Granollers y del Vallés Oriental. En 1937 la casa Molina se convirtió en la sede del Museo, acogiendo también obras de arte procedentes de colecciones particulares y eclesiásticas de la comarca; el museo de Granollers se inauguró oficialmente en 1946 y estuvo ubicado en la casa Molina hasta su demolición en 1965. El Museo de Granollers quedó sin sede hasta que en 1976 se inauguró la sede actual, un edificio construido a propósito y proyectado por los arquitectos Bosch, Botey y Cuspinera.

Exposición
Los fondos del Museo se exhiben de manera rotativa en exposiciones trianuales para dar más dinamismo a las colecciones, y se programan también exposiciones temporales y otras actividades como talleres, conferencias o conciertos.

Fondo de arqueología
El fondo de arqueología está formado principalmente por materiales procedentes de los yacimientos de la comarca, como los ajuares funerarios neolíticos del Camí de Can Grau (La Roca del Vallés) y de la Bòbila d'en Joca (Montornés del Vallés), aunque también consta de piezas procedentes de la necrópolis punicocartaginesa del Puig des Molins (Ibiza), materiales cerámicos de Ampurias y materiales de época romana y árabe procedentes de Mérida (Extremadura), además de una colección de exvotos iberos de bronce, probablemente del sur de la península ibérica. Asimismo, el Museo es el dipositario de los materiales arqueológicos de la mayoría de las excavaciones realizadas durante los últimos años en la comarca.

Fondo de arte
El fondo de arte del Museo reúne pinturas y esculturas dedesde el  hasta la actualidad. Entre las piezas más antiguas, destacan los fragmentos del púlpito de la iglesia de Sant Esteve de Granollers, del siglo XVIII, y el retablo de la Virgen del Rosal, del siglo XVI. En lo referente a arte más reciente, el fondo consta de obras de artistas de fines del , como Eliseo Meifrén, Josep Maria Tamburini y Rossend Nobas, y de autores del  como el escultor Manolo Hugué, el ceramista Antoni Cumella, Josep Uclés o Antoni Tàpies. Tiene también una colección de artistas de la joven vanguardia catalana de la década de 1990.

Fondos de historia y etnografía
Los fondos de historia y etnografía son los más heterogéneos del Museo: cuenta con armas, camafeos, llaves y otros objetos de diversa índole procedentes de colecciones particulares formadas fuera del Museo. Destacan el fondo de numismática, con monedas antiguas y modernas, y el de cerámica y vidrio.

Véase también
 Museo de Granollers-Ciencias Naturales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial
 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña

Museos de Granollers
Granollers
Museos de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona
Museos de España inaugurados en 1976
Museos de España inaugurados en 1937
Bienes culturales de interés nacional de la provincia de Barcelona

Museo de Granollers


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1925 en Finlande  :

Évènement
 15- :
  : Fin du gouvernement Ingman II
 - : Gouvernement Tulenheimo
  : Gouvernement Kallio II

Création
 Grankulla IFK, club omnisports.

 , magazine.
 , club de football.
 Université de Tampere

Naissance
 , architecte.
 , navigateur.
 , acteur.
 Aarno Ruusuvuori, architecte.
 , lutteur.

Décès
 , botaniste.
 , personnalité politique.
 Usko Nyström, architecte.
 Georg Schreck, architecte.
 , personnalité politique.
 , peintre.

Notes et références

1925 en Finlande

1925 en Finlande


Den ny Kokkepige er en dansk stumfilm fra 1917, der er instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Irma Strakosch.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr.
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1917

Den ny Kokkepige


قصر المشاقي يقع في مرج صانور وقد بناه الأمير المحلي الشيخ سليمان المشاقي وهو لقب للشيخ ابي بكر محمد بن سليمان مشاق المشاقي ولقب بمشاق لانه كان (يمتشق الرؤوس وذلك لشدة بطشه وحزمه) وقد كان شيخ جبال نابلس معجم البلدان واسس قصره وسجونه في قريه ياصيد قضاء نابلس سنه 780 وله قلاع وسجون حتى الآن وقام ببناء مسجد مازال يحمل اسمه حتى الآن ويعتبر من اقدم المساجد الموجوده في مدينه نابلس وقد قام اهالي القرية مجتمعين باعده ترميم المسجد وقد نتشر نسله في رام الله بيت عور التحتا وهو وشيخ مشايخ قرى بني زيد وبلغت سطوته مناطق الشمال مثل تل والقرى المحيطة بها في منطقة نابلس وجنين ويقال أنه هدم من قبل جيش إبراهيم باشا كما يقال أنه قصف من قبل جيش نابليون. المشاقي كان كما يروى أميرا صارما ومتحالفا مع الدولة المماليك ضد العثمانين وكما يقال أنه كان يثير الرعب في أهالي منطقة جنين حتى ساحل البحر الأبيض المتوسط ومما يقال أنه كان يربط أيادي المعتقلين بسيقان نبتة البطيخ (لبش البطيخ) ويبعثهم إلى سجنه وكانو من شدة الخوف لا يفكون وثاقهم رغم مشيهم لمسافة طويلة وحيدين حتى السجن.
وقد اتخذ من قرية ياصيد التي تقع إلى الشمال من مدينة نابلس مركزا له حيث يوجد فيها الكثير من آثاره مثل السجون والقصور.
وقضي عليه على يد أبناء ال جرار وعبد الهادي ليس هناك دليل واضح بان الاسم يعني مشق الرؤوس بل تنحدر اصول العائلة لقبائل مازالت تتواجد حتى الآن في نجران وجازان بالسعودية حيث ان الرويات تقول ان المشاقي خرج من السعودية سنه 760هجريا أي تقريبا والله اعلم بسبب خلاف عائلي حدث هناك بين أبناء العم كما يوجد للعائله اصول ثابته في جمهوريه مصر العربيه وهم يقطنون في المحلة الكبر وفي الجمهورية التونسيه في ضواحي العاصمة

المراجع

روابط خارجية
 القصور في فلسطين: قصور اثرية وتاريخية

قصور في فلسطين

قصر المشاقي


One from the Heart is a soundtrack album of Tom Waits compositions for the Francis Ford Coppola film of the same name. It was recorded from October 1980 to September 1981. It was during this period that Waits met his wife Kathleen Brennan, an employee at the studio where it was recorded. While the film was released in February, the soundtrack album release was delayed until October of 1982 due to a dispute between Columbia Records and Coppola's Zoetrope Studios.

Crystal Gayle sings on the record, performing either solo or in duets with Waits. The soundtrack was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score.

The movie was re-released on DVD on January 27, 2004, and the DVD contains remixed and remastered Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound of the soundtrack from Waits' original studio sessions, a documentary on the making of the soundtrack, as well as previously unreleased demo recordings and alternate takes.

Production
The album was the last in an almost decade-long collaboration between Waits and producer Bones Howe. Howe recounts how Waits broke the news to him: "He called me up and said 'Can we have a drink?' He told me he realised one night that as he was writing a song, he found himself asking 'If I write this, will Bones like it?' I said to him that we were getting to be kind of like an old married couple. I said I don't want to be the reason that an artist can't create. It was time for him to find another producer. We shook hands and that was it. It was a great ride."

Critical reception
The Austin Chronicle wrote: "Of course Waits fans might chafe at the Crystal clarity of the country music siren's ringing cry, but like the last and best duet on the soundtrack explains, 'This One's From the Heart'."

Track listing

Personnel
Tom Waits - vocals, piano, orchestral arrangements

Musicians
 Bob Alcivar – piano, orchestral arrangement, conductor
 Ronnie Barron – organ on "Little Boy Blue"
 Dennis Budimir – guitar on "Opening Montage" and "Old Boyfriends"
 Larry Bunker – drums on "The Tango"
 Gene Cipriano – tenor saxophone on "The Tango"
 Greg Cohen – bass
 Teddy Edwards – tenor saxophone
 Victor Feldman – timpani on "You Can't Unring a Bell"
 Chuck Findley – trumpet on "Circus Girl"
 Crystal Gayle – vocals
 Dick Hyde – trombone on "Circus Girl"
 Pete Jolly – piano, accordion, celeste
 Gayle Levant – harp
 John Lowe – woodwind on "Circus Girl"
 Shelly Manne – drums on "Opening Montage", "Is There Any Way Out of This Dream?" and "Old Boyfriends"
 Lonny Morgan – woodwind
 Joe Porcaro – glockenspiel on "Presents"
 Emil Richards – vibes on "I Beg Your Pardon"
 Jack Sheldon – trumpet
 John Thomassie – percussion on "Little Boy Blue"
 Leslie Thompson – harmonica on "Circus Girl"
 Don Waldrop – tuba on "Instrumental Montage"

Technical personnel
 Bones Howe – producer, sound, engineer, remixer
 Biff Dawes – engineer
 Tim Boyle – second engineer
 Dave Demore – second engineer
 Bob Winder – second engineer
 Richard Beggs – sound montages
 Kathy Morton – sound assistant

References

External links
 Tom Waits perspective at Tom Waits Library

Crystal Gayle albums
Musical film soundtracks
Collaborative albums
1982 soundtrack albums
Tom Waits soundtracks
CBS Records soundtracks
Albums produced by Bones Howe

One from the Heart (album)


d'Alexandrie est  Patriarche d'Alexandrie entre  570 et 580.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Patriarche orthodoxe d'Alexandrie du VIe siècle
Personnalité byzantine du VIe siècle
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom
Patriarche du VIe siècle

Jean IV d'Alexandrie


Winger Live ist der Titel eines 2007 veröffentlichten Albums und einer DVD der US-amerikanischen Rockband Winger.

Hintergrund
CD-Album und DVD geben den am 3. März 2007 aufgenommenen Auftritt der Band im Galaxy Concert Theatre in Santa Ana wieder. Regisseur der Filmaufnahmen war Jack Edward Sawyers. Das Konzert wurde ohne Unterbrechung gefilmt und mit 10 Kameras aufgezeichnet. Die Tonspur wurde für die CD-Veröffentlichung genutzt. Die DVD bot zusätzlich zur Doppel-CD Ausschnitte vom Soundcheck der Band und eine Fotogalerie.

Titelliste

Rezeption
Jenny Rönnebeck bilanzierte für Rock Hard, nach fast 20 Jahren "sei es nun höchste Zeit für das erste Doppel-Livealbum und die erste DVD" Das album zeige "dank der tollen Besetzung, bei der besonders Gitarrist Reb Beach" begeistere, eine "klasse Show, die mit Hits wie Easy Come, Easy Go und Miles Away, aber auch mit neuerem Material des letzten Albums" auftrumpfe. Es hätte allerdings "ein wenig druckvoller produziert" werden können. Das Album wie auch die DVD machten Spaß.

Matthias Mineur schrieb in einer Rezension zur DVD in Metal Hammer, die bei dem Konzert in den ersten Reihen stehenden Frauen hätten "raubeinigen Hardrock über sich ergehen lassen" müssen. Die Band rocke sich "durch eine Auswahl ihrer wichtigsten Stücke", präsentiere "Down Incognito und Easy Come, Easy Go in modernisierter Fassung" und verdeutliche, dass sie "auf der Bühne noch deutlich lebendiger" wirke als auf ihren Studioscheiben.

Für cdstarts.de schrieb Anton Tsuji, über die Tracklist lasse "sich wirklich nicht meckern." Besonders Reb Beach beweise mit seiner Performance, dass er "es einfach drauf" habe. Erfreulich sei, dass "das Haarspray nicht nur aus den Frisuren der Bandmitglieder, sondern auch aus den Arrangements gewichen" sei. Die Songs wirkten "um einiges roher und damit frischer als ihre Pendants auf den alten Alben."

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Album (Hard Rock)
Livealbum
Album 2007
Winger

Winger Live


Instinkt er en dansk folkrockgruppe bestående af Martin Seeberg, Louise Ring Vangsgaard, Søren Korshøj, Vivi di Bap og Malene Daniels Beck. De havde deres debut på Frederikssund Visefestival i 2000.

Deres debutalbum, HUR udkom i 2002, og fik fire ud af seks stjerner i musikmagasinet GAFFA.  Ved Danish Music Awards Folk i 2003 vandt albummet prisen som "Årets danske folk-album". Instinkt vandt desuden priserne som "Årets danske folk-artist (nutidig)" og "Årets folk debut", mens Vivi di Bap fik prisen som "Årets instrumentalist" for sine bidrag til HUR.

I 2006 udkom deres andet album under titlen Grum. Dette album fik fem ud af seks stjerner i GAFFA. Samtidig vandt Grum prisen som "Årets danske album" ved DMA Folk. Gruppen blev også nomineret til "Årets danske artist (nutidig)" og Seeberg blev nomineret til "Årets danske instrumentalist" ved samme prisoverrækkelse.

Medlemmer
 Martin Seeberg - bratsch, fløjte, skalmeje, jødeharpe, vokal
 Louise Ring Vangsgaard - violin, vokal,
 Søren Korshøj - violin, guitar, vokal
 Vivi di Bap - trommer, percussion, vokal, cello
 Malene Daniels Beck - elbas, kontrabas, vokal

Diskografi
 2002 HUR
 2006 Grum

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Instinkt på Discogs

Musikgrupper fra 2002

Instinkt (band)


Dik burunlular (Lamniformes), kıkırdaklı balıklarda sınıflandırılan köpek balıkları alt-sınıfının on bir takımından birisidir. Bu takıma ait en tanınmış köpekbalığı türleri, dev köpekbalığı ve beyaz köpekbalığıdır.

Açıklama
Dik burunlular takımına ait türlerin ortak özelliklerini kısaca belirtmek, diğer takımlardaki kadar kolay değildir. Ancak birçok özellikleri sıraladıktan sonra ortaklıkları göz önüne getirilebilir:

 5 adet solungaç aralığı
 2 adet sırt yüzgeci
 Göz kapaklarının var olmaması
 Anal yüzgecinin var olması
 Burunlarının dik olması
 Ağızlarının başlangıcı gözlerinin önünde bulunması

Bu takıma ait olan birçok tür, sıcaklığı depolayabilirler ve çevre sıcaklığına diğer balıklar kadar bağımlı olmazlar.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Dik burunlular


Brewster Hopkinson Shaw Jr. (born May 16, 1945) is a retired NASA astronaut, U.S. Air Force colonel, and former executive at Boeing. Shaw was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 6, 2006.

Shaw is a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions and has logged 533 hours of space flight. He was pilot of Space Shuttle Columbia in November 1983, commander of Space Shuttle Atlantis in November 1985 and commander of Columbia in August 1989.

Following the Space Shuttle Challenger accident in 1986, he supported the Rogers Presidential Commission investigating the accident. Shaw subsequently led the Space Shuttle Orbiter return-to-flight team chartered to enhance the safety of the vehicles' operations.

Shaw worked as a manager at NASA until 1996 when he left the agency, retired from the Air Force and went to work in the private sector as an aerospace executive.

Early life and education
Shaw is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Brewster H. Shaw Sr. He was born May 16, 1945, and grew up in Michigan. He graduated from Cass City High School in Cass City, Michigan, in 1963. Shaw received a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968. He completed a Master of Science degree in Engineering Mechanics in 1969, also at UW-Madison.  Shaw joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity while attending UW-Madison.

While attending college Shaw was the member of a band called The Gentlemen. He credits his flying career to a fellow band member: "Our drummer, Steve Schimming, had a private pilot's license, and one day he took me up in his plane. From that moment on, I wanted to be a pilot."

U.S. Air Force pilot
Shaw entered the Air Force in 1969 after completing Officer Training School and attended undergraduate pilot training at Craig Air Force Base, Alabama. He received his pilot wings in 1970 and was then assigned to the F-100 Replacement Training Unit at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona.

In April 1973 Shaw reported to George Air Force Base, California, for F-4 instructor duties. Shaw attended the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, starting in July 1975. Following the completion of this training, he remained at Edwards as an operational test pilot. He served as an instructor at the USAF Test Pilot School from August 1977 to July 1978.

NASA career
Shaw was selected by NASA to be an astronaut in January 1978 where he served on loan from the Air Force.

Space flight experience

STS-9

Shaw's first trip to space was as pilot on STS-9 Columbia from November 28 to December 8, 1983.

His fellow crew included Commander John W. Young, mission specialists Owen Garriott and Robert Parker, and payload specialists, Byron Lichtenberg and Ulf Merbold. This was the largest crew to fly aboard a single spacecraft, the first international Shuttle crew and the first to carry payload specialists.

The crew conducted more than seventy multi-disciplinary scientific and technical investigations in the fields of life sciences, atmospheric physics and earth observations, astronomy and solar physics, space plasma physics, and materials processing. After ten days of spacelab hardware verification and around-the-clock scientific operations, Columbia and its laboratory cargo (the heaviest payload to be returned to Earth in the shuttle's cargo bay) returned to land on the dry lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

STS-61B

Brewster Shaw first served as shuttle commander on STS-61B Atlantis. The mission launched at night on November 26 and returned on December 3, 1985.

The crew included spacecraft commander Brewster Shaw; pilot, Bryan O'Connor; mission specialists, Mary Cleave, Jerry Ross, and Woody Spring; as well as payload specialists Rodolfo Neri Vela (Mexico), and Charles Walker (McDonnell Douglas).

During the mission the crew deployed the communications satellites, conducted two six-hour spacewalks to demonstrate space station construction techniques with the EASE/ACCESS experiments, operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis (CRFES) experiment for McDonnell Douglas and a Getaway Special (GAS) container for Telesat, Canada, conducted several Mexican Payload Specialists Experiments for the Mexican Government and tested the Orbiter Experiments Digital Autopilot (OEX DAP). This was the heaviest payload weight carried to orbit by the Space Shuttle to date. After completing 108 orbits of the Earth in 165 hours, Shaw landed Atlantis on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Brewster Shaw told the NASA oral historian for STS-61-B that he installed a padlock on the hatch control because he was "particularly concerned" that the Mexican Rodolfo Neri Vela could "flip out" during the mission. Shaw noted that he didn't think that Neri Vela noticed the padlock at the time, but that other members of the crew did.

STS-28

Shaw was the commander of STS-28 Columbia (August 8–13, 1989). The mission included pilot Dick Richards and three mission specialists: Jim Adamson, Dave Leestma and Mark Brown. The shuttle carried classified Department of Defense payloads and a number of secondary payloads. After 80 orbits of Earth the five-day mission concluded with a dry lake bed landing on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

NASA management
Shaw left the Johnson Space Center in October 1989 to assume the NASA Headquarters senior executive position of deputy director, Space Shuttle operations, located at the Kennedy Space Center. As operations manager, Shaw was responsible for all operational aspects of the Space Shuttle Program and had Level II authority over the Space Shuttle elements from the time the Orbiters left the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), were mated to the external tank and solid rocket boosters, transported to the launch pad, launched and recovered and returned to the Orbiter Processing Facility. He was the final authority for the launch decision, and chaired the Mission Management Team.

Shaw moved on to serve as the Deputy Program Manager, Space Shuttle, as a NASA Headquarters employee located at the Kennedy Space Center. In addition to the duties he previously held, he also shared with the Space Shuttle Program Manager, full authority and responsibility for the conduct of the Space Shuttle Program.

He then served as Director, Space Shuttle Operations, with responsibility for the development of all Space Shuttle elements, including the Orbiter, external tank, solid rocket boosters, Space Shuttle main engines, the facilities required to support mission operations and in the planning necessary to efficiently conduct Space Shuttle operations.

Aerospace executive

Rockwell and Boeing
Shaw joined Rockwell in 1996 after 27 years with the U.S. Air Force and NASA. The Boeing Company acquired Rockwell in December 1996.

Initially, Shaw served as director of major programs, Boeing Space and Defense Group. Then he became vice president and program manager of International Space Station (ISS) electrical power systems at Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power. The contract included the development, test, evaluation and production of the electrical power system to be assembled in space during multiple space shuttle launches. Shaw's next role was to lead the consolidated Boeing teams at Huntsville, Alabama, Canoga Park and Huntington Beach, California, in the design, development, test, evaluation, production and flight preparation of ISS hardware and software. Boeing was NASA's prime contractor and supplier for the ISS.

United Space Alliance
In mid-2003, Brewster Shaw left Boeing and became the chief operating officer of United Space Alliance (USA).  In that position he had primary responsibility for the day-to-day operations and overall management of USA, the prime contractor for the Space Shuttle Program, and its 10,000 employees in Florida, Texas, Alabama and Russia.

Return to Boeing
In January 2006 he returned to the Boeing Company's Houston campus, to serve as the Vice President & General Manager of the division which controls Boeing's International Space Station and Space Shuttle programs.

He retired from Boeing on August 26, 2011.

Personal life
He is married and is the father of three children. His youngest son, Brandon (born in 1976), was murdered by carjackers in Austin, Texas in July 1997.

Shaw is a descendant of William Brewster of the Mayflower.

Awards and honors
Shaw has earned numerous honors and awards including 28 medals in Vietnam. He received the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross with 7 Oak Leaf Cluster and the Defense Meritorious Service Medal.

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Air Force officers
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
People from Cass City, Michigan
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
United States Air Force astronauts
American chief operating officers
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Military personnel from Michigan

Brewster H. Shaw