Paladar es un término empleado exclusivamente en Cuba para designar a restaurantes montados y dirigidos por cuentapropistas.

El término, de uso popular, tiene su origen en la telenovela brasileña Vale Todo, mostrada en Cuba a inicios de la década de los años 90's. Paladar era el nombre de la cadena de restaurantes industriales dirigidos por Raquel Accioli, la protagonista, interpretada por Regina Duarte. La transmisión de esta telenovela coincidió en época con la primera emisión de licencias para el trabajo cuentapropista en Cuba, por lo que el público cubano bautizó así a los entonces establecimientos de nuevo tipo.

Desde sus inicios en los 90s hasta finales de principios de 2011, las paladares se vieron sometidas por parte del gobierno cubano a limitaciones relativas a la cantidad y tipo de productos que podían ofertar, la contratación de mano de obra y el número de asientos que podían disponer. El proceso de renovación del modelo económico iniciado en 2010 conllevó a una revisión de estas medidas, dando lugar a un incremento sustancial del número de paladares y a la diversificación de las propuestas.

Los modelos que surgen son muy diversos y van desde el típico negocio establecido en una casa de familia y atendido por esta, hasta variantes más elaboradas que incluyen diversos tipos de cocina en salones especialmente concebidos o modificados para la actividad. Igualmente, si bien la mayoría de los establecimientos ofrecen comida cubana, y la muy popular en Cuba comida italiana, han ido apareciendo propuestas más ambiciosas que mezclan la cocina local con elementos mediterráneos e internacionales en general.

Algunas paladares han alcanzado renombre internacional por su calidad y lo sólido de su propuesta gastronómica. Nombres como "La Cocina de Lilliam", "La Guarida", "La Fontana" o "Gringo Viejo", son obligada referencia para los que buscan dónde comer en La Habana.

El fenómeno de los Paladares o restaurantes por cuenta propia se ha expandido a toda la Isla, no es exclusivo ya de La habana, sino de otros polos turísticos tal como lo es Trinidad. Otro sitio turístico que destaca por sus propuestas ofrecidas por particulares es el de Holguín, ciudad que destaca por su cultura y servicios orientados al visitante extranjero. Compitiendo fuertemente con las ofertas tradicionales del Estado.

Restaurantes de referencia en Holguín son:

  Restaurante bar La Torre.
  Restaurante 1910.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de AlaMesa Directorio Cubano de Restaurantes.
 Restaurante Bar La Torre Restaurante Cubano en Holguín Cuba.
 Sitio Oficial de Doña Bárbara Restaurante Cubano en Guardalavaca Cuba.
 Foro de Paladares en Los Viajeros
 Foro de Paladares de Cuba en Trip Advisor

Clases de restaurante
Cultura de Cuba
Empresas de Cuba
Gastronomía de Cuba
Turismo en Cuba

Paladar (Cuba)


La Financière immobilière bordelaise, ou FIB (anciennement immobilière Spiic), est un holding français spécialisé dans l'immobilier commercial et le secteur de la distribution, appartenant à Michel Ohayon. Ce groupe est ou a été notamment propriétaire, directement ou indirectement par différents montages financiers (à travers sa filiale HPB notamment), des enseignes Camaïeu ou Go Sport, quelques parts dans la marque de café Legal par l'intermédiaire du fils aîné Ohayon, ainsi que de certains magasins de la franchise Galeries Lafayette. La principale entité de ce holding est Hermione People & Brands (HPB) gérant les activités de distribution.

Historique
La Financière immobilière bordelaise est fondée en 1996 par Michel Ohayon, alors franchisé dans l'habillement à Bordeaux, au départ pour racheter les murs de ses magasins. Ce dernier investit à plusieurs reprises dans l'immobilier, comme le Grand Hôtel de Bordeaux, le Waldorf Astoria Trianon à Versailles et à Jérusalem, le Sheraton de Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle ou même un grand cru de Saint-émilion.

2018 :  création du groupe HPB et reprise de 22 magasins Galeries Lafayette
Hermione People & Brands (HPB), une entité « sœur » coiffée par la FIB est créée en 2018.

À partir de 2018, Michel Ohayon va accumuler les rachats dans la distribution, la plupart liées directement ou indirectement au textile, secteur alors en difficulté. Hermione Retail, filiale d'HPB, reprend, cette année là, la franchise de 22 des magasins Galeries Lafayette, essentiellement situés dans de petites ou moyennes agglomérations (dont Amiens, Cannes, La Rochelle, Rouen et Toulon, mais aussi Bayonne, Dax, Pau et Tarbes). Le modèle économique de ces magasins est alors en difficulté. Michel Ohayon souhaite donc investir dans leur transformation numérique et leur redonner une dynamique commerciale locale, pour bénéficier autant que possible de leur emplacement stratégique au cœur des villes. Il n'achète pas seulement la marque , mais également les murs, perpétuant ainsi ses investissements immobiliers d'origine.

En , la Financière immobilière bordelaise soutient financièrement le plan de continuation de l'enseigne La Grande Récré par son président-directeur général Jean-Michel Grunberg, alors en redressement judiciaire.

2020 : HPB rachète Camaïeu
Milieu 2020, Hermione People & Brands (HPB) reprend 511 magasins Camaïeu en difficulté après plusieurs cessations des paiements entre 2016 et 2018. Camaïeu compte alors . Au moment de valider l'offre de HPB, le tribunal de commerce de Lille critique dans sa décision la faiblesse des prix proposés par les candidats à la reprise. 460 départs et un plan de sauvegarde de l'emploi de  d'euros sont prévus.

2021 : HPB reprend Gap France, puis Go Sport
Entre-temps en , HPB reprend, pour un euro symbolique Gap France, qui compte alors 21 points de vente. Ce n'est pas considéré comme un rachat d'entreprise d'après Michel Ohayon qui précise que cette filiale a été

Puis, en , Go Sport appartenant alors à Rallye est racheté, toujours pour un euro symbolique. Gap France est revendu peu après à Go Sport pour plus d'une trentaine de millions d'euros.

2022 : liquidation de Camaïeu, puis redressement judiciaire de Go Sport
En  les cafés Legal sont en partie rachetés par le fils de Michel Ohayon. En , Camaïeu est placée en redressement judiciaire ; HPB, qui ne souhaite plus apporter de financement, ne peut convaincre le tribunal et Camaïeu ferme définitivement fin  avec des dizaines de millions d'euros de dettes.

Patrick Puy, redresseur d'entreprises, est alors nommé le  à la tête de Go Sport France. En parallèle est ouverte une enquête préliminaire, par le parquet de Grenoble, pour abus de biens sociaux concernant des mouvements de fonds de plusieurs millions entre Go Sport et HPB. En effet, la remontée de plus de 30 millions d'euros vers la holding laisse perplexe les syndicats : HPB explique avoir financé le rachat de Gap France par Go Sport ; mais la somme reste étonnante pour les observateurs, alors qu'à l'origine en 2021, Gap a été racheté pour un euro. Répercussion de cette enquête et de ce mouvement de ce flux de trésorerie, début 2023, peu après la faillite de Camaïeu, le holding de Go Sport est placé en redressement judiciaire par le tribunal de commerce de Grenoble, à cause d'une cessation de paiements. La justice s'interroge sur le passif de quatorze millions d'euros et sur l'utilisation du PGE de 55 millions . HPB fait appel. L' fait craindre que le même sort soit réservé à Gap France, elle aussi grevée de 12 millions d'euros de dettes envers la maison mère américaine.

2023 : redressement judiciaire de la FIB
Selon une information du journal Libération confirmée par Mediapart, la Financière immobilière bordelaise (en fait à cause de trois des sociétés intégrés à la FIB et ayant financé les hôtels) est placée en redressement judiciaire le 15 .

Michel Ohayon annonce qu'il va placer en redressement judiciaire les 26 magasins Galeries Lafayette qu'il contrôle en France « pour les protéger de toute attaque ». Ce dernier met en cause Wilhem Hubner ancien président de HPB jusqu'au 25 janvier 2023, date à laquelle il est révoqué sans ménagement.

Activités

Immobilier
Le groupe FIB dispose de bureaux et d'hôtels dans les principales villes françaises, dont le Grand Hôtel de Bordeaux, le Trianon Palace Versailles et le Sheraton de Roissy-CDG.

Fin 2016, la FIB détient «  d'immobilier dans 20 villes en Europe ». Lors des problèmes financiers de HPB à partir de 2022, il est constaté que les différents projets immobiliers n'ont pas reçu les investissements promis et les ambitions de Michel Ohayon n'ont pas abouti.

Distribution
Michel Ohayon est indirectement présent dans la distribution textile (avec les Galeries Lafayette ou la franchise Gap France), de jouets (via Jouetland) ou d'articles sportifs (avec Go Sport). La plupart de ces différentes enseignes sont regroupées derrière la filiale Hermione People & Brands. La Grande Récré n'est pas intégrée à HPB. Son principal modèle économique reste l'autofinancement par l'endettement, par exemple en retardant les paiements ; mais cette forme d'autofinancement n'entraine, de la part de HPB, que peu ou pas d'investissements dans les différentes enseignes.

Données financières
En 2017, le total des actifs de la Financière immobilière bordelaise est estimé à plus de  d'euros.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Presse

Entreprise du secteur immobilier ayant son siège en France
Entreprise de la distribution ayant son siège en France
Entreprise ayant son siège à Bordeaux

Financière immobilière bordelaise


ඊශ්වර (සංස්කෘත: ईश्वर) යනු හින්දු ආගමේ දාර්ශනික සංකල්පයකි. හින්දු දර්ශනයේ පුරාණ ග්‍රන්ථවල, සන්දර්භය මත පදනම්ව, ඊශ්වර යනු උත්තරීතර ආත්මය, පාලකයා, ස්වාමියා, රජු, රැජින හෝ ස්වාමිපුරුෂයා යනුවෙන් අරුත් ගැන්විය හැක. මධ්‍යතන යුගයේ හින්දු ග්‍රන්ථවල, හින්දු ආගමේ දර්ශනයන් අනුව, ඊශ්වර යන්නෙන් අදහස් කරන්නේ දෙවියන් වහන්සේ, උත්තරීතර පුද්ගලයා, ඉටු දෙවියන් හෝ විශේෂ ආත්මය යන්නයි.

ඊශ්වර යනු මූලික වශයෙන් ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ නාම පදයකි. ශෛව ආගමේ සහ බොහෝ හින්දු භක්තිකයන් සඳහා, ඊශ්වර යනු ශිව සමඟ සමාන පදයකි.  වෛෂ්ණවයින් සඳහා එය විෂ්ණු දෙවියන්ට සමාන වේ. ආර්ය සමාජය සහ බ්‍රහ්මවාදය වැනි නූතන නිකායික ව්‍යාපාරවල ඊශ්වර ඒක දේවවාදී දෙවියන්ගේ ස්වරූපය ගනී.

නිරුක්තිය
ඊශ්වර යන වචනයේ මූලය පැමිණෙන්නේ ඊශ් (ईश, Ish) යන අර්ථයෙන් "හැකි" සහ "හිමිකරු, පාලකයා, ප්‍රධානියා" යන්නයි. ඊශ්වර යන පදයේ දෙවන කොටස වර වන අතර එහි අර්ථයන් වන්නේ සන්දර්භය මත පදනම්ව, "හොඳම, විශිෂ්ට, අලංංකාර", "තේරීම, කැමැත්ත, ආශීර්වාදය, වරප්‍රසාදය, තෑග්ග", සහ "ගැනුම්කරු, පෙම්වතා, විවාහ වීමට ගැහැණු ළමයෙකු ඉල්ලා සිටින තැනැත්තා" යන්නයි. ඊශ්වර යන්න වචනාර්ථයෙන් "හොඳම, අලංකාර හිමිකරු", "තේරීමේ පාලකයා, ආශීර්වාද, වරප්‍රසාද", හෝ "සුදුස්සන්ගේ ප්‍රධානියා, පෙම්වතා" යන්නයි.

සංකල්පයක් ලෙස, පුරාණ සහ මධ්‍යකාලීන සංස්කෘත ග්‍රන්ථවල ඊශ්වර යන්නෙන් විවිධ ලෙස අදහස් වන්නේ දෙවියන්, උත්තරීතර ජීවියා, උත්තරීතර ආත්මය, ශිව දෙවියන්, රජෙකු හෝ පාලකයෙකු, ස්වාමිපුරුෂයෙකු, ආදරයේ දෙවියන්, රුද්‍රයන්ගෙන් එක් අයකු සහ 'එකොළොස්' අංකයයි.

ඊශ්වර යන වචනය ඍග් වේදයේ දක්නට නොලැබේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, īś- ක්‍රියා පදය ඍග් වේදයේ දක්නට ලැබේ, එහි සඅරුත් ගන්වන්නේ  "හැකි, හැකියාව" යන්නයි. එය සාම වේදයේ නැත, අථර්ව වේදයේ දුර්ලභ ය, නමුත් එය යජුර් වේද සංහිතාවන්හි දක්නට ලෑබේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පැරණි ඉන්දියානු ව්‍යාකරණඥ පාණිනි පැහැදිලි කරන පරිදි, සන්දර්භීය අර්ථය දෙවියන් හෝ උත්තරීතර භාවය නොවේ.

සටහන්

හින්දු ආගම

ආශ්‍රයයන්
හින්දු දෙවිවරු

ඊශ්වර


1258 غزو المغول لبغداد
 1816 مذبحة الجوازي
 1830 المجازر الفرنسية في الجزائر من 1830 حتى 1962
 1890 المجزرة التي وقعت ضد قبيلة السو المعروفة بمذبحة وندد ني
 1914-1918 مذابح اليونانيين البونتيك
 1914-1918 مذابح الأرمن
 1914-1918 مذابح الأشوريين/الكلدان/السريان
 1933 مجزرة سميل
 1937 مجزرة القدس
 1942 المحرقة اليهودية على يد النازيين أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية
 1945 إبادة هيروشيما
 1945 إبادة ناجازاكي
 1945 مجزرة سطيف، قالمة وخراطة
 1948 مذبحة دير ياسين
 1953 مذبحة قلقيلية
 1956 مجزرة قسنطينة
 1960 مجزرة 11 ديسمبر 1960
 1961 مجزرة باريس
 1968 مذبحة هوي
 1976 مجزرة الكرنتينا
 1978 مجزرة إهدن
 1981 مذبحة الموزوت
 1982 مذبحة صبرا وشاتيلا
 1988 عمليات الأنفال
 1990 الغزو العراقي للكويت
 1992 الإبادة في البوسنة والهرسك
 1994 الإبادة الجماعية في رواندا
 1994 مذبحة الحرم الإبراهيمي
 1995 مذبحة سربرنيتشا
 1996 مجزرة قانا
 2006 مجزرة قانا الثانية
 2008 قائمة المجازر المنفذة خلال الهجوم على قطاع غزة (ديسمبر 2008 - يناير 2009)

قائمة بحاجة إلى تاريخ

مجزرة اكنيال (تحتاج إلى تاريخ ؟)2008

مذبحة الأبرياء2010

القانون الجنائي الدولي
جرائم حرب
جرائم ضد الإنسانية
قوائم قانونية
قوائم متعلقة بالجريمة
قوائم متعلقة بحقوق الإنسان
قوانين الحرب

قائمة جرائم الحرب


Isabel Margarida André, née le  à Lisbonne au Portugal et morte le , est une géographe portugaise. Elle est une pionnière de la géographie du genre au Portugal.

Biographie
Isabel Margarida André, naît le  à Lisbonne au Portugal. Elle est la fille unique de António Dias André, employé de la Compagnie Nationale de Navigation portugaise et d'Ana Margarida Duarte de Almeida André, employée de Sociétés métallurgiques métallisées.

Elle grandit à Queluz, dans la région de Lisbonne.

Isabel André travaille à l'Institut de géographie et aménagement du territoire de l'université de Lisbonne.

Travaux
Sa thèse, soutenue en 1994, est intitulée .

Isabel André est pionnière de la géographie du genre au Portugal. Elle a d'abord travaillé sur les liens familiaux et les rapports entre hommes et femmes.

Isabel Margarida André travaille aussi dans le domaine de la géographie urbaine.

Reconnaissance
Un prix Isabel André est décerné en son honneur pour récompenser des thèses de doctorat dans les domaines de la géographie et de l'aménagement du territoire développant une réflexion sur le genre.

Principales publications

Ouvrages et chapitres

Articles

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Article connexe

 Géographie du genre

Liens externes

Géographe portugais du XXe siècle
Géographe portugais du XXIe siècle
Universitaire portugais du XXe siècle
Universitaire portugais du XXIe siècle
Femme géographe
Naissance en juillet 1956
Décès en avril 2017
Naissance à Lisbonne
Décès à 60 ans

Isabel Margarida André


Andrew Alexander Cole (Nottingham, 15. listopada 1971.) je bivši engleski nogometaš koji je igrao na poziciji napadača. Profesionalna karijera mu je trajala od 1988. do 2008., a najviše je zapamćen po vremenu provedenom u Manchester Unitedu s kojim je osvojio osam glavnih trofeja, uključujući i Trebl 1999.

Engleski nogometaši
Nogometaši Arsenala
Nogometaši Fulhama
Nogometaši Newcastle Uniteda
Nogometaši Manchester Uniteda
Nogometaši Blackburn Roversa
Nogometaši Manchester Cityja
Nogometaši Portsmoutha
Nogometaši Sunderlanda
Nogometaši Nottingham Foresta

Andy Cole


Cette page regroupe les résultats des ministres lors des élections législatives françaises de 2022.

Contexte

Le , Emmanuel Macron et Élisabeth Borne composent un gouvernement de . L'Élysée annonce dans la foulée que tous les ministres candidats aux élections législatives des  et  devront démissionner de leur poste s'ils ne sont pas élus. Quinze membres du gouvernement sont candidats, dont la Première ministre, qui est candidate pour la première fois dans la sixième circonscription du Calvados.

Ministres non candidats
Les ministres qui ne se présentent pas sont :
 Bruno Le Maire, ministre de l'Économie, des Finances et de la Souveraineté industrielle et numérique
 Catherine Colonna, ministre de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères
 Éric Dupond-Moretti, garde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice
 Pap Ndiaye, ministre de l'Éducation nationale et de la Jeunesse
 Sébastien Lecornu, ministre des Armées
 Sylvie Retailleau, ministre de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche
 Rima Abdul-Malak, ministre de la Culture
 Agnès Pannier-Runacher, ministre de la Transition énergétique
 Amélie Oudéa-Castéra, ministre des Sports et des Jeux olympiques et paralympiques
 Isabelle Lonvis-Rome, ministre déléguée à l'Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, de la Diversité et de l'Égalité des chances
  Christophe Béchu, ministre délégué chargé des Collectivités territoriales
 Charlotte Caubel, secrétaire d'État chargée de l'Enfance
 Chrysoula Zacharopoulou, secrétaire d'État chargée du Développement, de la Francophonie et des Partenariats internationaux

Résultats

Premier tour
À l'issue du vote du , aucun des candidats n'est éliminé. Trois ministres n'arrivent qu'en deuxième position dans leur circonscription et sont en ballotage défavorable pour le second tour : Clément Beaune, Stanislas Guerini et Amélie de Montchalin. Le ministre obtenant le meilleur résultat est Gabriel Attal, avec 48,06 % des voix.

Second tour
Au second tour, Justine Benin est battue dans la deuxième circonscription de la Guadeloupe par le candidat de la NUPES, Christian Baptiste (58,65 % contre 41,35 %), Brigitte Bourguignon est battue de  dans la sixième circonscription du Pas-de-Calais par la candidate du RN, Christine Engrand (50,06 % contre 49,94 %), et Amélie de Montchalin est battue dans la sixième circonscription de l'Essonne par le candidat de la NUPES, Jérôme Guedj, député du PS frondeur entre 2012 et 2014 et candidat malheureux aux élections législatives de 2017 (53,36 % contre 46,63 %). C'est la première fois depuis la défaite d'Alain Juppé en 2007 que des ministres en exercice perdent un scrutin législatif. Selon la règle édictée par l'Élysée, elles sont donc contraintes de quitter le gouvernement.

Tableau détaillé

Notes et références

 Résultats officiels sur le site de ministère de l'Intérieur

Articles connexes
 Résultats par département des élections législatives françaises de 2022
 Résultats des ministres lors des élections législatives françaises de 2017
 Résultats des ministres lors des élections législatives françaises de 2012

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Résultats des ministres lors des élections législatives françaises de 2022


Tor Lars Oskar Endresen (Bergen, 15 de junio de 1959) es un cantante y compositor noruego.

Carrera
Participó en numerosas ocasiones en el Melodi Grand Prix, que cada año selecciona al representante de Noruega para el Festival de Eurovisión, pero solo lo ganó en una ocasión, representado a su país en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1997. Su tema "San Francisco", terminó en última posición con ningún punto.

Endresen participó en una serie de la televisión noruega a principios de la década de 1990, llamado Lollipop donde se interpretaban canciones pop de los años 50 y 60. La serie constó de 30 episodios, y se lanzaron tres álbumes (letras en inglés) con música de la serie y que tuvieron gran éxito de ventas en Noruega.

Ha sido galardonado con dos premios de la Disney por su contribución en las versiones en noruego de películas de la Disney.

Curiosidades

El tema titulado "Black Rain" perteneciente a su álbum Call Me Stranger en 1986, casi fue escogido como el tema de la película de James Bond The Living Daylights en 1987. (La elección recayó en el grupo noruego A-ha.)

Éxitos
1992 "Radio Luxembourg"
1991 "Ingen er så nydelig som du"

Discografía

Álbumes
 2005 - Now And Forever
 2004 - Retrofeelia
 2001 - Julen i våre hjerter (álbum de Navidad, con su hija Anne Sophie)
 2001 - Trippel Tor (CD-box) (con reediciones de Solo, Tor Endresen II y Sanger)
 2000 - Blue
 1999 - Tarzan (banda sonora noruega de la película Tarzán)
 1998 - Nære ting (con Rune Larsen)
 1997 - De aller beste (recopilatorio)
 1996 - Sanger
 1995 - Det beste fra Lollipop (recopilatorio)
 1992 - Tor Endresen II
 1992 - Collection (con Pål Thowsen) (recolpilatorio)
 1991 - Lollipop Jukebox (con Rune Larsen, Carola, Karoline Krüger y The Lollipops)
 1991 - Solo
 1990 - Lollipop 2 (con Rune Larsen y The Lollipops)
 1989 - Lollipop (con Rune Larsen)
 1989 - Life Goes On (con Pål Thowsen)
 1986 - Call Me Stranger (con Pål Thowsen) (incluye al trompetista noruego Ole Edvard Antonsen)

Melodi Grand Prix
 2006 - "Dreaming of a new tomorrow" (5.º)
 2005 - "Can you hear me" (con el grupo Seppo - 5.º)
 1999 - "Lover" (3.º)
 1997 - "San Francisco" (1.º)
 1994 - "Aladdin" (2.º)
 1993 - "Hva" (3.º)
 1992 - "Radio Luxembourg" (2.º)
 1990 - "Café le swing" (3.º)
 1989 - "Til det gryr av dag" (2.º)
 1988 - "Lengt" (4.º)
 1987 - "Hemmelig drøm" (9.º)

Festival de Eurovisión
 1997 - "San Francisco" (24.º y último, empatado con Célia Lawson de Portugal)
 1988 - "For Vår Jord" - haciendo coros a Karoline Krüger

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tor Endresen - "Black Rain"

Cantantes masculinos de Noruega
Cantantes en noruego
Representantes de Noruega en Eurovisión
Participantes en Eurovisión 1997
Participantes en el Melodi Grand Prix 1997
Artistas ganadores del Melodi Grand Prix

Tor Endresen


António Dias de Cardoso ou Antonio Díaz de Cardoso (1495, Santa Comba Dão, Portugal -1573,Santafe de Bogotá) foi um conquistador português que participou da conquista espanhola do povo Chibchas, povo indígena da Colômbia.

António Dias de Cardoso é mencionado como Cardosso nas primeiras crônicas da conquista espanhola, obra de autoria incerta; Epítome da conquista do Novo Reino de Granada.

Biografia

Nascimento e nome
António Dias de Cardoso, cujos sobrenomes são alternativamente escritos Díaz Cardoso, Díaz de Cardozo ou Díaz Cardozo, nasceu em Santa Comba no Reino de Portugal. Seus pais eram Diego Dias e Marquesa Cardoso.

Expedição

Dias de Cardoso juntou-se à expedição em busca de El Dorado, viagem liderada por Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada que partiu de Santa Marta, na Colômbia em abril de 1536. António Dias de Cardoso foi um dos três capitães de de Quesada. Comandou um dos três barcos que subiram o rio Magdalena; os outros capitães eram Gómez del Corral e Juan de Albarracín.
De La Tora, atual Barrancabermeja, de Quesada enviou tropas à frente para reconhecer eventuais rotas para aceder aos Andes. Dias de Cardoso e de Albarracín encontraram indígenas a consumir Sal-gema de alta qualidade, que levariam os conquistadores ao longo do Camiño da la Sal ("Rota do Sal") até à Confederação Chibchas.

Prefeituras
Dias de Cardoso recebeu a encomienda (prefeitura) de Suba, e governou entre 900 e 1000 Chibchas.

António Dias de Cardoso foi três vezes encomendero (prefeito) de Santa Fé de Bogotá; de 1540 a 1541 entre os mandatos de Juan Arévalo e Juan Tafur, entre 1562 e 1563 sucedendo a Juan de Rivera e precedendo Alonso de Olaya e de 1567 a 1568 como sucessor de Antón de Olaya e sucedido por Gonzalo de Ledesma.

Vida pessoal
Dias de Cardoso foi casado com Felipa Almeida,  ou Felipa de Almeyda Cabral,  e o casal teve duas filhas, Marquesa e Isabel Cardozo Almeyda, que se casou com os dois filhos de Luis Fernández de Acosta.

Ver também
 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada

Bibliografia

História da Colômbia
Prefeitos de Bogotá
Portugueses do século XVI
Mortos em ano desconhecido
Ano de nascimento desconhecido

António Dias de Cardoso (conquistador)


Dubačac (suhačica, zgriačica, dupčac; lat. Teucrium), biljni rod iz porodice medićevki (usnača (Lamiaceae) kojoj pripada preko 280 priznatih vrsta (bez hibrida) listopadnih i vazdazelenih trajnica, polugrmova i grmova raširenih po svim kontinentima. U Hrvatskoj raste nekoliko vrsta: Arduinov, grozdasti, obični, žuti, grmoliki, zeleni, pustenasti, lukovičasti i kaduljasti dubačac kao i najpoznatija vrsta trava iva.

Močvarni dubačac (T. scordium subsp. scordioides), podvrsta je lukovičastog dubačca.

Popis vrsta:

 Teucrium abolhayatensis Ranjbar & Mahmoudi
 Teucrium abutiloides L'Hér.
 Teucrium africanum Thunb.
 Teucrium afrum (Emb. & Maire) Pau & Font Quer
 Teucrium aladagense Vural & H.Duman
 Teucrium albicaule Toelken
 Teucrium albidum Munby
 Teucrium alborubrum Hemsl.
 Teucrium × alexeenkoanum Juz.
 Teucrium algarbiense (Cout.) Cout.
 Teucrium alopecurus de Noé
 Teucrium alpestre Sm.
 Teucrium × alvarezii Alcaraz, Sánchez-Gómez, De la Torre & S.Ríos
 Teucrium alyssifolium Stapf
 Teucrium amplexicaule Benth.
 Teucrium andrusi Post
 Teucrium angustissimum Schreb.
 Teucrium anlungense C.Y.Wu & S.Chow
 Teucrium annandalei Mukerjee
 Teucrium antiatlanticum (Maire) Sauvage & Vindt
 Teucrium antilibanoticum Mouterde
 Teucrium antitauricum Ekim
 Teucrium apollinis Maire & Weiller
 Teucrium aragonense Loscos & J.Pardo
 Teucrium arduinoi L., Arduinov dubačac
 Teucrium argutum R.Br.
 Teucrium aristatum Pérez Lara
 Teucrium aroanium Orph. ex Boiss.
 Teucrium asiaticum L.
 Teucrium atratum Pomel
 Teucrium aureiforme Pomel
 Teucrium aureocandidum Andr.
 Teucrium aureum Schreb.
 Teucrium × badiae Sennen
 Teucrium balearicum (Coss. ex Pau) Castrov. & Bayon
 Teucrium balfourii Vierh.
 Teucrium balthazaris Sennen
 Teucrium baokangensis C.L.Xiang
 Teucrium barbarum Jahand. & Maire
 Teucrium barbeyanum Asch. & Taub. ex E.A.Durand & Barratte
 Teucrium × bergadense Sennen
 Teucrium betchei (F.Muell.) Kattari & Salmaki
 Teucrium betonicum L'Hér.
 Teucrium bicolor Sm.
 Teucrium bicoloreum Pau ex Vicioso
 Teucrium bidentatum Hemsl.
 Teucrium bogoutdinovae Melnikov
 Teucrium botrys L., grozdasti dubačac
 Teucrium brachyandrum Puech
 Teucrium bracteatum Desf.
 Teucrium brevifolium Schreb.
 Teucrium × bubanii Sennen
 Teucrium bullatum Coss. & Balansa
 Teucrium burmanicum Mukerjee
 Teucrium buxifolium Schreb.
 Teucrium campanulatum L.
 Teucrium canadense L.
 Teucrium canum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Teucrium capitatum L., glavati dubačac
 Teucrium × carmelitanum Roselló, P.P.Ferrer, A.Guillén, Gómez Nav., Peris & E.Laguna
 Teucrium carolipaui Vicioso ex Pau
 Teucrium carthaginense Lange
 Teucrium × carvalhoae A.F.Carrillo, A.Hern., Coy, Güemes & Sánchez-Gómez
 Teucrium caucasigenum Melnikov
 Teucrium cavanillesianum Font Quer & Jeronimo
 Teucrium cavernarum P.H.Davis
 Teucrium chamaedrys L., obični dubačac
 Teucrium chardonianum Maire & Wilczek
 Teucrium charidemi Sandwith
 Teucrium chasmophyticum Rech.f.
 Teucrium chlorocephalum Celak.
 Teucrium chlorostachyum Pau & Font Quer
 Teucrium chowii Y.H.Tong & N.H.Xia
 Teucrium chrysotrichum Lange
 Teucrium cincinnatum Maire
 Teucrium clementiae Ryding
 Teucrium coahuilanum B.L.Turner
 Teucrium × coeleste Schreb.
 Teucrium compactum Clemente ex Lag.
 Teucrium coniortodes Boiss. & Blanche
 Teucrium × conquense M.B.Crespo & Mateo
 Teucrium × contejeanii Giraudias
 Teucrium corymbiferum Desf.
 Teucrium corymbosum R.Br.
 Teucrium cossonii D.Wood
 Teucrium creticum L.
 Teucrium cubense Jacq.
 Teucrium cuneifolium Sm.
 Teucrium cyprium Boiss.
 Teucrium cyrenaicum (Maire & Weiller) Brullo & Furnari
 Teucrium davaeanum Coss.
 Teucrium dealianum Emb. & Maire
 Teucrium decaisnei C.Presl
 Teucrium decipiens Coss. & Balansa
 Teucrium demnatense Coss. ex Batt.
 Teucrium disjunctum K.R.Thiele & K.A.Sheph.
 Teucrium divaricatum Sieber ex Heldr.
 Teucrium × djebalicum Font Quer
 Teucrium doumerguei Sennen
 Teucrium ducellieri Batt.
 Teucrium dumulosum (Rech.f.) Brullo & Guarino
 Teucrium dunense Sennen
 Teucrium eburneum Thulin
 Teucrium edetanum M.B.Crespo, Mateo & T.Navarro
 Teucrium × eloualidii Sánchez-Gómez & T.Navarro
 Teucrium embergeri (Sauvage & Vindt) El Oualidi, T.Navarro & A.Martin
 Teucrium eremaeum Diels
 Teucrium eriocephalum Willk.
 Teucrium × estevei Alcaraz, Sánchez-Gómez & J.S.Carrión
 Teucrium eximium O.Schwartz
 Teucrium expassum Pau
 Teucrium faurei Maire
 Teucrium fililobum F.Muell. ex Benth.
 Teucrium flavum L., žuti dubačac
 Teucrium fragile Boiss.
 Teucrium franchetianum Rouy & Coincy
 Teucrium francisci-werneri Rech.f.
 Teucrium francoi M.Seq., Capelo, J.C.Costa & R.Jardim
 Teucrium freynii E.Rev. ex Willk.
 Teucrium fruticans L., grmoliki dubačac
 Teucrium gabrieliae Bornm.
 Teucrium gattefossei Emb.
 Teucrium glandulosum Kellogg
 Teucrium gnaphalodes L'Hér.
 Teucrium × gnaphaureum M.B.Crespo & Mateo
 Teucrium goetzei Gürke
 Teucrium gracile Barbey & Fors.-Major
 Teucrium grandifolium R.A.Clement
 Teucrium grandiusculum F.Muell. & Tate
 Teucrium grosii Pau
 Teucrium × guarae-requenae P.P.Ferrer, E.Laguna, Gómez Nav., Roselló & Peris
 Teucrium × guemesii J.F.Jiménez, A.F.Carrillo, M.A.Carrión
 Teucrium gypsophilum Emb. & Maire
 Teucrium haenseleri Boiss.
 Teucrium halacsyanum Heldr.
 Teucrium haradjanii Briq. ex Rech.f.
 Teucrium helichrysoides (Diels) Greuter & Burdet
 Teucrium heterophyllum L'Hér.
 Teucrium heterotrichum Briq. ex Rech.f.
 Teucrium heynei V.S.Kumar & Chakrab.
 Teucrium hieronymi Sennen
 Teucrium hifacense Pau
 Teucrium hijazicum Hedge & R.A.King
 Teucrium hircanicum L.
 Teucrium homotrichum (Font Quer) Rivas Mart.
 Teucrium huotii Emb. & Maire
 Teucrium integrifolium Benth.
 Teucrium intricatum Lange
 Teucrium japonicum Houtt.
 Teucrium joannis (Sauvage & Vindt) El Oualidi, T.Navarro & A.Martin
 Teucrium jolyi Mathez & Sauvage
 Teucrium jordanicum (Danin) Faried
 Teucrium junceum (A.Cunn. ex Walp.) Kattari & Heubl
 Teucrium kabylicum Batt.
 Teucrium karpasiticum Hadjik. & Hand
 Teucrium kotschyanum Poech
 Teucrium kraussii Codd
 Teucrium krymense Juz.
 Teucrium kyreniae (P.H.Davis) Hadjik. & Hand
 Teucrium labiosum C.Y.Wu & S.Chow
 Teucrium laciniatum Torr.
 Teucrium lamiifolium d'Urv.
 Teucrium lanigerum Lag.
 Teucrium laxum D.Don
 Teucrium leonis Sennen
 Teucrium lepicephalum Pau
 Teucrium leucocladum Boiss.
 Teucrium leucophyllum Montbret & Aucher ex Benth.
 Teucrium libanitis Schreb.
 Teucrium lini-vaccarii Pamp.
 Teucrium lucidum L.
 Teucrium lusitanicum Schreb.
 Teucrium luteum (Mill.) Degen
 Teucrium macrophyllum (C.Y.Wu & S.Chow) J.H.Zheng
 Teucrium macrum Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Teucrium × maestracense M.B.Crespo & Mateo
 Teucrium maghrebinum Greuter & Burdet
 Teucrium × mailhoi Giraudias
 Teucrium malenconianum Maire
 Teucrium manghuaense Y.Z.Sun ex S.Chow
 Teucrium marum L., zeleni dubačac
 Teucrium mascatense Boiss.
 Teucrium massiliense L.
 Teucrium × mateoi Solanas, M.B.Crespo & De la Torre
 Teucrium maximowiczii Prob.
 Teucrium melissoides Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Teucrium mesanidum (Litard. & Maire) Sauvage & Vindt
 Teucrium micranthum B.J.Conn
 Teucrium microphyllum Desf.
 Teucrium micropodioides Rouy
 Teucrium mideltense (Batt.) Humbert
 Teucrium miragestorum Gómez Nav., Roselló, P.P.Ferrer & Peris
 Teucrium mitecum Tattou & El Oualidi
 Teucrium moleromesae Sánchez-Gómez, T.Navarro, J.F.Jiménez, J.B.Vera, Mota & del Río
 Teucrium montanum L.,  trava iva
 Teucrium montbretii Benth.
 Teucrium × motae Lahora & Sánchez-Gómez
 Teucrium × mugronense P.P.Ferrer, Roselló, Gómez Nav. & Guara
 Teucrium muletii Roselló, P.P.Ferrer, E.Laguna, Gómez Nav., A.Guillén & Peris
 Teucrium multicaule Montbret & Aucher ex Benth.
 Teucrium murcicum Sennen
 Teucrium musimonum Humbert ex Maire
 Teucrium myriocladum Diels
 Teucrium nanum C.Y.Wu & S.Chow
 Teucrium × navarroi Sánchez-Gómez, Güemes, A.F.Carrillo, Coy & A.Hern.
 Teucrium novorossicum Melnikov
 Teucrium nudicaule Hook.
 Teucrium nummularifolium Baker
 Teucrium odontites Boiss. & Balansa
 Teucrium oliverianum Ging. ex Benth.
 Teucrium omeiense Y.Z.Sun
 Teucrium orientale L.
 Teucrium ornatum Hemsl.
 Teucrium oxylepis Font Quer
 Teucrium ozturkii A.P.Khokhr.
 Teucrium paederotoides Boiss.
 Teucrium pampaninii C.Du
 Teucrium parviflorum Schreb.
 Teucrium parvifolium (Hook.f.) Kattari & Salmaki
 Teucrium pernyi Franch.
 Teucrium persicum Boiss.
 Teucrium pestalozzae Boiss.
 Teucrium petelotii Doan ex Suddee & A.J.Paton
 Teucrium pilbaranum B.J.Conn
 Teucrium plectranthoides Gamble
 Teucrium polioides Ryding
 Teucrium polium L., pustenasti dubačac
 Teucrium popovii R.A.King
 Teucrium × portusmagni Sánchez-Gómez, A.F.Carrillo, A.Hern. & T.Navarro
 Teucrium procerum Boiss. & Blanche
 Teucrium proctorii L.O.Williams
 Teucrium pruinosum Boiss.
 Teucrium pseudaroanium Parolly, Erdag & Nordt
 Teucrium × pseudoaragonense M.B.Crespo & Mateo
 Teucrium pseudochamaepitys L.
 Teucrium pseudoscorodonia Desf.
 Teucrium × pseudothymifolium Sánchez-Gómez, Güemes & A.F.Carrillo
 Teucrium puberulum (F.Muell.) Kattari & Bräuchler
 Teucrium pugionifolium Pau
 Teucrium × pujolii Sennen
 Teucrium pumilum L.
 Teucrium pyrenaicum L.
 Teucrium quadrifarium Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
 Teucrium racemosum R.Br.
 Teucrium radicans Bonnet & Barratte
 Teucrium ramaswamii M.B.Viswan. & Manik.
 Teucrium ramosissimum Desf.
 Teucrium reidii Toelken & D.Dean Cunn.
 Teucrium resupinatum Desf.
 Teucrium rhodocalyx O.Schwartz
 Teucrium rifanum (Maire & Sennen) Maire & Sennen
 Teucrium rigidum Benth.
 Teucrium × rigualii De la Torre & Alcaraz
 Teucrium × riosii De la Torre & Alcaraz
 Teucrium rivas-martinezii Alcaraz, Garre, Mart.Parras & Peinado
 Teucrium × riverae De la Torre & Alcaraz
 Teucrium rixanense Ruíz Torre & Ruíz Cast.
 Teucrium × robledoi De la Torre & Alcaraz
 Teucrium ronnigeri Sennen
 Teucrium rotundifolium Schreb.
 Teucrium rouyanum Coste & Soulié
 Teucrium royleanum Wall. ex Benth.
 Teucrium × rubrovirens Pau
 Teucrium rupestre Coss. & Balansa
 Teucrium × sagarrae Font Quer
 Teucrium salaminium Hadjik. & Hand
 Teucrium salviastrum Schreb.
 Teucrium sandrasicum O.Schwarz
 Teucrium sanguisorbifolium (Pau & Font Quer) Dobignard
 Teucrium santae Quézel & Simonn. ex Greuter & Burdet
 Teucrium sauvagei Le Houér.
 Teucrium scabrum Suddee & A.J.Paton
 Teucrium schoenenbergeri Nabli
 Teucrium scordium L., lukovičasti dubačac
 Teucrium scorodonia L., kaduljasti dubačac
 Teucrium × scorolepis Pajarón & A.Molina
 Teucrium serpylloides Maire & Weiller
 Teucrium sessiliflorum Benth.
 Teucrium shanicum Mukerjee
 Teucrium siculum (Raf.) Guss.
 Teucrium similatum T.Navarro & Rosua
 Teucrium simplex Vaniot
 Teucrium sirnakense Özcan & Dirmenci
 Teucrium socinianum Boiss.
 Teucrium socotranum Vierh.
 Teucrium somalense Ryding
 Teucrium spinosum L.
 Teucrium stachyophyllum P.H.Davis
 Teucrium stocksianum Boiss.
 Teucrium subspinosum Pourr. ex Willd.
 Teucrium taiwanianum T.H.Hsieh & T.C.Huang
 Teucrium tananicum Maire
 Teucrium teinense Kudô
 Teucrium terciae (Sánchez-Gómez, M.A.Carrión & A.Hern.) Sánchez-Gómez, M.A.Carrión & A.Hern.
 Teucrium teresanum Blanca, Cueto & J.Fuentes
 Teucrium teucriiflorum (F.Muell.) Kattari & Salmaki
 Teucrium thieleanum B.J.Conn
 Teucrium thymifolium Schreb.
 Teucrium thymoides Pomel
 Teucrium townsendii Vasey & Rose
 Teucrium trifidum Retz.
 Teucrium tsinlingense C.Y.Wu & S.Chow
 Teucrium × turianum M.B.Crespo, P.P.Ferrer, Roselló, M.A.Alonso, Juan & E.Laguna
 Teucrium turredanum Losa & Rivas Goday
 Teucrium ussuriense Kom.
 Teucrium veronicoides Maxim.
 Teucrium vesicarium Mill.
 Teucrium vincentinum Rouy
 Teucrium viscidum Blume
 Teucrium wattii Prain
 Teucrium webbianum Boiss.
 Teucrium werneri Emb.
 Teucrium wightii Hook.f.
 Teucrium yemense Deflers
 Teucrium zaianum Emb. & Maire
 Teucrium zanonii Pamp.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Ajugoideae

Dubačac


تم اختراع مستقيم الأعداد أو خط الأعداد من قبل جون واليس وهو مستقيم أحادي البعد تمثل عليه الأعداد الحقيقية كعلامات خاصة موزعة بالتساوي على المستقيم.
على الرغم أن الصورة الموضحة تظهر الأعداد من -9 إلى 9 فقط إلا أن المستقيم يحتوي جميع الأعداد الحقيقية ممتداً إلى اللانهاية في الطرفين.
يستخدم هذا المستقيم للمساعدة في تعليم عمليات الجمع والطرح وخاصة عندما يتعلق الأمر بالأعداد السالبة.

يقسم المستقيم إلى قسمين متناظرين حول مبدأه حيث يكون رقم الصفر.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 عدد حقيقي
 عدد صحيح
 المستوى العقدي
 مستقيم الأعداد الحقيقية

مراجع

أعداد حقيقية
رياضيات ابتدائية
فضاءات طوبولوجية

مستقيم الأعداد


Fossombroniaceae nom. cons., porodica jetrenjarki u redu Fossombroniales. Ime je dobila po rodu Fossombronia kojemu pripada 93 vrste. Uz ovaj rod porodici se dodaju i rodovi Austrofossombronia i Simodon .

Rodovi
 genus: Austrofossombronia R.M. Schust.
 genus: *Codonia Dumort. nom. illeg.
 genus: Codonia Dumort.
 genus: Fossombronia Raddi
 genus: *Maurocenia Léman nom. illeg.
 genus: **Maurocenias O. Yano & Gradst. nom. inval.
 genus: *Maurocenius Gray nom. illeg.
 genus: Simodon (Lindb.) Lindb.

Izvori

Fossombroniales

Fossombroniaceae


"Soul Hunter" is the second episode of the first season of the science fiction television series, Babylon 5. It first aired on 2 February 1994.

Title
The title refers to the Soul Hunter, a member of an ancient alien order which claims they collect and preserve the souls of distinguished people at the moment of death.

Plot
An unknown damaged ship appears through the jump gate and hurtles towards the Babylon 5 station. Commander Sinclair grapples the ship onboard the station with his Starfury fighter, and the ship's occupant is taken to MedLab. In MedLab, upon seeing the patient, the Minbari Ambassador, Delenn, suddenly enters a burst of rage, and tries to shoot the patient. She explains to Sinclair that the patient is a "Shak Tot", a soul hunter, a member of an ancient alien order who try to collect and preserve the souls of distinguished people at the moment of death. The Minbari despise them, considering them thieves and kidnappers, "ripping away that which is eternal". Delenn urges Sinclair to send the Soul Hunter away while he still can.

The alien population aboard the station has gone into hiding, and several ships have asked to leave the station ahead of schedule. The soul hunter explains to Sinclair that his order are not thieves, merely preservers. They had been prevented from "preserving" the soul of the Minbari leader Dukhat at the beginning of the Earth-Minbari War. Sinclair asks the soul hunter to leave as soon as his ship is repaired.

The soul hunter recognizes Delenn from his previous attempt to "preserve" Dukhat's soul for his collection, and identifies Delenn as a "Satai", a member of the nine-member ruling body of the Minbari people, asking her why, as a great leader of the Minbari, she is here playing ambassador.

A second soul hunter arrives on board Babylon 5. He explains to Sinclair that the first soul hunter is a disturbed renegade. Having failed to "preserve" Dukhat's soul, he has become increasingly frustrated and unstable; and he has turned to killing people before their natural death in order to capture their souls.

Meanwhile, the first soul hunter has kidnapped Delenn, and starts to drain her blood. Sinclair locates them, resulting in an exchange of gunfire. The soul hunter says, "Why do you fight for her? Don't you understand? She is "Satai".... I've seen her soul: they're using you." Sinclair is thrown to the ground. The soul hunter's soul-capturing machine, trained upon on Delenn, activates. Sinclair gets up and turns the soul-draining machine away from Delenn and trains the beam onto the soul hunter. The soul hunter cries out, "No!", as he falls to the ground, his soul being captured by the machine and transferred into a spherical soul vessel.

As Delenn recovers in the MedLab, Sinclair in his quarters does a search for the Minbari word "Satai". Later, Sinclair escorts the second soul hunter off the station, telling him that the soul hunters are not welcome aboard the station. The soul hunter enquires what became of his brother's collection of soul vessels.

Delenn sits cross-legged in her quarters, with the soul hunter's soul vessels, setting the souls free one by one.

Writing
As Babylon 5 was conceived with an overall five-year story arc, the episode was written as both an individual story and with another level, where the hints of the larger story arc were given, such as Delenn's secrecy about her role on the Grey Council. The series' creator, J. Michael Straczynski indicates that the episodes can be watched for the individual stories, the character stories, or the story arc.

Regarding the dilemma posed by the opposing views on the afterlife of the soul hunter and Delenn, Straczynski writes, "If there is no afterlife, then all our experiences, all that we were, dies when we die. In that case, wouldn't it be significantly greater if we could preserve that knowledge somehow, in order to gain from their experiences[...]? Conversely, if there is an afterlife, a selfish desire to keep an important person's essence in order to educate the survivors would be catastrophic for the deceased individual - not to mention messing with the natural order." This also enabled motion effects which are difficult to create using models, such as the rotation of fighter craft along multiple axes, as seen when Sinclair's fighter matches the rotation of the soul hunter's spinning ship in order to grapple it; or the rotation and banking of a virtual camera. The visual effects were created by Foundation Imaging using 24 Commodore Amiga 2000 computers with Lightwave 3D and Video Toaster software, 16 of which were dedicated to rending each individual frame of CGI, with each frame taking on average 45 minutes to render. In-house resource management software managed the workload of the Amiga computers to ensure that no machine was left idle during the image rendering process.

The Starfury fighter was designed by Steve Burg as a function-driven design for a plausible zero-gravity fighter. The positioning of the four engine pods at the extremities of the craft was inspired by Ron Cobb's design for the Gunstar fighter from The Last Starfighter. The basic shape of the Starfury's wings was inspired by an earlier unused design by Burg for a military robot fighting machine, which he had originally designed for Terminator 2. This was merged with the multi-engined configuration to form the Starfury design. Burg points out that the wings/struts were not aerodynamic: they were there to lever the engines away from the center of mass.

Despite having a similar wing configuration to the Star Wars X-Wing fighter, this was purely coincidental. Burg recollected, "Ron Thornton was the only person aware of the visual connection with the Terminator 2 walking machine. For obvious reasons, at the time I had compelling cause to keep the images under wraps. ...[T]he X-Wing is a very long needle shaped craft from most angles, whereas the Starfury is a very blunt shape. The X-Wing is also very much configured like a WWII fighter. Ideal for the Star Wars universe but not what we were going for on Babylon 5.'

The soul hunter ships were designed by Foundation Imaging co-founder Ron Thornton. He indicated, "I  get away with making the [virtual digital model's textures] out of wood, and bone. As if it used the tusks of some unknown huge beast for parts."

The scene where Sinclair's Starfury fighter grapples the spinning soul hunter ship attempts to show the fighter using thrusters to manoeuvre using realistic physics. Thornton stated that the producers "initially wanted Star Wars, there was also a lot of, '[let's] do something that Star Trek can't!' I said we could make realistic physics  exciting, and make the fans happy. ...[Visual effects supervisor Paul Bryant] and I pushed really hard for realistic physics as we both loved 2001..."

Writer J. Michael Straczynski's original intention was that Sinclair's ship was to use magnetic energy to capture the soul hunter's ship. However, Thornton suggested using a grappling arm instead, stating, "I wanted to try something more interesting that hadn't been seen before. It was also a good opportunity to help me solidify to Joe and John how we could make the real physics exciting and make the pilots of the Starfuries seem like Top Guns. But not like Star Wars, as we could have our own distinctive and very different look."  The scene was animated by Foundation Imaging artists Tim Wilcox and Mark Kochinski.

Music for the title sequence and the episode was provided by the series' composer, Christopher Franke.

Reviews
Rowan Kaiser, writing in The A.V. Club, draws the parallel between the previous episode, being an exposition for Londo and G'Kar, and this episode, as an exposition for Sinclair and Delenn. Kaiser is intrigued by the philosophical opposition of the views of the soul hunter, who feels he is preserving souls, and those of Delenn, who feels he is keeping souls from their eternal destiny. Kaiser writes, "Soul Hunter" may be an average episode, saddled by a bit too much ambition and a few too many flaws, but that's why, as a critic, I find myself drawn to it. It's trying to say and do big things, and the effort is worth examining."

Elias Rosner, writing in Multiversity Comics, writes, "As a second episode, you could do with much worse than 'Soul Hunter.' It's got a creepy antagonist, a personal motivation/connection for one of the characters, ...to said antagonist, and keeps its focus on the central plotline for the entire episode."<ref name="Rosner">{{cite web |url=http://www.multiversitycomics.com/tv/babylon-5-soul-hunter  |title=Five Thoughts on Babylon 5'''s 'Soul Hunter.' |last=Rosner |first=Elias |date=30 May 2018 |website=Multiversity Comics |publisher=Matthew Meylikhov |access-date= |quote= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref> However, Rosner feels that the exaggerated dramatics are a weakness which may outweigh the episode's strengths.

Rosner notes that the unanswered questions raised in the episode – concerning the Grey Council, Delenn's membership of it, the secrecy surrounding this, and how they are using Sinclair – give us reason to watch Delenn closely in subsequent episodes to try to discover what her game is. He concludes, "[T]his episode, despite all its flaws, shows what can be done when in the right hands.

References

External links

 Steve Burg's concept art for the Starfury fighter, along with Burg's unused concept art of the walking machine designed for Terminator 2''.
 Original storyboard graphics by Anthony Zierhut for the scene where Commander Sinclair's Starfury grapples the disabled soul hunter ship.

Babylon 5 episodes
1994 American television episodes

Soul Hunter (Babylon 5)


බස්නාහිර පලාතේ ගණේමුල්ල නගරයට සැතපුම් භාගයක් පමණ ඉතා ආසන්නයේ පිහිටි එකම ගම් දනව්වක් ලෙස හොරගොල්ල හා තිබ්බොටුගොඩ යන ගම්මානයන් දෙක හැදින්විය හැකිය.
වර්ථමානයේ එම ගම්මානයන් දෙක වටා පිහිටි අනෙකුත් ගම්මානයන් වන්නේ පන්සලවත්ත, විලේගොඩ, පත්තිනිපිටිය සහ කුඩාබොල්ලත යන ගම්මානයන්ය. උරුවල් ඔය ගලා බසින්නේද මෙම ගම්මානය මැදිනි.

එෙතිහාසික පසුබිම
මෙම ගම්මානයන්හි අතීතය අනූව පළමුවන රාජසිංහ රජ  සමයේ  දිවයින ආක්‍රමණය කොට  සිටින ලද පෘකුග්‍රීසින් පලවා හැරීම සදහා යුධ සේනා මෙහෙයවද්දී මෙම පලාත් භාරව සිටි සකලකලා වල්ලභ නම් රාජ කුමාරයෙක් යටතේ  ඩිංගිරි නම් රජ කුමාරයෙක් මේ ප්‍රදේශය භාරව කටයුතු කර ඇති බවත්, සතුරන් හා සටන් කිරිම පිනිස ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථානයක් වශයෙන් මෙහි පිහිටි කදු ගැටයක් භාවිතා කළ බවට මුඛ පරම්පාරානුගත වංශ කථාවල පැවසේ. ඒ සදහා ඇති කදිම උදාහරණය වන්නේ මෙතෙක් ඉතිරිව ඇති නමින් පමණ්ක් හදුන්වනු ලබන ඩිංගිරි කඩුව යන ඇල මාර්ගයයි.

පුරාණ ශ්‍රී සුගතාරාම රජ මහා විහාරය

පත්තිනි පිටිය දේවාලය

ඩිංගිරි කඩුව ඇල මාර්ගය

දේවශ්ථානය
ශාන්ත ඉසිදෝරැ දේවශ්ථානය මෙම ගම් පියස තුල පිහිට ඇත
1815 දී ඉංග්රීතසින් අතට සිරකරැවකු බවට පත් තුන් සිංහලයේ අන්තිම සිංහල රජ වන ශ්රී5 වික්රංම රාජසිංහ නම් වූ මහ නිරිදුන් සිරකරැවකු ලෙසින් මහනුවර සිට කොලොම්තොටට රැගෙන යන ලද්දේද තිබ්බොටුගොඩ මායිමක්  ගෙස සැලකෙන එමෙන්ම සභාවක් ලෙස 1999 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මස 01 වන තෙක් පැවති  ප්රිධාන දෙව් මැදුර අසලින් බව මුඛපරම්පරානුගත කථාවන්හි සදහන් වීම ද විශේෂත්වයකි.

කුරැදු වගාවේ ආරම්භය
එක් එක් ජාතින්ගේ ආක්‍රමණයත් සමගින් මෙම ප්‍රෙද්ශය මුහුදුභඩ සිමාවට ඉතාමත් ආසන්නේ පැවතීම නිසාත්,පැරණි රජ දරැවන් විසින් විදේශි හමුදා පලවා හැරිම පිණිස මෙම ස්ථානයන්ද උපයොගී කර ගන්නා නිසාත් විදේශිකයන්ගේ ආක්‍රමණයන්ට නතුවිමේ හේතුවෙන් කුරැදු වගාව මෙම ප්‍රෙද්ශයේ ප්‍රචලිත විය. කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයෙන් තම ජීවිකාව ගෙන ගිය වැසියන් ක්‍රමක් ක්‍රමයෙන් තමනට වාසි සහගත ලෙස කුරැදු වගාව තෝරාගෙන වැඩ කටයුතු කරගෙන යන ලදී. එහෙත් මෙම ජනතාව කිසිදු විටකත් තමන්ට අයත් කුඔරඅ වගාව අත්හැර නොදැමීම නිසා වර්ථමාන පරපුරටද එය දායාද කරන්නට හැකි විම මෙහි විසු ජනතාවගේ වැදගත්කම වශයෙන් හැදින්වි හැකත

තිබ්බොටුගොඩ ගාමිණී විද්‍යාලය
තිබ්බොටුගොඩ ගම්මානය වටා පිහිටා ඇති හොරගොල්ල,පන්සලවත්ත,විගේගොඩ,පත්තිනිපිටිය, බුංවල ,කුඩාබොල්ලත සහ මිදෙල්ලවිට යන ගම්මානයන්හි ජීවත් වන්නාවු ජනතාවගේ දූ දරැවන් ගේ අධ්‍යාපන දැනුම දියුණු කිරිම සදහා පිහිටා ඇති එකම පාසැල මෙම ගම් තුල පිහිටා ඇත. එය තිබ්බොටුගොඩ ගාමිණි විද්‍යාලය වේ.

ඡායාරැප

තිබ්බොටුගොඩ


Vera ist ein sehr kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der nordwestlichen Mondvorderseite. Er liegt auf dem nordwestlichen Wall des Kraters Prinz und trug ursprünglich die Bezeichnung Prinz A.

Die namentliche Bezeichnung des Kraters war ursprünglich nicht als offiziell gedacht. Sie wurde zusammen mit anderen inoffiziellen Bezeichnungen kleiner Oberflächenstrukturen aus der Topophotomap-Kartenserie der NASA von der IAU 1976 übernommen. Der Krater erscheint mit dieser Bezeichnung auf Topophotomap 39A/S1.

Der Name selbst erscheint in einer Liste als Kraternamen vorgesehener männlicher und weiblicher Vornamen in den Proceedings der 16. Generalversammlung der IAU (Grenoble 1976).

Weblinks

 Vera auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Vera (Mondkrater)


Das Haus Egelborg ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Wasserschloss im Beikelort 95 in Legden, einer Gemeinde im nordrhein-westfälischen Kreis Borken.

Geschichte
Ursprünglich saßen die 1090 erstmals genannten Herren von Were auf der Burg, die auch Eghelmaring genannt wurde. 1389 wird die Burg erstmals ausdrücklich erwähnt. Im Jahre 1400 ging sie in den Besitz der Herren von Billerbeck über. Kurz nach 1470 ist von einer jüngeren Linie der Familie von Billerbeck, die zu den Burgmannen auf der Burg Nienborg diente, der Hof Eghelmarinc zu einem Rittersitz, der Egelborg, ausgestaltet worden. 1662 kam die Egelborg durch Heirat an Jobst Caspar von Oer, dessen Familie sie heute noch besitzt.

Baugeschichte und Architektur
Die Anlage befindet sich etwa einen Kilometer westlich vom Ortszentrum Legden.

Die Wasserschlossanlage befand sich ursprünglich auf zwei Inseln, heute sind Vorburg und Hauptschloss vereint und zusammen von zwei Gräften umgeben.

Das älteste noch bestehende Gebäude ist der Nordflügel. Er wurde 1559 im Stil der niederländischen Renaissance gebaut. Auf seiner Ostseite ist im 18. Jh. der Giebel durch ein Walmdach ersetzt worden, das Walmdach auf der Westseite ist hingegen wahrscheinlich ursprünglich. Ein alter Westflügel wurde 1710 abgebrochen und bis 1713 durch den bis heute bestehenden, barocken Bau ersetzt. Ein ursprünglich im Winkel zum angrenzenden Nordflügel befindlicher Treppenturm ist nach dem Abriss auf der Hofseite des Nordflügels in achteckiger Form neu errichtet worden.Der Neubau des Westflügels wurde im Barockstil ausgeführt und besitzt Dachhäuser des 19. Jahrhunderts.

Die Mittelachse ist durch einen Risalit und einen Dachreiter betont. Zum Portal führt eine geschwungene, doppelläufige Freitreppe. Die ursprüngliche Symmetrie ging durch die spätere Erweiterung durch zwei Fensterachsen verloren. Der heute noch vorhandene Fachwerkbau wurde 1767 errichtet. Diese Wagenremise ist möglicherweise aus dem Abrissmaterial einer Ziegelei gebaut worden, zu jener Zeit war die Wiederverwendung von Baumaterial üblich. So sind auch die Torpfeiler aus Backstein, jeweils mit wappentragenden Löwen geschmückt, aus der Barockzeit. Die Löwen zeigen die Wappen der Familien von der Recke und von Oer. Das noch erhaltene Wohn- und Stallgebäude südlich der Gräfte wurde 1832 errichtet. Die gesamte Vorburg wurde 1866 im Stile der Neugotik erneuert. Ein zum Teil doppelstöckiger Stallanbau kam 1901 hinzu. Die nördlich der Schlossanlage stehende Mühle wurde 1907 erneuert, sie reguliert noch heute den Wasserstand der Gräften.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio, unter wissenschaftlicher Leitung von Ursula Quednau: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen II Westfalen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin/München 2011, S. 280. ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2.
 Albert Ludorff: Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Ahaus (= Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler von Westfalen. Band 9). Schöningh, Münster 1900, S. 42 f., 48.
 Karl Eugen Mummenhoff: Die Profanbaukunst im Oberstift Münster von 1450 bis 1650. (= Westfalen. Sonderheft 15). Aschendorff, Münster 1961, S. 165.

Weblinks

 Fotogalerie
 Haus Egelborg im GenWiki

Engelborg
Fachwerkgebäude in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Erbaut im 14. Jahrhundert
Baudenkmal in Legden
Egelborg
Barockbauwerk in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Renaissancebauwerk in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Bauwerk in Legden
Egelborg

Haus Egelborg


An Sudamerlycaste lata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Fredy Archila. An Sudamerlycaste lata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sudamerlycaste, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sudamerlycaste

Sudamerlycaste lata


Lixoza este o monozaharidă de tip aldoză (mai exact o aldopentoză) și are formula moleculară C5H10O5. Compusul prezintă doi stereoizomeri: D-lixoza și L-lixoza.

Lixoza este întâlnită foarte rar în natură, fiind, de exemplu, un component al glicolipidelor bacteriene.

Vezi și
 Arabinoză
 Riboză
 Xiloză

Referințe

Monozaharide

Lixoză


Gullholmen peut désigner :
 Gullholmen, une île de Norvège (Comté de Hordaland) ;
 Gullholmen, une île de Norvège (Comté de Viken) ;
 Gullholmen, une île de Suède.

Gullholmen


Lake Shore Drive (officially Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable Lake Shore Drive, and called DuSable Lake Shore Drive, The Outer Drive, The Drive, LSD or DLSD) is an expressway that runs alongside the shoreline of Lake Michigan, and adjacent to parkland and beaches, in Chicago. Except for the portion north of Foster Avenue (5200 North), Lake Shore Drive is designated as part of U.S. Highway 41. A portion of the expressway on the Outer Drive Bridge and its bridge approaches is multilevel.

Previously, from the Chicago River south to 57th Street, it was named Leif Ericson Drive in 1927, for Norse explorer Leif Ericson. The roadway was also nicknamed Field Boulevard. The entire road was renamed Lake Shore Drive in 1946, and its scenic views of the waterfront, beaches, parks, towers and high-rises have become symbolic of Chicago.

On June 25, 2021, the Chicago City Council approved a compromise ordinance renaming the outer portion of Lake Shore Drive for the city's first non-indigenous settler, Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable.

The Lakefront Trail, an  multi-use trail, parallels Lake Shore Drive on the east side for most of its length.  Pedestrians can access the lake at several points along Lake Shore Drive through underpasses and overpasses that connect the lake with the rest of the city.

Route description

The southern portion of Lake Shore Drive begins at the intersection of Ewing Avenue (US 41), Harbor Avenue, and Mackinaw Avenue. Lake Shore Drive runs through the former South Works steel plant as a four-lane divided highway, effectively bypassing the built-up area in South Chicago. Lake Shore Drive ends at the intersection of 79th Street and South Shore Drive; US 41 continues north through South Shore via South Shore Drive.

The main section of Lake Shore Drive begins at the intersection of Jeffery Drive and Marquette Drive. After 57th Street, Lake Shore Drive becomes an expressway. Exits to Hyde Park Boulevard and 53rd Street are only accessible for southbound traffic. The interchange design at 47th Street is unusual as traffic would exit or enter on the left side of northbound Lake Shore Drive instead of on the right side. South of McCormick Place, Lake Shore Drive meets I-55 at a Y-interchange, where I-55 begins/ends. There was once an inverted SPUI north of I-55; however, the overpass became pedestrianized and became part of McCormick Place in the mid-1990s, leading to the closure of this interchange. That same year, northbound traffic on Lake Shore Drive shifted west onto its current configuration west of Soldier Field and Museum Campus.

The controlled-access portion ceases between Waldron Drive and Monroe Drive and again at Chicago Avenue. Lake Shore Drive briefly becomes double-decked between Randolph Street and Grand Avenue. The upper deck facilitates expressway-like traffic, while the lower deck facilitates local traffic. After intersecting with Chicago Avenue, Lake Shore Drive travels in a sharp reverse curve at Oak Street Beach before returning to controlled-access once again. In Uptown, three diamond interchanges are spaced  apart. US 41 leaves Lake Shore Drive at an interchange with Foster Avenue. The expressway continues north, serving Bryn Mawr Avenue, before ending at Hollywood Avenue/Sheridan Road in the Edgewater neighborhood.

Outer Drive and Inner Drive
Outer Drive, signed as DuSable Lake Shore Drive, is a limited-access road that runs north from Marquette Drive in Jackson Park to Hollywood Avenue in the Edgewater neighborhood. The outer drive limits the ability of pedestrians to access the lake directly from the street grid. Trucks are prohibited on Outer Drive except for a section between I-55 and 31st Street.

The original Inner Drive, signed as Lake Shore Drive, is used for slower local traffic and is connected to the street grid. The local drive runs from downtown in Streeterville to LaSalle Drive, (becoming Cannon Drive).  Then the inner drive reappears just south of Diversey Parkway, continuing north to Irving Park Road. The portion from Belmont to just south of Irving Park was previously named Sheridan Road (which can still be seen carved in stone in at least one vintage high-rise).

Link Bridge

The Outer Drive Bridge, also known as the Link Bridge, is the official name of the bridge carrying the Lake Shore Drive portion of US 41 over the main branch of the Chicago River. It is designed as a bascule bridge, and is one of only two in the city to have an upper and lower deck, both dedicated to automobile traffic (the other being on Michigan Avenue).  Wells Street Bridge also has two levels, but the upper level is for elevated train traffic into the Loop.

The Link Bridge was constructed in 1937. At the time of its construction, it was considered to be both the widest and longest bascule bridge in the world.

History

Early history

Lake Shore Drive's origins date back to Potter Palmer, who coerced the city to build the street adjacent to his lakefront property to enhance its value. Palmer built his "castle" at 1350 N. Lake Shore Drive in 1882.  The drive was originally intended for leisurely strolls for the wealthy in their carriages, but as the auto age dawned it took on a different role completely.

In 1937, the double-decker Link Bridge (officially the Outer Drive Bridge) over the Chicago River opened, along with viaducts over rail yards and other industrial areas connecting to both ends of it. The lower level was intended for a railroad connection, but it was never used until LSD was rebuilt in 1986. At the time the bridge was built, it was the longest and widest bascule bridge in the world.  The Lake Shore Drive (Outer Drive) and Link Bridge Photograph Album, c1937, documents the bridge's construction.  The album is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago.

North of the river, LSD intersected Ohio Street at grade, and then passed over Grand Avenue and Illinois Street on its way to the bridge South of the river. LSD came from the south on its current alignment, but continued straight at the curve north of Monroe Street, rising onto a viaduct. It intersected Randolph Street at grade and then continued north above the Illinois Central Railroad's yard. At the river, it made a sharp turn to the right, and another sharp turn to the left onto the bridge. This reverse curve (actually a pair of 90-degree turns) was known locally as the "S-Curve" or the "S-Turn" and was a bottleneck to drivers for many years until the 1980s reconstruction.

Lake Shore Drive was extended from Belmont Avenue (3200n) north to Foster Avenue (5200n) in 1933, where it terminated until the 1950s when it was extended — first briefly to Bryn Mawr (5600n) and then in 1957 to its present terminus at Hollywood Avenue (5700n).  The landfill used for the 1930s extension was mostly dirt, but the 1950s extension included rubble and debris from the destruction of homes razed for the construction of the Congress Expressway (now the Eisenhower Expressway).  Portions of the drive between Irving Park Road and Foster Avenue still contain the original concrete from the 1930s but have been paved over in 2009.

Prior to the extension to Hollywood, traffic was funneled onto Foster, then north onto Sheridan Road, which still remains a wide 4-lane street to this day, though most traffic doesn't rejoin Sheridan until LSD ends at Hollywood Avenue now.  Sheridan Road south of Foster narrows to 2 lanes of traffic with street parking on each side as well.

Interstate 494

In the 1950s and 1960s, Illinois and Cook County presented plans for an Interstate 494 to run along part of LSD. I-494 was initially planned to run from the Chicago Skyway at Stony Island Avenue to the Kennedy Expressway at the Ohio Street feeder ramp. The freeway would travel along Stony Island Avenue, Lake Shore Drive, and Ohio Street, bisecting Jackson Park in the process. Later, it was planned to connect south towards the currently-named Bishop Ford Freeway. The extension of a proposed freeway would have continued south along Stony Island Avenue, including the present-day feeder ramp, connecting to present-day Bishop Ford Freeway. An I-494 proposal was also considered around the same time for the Crosstown Expressway. In 1966, the I-494 designation was relocated to the Crosstown Expressway. At the same time, further extensions and upgrades on the freeway were canceled.

Later history

When Wacker Drive was extended east to LSD in the 1970s, its upper level ended at LSD at the west curve (the lower level dead-ended underneath). A new development at the northeast corner of the Randolph Street intersection resulted in an extension of Randolph across LSD.

Construction began in 1982 on a realignment of LSD south of the river (along with a reconstruction north of the river). A whole new alignment was built, greatly smoothing the S-curve. The northbound side opened in October 1985, and the southbound side opened in November 1986. A new lower level was built, using the lower level of the bridge, and providing access to the new Wacker Drive and the roads on the north side of the river.

The old road south of Randolph became a Cancer Survivors Plaza; the east–west part was reconstructed as part of Wacker Drive (which was being rebuilt at the time). The rest, between Randolph and Wacker, was kept for several years as Field Boulevard but was demolished in 1994. Only some old street lighting, sidewalks & fire hydrants remain, marking the former route. Current plans are for new upper-level streets in the area as part of the Lakeshore East development.

On November 10, 1996, new northbound lanes opened next to the original southbound lanes at Soldier Field, eliminating the original wide median from 1943. Prior to this 1996 reconstruction, the northbound lane ran on the east side of Soldier Field while the southbound lane ran on the west side.

On March 20, 2003, some 15,000 anti-war protesters marched along Lake Shore Drive the day after the United States invasion of Iraq, stopping all traffic for several hours. The spontaneous direct action occurred after the original protest route through downtown Chicago, as planned by the Chicago Coalition Against War & Racism, was blocked by law enforcement.  Approximately 900 marchers were arrested and a City Council investigation was held before all charges were dropped.

During the Groundhog Day Blizzard, Lake Shore Drive had to be closed because of the large amount of snow present on the roadway.  The city estimated 900 vehicles became stuck on Lake Shore Drive, with the Associated Press reporting approximately 1,500 vehicles stuck.  Hundreds of motorists had become stranded on Lake Shore Drive, some for as long as 12 hours.  Crews worked around the clock to remove the vehicles and clear the roadway, and Lake Shore Drive was reopened just before dawn on February 3, 2011.

A thirty-year development plan estimated to cost $4 billion was approved by Chicago in September 2010, for the former site of the US Steel plant in South Chicago, which operated along the neighborhood's shoreline from 1880 to 1992, and which has undergone extensive demolition and environmental remediation since; included in the plan was an extension of Lake Shore Drive through the property. This extension opened at 9 am October 27, 2013.

Renaming in honor of du Sable
As early as 1993, a proposal to rename Lake Shore Drive in honor of du Sable was backed by former Aldermen Toni Preckwinkle (4th Ward) and Madeline Haithcock (2nd Ward). However, this plan was rejected by former Mayor Richard M. Daley, citing high cost.

Then, in October 2019, a 1993 proposal was reintroduced by 4th Ward Alderman David Moore and co-sponsored by ten others. This time, the plan gained traction in response to the murder of George Floyd as well as the changing political landscape. In December 2020, a hearing was established but the vote was delayed to April 2021 as Mayor Lightfoot sought alternatives to honor du Sable. Also, the plan was amended to reduce the price tag, only renaming outer Lake Shore Drive from Hollywood Avenue to 67th Street. In late April 2021, the amended plan was approved by the City Council Committee. The vote was expected to take place in late May but was delayed again to late June due to the mayor's opposition. In late June, the proposal was passed by the City Council, voting 33-15 in favor of it. A majority of non-white residents were in favor of the renaming plan, as were a majority of non-white aldermen voting on the name change. In contrast, a majority of white residents were opposed to the plan, and two-thirds of the aldermen who voted against the renaming ordinance identified as non-Hispanic white.

Future

By contrast to the 2010s southern extension, the extension of Lake Shore Drive to the north has been the subject of controversy in recent years. In 2004, a private foundation solicited plans, and the Chicago Park District considered a feasibility study, to extend Lake Shore Drive farther north through Rogers Park and into Evanston.  Residents protested against cutting neighborhoods off from the lake, and Rogers Park and Edgewater voters rejected the extension in a referendum placed on the ballot by citizen initiative in November 2004. However, in spring 2005, the Chicago Park District spent $350,000 on plans for new marinas along Lake Shore Drive, including one at Devon-Granville, and in July 2005, Cong. Jan Schakowsky (IL-9) obtained federal funding reported variously as $800,000 and $1 million for a study of the possible extension of the Chicago North lakefront path; both of these developments fueled residents' suspicion of a secret city plan to extend the Drive. The controversy remained an issue through the 2007 aldermanic election in the 49th Ward. In 2008, proposals by Friends of the Parks to extend the lakefront park system north, possibly through offshore manmade islands linked by bike paths, met with similar resident opposition. Despite statements by FOP that no extension of the Drive was contemplated, activists contended that the Park District "has plans already drawn up that clearly show Lake Shore Drive immediately east of" Edgewater and Rogers Park.

Throughout the 2010s and the 2020s, IDOT, CDOT, and the Chicago Park District worked on a project (dubbed "Redefine the Drive") to reconstruct a portion of Lake Shore Drive north of downtown, citing traffic congestion, deteriorating infrastructure, and safety issues. The project also sought to expand the lakefront as well as adding amenities to the lakefront (including the Lakefront Trail) and straightening the S-curve near Oak Street Beach. Organizations like Active Transportation Alliance emphasized the need to make the lakefront more welcoming to pedestrians and cyclists, suggesting that Lake Shore Drive be downsized.
One proposal put forward in 2017 was to place the straightened Scurve underground. In the fall of 2020, planners narrowed the lane configuration options down to 5: keep the existing lanes except for the addition of queue jump lane, add a bus lane (the "Addition"), turn the left lane into a bus lane (the "Exchange"), turn the left lane into toll lane (the "Flex"), and turn two left lanes into toll lanes (the "Double Flex").

Major intersections

The Drive connects the following Chicago community areas from South to North: South Shore; Woodlawn; Hyde Park; Kenwood; Oakland; Douglas; Near South Side; The Loop; Near North Side; Lincoln Park; Lake View; Uptown; and Edgewater.

Notable places

Locations

860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments
The Aquitania
Burnham Park
Chicago Yacht Club
Drake Hotel
DuSable Park
Edgewater Beach Apartments
Grant Park
Harbor Point Condominium
International Museum of Surgical Science
Jackson Park
63rd Street Beach
Kwanusila Totem Pole
Lake Point Tower
Lincoln Park
McCormick Place
Montrose Beach
Museum Campus Chicago
Adler Planetarium
Field Museum of Natural History
Shedd Aquarium
Museum of Science and Industry
Navy Pier
North Avenue Beach
Northerly Island
Oak Street Beach
One Museum Park
Playboy Enterprises
Promontory Point
Soldier Field
Temple Sholom

Neighborhoods
Bronzeville
Edgewater
Hyde Park
Kenwood
Lakeview
Lincoln Park
Gold Coast
Streeterville
South Shore
South Loop
Uptown
Woodlawn

Parks
Much of Chicago's shoreline is given over to public parks.  The Drive, running through or alongside these parks, gives travelers views and access to these parks and their many amenities.  In addition, the Chicago Lakefront Trail (abbreviated as LFT) is an 18-mile multi-use path that often runs in the parks near the Drive. It is popular with cyclists and joggers.  From north to south, the parks are Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park.

Use in culture

As political moniker
In the 20th century, the tiny neighborhoods near Lake Shore Drive came to be occupied by exclusive high-rise apartments, condominiums and co-op buildings. To the political columnist Mike Royko, Lake Shore Drive was goo-goo territory, a land occupied by Chicago's wealthy "good-government" types. Royko sometimes used Lake Shore Drive as a political moniker. Though he often agreed with the reformers, he looked upon them with the same cynical eye as his fictional Chicago everyman, Slats Grobnik.

In motorsport
A part of the Chicago Street Course uses Lakeshore Drive as a part of the track.

In popular culture

Many films based in Chicago feature scenes on Lake Shore Drive, including Cheaper by the Dozen, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, The Blues Brothers, The Break-Up, Risky Business, Love Jones, My Best Friend's Wedding, Somewhere in Time and National Lampoon's Vacation. In When Harry Met Sally..., the title characters are seen taking Lake Shore Drive in the opposite compass direction to that which their origin point and destination would require.

In television, Lake Shore Drive is seen in AT&T's/"The New Cingular's" "Weight" ad with the ad's protagonist driving south along Lake Shore Drive towards the John Hancock Building. The opening credits of the late 1980s and early 1990s sitcom Married... with Children features a flyover of Lake Shore Drive. Also, the medical drama ER has shot scenes at or near Lake Shore Drive over the show's 15 season run.

The 1971 song "Lake Shore Drive" by Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah is a reference to the road. Styx mentions the road in their 1979 song "Borrowed Time" as well as "Back to Chicago" from 1990. The road is also mentioned in the 2005 Kanye West songs "Drive Slow" and "Grammy Family", as well as in his verse in the Boost Mobile promotional single "Whole City Behind Us." The song "Lake Shore Drive" by Art Porter Jr. is also about the famous road. It is also mentioned in Fall Out Boy's song, "Lake Effect Kid": "joke us, joke us 'till Lake Shore Drive comes back into focus."

Lake Shore Drive is also featured in the 1999 Microsoft game Midtown Madness.

In the Electronic Arts NASCAR video game series, 2005: Chase for the Cup, 06: Total Team Control, 07, 08, and 09 all include a fictional street course that uses part of the real-life Lake Shore Drive, along with a few side streets. In Chase for the Cup, it is referred to as Lakeshore Drive, and must be unlocked by using a cheat code. In the latter four games, it goes by Wal-Mart Raceway, and is available from the start.

See also

 Bike The Drive
 Boulevard Lakefront Tour

Footnotes

References

External links

 Time magazine article
 Lake Shore Drive Redux  from ForgottenChicago.com
 Historic, current, and average travel times for Lake Shore Drive

Expressways in the Chicago area
Streets in Chicago
Roads in Illinois
Coastal construction
U.S. Route 41

Lake Shore Drive


المفترسات أو السيرودونتات هي رتبة منقرضة من الثدييات عاشت بين عصري الباليوسين والميوسين. كانت المفترسات مجموعةً بارزةً من الثدييات آكلات اللحوم، حيث عاشت قبل 55 إلى 35 مليون سنة في براري أفريقيا وأوراسيا وأمريكا الشمالية، وكانت الضواري المهيمنة على برية أفريقيا خلال عصر الأوليجوسين. وقد تكاملت المتفرسات مع متوسطات المخالب والإنتيلودونات، ثمَّ صمدت بعد انقراضهما في بداية عصر الأوليجوسين ومنتصف الميوسين على التوالي، إلا أنها خسرت الهيمنة في تلك الحقب، حيث انتقلت إلى آكلات اللحوم الأخرى من الثدييات. انقرض آخر جنسٍ من المفترسات قبل ثمانية ملايين سنة خلال عصر الميوسين، وباتت اللواحم الحديثة تشغل مكانها اليوم.

مراجع

كائنات ظهرت خلال الباليوسين
انقراضات التورتوني
ثدييات الميوسين
سيرودونتات
أصنوفات أحفورية وصفت في 1875

مفترسات