In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen.

A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a set that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a species description) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.

Type specimen

According to a precise set of rules laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on one particular specimen, or in some cases specimens. Types are of great significance to biologists, especially to taxonomists. Types are usually physical specimens that are kept in a museum or herbarium research collection, but failing that, an image of an individual of that taxon has sometimes been designated as a type. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of scientific nomenclature and alpha taxonomy.

When identifying material, a scientist attempts to apply a taxon name to a specimen or group of specimens based on their understanding of the relevant taxa, based on (at least) having read the type description(s), preferably also based on an examination of all the type material of all of the relevant taxa. If there is more than one named type that all appear to be the same taxon, then the oldest name takes precedence and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand. If on the other hand, the taxon appears never to have been named at all, then the scientist or another qualified expert picks a type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description.

Depending on the nomenclature code applied to the organism in question, a type can be a specimen, a culture, an illustration, or (under the bacteriological code) a description. Some codes consider a subordinate taxon to be the type, but under the botanical code, the type is always a specimen or illustration.

For example, in the research collection of the Natural History Museum in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1822.214.171.124. This is a specimen of a kind of bird commonly known as the spotted harrier, which currently bears the scientific name Circus assimilis. This particular specimen is the holotype for that species; the name Circus assimilis refers, by definition, to the species of that particular specimen. That species was named and described by Jardine and Selby in 1828, and the holotype was placed in the museum collection so that other scientists might refer to it as necessary.

At least for type specimens there is no requirement for a "typical" individual to be used. Genera and families, particularly those established by early taxonomists, tend to be named after species that are more "typical" for them, but here too this is not always the case and due to changes in systematics cannot be. Hence, the term name-bearing type or onomatophore is sometimes used, to denote the fact that biological types do not define "typical" individuals or taxa, but rather fix a scientific name to a specific operational taxonomic unit. Type specimens are theoretically even allowed to be aberrant or deformed individuals or color variations, though this is rarely chosen to be the case, as it makes it hard to determine to which population the individual belonged.

The usage of the term type is somewhat complicated by slightly different uses in botany and zoology. In the PhyloCode, type-based definitions are replaced by phylogenetic definitions.

Older terminology
In some older taxonomic works the word "type" has sometimes been used differently. The meaning was similar in the first Laws of Botanical Nomenclature, but has a meaning closer to the term taxon in some other works:
Translation: This single character permits [one to] distinguish this type from all other species of the section ... After studying the diverse forms, I came to consider them as belonging to the one and the same specific type.

In botany
In botanical nomenclature, a type (typus, nomenclatural type), "is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached." (article 7.2) In botany a type is either a specimen or an illustration. A specimen is a real plant (or one or more parts of a plant or a lot of small plants), dead and kept safe, "curated", in a herbarium (or the equivalent for fungi). Examples of where an illustration may serve as a type include:
 A detailed drawing, painting, etc., depicting the plant, from the early days of plant taxonomy. A dried plant was difficult to transport and hard to keep safe for the future; many specimens from the early days of botany have since been lost or damaged. Highly skilled botanical artists were sometimes employed by a botanist to make faithful and detailed illustrations. Some such illustrations have become the best record and have been chosen to serve as the type of taxon.
 A detailed picture of something that can be seen only through a microscope. A tiny "plant" on a microscope slide makes for a poor type: the microscope slide may be lost or damaged, or it may be very difficult to find the "plant" in question among whatever else is on the microscope slide. An illustration makes for a much more reliable type (Art 37.5 of the Vienna Code, 2006).

A type does not determine the circumscription of the taxon. For example, the common dandelion is a controversial taxon: some botanists consider it to consist of over a hundred species, and others regard it as a single species. The type of the name Taraxacum officinale is the same whether the circumscription of the species includes all those small species (Taraxacum officinale is a "big" species) or whether the circumscription is limited to only one small species among the other hundred (Taraxacum officinale is a "small" species). The name Taraxacum officinale is the same and the type of the name is the same, but the extent to which the name actually applies varies greatly. Setting the circumscription of a taxon is done by a taxonomist in a publication.

Miscellaneous notes:
 Only a species or an infraspecific taxon can have a type of its own. For most new taxa (published on or after 1 January 2007, article 37) at these ranks, a type should not be an illustration.
 A genus has the same type as that of one of its species (article 10).
 A family has the same type as that of one of its genera (article 10).

The ICN provides a listing of the various kinds of types (article 9 and the Glossary), the most important of which is the holotype. These are
 holotype – the single specimen or illustration that the author(s) clearly indicated to be the nomenclatural type of a name
 lectotype – a specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type when there was no holotype specified or the holotype has been lost or destroyed
 isotype – a duplicate of the holotype
 syntype  – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types
 paratype – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description that is not the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes
 neotype – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type if no material from the original description is available
 epitype – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type, usually when another kind of type does not show the critical features needed for identification

The word "type" appears in botanical literature as a part of some older terms that have no status under the ICN: for example a clonotype.

In zoology

In zoological nomenclature, the type of a species or subspecies is a specimen or series of specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined."

Definitions
 A type specimen is a vernacular term (not a formally defined term) typically used for an individual or fossil that is any of the various name-bearing types for a species. For example, the type specimen for the species Homo neanderthalensis was the specimen "Neanderthal-1" discovered by Johann Karl Fuhlrott in 1856 at Feldhofer in the Neander Valley in Germany, consisting of a skullcap, thigh bones, part of a pelvis, some ribs, and some arm and shoulder bones. There may be more than one type specimen, but there is (at least in modern times) only one holotype.
 A type species is the nominal species that is the name-bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus.
 A type genus is the nominal genus that is the name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon.
 The type series are all those specimens included by the author in a taxon's formal description, unless the author explicitly or implicitly excludes them as part of the series.

Use of type specimens

Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description, nonetheless, under the formal rules for naming species (the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), a single type must be designated, as part of the published description.

A type description must include a diagnosis (typically, a discussion of similarities to and differences from closely related species), and an indication of where the type specimen or specimens are deposited for examination. The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found is known as its . In the case of parasites, the term  (or symbiotype) is used to indicate the host organism from which the type specimen was obtained.

Zoological collections are maintained by universities and museums. Ensuring that types are kept in good condition and made available for examination by taxonomists are two important functions of such collections. And, while there is only one holotype designated, there can be other "type" specimens, the following of which are formally defined:

Holotype

When a single specimen is clearly designated in the original description, this specimen is known as the holotype of that species. The holotype is typically placed in a major museum, or similar well-known public collection, so that it is freely available for later examination by other biologists.

Paratype

When the original description designated a holotype, there may be additional specimens that the author designates as additional representatives of the same species, termed paratypes. These are not name-bearing types.

Allotype
An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype, designated from among paratypes. The word was also formerly used for a specimen that shows features not seen in the holotype of a fossil. The term is not regulated by the ICZN.

Neotype
A neotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed or where the original author never cited a specimen.

Syntype

A syntype is any one of two or more specimens that is listed in a species description where no holotype was designated; historically, syntypes were often explicitly designated as such, and under the present ICZN this is a requirement, but modern attempts to publish species description based on syntypes are generally frowned upon by practicing taxonomists, and most are gradually being replaced by lectotypes. Those that still exist are still considered name-bearing types.

Lectotype
A lectotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of syntypes.
In zoology, a lectotype is a kind of name-bearing type. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype. Having a single name-bearing type reduces the potential for confusion, especially considering that it is not uncommon for a series of syntypes to contain specimens of more than one species.

A notable example is a suggestion that Carl Linnaeus should constitute the lectotype for the species Homo sapiens.

Paralectotype
A paralectotype is any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes after a lectotype has been designated from among them. These are not name-bearing types.

Hapantotype
A special case in Protistans where the type consists of two or more specimens of "directly related individuals representing distinct stages in the life cycle"; these are collectively treated as a single entity, and lectotypes cannot be designated from among them.

Iconotype
An illustration on which a new species or subspecies was based. For instance, the Burmese python, Python bivittatus, is one of many species that are based on illustrations by Albertus Seba (1734).

Ergatotype
An ergatotype is a specimen selected to represent a worker member in hymenopterans which have polymorphic castes.

Hypotype

A hypotype is a specimen whose details have previously been published that is used in a supplementary figure or description of the species.

Alternatives to preserved specimens
Type illustrations have also been used by zoologists, as in the case of the Réunion parakeet, which is known only from historical illustrations and descriptions.

Recently, some species have been described where the type specimen was released alive back into the wild, such as the Bulo Burti boubou (a bushshrike), described as Laniarius liberatus, in which the species description included DNA sequences from blood and feather samples. Assuming there is no future question as to the status of such a species, the absence of a type specimen does not invalidate the name, but it may be necessary for the future to designate a neotype for such a taxon, should any questions arise. However, in the case of the bushshrike, ornithologists have argued that the specimen was a rare and hitherto unknown color morph of a long-known species, using only the available blood and feather samples. While there is still some debate on the need to deposit actual killed individuals as type specimens, it can be observed that given proper vouchering and storage, tissue samples can be just as valuable should dispute about the validity of a species arise.

Formalisation of the type system
The various types listed above are necessary because many species were described one or two centuries ago, when a single type specimen, a holotype, was often not designated. Also, types were not always carefully preserved, and intervening events such as wars and fires have resulted in the destruction of the original type material. The validity of a species name often rests upon the availability of original type specimens; or, if the type cannot be found, or one has never existed, upon the clarity of the description.

The ICZN has existed only since 1961 when the first edition of the Code was published. The ICZN does not always demand a type specimen for the historical validity of a species, and many "type-less" species do exist. The current edition of the Code, Article 75.3, prohibits the designation of a neotype unless there is "an exceptional need" for "clarifying the taxonomic status" of a species (Article 75.2).

There are many other permutations and variations on terms using the suffix "-type" (e.g., allotype, cotype, topotype, generitype, isotype, isoneotype, isolectotype, etc.) but these are not formally regulated by the Code, and a great many are obsolete and/or idiosyncratic. However, some of these categories can potentially apply to genuine type specimens, such as a neotype; e.g., isotypic/topotypic specimens are preferred to other specimens, when they are available at the time a neotype is chosen (because they are from the same time and/or place as the original type).

The term fixation is used by the Code for the declaration of a name-bearing type, whether by original or subsequent designation.

Type species

Each genus must have a designated type species (the term "genotype" was once used for this but has been abandoned because the word has become much better known as the term for a different concept in genetics). The description of a genus is usually based primarily on its type species, modified and expanded by the features of other included species. The generic name is permanently associated with the name-bearing type of its type species.

Ideally, a type species best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs, but this is subjective and, ultimately, technically irrelevant, as it is not a requirement of the Code. If the type species proves, upon closer examination, to belong to a pre-existing genus (a common occurrence), then all of the constituent species must be either moved into the pre-existing genus or disassociated from the original type species and given a new generic name; the old generic name passes into synonymy and is abandoned unless there is a pressing need to make an exception (decided case-by-case, via petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature).

Type genus

A type genus is a genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed. As with type species, the type genus is not necessarily the most representative but is usually the earliest described, largest or best-known genus. It is not uncommon for the name of a family to be based upon the name of a type genus that has passed into synonymy; the family name does not need to be changed in such a situation.

See also
 Archetype
 Glossary of scientific naming
 Nomen dubium (zoology)
 Nomen nudum
 Genetypes – genetic sequence data from type specimens
 Pathotype – a type of intrasubspecific taxon of pathogenic bacteria
 Principle of typification

References

External links
 ICZN Code: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the official website
 Fishbase Glossary section (archived)
 A compendium of terms (archived)
  Zoological Type Nomenclature (Evenhuis) (PDF)

Biological concepts
Taxonomy (biology)
Zoological nomenclature
Botanical nomenclature

Type (biology)


In mathematics, the Ramanujan–Soldner constant (also called the Soldner constant) is a mathematical constant defined as the unique positive zero of the logarithmic integral function. It is named after Srinivasa Ramanujan and Johann Georg von Soldner.

Its value is approximately μ ≈ 1.45136923488338105028396848589202744949303228…

Since the logarithmic integral is defined by

then using  we have

thus easing calculation for numbers greater than μ.  Also, since the exponential integral function satisfies the equation

the only positive zero of the exponential integral occurs at the natural logarithm of the Ramanujan–Soldner constant, whose value is approximately ln(μ) ≈ 0.372507410781366634461991866…

External links

Mathematical constants
Srinivasa Ramanujan

Ramanujan–Soldner constant


Jochen Schönleber (* 3. Juni 1959 in Tübingen) ist ein deutscher Opernregisseur und Intendant des Festivals Rossini in Wildbad.

Leben
Schönleber wuchs auf in Tailfingen und Sindelfingen, wo er seine Leidenschaft zur Kamera und zum Theater entwickelte. Nach frühen Filmarbeiten, geisteswissenschaftlichem Studium an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität in Tübingen und Stipendien am Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici in Neapel wurde er Assistent bei Juri Ljubimow an den Staatsopern in Stuttgart und Karlsruhe; außerdem war er Produktionsleiter bei den Landeskunstwochen in Tübingen. Von 1987 bis 1993 war im Kulturamt seiner Heimatstadt Sindelfingen zuständig für Kammeropern, den internationalen Konzertring, und hatte zusätzlich die Position des künstlerischen Leiters des dortigen Theaterkellers inne. Seit dieser Zeit ist er als Regisseur im Bereich Sprech- und Musiktheater aktiv, bis 2009 häufig gemeinsam mit der Dramaturgin Annette Hornbacher.

Schönleber ist seit 1992 künstlerischer Leiter des Opernfestivals Rossini in Wildbad und seit 2000 dessen Intendant. Er hat das Festival zu einer weltweit renommierten Experimentierstätte für Belcanto-Talente, für Werke Rossinis, für unbekannte Stücke und das gesamte Belcanto-Repertoire entwickelt. Seit 2004 ist er auch Direktor der Akademie BelCanto.

Seine Inszenierungsliste umfasst unter anderem Kassandra (1988), Weiße Rose (1989), Maria Stuart (1990). Bei Rossini in Wildbad Edipo a Colono (1992), Die himmlische Hochzeit/Le Nozze di Teti e di Peleo (1994), Sigismondo (1995), Eduardo e Cristina (1997), L'accademia di musica (2003), Semiramide (2005), Mosè in Egitto (2006), Il signor Bruschino (2009), La Cenerentola (2010), Il turco in Italia (2011), I briganti (2012) und die erste vollständige Aufführung von Rossinis Monumentalwerk Guillaume Tell (2013).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Website des Festivals Rossini in Wildbad

Theaterregisseur
Opernregisseur
Person (Tübingen)
Opernintendant
Deutscher
Geboren 1959
Mann

Jochen Schönleber


The Jebel Akhdar ( , ) is a heavily forested, fertile upland area in northeastern Libya.  It is located in the modern shabiyahs or districts of Derna, Jabal al Akhdar, and Marj.

Geography
The Jebel Akhdar consists of a mountainous plateau rising to an altitude of , cut by several valleys and wadis.  It forms the north-western part of the peninsula that sticks north into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Gulf of Sidra on the west, and the Levantine Basin on the east. It runs from Bengazi eastward to just east of Derna, fronting the coast for about . Due to erosion and deposition the plateau is sometimes as much as  from the shore, but it forms cliffs on the headlands. The final uplift and arching of the plateau was completed in the Miocene.

The region is one of the very few forested areas of Libya, which taken as a whole is one of the least forested countries on Earth. It is the wettest part of Libya, receiving some  of precipitation annually. The high rainfall contributes to the area's large forests containing Chammari, and enables rich fruit, potato, and cereal agriculture, something of a rarity in an arid country like Libya. Camels, goats and sheep are herded in and around the Jebel Akhdar and the herders tend to be nomadic.

Flora

In marked contrast to the aridity prevailing in most of Libya, there are forested areas in this region totalling around 3200 km2, although approximately a third of the original forest has already been destroyed to make way for agriculture. In addition to the forests there are also large areas of maquis and steppe-like vegetation. Typical maquis species are the Phoenician juniper (Juniperus phoenicea), the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus), the Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua). In the drier steppe-like areas, branched asphodel (Asphodelus ramosus), prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum) and white wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba) predominate.
More than half of the endemic plant species in Libya are to be found in the Jebel Akhdar and, of these, seven are found only in the region: Arbutus pavarii, Arum cyrenaicum, Bellis sylvestris var. cyrenaica, Cyclamen rohlfsianum, Cynara cyrenaica, Onopordum cyrenaicum and Romulea cyrenaica.

History

Ancient

Documents created during the New Kingdom of Egypt record that to the west there were large populations of metal workers who lived in towns and had plentiful livestock. The only plausible location for these "Libyans" is the Jebel Akhdar.

The ancient Greek colony of Cyrene was located in a lush valley in the Jebel Akhdar, with the ruins remaining. It was the Greeks who introduced farming to the Jebal Akhdar when they colonised its verdant valleys in around 600 BC.

Italian occupation
During the Italian occupation these mountains were identified as a promising area for agriculture and many Italians moved here in the 1930s. This settlement was interrupted during World War II and the villages and farms were deserted and were later reoccupied by Libyans.  The mountain chain was the site of major battles between the British Commonwealth and the Axis forces during World War II.

Liberation
The Libyan leader Omar al-Mukhtar used this heavily forested mountainous region to resist the Italian colonization of Libya for more than twenty years.

Galleries

Landscapes

Flora

Fauna

See also

Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe – lower elevations
Mediterranean woodlands and forests – higher elevations

References

Geographical areas
Natural regions of Africa

Mountains of Libya
Jabal al Akhdar
Derna District
Cyrenaica
Geography of Libya

Jebel Akhdar (Libya)


Girona (İspanyolca: Gerona), Kuzeydoğu Katalonya 'da il ve bu ilin merkezi olan şehir. İspanya'ya bağlı Katalonya Özerk Bölgesi'ni oluşturan 4 ilin en küçüğü olan Girona'nın il nüfusu ise 756.000'dir. Merkez nüfusu ise 96.236 kişidir.

Yılda 10 milyon turistin ziyaret ettiği başkent Barselona'nın 100 km kadar kuzey doğusunda bulunması, aynı zamanda İspanya'nın en çok turist çeken sahillerinden biri olan Costa Brava'ya sadece 40 km mesafede olması sebebi ile her sene şehri 5 milyon turist ziyaret eder.

Şehir bir tarafı düz bir ovada Ter ve Onyar Nehirleri'nin arasında kurulmuştur. Fakat 19. yüzyılda genişlemeye başlayan ve bugün "yeni şehir" olarak adlandırılan şehrin tarihi olmayan modern kısmı bu alanın dışındadır.

Girona'nın Tarihi

Bölgenin ilk sâkinleri İberler'dir. M.Ö. 1000-500 (10-6. yüzyıllar) arasına denk gelen bu dönemde bölgede Osuna Krallığı hüküm sürüyor ve bugün Girona'yı oluşturan şehir ise Gerunda olarak anılıyordu. Şehir, İberlerden sonra bölgeye 600 yıl boyunca hâkim olan Roma İmparatorluğu ve sonrasında da Vizigot hâkimiyetine girmiştir. Eski şehir kısmında başta Roma surları ve hamam olmak üzere pek çok yapı, sağlam bir şekilde günümüze ulaşmıştır. Kısa süren Müslüman hâkimiyeti dönemindense hemen hemen hiçbir iz yoktur.

Kuzeydeki Frenk Kralı Charlamagne; Girona'yı ele geçirmek için 785, 795 ve 797'de üç kez kuşatmış ve şehri Müslüman akınlarına karşı bir tampon bölge (Marca Hispanica) olarak kullanmıştır.

9. yüzyılda güneydeki Barselona Kontluğu'nun hâkimiyetine giren Girona; Orta Çağın karanlık ve baskıcı döneminde ise İber Yarımadası'ndaki Yahudi nüfusun toplanarak getto oluşturduğu iki yerden biri olmuştur. Şehirde açılan bir kabbalistik okul da bu hareketi güçlendirmiştir. 1492'de ise baskılara dayanamayıp göç etmeye zorlanan 90.000 Yahudinin önemli sayıdaki bir kısmı; Girona'dan yola çıkmış ve bunların da yine sayıca önemli bir kısmı, Osmanlı sultânı II. Bâyezîd'in yolladığı gemilerle getirilip Osmanlı topraklarına yerleştirilmiştir.

Girona'ya yapılan son büyük saldırı ise 1809'da  Napolyon orduları tarafından yapılmıştır. 35.000 kişilik Napolyon orduları; şehri 7 aylık zorlu bir direnişi kırarak ele geçirmiştir. Gerilla hareketi başlatan Gironalılar; şehri 5 yıl sonra geri almış ve bu zaferin anısına şehrin en büyük meydanı olan Bağımsızlık Meydanı'nı (Plaça de Independencia) inşâ etmişlerdir.

Şehirde bir üniversite bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Uleb Cup'ta mücadele eden bir basketbol takımı vardır ve bünyesinde ünlü İspanyol basketbolcu Marc Gasol'u bulundurmaktadır. Girona ayrıca her nisan ayında düzenlenen "Çiçek Festivali" ile ünlüdür.

Kaynakça
 https://web.archive.org/web/20181009235111/http://www2.girona.cat/ca

Girona


Masaki Miyasaka (født 15. juli 1989) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Matsumoto Yamaga FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masaki Miyasaka


Cimbex est un genre d'hyménoptères symphytes, des insectes proches des guêpes, au corps trapu et aux antennes en massue. Certaines espèces, comme Cimbex femoratus, sont d'un poids important et d'une grande taille.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :

Espèces fossiles

Espèces européennes
Selon  :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Genre de Symphytes (nom scientifique)

Cimbex


Havnar Sjónleikarfelag er en skuespillerforening i Tórshavn på Færøerne. Foreningen driver teateret Sjónleikarhúsið ( ), som blev tegnet og opført af H.C.W. Tórgarð i 1926. Tórgarð var desuden foreningens første formand fra 1918. Sjónleikarhúsið bliver derudover anvendt til udlejning af lokaler.

På deres hjemmeside https://sjonleik.fo/ er det muligt at se kommende events og leje huset.

Formænd
 H.C.W. Tórgarð 1918–1924
 H.M. Jacobsen 1924–1928
 Rikard Long 1928–1930
 Hans Andrias Djurhuus 1930–1951
 J.C. Olsen 1951–1963
 Poul Johs. Lindberg 1963–1967
 Knút Wang 1967–1974
 Oskar Hermansson 1974–1980
 Olivur Næss 1980–1988
 Gulla Øregaard 1988–1989
 Oddvá Nattestad 1989–1991
 Kári Petersen 1991–1993
 Bjørgfinnur Nielsen 1993–1993
 Margreta Næss 1993–1996
 Heðin Mortensen 1996–2000
 Jytte Joensen 2003–2010
Karin Djurhuus 2010-

Eksterne henvisninger
 Havnar Sjónleikarfelags webste

Teater
Færøsk kultur
Tórshavn
Etableret i 1918

Havnar Sjónleikarfelag


Rémi Martin (* 23. Juli 1965 in Fougères, Département Ille-et-Vilaine, Frankreich) ist ein französischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Nach seinem Filmdebüt 1985 in Tee im Harem des Archimedes erhielt Rémi Martin für seine Rolle im darauf erschienen Jahr eine César-Nominierung als Bester Nachwuchsdarsteller für seine Rolle in Ehrbare Ganoven. Dadurch wurde er Ende der 1980 und Anfang der 1990er Jahre häufig für Produktionen des französischen Autorenkinos besetzt. In den 90er Jahren blieb er dem Film größtenteils fern und arbeitet seit 2000 wieder vermehrt für Kino- und Fernsehproduktionen.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1985: Tee im Harem des Archimedes (Le Thé au harem d'Archimède)
 1986: Der treue Johannes (Mahuliena, zlatá panna)
 1986: Ehrbare Ganoven (Conseil de famille)
 1986: Lebenswut (Désordre)
 1987: Zerstörende Liebe (Les nouveaux tricheurs)
 1988: Die Dämonen (Les possédés)
 1988: Versteckte Leidenschaft – Camomille (Camomille)
 1989: Pleure pas my love
 1989: Sommerkomödie (Comédie d'été)
 1990: Die Möchte-Gern-Väter (La fête des pères)
 1992: Sprachlos (Sans un cri)
 2001: Viel zu jung (Clément)
 2002: Kommissar Navarro (Navarro; Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2002; 2004: La Crim' (Fernsehserie, 2 Folgen)
 2003: Nestor Burmas Abenteuer in Paris (Nestor Burma; Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2005: Hotel Marysol (Le Passager)
 2008: Ohne Schuld (Pour elle)

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 César 1987: Nominierung als Bester Nachwuchsdarsteller für seine Rolle in Ehrbare Ganoven

Weblinks

 Offizielle Internetpräsenz

Filmschauspieler
Franzose
Geboren 1965
Mann

Rémi Martin


Ottavio II Gonzaga, marquis de Mantoue, est un noble et poète italien.

Biographie
Ottavio Gonzaga naquit le 15 juillet 1667 de Pietro Maria Gonzaga, homme politique et ministre et de Olimpia Grimani, noble vénitienne, sœur du cardinal Vincenzo Grimani. Ottavio fut élevé par les jésuites, et étudia les sciences mais son goût le porta vers la poésie. Le recueil des poèmes degli Arcadi contient quelques pièces de lui, sous le nom pastoral d'Aulideno Melichio. On en trouve aussi dans la collection des vers qui ont été composés pour les funérailles d'Anne-Isabelle de Guastalla, duchesse de Mantoue, protectrice de l'Academia degli invaghiti. Ces poésies ne sont pas sans mérite, puisque Muratori, dans son traité Della perfetta poesia, les a proposées pour modèle, et cite leur auteur comme un des restaurateurs du bon goût. Le nombre des vers qui restent de lui est peu nombreux , parce qu'il les déchirait presque tous après les avoir composés. Il mourut à Bologne le , âgé de 42 ans, en revenant de Saint-Marin. Le P. Tommaso Ceva lui a dédié son livre intitulé Virtù di Francesco Lemene, Milan, 1706. Crescimbeni, dans son Histoire de la poésie italienne, t. 5 , a inséré une courte notice sur Ottavio Gonzaga, par Alessandro Pegolotti.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Poète italien du XVIIe siècle

Ottavio II Gonzaga


Portoscuso (sardinski: Portescùsi) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 6 metara i ima 5 150 stanovnika. Prostire se na 38,09 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 135 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Carbonia, Gonnesa i San Giovanni Suergiu.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Portoscuso


Johannes Weißenfeld (Herdecke, 19 de agosto de 1994) é um remador alemão, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Weißenfeld conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio com a equipe da Alemanha no oito com masculino, ao lado de Laurits Follert, Olaf Roggensack, Torben Johannesen, Jakob Schneider, Malte Jakschik, Richard Schmidt, Hannes Ocik e Martin Sauer, com o tempo de 5:25.60.

Remadores olímpicos da Alemanha
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Johannes Weißenfeld


O USS Texas foi um couraçado pré-dreadnought de segunda linha operado pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos, encomendado como uma reação à aquisição de novos navios blindados modernos por países da América do Sul. Sua construção começou em junho de 1889, no Estaleiro Naval de Norfolk, na Virgínia, e foi lançado ao mar em junho de 1892 e comissionado na frota norte-americana em agosto de 1895. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por dois canhões de 305 milímetros montados em duas torres de artilharia únicas, tinha um deslocamento carregado de mais de seis mil toneladas e conseguia alcançar uma velocidade máxima de dezessete nós.

O início da carreira do Texas foi marcado por vários acidentes, incluindo problemas na construção, um encalhamento em Rhode Island e inundações enquanto estava em uma doca, o que acabou matando alguns tripulantes. Ele serviu na Guerra Hispano-Americana de 1898, lutando na Batalha de Santiago de Cuba e ajudando a afundar uma esquadra de cruzadores blindados espanhóis. Depois disso teve uma carreira tranquila e sem grandes incidentes, tornando-se um navio de guarda em Charleston, no ano de 1908. Foi descomissionado em fevereiro de 1911 e renomeado para San Marcos, sendo afundado no mês seguinte como alvo de tiro, pelo couraçado .

Projeto

Pano de fundo

A entrega do Riachuelo em 1883 e a aquisição de outros navios de guerra blindados pelo Brasil, Argentina e Chile  alarmaram o governo dos Estados Unidos, já que a Marinha do Brasil era agora a mais poderosa do Hemisfério Ocidental. A Marinha dos Estados Unidos era considerada capaz apenas de defender seus próprios portos. O presidente da Comissão de Assuntos Navais da Câmara, deputado Hilary A. Herbert caracterizou a situação desta forma: "se toda esta nossa velha marinha for colocada em ordem de batalha no meio do oceano e fosse confrontada pelo Riachuelo, é duvidoso que uma única embarcação levando a bandeira americana chegue ao porto."

O Conselho Consultivo da Marinha, confrontado com a possibilidade de tropas hostis operando na costa americana começou a planejar um par de navios para protegê-la, em 1884. Ambos tinham que caber nas docas existentes e tinham que ter um calado raso para permitir o uso de todos os principais portos e bases americanas. Eles tinham que ter uma velocidade mínima de dezessete nós (31 quilômetros por hora) e deveriam deslocar cerca de 6 100 toneladas. Ambos deveriam ser otimizados para fogo de ponta a ponta e ter um contrafeito suas torres de canhão  nas laterais do navio com estas últimas sendo escalonadas para permitir que disparassem pelo convés, de forma semelhante aos encouraçados Riachuelo e Aquidabã. O primeiro navio, designado para a então tradicional viagem de cruzeiro no exterior e armado com quatro canhões de 250 milímetros, tornou-se . O outro, armado com dois canhões de trezentos milímetros, tornou-se Texas.

O Departamento da Marinha realizou um concurso internacional de design para o Texas e a empresa vencedora foi a Naval Construction & Armaments Co., em Barrow-in-Furness, Inglaterra. O projeto vencedor colocou a torre dianteira do Texas a bombordo e sua torre traseira a estibordo. A necessidade do encouraçado poder fazer disparos cruzados fez com que a superestrutura fosse separada em três partes para permitir que cada canhão disparasse entre suas seções. Isso limitou significativamente a capacidade do canhão de disparar para o arco de tiro oposto, pois a superestrutura ainda o restringia. Além disso, nem o convés nem a superestrutura foram reforçados para suportar a explosão do cano quando manuseado, e a subsequente vibração, quando a arma disparasse, como demonstrado durante a Batalha de Santiago de Cuba, quando seu convés de estibordo foi danificado.

Mesmo cinco anos antes de Texas estar completo, os efeitos da explosão gerada pelos disparos dos canhões final foram considerados perigosos e a montagem en echelon dos canhões principais foi abandonada nas marinhas europeias. Isso tornou obsoleto o arranjo de armamento de Texas. O então novo Conselho de Construção considerou um redesenho completo que teria colocado seu armamento centralizado, em duas torres simples ou uma torre dupla, e o reduto pesado eliminado. A construção nessa época estava muito avançada para tal plano, no entanto, e o secretário da Marinha, Benjamin Tracy, limitou o Conselho a detalhar melhorias.

Características gerais
Texas tinha 94 metros de comprimento de fora a fora, uma boca de 19 metros e um calado máximo de 7,5 metros. Deslocava 6 416 toneladas em plena carga como construído. Seu casco tinha dois compartimentos flanqueados em cada lado das salas de máquinas, bem como uma antepara estanque longitudinal na linha central separando os motores e caldeiras. A inundação assimétrica dos compartimentos flanqueados representava um grave perigo para sua estabilidade. Seu casco duplo protegia a maior parte da referida estrutura e se estendia pela lateral até a borda inferior do convés blindado. Tinha uma altura metacêntrica de 0,8 metro e foi equipado com um rostro.

Propulsão
A maquinaria do Texas foi construída pela Richmond Locomotive and Machine Works, em Richmond, Virginia. Tinha dois motores a vapor de expansão tripla vertical invertidos com uma potência total projetada de 6 420 quilowatts, cada um acionando um eixo propulsor usando vapor fornecido por quatro caldeiras cilíndricas de extremidade dupla a uma pressão de 175 psi. Em testes,  atingiu uma velocidade de 17,8 nós (33 quilômetros por hora), excedendo sua velocidade contratual de dezessete nós. Podia carregar até 796 toneladas de carvão. Possuía dois dínamos elétricos Edison para alimentar seus holofotes e fornecer iluminação interior.

Armamento
O armamento Texas consistia em dois canhões Mark I de 305 milímetros montados em torres hidráulicas Mark 2 únicas dentro de seu reduto blindado. Esses canhões tinham uma elevação máxima de 15° e podiam abaixar até -5°. Oitenta salvas por canhão foram realizadas. Eles disparavam um projétil de 394 kg a uma velocidade inicial de 640 metros por segundo, para um alcance de 11 000 metros na elevação máxima. Os compactadores fixos estavam abaixo e fora das torres. Inicialmente, eles só podiam ser carregados em uma posição, bem à frente e a 0° de elevação, mas foram modificados para carregar em todos os ângulos pouco antes do início da Guerra Hispano-Americana.

Quatro dos seis canhões de 152 milímetros foram montados em casamatas no casco e os outros dois foram montados no convés principal em posições de pivô aberto. As duas armas do convés principal possuíam calibre 35, enquanto as armas de casamata tinham calibre 30. As informações são escassas, mas estes canhões provavelmente podiam descer para -7° e elevar para +12°. Eles disparavam projéteis que pesavam 47 kg com uma velocidade inicial por volta de 590 metros por segundo. Eles tinham um alcance máximo inferior a 8 200 metros quando disparados na altitude máxima.

O armamento do barco anti-torpedo consistia em uma dúzia de canhões de 57 milímetros (de calibre desconhecido) em casamatas espaçadas ao longo do casco. Eles disparavam um projétil pesando cerca 2 kg a uma velocidade inicial beirando 538 metros por segundo e uma taxa de vinte salvas por minuto. Seu alcance era inferior a 8 000 metros. Dois canhões giratórios Hotchkiss de 37 milímetros foram montadas nas superestruturas dianteira e traseira. Além disso, dois canhões de 37 milímetros Driggs-Schroeder foram montados em cada gávea. Eles dispararam um projétil pesando meio quilo a uma velocidade inicial que variava perto de 610 metros por segundo para um alcance estimado de 3 200 metros. Eles tinham uma taxa de disparo por volta de trinta disparos por minuto.

Texas carregava quatro tubos de torpedo de 356 milímetros, todos acima da linha de flutuação. Um tubo estava na proa e na popa e outro de cada lado na parte traseira do casco. Foi originalmente destinado a transportar dois pequenos torpedeiros a vapor, cada um com um canhão de uma libra e um tubo de torpedo para fins de treino, mas eles foram cancelados após o fraco desempenho do Maine com estas especificações.

Blindagem

O cinturão blindado na linha d'água, feito de aço Harvey, tinha espessura máxima de 305 milímetros e afinava para 152 em sua borda inferior. Tinha 57 metros de comprimento e cobria os compartimentos de máquinas. Tinha dois metros de altura, dos quais 0,9 estava acima da linha d'água. Cinco metros dessa blindagem em cada extremidade se inclinavam para dentro do casco, com a espessura afinando para 203 milímetros a fim de fornecer proteção contra tiros de enfiada. Ele também se inclinava para baixo com o objetivo de encontrar o topo do convés blindado. O convés tinha 51 milímetros de espessura e inclinava para baixo nas extremidades do navio. Ele também se inclinava para baixo nas extremidades laterais do navio, mas sua espessura aumentava para 76 milímetros. Uma cidadela blindada diagonal de 304 milímetros no convés de artilharia protegia o maquinário da torre e os suportes da ponte de comando. O convés superior tinha cinquenta milímetros de espessura.

Os lados das torres tinham 305 milímetros de espessura, enquanto seus telhados possuíam 25 milímetros. A torre de comando tinha 230 milímetros nas paredes. Guindastes de torre, tubos de fala e cabos elétricos foram protegidos por tubos blindados. Os tubos hidráulicos laterais que corriam ao longo da parte inferior do convés das armas estavam inicialmente desprotegidos, mas tubos blindados foram instalados para protegê-los durante a reforma do Texas em 1902. Ao longo do centro do navio, eles tinham uma 25 milímetros de espessura, mas aumentavam para cinquenta mais perto dos lados do navio.

Nenhuma blindagem leve foi usada acima do cinturão principal ou em cada extremidade do navio. Isso tornou Texas altamente vulnerável a canhões de disparo rápido usando projéteis altamente explosivos. Isso não foi considerado uma ameaça significativa no momento em que o Texas foi projetado, mas se tornaria dentro de alguns anos.

Construção
A construção do Texas foi autorizada pelo Congresso dos Estados Unidos em 3 de agosto de 1886. O início dos trabalhos foi adiado por quase oito meses devido a preocupações sobre sua estabilidade e características gerais. Sua quilha foi colocada em 1º de junho de 1889, em Portsmouth, Virgínia, pelo Norfolk Navy Yard. Ele foi lançado em 28 de junho de 1892, patrocinado pela senhorita Madge Houston Williams, neta de Sam Houston; e comissionado em 15 de agosto de 1895, com o capitão Henry Glass no comando.

Serviço

Primeiros anos
Quando ancorado no Brooklyn Navy Yard pela primeira vez após seus testes, várias falhas estruturais vieram à tona. Os pisos tinham dobrado seus suportes e o cimento perto da quilha tinha rachado. Seus suportes de piso foram reforçados com uma cantoneira de dez por dez centímetros e o cimento foi reparado. Mas isso levantou questões sobre sua integridade estrutural, então um Conselho de Pesquisa foi formado em janeiro de 1896 para avaliar sua condição e sugerir melhorias. O Conselho determinou que era necessário fortalecer ainda mais seu casco, mas as medidas exatas tomadas não são conhecidas, embora custassem 39 450 dólares americanos e levariam cem dias úteis. No entanto, o Conselho desejava saber que efeito essas mudanças teriam no calado, estabilidade e altura metacêntrica do Texas. O Conselho recebeu uma resposta em 4 de fevereiro de que aumentaria seu deslocamento em 31 toneladas, aprofundaria seu calado em 5,1 centímetros e elevaria sua altura metacêntrica para 0,84 metros.

O navio encalhou perto de Newport, Rhode Island, em setembro de 1896. Erro do operador combinado com falha de sinal foram declarados como causas. Alguns oficiais, incluindo o futuro governador de Guam, Alfred Walton Hinds, foram repreendidos publicamente. Enquanto estava em reparos em Nova York, o mecanismo que prendia a válvula de injeção principal na sala de máquinas de estibordo quebrou em 9 de novembro de 1896. A pressão da água desmontou a válvula e permitiu que o compartimento inundasse, pois o tubo receptor havia sido removido anteriormente para reparo. Vazamentos nas portas estanques, canos de voz e buracos nas anteparas para cabos elétricos permitiram que a inundação se espalhasse para as outras salas de máquinas e caldeiras, os depósitos de carvão adjacentes a eles, bem como a maioria dos depósitos e paóis. O navio afundou, mas a água era tão rasa que ajudou nos esforços de resgate. No dia 11, a maior parte da água havia sido bombeada, mas ele ainda estava puxando água demais para entrar no dique seco. Estima-se que 270 tonledas de carvão foram removidos para que Texas pudesse entrar no dique seco.

Após os reparos, Texas foi designado para o Esquadrão do Atlântico Norte e patrulhou a costa leste dos Estados Unidos. Em fevereiro de 1897 deixou o Atlântico para um breve cruzeiro nos portos da costa do Golfo de Galveston, Texas e Nova Orleans. Ele chegou a Galveston em 16 de fevereiro de 1897 e ancorou em um porto com 11 metros de profundidade. O piloto local assegurou ao capitão que aquele era o melhor cais do porto para um navio do tamanho do Texas. No entanto, uma maré forte o levou para um banco de lama e o manteve lá. Ele não pode ser desencalhado sendo que mesmo a assistência do vapor Galveston não teve efeito. No final do dia seguinte, ele foi puxado pela âncora de bombordo com o auxílio de um rebocador. Esses dois incidentes lhe deram a reputação de ser um navio "amaldiçoado" ou "azarado" e lhe renderam o apelido de "Old Hoodoo".

Ele retornou à costa leste em março de 1897 e permaneceu lá até o início de 1898. Durante este período, seus tubos de torpedo de proa e popa foram removidos em junho de 1897 e miras telescópicas adicionais foram instaladas nos telhados de sua torre, de 14 de julho a 12 de agosto. No início de 1898, visitou Key West, Flórida e Dry Tortugas, a caminho de Galveston para uma visita rotineira, que fez em meados de fevereiro. Retornando ao Atlântico através do Dry Tortugas em março, chegou a Hampton Roads no dia 24 e retomou o serviço com o Esquadrão do Atlântico Norte.

Guerra Hispano-Americana
No início da primavera, a guerra entre os Estados Unidos e a Espanha eclodiu sobre as condições em Cuba e a suposta destruição do Maine após um ataque espanhol no porto de Havana, em fevereiro de 1898. Em 18 de maio, sob o comando do capitão J.W. Philip, o Texas estava em Key West, preparando-se para participar desta guerra.

Em 21 de maio, o encouraçado chegou ao largo de Cienfuegos, Cuba, com o Esquadrão Voador para bloquear a costa cubana. Após um retorno a Key West em busca de carvão, o Texas chegou a Santiago de Cuba em 27 de maio. Ele patrulhou aquele porto até 11 de junho, quando fez uma missão de reconhecimento à Baía de Guantánamo em apoio aos desembarques dos fuzileiros navais ali.

No dia seguinte, o Texas descarrregou três peças de campo e duas metralhadoras M1895 Colt-Browning a pedido do comandante expedicionário da Marinha, tenente-coronel Robert W. Huntington. Nas cinco semanas seguintes, o Texas patrulhou entre Santiago de Cuba e a Baía de Guantánamo. Em 16 de junho, o navio de guerra juntou-se ao cruzador Marblehead para um bombardeio do forte em South Toro Cay, na Baía de Guantánamo. Os dois navios abriram fogo logo após as 14h e cessaram o fogo cerca de uma hora e 16 minutos depois, tendo reduzido o forte à impotência.
Em 3 de julho, ele estava navegando ao largo de Santiago de Cuba quando a frota espanhola comandada pelo almirante Cervera tentou escapar da frota americana. O Texas afundou quatro dos navios inimigos sob fogo imediatamente. Enquanto a bateria principal do navio se concentrava nos cruzadores blindados Vizcaya e Cristobal Colon, sua bateria secundária juntou-se a ,  e  que concentravam fogo em dois contratorpedeiros.

Os dois contratorpedeiros espanhóis recuaram rapidamente e encalharam, fortemente danificados. Um por um, os navios inimigos maiores também também foram sendo afundados pela frota americana. Assim, o Texas e os outros navios do Esquadrão Voador derrotaram a frota espanhola. O Texas foi levemente danificado durante a batalha por um único disparo altamente explosivo de 152 milímetros que o atingiu a estibordo acima do convés principal, imediatamente à frente do guindaste de carvão. Fragmentos do projétil danificaram gravemente o guindaste  e destruíram as portas de ambos os poços de ar e as anteparas adjacentes. Os estilhaços crivaram-se em grande parte da estrutura adjacente também.

A derrota da frota de Cervera permitiu a conquista de Santiago de Cuba. A cidade foi conquistada em 17 de julho, apenas duas semanas após a vitória naval americana. No dia seguinte à rendição em Santiago, a Espanha buscou a paz por meio de ofícios do governo francês. Mesmo antes de o protocolo de paz ser assinado em Washington, DC, em 12 de agosto, os navios americanos começaram a voltar para seus postos anteriores à guerra. O Texas chegou a Nova York em 31 de julho. O capitão Philip foi promovido a comodoro em 10 de agosto de 1898.

No final de novembro, o Texas mudou-se para o sul, para Hampton Roads, onde chegou em 2 de dezembro. O encouraçado retomou sua rotina patrulhando a costa atlântica dos Estados Unidos. Embora seu principal campo de operações mais uma vez se concentrasse na costa nordeste, ele também fez visitas periódicas a lugares como San Juan, Porto Rico e Havana, Cuba.

Pós-guerra

O Texas foi desativado para uma longa reforma em 3 de novembro de 1900 no Norfolk Navy Yard, mas foi comissionado novamente em 3 de novembro de 1902. Durante essa reforma, seu funil e mastros superiores foram repensados. Além disso, a proteção de trezentos milímetros de seus guindastes de munição foram dobradas e seus tubos de torpedos laterais foram removidos. Em uma viagem para Nova Orleans em fevereiro de 1904, o Texas só conseguiu fazer treze nós sob tiragem forçada. Durante 1904 seu armamento foi atualizado quando ele trocou seus quatro de 150 milímetros calibre 30 para armas de calibre 35 mais poderosas e duas armas de uma libra foram desembarcadas. Ele serviu como nau capitânia do Esquadrão Costeiro até 1905, e permaneceu designado nele depois que seu comandante mudou sua bandeira.
Texas foi brevemente desativado entre 11 de janeiro de 1908 e 1 de setembro de 1908. Em 1908, ele ficou ancorado em Charleston, Carolina do Sul. Em 1910, havia perdido seus canhões giratórios de 37 milímetros em troca de dois canhões adicionais de seis libras.

Considerado obsoleto em 1911, foi relegado para uso como alvo de artilharia para permitir que a Marinha avaliasse os efeitos de projéteis modernos em partes blindadas e não blindadas do navio, as probabilidades de impactos subaquáticos e suas profundidades, os efeitos de cargas de choque em tubos, etc., a inflamabilidade dos acessórios do navio e a direção para a qual os projéteis apontavam ao atingir a longa distância.
Como parte desta avaliação, ele foi totalmente equipado e apenas os itens que normalmente teriam permissão para serem removidos antes da ação e os itens adicionados a ele para serviço como navio-estação foram removidos. Manequins também foram utilizados para avaliar os efeitos dos projéteis na tripulação. É incerto se sua munição e pólvora permaneceram a bordo para os testes. Preparar o Texas para esses testes custou 29.422,70 dólares americanos.

San Marcos
Em 15 de fevereiro de 1911, seu nome foi mudado para San Marcos para permitir que o nome Texas fosse atribuído ao encouraçado nº 35. San Marcos foi afundado em águas rasas em Tangier Sound, na baía de Chesapeake, de 21 a 22 de março de 1911, por tiros do encouraçado . Nenhum exame detalhado foi feito posteriormente, mas notou-se que havia tantos buracos abaixo da linha d'água que a água nos compartimentos dianteiro e traseiro geralmente seguia o movimento da água externa. O interior acima da linha d'água foi demolido. Ele foi usado como alvo para um experimento de torpedo em 6 de abril. Em 10 de outubro de 1911, seu nome foi retirado do Registro de Embarcações. Um mastro ao estilo gaiola, uma duplicata daqueles usados nos dreadnoughts da classe Florida, foi construído sobre o que sobrara do San Marcos, em 1912, e testado contra projéteis de 305 milímetros disparados pelo monitor Tallahassee, de um alcance de 910 metros, em 21 de agosto de 1912. Embora o mastro tenha sido derrubado por nove tiros, foi considerado que ele resistiu ao fogo extremamente bem.

San Marcos foi usado para a prática de artilharia durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, embora geralmente como um suporte para o alvo verdadeiro. Com dois a seis pés abaixo da linha d'água e marcado por uma bóia danificada pelo tempo, ele foi responsável pelo naufrágio do cargueiro Lexington, em 1940, após uma colisão. Toneladas de explosivos foram usados para demolir sua parte superior e afundar seu casco na lama; em janeiro de 1959, eles tiveram sucesso, com os destroços remanecentes permanecendo lá até hoje.

Referências

Bibliografia

Jornais e livros

Sites e outras fontes online

Ligações externas

Navios de 1892
Navios construídos na Virgínia
Couraçados dos Estados Unidos
Navios afundados como alvos

USS Texas (1892)


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 22. lipnja: Marko Šarić, akademik HAZU, specijalist medicine rada († )

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Medicina u 1924.


Haematoxylum campechianum (blackwood, bloodwood tree, bluewood, campeachy tree, campeachy wood, campeche logwood, campeche wood, Jamaica wood, logwood or logwood tree) is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae, that is native to southern Mexico,where it is known as Árbol de campeche, and introduced to the Caribbean, northern Central America, and other localities around the world. The tree was of great economic importance from the 17th century to the 19th century, when it was commonly logged and exported to Europe for use in dyeing fabrics. The modern nation of Belize developed from 17th- and 18th-century logging camps established by the English. The tree's scientific name means "bloodwood" (haima being Greek for blood and xylon for wood).

Uses

Haematoxylum campechianum was used for a long time as a natural source of dye. The woodchips are still used as an important source of haematoxylin, which is used in histology for staining.
The bark and leaves are also used in various medical applications. In its time, it was considered a versatile dye, and was widely used on textiles and also for paper.

The extract was once used as a pH indicator. Brownish when neutral, it becomes yellow reddish under acidic conditions and purple when alkaline. In a small demonstrative experiment, if two drops, one of concentrated ammonia and one of logwood extract, are placed close enough, the NH3 vapours will change the color of the extract to a purple shade.

Logwood and pirates
Logwood also played an important role in the lives of 17th-century buccaneers and into the Golden Age of Piracy. Spain claimed all of Central and South America as its sovereign territory through the 17th and 18th centuries; despite this, English, Dutch, and French sailors recognized the value of logwood and set up camps to cut and collect the trees for shipment back to Europe. Spain periodically sent privateers to capture the logwood cutters – for example, Juan Corso's 1680 cruise – sometimes in retaliation for buccaneer raids on Spanish cities. Logwood cutters, now out of work, frequently joined onto pirate and buccaneer crews to raid the Spanish in return, as Edmund Cooke did after losing two logwood-hauling ships to the Spanish. When Spanish forces ejected a great many logwood cutters in 1715, they flocked to Nassau and swelled the already-considerable numbers of pirates gathering there. By the mid-1720s logwood cutters had themselves become targets of pirates such as Francis Spriggs, Edward Low, and George Lowther; pirate captains Samuel Bellamy and Blackbeard went further, turning captured logwood-hauling sloops into pirate vessels.
Logwood cutting was profitable – "According to a government report, in the four years 1713 to 1716, some 4,965 tons of logwood were exported to England at not less than £60,000 per annum" – but only brought in a fraction of the profits from tobacco and other legal exports, and "was always a minor industry carried on by a few hundred ex-seamen and pirates in a remote corner of the globe".

Gallery

References

Caesalpinieae
Medicinal plants of Central America
Plant dyes
Crops originating from Mexico
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Haematoxylum campechianum


Ahmet Ibukić-Ami (Bihać, 1957.) bosanskohercegovački je akademski slikar. Član je ULUBiH-a od 1987. godine. Završio je Školu primijenjenih umjetnosti i Akademiju likovnih umjetnosti i slikarstva u Sarajevu u klasi profesora Milivoja Unkovića.

Živi u Bihaću gdje je zaposlen u Regionalnom muzeju Pounja i angažiran na Pedagoškom fakultetu u Bihaću kao profesor likovne kulture s metodikom pri Sveučilištu u Bihaću (Univerzitet u Bihaću).

Izlagao je na više samostalnih i grupnih izložbi u zemlji i inozemstvu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Ibukić biografija.
 Centar duga katalog pdf
 web.archive.org/web

Bosanskohercegovački slikari

Ahmet Ibukić


Rukometna reprezentacija Zelenortske Republike predstavlja Demokratsku Republiku Kongo u rukometu. Trenutni trener reprezentacije je Francis Tuzolana.

Rezultati

Svjetska prvenstva
 Egipat 2021. – 28. mjesto

Afrička prvenstva

Trenutna momčad
Ovo je objavljeni popis igrača za Svjetsko prvenstvo u Egiptu 2021.

Izvori

Demokratska Republika Kongo
Šport u Demokratskoj Republici Kongo

Rukometna reprezentacija Demokratske Republike Kongo


Šumska žutilovka (uskolisna žutilovka, žutica šumska, žutica srpasta, lat. Genista sylvestris), ljekovita biljka iz roda žutilovki, porodica mahunarki. Višegodišnji je grm u području Mediterana; Italija, Grčka, Hrvatska, Albanija

Podvrste
 Genista sylvestris subsp. dalmatica (Bartl.)H.Lindb.
 Genista sylvestris subsp. sylvestris

Izvori

Genisteae
Flora Albanije
Flora Slovenije
Flora Italije
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Bosne i Hercegovine

Šumska žutilovka


Sidhpur es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Patan, estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 134  a 95 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 55 232 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Sidhpur


Hans Axel Valdemar Corell (born July 7, 1939) is a Swedish lawyer and diplomat. Between March 1994 and March 2004 he was Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and the Legal Counsel of the United Nations. In this capacity, he was head of the Office of Legal Affairs in the United Nations Secretariat.

Before joining the United Nations in 1994, Corell was an Ambassador and Under-Secretary for Legal and Consular Affairs in the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Hans Corell graduated with a Master of Laws at Uppsala University. He currently sits on the advisory board of The International Center for Ethics, Justice and Public Life at Brandeis University and on the boards of the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association and the International Science Programme. He was chairman of the board of trustees of the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Lund University from 2006 to 2012.

The Crimes Against Humanity Initiative
Corell is on the Steering Committee of The Crimes Against Humanity Initiative, launched in 2008 by the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute to study the need for a comprehensive convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, analyze the necessary elements of such a convention, and draft a proposed treaty. The proposed treaty is now being debated before the UN International Law Commission.

World Justice Project

Hans Corell serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

Lectures
The Role of a Legal Adviser of an International Organization in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

See also
 United Nations Secretary-General
 Hans Blix

References

External links
Hans Corell's Homepage.
Biography at United Nations.
Information from the Legal Counsel.
Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law.
Brandeis institute for international judges.
Secretary-General Kofi Annan's Prayer for Peace.

1939 births
Living people
Swedish diplomats
Uppsala University alumni

Hans Corell


Nadine Gordimer (20 Kasım 1923-14 Temmuz 2014), Johannesburg doğumlu, Güney Afrikalı yazardır. 1974'te Man Booker Ödülü'nü ve 1991'de Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü kazanmıştır. Apartheid karşısında durmuştur. Özgürlük ve insanlık vurgusu yapmıştır. Afrika Ulusal Kongresi'nin (ANC) üyesi olarak, çok sayıda makale, deneme ve söylev kaleme almış, ırk ayrımcılığına karşı tavır almıştır. 14 Temmuz 2014'te 90 yaşında hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Eserleri

Roman
 Çırılçıplak (1972)
 A World of Strangers (1958)
 Occasion for Loving (1963)
 The Late Bourgeois World (1966)
 A Guest of Honour (1970)
 The Conservationist (1974)
 Burger's Daughter (1979)
 July's People (1982)
 A Sport of Nature (1987)
 My Son's Story (1990)
 None to Accompany Me (1994)
 The House Gun (1998)
 Yaşama Durmak (2001)
 Get a Life (2005)

Kısa hikâye
 300 Spartalı(1949)
 Town and Country Lovers
 The Soft Voice of the Serpent (1952)
 yemiş ido (1956)
 Not for Publication (1965)
 Livingstone's Companions (1970)
 Selected Stories (1975)
 No Place Like: Selected Stories (1978)
 A Soldier's Embrace (1980)
 Something Out There (1984)
 Correspondence Course and other Stories (1984)
 The Moment Before the Gun Went Off (1988)
 Jump: And Other Stories (1991)
 Why Haven't You Written: Selected Stories 1950-1972 (1992)
 Something for the Time Being 1950-1972 (1992)
 Loot: And Other Stories (2003)

Deneme

 Asi Kral Botan Mayda (1973)
 Writing and Being (1995)

Diğer

 On the Mines (1973)
 Lifetimes Under Apartheid (1986)

Kaynakça

1923 doğumlular
Güney Afrikalı yazarlar
Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahipleri
2014 yılında ölenler
Güney Afrikalı Nobel Ödülü sahipleri
Nobel Ödülü sahibi kadınlar
Royal Society of Literature üyeleri

Nadine Gordimer


Krejlerkongen er et tv-program på TV2 Fri, hvor deltagerne skal gætte værdien på forskellige genstande, heriblandt antikviteter, samleobjekter og brugskunst.

Programmet havde premiere den 3. august 2015. Programmets vært er Lasse Rimmer.

Referencer

Tv-programmer fra TV 2 Danmark

Krejlerkongen


Južni Sudan:
 Bahr el Ghazal (rijeka), pritok Nila
 Bahr el Ghazal (regija), jedna od 3 regije Južnog Sudana

Bahr el Ghazal


Niue (Niuece: Niuē), Polinezya ada öbeği içerisinde, Büyük Okyanus'un güneyinde yer alan, kendi kendine yöneten, bağımsız bir ülke olan ancak Yeni Zelanda ile ilişkili devlet statüsünde olan Okyanusya ada ülkesi. Niue'nin başkenti Alofi'dir.

Ülke ismi
Adayı ilk Avrupalı olarak keşfeden James Cook, adaya ilk olarak Vahşi Ada anlamına gelen Savage Island ismini vermiştir. Burada aktarılanlara göre Cook'un bu ismi vermesinde, adayı keşfettikten sonra, üç kez adaya çıkmayı denemesine rağmen adaya ayak basmasına izin vermeyen yerlilerin üzerinde kan benzeri boyaların olması önemli bir etken olmuştur. Savage Adası ismi uzun süre kullanılsa da, Avrupalılar da zaman içerisinde yerlilerin kullandığı isim olan Niue ismini kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Niue ismindeki Niu muhtemelen "hindistan cevizi" anlamına, é eki de "işte/gör" anlamına gelir ve Niue işte hindistan cevizi, hindistan cevizlerine/hindistan cevilerini bak/gör anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Aktarılanlara göre, adaya ilk yerleşen Polinezya kâşifleri, suda yüzen bir hindistan cevizi gördüklerinde karaya yaklaştıklarını anlayabiliyorlardı.

Coğrafya
Niue yaklaşık 21 km uzunluğunda ve 18 km genişliğine sahip olan sönmüş bir volkanın uç kısmıdır. Niue adası sahip olduğu 261,46 km² alan ile yükselmiş bir mercan adasıdır. Adanın iç kısımları genelde düzdür ve denizseviyesinden 68 m yüksekliktedir. Niue, yüzey kenarlarında 30 m'ye kadar yükselen kireçtaşı resifine sahiptir. Adanın sahip olduğu yüzölçümünün %80'i tarımsal faaliyetlere uygundur, adanın kalan kısmı ise çoğunlukla tropikal ormanlar ile kaplıdır. Kıyı kesimleri çok engebeli olup birçok mağara ve kanyon bulunmaktadır. Adanın Münhasır ekonomik bölge toplamı 320.000 km²'dir. Niue, münhasır ekonomik bölgesi sınırlarını Cook Adaları ve Amerikan Samoası ile karşılıklı anlaşmalar ile belirlemiş olup, Tonga ile bu yönde görüşmelerini sürdürmektedir. Ada ülkesinin münhasır ekonomik bölgesi içerisinde hiçbir karasal alanı bulunmayan üç adet mercan resifi de bulunmaktadır. Bunlar 240 km güneydoğusunda yer alan ve normal şartlarda batık bir resif olan Beveridge resifi, 180 km kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Antiope resifi ve 294 km güneydoğusunda yer alan Haran resifidir.

İklim
Niue'de ortalama sıcaklık 26 °C, ortalama yağış miktarı ise 2000 mm'dir. Yağmur suyu gözenekli mercan kireçtaşına hızla sızdığından, yüzey suları oluşmamaktadır. Ada genelinde su ihtiyacını karşılamak adına sarnıçlar yapılmıştır. Adada tropikal siklon görülebilmektedir. 1959, 1960, 1970, 1989, 1990 ve son olarak 2004 yıllarında adada tropikal siklonlar etkili olmuştur. Siklonların etkili olmasıyla oluşan yüksek dalgalar, adanın dik sahilleri nedeniyle karaya neredeyse hiç zarar vermemektedir ve ulaşmamaktadır ancak bu durumdan mercan taşları zarar görebilmektedir. Adada son olarak 6 Ocak 2004 yılında etkili olan Heta siklonu sonucu iki kişi hayatını kaybetmiş, 200 kişi de evsiz kalmıştır.

Bitki örtüsü ve yaban hayatı

Niue kıyılarında yaşayan ve dönem dönem karaya da çıkan ve sadece Niue'de gözlemlenebilen Katuali deniz yılanı, adanın endemik hayvan türüdür. Karasal münzevi yengeç türleri olan palmiye yengeci ve Coenobitidae, adada gözlemlenebilecek diğer hayvan türleridir. Adanın bir diğer endemik türü de gossamer kanatlı kelebekler üst familyasına mensup, maviler ailesine ait olan Nacaduba niueensis kelebeğidir. Adanın açıklarında kambur balina gözlemlenebilmekte olup, Niue bu tür balinalar ile birkaç ay dahi olsa birlikte yüzmenin yasal olduğu nadir noktalardan biri konumundadır.

Tarihçe

Adanın ilk olarak 10. yüzyılda Samoa'dan gelen Polinezyalı kayıkçılar tarafından keşfedilerek yerleşime açıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Samoalıların ardından 16. yüzyılda da Tonga'dan gelen yerleşimcilerde adanın diğer yerleşimci gruplarını oluşturmuştur. Bu yerleşimlerin ardından ada diğer komşu adalar ile irtibatını azaltmış ve kendi kendine bir gelişim göstermiştir. Bu kendini soyutlama adımı sonrasında adanın, bölgenin diğer ada topluluklarına göre farklı dil ve kültür yapısı gelişmiştir. 1774 yılında James Cook adayı Avrupa adına keşfettikten sonra adaya Vahşi Ada adını vermiştir. Bu ismi vermesinde adaya üç kere çıkmaya çalışmasına rağmen yerlilerin buna izin vermemesi olarak ifade edilmiştir.

1846 yılında adaya gelen Britanyalı misyonerler adada bulunan yerli halkı hristiyan dinine mensup yapmışlardır.

Ada ilk olarak 20 Nisan 1900 tarihinde Britanya protektorası, 20 Ekim 1900 tarihinde de Britanya Batı Pasifik Bölgeleri'nin parçası oldu. Niue, 11 Haziran 1901 tarihinde Cook Adaları'nın bir parçası olarak Yeni Zelanda tarafından ilhak edildi.

23 Kasım 1903 tarihinden Niue adasının yönetimi Cook Adaları yönetiminden ayrılarak, yeni bir yönetim yapısı oluşturulmuştur. 1 Nisan 1916 tarihinde Niue yönetim biçimi tanımlanmış ve adaların idaresi Cook Adaları'ndan sorumlu olan bakana bağlanmıştır. 1932 yılında adalardan sorumlu bakanlık değiştirilerek, Niue, Dışişleri Bakanlığı'na bağlanmıştır.

19 Ekim 1974 tarihinde ada bağımsızlığını elde etse de Yeni Zelanda ile ilişkili devlet statüsünü elde etmiştir.

İdarî yapılanma

İdarî olarak ada belediye görevi gören 14 köye ayrılmış durumdadır. Başkent bölgesi kuzey ve güney olarak iki bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Her köyün kendi köy konseyi ve bu konseylerin başkanları bulunmaktadır. Bu köy bölgeleri aynı zamanda seçim bölgelerine de karşılık gelmektedir. Her köy konseyinden bir üye Niue meclisine üye (temsilci) göndermektedir.

Nüfus
Niue'de yaşayanlar Yeni Zelanda yasalarına göre Yeni Zelanda vatandaşı kabul edilmektedir. Niue'de son olarak 2017 yılında yapılan resmî sayım sonuçlarına göre 1784 nüfus tespit edilmiştir. Bu güncel olarak son resmî sayım sonucu olup, 2019 tahmini sayım sonuçlarına göre adada 2000 kişi yaşamaktadır.

Nüfusun büyük çoğunluğu Yeni Zelanda'da yaşamaktadır. Yeni Zelanda'ya yaşanan bu göçün de etkisiyle, Niue nüfusu 1966 yılına göre yarı yarıya düşmüştür. Yeni Zelanda'da yapılan son sayımlarda ülkede yaşayan 30867 kişi etnik kökenini Niueli olarak ifade etmiştir. Aynı şekilde 2016 yılında Avustralya'da yapılan sayımlarda 4958 kişi etnik kökenini Niue olduğunu ifade etmiştir.

Ülkede nüfusun yıllık artış oranı, göçlerin de etkisiyle 2020 tahmini verilerine göre -%0,03 düzeyindedir.

Etnik gruplar
Ada nüfusunun %66,5'i Niue etnik kökeni mensubudur. Ada nüfusun %13,4'ü kısmen Niueli olup, %21 diğer etnik gruplara mensuptur. 2011 tahmini verilerine göre söz konusu %21 diğer etnik grubun %12'si Avrupa ve Asya kökenli, %8'i ise diğer Okyanusya ada ülke kökenlidir.

Din
Ülkenin %67 ile üçte iki gibi büyük çoğunluğu Londra Misyoner Derneği misyonerleri tarafından kurulan Protestan Kilisesi dini olan Ekalesia Niue dinine mensuptur. Bunun dışında %3 diğer protestanlar, %10 mormon, %10 katolik, %2 Yehovanın Şahitleri ve %6 diğer dinlere mensuptur.

Dil
Ada ülkesinin iki resmî dili İngilizce ve Niuece'dir. Polinezya dilleri ailesinin bir üyesi olan Niuece, Tongaca ve Samoaca ile yakındır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Niue


Alba Fehérvár KC er en ungarsk håndboldklub, hjemmehørende i Székesfehérvár hvor der er plads til 1.200 tilskuere. Klubbens sidste slutplacering i den ungarske liga var en 10.-plads i sæsonen 2020-21.

Reusltater

Nationale resultater
Magyar Kupa
 Finalist (1): 2005–06

Europæiske resultater
EHF Cup
 Vinder: 2005
Semifinalist: 2002, 2014

Spillertruppen 2022-23

Målvogtere
 12  Molli Kubina
 16  Nikolett Tóth
 91  Tea Pijević
LW
 17  Viktória Takó
 13  Bea Bojtos
RW
 97  Szonja Szemes
 11  Bruna Zrnić
Stregspillere
 7  Nikolett Dubán
 99  Emőke Varga

LB
 22  Kincső Gerháth
 23  Bianka Boldizsár
 24  Borbála Besszer
 14  Linda Utasi
 8  Katarina Stošić
 9  Laura Tolnai
 37  Réka Sulyok
CB
 19  Tamara Smbatian
 25  Mana Ohyama
RB
 4  Sára Afentáler

Kendte spillere
  Beatrix Balogh
  Rita Deli
  Anita Kulcsár
  Beáta Siti
  Borbála Tóth Harsányi
  Laima Bernatavičiūtė

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Official website

Håndboldklubber fra Ungarn
Etableret i 1968

Alba Fehérvár KC


Sinas ist ein kleiner, schüsselförmiger Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Mare Tranquillitatis, südlich des Kraters Cajal und westlich von Cauchy.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem österreichischen Philanthropen und Astronomen Simon von Sina offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Sinas auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Sinas (Mondkrater)


John Birt, Baron Birt (born 10 December 1944) is a British television executive and businessman. He is a former Director-General (1992–2000) of the BBC.

After a successful career in commercial television, initially at Granada Television and later at London Weekend Television, Birt was appointed Deputy Director-General of the BBC in 1987 for his expertise in current affairs. The forced departure of Director-General Alasdair Milne after pressure from the Thatcher government required someone near the top, preferably from outside the BBC, with editorial and production experience (Milne had been summarily replaced by Michael Checkland, an accountant).

During his tenure as Director-General, Birt restructured the BBC, in the face of much internal opposition. However, others have credited him with saving the corporation from possible government privatisation, and say he prepared for the era of digital broadcasting. After leaving the BBC, Birt was Strategic Advisor to Prime Minister Tony Blair from 2001 to 2005.
He was appointed Chairman of CPA Global in 2015.

Early life and commercial television career
Birt was born in Liverpool to a Catholic father, a manager at the Firestone tyre company, and a Protestant mother. He was raised as a Catholic, and educated at the direct-grant grammar school St. Mary's College, Crosby, near Liverpool and read engineering at St Catherine's College, Oxford, graduating from Oxford University with a third-class degree in engineering.

From 1966 to 1971, Birt worked for Granada Television, where he devised and produced the magazine programme Nice Time before joining Granada's World in Action current affairs series. Birt persuaded Mick Jagger, who had just spent three nights in Brixton prison for possession of drugs, to participate in a 1967 edition of World in Action in which Jagger conversed with the editor of The Times (William Rees-Mogg) and the Bishop of Woolwich (John A. T. Robinson), among others. It was hailed as a "dialogue between generations." With Gus Macdonald, Birt became joint editor of World in Action in 1969.

Birt moved from Granada to London Weekend Television in 1971. At LWT he was the founding editor and executive producer of the current affairs programme Weekend World. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. With Weekend World presenter Peter Jay, Birt contributed a series of three articles to The Times on the topic of television journalism. They argued that most television news and current affairs contained a "bias against understanding": pictures had taken precedence over analysis. Instead they advocated "a mission to explain". Makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with a camera crew. Such an argument, was not universally accepted. Years later, in 2006, Alasdair Milne, the former BBC Director-General, said he thought Birt's "bias against understanding" argument was nonsense.

In the mid-1970s, he took a break from LWT to produce David Frost's The Nixon Interviews with the disgraced former US President Richard Nixon. In the 1977 interviews, watched by 45 million people, Nixon admitted his part in the scandal which had led to his resignation.

Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer Cilla Black, who in due course became the highest-paid female performer on UK television. Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, Michael Grade, although this would later sour when both were working at the BBC.

BBC career
Birt's success at LWT prompted the BBC's governors to appoint him Deputy Director-General in 1987 under Michael Checkland. Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs at this time.

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused controversy when it was revealed he was employed on a freelance consultancy basis. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his shares in LWT, losing out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds when it was bought by Granada in 1994. The Sunday Times later revealed that Birt had been a member of the Labour Party at the time of his appointment, a concern to Conservatives who had already expressed concerns about alleged left-wing bias at the organisation.

As Director-General, Birt was tasked with securing the BBC's future at a time of rapid technical, cultural and economic changes in world broadcasting. In seven years, Birt restructured and modernised the corporation which he wanted to make "the best managed public sector organisation". Birt imposed a policy of radical change to deliver efficiency savings. In April 1993 he introduced Producer Choice, giving programme makers the power to buy services from outside the BBC. This theoretically reduced the cost to licence-payers of the BBC's historic resource base. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle, allegedly as a result of Birt's "creative accounting" methods.

Above all, Birt is credited with preparing the organisation for the new landscape shaped by digitalisation – preparations that were "far in advance of the BBC's terrestrial rivals", according to the academic Georgina Born. At the 1996 Edinburgh Television Festival, Birt said that without the resources to prepare for the digital age, the BBC would be "history". Birt asserted that the changes made the BBC more agile, more competitive and allowed it to expand beyond its traditional broadcasting services, but remaining licence-fee funded. He was one of the driving forces behind the launch of continuous news output and he took much money from traditional services to fund the 24-hour news channel and advance on the internet. However, such ventures were criticised by many as being clearly detrimental to BBC core programming.

Birt has argued that without his changes, the BBC's operating charter might not have been renewed in the 1990s. Birt's advocates include the journalists John Lloyd, John Simpson and Polly Toynbee. Birt's use of impenetrable jargon became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon mocked in the satirical magazine Private Eye, complete with a miniature Dalek caricature of Birt. The comparison originated from playwright Dennis Potter, who labeled Birt a "croak-voiced Dalek" in his MacTaggart Lecture delivered in August 1993 at the Edinburgh International Television Festival. The BBC's post-production department made a Christmas tape casting Birt as Davros, the head of the Daleks, which was alluded to many years later on a BBC DVD commentary for Genesis of the Daleks by former director David Maloney. Journalist Mark Lawson wrote at the time that Potter's "tendency towards unfocused vitriol and noisy self-examination made his contribution easily swattable by the BBC's damage controllers". Birt himself did not agree with his critics' portrait of the BBC of the time, but did allow that drama was a source of concern. "The originality is not there as it was in the Sixties", he said.

One of Birt's predecessors, Alasdair Milne, said Birt did little good for the BBC apart from establishing its internet service and criticised him for paying consultants large fees for the corporation's restructuring. Many others opposed Birt, his methods and his reforms, including the journalists John Tusa, Mark Tully and Charles Wheeler, and news correspondent Kate Adie. Radio broadcaster John Dunn believed morale was bad under Birt, while David Attenborough commented that producers spend too much time worrying about money as a result of Birt's reforms.

Birt's arrival at the BBC hastened the departure of executive Bill Cotton, who described his tenure as a "nightmare" for the BBC. Marmaduke Hussey, who appointed Birt to his BBC role, later claimed to have regrets. Some of Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors Greg Dyke and Mark Thompson. However, producer Tony Garnett claimed in 2009 that Birt's legacy of "totalitarian micro management" has existed at the BBC ever since.

In 1998, Birt imposed a ban on BBC output mentioning the private life of Peter Mandelson. This order followed an edition of Newsnight, during which Matthew Parris had said that Mandelson was homosexual. Peter Ainsworth, the Conservative shadow Culture Secretary, questioned whether this was a generic ban on mentioning private issues or specific to Mandelson.

Birt was succeeded as Director-General by Greg Dyke who also had ties to the Labour Party.

Post-BBC career

Advisor to Tony Blair
Birt was brought into Number 10 to lead the development of long-term strategy for the government on key areas of public policy. Tony Blair asked him to produce a report on solutions to crime, and he served as advisor on Criminal Justice from 2000 to 2001. The establishment of a Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) was an idea originally conceived by Birt.

Birt was made unpaid Strategy Adviser to Blair in 2001, appointed for what was termed "blue skies thinking" and claimed by Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott to be "worth every penny"; Blair wanted advice from outside the traditional Whitehall mindset – he had known Birt since the 1980s and approved of his analytical approach. Jeremy Heywood, Blair's principal private secretary, said: "He liked the way that John was willing to get right down into the data and understand the evidence, and come up with a real sense that you could do things in a totally different way." Birt supervised the development of long-term strategy on drugs, health, crime reduction, education, transport and London. His 2004 report on drug policy recommended making heroin use a criminal offence on par with possession.

However, Birt's recommendations made him unpopular with some ministers and Blair's decision to ask Birt for a "private" report on crime irritated Jack Straw and the Home Office. In 2002, he proposed a second network of motorways operated as tolls to counter the problems of traffic congestion.

Many saw Birt's role in government as controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he was not formally obliged to face questions from House of Commons select committees. In October 2002 it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy.

Blair asked Birt to help him define his main domestic policy priorities so he could develop precise plans for the period after the 2005 election. Birt had first proposed the idea of the "five-year plans" in 2003 and was now responsible for overseeing the Third Term Plan. This included the overall policy programme, machinery of government changes and the legislative timetable. A special project team to develop the third term was led by Birt and Turnbull and reported regularly to the prime minister. Birt's team produced detailed proposals with a precise grid on how to implement policy.

Concurrently, Birt served as an advisor at McKinsey & Company's Global Media Practice from 2000 to 2005. His relationship with government and McKinsey caused some controversy as McKinsey were increasingly working with UK government departments in a range of public service and defence areas. Birt remained at Number 10 as an unpaid adviser until December 2005, when he left to join private equity firm Terra Firma Capital Partners as an adviser.

The Financial Times reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at No 10 Downing Street had fallen in. However, Birt was not injured.

Later business career
From 2006 to 2010, he was an adviser for consulting firm Capgemini on strategic issues, with a focus on the public sector and its Telecom, Media and Entertainment practice. Birt served as chairman of Lynx New Media (subsequently Lynx Capital Ventures) from 2000 to 2004. He was chairman of Waste Recycling Group and subsequently non-executive director of Infinis, a generator of renewable power. He also served chairman of Maltby Capital from 2007 to 2010.

Birt was chairman of PayPal Europe between 2010 and 2014, having joined the board in 2004. He later served periods as chairman of Host Europe Group (2013-2017) and CPA Global (2015-2017).

He is currently Vice-Chairman of Eutelsat, having joined the board as an independent director in 2006.

Honours and awards
Birt received an Emmy in 1995, for his "outstanding contribution" to international television.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and on 11 February 2000 he was created a life peer as Baron Birt, of Liverpool in the County of Merseyside. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a crossbencher.

Crossbencher in the House of Lords
Birt is an active cross-bencher in the House of Lords, speaking out in 2011 and 2012 in favour of government's proposed Health and Social Care Bill. Birt's special interests include the Media/ Broadcasting/ Communications Industry, Climate Change/ Environment, Criminal Justice and Education

In 2013 Birt voiced his opinion to the House of Lords on the Gay Marriage bill stating "this bill goes the whole hog and rightly allows gay couples, if they wish, to make the powerful statements of love and commitment that marriage proclaims. If gay couples want that option, they should have it."

In 2014 Birt showed his support for the assisted dying legislation, in the House of Lords debate, in which participants were evenly split. Before the 2014 Scottish referendum, Bird argued that Scottish independence would have a devastating impact on the BBC. In 2015, he led criticism of the decision for the BBC to start funding TV licences for over-75s, calling it a "deeply shocking announcement".

Later reflections on broadcasting career
Returning to his earlier career on 26 August 2005, Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the Edinburgh International Television Festival. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. He argued that Channel 4 should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its licence fee with Channel Four, so called "top slicing". He also mentioned that his long-standing feud with Michael Grade had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry.

Following Director-General George Entwistle's resignation in November 2012, James Purnell argued that the new Director-General "should learn from the Birt era" stating that it was Birt's "boldness" that saved the BBC. Instead of playing it safe and avoiding mistakes, he said, Birt transformed output and embraced the internet, and rebuilt relationships with government, business and the public. Media commentator Steve Hewlett, Birt's former colleague and friend, suggested in 2012 that it might be time for the BBC "to bring in Birt 2.0". Hewlett acknowledged that many of Birt's reforms were unpopular, but said that without them, "it is questionable whether the BBC would exist in anything like its present capable and competitive form, or indeed would have retained the huge affection of audiences".

Bibliography

See also
 Frost/Nixon – 2007 play by Peter Morgan featuring a portrayal of John Birt
 Frost/Nixon – 2008 film adaptation of the above in which Birt was played by Matthew Macfadyen
 The Crown (season 5) – 2022 television series in which Nicholas Gleaves plays Birt

Arms

References

External links
 John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005
 New Statesman interview with John Birt, 21 June 1996 by Ian Hargreaves
 Review of John Birt's The Harder Path by Peter Bazalgette in The Observer, 27 October 2002
 Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords

1944 births
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
BBC executives
Broadcast mass media people from Liverpool
Crossbench life peers
English television executives
Knights Bachelor
Living people
McKinsey & Company people
People educated at St Mary's College, Crosby
International Emmy Directorate Award
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Directors-General of the BBC

John Birt, Baron Birt


Die Route nationale 785, kurz N 785 oder RN 785, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 in zwei Teilstücken zwischen einer Kreuzung mit der Route nationale 12 südwestlich von Morlaix und dem Pointe de Penmarc'h verlief. Ihre Gesamtlänge betrug 101 Kilometer. Vor 1933 war der Abschnitt von der N12 bis zur N170 der Chemin de Grande Communication (Gc) 71 des Départements Finistère und der Abschnitt von Quimper bis zum Pointe de Penmarc'h war der Gc 20 von Finistère.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française auf WikiSara, eine Auflistung aller Nationalstraßen (französisch)

785
Straße in der Bretagne

Route nationale 785


Pakito el Arkets también conocido como Paco Arcos (Ibi, provincia de Alicante, España, 16 de diciembre de 1974) es un preparador físico y entrenador de fútbol español. Aunque es eminentemente preparador físico, en los últimos años también ha ejercido como primer entrenador. En 2009 se convirtió en el primer español en entrenar en el fútbol ruso. Sin embargo, este suceso le provocó una deuda de 100.000.000 de euros.

Trayectoria
En la temporada 2009 se hizo cargo del primer equipo del Luch Energiya tras la destitución de Leonid Nazarenko. Se convirtió así en el primer español en dirigir en el fútbol ruso. El equipo estaba hundido en el descenso y con Arcos consiguió más de 10 victorias consecutivas consiguiendo la salvación de manera solvente. En la siguiente temporada siguió entrenando al equipo de Vladivostok. En la temporada 2011, su tercera como primer entrenador, fue relevado en mayo al poco de comenzar la liga, tras una marcha irregular del equipo. Actualmente se encuentra sin equipo tras comenzar la temporada 2011/12 como preparador físico del Alicante Club de Fútbol y abandonar prematuramente con pocas jornadas disputadas. Es profesor de educación física en un instituto de la provincia de Alicante.

Clubes

Enlaces externos
 Entrevista de El País a Paco Arcos

Deportistas de la provincia de Alicante
Entrenadores de fútbol de la Comunidad Valenciana
Entrenadores del FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok
Entrenadores del Alicante Club de Fútbol
Nacidos en Ibi
Preparadores físicos

Francisco Arcos


Mette Knudsen (født 31. august 1962 i Aarhus) er en dansk diplomat, der har været Danmarks ambassadør i Kenya siden september 2015, hvor hun afleverede sit akkreditiv fra Margrethe II til Kenyas præsident Uhuru Kenyatta. Før dette havde hun været Danmarks ambassadør i Grækenland siden 2012.

Hun er uddannet cand.scient.pol. fra Aarhus Universitet i 1992 og blev fuldmægtig i Udenrigsministeriet 1. november 1992. Efterfølgende (1995-1998) arbejdede hun som sekretær ved ambassaderne i først Tanzania og siden i Zambia. Fra 2004 og tre år frem var hun Danmarks ambassadør i Etiopien. Efterfølgende var hun chef for Afrikakontoret i Udenrigsministeriet. I sin tid i Etiopien arbejde hun også som repræsentant ved den Afrikanske Union og den Den Vestafrikanske Samarbejdsorganisation, Ecowas. Derudover har hun arbejdet med FN's udviklingsprogrammer og -fonde og humanitær bistand og OECD-området.

Referencer

Ambassadører fra Danmark
Personer fra Aarhus

Mette Knudsen (diplomat)


Die Romanian International 2009 fanden in Timișoara vom 19. bis zum 22. März 2009 statt. Der Referee war Lajos Csanda aus Ungarn. Das Preisgeld betrug 5.000 US-Dollar, wodurch das Turnier in das BWF-Level 4B eingeordnet wurde. Es war die 11. Austragung dieser internationalen Meisterschaften von Rumänien im Badminton.

Austragungsort
 Complexul Sportiv Banu Sport, FC Ripensia Street 33

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 badminton.de

2009
Badminton 2009
Badmintonwettbewerb in Timișoara
BE Circuit 2008/09

Romanian International 2009


Sveti Liberan (još i sveti Liborije) (Galija, oko 320. - Le Mans, 397.), biskup i svetac.

Životopis
O njegovu se životu malo zna. Bio je biskup Le Mansa, a poznato je da je izgradio mnoge crkve. Prema predaji zaredio je 217 svećenika i 186 đakona. Bio je suvremenik i prijatelj svetog Martina koji mu je podijelio sakramente umirućih i vodio njegov sprovod. Pokopan je u bazilici u Le Mansu. Relikvije su prenesene u Paderborn. Sveti Liberan je postao zaštitnik toga grada, njegove katedrale i biskupije.

Štovanje
Prikazuje ga se kao biskupa (s mitrom i biskupskim štapom) s kamenčićima koji simboliziraju pomoć pri bubrežnim bolestima. Osim u rodnoj zemlji, sv. Liberan se štuje u Njemačkoj, Italiji, južnoj Hrvatskoj (posebno u neretvanskom kraju). Zazivaju ga kod vrućice, vodenih bolesti, kolika, mokraćnog pijeska, žučnih i bubrežnih kamenaca.

Izvori

Francuski sveci

Sveti Liberan


Uralii Meridionali sunt grupa sudică și cea mai largă a lanțului Munților Ural, între râul Ufa (lângă satul Ufalei) și râul Ural. Uralii Meridionali se mărginesc de la vest la est cu Câmpia Europei de Est, Câmpia Siberiei de Vest și cu stepele de lângă Marea Aral și Marea Caspică.

Cel mai înalt vârf este muntele Iamantau de 1640 m. Datorită lărgimii lor, dealurile de la poalele Uralilor Meridionali se întind în medie până la 250 km, lărgimea medie pe tot lanțul fiind între 40 și 150 km.

Relieful Uralilor Meridionali este mai complex decât în restul lanțului, cu numeroase văi și creste paralele îndreptate către sud-vest sau sud.  Grupa cuprinde și  separați de principalele creste prin . Uralii Meridionali se întind circa  până la cotul brusc către vest al râului Ural, și se termină cu .

Bibliografie

Lanțuri muntoase din Europa
Munți din Kazahstan
Munți din Rusia

Uralii Meridionali