ابلسة هي إحدى بلديات ولاية تمنراست عاصمة لدائرة أبلسة. تبعد عن مقر ولاية تمنراست حوالي 80 كلم.

تعتبر بلدية ابلسة من أهم البلديات بمنطقة الأهقار. تشتهر بتراث ومناطق سياحية فريدة. وتعرف برقصة الأصارة التي يكون فيها الرقص بالعصي حيث يكون مجموعة من الشباب خاصة دائرة يكون مركزها افراد يحملون الطبل. كما نجد رقصة التزنغرات والجاقمي، وتتميز أيضا بضريح الملكة تين هنان التي تعود إلى القرن الرابع ميلادي، وجبل اهرهي وجبل تامزاك ووادي انديد.

أعلام
 تينهنان

المصادر

أبلسة

أبلسة


The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is the foundation of the system of military justice of the armed forces of the United States. The UCMJ was established by the United States Congress in accordance with their constitutional authority, per Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which provides that "The Congress shall have Power . . . to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval forces" of the United States.

History

On June 30, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established 69 Articles of War to govern the conduct of the Continental Army.

Effective upon its ratification in 1788, Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution provided that Congress has the power to regulate the land and naval forces. On 10 April 1806, the United States Congress enacted 101 Articles of War, which were not significantly revised until over a century later. Discipline in the sea services was provided under the Articles for the Government of the United States Navy (commonly referred to as Rocks and Shoals). The Articles of War evolved during the first half of the twentieth century and were amended in 1916 and 1920. In 1948, Congress substantially reformed the Articles pursuant to the Selective Service Act of 1948, but its naval counterpart remained little changed. The military justice system continued to operate under the Articles of War and Articles for the Government of the Navy until May 31, 1951, when the Uniform Code of Military Justice came into effect.

The UCMJ was passed by Congress on 5 May 1950, and signed into law by President Harry S. Truman the next day. It took effect on May 31, 1951. The word uniform in the Code's title refers to its consistent application to all the armed services in place of the earlier Articles of War, Articles of Government, and Disciplinary Laws of the individual services. Apart from consolidation of the existing military law, the UCMJ introduced United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.

The UCMJ, the Rules for Courts-Martial (RCM) analogous to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and the Military Rules of Evidence, analogous to the Federal Rules of Evidence), have evolved since their implementation. They have often paralleled the development of the federal civilian criminal justice system. In some ways, the UCMJ has been ahead of changes in the civilian criminal justice system.  For example, a rights-warning statement similar to the Miranda warnings (and required in more contexts than in the civilian world where it is applicable only to custodial interrogation) was required by  a decade and a half before the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona; Article 38(b) continued the 1948 Articles of War guarantee that qualified defense counsel be provided to all accused without regard to indigence (and at earlier stages than required in civilian jurisdictions), whereas the U.S. Supreme Court only guaranteed the provision of counsel to indigents in Gideon v. Wainwright.  Additionally, the role of what was originally a court-martial's non-voting "law member" developed into the present office of military judge whose capacity is little different from that of an Article III judge in a U.S. district court. At the same time, the "court-martial" itself (the panel of officers hearing the case and weighing the evidence) has converted from being essentially a board of inquiry/review presiding over the trial, into a jury of military service-members.

In 2013, at the Department of Defense's Judicial Proceedings Panel, Cortney Lollar testified that the UCMJ needed to be updated to improve the sections regarding sexual assault.

The current version of the UCMJ is printed in the latest edition of the Manual for Courts-Martial (2019), incorporating changes made by the President (executive orders) and National Defense Authorization Acts of 2006 and 2007.

Jurisdiction

Courts-martial

Courts-martial are conducted under the UCMJ and the Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM). If the trial results in a conviction, the case is reviewed by the convening authority – the commanding officer who referred the case for trial by court-martial. The power of the convening authority was reduced in 2014.

If the sentence, as approved by the convening authority, includes death, a bad conduct discharge, a dishonorable discharge, dismissal of an officer, or confinement for one year or more, the case is reviewed by an intermediate court.  There are four such courts – the Army Court of Criminal Appeals, the Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals, the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals, and the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals.

After review by any of these intermediate courts, the next level of appeal is the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF). The Supreme Court of the United States has discretion under  to review cases under the UCMJ on direct appeal where the CAAF has conducted a mandatory review (death penalty and certified cases), granted discretionary review of a petition, or otherwise granted relief.  If the CAAF denies a petition for review or a writ appeal, consideration by the Supreme Court may be obtained only through collateral review (e.g., a writ of habeas corpus). Since 2007, several bills have been introduced into Congress to expand the accessibility of service members to the Supreme Court.  See also Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel legislation.

Personal jurisdiction
Within the exceptions below, as codified in Article 2 of the UCMJ, personal jurisdiction attaches, regardless of the physical global location of the service member, over all members of the Uniformed Services of the United States: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, Coast Guard, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps, and Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. While the Coast Guard is administered under Title 14 of the United States Code when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, individuals commissioned or enlisted in the Coast Guard are subject to the UCMJ as an armed force. However, commissioned members of the NOAA and PHS, as uniformed services, are only subject to the UCMJ when attached or detailed to a military unit by competent orders, or when militarized by Presidential executive order during a national emergency or declaration of war.

Members of the military Reserve Components under Title 10 of the United States Code (Army Reserve, Marine Forces Reserve, Navy Reserve, and Air Force Reserve), or Title 14 of the United States Code, Coast Guard Reserve when not operating as part of the U.S. Navy, are subject to the UCMJ when they are:

 Full-Time Support (FTS) personnel on active duty orders serving pursuant to the authority of 10 USC 10211 or 10 USC 12310, including:
 Army/Air Force "Active Guard and Reserve (AGR),"
 Navy "Full-time Support (FTS),"
 Marine Corps "Active Reserve (AR)," or
 Coast Guard "Reserve Program Administrators (RPA)."
 "Traditional" reservists performing either:
 Full-time active duty service under orders for a specific period, i.e., Annual Training, Active Duty for Training, Active Duty for Operational Support, Active Duty Special Work, Mobilization or Recall to Active Duty, Canvasser Recruiter, etc., or
 Performing part-time Inactive Duty, i.e., Inactive Duty Training, Inactive Duty Travel and Training, Unit Training Assembly, Additional Training Periods, Additional Flying Training Periods, Reserve Management Periods, etc., all of which are colloquially known as "drills."
 Retired Reservists who are either recalled to active duty pursuant to secretarial authority, or who are receiving medical treatment in an armed forces hospital (see below).

Soldiers and airmen in the National Guard of the United States are subject to the UCMJ only if activated (mobilized or recalled to active duty) in a federal capacity under Title 10 by an executive order issued by the President, or during their annual training periods, which are orders issued under Title 10, during which periods of duty they are federalized into the National Guard of the United States.  Otherwise, members of the National Guard are usually exempt from the UCMJ.  However, under Title 32 orders, or State Active Duty orders issued directly under State authority, individual members of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are still subject to their respective state codes of military justice, which often resemble the UCMJ very closely, and/or their state civil and criminal laws.

Several States also authorize either naval or military organized militia forces. These are collectively known as the State Guard. State Guard organizations are organized, trained, equipped, armed, disciplined, and administered under each State's own sovereign authority, and are not subject to a Federal recall to active duty, nor are the individual members subject to the UCMJ in their capacities as members of the State Guard.  State Guard organizations typically are organized similarly to a military force, and usually report to the senior National Guard officer in each State, known as the Adjutant General. In this sense, the State Guard are auxiliaries to each State's Constitutionally authorized organized militia forces, the Army and Air National Guard. The State Guard is often specialized, based on each state's requirements, for missions such as wilderness search and rescue, light aviation, forest firefighting, law enforcement, or general emergency management roles. Under each state's own authorities, State Guard members may be ordered to State Active Duty (SAD), in a status similar to National Guard members in a Title 32 status but solely under state authority and discipline, and also may be provided with the training, equipment, and authority to act as law enforcement officers with powers of arrest. Each state sets the requirements to join, remain, be promoted or rewarded, and conditions of employment such as a minimum amount of duty performed in a year, and whether any duty is paid or unpaid, and whether the individuals are covered by various civil service or retirement pension plans. Most State Guard duty is performed without pay, in a volunteer status. While the State Guard organizations are subject to recall to SAD, or other workforce requirements as imposed by their state, they are not subject to either partial or full mobilization authorities under Title 10. However, the individual State Guard members often have dual-status as both State Guard and a federally recognized uniformed services member, such as a Texas State Guard officer who is also a retired U.S. military officer. Such an individual could be recalled to active duty under both SAD as a State Guard member, or under one of the various authorities to recall retired or reserve military members to active duty (10 USC 688, various 10 USC 123XX authorities, and others), but not both because a federal status trumps a state status. State Guard members could thus be subject to the UCMJ at all times under their federal status, and under specific state military and civil/criminal codes under their state status.

Cadets and midshipmen at the United States Military Academy, United States Naval Academy, United States Air Force Academy, and United States Coast Guard Academy, are subject to the UCMJ at all times because they are in an active duty status as members of the regular component while serving at a Military Service Academy, per Article 2(a)(2) of UCMJ. Army and Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) cadets are not subject to the UCMJ, except while on inactive or active duty training. Midshipmen of the United States Merchant Marine Academy and Navy ROTC (including marine-option) midshipmen are also subject to the UCMJ when on inactive or active duty for training orders.

Members of military auxiliaries such as the Civil Air Patrol and the Coast Guard Auxiliary are not subject to the UCMJ, even when participating in missions assigned by the military or other branches of government. However, members of the Coast Guard Auxiliary can be called by the Commandant of the Coast Guard into the Temporary Reserve of the Coast Guard, in which case they become subject to the UCMJ.

Additionally, the following categories of service members are subject to the UCMJ as indicated:

 Retired members of the regular component who are entitled to retirement pay, per Article 2(a)(4) of UCMJ, regardless of the authority under which retired from active service and transferred to the retired list of their respective service's regular component,
 Retired members of the reserve component, whether entitled to retired pay or awaiting retired pay at age 60 as a gray area reserve retiree, who are receiving hospital care from an armed force, per Article 2(a)(5) of UCMJ,
 Members of the Fleet Reserve/Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (FR/FMCR), as enlisted retired Navy or Marine Corps personnel who have not yet served a total of 30 years of combined active, fleet reserve, and retired service, per Article 2(a)(6) of UCMJ.  Both regular component and reserve component enlisted retirees are transferred to the FR/FMCR upon retirement if they have less than 30 total years, but more than 20 cumulative years of active service, and remain subject to the UCMJ in that status until they complete 30 total years of active and fleet reserve service, and are transferred to their respective original Service Retired List (regular component or retired reserve).  The FR/FMCR is not applicable to any officers, any service member retired for disability and transferred to the Temporary or Permanent Disability Retired Lists, nor any enlisted retirees except those of the Navy and Marine Corps as noted above.
 Persons in custody of the U.S. Armed Forces serving a sentence imposed by a court-martial, per Article 2(a)(7) of UCMJ,
 Members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Public Health Service, and other organizations, when assigned to and serving with the armed forces, per Article 2(a)(8) of UCMJ,
 Prisoners of War (POW)/Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW) in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces, per Article 2(a)(9) of UCMJ,
 In time of declared war or a contingency operation, persons serving with or accompanying a U.S. armed force in the field, per Article 2(a)(10), and
 Detained medical personnel and military chaplains in the custody of the U.S. Armed Forces.

Civilians are not subject to UCMJ.  However, the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over crimes committed on a military installation.  A military investigation may be conducted to determine whether or not to prosecute a civilian who commits a crime on a military base.  Civilians are not otherwise subject to military law, even when the crime is committed against a service member.  When a civilian bus driver murdered an Army private off post in 1942, for example, the post commander was unable to investigate.

Military contractors
Historically, the UCMJ applied to "persons serving with or accompanying an armed force in the field" and thus included military contractors "in time of war." In the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, which was enacted in 2006, Congress expanded the UCMJ's applicability to cover contractors during a "declared war or contingency operation." The change came following the Nisour Square massacre perpetrated by Blackwater Security personnel. In 2008, the first contractor was prosecuted under the new provision, marking the first time since 1968 that a contractor had been charged under military law. The civilian defendant, a dual Canadian-Iraqi citizen, was charged with stabbing a co-worker, another Iraqi civilian. The contractor ultimately pleaded guilty.

Non-judicial punishment

Under Article 15 of the Code (Subchapter III), specified military commanders have the authority to exercise non-judicial punishment (NJP) over their subordinates for minor breaches of discipline.   These punishments are carried out after a hearing before the commander but without a judge and jury. Punishments are limited to a reduction in rank for enlisted members, loss of pay, restriction of privileges, extra-duty, reprimands, and, aboard ships, confinement. Guidelines for the imposition of NJP are contained in Part V of the Manual for Courts-Martial and the various service regulations.

Complaints of wrongs and loss of property
The UCMJ provides that any service member may bring a "complaint of wrongs" against their commanding officer to the next senior officer exercising general court-martial authority over their commander. That officer will investigate the complaint of wrongs, and then report the findings of the investigation to the service Secretary (i.e., Secretary of the Army, Navy, Air Force) concerned. Following said findings an investigation board can be convened to investigate and adjudicate claims of willful damage, destruction, or theft of personal property, only if both parties are subject to the Code.

Current subchapters
The UCMJ is found in Title 10, Subtitle A, Part II, Chapter 47 of the United States Code.

General provisions
Subchapter I, "General Provisions" has six sections (articles):

Article 1 (Definitions), defines the following terms used in the rest of the UCMJ: Judge Advocate General, the Navy, officer in charge, superior commissioned officer, cadet, midshipman, military, accuser, military judge, law specialist, legal officer, judge advocate, record, classified information, and national security. This article also provides that, "The Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy, shall be considered as one armed force" for the purposes of the UCMJ.

Pre-trial procedure

Under Article 31, coercive self-incrimination is prohibited as a right under the Fifth Amendment. Apprehending officers utilize the Article 31 warning and waiver to prevent this self-incrimination, much like the Miranda warning. Article 31 was already well-established before Miranda.

Article 32 refers to the pre-trial investigation and hearing conducted before charges are referred to trial for court-martial. It may be conducted by a Judge Advocate General (JAG) officer or non-JAG officer.

Punitive articles
Subchapter X, "Punitive Articles", is the subchapter that details offenses under the uniform code. The 2019 MCM incorporates both major and minor changes to certain articles, and relocates many articles; careful examination of the source document is required to ensure full understanding, and previous "cheat sheets" and training materials may therefore be outdated. Those articles with a title annotated by "*" were changed from the 2016 MCM:

General article (Article 134)
The general article (Article 134) authorizes the prosecution of offenses not specifically detailed by any other article: "...all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces, and crimes and offenses not capital, of which persons subject to this chapter may be guilty."  Clause 1 of the article involves disorders and neglect, "...to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces." Clause 2 involves, "...conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces." Clause 3 deals with non-capital offenses violating other federal law; under this clause, any such offense created by federal statute may be prosecuted under Article 134. United States v. Perkins, 47 C.M.R. 259 (Air Force Ct. of Military Review 1973).

The most recent version of the Manual for Courts-Martial lists the following offenses commonly prosecuted under Article 134:
 Animal abuse
 Bigamy
 Check, worthless making and uttering – by dishonorably failing to maintain funds
 Child pornography
 Dishonorably failing to pay debt
Disloyal statement
 Disorderly conduct, drunkenness
 Extramarital sexual conduct
 Discharging firearm through negligence
 Fraternization
 Gambling with subordinate
 Negligent homicide
 Indecent conduct
 Indecent language
 Pandering and prostitution
 Self-injury without intent to avoid service
 Sexual act with an animal
 Straggling
 Visual depiction, nonconsensual distribution or broadcast

See also
 Judge Advocate General's Corps
 Manual for Courts-Martial
 Military law
 Military tribunal
 Military courtesy
 Military expression
 Laws of war
 Lieber Code
 Geneva Conventions
 Code of Service Discipline, a Canadian equivalent to the UCMJ

Notes

Further reading
 DA Pam 27-9 Military Judges Benchbook (.PDF).
 Military Law Review. . .

External links
 Uniform Code of Military Justice
 Manual for Courts-Martial United States (2019 Edition) Caution: PDF document.
 The original version of the MCM from the Library of Congress Caution: 5.53 MB PDF document.

Military justice
United States federal defense and national security legislation
United States military law
Title 10 of the United States Code
United States military pay and benefits

Uniform Code of Military Justice


Koenigsegg Jesko je sportski automobil švedskog proizvođača automobila Koenigsegg.

Automobil je predstavljen na autoizložbi u Ženevi 2019. kao nasljednik modela Koenigsegg Agera.

Naziv modela Jesko je posveta osnivača tvrtke svome ocu koji se zove Jesko Von Koenigsegg.

Proizvodnja modela se planira započeti 2020.g. i bit će ograničena na 125 primjeraka.

Automobil će pogoniti unaprijeđeni motor zapremnine 5.0 litara V8 korišten u modelu Agera, koji razvija snagu od 1262 KS (941 kW), a uz biološko gorivo E85 snaga motora iznosi 1578 KS (1177 kW).
Proizvođač tvrdi da automobil može postići brzinu od 483km/h (300 milja na sat) u povoljnim uvjetima.

Izvori

 Podaci o modelu na stranicama proizvođača, pristupljeno 16.03.2019.

Športski automobili
Jesko

Koenigsegg Jesko


Dummler ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Dieter Dummler, deutscher Numismatiker
 Karl Dummler (1921–2010), deutscher Jurist im Kirchendienst

Dummler


L'Armée secrète belge est divisée en 5 zones. La zone 1, qui s'étend de la vallée de la Lys, au nord de Tournai, jusqu'à la Meuse de Dinant, couvre 4 secteurs, de A à D. Le secteur C couvre l'Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse dont Couvin.

Dès mars 1942, la légion Belge s'étend dans la région de Walcourt, Philippeville, Mariembourg, Florennes et la botte du Hainaut pour former C-60 ("Linot"). Le Docteur Leclerc prend la direction de ce secteur jusqu'à son arrestation en Février 1943, alors que le groupe était constitué de 600 hommes.

Le docteur Georges Lecomte le remplace en mai 1943, puis le lieutenant de réserve Émile Detroux de Chastrès en août et ce, jusqu'à la Libération.

En décembre 1943, Walter Neuville est chargé de l'organisation du maquis du secteur C-60.

Il fut entouré dans ce rôle de sa sœur Élisabeth, un frère franciscain (Émile Pécriaux , "Frère Materne"), des réfugiés et de nombreux villageois.

Hébergement et ravitaillement
Le maquis avait pour mission l'hébergement et le ravitaillement d'aviateurs et réfractaires, avec notamment les refugiés suivants:
 André Hitelet (Belgique, septembre 1942 - ), réfractaire et évadé du Kommando 44 du Stalag VI-F de Bocholt
 Alidor Dugot (Belgique, ? - libération), recherché par la police allemande
 Norman Huntly Michie (Canada, février 1944 - libération), aviateur
 Renner Wilfred (Willie) (Canada, octobre 1943 - libération), aviateur
 Healey Joseph (Joe) Patrick (Canada, février 1944 - libération), aviateur
 Henry Alan Lucas (England, février 1944 - libération), aviateur
 Warren Charles (Charly) (États-Unis, février 1944 - libération), aviateur
 Michine Nicolas (URSS), prisonnier de guerre évadé
 Puschkarev Serge (URSS), prisonnier de guerre évadé
 Raymond Ademovitch (Yougoslavie, Avril 1943 - libération), prisonnier de guerre musulman bosniaque évadé du camp de Douai et qui travaillait dans les mines de charbon locales
 Felix Azizovitch (Yougoslavie, Avril 1943 - libération), prisonnier de guerre musulman bosniaque évadé du camp de Douai et qui travaillait dans les mines de charbon locales
Dès septembre 1942, le bois de Falemprise accueille André Hitelet.

Un hébergement en bois de sapin, fut érige dans les bois de Falemprise, au lieu-dit "Plate Taille".

Le refuge sera abandonné en Février 1944 à la suite d'incursions de soldats allemands dans les bois environnants, et les réfugiés seront répartis par Walter Neuville chez des habitants de Boussu-Lez-Walcourt et Beaumont.

Un autre abri sera construit en Avril 1944 dans un massif de pruneliers au lieu-dit "Cocriamont". Les deux Yougoslaves, André Hitelet, puis Alidor Dugot y resteront jusqu'à leur libération.

Un autre baraquement ("Maquis des aviateurs") fut construit entre le second et le troisième parachutage (Mai/Juin 1944) dans un versant boisé aux abords de la plaine dite de Falemprise, et sera occupé par Warren Charly, Alan Lucas et les deux évadés russes.

Parachutages
Walter Neuville et le groupe C-60 participeront, en outre, à la réception de trois parachutages (Mai et Juin 1944) sur deux sites, à Erpion et à Falemprise .

Un des sites était la plaine B2 (Badon, Boussu-Lez-Walcourt), l'autre la plaine B1 (Silenrieux, Falemprise).

Le premier parachutage eu lieu à la suite de l'émission du message suivant "Pour Oscar, la carpe est muette, pour Ovide, la carpe n'est pas muette" le 10 Mai 1944 à 19h15 sur Radio Belgique.
Le deuxième parachutage eut lieu sur la plaine B2 à la suite du message "Voici un message pour Oscar: La carpe est muette".

Le troisième parachutage eu lieu en Juin sur la plaine B1, à la suite du message "Pour Ursule (ou Uranus), le buffet est vide ou le buffet n'est pas vide".

Un total de 9 tonnes de matériel (armes anti-chars, pistolets, mitraillettes, postes émetteurs-récepteurs) furent ainsi réceptionnés.

Une stèle commémorative (le mémorial de Badon) a été érigée le 11 septembre 1988 en bordure de la plaine de la carpe, un des deux sites de parachutage, en présence de Walter Neuville, Émile Detroux, André Hitelet et Abert Reichling.

Reconnaissance

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Fiches du réseau Comète

Bibliographie

Réseau ou mouvement de la Résistance belge

Maquis Zone 1 C60 de l'Armée secrète belge


Francisco González Hernández OP (Castronuño, 20 de julho de 1952) é um ministro católico romano e vigário emérito de Puerto Maldonado, no Peru.

Francisco González Hernández entrou na comunidade dominicana e foi ordenado sacerdote em 18 de dezembro de 1982.

Em 15 de maio de 2001, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Vigário Apostólico Coadjutor de Puerto Maldonado e Bispo Titular de Tuccabora. O Vigário Apostólico de Puerto Maldonado, Juan José Larrañeta Olleta OP, o consagrou em 8 de julho do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram Luis Armando Bambarén Gastelumendi SJ, Bispo de Chimbote, e o Arcebispo Rino Passigato, Núncio Apostólico no Peru.

Após a renúncia de Juan José Larrañeta Oletas OP, sucedeu-o em 2 de fevereiro de 2008 como Vigário Apostólico de Puerto Maldonado.

O Papa Francisco aceitou sua renúncia antecipada como Vigário Apostólico de Puerto Maldonado em 23 de junho de 2015.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do Peru

Francisco González Hernández


Dark Season is a British science-fiction television serial for adolescents, screened on BBC1 in late 1991.

Premise
Made up of six 25-minute episodes, the two linked three-part stories tell the adventures of three teenagers and their battle to save their school and their classmates from the actions of the sinister Mr Eldritch. It was the first television drama to be written by Russell T Davies, and is also noteworthy for co-starring a young Kate Winslet in her first major television role.

Background
Russell T Davies was a BBC staff producer working for the children's department at BBC Manchester, running the summertime activity show Why Don't You?. He had gained some television writing experience scripting the comedy dubbed version of The Flashing Blade for the Saturday morning children's programme On the Waterfront in 1989 and the children's sketch show Breakfast Serials the following year, but his real ambition was to write television drama.

To this end, he wrote an on-spec script for the first episode of Dark Season – originally titled The Adventuresome Three – and used the BBC's internal mail system to send it directly to the Head of Children's Programmes, Anna Home. Impressed with the script, Home asked Davies to write a second episode. When Tony Robinson decided to take a break from producing Maid Marian and Her Merry Men, a slot opened up in the Children's BBC schedules for late 1991 and Home decided to use Dark Season to fill it, commissioning Davies to write the remaining episodes of the serial. The series was filmed in Mytchett in Surrey, in Farnborough Hants (Woburn Avenue) and the long-closed Robert Haining Secondary School, in the summer of 1991. Studio material was shot at the BBC's Ealing Studios.

Transmitted at 4.35 pm on Thursdays from 14 November to 19 December 1991, each episode would be repeated the Sunday morning following first broadcast. Viewing figures varied from 3.6 to 4.2 million per episode. Davies also penned a novelisation of Dark Season for BBC Books, which was released concurrently with the transmission of the serial and was advertised after each episode. He would later go on to write a second children's science-fiction serial for the BBC, Century Falls, in 1993, before forging a long and successful career in adult television drama. Dark Season was re-shown on BBC One in 1994, and in 2002 was also repeated on the CBBC Channel on digital television, cropped to 14:9 widescreen with the loss of the top and bottom sections of the original picture.

Dark Season was released on DVD by 2|entertain Ltd on 24 July 2006. Upon this release, it received a British Board of Film Classification rating of PG.

Plot
The first three episodes begin with third year secondary school girl Marcie and her two fifth year friends Tom and Reet becoming suspicious of the sinister Mr Eldritch, whose computer company arrives at the school and distributes free computers to all the pupils.

With the reluctant help of their teacher Miss Maitland they apparently defeat the threat of Eldritch, who disappears. However, the second three episodes tell of the actions of Miss Pendragon, who works for Eldritch and is attempting to revive the massive, secret Behemoth computer from its long-hidden location beneath the school.

At the end of the BBC novelisation, there are indications that Davies had ideas or interest in a potential third adventure using the same characters. A single paragraph describing the opening of an amusement arcade concludes with "...but that's another story."

Cast and crew
The director assigned to Dark Season was Colin Cant, who had a long and highly esteemed reputation in producing BBC children's programmes, having for many years produced the popular school-based teen drama Grange Hill throughout the 1980s and directed classic children's serials such as Moondial (1988).

The three stars were 19-year-old Victoria Lambert as the 13-year-old Marcie, Ben Chandler as Tom and Kate Winslet, in her first major professional acting role, as Reet. There were several supporting actors who were well-known names on British television: Miss Maitland was played by Brigit Forsyth who had starred in the popular sitcom Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? in the 1970s, and Miss Pendragon was played by Jacqueline Pearce, who was well known for her role as the villainous Servalan in the late 1970s / early 80s BBC science-fiction series Blake's 7, and known by Cant from working with her on the serial Moondial. According to an interview with SFX magazine, Davies said that Pearce was delighted that her character was supposed to be a lesbian, but refused to dye her hair, hence the turban.

Structure
The episodes were merely numbered, all sharing a gradually-revealed common plot. The six episodes are divided into two stories of three episodes each. The apparent conclusion of the first story at episode 3 seemed so complete to BBC executives that they were, according to Davies, "a bit shocked". This, in part, stemmed from the fact that he had not sold the programme to them as two three-part stories—"in case they told me not to do it!". By the conclusion of episode 6 it becomes apparent to the viewer that all six episodes tell a conjoined story, though split across two seemingly unrelated tales.

Episodes

Reception
The show received increased critical attention following both its release on DVD and Davies' announcement of his programme aimed at the same target audience, The Sarah Jane Adventures.

Television Heaven's review concluded by saying, "By turns amusing, aware, suspenseful, exciting and imaginative, 'Dark Season' stands as an almost criminally overlooked example of children's genre television of the highest quality, and also as an early indication of a future major creative talent in the form of Russell T Davies taking his first steps on the long and winding creative road to a glittering future."

Head writer of series 1 of The Sarah Jane Adventures, Gareth Roberts, found career inspiration in Dark Season. He has said that Dark Season "was exactly what I wanted to do at the time—write a cracking kids' sci-fi show."

Likewise, DVD Times called it "an enjoyable story", but criticised the split of the plot into two-halves as "clumsy". It further bemoaned a "tendency towards handwaving and gobbledygook to resolve the plot(s)".

Commonality with Doctor Who
Dark Season contained some similarity to Doctor Who, which Russell T Davies revived in 2005. Most notably, Marcie occupies a similar narrative space to the Doctor, with Reet and Thomas as her companions. Nevertheless, this broad structural similarity to Doctor Who has been categorically denied by Russell T Davies as intentional. Davies has claimed that the only direct reference to so-called "classic" Doctor Who is a scene in which Reet uses a yo-yo to test gravity.

Nevertheless, elements from this production have been seen in Doctor Who fiction which post-dates Dark Season.

The earliest reference was a direct mention of Marcie in Davies' 1996 Doctor Who – The New Adventures novel Damaged Goods. Later, when Doctor Who was again being produced on television, Davies trapped Rose Tyler behind a door that refused to open In "The End of the World" – just as he had done with Reet in Episode Six of Dark Season. When challenged by their rescuers not to go anywhere, both characters offered the same response: "Where am I gonna go, Ipswich?". Dark Season would again be recalled in 2006, when the similarity between the setting of Dark Season and the 2006 episode "School Reunion" received frequent attention. Though Davies did not write the script for "School Reunion", he requested its relocation from an army base to a school, evocative of Dark Season.

By far the strongest links between the serials are found in Davies' 2008 Christmas special, "The Next Doctor", which recycles elements of the 'Behemoth' in the 'CyberKing'. In both "Dark Season" and "The Next Doctor", the lead female villains are tricked into enthronement & entrapment inside a monster of their own making, which they accept as their destiny, but this leads to their downfall.

Revival
In September 2021, Russell T Davies announced that he was working on an audiobook version of the original TV show (released in November 2021) and a possible sequel.  A Sequel audiodrama announcement was confirmed in November 2022 and was released in May 2023 on Big Finish Productions.

References

Bibliography
 Pixley, Andrews. Dark Season viewing notes (accompanies the DVD release of the serial)

External links

 Dark Season at bbc.co.uk
 Fan site detailing Dark Season and Century Falls (archive.org)

BBC children's television shows
1990s British science fiction television series
Television shows written by Russell T Davies
1991 British television series debuts
1990s British children's television series
1991 British television series endings
Television series about teenagers
Television series created by Russell T Davies

Dark Season


Afife, Namuslu, iffetli, temiz anlamına gelen bir kadın adı.
 Afife Jale, Türkiye'nin ilk kadın tiyatro oyuncusu.
 Afife Tiyatro Ödülleri
 Afife (oyun), Afife Jale'nin hayatının anlatıldığı tiyatro oyunu.
 Afife, Portekiz'in Viana do Castelo belediyesinde bucak.

Afife


Sir Michael Anthony Epstein, né le  à Londres, également connu sous le nom d'Anthony Epstein, est un pathologiste et universitaire britannique. Il est l'un des découvreurs du virus d'Epstein-Barr, avec Yvonne Barr et Bert Achong.

Vie privée
Anthony Epstein est né le 18 mai 1921 et fait ses études à la St Paul's School de Londres, au Trinity College de Cambridge et au Middlesex Hospital Medical School.

En 2006, il obtient un Doctorat en sciences de Bristol. Il a eu 100 ans en mai 2021. Il est mécène d'Humanists UK.

Carrière
Anthony Epstein est professeur de pathologie de 1968 à 1985 (aujourd'hui professeur émérite), chef de département de 1968 à 1982 à l'Université de Bristol. En 1979, il est élu membre de la Royal Society of London et en est le vice-président de 1986 à 1991. Il reçoit sa médaille royale en 1992. Il reçoit l'Ordre de l'Empire britannique en 1985, et est fait chevalier en 1991. Il est membre du Wolfson College d'Oxford de 1986 à 2001 et en est membre honoraire depuis 2001. Il est également membre fondateur de l'Académie des sciences médicales en 1998.

Études sur le lymphome de Burkitt
Anthony Epstein est la première personne à proposer que le lymphome de Burkitt est un cancer causé par un virus. Après avoir entendu une conférence donnée par Denis Parsons Burkitt en 1961 sur ce cancer nouvellement décrit, il change son objectif de recherche, passant des virus cancérigènes chez les poulets à la recherche d'une origine virale du lymphome de Burkitt. Après plus de deux ans de travail avec des cellules tumorales des patients de Burkitt et ensuite de travail pour en isoler un virus, le virus Epstein-Barr est finalement découvert en février 1964.

Références

Liens externes

Lauréat de la médaille royale
Knight Bachelor
Membre de la Royal Society
Commandeur de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Personnalité britannique du judaïsme
Professeur à l'université de Bristol
Étudiant de Trinity College (Cambridge)
Élève à la St Paul's School (Londres)
Naissance en mai 1921
Centenaire britannique

Anthony Epstein


Dünya Meteoroloji Örgütü (WMO) (İngilizce: World Meteorological Organization), Birleşmiş Milletler'e bağlı uzmanlık kuruluşudur.

Bağlı 189 üye ülke ve bölgenin hava durumuna ilişkin verdikleri hizmetlerden elde edilen bilgileri düzenleyip ortak kullanıma sunan Dünya Meteoroloji Örgütü, meteorolojiyi standart hale getirmek ve yeni bulunan telgraf aracılığıyla hava durumu konusunda bildirilen verileri birleştirip değerlendirmek amacıyla 1873'te kurulan Uluslararası Meteoroloji Örgütü'nün BM tarafından geliştirilmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Sekreterliği Cenevre'dedir.

Dünya Meteoroloji Günü
 Dünya Meteoroloji Günü yıllık toplantısı 23 Mart'ta yapılır.

Ödüller
 International Meteorological Organization Prize (Uluslararası Meteoroloji Organizasyonu Ödülü)
 Professor Dr. Vilho Väisälä Award (Profesör Dr. Vilho Väisälä Ödülü)
 Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award (Norbert Gerbier-Mumm Uluslararası Ödülü)
 WMO Research Award for Young Scientists (WMO Genç Bilimciler Araştırma Ödülü)

Dış bağlantılar
 World Meteorological Organization
 Founding charter
 NOAA: Retired Hurricane Names
 WMO country codes

Meteoroloji kuruluşları
Birleşmiş Milletler
Uluslararası çevreci kuruluşlar
1947'de kurulan oluşumlar

Dünya Meteoroloji Örgütü


Garnet Joseph Wolseley (primer vizconde de Wolseley; Golden Bridge, condado de Dublín, 4 de junio de 1833-Menton, Francia, 26 de marzo  1913) fue un mariscal de campo y general en jefe del Ejército Británico (1895-1901). Sirvió en Birmania, Crimea, India, China y Canadá antes de mandar una fuerza expedicionaria en la segunda guerra ashanti (1873-1874). Gobernador de Natal (1875) y Chipre (1878) fue puesto al mando del ejército en 1882 durante la revuelta nacionalista de Egipto y en 1885 dirigió la expedición de socorro de Jartum (Sudán). Fue nombrado general en jefe del Ejército Británico en 1895 hasta su retiro del ejército en 1901. Durante el corto período de tiempo que estuvo al mando absoluto del ejército británico, llevó a cabo una profunda reorganización y modernización del mismo.

Infancia
Garnet Wolseley era descendiente de una familia sajona que por sus servicios a Guillermo III de Inglaterra  durante sus campañas contra Jacobo II de Inglaterra fue recompensada con tierras en Irlanda. Dos tradiciones dominaban su familia: la defensa del anglicanismo  y el servicio militar. abuelo había servido en el cuerpo de los Royal Dragoons en Alemania durante la guerra de los Siete Años. Su padre y su tío sirvieron durante las guerras napoleónicas  en las Indias Occidentales, donde participaron en una expedición contra las islas francesas de Martinica  y Guadalupe.
Al volver a Irlanda, su padre, Joseph Wolseley, se casó con Frances Ann Smith.

Garnet Wolseley nació el 4 de junio  de 1833; fue el mayor de siete hermanos. Cuando tenía siete años, su padre falleció y la familia se tuvo que mantener gracias a una pensión del ejército, por lo que durante su infancia conoció la pobreza y no pudo ser enviado a Inglaterra para ser educado como era costumbre en la época entre la gente de su clase, sino que su madre se encargó de instruirlo en casa. Comenzó a trabajar en un taller topográfico con catorce años. La pobreza de la familia impidió que esta le pudiese comprar un puesto de oficial, si bien la distinguida carrera de su abuelo y de su padre hizo que el duque de Wellington se decidiese a concederle uno cuando cumplió los dieciocho años.

Segunda guerra de Birmania (1852-1853) y guerra de Crimea (1854-1856)
Ingresó en el ejército en el año 1852 como subteniente de un regimiento de infantería. Su bautizo de fuego lo tuvo en Birmania, adonde llegó pocos meses después de que el país hubiese sido anexionado al imperio y que por entonces se hallaba convulso por la existencia de rebeldes que hostigaban a los británicos. Participó en la segunda guerra birmana (1852-1853) y fue herido en el muslo derecho el 19 de marzo de 1853 en el ataque a Donabew,  pero rechazó dejar el campo de batalla hasta que sus hombres hubieran vencido. Tras la batalla recibió una medalla de guerra y poco después fue ascendido al grado de teniente. Contrajo el cólera y fue trasladado para su recuperación a Dublín.

En 1854 participó en la guerra de Crimea (1854-1856), sirviendo en el cuerpo de ingenieros. Llegó a Balaclava el 3 de diciembre de 1854 . Participó del asedio de Sebastopol; el 7 de junio de 1855 estuvo en el ataque anglofrancés la ciudad y fue en el muslo derecho. Los rusos rechazaron el asalto y el asedio continuó. Fue herido otra vez el 30 de agosto mientras trabajaba con un grupo de zapadores en las trincheras: un proyectil ruso mató a varios de ellos y le hirió gravemente en la mandíbula y en el ojo derecho, tras lo que fue promovido al grado de capitán, en diciembre del año 1854. Tras la caída de Sebastopol, fue empleado en la intendencia y asistió al embarco de las tropas; fue el último oficial en partir de Crimea en 1856.

Motín de los Cipayos (1857-1859) y Segunda Guerra del Opio (1860)
En febrero de 1857 Wolseley fue destinado a China donde la tensión entre este país y las potencias europeas estaba aumentando. Sin embargo el comienzo de la Rebelión de la India de 1857 hizo que fuera trasladado a la India.
El 10 de septiembre su regimiento alcanzó Benarés y Prayagraj el 13 de septiembre. Rescató a las fuerzas estacionadas en Lucknow y participó en los combates de Cawnpore, Ayodhya, Sultanpur sirviendo bajo las órdenes de James Hope Grant. Una vez acabada la campaña, con solamente 26 años de edad, fue promovido a teniente coronel, honor que pago con la pérdida total de la visión de un ojo.
Tras el motín Garnet Wolseley continuo sirviendo bajo las órdenes de James Hope Grant Oudh. Cuando Hope Grant fue puesto al mando de las tropas británicas que participaban en Segunda Guerra del Opio (1860). Participó en la toma del puerto de Tangku, en el ataque a los fuertes de Taku, en la batalla de Chan Chi Wan, en la batalla de Palikao además de en la toma del Palacio de Verano. Tras la guerra escribió" Narrative of the War with China"en la que describe la campaña.

Durante el invierno de 1860-1861, Garnet Wolseley junto a otros oficiales entre los que se encontraba Hope Grant realizaron un viaje por Japón que hacía solo seis años que se había abierto a los países extranjeros tras la expedición del Comodoro Perry. Visitó Tokio y Yokohama

Canadá (1861-1871)
En 1861, en plena Guerra de Secesión, la captura por parte del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de dos agentes de los Estados Confederados de América a bordo del barco británico "Trent" desencadenó una grave crisis entre estos dos países que a punto estuvo de desencadenar una guerra. Wolseley fue enviado a Canadá para hacerse cargo de la defensa de las colonias ya que la situación en el caso de que llegase a haber guerra sería muy difícil para Gran Bretaña que solo contaba con 4.500 soldados profesionales y 10.000 voluntarios canadienses para hacer frente a las tropas de  la Unión
Para ponerse de acuerdo con los planes de la Confederación, en caso de guerra, Wolseley, decidió sin órdenes visitar el sur. Pasando en secreto de Nueva York a Virginia, él visitó al comandante de las fuerzas meridionales, Robert E. Lee. También se entrevistó con Thomas Jonathan Jackson y con James Longstreet. Wolseley declaró que el ejército confederado le había impresionado más que cualquier ejército que hubiese visto. Al final no tuvo lugar una guerra entre Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos pero Garnet Wolseley permaneció en Canadá hasta 1871.

Durante el resto de su estancia en Canadá leyó mucha historia militar y escribió una obra militar "The Soldier´s Pocket Book" en la cual detalla cómo preparar a los soldados para cualquier contingencia que puede ser que experimenten en el campo, de examinar y de reconocer el campo de batalla, también hablaba de la carencia de preparación y de la ineficacia del ejército británico. Este libro fue criticado por los sectores más tradicionalistas del ejército que se sentían ofendidos ante las críticas de Wolseley pero llamó la atención del Secretario del Estado para la Guerra, Edward T. Cardwell  quien puso en práctica las ideas de Wolseley respecto a la preparación de los soldados y oficiales.
En septiembre de 1867 se casó con Louisa Erskine mujer no muy rica pero si de mucha inteligencia, Garnet consultaba con frecuencia con ella sus planes e ideas. Solo tuvo una hija, Frances (1872-1936), escritora y fundadora del colegio femenino Gardeners at Glynde.

En 1870 fue escogido para sofocar una rebelión indígena en el territorio de Río Rojo del Norte, liderada por Louis Riel, quien había proclamado la República del Canadá en Manitoba. La expedición fue ejemplarmente planeada en su plano logístico, algo muy importante debido a las largas distancias (1.200 millas desde Toronto y la falta de puntos de reabastecimientos. A pesar de las dificultades avanzó hacía inhóspitos territorios y reconquistó Fort Garry.

África (1873-1880)
En 1871 fue nombrado Ayudante Auxiliar en la Oficina de la Guerra donde permaneció hasta 1873 ocupando diferentes puestos desde donde se empeñó en reformar el ejército.
En 1873 fue enviado a la Costa de Oro en África Occidental para acabar con la Segunda Guerra Ashanti (1873-1874). Hizo avanzar a sus tropas a través de la selva, venció el 31 de enero de 1874 en la batalla de Amoaful a los guerreros Ashanti y ocupó la su capital, Kumasi, a la que arrasó el 5 de febrero de 1874 obligando al soberano ashanti Kori Karikari a someterse al Imperio Británico, a pagar 50.000 onzas de oro, paso libre por las carreteras y fin de los sacrificios humanos. Garnet Wolseley declaró que esta era la más horrible guerra en la que había participado. Tras este éxito fue recibido en Gran Bretaña como un héroe y ascendido a Mayor General.

En 1875 fue enviado a Sudáfrica con el cargo de Gobernador de la provincia de Natal. Su misión era imponer a los colonos la nueva política colonialista dictada desde Londres.
En 1878 fue nombrado Gobernador de Chipre.
En 1879 fue nombrado Teniente General y Gobernador civil y militar de Natal sustituyendo a Frederic Thesiger (2.º Barón Chelmsford) y recibiendo el encargo de solucionar la situación en Zululand aunque los zulúes fueron vencidos antes de su llegada, Wolseley supervisó la captura de rey Cetshwayo de Zululand que tuvo lugar el 28 de agosto de 1879 y de Sekukuni de Transvaal  y reorganizó a los zulúes en provincias británicas, poniendo fin en 1880 a la Guerra Anglo-Zulú.
Volvió a Inglaterra en 1880 donde fue designado General de Intendencia y después Ayudante General, posiciones claves para la supervisión del entrenamiento militar.

Egipto y Sudán (1882-1884)
En 1882, Wolseley fue enviado a Egipto a enfrentarse a una revuelta nacionalista que amenazaba el Canal de Suez y que encabezaba el bajá Ahmed Arabi, caudillo nacionalista y jefe del ejército egipcio que había proferido amenazas contra las fuerzas occidentales y había realizado una matanza generalizada de extranjeros residentes en Egipto. Wolseley logró apoderarse con rapidez del Canal de Suez, y después de una larga marcha nocturna, sorprendió a las tropas de Ahmed Arabi el 13 de septiembre de 1882, día en que se libró la batalla de Tel-el-Kebir; la victoria británica en esta puso fin a las esperanzas nacionalistas egipcias.

En 1884 se inició la Rebelión del Mahdi en Sudán. Wolseley envió a Charles Gordon a evacuar a los ciudadanos egipcios y británicos de Sudán pero antes de llevar a cabo la acción fue rodeado en Jartum por las tropas del mahdi. Wolseley recibió la orden de rescatarlo el 8 de octubre de 1884. El ejército enviado para ello lo formaban cinco mil cuatrocientos soldados de infantería y caballería y avanzó por tierra y por el Nilo, apoyado por una flota fluvial de transportes y cañoneras.

La marcha hacia Jartum fue extremadamente difícil. Avanzando por el desierto y sufriendo ataques, las tropas británicas alcanzaron Jartum el 28 de enero de 1885, dos días después de que la ciudad hubiera caído en manos de los independentistas y el general Gordon hubiese sido asesinado. A pesar de no lograr su objetivo, fue investido con el título de vizconde Wolseley.

Ascendió a general en jefe de Irlanda en 1890 y al mismo puesto para todo el Ejército en 1895, grado que mantuvo hasta su retiro definitivo del servicio en 1901. Murió el 26 de marzo de 1913 en Menton (Francia). Fue enterrado en la catedral de San Pablo de Londres, cerca de la tumba de Arthur Wellesley, duque de Wellington.

Reformas y obra literaria
Garnet Wolseley desarrollo una importante labor de reformas en el ejército británico de la época colonial a pesar de que tuvo que enfrentarse con el conservador Duque de Cambridge, que ocupaba el puesto de comandante general de todo el ejército, al que sucedió en 1895. De su experiencia en la Guerra de Crimea dedujo que las relaciones jerárquicas entre los mandos y las tropas debían evolucionar hacía una actitud más humana y cercana

Según Wolseley, el incremento del poder artillero y del poder de fuego de los rifles hace inevitable que los soldados sean capaces tanto de actuar siguiendo las órdenes como tomar decisiones por su iniciativa. Esto solo puede ser llevado a cabo tras recibir su debida preparación

También hizo hincapié en la importancia del espionaje militar. Wolseley creía que la base del ejército debía ser una fuerza pequeña pero eficiente desplegada en bases desde donde controlar el territorio colonial mientras se creaba una gran reserva de soldados para utilizar en caso de guerra. Las reformas de Wolseley hicieron al sistema militar más eficiente y económico. El cambio más importante fue la promulgación del Acta de Alistamiento del Ejército en 1870 en virtud del cual los soldados alistados servían durante seis años y después pasaban otros tantos en la reserva. De esta forma se tenía una reserva fiable y adiestrada.

Garnet Wolseley fue un prolífico escritor de obras militares. Además de las obras anteriormente nombradas destacan los siguientes títulos:
"The Soldier´s Pocketbook for Field Service" (1869)
"The life or the Duke of Marlborough" (1894)
"The Decline and Fall of Napoleón" (1895)
"The Story of a Soldier´s Life" (1903). Esta última obra es de carácter autobiográfico.

Enlaces Internos

 Charles George Gordon
 Victoria del Reino Unido
 Frederick Roberts
 Horatio Kitchener

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Jeremy Black. Grandes Líderes Militares y sus campañas. Editorial Blume. 2008.
 Charles Arkoll Boulton, Heather Robertson. I fought Riel: a military memoir. Editorial. James Lorimer & Company, 1985.

 Pablo Vallejo Mejía. Los Grandes Cambios Del Siglo XIX. Editorial Universidad Eafit, 2007.
 Carl C. Hodge. Encyclopedia of the age of imperialism, 1800-1914. Editorial Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.

Militares británicos del siglo XIX
Personas de Dublín
Guerras del opio
Caballeros de la Orden de San Patricio
Caballeros grandes cruces de la Orden del Baño
Caballeros grandes cruces de la Orden de San Miguel y San Jorge
Miembros del Consejo Privado del Reino Unido
Miembros de la Orden del Mérito
Mariscales de campo de Reino Unido
Nacidos en Dublín

Garnet Wolseley


Biographical Directory of the United States Congress er den amerikanske kongres' biografiske database. I det fuldstændige biografiske opslagsværk indgår oplysninger om alle tidligere og nuværende medlemmer af USA:s kongres. I Biographical Directory indgår desuden alle ikke-stemmeberettigede delegater fra USA:s Territorier samt District of Columbia og alle medlemmer af den kontinentale kongres, den nuværende amerikanske kongres' forganger. Delegater fra Puerto Rico og Filippinerne har titlen Resident Commissioner.

Externe links
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

Netdatabaser
USA's kongres


Zeit und Raum 3000 (Originaltitel: ) ist die erste Episode der US-amerikanischen Science-Fiction-Zeichentrickserie Futurama. Sie entstand unter der Regie von Rich Moore und Gregg Vanzo nach einem Drehbuch der Serien-Schöpfer David X. Cohen und Matt Groening. Gastauftritte haben Dick Clark und Leonard Nimoy. Die Episode wurde erstmals am 28. März 1999 vom US-Sender FOX ausgestrahlt. Als vermeintliche Nachfolgeserie zu Groenings Erfolgswerk Die Simpsons lange erwartet, erzielte Futuramas Eröffnungsepisode einen Einschaltquoten-Rekord und wurde in der Presse vielfach besprochen. Ihre deutsche Synchronfassung wurde am 4. September 2000 vom Sender ProSieben gesendet.

Handlung

Am Silvesterabend 1999 bringt Philip J. Fry, ein vom Leben und seinem Job frustrierter Pizza-Lieferjunge, in New York eine Bestellung in das Unternehmen Applied Cryogenics. Kurz vor Mitternacht fällt er dort in eine Röhre zur kryostatischen Aufbewahrung von Menschen und wird in einen tausendjährigen Schlaf versetzt. Er erwacht am Mittag des 31. Dezembers 2999 in der futuristischen Stadt Neu New York. Leela, eine Zyklopin mit lila Haar, nennt ihm nach einer körperlichen Untersuchung seinen einzigen noch lebenden Verwandten: Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth. Außerdem weist sie ihm einen Beruf zu: Fry soll wieder als Lieferjunge arbeiten. Bevor sie ihm einen Chip implantieren kann, der ihn als Lieferjunge ausweist, nimmt Fry Reißaus.

Beim Versuch, Kontakt mit Professor Farnsworth aufzunehmen, betritt Fry eine Selbstmordzelle, die er für eine Telefonzelle hält. Er überlebt die Prozedur und lernt den Roboter Bender kennen, der sich in derselben Zelle umbringen wollte, weil er ebenfalls unzufrieden mit seinem Job ist. Zusammen fliehen sie vor Leela in ein Museum, in dem die Köpfe von Prominenten am Leben gehalten und ausgestellt werden, dann in den Untergrund der Stadt, wo sich die verfallenen Ruinen des alten New Yorks befinden. Dort werden sie schließlich von Leela gestellt. Deprimiert davon, allein in einer fremden Welt zu sein, gibt Fry auf und ist bereit, sich den Karrierechip einpflanzen zu lassen. Doch stattdessen entfernt Leela ihren eigenen Chip, weil sie wie Fry einsam und unglücklich mit ihrem Beruf ist. Gemeinsam machen die drei Job-Deserteure Professor Farnsworth ausfindig, der sie als Raumschiffmannschaft in seinem Unternehmen Planet Express, einem interplanetaren Lieferdienst, einstellt. Fry freut sich über seinen neuen Beruf: Lieferjunge.

Produktion

Bereits 1990, nach dem einschlagenden Erfolg der Simpsons, hatte FOX deren Schöpfer Matt Groening Verträge für weitere Fernsehserien angeboten. Mit der Entwicklung seiner zweiten Serie ließ sich Groening jedoch rund ein Jahrzehnt Zeit. Die ersten konkreten Ideen zu Futurama hatte er Mitte der 1990er Jahre, fortan sammelte er Material, 1997 gewann er David X. Cohen, den er von den Simpsons kannte, für das Projekt. Im April 1998 stellten sie FOX das Vorhaben vor.

Das Drehbuch zur Pilotfolge Raum und Zeit 3000 wurde von Groening und Cohen verfasst. Dies ist die einzige Episode der ersten fünf Produktionsstaffeln, die von den beiden Erfindern der Serie geschrieben wurde. Anders als Cohen, der innerhalb der ersten Staffeln immer wieder als Drehbuchautor einzelner Episoden fungierte, schrieb Groening erst wieder an der ersten Folge der sechsten Produktionsstaffel mit (vgl. Futurama/Episodenliste).

Regie führten Rich Moore und Gregg Vanzo. Beide waren Groening und Cohen schon durch ihre gemeinsame Arbeit an den Simpsons lange bekannt; an dieser Serie hatten sie seit der ersten Staffel mitgewirkt.

Neben den Sprechern der Hauptcharaktere – Billy West als Philip J. Fry und Professor Farnsworth, Katey Sagal als Turanga Leela und John DiMaggio als Bender – sind Tress MacNeille, David Herman und Kath Soucie in kleineren Rollen zu hören. Alle drei haben im weiteren Verlauf der Serie immer wieder Nebenfiguren ihre Stimmen geliehen und wurden später in die Kernbesetzung der Serie übernommen. Gastauftritte hatten der US-amerikanische Moderator Dick Clark und der als Mr. Spock aus Raumschiff Enterprise bekannte Schauspieler Leonard Nimoy. Beide spielten sich selbst.

Nach der ersten Ausstrahlung wurde eine Textzeile geändert. Frys erstes Ziel bei seiner Flucht durch Neu New York war ursprünglich der JFK, Jr. Airport, eine Anspielung auf den JFK Airport. Nachdem John F. Kennedy jr. allerdings bei einem Flugzeugabsturz ums Leben gekommen war, wurde der Text in Radio City Mutant Hall geändert, eine Anspielung auf die Radio City Music Hall.

Analyse

Kulturelle Bezugnahmen

Mit dem Zauberschlafmotiv der Hauptperson wird auf ein seit Rip Van Winkle im englischen Sprachraum sehr bekanntes Handlungsmuster zurückgegriffen. Dieses geht wiederum entweder auf die Kyffhäusersage vom schlafenden Friedrich Barbarossa oder wahrscheinlicher auf die 1800 veröffentlichte Sage vom Ziegenhirten Peter Klaus von Johann Karl Christoph Nachtigal zurück. Von beiden erschienen Kopien 1812 in den USA.

Im DVD-Audiokommentar zu dieser Episode offenbaren die Macher außerdem eine Reihe von Referenzen auf andere Science-Fiction-Werke. Beispielsweise ist die Szene, die zeigt, wie die Zeit vergeht, während Fry tiefgefroren ist, inspiriert von dem Film Die Zeitmaschine, einer Verfilmung von H. G. Wells' gleichnamigem Roman. Nachdem er wieder erwacht ist, wird Fry von einem Labor-Angestellten begrüßt mit den Worten: . Das englische Original  ist ein Zitat von einem General-Motors-Pavillon der Weltausstellung 1939 in New York, der ebenfalls Futurama hieß und den Besuchern eine Zukunftsvision für das Jahr 1960 vorführte. Als der Anblick einer sich automatisch nach oben öffnenden Schiebetür Fry an die Fernsehserie Raumschiff Enterprise erinnert –  –, schließt die Tür zu früh und trifft ihn auf den Kopf. David X. Cohen kommentiert diese Szene mit dem Hinweis, in Futurama solle viel von der Zukunftstechnologie aus Star Trek und Star Wars auftauchen, aber sie solle Fehlfunktionen haben, wie man das von technischen Geräten gewohnt sei.

Stellung innerhalb der Serie

Futurama erzählt keine episodenübergreifend fortlaufende Geschichte, sondern alle späteren Episoden beginnen im Wesentlichen mit der gleichen Ausgangssituation. Die für einen Pilotfilm typischen Aufgaben, in die Vorgeschichte der Serie einzuführen und die Hauptpersonen vorzustellen, erfüllt Raum und Zeit 3000 nur teilweise. Futurama benötigt zwei weitere Folgen, um die Hinführung zum Serienthema zu komplettieren. Erst in der zweiten Episode werden die weiteren Hauptfiguren – Dr. Zoidberg, Hermes und Amy – eingeführt. Nach der dritten Episode hat Fry eine Wohnung gefunden, und die Ausgangssituation für die nachfolgenden Episoden ist vervollständigt.

Dennoch legt Raum und Zeit 3000 den Grundstein für eine Reihe wichtiger Handlungselemente der Serie. So wird etwa vorgestellt, dass es möglich ist, menschliche Köpfe in einer Art Einmachglas am Leben zu halten. Auf diese Weise werden in die Serie – teils als Parodie, teils in Form von Gastauftritten – immer wieder Prominente aus der Gegenwart des Zuschauers eingeführt.

Darüber hinaus bereitet die erste Folge mit sogenannten "Easter Eggs" Details späterer Episoden vor. Beispielsweise ist in der Szene, in der Fry in die Kryostasekapsel fällt, kurz ein seltsamer Schatten zu sehen. Erst in der vierten Staffel, in der Episode Philip J. Fry: V.I.P. wird dieser erklärt. Nach Aussage von David X. Cohen war von Anfang an geplant, die Umstände, aufgrund derer Fry ins Jahr 3000 gelangte, in einer späteren Episode als groß angelegte Verschwörung zu entlarven.

Veröffentlichung und Zuschauerzahlen

Die Episode wurde am 28. März 1999, einem Sonntag, veröffentlicht. Sie lief auf dem US-Sender FOX ab 20:30 Uhr, zwischen den Simpsons und Akte X. Die Premiere von Futurama wurde von über 19 Millionen Zuschauern gesehen, was einem Nielsen Rating von 11.2 und 17 Prozent der erfassten Haushalte entspricht. Sie hatte damit eine höhere Einschaltquote als die Sendungen, die davor und danach liefen. In den neun Jahren, die Die Simpsons mittlerweile im Fernsehen zu sehen waren, war es noch keiner Fernsehserie gelungen, am selben Abend eine höhere Einschaltquote als die Simpsons zu erzielen. Darüber hinaus war die Episode bei Männern im Alter zwischen 18 und 49 und bei Teenagern die Sendung mit der höchsten Einschaltquote der Woche.

Die deutsche Synchronfassung wurde zum ersten Mal am 4. September 2000 auf ProSieben ausgestrahlt. Auf DVD erschien sie als Teil der ersten Produktionsstaffel in den USA (DVD-Region 1) am 25. März 2003, in Mitteleuropa (DVD-Region 2) am 28. Januar 2002.

Kritiken

Nach dem enormen Erfolg der Simpsons zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre waren Publikum und Kritiker gespannt auf das neue Werk Matt Groenings. Zur Bewertung der Serie gab FOX den Piloten als einzige Folge vorab an Kritiker heraus. Auf dieser Grundlage erschienen einige Ausblicke auf die neue Serie. Beispielsweise schrieb Rob Owen in der Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, die fast zehnjährige Wartezeit auf Futurama habe sich offenbar gelohnt. Zwar sei  Die Serie habe jedenfalls einen guten Start hingelegt, so Owens Fazit aus der ersten Episode. Für Salon.com prognostizierte Joyce Millman, der  Futurama sei eine detailreich animierte Verulkung der Science-Fiction-Unterhaltung, insbesondere von Star Trek und Star Wars. An der ersten Episode hob er besonders die hohe Dichte an Witzen hervor: Sie habe  Patric Lee von Science Fiction Weekly (später übernommen von Syfy) bemerkte ebenfalls bissigen Humor, der in schneller Folge die Konventionen der Science Fiction auf den Arm nehme. Im Vergleich mit den Simpsons schrieb er:  Dennoch fiel das Gesamturteil wohlwollend aus: Die erste Folge sei unterhaltsam genug, um die Serie weiter zu sehen. Im New Statesman zeigte sich Andrew Billen  über Futurama. Frys Erwachen im Jahr 3000 sei zwar eine  Grundlage für eine Serie, wie bei den Simpsons stecke das Gute aber im Detail, beispielsweise im Hintergrundgeschehen. Billen bemängelte, dass zu viele Insiderwitze über den Ursprung der Sendung gemacht würden.

Für TV Squad (aufgegangen in der Huffington Post) begutachtete Joel Keller die Episode 2006 ein zweites Mal. Er kam zu dem Ergebnis, dass sie auch mehrere Jahre nach dem ersten Sehen nichts von ihrem Humor eingebüßt habe. 2009 wählte IGN die Episode auf Platz 14 in seiner Liste der Top 25 Futurama Episodes. In der Begründung heißt es:

Siehe auch
 Futurama/Episodenliste

Weblinks

 Space Pilot 3000 beim Futurama-Wiki The Infosphere (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Futurama-Episode
Außerirdische im Film
Zeitreisen im Film

Zeit und Raum 3000


حي المرسلات هو أحد أحياء مدينة الرياض التابعة لبلدية العليا. وهو أحد أحياء شمال مدينة الرياض.

يحده من الشمال طريق الإمام سعود بن عبد العزيز بن محمد ومن الشرق طريق أبي بكر الصديق ومن الجنوب طريق الملك عبد الله ومن الغرب طريق الملك عبد العزيز. يجاوره من الشمال حي المصيف ومن الشمال الشرقي حي التعاون ومن الشرق حي النزهة ومن الجنوب الشرقي حي الواحة ومن الجنوب حي صلاح الدين ومن الجنوب الغربي حي الورود ومن الغرب حي الملك فهد ومن الشمال الغربي حي المروج

ويتخلله شوارع رئيسية هي:
 شارع هشام بن عبد الملك
 طريق الأمير مقرن بن عبد العزيز
 شارع الأمير ناصر بن فرحان

مرافق

مساجد
يوجد في الحي الكثير من المساجد، منها:
 جامع فاطمة الزهراء
 جامع الصديق
 مسجد ابن بشر
 مسجد الإحسان
 مسجد الراجحي
 مسجد العجلان
وغيرها..

تعليم

مدارس البنين

ابتدائي
 مدرسة الثعالبي
 مدرسة أبن رشد
 مدارس العليا الأهلية

متوسط
 مدرسة قيس بن عبيد
 مدارس العليا الأهلية

ثانوي
 مدرسة الأمير فيصل بن فهد
 مدارس العليا الأهلية

مدارس البنات

ابتدائي
 مدارس العليا الأهلية

متوسط
 مدارس العليا الأهلية

ثانوي
 مدارس العليا الأهلية

رياض أطفال
 مدارس العليا الأهلية

صحة

المراكز الصحية الحكومية
 مركز المرسلات الصحي

المراكز الصحية الأهلية
 مركز الدكتور احمد ابانمي
 مركز الزلال الطبي
 المركز الاستشاري الطبي
وغيره..

حدائق
 حديقة الشموخ
 حديقة جامع الصديق
وغيرها الكثير..

منشآت حكومية وهيئات
 الدفاع المدني
 وزارة العمل
 مجمع شركة الاتصالات السعودية stc

مصادر

أحياء الرياض

حي المرسلات (الرياض)


Star Series foi um canal latino-americano de televisão por assinatura premium de origem americana dedicado a transmitir apenas séries exclusivas. Fazia parte do pacote de canais Star Premium.

História
O Star Series começou a ser transmitido em 1 de junho de 1997 como Moviecity, um canal especializado em lançamentos recentes dos mais importantes estúdios de cinema e filmes independentes. O sinal foi renomeado em 1 de fevereiro de 2012 como Moviecity Premieres, e em 3 de novembro de 2014 foi reestruturado como Fox 1, após ser adquirido pela Fox International Channels da LAPTV, em toda a América Hispânica.

Em 11 de março de 2017, assumiu o nome de Fox Premium Series.

Após a aquisição da 21st Century Fox pela Disney em 2019, e para evitar relacioná-la com a atual Fox Corporation, em 27 de novembro de 2020 a Disney anunciou que os canais Fox seriam renomeados com o nome Star, que se concretizou em 22 de fevereiro de 2021. Assim, a Fox Premium Series foi renomeada como Star Series.

Programação
Sua programação era baseada na transmissão de séries, em sua maioria produzidas pela Starz e outras produtoras de séries que eram transmitidas em seu idioma original com legendas em espanhol. Tinha dois sinais (leste e oeste), o primeiro com o horário da Argentina e o segundo com o horário do México. O sinal Leste também estava disponível em alta definição.

Ver também
 Star Channel
 Star Premium
 Cinecanal
 FXM
 Star+

Referências

Canais de televisão extintos
Canais de televisão extintos da Walt Disney Company América Latina
Star Premium
Canais de televisão fundados em 1997
Canais de televisão extintos em 2022

Star Series


حزب الإصلاح الإستوني (بالإستونية:Eesti Reformierakond) هو حزب ليبيرالي أستوني تأسس في 13 نوفمبر 1994 من طرف الرئيس السابق للمصرف المركزي سيم كالاس. والحزب هو عضو الليبرالية الدولية وحزب تحالف الليبراليون والديمقراطيون من أجل أوروبا.

الانتخابات البرلمانية 2023
فاز الحزب في الانتخابات البرلمانية لعام 2023 بحصوله على 37 مقعدًا، بينما احتل حزب الشعب المحافظ (EKRE) المرتبة الثانية بـ 17 مقعدًا. وحصل حزب الوسط على 16 مقعدًا، بخسارة 10 مقاعد عن الانتخابات السابقة، بينما حصل حزب إستونيا 200 على 14 مقعدًا. كانت هذه أول انتخابات جرى فيها الإدلاء بأكثر من نصف الأصوات إلكترونيًا في إستونيا.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع الحزب الرسمي

أحزاب إستونيا
أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1994
أحزاب ليبرالية في إستونيا
أحزاب ليبرالية كلاسيكية
أحزاب ليبرالية محافظة
أحزاب محافظة ليبرالية
تأسيسات سنة 1994 في إستونيا
ليبرال إنترناشيونال

حزب الإصلاح الإستوني


10605 Guidoni este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10605 Guidoni este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Sormano de Valter Giuliani și Francesco Manca. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,95 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 0,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi Coronis
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi
Asteroizi cu nume de oameni

10605 Guidoni


Orientgøg () er en fugleart, der lever i Asien.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Asiens fugle
Gøge

Orientgøg


Karyotip, bir hücredeki kromozomların özdeş çift kromozomlar halinde eşlendikten sonra belli bir düzene göre sıralanmasıdır.

Her bireyin kromozom sayısı, şekli ve büyüklüğü onun karyotipini ifade eder. Karyotipten faydalanılarak çeşitli türlerin kromozom haritaları çıkarılabilmektedir.

Kromozomlarda kısa kol p, uzun kol q adını alır. Kromozomlar boylarına, sentromerlerin yerine göre birden yirmi ikiye kadar numaralanmış ve yedi gruba (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) ayrılmıştır. Cinsiyet kromozomları X,Y olarak ayrıca belirtilmiştir. X kromozomu 6. kromozoma benzer. Y ise 21 veya 22 kadar veya daha büyüktür.

Karyotip, deri ve kan hücrelerinden, gebelik sırasında (prenatal tanı) bebeğe ait hücrelerden, tümör ve kemik iliği hücrelerinden özel metotlarla elde edilir ve özel boyalarla boyanır. Bu yöntemlerle bazı kromozom hastalıklarının teşhisi yapılır.

Normal karyotip erkekte 44 + XY, kadında 44 + XX'tir. Down sendromunda 21. kromozom çiftinde iki yerine üç kromozom mevcuttur. Günümüzde mongolizm terimi yerine "trizomi 21" terimi kullanılmaktadır. Turner sendromunda eşey kromozomu olarak yalnız  bir X kromozomu bulunur. 44 + X0 olarak tanımlanır. Klinelfelter sendromunda ise cinsiyet kromozomlarında bir X fazladır. Karyotipi 44 + XXY'dir. Bu bahsedilen hastalıklar doğuştan olan ve vücudun çeşitli yerlerinde bozukluklarla seyreden durumlardır. Bazen de aynı kişide farklı hücrelerden farklı karyotipler elde edilir ki buna "mozaizm" denir.

Yapım aşamaları
 İncelenecek olan hücrelere fitohemoglutinin verilerek hücre mitoza zorlanır.
 Kolşisin verilerek iğ ipliği oluşumu inhibe edilir.
 Hipotonik sıvı kullanılarak hücre patlatılır. (Kromozomları hücre dışına çıkartmak için)
 Gerekli (genellikle giemsa) boya ile boyanır.
 Tripsin enzimi verilerek DNA moleküllerinin arasında bulunan protein molekülleri hidrolize edilir.
 Gruplandırma yapılarak inceleme yapılır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Karyotip analizi
 Kromozom
 Kromozomlar
 Otozomal kromozomlardaki sapmalar
 Eşey kromozomlarındaki sapmalar
 Karışık kromozomal sapmalar

Dış bağlantılar
 Karyotipleme, Utah Üniversitesi Genetik Laboratuvarı.
 Karyotipleme  Arizona Üniversitesi Biyoloji Projesi.
 Karyotip fotoğrafları

Kromozomlar
Sitogenetik

Karyotip


Naturpark Eisenwurzen steht für:
 Naturpark Eisenwurzen (Niederösterreich), NPK 20, im nordöstlichen Voralm-Gamsstein-Gebiet der Ybbstaler Alpen
 Naturpark Steirische Eisenwurzen, im westlichen und südlichen Voralm-Gamsstein-Gebiet der Ybbstaler Alpen

Naturpark Eisenwurzen


Heroj Sovjetskog Saveza (ruski: Герой Советского Союза) je bilo najviše počasno zvanje u Sovjetskom Savezu, ustanovljeno 1934. godine. Dodjeljivalo se za izuzetne zasluge, osobne ili kolektivne podvige u službi sovjetske države i društva. Ovim odlikovanjem odlikovano je 12.772 ljudi. Najveći broj heroja odlikovan je za zasluge tijekom Velikog domovinskog rata Sovjetskog Saveza od 1941. do 1945. godine. Pored zvanja Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza dobivao se Orden Lenjina, Medalja Zlatna zvijezda (simbol heroja Sovjetskog Saveza) i Povelja heroja (gramota) koje je dodjeljivao Prezidij Vrhovnog sovjeta Sovjetskog Saveza. Po uzoru na ovo odlikovanje i u drugim socijalističkim zemljama uvedena su slična odlikovanja heroja.

Povijest
Zvanje Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza ustanovljeno je 16. travnja 1934. godine, odlukom Centralnog izvršnog komiteta Sovjetskog Saveza, za osobne ili kolektivne usluge državi sa izvršenjem herojskih dela. Prvi primatelji ovog zvanja dobivali su samo Orden Lenjina, tada najviše sovjetsko odlikovanje, i povelju heroja ("gramota") koju je dodjeljivao Prezidij Vrhovnog sovjeta Sovjetskog Saveza i koja je opisivala herojski čin. Da bi se Heroji Sovjetskog Saveza razlikovali od ostalih nositelja Ordena Lenjina, odlukom Prezidija Vrhovnog sovjeta Sovjetskog Saveza, 1. kolovoza 1939. godine uvedena je Medalja Zlatna zvijezda koja je se dodjeljivala nositeljima ovog zvanja. Istom odlukom odlučeno je da svi dotadašnji nositelji zvanja dobiju medalju. Autor Medalje Zlatne zvijezde bio je arhitekt Miron Meržanov.

Drugim Ukazom 16. listopada 1939. godine, utvrđen je vanjski izgled medalje i predviđena je i mogućnost višekratnog nagrađivanja. Prema numeraciji heroja, dvostruki heroj dobivao je drugu medalju i brončanu spomen-bistu u domovini; trostruki heroj dobivao je treću medalju i njegova brončana bista trebala bi biti postavljena u Dvorani Sovjeta u Moskvi. Davanje Ordena Lenjina prilikom nagrađivanja drugom i trećom medaljom nije bilo predviđeno. O dodjeli takvog zvanja, po četvrti put, u Ukazu nije rečeno ni riječi, kao i o mogućem broju nagrada jednom čovjeku. Pošto je izgradnja Dvorane Sovjeta u Moskvi zbog rata bila odložena, a poslije rata se odustalo od gradnje, biste trostrukih heroja postavljane su u Kremlju.

Ukazom 6. rujna 1967. godine uveden je niz povlastica za Heroje Sovjetskog Saveza. Odlukom iz 1973. godine uvedena je dodjela Ordena Lenjina prilikom drugog i trećeg proglašenja za heroja. Praksu dodjele titule heroja više puta ukinuo je Vrhovni sovjet Sovjetskog Saveza 1988. godine tijekom perestrojke.

Poslije raspada Saveza Sovjetskih Socijalističkih Republika, kao pandan ovom zvanju u Ruskoj Federaciji je uvedeno zvanje Heroj Ruske Federacije. U Bjelorusiji i Ukrajini je također uvedeno slično odlikovanje — Heroja Bjelorusije, odnosno Heroja Ukrajine.

Broj odlikovanih
Ukupno je proglašeno 12 772 Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza. Od toga su njih 101 proglašeni dvostruko, 3 trostruko i 2 četverostruko. Ukupno 44 strana državljana odlikovano je titulom Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza. Ukupno 85 ljudi (28 posthumno) odlikovani su titulom za podvige tijekom rata u Afganistanu od 1979. do 1989. godine.

Iako originalni Statut Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza nije predviđao četvorostruko nagrađivanje, Georgij Žukov, maršal Sovjetskog Saveza i Leonid Brežnjev, generalni sekretar CK KPSS-a i predsjednik Prezidija Vrhovnog sovjeta SSSR, su pod kontroverznim okolnostima, u suprotnosti sa statutom, koji je ostao nepromijenjen do ukidanja odlikovanja 1991. godine, odlikovani četvrti put. Zvanja Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza lišeno je 74 lica iz raznih razloga, u najvećem broju zbog kršenja zakona.

Prvi nositelji zvanja Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza bili su piloti: Anatolij Ljapidevski, Sigizmund Levanevski, Vasilij Molokov, Nikolaj Kamanjin, Ivan Doronjin, Mihail Vodopjanov i Mavriki Slepnjov sudionici uspejšnog pronalaženja i spašavanja posade parobroda "Čeljuskin", u vodama Arktika, 13. veljače 1934. godine. Prva žena proglašena za Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza bila je Valentina Grizodubova, prva žena pilot u Sovjetskom Savezu, odlikovana 2. studenoga 1938. godine.

Do početka 1941. godine zvanje heroja imalo je 626 lica, uključujući tri žene i petoro dvostruko odlikovanih. Najveći broj Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza, njih 11.635 (92% od ukupnog broja) odlikovan je za zasluge tijekom Velikog domovinskog rata Sovjetskog Saveza. Među Herojima iz Velikog domovinskog rata nalazi se 87 žena, a prva odlikovana bila je Zoja Kosmodemjanskaja, sovjetska partizanka, 16. veljače 1942. godine. Svi sovjetski kozmonauti, počevši od Jurija Gagarina, kao i strani državljani iz socijalističkih država koji su sudjelovali u sovjetskom svemirskom programu kao kozmonauti, primili su odlikovanje za svaki let u svemir, ali ne više od dva puta. Također, za zasluge tijekom rata odlikovano je i 13 gradova u Sovjetskom Savezu, koji su dobili počasni naziv - grad-heroj.

Fotogalerija Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza

Gradovi heroji u Sovjetskom Savezu
 Moskva, Ruska SFSR, odlikovana 8. svibnja 1965. godine
 Lenjingrad, Ruska SFSR, odlikovan 8. svibnja 1965. godine
 Staljingrad, Ruska SFSR, odlikovan 8. svibnja 1965. godine
 Kijev, Ukrajinska SSR, odlikovan 8. svibnja 1965. godine
 Odesa, Ukrajinska SSR, odlikovana 8. svibnja 1965. godine
 Sevastopolj, Ukrajinska SSR, odlikovan 8. svibnja 1965. godine
 Brestovska tvrđava, Bjeloruska SSR, odlikovana 8. svibnja 1965. godine
 Novorosijsk, Ruska SFSR, odlikovan 14. rujna 1973. godine
 Kerč, Ukrajinska SSR, odlikovan 14. rujna 1973. godine
 Minsk, Bjeloruska SSR, odlikovan 26. lipnja 1974. godine
 Tula, Ruska SFSR, odlikovana 7. prosinca 1976. godine
 Murmansk, Ruska SFSR, odlikovan 6. svibnja 1985. godine
 Smolensk, Ruska SFSR, odlikovan 6. svibnja 1985. godine

Vidi još
 Sovjetski Savez
 Popis Heroja Sovjetskog Saveza
 Gradovi heroji u Sovjetskom Savezu
 Heroj socijalističkog rada
 Orden narodnog heroja Jugoslavije

Izvori

Odlikovanja
Odlikovanja

Heroj Sovjetskog Saveza


Osmanski napad na Hvar, vojna operacija osmanskih pomorskih snaga. Trajala je od 15. kolovoza do 17. kolovoza 1571. godine. Osmansku flotu predvodio je alžirski potkralj Uluz–Alija (Uluç-Ali, Uluč-Ali) i zapovjednik Valone Karakoz (Karakozija).

Uvodni događaji
Brodovlje kršćanske Svete lige okupilo se u Messini. Kršćanske države okupile su se u savez koji je potaknuo papa Pio V. za pomoći Famagosti na Cipru koji je bio pod osmanskom opsadom. Konačni cilj kršćanske akcije bio je oslabiti osmansku moć na istočnom Sredozemlju. Listopada 1571. zbila se je poslije glasovita Bitka kod Lepanta. Tako su brojna mora ostala slabo čuvana.

To je iskoristio alžirski beg (gusari s Berberske obale u Alžiru) Uluz-Ali (Ali-paša) i zapovjednik Valone Karakoz te su svojim brodovima dojedrili u Jadran, zauzeli Ulcinj, Bar i Budvu te zatim u južne hrvatske vode.

U dubrovačkom pomorju naišli su na mletačku galiju kojom je zapovijedao soprakomit Francesco Tron i napali su ju. Progon je trajao do dubrovačke luke. Mlečani su se spasili nasilnim uplovljavanjem u luku, prekinuvši željezni lučki lanac. Uluz-Ali je zatražio da mu izruče Mlečića, no Dubrovačka Republika je odbila. Na to je Uluz-Alija otplovio 13. kolovoza ka Korčuli. 15. kolovoza napao je grad Korčulu. Zbog kvalitetno organizirane obrane mještana predvođenih arhiđakonom Rozanovićem, snažnoj buri, a prema živoj vjeri u mjesnom katoličkom puku i zagovora Blažene Djevice Marije koja je svojim zagovorom očuvala Korčulu od osvajačkih osmanskih napada, osmanske snage su odustale.

Otplovile su ka Hvaru i Visu koje su napale još istog dana, a napad je trajao nekoliko dana. U istom valu napali su Pučišća na otoku Braču.

Zbivanja na Hvaru
Luka grada Hvara bila je već stoljećima zimovalište mletačke mornarice u Jadranu i najvažnija točka jadranskog plovnog puta. Hvar je već u nedavnoj prošlosti bio doživio osmanski napad 1539., kad su pored ostalih napadnuti Stari Grad i Sućuraj, pa su neki objekti bili utvrđeni.

Osmanlije su doplovile u ranu zoru, Iskrcale su se u uvali Pokonjem dolu, uvali koja je prva istočno od luke grada Hvara. Hvarani su topovskom paljbom spriječili osmanske osvajače od uplovljavanja u hvarsku luku. Zbog toga su Osmanlije otplovili zapadnije i uplovili u veliku uvalu Garšku, sigurnu od dometa topova. Na to su se Hvarani povukli u tvrđavu ili pobjegli u brda. U gradu je ostalo pet žena, od koje su tri Osmanlije sasjekli, a dvije odveli. Uslijedila je osmanska pljačka i palež. Prvo su opustošili kuće oko trga, pa predgrađe, pa grad. Sve su opljačkali, od bogatih palača do najsiromašnijih kuća. Spalili su oružarnicu sa svim što je u njoj bilo, Arsenal, kneževu palaču, komunalnu kancelariju, arhiv, polovinu predgrađa, sva skladišta i kuće oko njih, crkve i samostane. Nisu se usudili ozbiljnije napasti tvrđavu Forticu. Ondašnji kroničari zabilježili su da su tadašnji vojnici (posebno topnici) bili potpuno nespremni i s vrlo malo znanja i iskustva.
Uluč-Ali (Uluz-Alija) se zatim zaputio ka Starom Gradu, Vrboskoj i Jelsi na sjevernoj strani otoka. Tvrdalj je spaljen u napadu. Uvelike su stradali dominikanski samostan i crkva sv. Petra Mučenika. Jelšani su pružili žilav otpor iz utvrđene crkve usred mjesta. Ne uspjevši ništa u Jelsi, krenuli su ka selima iznad Starogradskog polja. Pri tome je mnogo osmanskih vojnika poginulo u Pitvama. Čini se da su ih u navali na selo i klisure "Samotorac" mještani zasuli kamenjem i nagnali uzmaknuti natrag na brodove.

Stradali su Hvar, Stari Grad, Vrboska i Jelsa i još neka mjesta. U Uluz-Alijinom napadu nije stradao istok otoka, no do lepantske bitke i on je stradao. Mnogi su hvarski otočani sudjelovali u toj bitci, pa su mnoga mjesta ostala gotovo neobranjena. Osmanlije iz doline Neretve napali su Sućuraj koji tada nije imao obranu te su zapalili samostan i mjesto, a stanovnike koji nisu uspjeli pobjeći pobili ili odveli u roblje.

Posljedice napada i utjecaj na arhitekturu
Napad je bio kratak ali strahovit i ostao je u kolektivnom sjećanju. Snažan dojam katastrofe koju su napravili otoku naveo je otočane da pojačaju obranu otočkih mjesta. Napad je inicirao živu urbanističku djelatnost u svrhu protuosmanke obrane i zaštite otočkih naselja Jelse i Vrboske. Jelšani su 1573. dodatno utvrdili svoju crkvu-tvrđavu ogradnim zidom. U Starom Gradu su obnovili i utvrdili crkvu sv. Petra Mučenika i dominikanski samostan za što je sredstva ostavio i Petar Hektorović. Ipak, poslije više nikad nije bilo većih osmanskih napada na otok.

Izvori

Izabrana literatura
 D. Berić, Nekoliko bilježaka o Turcima na Hvaru u XVI i XVII vijeku. Bilten Historijskog arhiva komune hvarske 2, Hvar 1960.

Povijest Hvara
Hrvatsko-turski ratovi (nakon 1527.)
Povijest Dalmacije

Osmanski napad na Hvar 1571.


Salitrillos es un distrito del cantón de Aserrí, en la provincia de San José, de Costa Rica.

Historia
Salitrillos fue creado el 22 de abril de 1999 por medio de Decreto 27928-G, segregado del distrito de Aserrí.

Ubicación
Se ubica en el norte del cantón y limita al norte y este con el cantón de Desamparados, al oeste con los distritos de Aserrí y Tarbaca y al sur con el distrito de San Gabriel.

Geografía

Demografía

Al igual que la cabecera cantonal, es un distrito de población mayoritariamente urbana, aunque incluye áreas demográficas de carácter rural.

Localidades
 Barrios: Cinco Esquinas (parte), Santa Teresita.
 Poblados: Cerro, Cuesta Grande, Guinealillo, Huaso (parte), Lagunillas, Palo Blanco, Quebradas, Rincón.

Otras zones incluyen a Calle Lajas (comparte con San Miguel), Cinco Esquinas (comparte con Aserrí), El Carmen, El Cerro, Guinealillo, Jericó, La Flor, Lagunilla, La Planta, La Pradera Encantada, Los Itabos, Nazareth, Palo Blanco, Rincón, Roca Fuerte, Salitrillos (centro), San Antonio, San Isidro, Santa Teresita, Sauréz (comparte con Aserrí).

Cultura

Educación
Ubicadas propiamente en el distrito de Salitrillos se encuentran los siguientes centros educativos:
 Colegio Técnico Profesional (C.T.P.) de Aserrí
 Escuela Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
 Escuela de Santa Teresita
 Escuela de Sauréz

Transporte

Carreteras
Al distrito lo atraviesan las siguientes rutas nacionales de carretera:
 Ruta nacional 209
 Ruta nacional 304

Concejo de distrito
El concejo de distrito de Salitrillos vigila la actividad municipal y colabora con los respectivos distritos de su cantón. También está llamado a canalizar las necesidades y los intereses del distrito, por medio de la presentación de proyectos específicos ante el Concejo Municipal. El presidente del concejo del distrito es el síndico propietario del partido Liberación Nacional, Marco Tuliio Cárdenas Cerdas.

El concejo del distrito se integra por:

Referencias

Distritos del cantón de Aserrí

Salitrillos


Gabriel Pradal Gómez, né à Almería le  et mort à Toulouse le , est un  homme politique, journaliste et architecte espagnol.

Biographie

Fils d'un dessinateur, il est l'aîné de treize frères et sœurs nés dans une famille aisée d'Almería.

En 1911, il se rend à Madrid pour y étudier l'architecture. Pendant ses années universitaires, il écrit des articles engagés dans la presse sociale sous le pseudonyme de Pericles García, faisant ses revendications les plus virulentes à partir de 1918, lors de la montée du Parti socialiste ouvrier espagnol (PSOE) et l'imminence des élections. Son soutien explicite au PSOE s'est concrétisé par son affiliation en 1919. À partir de cette année-là, il établit une relation étroite avec Pablo Iglesias Posse.

Il se présente comme candidat à l'assemblée constituante de la Seconde République en 1931 et est élu député d'Almería. Il est réélu en 1936. Cette même année, face au soulèvement imminent de l'armée dans sa province natale, il réunit toutes les forces de gauche de la capitale au sein d'un Comité central antifasciste et ordonne l'envoi de la canonnière Lepanto qui réussit à réprimer le soulèvement. Plus tard, il est nommé commissaire politique sur le cuirassé Jaime I, mais avec le début de la guerre civile, il doit s'installer à Barcelone. Après le conflit, il s'exile à Toulouse où il retrouve le reste de sa famille en juillet 1939.

En France son titre d'architecte n'étant pas reconnu, il doit travailler comme dessinateur. Aussi, à partir de 1952, il retrouve son profil journalistique en fondant , dans lequel il reprend le pseudonyme de Périclès García.

Il continue son activisme politique tout au long de son exil, participant aux gouvernements républicains en exil et aux tribunaux de Mexico (1945) et de Munich (1962), maintenant l'appartenance à tous les exécutifs de l'Union générale des travailleurs (UGT), de 1952 jusqu'à sa mort dix ans plus tard.

Architecture
Il devient architecte municipal, doyen et président du Collège des architectes de Madrid. Parmi ses travaux dans la capitale espagnole, on peut citer l'agrandissement de la Casa del Pueblo du PSOE, l'Institution Pablo Iglesias, où était installé le journal El Socialista et la Ciudad Jardín del Norte. A Almería, on lui doit la Casa de Socorro, un projet de maison bourgeoise de 1925, situé au centre de la ville. Exilé en 1939, le régime franquiste le sanctionne, comme beaucoup d'autres architectes fonctionnaires du gouvernement républicain, d'une interdiction perpétuelle d'exercice public. La France occupée par les troupes nazies, le gouvernement de Franco demande son extradition (ayant été condamné à trois condamnations à mort). Malgré son arrestation, il n'est finalement pas renvoyé en Espagne.

Hommages

La famille Pradal a conservé pendant quarante ans les plans qui indiquaient l'endroit dans le parc du Retiro où la tête sculptée de Pablo Iglesias par  en 1936 a été enterrée clandestinement après la destruction d'un monument en son honneur par le régime franquiste.

En 1979, la famille Pradal, par l'intermédiaire de Máximo Rodríguez, a remis le plan au secrétaire général du PSOE et a procédé à la mise au jour de la sculpture cachée, qui est depuis exposée en permanence au siège du parti, rue Ferraz à Madrid.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité politique espagnole
Journaliste espagnol du XXe siècle
Architecte espagnol
Exilé du franquisme en France
Naissance en septembre 1891
Naissance à Almería
Décès en septembre 1965
Décès à Toulouse

Gabriel Pradal


Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL) je javno istraživačko sveučilište sa sjedištem u Parizu, Francuska.

Povijest
Nastala je spajanjem jedanaest akademskih i istraživačkih institucija uz podršku tri istraživačke organizacije.

PSL je nadaleko poznat u znanosti i tehnologiji te u nekoliko drugih područja poput menadžmenta i ekonomije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Université Paris sciences et lettres

Visokoškolske ustanove u Francuskoj

Université Paris sciences et lettres


Alexandre Goulart (født 24. juli 1976) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Alexandre Goulart


Ghiudenul (denumit și sugiuc) este un cârnat uscat și picant care este consumat din Balcani, în Orientul Mijlociu și Asia Centrală.

Numele
Denumirea în română provine de la cuvântul turcesc . I se mai spune și sugiuc, după un nume adoptat nemodificat în limbile din Balcani, între care суджук, sudzhuk; , sudzhuk; ; suxhuk; sârbă/croată/bosniacă ; , transliterat sudjuk; ; سجق, sujuq; , soutzouki. Nume înrudite sunt prezente în multe limbi turcice: kirghiză chuchuk; , shujyq.

Ingrediente
Sujuk este format din carne tocată (de obicei carne de vită, dar carnea de porc sau de miel sunt folosite în unele rețete și carnea de cal în Kazahstan și Kârgâzstan), cu diverse condimente, inclusiv schinduf, chimen, sumac, usturoi, sare, și piper roșu, introduse într-un cârnat și sunt lasăte să se usuce timp de câteva săptămâni. Acesta poate fi mai mult sau mai puțin picante; este destul de sărat și are un conținut ridicat de grăsimi.

Dulciuri
Dulciurile numite sucuk, cevizli sucuk, soutzoukos sau churchkhela au o formă similară, dar sunt făcute din must de struguri și nuci.

Vezi și
 Kazy
 Lukanka
 Soutzoukakia, chifteluțe picante în sos, al cărui nume înseamnă literalmente "micul sujuk"

Referințe

Aperitive
Bucătăria bosniacă
Bucătăria greacă
Bucătăria turcă
Bucătăria bulgărească

Ghiuden


Yorkshire i Humber jedna je od devet službenih regija Engleske na prvoj razini Nomenklature teritorijalnih statističkih jedinica (NUTS - Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) u statističke svrhe.
Obuhvaća veći dio povijesne grofovije Yorkshire (administrativna područja Južnog Yorkshirea, Zapadnog Yorkshirea, Istočnog Ridinga Yorkshirea, Kingstona na Hullu, Sjevernog Yorkshirea i City of York, kao i Sjeverni Lincolnshire i Sjeveroistočni Lincolnshire. Middlesbrough, Redcar i Cleveland. Najveća naselja su Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, Kingston na Hull-u i York. U regiji je 2019. bilo 5 502 967 stanovnika.

Naziv regije

Naziv regije Yorkshire i Humber dolazi nakon ujedinjenja povijesne grofovije Yorkshire i bivše grofovije Humberside.
Sjeverni Lincolnshire, Sjeveroistočni Lincolnshire, Istočni Riding Yorkshirea i Kingston na Hullu su unitarne uprave i nekada su činile Humberside koji je imao status nemetropolitanske i ceremonijalne grofovije u sjevernoj Engleskoj od 1. travnja 1974. do 1. travnja 1996., a koja je dobila ime po rijeci Humber i njenom velikom plimnom estuariju na istočnoj obali sjeverne Engleske, što znači da se regija zvala Yorkshire & Humberside.

Politika

Odbori za regije, uključujući i onaj za Yorkshire i Humber, prestali su postojati raspadom Parlamenta 12. travnja 2010., a novi saziv Parlamenta ih nije ponovno uspostavio. Dolazeća koalicijska vlada nije imenovala regionalne ministre, a Vladini uredi ukinuti su 2011. godine.

Brexit

Nakon što je Velika Britanija izglasala Brexit na referendumu 2016. godine, regije NUTS-a smanjile su važnost. Do 2021. godine (datum definitivnog razlaza je stupio na snagu 1. siječnja 2021.), korištenje regija NUTS-a u svojoj cjelini postat će neslužbeno s britanskim regulatorima koji su odlučili usvojiti ili stvoriti novu statističku podjelu Engleske.

Lokalna vlast

Službena regija sastoji se od sljedećih pododjela:

* Nemetropolitanska grofovija
**Metropolitanska grofovija

Regionalna skupština

Skupština Yorkshire i Humbera bila je partnerstvo svih lokalnih uprava u regiji te predstavnika različitih gospodarskih, socijalnih i okolišnih sektora. Skupština u punom sazivu obično se sastajala tri puta godišnje, obično u veljači, lipnju i listopadu.
Cijela skupština bila je odgovorna za regionalno rukovođenje, dogovaranje regionalnih strateških prioriteta, usmjeravanje razvoja integriranog regionalnog okvira i odobravanje ključnih regionalnih strategija. Članstvo su činile sve 22 lokalne uprave u regiji, plus 15 socijalnih, ekonomskih i ekoloških partnera, a nacionalni parkovi su imali namjenu planiranja.

Ukidanje Regionalne skupštine

31. ožujka 2009. godine Skupština je ukinuta i zamijenjena lokalnom samoupravom Yorkshire i Humber (LGYH - Local Government Yorkshire and Humber), koja je nastavila boraviti u bivšim skupštinskim prostorijama u Wakefieldu - Zapadni Yorkshire.

Izvori

Engleske regije

Yorkshire i Humber


Antalyaspor er en tyrkisk professionel fodboldklub i Antalya. Klubbens farver er røde og hvide. De spiller deres hjemmekampe på Antalya Arena. I Tyrkiet vandt klubben TFF First League to gange i 1982 og 1986 og sluttede som nummer to i den tyrkiske pokalturnering i 2000.

Nuværende trup

Farver og logo
Klubemblemet indeholder de store bogstaver A og S, der står for henholdsvis Antalya og Spor (sport på tyrkisk). Mellem disse bogstaver er der en afbildning af Yivli Minaret som er et af mange symboler i byen Antalya. De tre rektangulære former på Yivli Minaret repræsenterer enheden der består af de tre sportsklubber i Antalya.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside
 Antalyaspor på TFF.org

Fodboldklubber i Tyrkiet
Etableret i 1966

Antalyaspor


Spencer County is the name of two counties in the United States:

Spencer County, Indiana
Spencer County, Kentucky

Spencer County


Kevin Luke Swanson (født 2. november 1983 i Palm Springs, Californien i USA) er en amerikansk MMA-udøver som siden 2011 har konkurret i organisationen Ultimate Fighting Championship. Han har bemærkelsesværdige sejre over navne som Doo Ho Choi, 	Jeremy Stephens, Dennis Siver, Dustin Poirier og Charles Oliveira. Han har også tidligere konkurreret i World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC).

Privatliv
Swanson har en datter med Kenda Perez. De fik deres første barn, Royal Rae Swanson, den 21. august, 2017.

Steve Swanson, Cub Swansons storebror, konkurrer også i MMA. De 2 brødre træner i og driver MMA-klubben Tru Gym sammen.

I sin fritid, spiller Swanson golf nær sin hjemby Indio i California. Golf-klubben PowerBilt sponsorer Swanson.

Filmografi

Tv

Videospil

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Cub Swanson – UFC.com
 Cub Swanson – Sherdog.com

MMA-udøvere fra USA

Cub Swanson


Passiflora este un gen ce conține aproximativ 550 de specii de plante cu flori din familia Passifloraceae. Sunt specii agățătoare, unele fiind arbuști iar altele arbori, lemnoase sau erbacee. Cea mai cunoscută specie este Passiflora edulis, fructul pasiunii.

Specii

Utilizări medicale
Unele specii aparținând genului Passiflora au fost analizate științific pentru determinarea utilității lor medicinale. Într-un studiu din 2001 vizând metode de tratament ale tulburărilor de anxietate generalizată, extractul de Passiflora incarnata a prezentat o activitate comparabilă cu cea a oxazepamului, dar cu efecte adverse mai de scurtă durată.

Compoziție chimică

Multe specii din genul Passiflora conțin alcaloizi derivați de beta-carbolină de tip harman unii dintre aceștia fiind inhibitori ai MAO. Florile și fructele conțin acești compuși în urme, însă frunzele și rădăcinile au un conținut mai ridicat. Cel mai comun alcaloid este harmanul, împreună cu harmalina, harmalolul, harmina și harmolul. Speciile despre care se cunoaște că au în compoziție acești alcaloizi sunt: P. actinea, P. alata, P. alba, P. bryonioides, P. caerulea, P. capsularis, P. decaisneana, P. edulis (fructul pasiunii), P. eichleriana, P. foetida, P. incarnata (floarea patimilor), P. quadrangularis, P. suberosa, P. subpeltata și P. warmingii.

Note

Legături externe

Passifloraceae

Passiflora


Le trigone submental (ou région sousmentale ou  région sushyoïdienne médiane) est une division du région cervicale antérieure.

Localisation
Le trigone submental est limité à :

 Latéralement par le ventre antérieur du muscle digastrique ;
 En bas l'os hyoïde et le muscle mylo-hyoïdien ;
 En haut par la lame superficielle du fascia cervical ;
 Au milieu la limite est formée par formé par la ligne médiane du cou entre la mandibule et l'os hyoïde.

Contenu
Le trigone submental contient plusieurs ganglions lymphatiques dont les nœuds lymphatiques submentaux, les veines sous-mentales et le début des veines jugulaires antérieures.

Aspect clinique
Le trigone submental peut être envahi par la propagation d'infections des dents antérieures mandibulaires. Son infection peut également être une conséquence d'infections cutanées ou d'une fracture mandibulaire à proximité la symphyse de la mandibule. Une infection de cette zone se manifeste par un gonflement ferme sous le menton et une dysphagie. Le traitement repose sur une incision chirurgicale et un drainage, l'incision s'étendant transversalement dans un pli cutané derrière le menton.

L'angine de Ludwig est une cellulite progressive impliquant bilatéralement les espaces sous-mandibulaire, sublingual et submental. L'angine de Ludwig peut s'étendre dans les espaces pharyngé et cervical, et le gonflement peut comprimer les voies respiratoires et provoquer une dyspnée.

Galerie

Voir aussi
 Région cervicale antérieure

Notes et références

Tête et cou humains

Trigone submental