الصوت هو قالب غنائي خليجي، ازدهر تحديدًا في الكويت والبحرين. في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، اشتهر عبد الله الفرج، وهو موسيقي وشاعر كويتي، بهذا الفن والذي تشير بعض المصادر بأنه هو واضع فن الصوت، مثل كتاب «الأغاني الكويتية» ليوسف دوخي؛ في حين تشير مصادر أخرى إلى أن تاريخ فن الصوت يسبق ظهور عبد الله الفرج، وأن له علاقة بغناء الصوت الذي كان سائدًا في العصر العباسي، كما أشار أحمد علي في كتاب «الموسيقى والغناء في الكويت». وأما مبارك العماري في كتابه «محمد بن فارس: أشهر من غنى الصوت في الخليج»، صفحة 244، فيشير إلى أن الصوت وصل إلى البحرين من الكويت في عام 1766م دون أن يحدد أصول ومصادر هذا الغناء وتاريخه بشكل واضح، وإن كان يميل إلى ربطه بغناء الدولة العباسية بشكل عام.

أداء فن الصوت
الصوت هو غناء رجالي، ويتم أداءه من قبل مطرب فردي بمصاحبة عدد من العازفين الفرديين مثل عازف الكمان والقانون. ويتم أداء الصوت على أوزان محدده تسمى صوت عربي؛ ست نبضات، وصوت شامي؛ أربع نبضات، وصوت خيالي؛ إثنى عشر نبضة، وقديماً كان يوجد الختام أو الختم؛ ثلاث نبضات، وقدم أداء هذه الأوزان على المرواس وهو طبل صغير يتم حمله بيد والضرب عليه باليد الأخرى، وذلك بإسلوب لا يشبه ما هو سائد في الضرب على الطبول العربية. ويشتمل غناء الصوت رقص خاص يسمى الزفان، ويشترط وجود اثنين من الراقصين، الأول يسمى «زافون» أو «زفّان» والآخر «ريس». كذلك يحتوى الصوت على نوع خاص من التصفيق يدعى الشربكة، بمعنى متشابك، ويؤديه عادة الحضور على أوزان الصوت العربي والشامي فقط. وأما الشعر المستخدم في الصوت فهو عادة ما يكون من الشعر العربي الفصيح الكلاسيكي، أو الشعر الحميني وهو شبيه بالموشح ولكن بأوزان خاصة بشعراء اليمن القدامى وبألفاظهم المحلية. تنتهي أغلب الأصوات العربية والشامية بقطعة تسمى توشيح أو توشيحة، وهي بداية نهاية الصوت، وقد تكون مغناه أو موسيقية فقط، وتحتوي التوشيحة أيضًا على تقاسيم مرتجلة والبعض يختمها بلحن محدد لإنهاء الصوت.

من مشاهير غناء الصوت في الخليج
اركي (ت. ؟؟), محمد بن سمحان (1960) عبد اللطيف الكويتي (1975), محمود الكويتي (1982), الأخوين داود (1976) وصالح عزرا الكويتي (1986), صالح بن عبد الرزاق الكويتي (1975), عبد الله فضاله (1967), سعود الراشد (1988), عوض دوخي (1979), حمد خليفة، إبراهيم الخشرم، مبارك الحجي، راشد الحملي، أحمد سالمين، سلمان العماري، صلاح حمد خليفة، صالح الجريد، يوسف الجدة.

البحرين: صقر بن علي (؟؟), عبد اللطيف بن فارس (1965), محمد بن فارس (1947), ضاحي بن اوليد (1941), إدريس خيري (.؟؟), محمد زويد (1982), محمد عيسى علاية (.ت 2004), عيسى بورقبة (1983), عبد العزيز بورقبة (؟؟), علي خالد (ت. ؟؟), يوسف فوني (ت. ؟؟) يوسف زويد، راشد زويد.

الخليج العربي: سالم راشد الصوري (سلطنة عمان), علي الهيدوس (قطر), سالم فرج (قطر), خيري إدريس (قطر), جابر جاسم (الإمارات المتحدة), عبد الله بوخوه (المملكة العربية السعودية), عدنان السادة (قطر).

من أشهر ضاربي المرواس (المروسه): عبود الصفار (كويتي - من القرن التاسع عشر), محمد البكر (كويتي - ت. 1953), ملا سعود المخايطة (كويتي – 1971), حمد بوطيبان (كويتي – 1933), عبد الهادي بوطيبان (كويتي – 1950؟), سرور اليوحة (بحريني), سعد بو سيول (بحريني – 1931؟), مبارك سعد (بحريني), جوهر النجدي (بحريني), صقر بن فارس (بحريني), بلال بن فرج (بحريني), ناصر الزايد (كويتي), شارع الرندي (كويتي), راشد السند (بحريني), هلال الذوادي (بحريني), سالم العبد الله (بحريني), سالم خيري (بحريني), محمد الحمد (كويتي), عبد الله سفاح (كويتي), نبيل الجسار (كويتي), عبد الله الدخيل (كويتي), علي عثمان (بحريني), فاضل مقامس (كويتي), البشير الماص «بوبشير» (كويتي), خلف المسعود (كويتي), محمد الساعي (قطري), خالد الجوهر (قطري), عبد الرحمن الخميري (كويتي), علي فضاله (كويتي).

مراجع

ثقافة عربية
موسيقى البوب
موسيقى الخليج العربي
موسيقى بحرينية
موسيقى كويتية
تراث شعبي سعودي

صوت (موسيقى)


Football Club de Grenoble est un nom de club sportif notamment porté par :
 Football Club de Grenoble rugby, club de rugby à XV en catégorie masculine ;
 Football Club de Grenoble rugby, club de rugby à XV en catégorie féminine ;
 Football Club de Grenoble, ancien nom du Grenoble Foot 38, club de football ;
 Football Club de Grenoble basket-ball, club de basket-ball ;
 Football Club de Grenoble, club omnisports.

Football Club de Grenoble


دروزهكيفكا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة فولغوغراد أوبلاست في .

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 62360 نسمة.

أعلام

 دميترو زابيرتشينكو
 ماكسيم لوتسينكو

معرض صور

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1781
تأسيسات سنة 1781 في روسيا
مدن مقاطعة دونيتسك
مدن ذات أهمية إقليمية في أوكرانيا
مدن وبلدات بنيت في حقبة الإمبراطورية الروسية
مدن وبلدات في أوكرانيا شيدت إبان الإمبراطورية الروسية
مواقع هولوكوست في أوكرانيا

دروجكيفكا (فولغوغراد)


Mormor og Bob er en film instrueret af Ditte Milsted.

Handling
Mormor og Bob forlod Afrika for 25 år siden, men Afrika forlod ikke dem. "Mormor og Bob" er en film om parret Bob og Grethe, der har rejst verden rundt og boet adskillige år i Afrika, men nu lever i den forholdsvis kedelige by Esbjerg, som de sjældent forlader. Filmen lukker os ind i Mormor og Bobs ejendommelige univers blandt dyreskind, afrikanske træfigurer og safarihatte. Et spøjst, morsomt og rørende indblik.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Mormor og Bob


2021 ජුනි 7 වන දින දකුණු පාකිස්තානයේ සින්ද් පළාතේ ගොට්කි දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ දහාර්කි අසල දුම්රිය දෙකක් එකිනෙක ගැටීමෙන් අවම වශයෙන් පුද්ගලයින් 50 දෙනෙකු මිය ගොස් 120 ක් පමණ තුවාල ලැබීය. සී express ්‍රගාමී දුම්රියක් ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ ධාවන පථයට පීලි පැන ඇති අතර දෙවන සී express ්‍රගාමී දුම්රිය පළමු ගුවන් යානයට කඩා වැටුණි. ව්‍යාජ හයක් හෝ අටක් පමණ "සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම විනාශ වී" ඇත.

පසුබිම
පාකිස්තානයේ දුම්රිය පද්ධතිය දශක ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ දිරාපත් වී ඇති ගැටළු වලින් පීඩා විඳිති. දූෂණය හා වැරදි කළමනාකරණය හේතුවෙන් පද්ධතිය නිරන්තරයෙන් අනතුරු දකින අතර ආයෝජන හිඟකම ගැටළු උග්‍ර කරයි. ආණ්ඩු ගණනාවක් පද්ධතිය පිරිසිදු කිරීමට පොරොන්දු වී ඇතත්, මේ දක්වා කිසිවෙකු එය කිරීමට සමත් වී නැත. අගමැති ඉම්රාන් ඛාන් ද දුම්රිය නවීකරණය කරන බවට පොරොන්දු වී ඇති නමුත්, 2018 දී අගමැති ධුරයට පත්වූ දා සිට මේ දක්වා අනතුරු සිදුවෙමින් පවතී.

මෙම පද්ධතිය මෑත වසරවලදී එතරම් නඩත්තු කර නොමැති අතර පාකිස්තාන දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ සභාපති හබීබර් රෙහ්මාන් ගිලානි ප්‍රකාශ කර ඇත්තේ අනතුර සිදු වූ ස්ථානය වටා ඇති ධාවන පථ පැරණි ඒවා බවත් ඒවා ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළ යුතු බවත්ය. හිටපු නිලධාරියෙකු ප්‍රකාශ කර ඇත්තේ සමහර දුම්රිය කොටස් තවමත් 1947 දී බෙදීමට පෙර තැබූ පීලි භාවිතා කරන බවයි.

මිල්ලට් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් යනු කරච්චි, සින්ද් සහ පන්ජාබ් හි මලක්වාල් අතර දිනපතා ධාවනය වන දුම්රියකි. එය මුලින් කරච්චි සිට පන්ජාබ්හි ෆයිසලාබාද් දක්වා දිව ගිය නමුත් පසුව එය මලක්වාල් දක්වාත් පසුව පන්ජාබ්හි ලලමූසා දක්වාත් ව්‍යාප්ත විය.

පීලි පැනීම
2021 ජුනි 7 වන දින උදාවීමට පෙර කරච්චි නුවරින් ආරම්භ වූ මිල්ලට් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් දකුණු පාකිස්තානයේ සින්ද් පළාතේ ගොට්කි දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ දහාර්කි දුම්රිය ස්ථානයෙන් පිටත් වූයේ 03:28 ට PKT (22:28 UTC, 6 ජූනි) පන්ජාබ් පළාතේ සර්ගොඩ. මිනිත්තු දහයකට පසුව, 03:38 ට, ඩහාර්කි සහ රෙටි දුම්රිය ස්ථාන අතර ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ ධාවන පථයට දුම්රිය පීලි පැන ඇති අතර, එහි මගීන්ගෙන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් නිදාගෙන සිටියහ. විනාඩියකට පමණ පසු ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ දිශාවට ගමන් කරමින් සිටියදී රාවල්පින්ඩි කරච්චි බලා පිටත් වූ ශ්‍රීමත් සයිඩ් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් දුම්රිය පීලි පැන ඇති දුම්රියේ ගැටී ඇත.

සර් සයිඩ් එක්ස්ප්‍රස්හි රියදුරු කියා සිටියේ පීලි පැන ඇති මිල්ලට් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් ධාවන පථය දුටු විට දුම්රිය සාමාන්‍ය වේගයෙන් ගමන් කරන බවයි. ඔහු තිරිංග යෙදූ නමුත් නියමිත වේලාවට දුම්රිය නතර කිරීමට නොහැකි විය. පාකිස්තාන දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රකාශකයෙකු සඳහන් කළේ පීලි පැන ඇති දුම්රිය අනතුරට පත්වීම වළක්වා ගැනීමට ශ්‍රීමත් සයිඩ් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් වෙත ප්‍රමාණවත් කාලයක් නොමැති බවයි. මෙම දුම්රිය දෙකෙහි දළ වශයෙන් පුද්ගලයින් 1,400 ක් සිට ඇත.

ගොට්කි නියෝජ්‍ය කොමසාරිස් උස්මාන් අබ්දුල්ලා ප්‍රකාශ කළේ අනතුර හේතුවෙන් ව්‍යාජ 13 ක් හෝ 14 ක් පීලි පැන ඇති බවත්, ඉන් 6 සිට 8 දක්වා ප්‍රමාණයක් මුළුමනින්ම විනාශ වී ඇති බවත්ය.

ජීවිත හානි
මෙම ගැටුමෙන් අවම වශයෙන් පුද්ගලයින් 50 දෙනෙකු මිය ගොස් තවත් 120 ක් පමණ තුවාල ලැබූහ. තුවාල ලැබූවන් අතර දුම්රිය සේවකයින් හතර දෙනෙකු ද විය. ගොට්කි දිස්ත්‍රික් පොලිසියේ ප්‍රධානී උමාර් ටුෆේල් ප්‍රකාශ කළේ සුන්බුන් අතර පුද්ගලයින් 25 දෙනෙකු පමණ සිරවී සිටින බවයි.

ප්‍රතිචාර
දිවි ගලවා ගත් අයට උපකාර කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රදේශවාසීන් රාත්‍රියේදී වේගයෙන් එම ස්ථානයට පැමිණියද අන්ධකාරය ඔවුන්ගේ උත්සාහයට බාධාවක් විය. දිවා එළිය වැටෙත්ම බලධාරීන් තවමත් බර යන්ත්‍රෝපකරණ එම ස්ථානයට ගෙන ඒමට උත්සාහ කරමින් සිටියහ. සර් සයිඩ් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් හි රියදුරු අනතුරෙන් පැය දෙකකට පසු ප්‍රදේශවාසීන් විසින් බේරාගෙන තිබේ.

පාකිස්තාන හමුදාව සහ පැරාමිලිටරි පාකිස්තාන රේන්ජර්ස්, හමුදා වෛද්‍යවරුන්, පරිපූරක වෛද්‍යවරුන් සහ ගිලන්රථ ඇතුළු ගලවා ගැනීමේ ප්‍රයත්නයන් සඳහා සහභාගී විය. මෙම මෙහෙයුමට සහාය වීම සඳහා විශේෂ urban නාගරික සෙවුම් සහ ගලවා ගැනීමේ කණ්ඩායමක් රාවල්පින්ඩි සිට ගුවන් ගත කරන ලදී. වින්දිතයින් ඉවත් කිරීම සඳහා මුල්තාන් සිට හෙලිකොප්ටර් දෙකක් පියාසර කරන ලදී. 44 ° C තරම් ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වයක් වාර්තා වීමත් සමඟ දහවල් තාපය ගලවා ගැනීමේ කටයුතුවලට ද බාධා ඇති විය.

හදිසි අනතුරු ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ දහාර්කි, ගොට්කි, මිර්පූර් මැතිලෝ සහ උබාරෝ යන රෝහල් වෙත තුවාලකරුවන් ප්‍රවාහනය කරන ලදී. බරපතල තුවාල ලැබූවන් පැනෝ අකිල් වෙත ගුවන් ගත කරන ලදී.

ඉක්බිතිව
අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ඉම්රාන් ඛාන් ප්‍රකාශ කළේ "බිහිසුණු දුම්රිය අනතුරෙන් තමා කම්පනයට පත්වූ" බවයි. ෆෙඩරල් දුම්රිය අමාත්‍ය අසාම් ඛාන් ස්වාති ප්‍රකාශ කළේ ගැටුම සිදුවූයේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා "ඉහළ මට්ටමේ පරීක්ෂණයක්" සඳහා නියෝග කර ඇති අතර අනතුර සිදුවූයේ කඩාකප්පල්කාරී ක්‍රියාවක්ද නැතිනම් ධාවන පථයේ ගුණාත්මක භාවයද යන්න පැහැදිලි නැත.

යොමුව
 https://www.dawn.com/news/1627997
 https://www.geo.tv/latest/353858-train-crash-kills-over-30-injures-at-least-50-in-sindhs-ghotki
 https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pakistan-train-accident-death-toll-sir-syed-express-millat-express-ghotki-sindh-reti-daharki-railway-stations-709778
 https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/world/asia/pakistan-train-collision.html
 https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-business-486edbda33937a38f8db1c171617fea6

2021 ගොට්කි දුම්රිය අනතුර


In Extremo, 1995 yılında kurulan Alman bir folk metal grubudur. Seslerdeki farklılığı ise parçalarda sıkça kullandıkları gayda ile sağlamaktadırlar. Melodiler hafif İskoç melodilerini andırsa da hem yapısal olarak mükemmel hem de enstrümantasyonla bir bütünlük içerisindedir. Kendi bestelerinin yanı sıra Orta Çağ melodilerini Almanca, İsveççe, Norveççe, Galce, Latince, İspanyolca, İbranice ve diğer pek çok dilde yorumlamaktadırlar. Rock Am Ring ve Wacken Open Air gibi önemli festivallerde sahne almış grup, 4-5 Eylül 2015 tarihlerinde Loreley'de 20 Wahre Jahre adıyla düzenledikleri iki günlük festivalle müzikteki 20. yıllarını kutlamışlardır.

Grup üyeleri

 Das letzte Einhorn (Michael Rhein) - vokalist
 Dr. Pymonte (Andre Strugalla) - gayda, harp
 Flex der Biegsame (Marco Ernst-Felix Zorzytzky) - gayda
 Yellow Pfeiffer (Boris Pfeiffer) - gayda
 Der Lange (Sebastian Lange) - gitar
 Der Morgenstern (Reiner Morgenroth) - bateri
 Die Lutter (Kay Lutter) - bas gitar

Albümleri

 In Extremo Gold - 1997
 Hameln - 1998
 Weckt die Toten - 1998
 Die Verrueckten sind in der Stadt (canlı) - 1998
 Verehrt und Angespien - 1999
 Suender ohne Zuegel - 2001
 In Extremo - Live - 2002
 Sieben - 2003
 Mein rasend Herz - 2005
 Raue Spree 2005 (canlı) - 2006
 Kein Blick Zurueck 2006
 Sternenneisen - 2011
 Kunstraub - 2013
 Quid Pro Quo - 2016

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi sitesi
 In Extremo hayran sitesi
 https://web.archive.org/web/20051121202015/http://www.inextremo.org/

Alman folk metal grupları
1995'te kurulan müzik grupları
Metal Blade Records sanatçıları

In Extremo


ECBA steht für:

 Entry Certificate in Business Analysis des International Institute of Business Analysis
 European Countries Biologists Association
 European Criminal Bar Association
 European Cross-Border Association, geplante Rechtsform in der Europäischen Union und im EWR, siehe Europäischer grenzüberschreitender Verein

Abkürzung

ECBA


KJ Cerankowski (anteriormente publicado como Karli June Cerankowski) é um professor e autor americano cujo trabalho se concentra em gênero e sexualidade humana com foco em estudos de assexualidade. É professor assistente de Estudos Comparativos Americanos e Estudos de Gênero, Sexualidade e Feministas no Oberlin College. Com Megan Milks, ele coeditou Asexualities: Feminist and Queer Perspectives (Routledge, 2014).

Educação e carreira
Cerankowski recebeu um Ph.D. em Pensamento Moderno e Literatura na Universidade de Stanford em 2014; ele completou uma dissertação intitulada Ilegível: assexualidades na mídia, literatura e performance analisando o significado cultural da assexualidade como "uma maneira queer de pensar sobre subjetividade sexual, desejo e intimidade".

Cerankowski é professor assistente de Estudos Comparativos Americanos e Estudos de Gênero, Sexualidade e Feministas no Oberlin College. Antes de ingressar no corpo docente da Oberlin, foi professor no departamento de estudos feministas, de gênero e sexualidade da Universidade de Stanford e bolsistas do Clayman Institute for Gender Research.

Trabalhos selecionados
Com Megan Milks, Cerankowski co-editou Asexualities: Feminist and Queer Perspectives (Routledge, 2014), uma das primeiras coleções de ensaios sobre o estudo da assexualidade.

Os escritos de Cerankowski foram publicados em Feminist Studies e WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly.

Alunos da Universidade Stanford
Escritores LGBT dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas vivas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (LGBTQIA+)

KJ Cerankowski


තුන් පිම්ම ජවන හා පිටිය අංගයක් ලෙස තුන් පිම්ම සැලකිය හැකිය. මීට පෙර එය හැඳින්වූයේ "hop, step and jump" යනුවෙන් තරඟකරුවන් අනුගමනය කරන්නාවූ පියවර අනුව. ක්‍රීඩකයන් පථයක් මත දුව විත් ලකුණු කරන ලද යම් කිසි ස්ථානයක සිට සිය පිම්ම ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ඇති. පිම්මේ ප්‍රමාණය මනිනුයේ මෙම ලෑල්ල හෝ සලකුණු කරනු ලැබූ ස්ථානයේ සිටයි. ආරම්භක ස්ථානය ලකුණු කර ඇති ලෑල්ලේ මැටිවලින් හෝ මෙලෙක් තීරුවලින් අලවා සකසා ඇත. එය ක්‍රීඩකයින් සිය සීමාව ඉක්මවා පියවර තබන්නේ දැයි සලකුණු කර ගැනීමටයි. පළමු පතිත වීම කළ යුත්තේ ආරම්භක පියවර තැබූ පාදයෙන්මය. ඊළඟ පියවර, පියවර තැබීමයි. ඒ විරුද්ධ පය භාවිතයෙන් ඉන්පසු වැලි පිරුණු වලකට පැනීම සිදු කෙරේ. මෙම වල දුර පැනීම සඳහා පිළයෙල කරන්නා වූ වලටම සමානය. ආරම්භක පියවර සීමාව ඉක්මවා තැබීම, වලට පිටතින් පැනීම, හෝ නියමිත කාල සීමාව (සාමාන්‍යයෙන් විනාඩිය) ඇතුළත් පිම්ම කිරීමට උත්සාහ නොකිරීම ක්‍රීඩකයාගේ පිම්ම අවලංගු වීමට හේතු වේ.

1896 පැවැති නූතන ඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩා තරඟයේ සිටම තුන්පිම්ම ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රීඩා අංගයකි. ඊට අමතරව පළමු ඔලිම්පික් ශූරයා වූයේ ද තුන් පිම්ම අංගය කළ ජේම්ස් කොනොල්ලි ක්‍රීඩකයාය. 1996 කාන්තා තුන් පිම්ම අංගය ද ඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩා අංග අතරට එක්විය. එහි දී එළිමහන් සේම ගෘහස්ථ ශූරතාවයන් යන අංග 2 ක ටම ඇතුළත්ය.

මෙම පිම්ම සාර්ථක කර ගැනීමට ක්‍රීඩකයා තුළ වේගය, ජවය, රිද්මය හා නොපසුබට බව යන ගුණාංග වර්ධනය වී තිබිය යුතුය. එහෙත් සීමා සහිත දක්ෂතා ඇති ක්‍රීඩකයන්ට වුව ද තාක්ෂණය දියුණු කිරීමෙන් මෙය කළ හැකිය. මීටර් 13 හා 14 ඉක්මවා සාර්ථක පිම්මක් සඳහා ක්‍රීඩකයාට තත්පර 12ක් ඇතුළත මීටර් 100 ක් දිවීමේ හැකියාව ඇති වේගයක් සහ බර පිළිබඳ පුහුණුවීම් plyometrics සහ තාක්ෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සම්පූර්ණ කළ  යුතු වේ. විශේෂ දක්ෂතා ඇති ක්‍රීඩකයන් සඳහා අවශ්‍ය කරන සුදුසුකම් ඇත්නම් සාර්ථකව ජාත්‍යන්තර තලයට  ළඟාවිය හැකිය. එසේ විශේෂිත දක්ෂතා ඇති ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික තුන්පිමි ක්‍රීඩකයා. ඔහුගේ දුර මීටර් 16.50 ක් ද වේගය 11.5 ක් ද වේ. (මීටර් 100ට)

ලෝක වාර්තා තබා ඇති පිරිමි ක්‍රීඩකයා වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික ජොනතන් ඒඩ්වර්ඩ් (Jonathan Edwards) ඔහුගේ දුර මීටර් 18.29 අතර කාන්තා ශූරතාවය යුක් රේන් ජාතික ඉනෙස්සා ක්‍රැවෙනටිස් විසින් (15 – 50m) තබා ඇත. ලෝක ගෘහස්ථ ශූරතාවය දිනාගනු ලැ‍බුවේ කියුබානු ජාතික ඇලිසර් වූටියා  (Aliecer Urrutia) සහ ස්වීඩන් ජාතික ක්‍රිස්ටියන් ඔල්සන් (Christian Olsson) විසින් මීටර් 17.83 සම වාර්තා තබා ඇත. එසේම ගෘහස්ථ ලෝක කාන්තා ශූරතාවය දිනා ඇත්තේ රුසියානු ජාතික මටියානා ලෙබෙඩෙවා (Tatyana Lebedeva) විසින් 2004 IAAF  ලෝක ශූරතා තරඟාවලියේ දීය.

ක්‍රීඩා
මලල ක්‍රීඩා

තුන් පිම්ම


කිරි අල

මෙම වර්ගයේ අල දිගැටි හැඩයෙන් සහ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් විශාලය. මෙම අල වර්ගය ආහාරයට ගන්නා විට මතු වන කිරි රසය නිසා මෙම අල වර්ග කිරි අල යන නමින්ම හඳුන්වන බව සඳහන් වේ.

කිරි අල


Lipce Reymontowskie [ˈliptsɛ rɛjmɔnˈtɔfskʲɛ] este un sat din powiatul Skierniewice al voievodatului Łódź, situat în Polonia centrală. El este localitatea de reședință a gminei (district administrativ) Lipce Reymontowskie. Se află la o distanță de aproximativ 16 km sud-vest de Skierniewice și la 36 km est de reședința regională Łódź.

Satul are o populație de 1.200 de locuitori.

Note

Sate din voievodatul Łódź

Lipce Reymontowskie


Languedoc-Roussillon () (Oksitanca: Lengadòc-Rosselhon, Katalanca: Llenguadoc-Rosselló), Eski Fransız bölgesidir. Günümüzde kendisinin yerini Occitanie almıştır. Fransa'nın güneyinde Pirene Dağları'nda İspanya ve Andorra'ya komşudur. Akdeniz'e kıyısı vardır. Rhône Nehri'nin batısındadır. Etrafını çevreleyen dağlar ve düzlükleri nedeniyle birçok coğrafyacı tarafından denize doğru yüzünü dönmüş bir amfi tiyatroya benzetilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Languedoc-Roussillon bölge meclisi resmî sitesi (Fransızca)
 Languedoc-Roussillon Turizm resmî sitesi (Fransızca)

Languedoc-Roussillon


76 (ستة وسبعون) هو عدد طبيعي يلي العدد 75 ويسبق العدد 77.

في الرياضيات

مراجع

أعداد صحيحة

76 (عدد)


Eigg (; ; ) is one of the Small Isles in the Scottish Inner Hebrides. It lies to the south of the Isle of Skye and to the north of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Eigg is  long from north to south, and  east to west. With an area of , it is the second-largest of the Small Isles after Rùm. Eigg generates virtually all of its electricity using renewable energy.

Eigg has been owned by the Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust since 1997, as a community ownership; another stakeholder, the Scottish Wildlife Trust, manages the island as a nature reserve. In April 2019, National Geographic discussed the island in an online article, estimating the population at 107 and the average number of annual visitors at 10,000.

Geology
The larger part of the island is formed from olivine-phyric basalt flows erupted during the Palaeocene epoch. Together with flows of hawaiite and mugearite, these form the Eigg Lava Formation. The Sgùrr is formed from porphyritic rhyolitic pitchstone erupted into a valley during the Eocene epoch. It displays columnar jointing formed as the lava cooled. Outcrops of an underlying conglomerate containing clasts of Torridonian sandstone and basalt are visible in places. These igneous and sedimentary rocks are collected together as the Sgùrr of Eigg Pitchstone Formation.

In the north of the island are a series of sedimentary rocks of Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous age. The oldest of these, and hence lowest from a stratigraphic perspective is the fossiliferous Bearreraig Sandstone which is calcareous in nature. It is overlain by the Lealt Shale which consists of a lower and an upper grey shale (respectively the Kildonnan and Lonfearn members) separated by a thin band of algal limestone.

The shale is overlain by the thicker Valtos Sandstone which contains concretions. It is found along the east coast northwards from Poll nam Parlan and around the northern end and down the eastern side of the Bay of Laig.  This in turn is overlain by the bivalve-rich limestone and shale of the Duntulm Formation and lastly the dark shales and ostracod-bearing limestones of the Kilmaluag Formation.

A fossilised limb bone, considered most likely to be from a Middle Jurassic stegosaurian dinosaur, was discovered at a coastal exposed Valtos Sandstone Formation in 2020; it is the first confirmed dinosaur fossil to be found in Scotland away from the Isle of Skye.

These various formations are collected together as the Great Estuarine Group. The Staffin Shale which also contains siltstones, clays and limestone is found on the southwest side of Laig Bay, stratigraphically above the Great Estuarine rocks. Exposed within the Laig Gorge is the Cretaceous age Laig Gorge Limestone, the base of which is sandstone and conglomerate.

Both the igneous and the sedimentary rocks are cut through by a swarm of Palaeocene age dykes generally aligned NW-SE. A handful of faults are mapped on the same alignment, the two most significant ones stretching SE from Bay of Laig. A band of microsyenite stretches around the hillside southeast of the Sgùrr.

Isolated pockets of peat of postglacial origin are to be found behind Bay of Laig whilst to its north are areas of hummocky moraine. Landslips occupy the whole coastal strip in the northeast of the island and the embayment behind Bay of Laig and effectively mask much of the outcrop of the Mesozoic sediments.

Geography

The centre of the island is a moorland plateau, rising to  at An Sgùrr, a dramatic stump of pitchstone, sheer on three sides. Walkers who reach the top can, in good weather, take in views of Mull, Coll, Muck, the Outer Hebrides, Rùm, Skye, and the mountains of Lochaber on the mainland.

The plateau in the northern part of the island, at Beinn Buidhne, drops to a fertile coastal plain on its western side, containing Cleadale (cliff-valley), the main settlement on Eigg. At the southern end of the plain, in the centre of the island, lies the bay of Laig, known for its quartz beach, called the "singing sands" (Tràigh a' Bhìgeil) on account of the squeaking noise it makes if walked on when dry.

The plateau is cleaved by a central valley, stretching from the vicinity of Laig, in the north, to Galmisdale at its southeastern end, which forms the main port. Beyond the southeast coast lies the small islet of Eilean Chathastail.

Etymology
Adomnán calls the island Egea insula in his Vita Columbae (c. 700 AD). Other historical names have been Ega, Ego, Ege, Egge, Egg and Eige. A 2013 study suggested two origins: Gaelic eig, meaning "notch", or Norse egg or eggjar, meaning "a sharp edge on a mountain", as in Egge, Sogn og Fjordane.

History

Early history

At Rubh' An Tangaird, near the southern coast, there are the remains of an oval house, with thick walls, and an upright stone at each side of the doorway, suggestive of grandeur; comparable structures in Shetland suggest a neolithic date.

The island also appears to have been occupied towards the end of the neolithic era, and start of the Bronze Age, as a cache of flints has been found west of Galmisdale, including a thumbnail scraper, and a barbed-and-tanged arrowhead, typical of the Beaker People has been found to the south of Kildonan.

Later in the Bronze Age, the location of the Galmisdale cache was used for metalworking; moulds for axes and knives typical of the period from 1000 to 800 BC have been discovered there, together with significant metalworking debris.

Iron Age

Early Iron Age hut circles are found throughout the island. One located near the North East coast contains within its bounds a cave to which walls have been artificially added; several hammerstones are located in the cave and surrounding vicinity, some with concretions of crushed shells stuck to them. The cave site is below a dramatic basalt shaft interrupting the general appearance of the cliffs, and is framed by two large boulders, one of which resembles an eagle; archaeologists have thus concluded that the site must have been regarded as special, possibly being used for hermitic purposes (being too remote and difficult to reach for ordinary domestic use), and have named the site the oracle cave.

Later in the Iron Age, the inhabitants of Eigg chose to fortify the island. Small fortifications restrict access to rocky knolls, a promontory, and a stack; a wall also bars access to the top of An Sgùrr,  west of the summit, except for a single narrow entrance. More substantial Duns existed at Galmisdale Point, at Upper Grulin, and at Loch nam Ban Mora; the last of these is located on a natural island (entirely encompassed by the Dun's walls,) which local traditions claim was once inhabited by unusually large women.

Irish Christianity

The Irish missionary activity which brought Columba to Iona also brought Donnán to Eigg, where he attempted to establish a monastery, at Kildonnan. According to traditional legends, a Pictish queen took objection to this breach of her sovereignty, and sent agents to Eigg to kill him, which they did on the eve of Easter, in 617; traditionally, Donnán had a large number of companions with him, whom he requested were killed first. Regardless of whether accounts of Donnán's death are pious forgeries or not, the monastic community continued (or was re-populated) after Donnán's death, under the authority of Iona.

By the following century, the monastery was significant enough for the death of its superior, Oan, to be mentioned in the Annals of Ulster. The monastery was located within an oval enclosure, surrounded by a ditch, housing a rectangular chapel in the centre, and a handful of smaller buildings either side. A handful of early inscribed stone slabs were located there, of which one bears a Pictish design, comprising a hunting scene; the cross on its obverse is in a style which was fashionable in the 9th century.

On the coast at the opposite side of the island, with a good view of Rùm, are 16 square cairns, lined up neatly into groups; they are each between 6 and 12 feet wide, most being bordered by a stone kerb, and some having upright corner stones. This form of cairn is usually associated with the Pictish kingdoms of Ce and Fortriu, a particularly close match being found at Garbeg, within the latter; comparable examples date to the early 8th century. The site may have some connection with the contemporary monastery at Kildonnan.

Viking Age

From 833, Norse settlers established the Kingdom of the Isles throughout the Hebrides. A silver/bronze sword handle from the beginning of this period was found buried near Kildonnan, together with an iron axehead, leather belt, buckle, wollen cloth, and a whetstone; the body to which these would once have belonged was absent. Wetlands near Laig appear to have been used for storing partly finished boat parts, as was common in Viking Scandinavia (moist timber is easier to modify); a few oak posts, 6 feet in length, for the stern of a longship, have been found here, together with a simple bronze brooch.

Despite being a dependency of the Norwegian king, a mid-11th century revolt by Somerled left practical authority with his heirs; the strip from Uist to the Rough Bounds, which contained the Small Isles, was ruled by the MacRory branch. In 1266, the Treaty of Perth transferred the Kingdom of the Isles to the Scottish king, while expressly preserving the power of its local rulers; the MacRory lands became the Lordship of Garmoran, a quasi-independent crown dependency, rather than an intrinsic part of Scotland.

Clan Ranald

Early rule

After nearly a century, the sole MacRory heir was Amy of Garmoran, who married John of Islay, leader of the MacDonalds, the most powerful group among Somerled's heirs. A decade later, they divorced, and John deprived his eldest son, Ranald, of the ability to inherit the MacDonald lands; as compensation, John granted Lordship of the Uists to Ranald's younger brother Godfrey, and made Ranald Lord of the remainder of Garmoran, including Eigg. At around this time, a large cross was built at Kildonnan; local traditions report that there were a series of such crosses arranged along the island, now only indicated by placenames.

Upon the death of John of Islay, Lord of the Isles, his son Donald by Princess Margaret of Scotland, Ranald's half-brother, was named The Macdonald, Donald of Islay, and Lord of the Isles at Kildonan on Eigg in 1387. Ranald agreed to this decision of his father made clear in the Charter of 1373.

However, when Ranald died, Godfrey seized his lands, leading to violent disputes between his heirs (the Siol Gorrie) and those of Ranald (Clan Ranald). In 1427, fed up with this behaviour, king James I arrested the leaders, and declared the Lordship of Garmoran forfeit. In 1469, James' grandson (James III) granted Lairdship of the lands to mainland Garmoran John of Ross, leader of the MacDonalds. In turn, John passed it to his own half-brother, Hugh of Sleat; the grant to Hugh was confirmed by the king in a 1493 charter, but Clan Ranald continued to dispute the transfer.

Following Hugh of Sleat's death in 1498, his son, John of Sleat, resigned his position, giving his lands to the king. John of Ross, though still living, had forfeited his own realm, which at the start of the 16th century led Black Donald to launch a rebellion, seeking to restore them. Unlike other descendants of John of Islay, Ranald Bane, leader of Clan Ranald, had refused to support the rebellion, so in 1505, once the rebellion was defeated, the king rewarded him with lairdship of Eigg (and Arisaig). In 1520, the excessive cruelty of Ranald Bane's son, Dougall, lead to his assassination, and leadership of Clan Ranald instead passed to Ranald Bane's brother, Alexander, and then Alexander's son, John Moidartach; in 1532, the king provided a charter confirming John's position as laird of Eigg (and Arisaig).

Writing in 1549, Donald Munro, High Dean of the Isles wrote of "Egge" that it was: "gude mayne land with ane paroch kirk in it, with mony solenne geis; very gude for store, namelie for scheip, with ane heavin for heiland Galayis".

Massacre and pillage

In 1577, according to Clan Ranald tradition, a group of MacLeods were being hosted on Eigg when they became over-amorous towards local women. As a result, the local men rounded the MacLeods up and cast them adrift in the Minch, until they were rescued by MacLeods from elsewhere. Wanting revenge, a group of MacLeods landed on Eigg, but had been spotted by the islanders, who decided to hide in an obscure cave called the Cave of Frances () located on the south coast; the entrance to the cave is tiny, and was obscured by moss, undergrowth, and a small waterfall.

The traditions go on to say that the MacLeods conducted a thorough but fruitless search for the inhabitants, but after 3–5 days, just as the MacLeods were leaving, they saw someone leave the cave, and were able to follow their footprints to the entrance. The MacLeods re-directed the water, piled thatch and roof timbers at the cave entrance, and set fire to it; water dampened the flames, so that the cave was filled with smoke, asphyxiating everyone inside. 395 people had been inside; only one inhabitant of Eigg survived, an old woman, who had not sought refuge in the cave.

Serious doubts remain about the veracity of the tale; in later times a minister of Eigg stated "the less I enquired into its history ... the more I was likely to feel I knew something about it". Nonetheless, human remains inside Massacre Cave have been reported many times over the centuries; and, even though most of the remains have since been removed from the cave and reburied, natural disturbances in the soil still occasionally expose further sets of human bones.

Clan Ranald had aided the rest of Clan Donald in a longstanding feud against the MacLeans of Duart concerning the Rhinns of Islay. In 1588, some of the remains of the Spanish Armada found refuge with the MacLeans; Lachlan, the MacLean Chief, demanded that they supply soldiers in return, which he used to launch an attack against the MacDonalds. After initial failures, Lachlan chose to attack the Small Isles, as a softer, weakly defended target, instead; Eigg was burnt and pillaged. Lachlan was imprisoned in Edinburgh by the king for this, but he escaped, and faced no further punishment.

Church and reformation

Long obliged to perform penance for his part in Dougall's assassination, John Moidartach made a vow to build a number of churches, including Kildonnan Chapel. By the time it was built, the Scottish reformation had occurred, and the Kildonnan Chapel is typical of the post-Reformation style. It was built directly on top of the site of one of the earlier monastic buildings. The fate of the original monastic chapel – which lay south of this – is unclear, but the reformation may have caused it to be abandoned and dismantled; indeed, the Kildonnan Chapel itself doesn't appear to have been finished. The statutes of Iona, in 1610, had introduced a programme of government oversight of the religious behaviour of highlands leaders; the Clan Ranald leader's consent to this had resulted in the king granting him a charter confirming his lairdship of Eigg (and his other possessions).

In 1623, however, the Catholic Church in Ireland church sent Fr. Cornelius Ward, a Franciscan friar, to North Western Scotland, in order to proselytise the population. On arriving at Castle Tioram, the Captain of Clan Ranald, John MacDonald, granted him protection throughout Clan Ranald lands. In 1625, Cornelius arrived on Eigg, and reported that Kildonnan Chapel was a roofless ruin; he makes no reference to events of massacre cave, and reports the island as having 200 inhabitants, all of whom he claims to have converted to Roman Catholicism. Apparently there had been a Protestant minister on the island, but John MacDonald persuaded him to turn a blind eye, in return for the island's tithes.

Cornelius refused to reconsecrate the Chapel in its roofless state, and it came to only be used for burials. One grave had a carved cover with a roughly worked depiction of an occupant, sleeping; the portion below the waist and wrists is now missing, leading to the 17th/18th century grave slab being popularly re-interpreted as a medieval sheela na gig. The chapel also contains a Clan Ranald burial recess, dated to 1641; traditionally this is the burial place of Ranald MacDonald of Morar, a famed piper who farmed Sandavore near the end of his life, but he was not even born until 1662.

Jacobite risings

As committed Roman Catholics, Clan Ranald took part in the first Jacobite rebellion, in 1689. According to Clan Ranald tradition, in May of the following year Edward Pottinger, a Royal Navy captain from Ulster, decided to take revenge for this, by inducing his men to carry out large scale rape and murder on Eigg; the ship's log for Pottinger's ship, however, does not mention these events. To evade the religious persecution the Whig-controlled government subsequently imposed upon the Catholic Church in Scotland, the remaining Catholics of Eigg secretly attended Mass at a Mass stone inside a large high-roofed cave, which is known as the "cave of worship" () (or in English Cathedral Cave).

The men of Eigg also rose and fought in both the Jacobite risings of 1715 and of 1745; the Tacksman of the Eigg branch of Clan Ranald – MacDonald of Laig – also commanded the warrior-tenants from Canna (another Clan Ranald property). Whether or not the events of 1690 were simply blood libel rather than gunboat diplomacy, there was certainly retribution after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. All 38 surviving islanders who had taken part in the uprising were arrested by the Royal Navy and imprisoned in the Tower of London; though many died from natural causes, the remaining 16 were eventually sent to Barbados, to work as slave labor on sugar cane plantations.

On 22 April 1751, the poet Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair met at Leith with Bishop Robert Forbes of the Non-Juring Scottish Episcopal Church and provided the latter with a detailed account of the atrocities committed by Hanoverian redcoats on both Canna and Eigg.

For all its brutality, however, the post-Culloden history of Eigg is also important to the simultaneous golden age of Scottish Gaelic literature. After the death of his father, Raonuill Dubh MacDhòmhnuill (c.1715 - c.1805), the eldest son of legendary Gaelic poet Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, moved from Arisaig to become Clanranald tacksman of Laig. While serving as Tacksman, Raonuill Dubh collected and published the poetry anthology Comh-chruinneachidh Orannaigh Gaidhealach, which is also called "The Eigg Collection, at Edinburgh in 1776. Raonuill Dubh is believed to have drawn heavily upon oral poetry collected by his father and also upon a similar poetry collection made by Dr. Hector Maclean of Grulin, according to Robert Dunbar, between 1738 and 1768. The latter manuscript, which was later gifted to Canadian Gaelic poet Iain mac Ailein by the Doctor's daughter, contains an additional 104 pages of material, including fourteen of Iain mac Ailein's own poems and is now preserved in the Nova Scotia Archives.

The tack of Laig remained in the family until Raonuill Dubh MacDhòmhnuill's grandson, Angus R. McDonald (1832-1879), emigrated with his mother and brother Allen to the United States. After first settling in Mazomanie, Wisconsin, McDonald served as a 1st Lieutenant, and eventual Captain, in the 11th Wisconsin Regiment during the American Civil War, after which he was widely known as "The Hero of Fort Blakeley.

Crops

The 18th century introduction of the potato to Eigg, as a food crop, lead to increased health and fecundity on the island; by the end of the century, the population had expanded to over 500 people, farming oats and cattle, in addition to potatoes. The Chief of Clan Ranald built a mill to grind the oats, and charged the islanders to use it. Since they had their own hand-querns, he instructed the Tacksman and his agents to break them, so that the islanders had no choice but to use the mill.

The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars created a potential new route to wealth, by limiting foreign supplies of valuable minerals: kelp could be harvested to produce minerals like soda ash. Kelp rapidly increased in price, so in 1817, the estate factors reduced the size of each tenancy (for example, Cleadale was re-arranged into 28 plots), to stop their tenants from becoming self-sufficient and forcing them to also harvest kelp in order to break even. However, soon after the creation of these smaller tenancies (crofts), foreign mineral supplies were re-introduced, as the Napoleonic Wars had ended. The kelp price crashed and the crofters struggled to avoid destitution.

In 1821, several families voluntarily emigrated to Nova Scotia to escape both rising rents and crushing poverty; they settled on a high plateau near the coast of the Northumberland Strait, which they named Eigg Mountain. Meanwhile, like many other Anglo-Scottish landlords during the Highland Clearances, Ranald George Macdonald, 19th Chief of Clanranald issued orders to evict the whole village of Cleadale, and use the land for sheep; both to cover his debts and to continue funding his extremely extravagant spending.

According to a 1964 oral history interview with Eigg seanchaidh Donald Archie MacDonald, Aonghas Lathair MacDhòmhnaill (Angus MacDonald, 2nd of Laig), the grandson of iconic poet Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, then held the tack of Eigg and gained local infamy by beginning the eviction from Cleadale; while intending to assign the land afterwards to his brother-in-law as a rented sheep farm. When severe hardships fell upon Aonghas Lathair and his family, which resulted in the tacksman committing suicide, the old people of Eigg blamed the family's misfortune on the curse that was said to have been put on them by the women whom he had evicted from Cleadale.

However, in 1827 the Ranald George Macdonald found someone willing to purchase Eigg, and cancelled further evictions. After 800 years, Clan Ranald rule of Eigg was at an end.

Later lairds

The purchaser and new owner of Eigg was one Dr. Hugh MacPherson, and for a while island society carried on normally. The Scottish geologist and writer Hugh Miller visited the island in the 1840s and wrote a long and detailed account of his explorations in his book The Cruise of the Betsey (published in 1858). Miller was a self-taught geologist; so the book contains detailed observations of the geology of the island, including the Sgùrr and the singing sands. He described the islanders of Eigg as "an active, middle-sized race, with well-developed heads, acute intellects, and singularly warm feelings". He described seeing the bones of adults and children in family groups with the charred remains of their straw mattresses and small household objects still in Massacre Cave; after reading this description, Sir Walter Scott was so appalled that he started a fund for Christian burial, which resulted in the bodies' removal.

In 1847, ongoing rackrenting and the resulting financial woes of the islanders were compounded by the Highland Potato Famine. Furthermore, Dr. MacPherson decided to evict his tenants en masse and replace them with herds of sheep, as the price of wool had recently undergone substantial increases.

In 1853, the whole village of Gruilin – fourteen families – were evicted and forced by Dr. MacPherson to leave Eigg. The whole village of Brae was similarly cleared in 1858. In 1862, Dr. MacPherson built Sandavore church to serve Eigg's remaining Church of Scotland residents.

The isle of Eigg has a much wider importance for its influence on the rest of the Catholic Church in Scotland. From Donald MacLeod, a Catholic seanchaidh from Eigg resident in Oban, the poet Fr. Allan MacDonald collected multiple Catholic hymns and works of oral poetry in Scottish Gaelic. Fr. MacDonald supplemented these with several of his own compositions and translations and anonymously published a Gaelic hymnal in 1893.

At the end of the century, in 1893, Dr. MacPherson sold Eigg to Lawrence Thompson, who built a church for the Roman Catholics of the island (St. Donnan's church in Cleadale).

After being sold by Thompson in 1917, the island passed through various hands, including a cabinet minister, until being purchased by Keith Schellenberg. Unlike his predecessors, who had sought to use the resources of the island for their own power, profit, or leisure, Schellenberg had conservationist motives; he wished to restore its listed buildings, and preserve the natural environment.

Community buy-out

In the early 1990s, a fire at Schellenberg's home on the island destroyed a 1920s Rolls-Royce; Police suspected the fire was due to arson. Some locals claimed that since the late 1980s, he had neglected homes, closed the community hall, and restricted leases. While admitting that he had closed the community hall (but only in the evenings), and had refused to continue one particular lease, he told the press that "drunken hippies and drop-outs" were unfairly branding him a despot. In 1994, now in his 60s, Schellenberg concluded that trying to conserve the island was not worth facing violent intimidation for, and in the following year sold it to Gotthilf Christian Eckhard Österle from Germany who styled himself "Professor Marlin Eckhard-Maruma" or simply "Maruma" and who claimed to an artist; Schellenberg retained ownership of the 18th century Manse.

Nevertheless, by then a community trust had been formed by the Highland Council, the Scottish Wildlife Trust, and a number of residents – particularly those newly moved to the island – with a view to buying Eigg from the laird. In 1997, this Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust persuaded Eckhard to sell, and bought it from him. The ceremony to mark the handover took place a few weeks after the 1997 General Election and was attended by the Scottish Office Minister, Brian Wilson, a long-standing advocate of land reform; he used the occasion to announce the formation of a Community Land Unit within Highlands and Islands Enterprise to support further land buy-outs in the region.

Between then and the 2011 census, the ordinarily resident population expanded from 65 to 83; this increase of 24 percent (six times greater than for the Scottish islands as a whole) was principally formed by young people who moved to Eigg to set up in business, as well as a handful of former residents returning to the island. However, by 2003, the residents' representatives on the trust's board were entirely people who had moved to the island since the trust took over.

A few longstanding residents complained that the trust focused on the new residents, while ignoring the concerns of the families who had lived on the island for generations; for example, they complained that new mains power connections, and housing provision, was given to the families of trust members, not indigenous islanders. One islander from an old Eigg family declared that the trust "is not a democracy ... it is the mafia". More recently, more positive articles have been published, showing a different picture of the island.

Eigg was featured on the American television program 60 Minutes in November 2017 and an extended feature on its companion web site 60 Minutes Overtime in July 2018.

In its 2019 coverage of the island, National Geographic provided this summary of the ownership and current situation: "after years of neglect by the previous laird, or estate owner, the people gained ownership themselves in 1997. Now, visitors to the nicknamed "People's Republic of Eigg" contend with nothing more dangerous than negotiating walking territory with sheep or engaging in cheeky yet informative banter with Charlie Galli, the sole taxi driver and self-proclaimed 'Eigg Gazette'" ... there is a single main road ... and a single stoplight ... to alert everyone when electricity is running low ... humble attractions like the tiny post-office-turned-museum detailing island history; a wee, closet-size shed boasting handcrafted curiosities for sale by the honor system; herds of distrustful sheep; and pit stops such as "Rest and Be Thankful," a patio tea garden open only when the sun shines.

Economy and transport

Tourism is important to the local economy, especially in the summer months, and the first major project of the Heritage Trust was An Laimhrig, a new building near the jetty to house the island's shop and post office, Galmisadale Bay restaurant and bar, a craft shop, and toilet and shower facilities, which are open 24 hours a day.  A'Nead Hand Knitwear is a new island business making garments such as cobweb shawls and scarves.

Conde Nast Traveller particularly recommends that visitors explore the Singing Sands beach, "dark Cathedral and Massacre caves, the abandoned village of Grulin or the island's most distinctive sight, the near vertically-sided volcanic plug of An Sgùrr".

There are two ferry routes to the island.  There is a sheltered anchorage for boats at Galmisdale in the south of the island. In 2004 the old jetty there was extended to allow a roll-on roll-off ferry to dock. The Caledonian MacBrayne ferry  sails a circular route around the four "Small Isles"—Eigg, Canna, Rùm and Muck from the fishing port of Mallaig. Arisaig Marine also runs a passenger ferry called the MV Sheerwater from April until late September from Arisaig on the mainland.

A beer brewery called Laig Bay Brewing was recently set up on the island.

In November 2017, a crew from the American television news magazine 60 Minutes visited Eigg. Its report stated that there was "one grocery shop, one primary school for five students and one pub at the tea room down by the wharf. The island's tiny electrical grid powers it all ... a combination of wind, hydroelectric and solar".

National Geographic's April 2019 coverage suggested that visitors should arrive via Caledonian MacBrayne (CalMac) ferry from Mallaig and Arisaig and explore by foot or bicycle or hitchhiking. Various types of rental accommodations were available. Sources for food included the Isle of Eigg Shop and Eigg Organics or communal dining places: Galmisdale Café and Bar and Lageorna. Because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, facilities for tourists were closed, and visitors were being asked not to come to the island, during much of 2020 and into 2021.

Electrification project
The Heritage Trust provisioned a mains electricity grid, powered from near 100% renewable energy sources. Previously, the island was not served by mains electricity and individual crofthouses had wind, hydro or diesel generators and the aim of the project is to develop an electricity supply that is environmentally and economically sustainable.

The new system incorporates a 9.9 kWp PV system, three hydro generation systems (totalling 112 kW) and a 24 kW wind farm supported by stand-by diesel generation, ultra-capacitors, flywheels and batteries to guarantee continuous availability of power. A load management system has been installed to provide optimal use of the renewables. This combination of solar, wind and hydro power should provide a network that is self-sufficient and powered 98 percent from renewable sources. On 1 February 2008 the system was switched on.

Eigg Electric generates a finite amount of energy and so Eigg residents agreed from the outset to cap electricity use at 5 kW at any one time for households, and 10 kW for businesses. If renewable resources are low, for example when there is less rain or wind, a "traffic light" system asks residents to keep their usage to a minimum. The traffic light reduces demand by up to 20 percent and ensures that there's always enough energy for everyone.

The Heritage Trust has formed a company, Eigg Electric Ltd, to operate the new £1.6 million network, which has been part funded by the National Lottery and the Highlands and Islands Community Energy Company.

Other sustainability projects

In September 2008, Eigg began a year-long series of projects as part of their success as one of ten finalists in NESTA's Big Green Challenge. While the challenge finished in September 2009, the work to make the island "green" is continuing with solar water panels, alternative fuels, mass domestic insulation, transport and local food all being tackled. In May 2009, the island hosted the "Giant's Footstep Family Festival", which included talks, workshops, music, theatre and advice about what individuals and communities can do to tackle climate change.

In January 2010, Eigg was announced as one of three joint winners in NESTA's Big Green Challenge, winning a prize of £300,000. Eigg also won the prestigious UK Gold Award in July 2010.

Lighthouse

Eigg lighthouse is an active lighthouse located on the south-eastern corner of the islet of Eilean Chathastail, one of the smaller Small Isles about  off Eigg. The lighthouse was built in 1906 to a design by David A. and Charles Alexander Stevenson; it is a cylindrical metal tower only  high with gallery and lantern painted white. It is a minor light among those owned by Northern Lighthouse Board but day-to-day management rests with the Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust. The light emits a white flash every 6 seconds.

Wildlife

An average of 130 species of birds are recorded annually. The island has breeding populations of various raptors: golden eagle, buzzard, peregrine falcon, kestrel, hen harrier and short and long-eared owl. Great northern diver and jack snipe are winter visitors, and in summer cuckoo, whinchat, common whitethroat and twite breed on the island.

See also

 Religion of the Yellow Stick
 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses
 List of community buyouts in Scotland

References
Notes

Citations

General references
 Banks, Noel, (1977) Six Inner Hebrides. Newton Abbott: David & Charles.

External links

 The island's website
 Geology of Eigg
 BBC Radio 4 – Open Country
 BBC Action Network - My story: Bringing power to the people
 Ashden Awards Case Study, video and photographs
 Book about the role of incomers on the island and photogallery
 The Cruise of the Betsey- Account of Miller's voyage.

Islands of the Inner Hebrides
Community buyouts in Scotland
Extinct volcanoes of Europe
Nature reserves in Scotland
Paleogene volcanism
Volcanoes of Scotland
Renewable energy in Scotland
Islands of Highland (council area)
Small Isles, Lochaber

Eigg


فتاة المراعي هو مسلسل أنمي أو رسوم متحركة من إنتاج شركة نيبون أنيميشن اليابانية ومن إخراج هيروشي سايتو (Hiroshi Saitō).

أنتج المسلسل عام 1984 وعرض في الكثير من الدول الأوروبية، ولكنه لم يحقق نجاحا كبيرا في أوروبا كالذي حققته أعمال نيبون أنيميشن الأخرى مثل «هايدي» (1974) و«نساء صغيرات» (1987).

القصة
قصة المسلسل مقتبسة من رواية فنلندية للكاتبة أوني نووليفآرا عن فتاة صغيرة اسمها «كاتولي» تعيش مع جـَدّيْها بمزرعة بفنلندا في انتظار عودة أمها التي ذهبت للعمل في ألمانيا.

يواجه الجد والجدة ظروفا معيشية صعبة بعد أن تموت بقرتهما الوحيدة في المزرعة بسبب دب قام بمهاجمتها، وتضطر كاتولي للعمل في مزرعة مجاورة لكسب بعض المال.

الشخصيات
الأم

الأبنه كاتولي

الجد
الجدة
مارتي
بيكا
هيلينا
اكي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أعمال مبنية على روايات فنلندية
أنمي ومانغا تاريخية
أنمي ومانغا درامية
أنمي ومانغا مغامرات
برامج تلفزيون فوجي
سلسلة مسرح تحف العالم
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في فنلندا
عروض تلفزيونية مبنية على كتب
فنلنديون خياليون
مزارعون خياليون
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة في 1984
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 1984
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 1984

فتاة المراعي


Dnepr-Buh flodmundingen (eller Dnepr-Bug æstuarium, Dnepr-Bug deltaet; (, ) er et åbent delta eller en lagune, der består af to floder Dnepr og Sydlige Buh. Flodmundingen er beliggende på den nordlige kyst af Sortehavet i Kherson og Mykolaiv oblast i Ukraine og er adskilt fra havet af Kinburn landtangen og Kap Otjakiv. Den vigtigste havn i flodmundingen er Otjakiv, der er en gammel fæstning anlagt i 1400-tallet som genovesisk koloni.

Dnepr-Buh flodmunding blev dannet ved som følge af geologisk aktivitet området, der nedbrød inddæmningen af Sortehavet omkring 7. årtusinde fvt.. Vandet brød igennem Bosporusstrædet, som førte til oversvømmelse af store områder, og Sortehavet trængte ind i den nederste af Dnepr og Sydlige Buh.

Foldmundingen er forbundet med Sortehavet af et 4,6 km bredt stræde. De sydlige kyster er lave, sandede; de nordlige hovedsageligt høje (op til 20-35 m) bestående af ler og sand sten, kun få steder findes kalkstensklinter. Bunden i flodmundingen består af sand, der er dækket ler- og sandblandet silt.

Vandområdet omfatter to dele: den brede Dnepr flodmunding (55 km lang og op til 7,4 til 16,7 km bred) og den smalle Buh flodmunding (47 km lang og fra 5 til 11 km bred). Den dybden i flodmundingen er ca. 5 m, maksimalt 12 m.

Omkring 25-30% af vandet i Dnepr og Sydlige Buh bliver brugt til kunstvanding og vandforsyning til industrien, hvilket har resulteret i en stigning af saltindholdet i flodmundingen. Som en konsekvens er levevilkårene forværrede for gydende fisk, i særdeleshed brisling, og visse arter af planteplankton og dyreplankton.

For at forbedre det marine miljø i flodmundingen lukkes vand ud fra Kakhovka Reservoir, ligesom renset spildevand tilføres i deltaet.

Flodmundingen har kommerciel betydning for transport og fiskeri, samt rekreativ betydning. En del af flodmundingen indgår i Biosfærereservat Sortehavet.

På højre bred af Buh, tæt på udmundingen ligger ruinerne af oldtidsbyen Olbia, der var en græsk koloni anlagt omkring 700 f.Kr..

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Æstuarier
Dnepr-flodsystemet
Mykolajiv oblast
Kherson oblast

Dnepr-Buh flodmundingen


MI5  (Military Intelligence Section 5) 1909'da kurulan İngiliz iç istihbarat teşkilatı (Karşı istihbarat). MI5 iç istihbarattan sorumluyken, MI6 dış istihbaratla ilgilenir.

Kaynakça

Birleşik Krallık istihbarat teşkilatları
Westminster
1909'da kurulan oluşumlar

MI5


قائمة ببطولات ويمبلدون لسنة 1949:

فردي رجال

 تيد شرودر هزم  ياروسلاف دروبني . النتيجة: 3-6 6-0 6-3 4-6 6-4

فردي سيدات

 لويس براوه كلاب هزمت  مارغريت أوسبام دوبونت. النتيجة: 10-8, 1-6, 10-8

مراجع

بطولة ويمبلدون 1949
أحداث يوليو 1949 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1949 الرياضية
كرة المضرب في 1949
أحداث 1949 الرياضية في لندن
أحداث يوليو 1949 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يونيو 1949 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة

بطولة ويمبلدون 1949


Tvrđava Merdžan glava bila je austro-ugarska utvrđena vojna postaja istočno od Mostara.

Podignuta je nakon austro-ugarskog zaposjedanja BiH. Mostar je bio pozadinsko uporište i imao je 19 utvrđenih objekata, najviše u BiH. Bio je pojasna utvrda, jedna od četiriju koje je sagradila Austro-Ugarska u BiH. Tvrđava na Merdžan glavi je na 802 metra nadmorske visine. Podno ove utvrde podignut je vojni logor u Opinama (Lager Opine) kao logistička baza ostalim utvrdama na uzvisini.

Radi potreba pristupa i obilaska ove vojne postaje, te onih na Svetigori (877 m) i Guberači (624 m), ali i radi eksploatiranja drvne građe, Austro-Ugarska je sa svojim postojećim stručnim osobljem napravila put iz Mostara uz Forticu. Nisu angažirali lokalno pučanstvo. Vodio je preko Šipovca na Brasinu. Odvojak je vodio na Merdžan glavu. Služio je i za za izvlačenje šumske građe s Veleža. Put je asfaltiran poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata, a govori se da je to zasluga Džemala Bijedića.

Od mnoštva austro-ugarskih vojnih utvrda oko Mostara sačuvano je vrlo malo, a one sačuvane su u vrlo lošem stanju. Istočno od Mostara su ostatci na obroncima i na platou Podveležja. Do njih se dolazi od Opina a povezuje ih oko 14 kilometara dug put: Werk 9, Mali grad, Guberača, Merdžan glava, Sveta gora (Svetigora) i Fortica.

Pokraj tvrđave danas je telekomunikacijski toranj.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Mostarski.ba  FOTO: Bijeg iz grada – Tvrđava Merdžan glava, 27. svibnja 2018.

Građevine u Mostaru
Austro-Ugarska
Utvrde u Bosni i Hercegovini

Tvrđava Merdžan glava


Abdulrazak Gurnah (f. 20. desember 1948) er tansanískur rithöfundur sem skrifar á ensku og býr í Bretlandi. Frægustu skáldsögur hans eru Paradise (1994), sem var tilnefnd bæði til Booker-verðlaunanna og Whitbread-verðlaunanna, Desertion (2005) og By the Sea (2001), sem var tilnefnd til Booker-verðlaunanna og til bókaverðlauna Los Angeles Times. Gurnah hlaut Nóbelsverðlaunin í bókmenntum árið 2021 fyrir að hafa "staðfastlega og með mikilli samkennd afhjúpað afleiðingar nýlendustefnunnar í Austur-Afríku og áhrif hennar á líf rótlausra og brottfluttra einstaklinga".

Æviágrip
Abdulrazak Gurnah fæddist á eyjunni Sansibar undan ströndum Austur-Afríku. Hann fór til náms á Bretlandi árið 1968. Hann gekk þar fyrst í Christ Church-háskóla í Canterbury en á þeim tíma veitti Lundúnaháskóli gráður fyrir nám í þeim skóla.

Gurnah nam síðan við Háskólann í Kent og útskrifaðist þaðan með doktorsgráðu árið 1982. Frá 1980 til 1982 kenndi Gurnah við háskólann Bayero University Kano í Nígeríu. Hann er núna prófessor og leiðbeinandi við enskudeild Háskólans í Kent. Sem fræðimaður hefur hann helst einbeitt sér að ritverkum eftir sjálfstæði nýlendanna og orðræðu um nýlendustefnu, sérstaklega með tilliti til Afríku, Karíbahafsins og Indlands.

Hann hefur ritstýrt tveimur bindum af greinasafninu Essays on African Writing og birt greinar um fjölda rithöfunda eftirnýlendutímans, meðal annars V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie og Zoë Wicomb. Hann er ritstjóri bókarinnar A Companion to Salman Rushdie (Cambridge University Press, 2007). Gurnah hefur einnig verið í ritstjórn tímaritsins Wasafiri frá árinu 1987.

Gurnah hefur haft umsjón með rannsóknarverkefnum um ritverk Rushdie, Naipaul, G. V. Desani, Anthony Burgess, Joseph Conrad, George Lamming og Jamaica Kincaid.

Þann 7. október 2021 var Gurnah sæmdur bókmenntaverðlaunum Nóbels fyrir að hafa "staðfastlega og með mikilli samkennd afhjúpað afleiðingar nýlendustefnunnar í Austur-Afríku og áhrif hennar á líf rótlausra og brottfluttra einstaklinga".

Tilvísanir

Handhafar bókmenntaverðlauna Nóbels
Tansanískir rithöfundar

Abdulrazak Gurnah


Kurt Caceres (d. 18 Ekim 1972) Napa, Kaliforniya doğumlu Amerikalı oyuncudur. Prison Break dizisindeki Hector Avila karakteriyle tanınmaktadır. Ayrıca Sacramento State University de okurken futbolda oynamıştır.

Dış bağlantılar

1972 doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek dizi oyuncuları
Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
Meksika asıllı Amerikalılar
Yaşayan insanlar

Kurt Caceres


A Igreja Católica na Ucrânia está organizada em:

 uma província eclesiástica de rito latino liderada pelo Arcebispo Metropolitano de Lviv e composta por mais 6 dioceses sufragâneas;
 uma maior comunidade Católica de Rito Oriental composta por:
 uma importante Igreja sui iuris, a Igreja Greco-Católica Ucraniana;
 dioceses Católicas Rutenas (rito bizantino) e Católicas Arménias (rito arménio)

Também há um Núncio Apostólico em Lviv.

Sínodo da Igreja Greco-Católica Ucraniana

Eparquias da Igreja Greco-Católica Ucraniana

Eparquias Greco-Católicas Ucranianas

 Arquieparquia Maior de Kiev-Aliche, a Arquieparquia Maior e sede da Igreja sui iuris
 Arquieparquia de Kiev
 Exarcado Arquiepiscopal Católico Ucraniano de Krym (na Crimeia)
 Exarcado Arquiepiscopal Católico Ucraniano de Donetsk
 Exarcado Arquiepiscopal Católico Ucraniano de Kharkiv
 Exarcado Arquiepiscopal Católico Ucraniano de Lutsk
 Exarcado Arquiepiscopal Católico Ucraniano de Odessa
 Arquieparquia de Lviv dos Ucranianos
 Eparquia Católica Ucraniana de Stryi
 Eparquia Católica Ucraniana de Sambir-Drohobych
 Eparquia Católica Ucraniana de Sokal-Zhovkva
 Arquieparquia Católica Ucraniana de Ternopil-Zboriv
 Eparquia Católica de Buchach
 Eparquia Católica Ucraniana de Kamyanets-Podilskyi
 Arquieparquia Católica Ucraniana de Ivano-Frankivsk
 Eparquia Católica Ucraniana de Chernivtsi
 Eparquia Católica Ucraniana de Kolomyia

Eparquia Greco-Católica Rutena

 Eparquia Greco-Católica de Mukachevo

Conferência Episcopal Ucraniana

Dioceses latinas
 Arquidiocese de Lviv
 Diocese de Kamyanets-Podilskyi
 Diocese de Kyiv-Zhytomyr
 Diocese de Lutsk
 Diocese de Mukachevo
 Diocese de Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia
 Diocese de Odessa-Simferopol

Igreja Católica Arménia

Eparquias de rito arménio

 Arquieparquia Católica Arménia de Lviv

Ligações externas
Gcatholic
Catholic hierarchy

Ucrânia
Listas de circunscrições eclesiásticas católicas por país

Circunscrições eclesiásticas católicas da Ucrânia


Complot fue una editorial española, fundada y dirigida por Joan Navarro entre 1984 y 1991, dedicada fundamentalmente a la edición de cómic español contemporáneo.

Trayectoria
Tras el cierre de Cairo en octubre de 1984, Joan Navarro se puso a trabajar en la creación de una nueva editorial, que acogiera a los autores que trabajaban en la revista anterior.

Ya en diciembre de ese mismo año, vio la luz la colección "Misión imposible", que recopilaba series previamente aparecidas en revistas en forma de álbumes monográficos. En abril de 1985, editó en catalán El cementerio de los elefantes de Yves Chaland.

Con la intención de ajustar el tiraje de la revista "Complot!" a las ventas iniciales,<ref name="premio">Coma, Javier (16 al 30/06/1985). Premio a la mejor editorial española: Complot, por los álbumes "Misión Imposible", "Imágenes de actualidad, p. 13.</ref> se lanzó un número 0 el 29 de mayo de 1985, aprovechando la inminente celebración del quinto Salón del cómic de Barcelona. Este número piloto se articulaba a modo de una antología de trailers cinematográficos, ofreciendo un avance de las historietas que contendría el primer número. Durante el salón se editaron también dos nuevos títulos de la colección "Misión Imposible": El ángel caído de Daniel Torres y Futurama de Micharmut. Tal colección fue galardonada entonces.

El primer número (y último) de la revista apareció en septiembre, con el siguiente contenido:

Joan Navarro siguió editando álbumes dentro de la colección "Misión Imposible" y ya en 1990 inauguró la colección Exploración, dedicada a álbumes en color de autores españoles, con Mi cabeza bajo el mar'' de Pere Joan.

Listado de álbumes de la colección Misión imposible

Referencias

Bibliografía

Editoriales de historieta de España

Editorial Complot


En koncentrisk borg er en borg med to eller flere koncentriske ringmure, således at den indre mur er højere end den ydre, og den derfor kan forsvares herfra. Ordet koncentrisk betyder ikke at borgene var cirkulære; og termen kan derfor vær vildledende, hvis det tages for bogstaveligt. Layoutet på disse borge var typisk kvadratiske (som det ses på Belvoir og Beaumaris) hvor terrænet tillod det, eller en irregulær polygon (som Krak og Margat), hvor ringmurene følge landskabet på bakker eller klippefremspring.

Koncentriske borge minder om én borg, der ligger inden i en anden, der således skaber en indre og en ydre borggård: De er typisk bygger uden et centralt fritstående keep. Hvor borgen inkludere et særlig stærkt tårn (donjon), som Krak eller Margat, ligger det ikke sammen med den indre enceinte.

Eksempler på koncentriske borge

Referencer

Fæstningsanlæg i middelalderen
Borge

Koncentrisk borg


Johan Georg 4. af Sachsen () (18. oktober 1668 i Dresden – 27. april 1694 i Dresden) var kurfyrste af Sachsen fra 1691 til 1694.

Biografi

Johan Georg 4. var søn af den sachsiske kurfyrste Johan Georg 3. og Anna Sophie af Danmark. Han tilhørte den albertinske linje af Huset Wettin. I 1692 giftede han sig med Eleonore Erdmuthe af Sachsen-Eisenach. Han efterfulgte sin far som kurfyrste af Sachsen ved dennes død i 1691. Han blev efterfulgt som kurfyrste af sin bror, Frederik August (den senere August den Stærke af Polen.

Se også
 Kurfyrstendømmet Sachsen
 Huset Wettin

Eksterne henvisninger

Albertinske linje af Huset Wettin
Kurfyrster af Sachsen
Tyskere i 1600-tallet
Personer fra Dresden

Johan Georg 4. af Sachsen


Afonso de Albuquerque (1935  – Lisboa, 6 de abril de 2022)  foi um psiquiatra português, pioneiro nos estudos sobre o stress pós-traumático de guerra e fundador da Sociedade Portuguesa de Sexologia Clínica. Em outubro de 2019 foi agraciado com a Medalha da Defesa Nacional, pela sua contribuição na elaboração da lei de apoio às vítimas de stress pós-traumático de guerra, aprovada em junho de 1999.

Biografia
Licenciou-se em Medicina na Universidade de Coimbra em 1960, cumprindo o serviço militar obrigatório em Moçambique, entre 1961 e 1964, como alferes miliciano médico. Em 1964, partiu para a Inglaterra, especializando-se em psiquiatria pelo Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Em 1968 regressou a Portugal, iniciando a carreira profissional no hospital Júlio de Matos, em Lisboa. Fundou várias consultas clínicas naquela instituição, entre as quais a de sexologia, aconselhamento conjugal e stress traumático. Em 1981, tornou-se diretor do Serviço de Psicoterapia Comportamental do hospital, mantendo o cargo até a sua aposentação, em 1997.

Foi preso pela PIDE em maio de 1972, por pertencer à Comissão Nacional de Socorro aos Presos Políticos, que havia publicado uma lista com as torturas perpetradas por essa polícia política, ficando três semanas preso no forte de Caxias. Após o 25 de abril de 1974, tornou-se delegado da Ordem dos Médicos na Comissão de Extinção da PIDE.

Em 1984, foi fundador da Associação Portuguesa de Terapia do Comportamento. Especializou-se na área da sexologia, sendo em 1985 um dos sócios fundadores da Sociedade Portuguesa da Sexologia Clínica (SPSC), da qual foi diretor entre 1988 e 1991.

Em 1988, criou a fundação APOIAR, com o objetivo de apoiar os  antigos combatentes, vítimas do stress de guerra, que se mantém em funcionamento até aos dias de hoje. Colaborou na elaboração da lei de apoio às vítimas de stress pós-traumático de guerra, aprovada em junho de 1999, que viria a justificar a atribuição da Medalha da Defesa Nacional em outubro de 2019.

Em 2018 continuava ativo na psiquiatria, com consultório estabelecido na Avenida da Liberdade, em Lisboa.

Afonso de Albuquerque teve quatro filhos, de três casamentos. Morreu a 6 de abril de 2022, aos 86 anos, no seu domicílio, sendo sepultado no cemitério do Alto de São João, em Lisboa.

Obra publicada
Publicou extensa bibliografia na área do stress pós-traumático, da sexologia clínica ou da terapia comportamental, sendo autor de vários livros como "A discriminação do doente mental no Ocidente" e "Minorias eróticas e agressores sexuais".

Honrarias
Recebeu em outubro de 2019 a Medalha da Defesa Nacional, pela sua contribuição na elaboração da lei de apoio às vítimas de stress pós-traumático de guerra, aprovada em junho de 1999.

Psiquiatras de Portugal

Afonso de Albuquerque (psiquiatra)


The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), also called the Manchurian crane or Japanese crane (; the Chinese character '丹' means 'red', '頂/顶' means 'crown' and '鶴/鹤' means 'crane'), is a large East Asian crane among the rarest cranes in the world. In some parts of its range, it is known as a symbol of luck, longevity, and fidelity.

Description

Adult red-crowned cranes are named for a patch of red bare skin on the crown, which becomes brighter during the mating season. Overall, they are snow white in color with black on the wing secondaries, which can appear almost like a black tail when the birds are standing, but the real tail feathers are actually white. Males are black on the cheeks, throat, and neck, while females are pearly gray in these spots. The bill is olive green to a greenish horn, the legs are slate to grayish black, and the iris is dark brown.

Juveniles are a combination of white, partly tawny, cinnamon brown, and rusty or grayish. The neck collar is grayish to coffee brown, the secondaries are dull black and brown, and the crown and forehead are covered with gray and tawny feathers. The primaries are white, tipped with black, as are the upper primary coverts. The legs and bill are similar to those of adults but lighter in color.
This species is among the largest and heaviest cranes, typically measuring about  tall and  in length (from bill to tail tip). Across the large wingspan, the red-crowned crane measures . Typical body weight can range from , with males being slightly larger and heavier than females and weight ranging higher just prior to migration. On average, it is the heaviest crane species, although both the sarus and wattled crane can grow taller and exceed this species in linear measurements.

On average, adult males from Hokkaidō weighed around  and adult females there averaged around , while a Russian study found males averaged  and females averaged ; in some cases, females could outweigh their mates despite the males' slightly larger average body weight. Another study found the average weight of the species to be . The maximum known weight of the red-crowned crane is . Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures , the exposed culmen measures , tail length is , and the tarsus measures .

Range and habitat
In the spring and summer, the migratory populations of the red-crowned crane breed in Siberia (far eastern Russia), Northeast China and occasionally in north-eastern Mongolia (i.e., Mongol Daguur Strictly Protected Area). The breeding range centers in Lake Khanka, on the border of China and Russia. Later, in the fall, they migrate in flocks to the Korean Peninsula and east-central China to spend the winter. Vagrants have also been recorded in Taiwan. In addition to the migratory populations, a resident population is found in eastern Hokkaidō, Japan. This species nests in wetlands, marshes and rivers. In the wintering range, their habitat consists mainly of paddy fields, grassy tidal flats, and mudflats. In the flats, the birds feed on aquatic invertebrates, and, in cold, snowy conditions, the birds switch to mainly living on rice gleanings from the paddy fields.

Ecology and behaviour

Diet

Red-crowned cranes have a highly omnivorous diet, though the dietary preferences have not been fully studied. They eat rice, parsley, carrots, redbuds, acorns, buckwheat, and a variety of water plants. The animal matter in their diet consists of fish, including carp and goldfish, amphibians, especially salamanders, snails, crabs, dragonflies, small reptiles, shrimp and small birds.  The daily food requirement of adult red-crowned cranes is 750 g.

They seem to prefer a carnivorous diet, although rice is now essential to survival for wintering birds in Japan and grass seeds are another important food source. While all cranes are omnivorous, per Johnsgard, the two most common crane species today (the sandhill and common cranes) are among the most herbivorous species while the two rarest species (the red-crowned and whooping cranes) are perhaps the most carnivorous species. When feeding on plants, red-crowned cranes exhibit a preference for plants with a high content of crude protein and low content of crude fiber. In Hokkaido, fish such as Tribolodon, Pungitius, Sculpin and flatfish was major prey of adults, while chicks mostly feed on various insects. In Zhalong Nature Reserve, small fish less than 10cm, such as common carps, pond loach, and Chinese sleeper was mainly taken as well as aquatic invertebreas like pond snails, dragonflys, water beetles and large amount of plant matter. Elsewhere, mudflat crabs are locally important food source in Yellow River Delta.

They typically forage by keeping their heads close to the ground, jabbing their beaks into mud when they encounter something edible. When capturing fish or other slippery prey, they strike rapidly by extending their necks outward, a feeding style similar to that of the heron. Although animal prey can be swallowed whole, red-crowned cranes more often tear up large prey by grasping with their beaks and shaking it vigorously, eating pieces as they fall apart. Most foraging occurs in wet grasslands, cultivated fields, shallow rivers, or on the shores of lakes.

Migration

The population of red-crowned cranes in Japan is mostly non-migratory, with the race in Hokkaidō moving only  to its wintering grounds. Only the mainland population experiences a long-distance migration. They leave their wintering grounds in spring by February and are established on territories by April. In fall, they leave their breeding territories in October and November, with the migration fully over by mid-December.

Sociality
Flock sizes are affected by the small numbers of the red-crowned crane, and given their largely carnivorous diet, some feeding dispersal is needed in natural conditions. Wintering cranes have been observed foraging, variously, in family groups, pairs, and singly, although all roosting is in larger groups (up to 80 individuals) with unrelated cranes. By the early spring, pairs begin to spend more time together, with nonbreeding birds and juveniles dispersing separately. Even while not nesting, red-crowned cranes tend to be aggressive towards conspecifics and maintain a minimum distance of  to keep out of pecking range of other cranes while roosting nocturnally during winter. In circumstances where a crane violates these boundaries, it may be violently attacked.

Breeding

The red-crowned crane is monogamous and long-lived, with stable pair-bonding both within and between years, and believed to mate for life. The breeding maturity is thought to be reached at 3–4 years of age. All mating and egg-laying are largely restricted to April and early May. A red-crowned crane pair duets in various situations, helping to establish the formation and maintenance of the pair bond, as well as territorial advertisement and agonistic signaling. Both males and females may start a duet with the production of a start call, but the main part of the duet always began with a long male call. The pair moves rhythmically until they are standing close, throwing their heads back and letting out a fluting call in unison, often triggering other pairs to start duetting, as well. As it occurs year-round, the social implications of dancing are complex in meaning. However, dancing behavior is generally thought to show excitement in the species. Also, the performance of duet displays increased the probability of staying in a favorable area, supporting the hypothesis that duet displays function as a signal of joint resource defense in the flock.

Pairs are territorial during the breeding season. Nesting territories range from  and are often the same year after year. Most nesting territories are characterized by flat terrain, access to wetland habitat, and tall grasses. Nest sites are selected by females, but built by both sexes and are frequently in a small clearing made by the cranes, either on wet ground or shallow water over waters no more than  deep. Sometimes, nests are built on the frozen surface of water, as frigid temperatures may persist well into nesting season. Nest building takes about a week. A majority of nests contains two eggs, though one to three have been recorded.

Both sexes incubate the eggs for at least 30 days. They also both feed the young when they hatch. Staying in the nest for the first few weeks, the young start to follow their parents as they forage in marshes by around 3 months of age. New hatchlings weigh about  and are covered in yellow natal down for two weeks. By early fall, about 95 days after hatching, the young are fledged and are assured fliers by migration time. Although they can fly well, crane young remain together with their parents for around 9 months. Young cranes maintain a higher-pitched voice that may serve to distinguish them from outwardly similar mature birds, this stage lasting until the leave parental care. The average adult lifespan is around 30 to 40 years, with some specimens living to 75 years of age in captivity. It is one of the longest-living species of bird.

Interspecies interactions
The red-crowned crane is a big-sized bird and there are no natural predators within their wintering ground. With their height averaging 1.5 m (5 ft), their large size deters most predators. As a result, red-crowned cranes often react indifferently to the presence of other birds such as small raptors; with harriers, falcons, owls, and usually buzzards being allowed to hunt small prey near a crane nest without any of these parties harassing each other. However, birds more likely to be egg or nest predators, such as corvids, some buzzards, and various eagles, are treated aggressively and are threatened until they leave the crane's territory. Mammalian carnivores, including small Siberian weasels (Mustela sibirica) to large red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), Asian badgers (Meles leucurus), common raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes viverrinus), and domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) which pose a threat to eggs and chicks, are attacked immediately, with the parent cranes attempting to jab them in the flanks until the predators leave the vicinity. These predators generally do not present any danger to chicks in the presence of adults and are chased away by the crane without difficulty. Larger predators such as gray wolves (Canis lupus) and large dogs can be repelled by aggressive crane pairs.

Occasionally, losses at the nest occur to some of the above predators. Introduced American mink on Hokkaidō are one of the most successful predators of eggs and nestlings. Also, immature and unwary subadult or even adult cranes may be ambushed killed by red foxes in Japan and leopard cats in South Korea, though this is rare reports, especially with adults. More often, these birds can easily defend themselves by using sharp beak or just fly away from danger.

Smaller white-naped cranes often nest near red-crowned cranes, but competition between these species for food in a common nesting area is lessened due to the greater portion of vegetation in the white-naped crane's diet. In cases where interactions turn aggressive between white-naped and red-crowned cranes, red-crowned cranes are dominant, as expected due to their considerably larger size. As reported researchers trying to band or examine the cranes or their nest, this powerful species is considered mildly hazardous and prone to respond quickly with considerable aggression to being approached or handled by humans and are able to inflict painful injuries using both its kicking feet and dagger-like beak.

Status

The population of red-crowned cranes is split into a migratory continental population in Korea, China, Mongolia and Russia (with all birds wintering in Korea and China), and a resident Japanese population in Hokkaidō. In 2020, winter counts recorded more than 3,800 red-crowned cranes (adults and immatures), including about 1,900 in Japan, more than 1,600 in Korea and about 350 in China. This indicates that there are around 2,300 adults overall. Whereas both the resident Japanese population and the migratory population that winters in Korea have increased in recent decades, the migratory population that winters in China has rapidly decreased. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation, but to a lesser extent also human disturbances near their nesting grounds, poisoning and poaching.

The National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, ran a program where U.S. zoos donated eggs which were flown to Russia and raised in the Khinganski Nature Reserve and released into the wild. This program sent 150 eggs between 1995 and 2005.  The program has been put on hold to concentrate on different crane conservation programs in Russia, such as education and fire suppression. Several hundred red-crowned cranes are kept in zoos around the world. Assuredly, the international efforts of Russia, China, Japan, and Korea are needed to keep the species from extinction. The most pressing threat is habitat destruction, with a general lack of remaining pristine wetland habitats for the species to nest. In Japan, little proper nesting habitat remains and the local breeding population is close to the saturation point.

In South Korea, it has been designated natural monument 202 and a first-class endangered species.

Culture

China

In China, the red-crowned crane is often featured in myths and legends. In Taoism, the red-crowned crane is a symbol of longevity and immortality. In art and literature, immortals are often depicted riding on cranes. A mortal who attains immortality is similarly carried off by a crane. Reflecting this association, red-crowned cranes are called xian he (). The red-crowned crane is also a symbol of nobility. Depictions of the crane have been found in Shang Dynasty tombs and Zhou Dynasty ceremonial bronzeware. A common theme in later Chinese art is the reclusive scholar who cultivates bamboo and keeps cranes. Some literati even reared cranes and trained them to dance to guqin music.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties endowed the Red Crowned Crane with the cultural connotation of loyalty, uprightness and noble morality. Red Crowned Crane is embroidered on the clothes of a civil servant. It is listed as an important symbol next only to the Loong and Fenghuang used by the royal family. Therefore, people also regard the crane as a symbol of a high official.

The image of Red Crowned Crane generally appears in Chinese cultural relics and works of art.Because of its importance in Chinese culture, the red-crowned crane was selected by the National Forestry Bureau of the People's Republic of China as a candidate for the title of national animal of China. This decision was deferred due to the red-crowned crane's Latin name translation as "Japanese crane".

Robert Kuok's Kerry/Kuok Group also uses the red-crowned crane as its logo for operations in Hong Kong, Singapore, mainland China, and overseas.

Japan

In Japan, this crane is known as the tanchōzuru and is said to live for 1,000 years. A pair of red-crowned cranes was used in the design for the Series D 1000-yen note (reverse side). In the Ainu language, the red-crowned crane is known as sarurun kamuy or "marsh kamuy". At Tsurui, they are one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan. Cranes are said to grant favours in return for acts of sacrifice, as in Tsuru no Ongaeshi ("crane's return of a favor").

Given its reputation, Jerry Huff, an American branding expert, recommended it as the international logo of Japan Airlines, after seeing a representation of it in a gallery of samurai crests. Huff wrote "I had faith that it was the perfect symbol for Japan Air Lines. I found that the crane myth was all positive—it mates for life (loyalty), and flies high for miles without tiring (strength)."

Korea

In Korea, the red-crowned crane is called durumi or hak and it is considered a symbol of longevity, purity, and peace. Korean seonbis regarded the bird as an icon of their constancy. The red-crowned crane is depicted on the South Korean 500 won coin and is the symbol of Incheon.

See also
Wildlife of China
Wildlife of Japan
Wildlife of Korea
List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments
Izumi crane migration grounds, for a protected place in Japan visited by many migratory crane species

References

Further reading

 Craft, Lucille. 1999. "Divided by Politics, United in Flight - Can Japan and Russia Resolve Their Differences Over the Remote Kuril Islands and Protect the Rare Red Crowned Crane?" International Wildlife. 29, no. 3: 22.
 Crane- Paul A. Johnsgaard (2011).

External links

 BirdLife Species Factsheet
 Red-crowned crane (International Crane Foundation)
 Three White Cranes, Two Flyways, One World An educational website that links schools along the eastern whooping crane flyway in the United States with schools along the eastern flyways of the Siberian and red-crowned cranes in Russia and China.
 Japanese Crane (Grus japonensis) from Cranes of the World (1983) by Paul Johnsgard

red-crowned crane
Birds of Japan
Birds of Korea
Birds of Manchuria
Hokkaido
red-crowned crane
Taxa named by Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller
Articles containing video clips

Red-crowned crane


غريد الشاطئ (1941  - 26 نوفمبر 2005 )، مغني كويتي. اسمه الحقيقي هو عيسى عبد الله خورشيد عوض وهو ابن عم الفنان عبد الحسين عبد الرضا وزوج شقيقته (نسيبه).

مسيرته الفنية
بداياته الفنية كانت في عام 1958 عندما شارك في الغناء بمسرحية «تقاليد» لفرقة المسرح الشعبي. وبدأ الغناء في عام 1960 في أغنية مرحبا بالعيد، وتعاون من أشهر الملحنين مثل حمد عيسى الرجيب ومنصور الخرقاوي وبدر بورسلي وغنام الديكان وإبراهيم الصولة، وقد جرب الغناء باللهجة اللبنانية في أغنية «بتروحلك مشوار» والتي غنيت بإيقاعات كويتية، ومن أشهر أغانيه أغنية «أوه يا الأزرق» التي كتبها عبد اللطيف البناي ولحنها يوسف المهنا وهي أغنية خاصة لمنتخب الكويت لكرة القدم، وأغنية «هايدوه» لمنتخب الكويت لكرة القدم أيضا. كما غنى مقدمة مسلسل قاصد خير الذي مثله عبد الحسين عبد الرضا. اشتهر بألوان الغناء الشعبي مثل العرضة والسامري والأغاني العاطفية والموشحات. ، وأول من أطلق عليه لقب غريد الشاطئ الوزير والسفير والمسرحي الكويتي السابق حمد عيسى الرجيب. وقال في مذكراته بأن هنالك ثلاثة أشخاص لهم فضل عليه في مسيرته الفنية هم مساعد بورسلي وعبد الرزاق العدساني وعبد الكريم مراد.

مسيرته العملية
 عُيّن في 5 يوليو 1962 في قسم الموسيقى في إذاعة الكويت، وتقاعد في 6 أبريل 1996.

من أبرز أغانيه

 بتروحلك مشوار.
 أوه يا الأزرق.
 هايدوه.
 جودي.
 مسموح ياللي تعذر.
 يا مرحبا بالعيد.

وفاته
 توقف قلب الفنان غريد الشاطي في أواخر سنة 2005 وأعلن عن وفاته عن عمر يناهز ال 64 عاماً جراء أزمة قلبية ألمت به بعد سجلاً حافلاً من العطاء بدأه عام 1959.

تأبينه

 غنام الديكان: إنه يعد من أجمل الأصوات وأبرز مطربي الستينات، وكان من أعذب الأصوات التي تغنت بالألحان الخفيفة، تعامل مع كبار الفنانين أمثال حمد الرجيب وعبد الرحمن البعيجان، إلى جانب سعود الراشد، يوسف المهنا، إبراهيم الصولة، وكانت أعماله متواصلة، وهو فنان خلوق، وتعاونت معه في عدة ألحان أبرزها «مسموح».
 إبراهيم الصولة: الأعمال الغنائية التي قدمها تشهد له، فهو يعتبر من الفنانين المرموقين كان مخلصا لعمله الفني ووطنه، ولقد غنّى لي أول لحن قدمني للساحة الغنائية بعنوان «سلمولي على من سم حالي فراقه»، من كلمات الشاعر الراحل فهد بورسلي، اعتز بهذا العمل وبكل ما قدمته معه.
 يوسف المهنا: هو زميل وأخ عزيز وكنت على اتصال معه قبل ثلاثة أسابيع تقريبا، ولكن هذه إرادة الله، ونطلب له الرحمة والغفران.
 يوسف ناصر: خلال هذه المواقف الحزينة يعتبر الصمت أبلغ من الكلام، والصدمة كبيرة علينا كفنانين وكوسط فني، والراحل إنسان عزيز علينا جميعا.
 بدر بورسلي: إنني حزين جدا لأننا فارقنا إنسانا غير عادي، عرف بدماثة الخلق والأدب والاحترام للصغير قبل الكبير، بدليل أنه كان يأخذ حقه وهو صامت بعيداً عن إثارة المشاكل، وبعيدا عن التحدث عن شخص كان في غيابه، وهو من الناس الذين أعطوا الأغنية الكويتية عمره كله، ويعتبر من مؤسسيها، وكان فعلا هرما يحتذي به بقية الفنانين.
 نبيل شعيل: أفنى عمره لخدمة الفن من خلال ما قدمه وأثرى به الساحة من أعمال، وهو أستاذ كبير تعلمنا منه الكثير، وما زلنا نأخذ منه العبر والاحترام الذي ظل يؤكده لجمهوره طوال عمره بعد ابتعاده عن الساحة.
 عبد الحسين عبد الرضا: غريد الشاطئ قد ترك إرثا جميلا من الأغاني المميزة منذ بدايته في مرحلة الستينات، وعاصر تطور الأغنية الكويتية، ويعتبر أحد روادها.
 أنس الرشيد: الحركة الفنية فقدت برحيل الفنان الكويتي عيسى خورشيد (غريد الشاطئ) فنانا جمع بين جيلين.
 فيصل الحمود المالك الصباح: إن الساحة الفنية فقدت بوفاة الفنان غريد الشاطى رمزاً من رموزها الأوائل.

المراجع

مغنون ومغنيات كويتيون
مواليد 1941
وفيات 1426 هـ
وفيات 2005

غريد الشاطئ


Dominus puede referirse a:

 Dominus, palabra latina que significa maestro, propietario y más tarde, señor;
 Dominus, personaje del universo expandido de Star Wars;
 Dominus Apostolicus, título eclesiástico;
 Dominus Iesus, declaración de la Congregación para la doctrina de la fe;
 Christus Dominus, decreto del Concilio Vaticano II.

Dominus (desambiguación)


Pol González (* 24. Mai 1992 in Barcelona) ist ein spanischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit 2013 bei den Ottawa Gee-Gees in der Far-East Division der kanadischen Universitätsmeisterschaft spielt.

Karriere
Pol González begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der Nachwuchsabteilung des FC Barcelona. Von dort aus wechselte er zur Saison 2009/10 zu den Toronto Jr. Canadiens. Die folgende Spielzeit verbrachte er bei den Markham Waxers in der Ontario Junior Hockey League. In der Saison 2011/12 spielte der Angreifer für das OJHL-Team Aurora Tigers. Im Folgejahr war er zunächst bei den Milton Icehawks ebenfalls in der OJHL aktiv, wechselte aber bereits im Laufe der Spielzeit in die Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League, wo er für die Port Colborne Pirates und die Welland Jr. Canadians auf dem Eis stand. Seit 2013 spielt González in der Far-East Division der kanadischen Universitätsmeisterschaft. Zunächst stand er für die Ottawa Gee-Gees, das Eishockeyteam der Universität Ottawa, auf dem Eis. Seit 2014 spielt er bei den Concordia Stingers der Concordia University.

International
Für Spanien nahm González im Juniorenbereich an den U18-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften der Division II 2008, 2009 und 2010 sowie den U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften der Division II 2009, 2010 und 2011 und 2012 teil. ZUdem spielte er für Spanien bei der Winter-Universiade 2015, deren Eishockeyturnier in Granada ausgetragen wurde.

Im Seniorenbereich stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei der Weltmeisterschaft der Division I 2011 sowie der Weltmeisterschaften der Division II 2012, 2013, 2014 und 2015. Dabei wurde er 2013 als bester Spieler seines Teams ausgezeichnet. Zudem vertrat er seine Farben beim Qualifikationsturnier für die Olympischen Winterspiele 2014 in Sotschi.

Auszeichnungen und Erfolge
 2014 Aufstieg in die Division II, Gruppe A, bei der Weltmeisterschaft der Division II, Gruppe B

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Spanien)
Eishockeyspieler (FC Barcelona)
Sportler (Ottawa)
Sportler (Montreal)
Spanier
Geboren 1992
Mann
Teilnehmer der Winter-Universiade 2015
Universiadeteilnehmer (Spanien)

Pol González


Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (27 Şubat 1807 - 24 Mart 1882), Amerikalı şair. Maine'de doğmuştur.

Yazarlığa ilk kez Amerikan İngilizcesine tercüme ettiği Dante'nin "İlahi Komedya" adlı eseri ile başlamış ve Fireside Poets (Şöminebaşı Şairleri) adlı edebiyat akımını benimseyen şairlere katılarak bu akımın beşinci üyesi olmuştur.

Gençliği ve öğrenim hayatı
Longfellow 1807 yılında Portland, Maine'de Stephen ve Zilpah çiftinin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi ve bugün Wadsworth-Longfellow House olarak bilinen evde büyüdü. Babası bir avukattı. Anne tarafından dedesi Amerikan Devrim Savaşın'da bir generaldi. Longfellow'un Stephen (1805), Elizabeth (1808), Anne (1810), Alexander (1814), Mary (1816), Ellen (1818) ve Samuel (1819) adlarında yedi kardeşi vardı.

Henüz üç yaşındayken anaokulu seviyesinde bir okula yazdırıldı. Altı yaşında Portland Academy'ye girdiğinde okuma ve yazmayı oldukça iyi biliyordu. 14 yaşına kadar burada kalan Longfellow 1822'de Bowdoin College'a girdi. Bowodin'de yaşamı boyunca dost kalacağı Nathaniel Hawthorne ile tanıştı.

İlk Avrupa yolculuğu ve Bowdoin profesörlüğü
1825'te eğitimini tamamladığında Bowdoin College'de (Bowdoin Yüksekokulu) öğretim üyeliği önerildi. Bu vaziyette,ilk olarak zamanın birçoğunu Avrupa'da dil üzerine daha fazla araştırma fırsatı buldu. Bu Avrupa turunu 1826-1829 yılları arasında yaparken Britanya, Fransa, Almanya, Hollanda, İtalya ve İspanya'yı gezdi.Fakültede bulunduğu sıralarda Fransızca ders kitabı yazdı, İtalyanca ve İspanyolca seyahat kılavuzu hazırladı.

İkinci Avrupa Seyahati ve Harvard Profesörlüğü Dönemi
1834'te Smith Üniversitesi'nde Fransızca ve İspanyolca Öğretim Üyeliği yapması teklif edildiğinde o bu öneriyi ya burada yalnızca bir yıl çalışması şartıyla yahut da Almancasını ilerletmek için Avrupa'ya gitmek şartıyla kabul etti.

Birleşik Amerika'dan 1836 yılında geri döndüğünde, Longfellow Harvard Üniversitesi'nde işe alındı.Cambridge'de ikamet etti,yaşaması için dinlenmesi gerekliydi ve o çok bitkin olmasına rağmen Nahant'da kaldı. "Voices of the Night"(Gece Düşünceleri)'ni 1839'da ve "Ballads and Other Poems"(Şiirsel Öykü ve Diğer Şiirler)'i ise "The Village Blacksmith"(Demirci Köyü)ile beraber 1841 yılında neşretti.

Frances Fanny Appleton'la yaptığı evliliği
Longfellow, Frances Fanny Appleton'a kur yaptığı dönemde, Nathan Appleton Boston'un varlıklı fabrikatörlerindendi. Longfellow kur yapması süresince,sık sık Boston'daki evinden Harvard'a kadar yürüyor, Charles River (Charles Nehri)'dan West Boston Bridge (Batı Boston Köprüsü) aracılığıyla karşıya geçiyordu (Bu köprü sonradan yıkılmıştı. Yeni köprü ise 1906 yılında yine eski yerine koyuldu.Neticede köprünün eski adı değiştirildi ve yeni adı Longfellow Bridge oldu)Bu gidip gelmeler yedi yıl sonra son buldu ve Fanny, Longfellow'la nihayet 1843 yılında evlendi. Nathan Appleton House'u satın aldı, Charles River'in onlara bir evlilik hediyesi olmasına göz yumdu.

Longfellow'un Fanny'e olan aşkını anlatmak için ona ithafen 1845 yılının Ekim ayında yazdığı bir aşk şiiri olan sone "The Evening Star (Akşam Yıldızı)'dan bazı dizeler şöyledir:" "Ey canım sevgilim, sevimli Venüs'üm! Sabahım ve ey akşam yıldızı aşkım!"

O ve Fanny'in 6 adet çocuğu vardı:
 Charles Appleton (1844-1893)
 Ernest Wadsworth (1845-1921)
 Fanny (1847-1848)
 Alice Mary (1850-1928)
 Edith (1853-1915)
 Anne Allegra (1855-1934).

En genç çocuk olan Fanny 7 Nisan 1847'de doğduğunda Dr. Nathan Cooley ilk olarak onu hemen Birleşik Amerika tarafından koruma altına aldırdı.

Longfellow 1854 yılında Harvard'dan emekli oldu ve kendini tamamen işine verdi. Harvard Kuralları dolayasıyla kendisine 1859 yılında Doktora Şeref Payesi Ödülü verildi.

1855'te Kızılderili mitolojisinden etkilenerek Hiawatha'nın Şarkısı'nı yazdıBu Epik şiirin ölçüsü  olarak Elias Lönrot'un Kalevala'da kullandığı ölçüyü kullanmıştır.

Frances'in ölümü
Longfellow kendini evine, eşine ve çocukların adamış bir adamdı fakat evliliği korkunç bir faciayla son buldu. Sıcak bir Temmuz günü, eşi Frances, çocuklarının kesilmiş buklelerini saklamak için bir zarfa koymuş ve zarfın kapağını sıcak ağdayla mühürlerken elbisesi alev aldı ve ağır yanıklar nedeni ile öldü. Frances eğer bir gün daha yaşasaydı velhasıl 10 Temmuz 1861'de 44 yaşına basacaktı. Longfellow eşi öldüğünde harab oldu ve o günden sonra sağlığı hiç düzelmedi. Kederi günden güne büyüdü ve 1879 yılında eşinin ölümünün 18. yıl dönümünde "The Cross of Snow" (Kar'ın Elemi) adını verdiği şiiri yazmıştı.

Ölümü
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 24 Mart 1882 tarihinde 5 gün boyunca karın zarı iltihabı ile boğuşarak hayatını kaybetti.

Cenazesi her iki eşinin de gömülü olduğu Cambridge, Massachusetts'teki Mount Auburn Cemetery, mezarlığında defnedildi. 1884'te Londra'daki Westminster Abbey'deki Şairler Köşesine ilk kez bir Amerikalının, onun heykeli kondu.

Başarıları
Longfellow Amerika'da yaşadığı dönemde çok ünlü bir şahsiyet haline gelmişti. Onun 70. doğum günü olan 1877 yılında genel olarak ulusal bir tatil yapılmış ve buna ilişkin; geçit törenleri, nutuklar(söylevler) ve onun şiirleri okunmuştur. Amerkalı ünlü kişilerden oldu ve toplumda ve aydın kesiminde şahsına büyük önem verilmekle birlikte şairliği alkışlandı ve o da vatandaşlarına ve ülkesine daha fazla yararlı olmak için çalıştı.

Eserlerinin çok gözde olduğu sıralarda da ve hâlâ günümüzde de,birçok önemli eleştirmen Longfellow'un duyguları çok iyi şekilde anlattığında hemfikirdir. Şiirlerinde yalınlık, anlaşılırlık, süssüz (gösterişsiz) anlatım, sadelik ve akıcı bir dil vardır. Ayrıca şiirleri ABD'de belirli bir hayran kitlesi oluşturdu ve Amerikan mitoloji 'sinin oluşumunda katkısı oldu.

Longfellow'un Christimas Bells (Noel Çanları) şiiri Noel Günü şarkısı için "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" (Noel Günü'ün Zillerini Duyuyorum) şeklinde kabul edildi.

Alıntı ve el yazmaları
 Gemiler gece vaktinde sürüklenir.
 "Gün ışığı sevgidir, karanlık da nefret,yaşamak ise gün ışığı ve karanlığın denetleyicisidir.
 "Biraz daha zaman kazanmak için yapılması gereken şey; niçin orada oturup zaman kaybettiğinizi düşünmektir."
 "Paramparça olmuş bir ceketi kısa süre içinde onarabilirsiniz; ancak,bir çocuğun kirlenmiş kalbini sımsıcak sözlerle onarabilirsiniz."
 "Mezardan ürkebilirsiniz ancak mezar ışıktan ışığa açılan bir köprüdür ve ancak bu karanlığı geçerek aydınlığa ulaşabilirisiniz!"

Çeşitli
 İsmi, Illinois, Wisconsin, Kaliforniya, Minnesota, Montana, Pensilvanya ve New York gibi birçok şehirdeki okullara verildi.
 Neil Diamond tarafından "Longfellow Serenade"(Longfellow Serenadı) adında bir şarkı bestelendi.

Kaynakça
 "America's Longfellow" An Essay by Matthew Gartner, 2002. National Park Service - Longfellow House. https://web.archive.org/web/20070702215341/http://home.nps.gov/long/historyculture/upload/Gartner%20Essay.pdf
 Poems and Other Writings, J.D. McClatchy, ed. (New York: The Library of America , 2000) ISBN 1-883011-85-X
 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "The Poetical Works of Longfellow" Houghton Mifflin. 1975

Dış bağlantılar

 Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow at PoetryFoundation.org
 Audio - Hear the Village Blacksmith
 Maine Historical Society

1807 doğumlular
Portland, Maine doğumlular
1882 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı şairleri
Peritonitten ölenler

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow


مطار ولاية هارفارد  هو مطار عمومي على بعد ميلين في الشمال الشرقي من هارفارد نبراسكا.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1942 في نبراسكا
مبان ومنشآت في مقاطعة كلاي (نبراسكا)
مطارات الولايات المتحدة
مطارات أسست في 1942
مطارات في نبراسكا

مطار ولاية هارفارد


مخيم يبنا يقع في قطاع غزة على الحدود الجنوبية مع دولة مصر. وسمي بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى قرية يبنا التي هجر أهلها في العام 1948. في الأصل يعتبر مخيم يبنا حي في مخيم رفح حيث تجمع السكان بالغالب حسب المناطق التي انتموا إليها. من العائلات المعروفة فيه عائلة الجزار وعوض الله والهمص وأبو لبدة والزطمة وأبو زبيدة، ومن أشهر مساجدها مسجد الهدى الذي يقع وسطها حيت أنه تأسس سنة 1952. يعرف من الوجهاء المختار الشيخ عبد الله عوض الله والحكيم محمود حسين ابو زبيدة.

مراجع

محافظة رفح
مخيمات اللاجئين الفلسطينيين في قطاع غزة

مخيم يبنا


Blue Miracle est un film américain réalisé par Julio Quintana, sorti en 2021.

Synopsis
Pour sauver leur orphelinat de Casa Hogar à Cabo, un tuteur et ses enfants s'associent à un capitaine de bateau échoué pour tenter de gagner un prix lors d'un tournoi de pêche.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Blue Miracle
 Réalisation : Julio Quintana
 Scénario : Julio Quintana et Chris Dowling
 Musique : Hanan Townshend
 Photographie : Santiago Benet Mari
 Montage : Sandra Adair
 Production : Javier Chapa, Chris George, Ben Howard, Darren Moorman et Trey Reynolds
 Société de production : Third Coast Content, Endeavor Content, Mucho Mas Media, Provident Films et Reserve Entertainment
 Pays :
 Genre : Aventure, biopic, drame et
 Durée : 95 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
Netflix :

Distribution
 Dennis Quaid  : le capitaine Wade
 Jimmy Gonzales : Omar
 Miguel Angel Garcia : Moco
 Anthony Gonzalez : Geco
 Nathan Arenas : Hollywood
 Steve Gutierrez : Tweety
 Fernanda Urrejola : Becca
 Bruce McGill  : Wayne Bisbee
 Dana Wheeler-Nicholson : Tricia Bisbee
 Raymond Cruz : Hector
 Silverio Palacios : Chato
 Chris Doubek : Gary

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil mitigé de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 48 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2021
Film d'aventure américain
Film biographique américain
Film dramatique américain
Film distribué par Netflix

Blue Miracle