The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), or CommBank, is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Asia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It provides a variety of financial services, including retail, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment, and broking services. The Commonwealth Bank is the largest Australian listed company on the Australian Securities Exchange as of August 2015, with brands including Bankwest, Colonial First State Investments, ASB Bank (New Zealand), Commonwealth Securities (CommSec) and Commonwealth Insurance (CommInsure).

Its former constituent parts were the Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia, the Commonwealth Savings Bank of Australia, and the Commonwealth Development Bank.

Founded in 1911 by the Australian Government and fully privatised in 1996, the Commonwealth Bank is one of the "big four" Australian banks, with the National Australia Bank (NAB), ANZ and Westpac. The bank was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange on 12 Sep 1991.

The former global headquarters of Commonwealth Bank were the Commonwealth Trading Bank Building on the corner of Pitt Street and Martin Place, Sydney, which was refurbished from 2012 for retail and commercial uses, and (from 1984 to 2012) the State Savings Bank Building on Martin Place, which was sold in 2012 to Macquarie Bank. The headquarters were moved to Tower 1, 201 Sussex Street and two new nine-storey buildings which were built at the site of the former Sega World Sydney, in Darling Harbour on the western side of Sydney's city centre.

In 2018, findings from the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry have indicated a negative culture within the bank, amid allegations of fraud, deception, and money laundering, among various other crimes.

In 2022, the Commonwealth Bank hold the 49th position in the "Top 1000 World Banks".

History

Foundation (1911–1919)

The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was established by the Commonwealth Bank Act 1911, introduced by the Andrew Fisher Labor government, which favoured bank nationalisation, with effect on 22 December 1911. In a rare move for the time, the bank was to have both savings and general bank business. The bank was also the first bank in Australia to receive a federal government guarantee. The bank's earliest and most strenuous proponent was the flamboyant American-Australian Labor politician, King O'Malley, and its first governor was Sir Denison Miller.

The bank opened its first branch in Melbourne on 15 July 1912. In an agreement with Australia Post that exists to this day, the bank also traded through post office agencies. In 1912, it took over the State Savings Bank of Tasmania, and by 1913 it had branches in all six states.

In 1916, the bank moved its head office to Sydney. It also followed the Australian army into New Guinea, where it opened a branch in Rabaul and agencies elsewhere.

Central bank (1920–1959)

In 1920, the bank began acquiring central bank powers when it took over the responsibility for the issue of Australian bank notes from the Department of the Treasury. Also in 1920, the Commonwealth Bank took over the Queensland Government Savings Bank.

In 1924, the federal government of Stanley Bruce sought to place further checks and limits on the powers of the governor of the bank, and passed the  Commonwealth Bank Act, 1924, which created a seven-member Board of Directors comprising the governor, the Secretary of the Treasury, and six directors "actively engaged in agriculture, commerce, finance or industry", and a Chairman of the Board elected annual from its members. The first six board members was appointed on 10 October 1924: Sir John Garvan, Sir Robert Gibson, Sir Samuel Hordern, Robert McComas, Richard Samuel Drummond, and John McKenzie Lees. Garvan was appointed as the first chairman on 13 October 1924.

In 1931, the bank board came into conflict with the Labor government of James Scullin. The bank's chairman Sir Robert Gibson refused to expand credit in response to the Great Depression, as had been proposed by Treasurer Edward Theodore unless the government cut pensions, which Scullin refused to do. The conflict surrounding this issue led to the fall of the government, and to demands from Labor for reform of the bank and more direct government control over monetary policy.

Also in 1931, it took over the savings bank business of the Government Savings Bank of New South Wales (est. 1871), the current account and fixed deposit business of the NSW Rural Bank Department, and the State Savings Bank of Western Australia (est. 1863).

In 1942, the Commonwealth Banking Corporation (CBC) suspended its operations in Papua New Guinea as the Imperial Japanese Army captured many of the towns in which it operated, and bombed Port Moresby. The bank resumed operations later, possibly in 1944.

The bank had many branches across Papua New Guinea including Port Moresby, Boroko, Rabaul, Lae, Wau, Bulolo, Goroka, Kavieng, Madang, Mount Hagen, Kundiawa, Popondetta, and Wewak. On Bougainville, there was Kieta, Panguna, Arawa and early on a part-time sub-branch at Loloho. It maintained those facilities to support trade, local business, government, and small savers.

The Commonwealth Bank received almost all central bank powers in emergency legislation passed during World War II and at the end of the war, it used this power to begin a dramatic expansion of the economy. This was also the aim of the federal government at the time, which attempted to compel the Australian states to conduct their banking with the Commonwealth under the Banking Act 1945 (Cth), but the High Court in Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth (1947) 74 CLR 31, blocked this move.

In August 1945, the federal government of Ben Chifley passed the Commonwealth Bank Act, 1945, which repealed the 1925 act and abolished the Board of Directors, returning full executive control of the bank to the governor.

The government also dramatically expanded immigration programs. In response, the bank established a Migrant Information Service (later known as the Australian Financial & Migrant Information Service, or AFMIS). The bank expanded during this period, and in just five years it opened hundreds of branches throughout Australia and in 1951 it established a branch in the Solomon Islands.

In 1958 and 1959, there was a controversy concerning the dual functions of the organization, operating as the central bank on the one hand and a commercial bank on the other. As a result, the government separated the two roles, creating the Reserve Bank of Australia to exercise the central bank function, and leaving the Commonwealth Banking Corporation to operate purely as a commercial bank. Those commercial functions were exercised by the organization's constituent sections: the Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia, the Commonwealth Savings Bank of Australia, and the newly-formed Commonwealth Development Bank.

From 1958 to 1976 the Commonwealth Bank operated savings bank agencies in the New Hebrides.

Diversification (1960–1991)

A new Commonwealth Development Bank was established in 1960 and during the 1970s the bank diversified its business into areas like insurance and travel. It established a finance company, CBFC in 1974. The bank also became more heavily involved in foreign currency trading and international banking in general.

The bank actively supported the introduction of decimal currency in the years leading up to 1966 and, like most banks, it gradually converted its paper records onto a new computer-based system. The bank created the first credit card in Australia in 1974 when it established Bankcard. In later years the bank began offering MasterCard (1984) and Visa (1993) cards as well.

In 1974, as Papua New Guinea approached independence, the bank formally handed over its PNG operations to the newly created and government-owned Papua New Guinea Banking Corporation (PNGBC).  The bank retained a restricted branch in Port Moresby that it finally closed in 1982.

In 1981 the bank transferred its operations in the Solomon Islands to the National Bank of Solomon Islands, which operated as a joint venture (51% Commonwealth Bank, 49% Government of the Solomon Islands).

In 1989 the bank acquired 75 per cent of ASB Bank in New Zealand.

In 1991 the bank acquired the failing Victorian Government-owned State Bank of Victoria (est. 1842).

Privatisation (1991–present)

Between 1991 and 1996 the Australian Government under the Keating government fully privatised the Commonwealth Bank. The first share offer in 1991 was valued at $1,292 million, the second in 1993 for $1,700 million and the third was sold for $5,000 million in 1996. It is a public company, but one of the few such companies in Australia whose official name does not end in 'Limited'.

In 1994 Commonwealth sold its shares in National Bank of Solomon Islands to Bank of Hawaii. In 1994, Commonwealth took a 50% share in PT Bank International Indonesia.

On 10 March 2000, the Commonwealth Bank and Colonial Limited announced their intention to merge, with seven Commonwealth Bank shares being offered for twenty Colonial Shares. The merger received final approval from the Supreme Court of Victoria on 31 May 2000 and was completed on 13 June 2000. This brought into the fold Colonial's stake in Colonial National Bank, the former National Bank of Fiji. The bank also acquired the remaining 25% of ASB Bank.

Banking opportunities in Asia saw the Bank in 2000 acquire full ownership of PT Bank International Indonesia and rename it (PT Bank Commonwealth). This bank now has over 16 branches and has opened several FX shops to cater to Commonwealth Bank clients who are tourists in Bali.

In 2005, the bank established strategic co-operation agreements with two Chinese banks, Jinan City Commercial Bank and Hangzhou City Commercial Bank; it took an 11% stake in Jinan Commercial, and a 19.9% stake in Hangzhou Commercial. Commonwealth also established a representative office in Bangalore, India.

On 27 January 2006, the bank acquired the remaining 49% stake in Colonial National Bank (Fiji).

At the beginning of 2008, Commonwealth Bank opened a branch in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). Then in October, Commonwealth announced that it had purchased Bankwest and St Andrew's Insurances from their parent company HBOS for A$2.1 billion. The acquisition was scheduled to be completed in early 2009, subject to regulatory approval. Lastly, on 24 December, Commonwealth announced that it had, in joint partnership with Aussie Home Loans, purchased Wizard Home Loans. As part of the deal, the Commonwealth Bank will acquire Wizard mortgages up to the value of A$4 billion. Commonwealth Bank held about 30 percent of the loan business of financial advisory company Storm Financial when it collapsed in January 2009.

In December 2009, Commonwealth sold Colonial National Bank to Bank of South Pacific.

The bank transferred its ATM service desk from HP Enterprise Services in Adelaide to ITS (Armaguard) in Sydney in March 2012. The bank will change from NCR and Diebold ATMs to Wincor Nixdorf ATMs over the coming years.

The bank is the only financial services organisation to appear in the Dream Employers' top 20 list of preferred employers for 2010 and 2011.

During the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry it was discovered that the Commonwealth Bank had charged dead people for financial advice services. On 9 May 2018, Commonwealth Bank settled an interest rate rigging case brought by ASIC for $25 million. In the settlement, the bank admitted it engaged in "unconscionable conduct" and manipulated the bank bill swap rate five times between February and June 2012.

Controversies

Environmental
Commonwealth Bank is one of the major Australian banks known to be financing and profiting from activities destructive to the Great Barrier Reef, something the bank has been facing increased public scrutiny over since a 2013 report by Market Forces; the Sydney Morning Herald had this to say:

In 2014, CBA and the big four Australian banks faced increased pressure to end their support for reef-threatening mining projects, as surveys have shown that "the big four banks would be risking customers shifting up to $236 billion in household deposits if they were to finance a project like the Abbot Point expansion".

In late 2014, it "was revealed [CBA] was advising Indian coal miner Adani on its proposed development in Queensland's Galilee basin", while by 2015, it has been reported that "all the major American and European banks have refused funds to the project, citing environmental damage".

In May 2015, a report by Market Forces showed that CBA is the single biggest lender to fossil fuel projects within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area during the six-year period from 2008 to 2014. Almost immediately following, protests were held at over fifty CBA branches in Australia and around the world.  Billboards, hoardings and branch signs were revised to read "Coal Bank" and company slogans changed to highlight its investment in fossil fuels.

Later in May, a report by MSCI showed that while other banks are reducing their funding for fossil fuel projects, Australia's largest banks are ramping up this same funding; The Guardian reported:

{{block quote|Australia's largest banks have committed about 10% of their known loan arrangements to the financing of risky fossil fuel projects that may become 'stranded' if the world is to avoid disastrous climate change, new research has estimated.|The Guardian, May 2015.}}

2008 financial planning scandal
In October 2008, former CBA financial planner Jeff Morris alleged to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and subsequently a Senate Inquiry, the extent of the misconduct of CBA's financial planning arm, Commonwealth Financial Planning Limited (CFPL), but it was not until 16 months later that ASIC would launch an investigation. "There was forgery and dishonest concealment of material facts," the Senate Inquiry found in its report. They concluded a Royal Commission or Judicial Inquiry as it was deemed ASIC lacked the investigative powers required to uncover the full extent of the allegations. A week following the Senate Inquiry, CEO Ian Narev publicly apologised while announcing a compensation scheme. Former CEO Ralph Norris also conceded that he was aware of problems within CFPL acknowledging the presence of rogue financial planners but rejected the assertion of a conspiracy to cover it up. CBA has been criticised in the Senate for appointing Dr. Brendan French, who was the General Manager of Group Customer Relations before, as the head of the Open Advice Review program. The CBA defended Dr. Brendan French successfully in a defamation lawsuit in 2015; the decision was a single judge decision and was not appealed after the defence was withdrawn. Criticism has also been leveled at the fact that Dr. Brendan French was formerly a member of the board of directors of the Financial Ombudsman Service and is now working in CBA with respect to customer complaints.

2016 $76m Ponzi scheme
In 2016, it was revealed that some CBA staff were implicated in an alleged $76m Ponzi scheme fraud. The alleged architects of the scam were professional poker player Bill Jordanou and accountant Robert Zaia.

Insurance division scandal
It was reported alleged systemic issues about the insurance division of CBA. A claimant who suffered a heart attack and nearly died had his claim declined based on an outdated medical definition in his insurance policy. The company admitted this decision was a bad judgement. The insurer also "refused to pay total permanent disability (TPD) and terminal illness claims on the chance that a dying person facing organ failure may have their life saved by a transplant, and that a person can claim their life insurance if they are declared terminally ill by two doctors and deemed likely to die within 12 months." In March 2016, ASIC announced it would be investigating CBA about the allegations. After the serious allegations were aired in an episode of Four Corners'' two parliamentary inquiries were conducted. One into the life insurance sector, and another into protection of whistleblowers. The inquiries found that no staff involved in the wrongdoings were fired. The only person who suffered a consequence was the whistleblower who had tried to do the right thing. There were also calls for a Royal Commission into the insurance industry. The Financial Services Royal Commission was eventually called and found widespread issues. The Commonwealth Bank was called the gold medallist for ripping off customers by the counsel assisting the royal commissioner.

Money laundering scandal
In August 2017, the financial intelligence agency Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC) launched civil proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia, alleging that CBA had breached money laundering and terrorism financing laws on 53,700 occasions. The breaches related to the bank's use of intelligent deposit machines (IDMs) between November 2012 and September 2015—the bank claimed that a programming error allowed depositors to instantly credit cash deposits to their accounts, whilst failing to report amounts over $10,000 to AUSTRAC, and not enforcing any limits to the number of transactions.

Bank bill swap rate allegations

ASIC commenced legal proceedings in the Federal Court on 30 January 2018 alleging manipulation of the bank bill swap rate (BBSW). The BBSW rate is the rate of interest that banks charge to lend money to each other, and is a key interest rate used as the benchmark for interest rates on a number of products, most notably business loans, currency derivatives and floating rate bonds. It is alleged that the manipulations took place on three specific occasions in 2012.

BankWest commercial loan book
The change from Basel I to Basel II capitalisation requirements, due to take effect on 1 January 2009, required BankWest to increase its Tier 1 capital (share capital) by an additional A$17 billion. BankWest's owner HBOS lent this money to Bankwest, but required the money be repaid to meet HBOS's own capital requirements.

HBOS, therefore, agreed to sell BankWest to Commonwealth Bank (CBA) in October 2008. The sale completed on for A$2.1 billion on 19 December 2008, and required Commonwealth Bank to repay the capital HBOS had loaned Bankwest.

One of the provisions of the sale agreement was an ability for CBA to claim a price adjustment. A loan was later found to have been impaired at the time of purchase but had not been identified to Commonwealth Bank by HBOS as impaired during the acquisition.

Commonwealth Bank declared 1,958 out of 26,000 BankWest commercial loans impaired (in default of the loan terms), with a total face value of $17.9 billion. As they were deemed to be in breach of their loan conditions, the bank was able to charge increased interest rates, or require early repayment.

Commonwealth Bank lost A$2 billion on defaulted loans that were not repaid (2.1% of the loan book, in comparison to an average of 0.4% across the Big Four Australian banks). Of the defaulted loans, the calling-in of 117 resulted in the borrowing company going into receivership.

Borrowers complained that they had complied with the monetary conditions of the loans: they had kept up interest payments and repayments, and disputed whether it was reasonable to apply penalty interest and require early repayment for non-monetary issues (for example, not having invested the funds for the purpose borrowed, or no longer having adequate security to back the loan).

The Australian Parliament requested that the Parliament's Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services conduct an inquiry into the matter, which reported on 4 May 2016.

The committee concluded that there was no evidence to suggest that impairment of loans was related to an attempt to 'claw back' any of the BankWest purchase price. However, it did find that "in a minority of cases" there was abuse of the asymmetry of power between the bank and the borrower. The committee recommended that there be improvements in the consistency of lenders' valuation of property used as security for loans.

Dollarmites
Dollarmites is the Commonwealth Bank's school banking program.  In a 2020 Report, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission recommended against these programs.
The Victorian Government and later the Queensland Government planned to stop allowing these programs in their state schools. Consumer group Choice continued to lobby for more State governments to also ban the banking program from public schools.
Finally in 2021, after the New South Wales Government banned it too, the Commonwealth Bank announced the end of the program.

Bank structure

Customer Service Network

This division delivers financial services to personal and small business customers.

Premium Business Services
Premium Business Services was formally split into two departments in 2009, Institutional Banking & Markets (IB&M) and Business & Private Banking (B&PB). IB&M includes areas of the bank that provides services to Institutional Clients and Global Markets. B&PB includes areas of the bank that provides services to Business customers and private banking customers.

Wealth Management
Wealth Management brings together the Groups funds management platform, master funds, superannuation, insurance and financial advice business support. Colonial First State, Colonial First State Global Asset Management and CommInsure all form part of Wealth Management. CBA has been granted a MySuper authority, enabling it to continue to receive default superannuation contribution from 1 January 2014.

Executive leadership

Governors/Chief Executive Officers
The following individuals have been appointed to serve as chief executive of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, or precursor titles:

Chairs of the Board

International operations
The Commonwealth Bank's international presence includes:
 Retail banks in New Zealand (ASB Bank),Turkey (CommBiz) and Indonesia (99% of PT Bank Commonwealth)
 Banking investments in China (20 per cent in both Qilu Bank and Bank of Hangzhou) and Vietnam, (20 per cent stake in Vietnam International Bank)
 County banks in Hebei and Henen Provinces of China (15 branches and 8 sub-branches)
 Commonwealth Bank branches in London, New York City, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Singapore, Auckland, Turkey, Ho Chi Minh City and Mumbai
 Joint venture life insurance businesses in Indonesia (PT Commonwealth Life) and China (37.5% stake in BoCommLife)
 First State funds management business in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan, United States and Dubai
 Representative office in Hanoi
 A Global Capability Center in Bangalore, India

Products and services
The Commonwealth Bank is Australia's largest retail bank and offers customers a range of products and services, including loans, credit cards, transaction and savings accounts. It has the largest branch and ATM network. It also offers services to people planning to move to Australia.

NetBank
The Commonwealth Bank offers online banking services through NetBank. NetBank allows customers to transfer funds, manage accounts, access assets and liabilities and also manage savings and saving goals. NetBank is also offered with a mobile app available for iOS and Android.

Beem It
Beem It is an instant payment free-to-download mobile application owned by Commonwealth Bank, NAB and Westpac later sold to Eftpos Australia. It offers an instant payment transfer service between registered users of the app regardless of which bank they are with. The app's main features include options to pay, transfer, request and split money.

Subsidiaries

Australia
 Bankwest
 Colonial First State
 CommInsure
 Commonwealth Securities

Asia Pacific
 PT Bank Commonwealth (Indonesia)

New Zealand
 ASB

Turkey
 TR Commbiz (Turkey)

Sponsorship
Commonwealth Bank has been sponsoring Cricket Australia for the women's game since the 1990s.

In April 2021, Commonwealth Bank secured a four-year partnership deal with Football Australia for the naming rights of the women's national football teams as the Commonwealth Bank Matildas, Commonwealth Bank Young Matildas, and Commonwealth Bank Junior Matildas.

In November 2022, FIFA announced that Commonwealth Bank has signed on as an official supporter for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Profits By Year

See also

 Australian Cricket Academy
 Banking in Australia
 Commonwealth Bank Series
 Commonwealth Bank Trophy
 List of banks in Australia
 List of banks in Oceania
 List of companies of Australia
 Reserve Bank of Australia
 State Bank of New South Wales
 State Bank of Victoria

References

Further reading

External links

1991 initial public offerings
Australian companies established in 1911
Banks established in 1911
Banks of Australia
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Financial services companies based in Sydney
Former Commonwealth Government-owned companies of Australia
Multinational banks

Commonwealth Bank


Elias Wakan  es un escultor constructivista canadiense, residente en Isla Gabriola, Columbia Británica, Canadá.

Sus esculturas son una reminiscencia de la obra de Naum Gabo y otros artistas del movimiento constructivista de Rusia. Sus esculturas de madera se ensamblan a partir de, en ocasiones, miles de piezas idénticas de madera. Las formas unitarias de perfil regular, a veces rectilíneo, a veces triangular, pero una vez montado producen curvas, esculturas abstractas y geométricas.

También ha llevado a las tres dimensiones algunas de las figuras de Escher.

Antes de mudarse a Gabriola, Wakan fue uno de los dos propietarios de la editorial Pacific-Rim Publishers, junto con su esposa, la poeta, Naomi Wakan.

Notas y referencias

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Elias Wakan: sitio oficial del escultor (en inglés)
 www.naomiwakan.com

Enlaces externos

Escultores del siglo XX
Escultores del siglo XXI
Escultores de Canadá
Constructivismo

Elias Wakan


La Línea de Beira Alta es una línea ferroviaria internacional que une el enlace ferroviario de Pampilhosa (Línea del Norte), cerca de Coímbra, con la frontera de España, en Vilar Formoso, con recorrido paralelo al eje del río Mondego; inaugurada el 3 de agosto de 1882, es la principal conexión ferroviaria de Portugal con Europa.

Descripción
Posee un trazado bastante sinuoso, con grandes rampas y curvas de radio reducido.

Historia

Planificación, construcción e inauguración
La construcción de esta Línea tenía una elevada importancia, pues la región poseía una fuerte densidad poblacional, un gran número de industrias, principalmente de hilado y tejido, y una considerable producción agrícola, especialmente de ganado y vino; desde su apertura se convirtió en unos de los ejes más importantes de la red ferroviaria portuguesa, desde el punto de vista nacional e internacional.

Esta conexión fue discutida por primera vez en una propuesta parlamentaría en 1874, siendo modificada por comisiones parlamentarias al año siguiente; la propuesta fue ratificada por una ley del 26 de enero de 1876, que estableció la ciudad de Coímbra como punto inicial de la línea.

Fueron, entonces, abiertos dos concursos, el 20 de mayo y el 11 de septiembre del mismo año, pero solo apareció una propuesta, que fue recusada porque se consideraba perjudicial para los intereses públicos; mientras que fue aprobado, el 25 de mayo, un nuevo plan, que establecía la estación inicial en Pampilhosa. Debido al fracaso de los concursos, el gobierno entregó al parlamento,  el 8 de  enero de 1877, una moción para realizar la construcción de esta línea; no obstante, en el debate que se produjo, se decidió hacer un nuevo concurso, que fue abierto por la ley del 23 de marzo de 1878. Se firmó el contrato de construcción el 3 de agosto de ese año, con la Société Financière de Paris, que fundó la Compañía de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses de Beira Alta para construir y explotar la línea; esta inició las obras en octubre, en el tramo entre Vilar Formoso y Pampilhosa. Desde el comienzo, no obstante, se procuró continuar la línea de Beira Alta desde Pampilhosa hasta Figueira da Foz, que, debido a su puerto marítimo, se presentaba indispensable para el tráfico de la línea, que se preveía que fuese bastante intenso; esta pretensión entró, sin embargo, en conflito con los planos de la Compañía Real de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses, que también tenía planeado continuar sus líneas hasta aquella ciudad, según un contrato del 14 de septiembre de 1859. Fue así abierto el concurso para la conexión ferroviaria hasta Figueira da Foz, haciendo pedido la Compañía de Beira Alta la mitad del subsídio estatal que había sido impuesto por la Compañía Real, y, el 30 de  agosto de 1879, alteró sus condiciones, prescindiendo de cualquier apoyo financiero por parte del gobierno; de esta forma, la Junta Consultiva de las Obras Públicas concedió la construcción, siendo firmado el contrato provisional el 31 de  octubre, aprobado por las cortes tras su presentación, el 19 de enero de 1880, y promulgado por una ley del 31 de marzo. Entre tanto, la Compañía Real presentó una reclamación, que fue rechazada por el Tribunal Arbitral el 7 de octubre de 1880.

El tramo entre Pampilhosa y Vilar Formoso entró en servicio, de forma provisional, el 1 de julio de 1882, siendo la línea completamente inaugurada, entre Figueira da Foz y la frontera, el 3 de agosto del mismo año. Así, la línea de Beira Alta alcanzaba, en su totalidad, 252,522 kilómetros de longitud.

Entre julio de 1895 y 1900, el Sud Expresso fue realizado por la línea de Beira Alta.

Siglo XX

La circulación en esta línea fue, como en otras conexiones ferroviarias de Portugal, reducida en 1917, debido a la escasez de carbón presente en este momento, como resultado de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Los funcionarios de la Compañía participaron, junto con los empleados de otras empresas ferroviarias en Portugal, en la huelga del 3 de junio de 1918.

El 2 de junio de 1926, el director general de la Compañía informó a la Comisión Ejecutiva de que los puentes de la línea no conseguían mantener el paso de las locomotoras de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles Portugueses, debido a su peso.

La explotación y el material circulante de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles Portugueses de Beira Alta pasaron a manos de la Compañía de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses el 2 de mayo de 1930, fecha en que el contrato de traspaso fue firmado. La escritura para la transferencia de la concesión de la Compañía de Beira Alta solo fue, no obstante, ejecutada el 28 de febrero de 1946.

El 22 de abril de 1937, la Compañía de Beira Alta suspendió todo el tráfico internacional debido a la Guerra Civil Española, y,  el 11 de febrero de 1942, el tráfico nacional también fue reducido, por falta de combustible.

El 2 de julio de 1953, es concedido, a la firma alemana Fried Krupp Stahlban Rheinhausen, el contrato de la renovación de los puentes metálicos en esta línea; el 20 de agosto del mismo año, el Consejo de Ministros autorizó que fuesen entregados, como pago del Departamento de Defensa Nacional, 15 000 000 de escudos a la Compañía de los Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses, para proceder a la sustitución de los seis puentes en la Línea de Beira Alta. En 1958, la Compañía emprendió la renovación de varias puentes en esta línea, en el ámbito del I Plan de Fomento.

El 11 de septiembre de 1985, ocurrió el peor accidente ferroviario en Portugal, cuando dos composiciones colisionaron junto al Apeadero de Alcafache, produciendo cerca de 150 muertos.

En septiembre de 1993, ya se encontraban en circulación los vagones Sorefame remodelados entre Lisboa y Guarda.

En 1994, la línea de Beira Alta fue una de las principales conexiones ferroviarias en Portugal, concentrando gran parte del tráfico internacional de mercancías y pasajeros, como los servicios Sud Expresso y el Lusitânia-Expresso. Así, fue objetivo de profundas obras de remodelación y modernización, en parte financiadas por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Las obras se centraron, principalmente, en las estaciones y en la vía, habiéndose procedido a su electrificación. Después del fin de las obras, se pudieron introducir las locomotoras de la CP Serie 5600, de tracción eléctrica. En ese año circulaban entre Lisboa y Guarda, servicios Regionales en la modalidad Auto-Expresso, que permitían el transporte de automóviles; este servicio fue cancelado el 1 de marzo de 2006, debido a la introducción de los automotores de la CP Serie 2240.

En 1996, entraron en servicio, en el ámbito del programa de modernización de la Línea de Beira Alta, los sistemas de señalización automática y de telecomunicaciones, implementados entre las estaciones de Pampilhosa y Vilar Formoso.

Siglo XXI
En noviembre de 2006, una composición Intercidades arrolló un automóvil en el paso a nivel de Oliveirinha; este accidente provocó daños en la locomotora, pero no hubo víctimas, gracias a que el único ocupante del vehículo lo abandonó cuando se dio cuenta de la llegada del convoy.

La circulación ferroviaria en esta línea fue interrumpida en agosto de 2009, entre las localidades de Contenças y Gouveia, por culpa de un incendio forestal, y en febrero de 2010 debido al paso del Ciclón Xynthia. En agosto del mismo año, el tráfico fue nuevamente, suspendido debido a un incendio en Mangualde.

Véase también
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional
 Comboios de Portugal
 Historia del transporte ferroviario en Portugal

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Pedro Zúquete:

Línea de la Beira Alta


بطولة ميامي للماسترز ، تقام في مدينة ميامي في ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية، وهي ثاني بطولات الأساتذة بعد بطولة إنديان ويلز. وقد انطلقت البطولة في فبراير سنة 1985 على الملاعب الصلبة في مركز تنس كراندون بارك المملوكة لشركة (IMG). ويبلغ مجموع الجوائز المالية 11,076,510 $ تتوزع إلى 5,649,405 $ للرجال، و 5,427,105 $ للسيدات. وتقام هذه البطولة في مارس من كل عام.

أطلق على البطولة أسماء متعددة حسب الشركة الراعية للبطولة؛ أُطلق عليها بالبداية ليبتون الدولية، في سنة 2000 أطلق عليها بطولة إريكسون المفتوحة، وفي عام 2002 أصبحت معروفة باسم بطولة ناسدك-100 المفتوحة، في 2007 أُعيد تسميتها ببطولة سوني إريكسون المفتوحة في صفقة تدفع فيها الشركة 20 مليون $ على مدى 4 سنوات، وأخيراً تم تعديل اسم البطولة ليصبح سوني المفتوحة للتنس.

التاريخ
تأسست البطولة على يد اللاعب الأمريكي السابق بوتش بوتشولز، وكان هدفه جعل البطولة أول البطولات الكبرى لكرة المضرب من كل سنة (بطولة أستراليا المفتوحة كانت تقام بشهر ديسمبر آنذاك)، وأطلق عليها «سماء ويمبلدون». توصل بوتشولز مع رابطة محترفي كرة المضرب ورابطة محترفات كرة المضرب إلى إتفاق لإقامة البطولة ل15 سنة مقابل تقديم الجائزة المالية و 15% من مبيعات التذاكر وحقوق البث التلفزيوني في العالم.

عقدت أول بطولة في فبراير 1985 في منتجع لافر الدولي للتنس في دلراي بيتش (فلوريدا). ثم انتقلت عام 1986 إلى بوكا الغربية في فلوريدا وقد حققت نجاحاً هناك.

في عام 1999 بيعت البطولة لشركة (IMG).

نتائج البطولات

فردي رجال

فردي السيدات

زوجي الرجال

زوجي السيدات

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1985
بطولات كرة مضرب في فلوريدا
تأسيسات سنة 1985 في فلوريدا
دورات الماسترز
دورات الماسترز 1000 نقطة
رابطة محترفات كرة المضرب
مقاطعة ميامي داد (فلوريدا)
منافسات رياضية في ميامي

ميامي للماسترز


Krušina trušljikovina (trušljika, pasja lijeska, obična krkavina, pasje grožđe, lat.  Frangula alnus), biljna vrsta u rodu krkavinka ili krušina, porodica Rhamnaceae.

Raširena je po Euroaziji od Atlantske obale do srednjeg Sibira i sjeverozapadne Kine, te na sjeverozapadu Afrike. Jedna je od dvoje vrste u rodu Frangula, koja raste u Hrvatskoj. Druga je kamenjarska krkavinka (F. rupestris)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pasjakovke

Krušina trušljikovina


Ramsay MacMullen (* 3. März 1928 in New York; † 28. November 2022 in New Haven (Connecticut)) war ein US-amerikanischer Althistoriker.

Werdegang
MacMullen besuchte die Phillips Exeter Academy (1942–1946) und studierte anschließend an der Harvard University (AB 1950; AM 1953; PhD 1957). Von 1956 bis 1961 lehrte er an der University of Oregon, zunächst als Instructor, später als Assistant Professor, von 1961 bis 1967 an der Brandeis University als Associate Professor bzw. Professor. Von 1967 bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1993 lehrte er als Professor für Alte Geschichte an der Yale University.

Seine beiden hauptsächlichen Forschungsfelder bildeten die Römische Sozialgeschichte sowie die Spätantike. Auch zur Epigraphik hat MacMullen wichtige Studien vorgelegt. Er prägte den Ausdruck Epigraphic habit, der (in der Regel unübersetzt) Eingang in die internationale Fachterminologie gefunden hat und die jeweilige Gewohnheit einer Gesellschaft, in bestimmten Zusammenhängen Inschriften zu setzen, bezeichnet.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire (1963)
 Constantine (1970)
 Roman Social Relations, 50 B.C. to A.D. 284 (1974)
 Paganism in the Roman Empire (1984)
 Christianizing the Roman Empire: AD 100–400 (1989)
 Corruption and the Decline of Rome. (1988)
 Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries (1997)
 Romanization in the Time of Augustus (2000)
 Voting About God in Early Church Councils  (2006)
 The Second Church: Popular Christianity A.D. 200–400 (2009)

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf und Schriftenverzeichnis auf academia.edu
 MacMullen auf der Website der Yale University
 Nachruf der Yale University

Anmerkungen

Althistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Yale University)
Hochschullehrer (Brandeis University)
Epigraphiker
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Ramsay MacMullen


.sh ist die länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain (ccTLD) der gleichberechtigten Teilgebiete St. Helena und Tristan da Cunha des Britischen Überseegebietes St. Helena, Ascension und Tristan da Cunha. Sie wurde am 23. September 1997 eingeführt und der Regierung zugeteilt. Ascension führt mit .ac eine eigene ccTLD.

Eigenschaften
Eine .sh-Domain darf zwischen drei und 63 Stellen lang sein und nur alphanumerische Zeichen beinhalten, internationalisierte Domainnamen werden unterstützt. Jede natürliche oder juristische Person weltweit kann Inhaber einer .sh-Domain sein, ein Sitz auf den Inseln ist nicht notwendig. Trotz der liberalen Vergabekriterien spielt .sh international kaum eine Rolle, lottery.sh war die teuerste jemals gehandelte .sh-Domain. Die Domain wird teilweise von Website-Betreibern genutzt, um einen Bezug zum deutschen Bundesland Schleswig-Holstein herzustellen.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website der Vergabestelle

Einzelnachweise

Länderspezifische Top-Level-Domain
St. Helena
Medien (St. Helena, Ascension und Tristan da Cunha)

.sh


The Lady in the Van er en britisk komedie-drama film fra 2015. Filmen instrueret af Nicholas Hytner, og skrevet af Alan Bennett, og med Maggie Smith og Alex Jennings i hovedrollerne. Filmen fortæller den sande historie om Mary Shepherd, en ældre kvinde, der boede i en forfalden van i Bennetts indkørsel i London i 15 år.

Medvirkende
 Maggie Smith som Frøken Mary Shepherd / Margaret Fairchild
 Alex Jennings som Alan Bennett
 Roger Allam som Rufus
 Deborah Findlay som Pauline
 Jim Broadbent som Underwood
 Cecilia Noble som Frøken Briscoe
 Gwen Taylor som Mam
 Frances de la Tour som Ursula Vaughan Williams
 Nicholas Burns som Giles Perry
 Pandora Colin som Mrs Perry

Kilde

Eksterne links

Britiske film fra 2015
Film fra Storbritannien
Engelsksprogede film
Film baseret på virkelige begivenheder

The Lady in the Van


Kjell Ola Dahl (født 4 februar 1958 på Gjøvik) er en norsk forfatter.

Han har studeret psykologi og økonomi.

Han debuterede litterært 1993 med kriminalromanen Dødens investeringer.

Bibliografi

Romaner og fortællinger
(Norske titler - flere værker er også udkommet på dansk)
 Dødens investeringer – kriminalroman (1993)
 Seksognitti – kriminalroman (1994)
 Miniatyren – kriminalroman (1996)
 Siste skygge av tvil – kriminalroman (1998)
 En liten gyllen ring – kriminalroman (2000)
 Mannen i vinduet – kriminalroman (2001)
 Gjensynsgleder – love stories – noveller (2002)
 Lille tambur – kriminalroman (2003)
 Den fjerde raneren – kriminalroman (2005)
 Lindeman & Sachs – roman (2006)
 Svart engel – kriminalroman (2007)
 Lindemans tivoli – roman (2008)
 Kvinnen i plast – kriminalroman (2010)
 Isbaderen – kriminalroman (2011)

Bidrag i antologier

 Hunden – Novelle i samlingen Mistanken brer seg – Red. Astrid De Vibe og Irene Engelstad, Gyldendal forlag, (1997)
 Døden tar telefon– Novelle i samlingen De nye krimheltene – Red. Nils Nordberg, Gyldendal forlag, (2002)
 Helt ubegripelig – Novelle i samlingen Forbuden frukt, Gyldendal forlag, (2002)
 Kua – Novelle i samlingen Ingenting å skrive hjem om – Red. Lars Lenth, Kagge Forlag, (2002)
 Vidvinkel – Novelle i samlingen Den skandinaviske gullrekka Gyldendal forlag, (2012)
 Haikere – Novelle i samlingen Årets påskekrim forlaget Cappelen Damm, (2012)

Faglitteratur
 Sporløst forsvunnet – dokumentarbog i samarbejde med Ola Thune Kagge Forlag (2001)
 Venezia – forfatterens guide– reisebok, Spartacus forlag (2004). Bogen er illustreret med fotografier af Oddleiv Apneseth
 Forsvarerens kriminalfortellende behov – essay i samlingen Folkefiende? 70 år med Staff (2004)
 Fortellingen om Bill Gates – Børnebog Kagge Forlag (2009)
 Dødens seilas – Scandinavian Star og gåtene – dokumentarbog om katastrofen på passagerfærgen Scandinavian Star 7. april 1990, Pax forlag (2012)

Eksterne henvisninger

Forfattere fra Norge
Krimiforfattere fra Norge
Norsksprogede forfattere

Kjell Ola Dahl


Adam  Emil Skaanning Jakobsen (født den 7. april 1999) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for den danske 1. Divisionsklub FC Fredericia. I transfervinduet sommeren 2020 blev han udlejet til Kolding if

Hans foretrukne position er som angriber. Sommeren 2021 blev han udlejet til den slovenske klub NK Celje i Prva Ligaen.

Klubkarriere
Adam skiftede fra BK Frem til Vejle Boldklub den 2. juni 2018 forud for 2018-19-sæsonen. Han skrev under på en treårig kontrakt gældende frem til sommeren 2021.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Boldklubben Frem
Fodboldspillere fra Vejle Boldklub

Adam Jakobsen


Philippe Massoni (13 January 1936 – 14 February 2015) was a French prefect.  He was the French co-prince's representative to Andorra from July 2002 to June 2007, replacing Frédéric de Saint-Sernin.

He had previously been chief of police for Paris.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
French politicians
Diplomats from Marseille
Prefects of police of Paris
French people of Italian descent
Commanders of the Legion of Honour

Philippe Massoni


Walter Acosta (* 1. März 1935 in Las Piedras, Uruguay) ist ein uruguayischer Schauspieler, Theaterregisseur und Dramaturg.

Leben
Acosta begann seine Theater-Laufbahn 1957 am El Galpón und gehörte dem Ensemble bis 1961 an.  1962 gründete er in Las Piedras das Teatro Los Comediantes, dem er bis 1967 angeschlossen war. Anschließend ging er nach London und wirkte dort mehr als zwanzig Jahre in der BBC als Abteilungsdirektor Schauspiel. Zudem war er als unabhängiger Theaterregisseur tätig und arbeitete mit Schauspielern wie beispielsweise Kenneth Branagh, John Gielgud, Julie Christie, Derek Jacobi und Trevor Howard. In London brachte er insbesondere Stücke lateinamerikanischer Autoren auf die Bühne, darunter Prueba de fuego von Ugo Ulive und OK von Isaac Chocrón. Auch in der Schweiz, wo er seit 1992 in Genf lebte, inszenierte er mehrfach. Mittlerweile hat er sich in Buenos Aires niedergelassen.

Acosta, der auch die Werke Yo, Diderot und En el fondo de un pozo vacío verfasste, war überdies Direktoriumsmitglied der Federación Uruguaya de Teatros Independientes (FUTI) und wurde im Laufe seiner Karriere mehrfach ausgezeichnet. In Australien erhielt er 1988 für Vladimir Gubaryevs Stück Sarcófago, das sich mit dem Tschernobyl-Unglück befasst, den Premio Pater. Das kubanische Casa de las Américas zeichnete ihn 2001 mit dem Theaterpreis für El escorpión y la comadreja aus. Im Folgejahr wurde ihm eine Erste Erwähnung der Comisión Administradora del Fondo Nacional del Teatro (COFONTE) für El trapecio loco zu teil. Seine Regie des an der Comedia Nacional aufgeführten Stückes Meyerhold. En el fondo de un pozo vacío veranlasste das Uruguayische Bildungs- und Kulturministerium im Jahr 2003 Acosta zu prämieren.
2010 erhielt er den Ersten Preis beim 9. Concurso del Fondo Nacional (9. Wettbewerb des Nationalfonds) des Teatro Irma Adó für Mi voz en el viento.

Auszeichnungen
 1988: Premio Pater als Regisseur von Sarcófago, Australien
 2001: Theaterpreis des Casa de las Américas in Kuba für El escorpión y la comadreja
 2002: Erste Erwähnung der COFONTE für El trapecio loco
 2003: Preis des Uruguayischen Bildungs- und Kulturministeriums für Meyerhold. En el fondo de un pozo vacío
 2010: Erster Preis beim 9. Concurso del Fondo Nacional des Teatro Irma Adó, Montevideo

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 13f

Weblinks
 Profil (spanisch) in El País vom 17. August 2003, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2012

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Theaterregisseur
Dramaturg
Uruguayer
Geboren 1935
Mann

Walter Acosta


Romanul sentimental sau romanul romantic este o operă literară de ficțiune care se axează pe relațiile sentimentale dintre doi oameni și are de obicei un "final satisfăcător emoțional și optimist".

Termenul "romantic" este folosit, de asemenea, pentru un tip de roman definit de Walter Scott ca "o narațiune fictivă, în proză sau în versuri, cu un interes pentru întâmplări extraordinare și mai puțin frecvente".

Un gen înfloritor de scrieri, denumite în mod convențional "romane de dragoste", a existat în Grecia Antică. Alți precursori pot fi găsiți în ficțiunea literară a secolelor al XVIII-lea și al XIX-lea, inclusiv  romanul sentimental Pamela sau Virtutea răsplătită al lui Samuel Richardson (1740) și romanele lui Jane Austen. Austen a inspirat-o pe Georgette Heyer, autoare britanică de romane istorice de dragoste, care au acțiunea în perioada de timp în care a trăit Austen. Acțiunea primului roman de dragoste al lui Heyer, The Black Moth (1921), are loc în 1751.

Compania britanică Mills and Boon a început să publice ficțiune escapistă pentru femei în anii 1930. Cărțile lor au fost vândute în America de Nord de către Harlequin Enterprises Ltd, care a început comercializarea directă către cititori.

Este un gen de literatură foarte popular având însă un statut mai puțin apreciat din punct estetic, unele aprecieri încadrându-l la "paraliteratură". Este criticat pentru dezvoltarea unor așteptări nerealiste la cititori, care supuși pericolului de a fi aspirați într-un vârtej clișeic despre "iubirea adevărată".

Definiție

Potrivit Romance Writers of America, intriga principală a unui roman de dragoste trebuie să se învârtă în jurul a doi oameni care se îndrăgostesc unul de celălalt și depun eforturi pentru a construi o relație. Atât conflictul, cât și punctul culminant al romanului ar trebui să fie legate direct de această temă centrală a dezvoltării unei relații romantice, deși romanul poate conține, de asemenea, intrigi secundare care nu se referă în mod specific la relația de dragoste dintre personajele principale. În plus, un roman de dragoste trebuie să aibă un "final satisfăcător emoțional și optimist". Alte persoane, inclusiv Leslie Gelbman, președinte al Berkley Books, definesc mai simplu această subspecie, afirmând doar că o poveste romantică trebuie să facă "relația de dragoste între erou și eroină ... miezul cărții". În general, romanele de dragoste recompensează acele personaje care sunt oameni buni și îi pedepsesc pe cei care sunt răi, iar un cuplu care crede și luptă pentru relația lor va fi răsplătit cel mai probabil cu dragostea necondiționată. Autoarea de succes Nora Roberts însumează gen, spunând: "cărțile celebrează dragostea, emoția și angajamentele, și ne dorim cu adevărat toate aceste lucruri". Ficțiunea pentru femei (inclusiv "chick lit") nu este în mod direct o subcategorie a romanului de dragoste, pentru că în ficțiunea pentru femei relațiile eroinei cu familia ei sau cu prietenii ei pot fi la fel de importante ca și relația ei cu eroul.

Istoric

Dezvoltare

Proza de ficțiune pe tema iubirii a existat încă din Grecia Antică. Sunt cunoscute titlurile a peste douăzeci de romane de dragoste antice grecești, dar cele mai multe dintre ele au supraviețuit numai într-o formă incompletă, fragmentară. Doar cinci romane de dragoste antice grecești au supraviețuit până în prezent într-o formă aproape completă: Chareas și Callirhoe, Leucippe și Clitophon, Dafnis și Cloe, Povestea efesiană și Povestea etiopiană.

Un precursor al romanului modern de dragoste este romanul sentimental Pamela sau Virtutea răsplătită, de Samuel Richardson, publicat în anul 1740. Pamela a fost primul roman popular care a prezentat evoluția unei relații de dragoste din perspectiva eroinei. Spre deosebire de multe dintre romanele vremii, Pamela are un final fericit, atunci când dl. B, după ce încearcă fără succes să o seducă și să o violeze pe Pamela de mai multe ori, îi răsplătește virtutea în cele din urmă, cerând-o sincer în căsătorie. Această carte a fost una dintre primele bestseller-uri, cu cinci ediții tipărite în primele unsprezece luni de la lansare.

Jane Austen a avut o influență importantă asupra ficțiunii romantice, iar Mândrie și prejudecată, publicat în 1813, a fost numit "cel mai bun roman de dragoste scris vreodată". În prima parte a epocii victoriene, surorile Brontë, la fel ca Austen, au scris opere literare care au influențat ficțiunea populară de mai târziu. Charlotte Brontë în Jane Eyre, publicat în 1847, a introdus-o pe eroina orfană. Poveștile de dragoste ale lui Brontë încorporează elemente ale romanului gotic și ale dramei elisabetane și "demonstrează flexibilitatea formei romanului de dragoste".

Ficțiunea literară de dragoste a continuat să se dezvolte în secolul al XX-lea și a început să devină mai populară după Primul Război Mondial. În 1919 romanul Șeicul al lui E.M. Hull a fost publicat în Marea Britanie. Romanul, care a devenit extrem de popular, a fost adaptat într-un film (1921), care l-a transformat în vedetă pe Rudolph Valentino ca actor principal al timpului. Eroul acestei cărți era un mascul alfa tipic care a răpit-o pe eroină și i-a câștigat admirația prin acțiunile sale în forță. Acest roman a fost una dintre primele opere literare moderne care a introdus fantezia violului, o temă explorată în Pamela (1740) de Samuel Richardson. Deși femeile câștigaseră mai multă independență în viață, editorii au crezut că cititorii ar accepta sexul premarital doar în contextul unui viol. În acest roman și în cele care au urmat, violul a fost descris mai mult ca o fantezie; eroina este arătată foarte rar confruntată cu teroarea, stresul sau alte traume.

Note

Bibliografie

 Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Romance Novel." The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature. Ed. Hans Ostrom and J. David Macey, Jr. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. 1411-15

Lectură suplimentară

 Roy, Pinaki. "Bodice-ripper and Feminism: A New Perspective". Gender Issues in India: Challenges and Strategies. Ed. Som, S. Kolkata: Rupali, 2017 (). pp. 6–13.

Genuri literare
Romane de dragoste

Roman de dragoste


920ගණන් දශකය දිවුනේ, 920 ජනවාරි 1 දින සිට 929 දෙසැම්බර් 31 දින දක්වාය.

920ගණන්


Pseudolepicoleaceae, porodica jetrenjarki u redu Jungermanniales. Ime je dobila po rodu Pseudolepicolea. Po jednom izvoru sastoj ise od 11 rodova

Rodovi
 genus: Archeochaete R.M. Schust.
 genus: Archeophylla R.M. Schust.
 genus: Castanoclobos J.J. Engel & Glenny
 genus: Chaetocolea Spruce
 genus: Chaetopsis Mitt.
 genus: Fulfordiella Hässel
 genus: Herzogiaria Fulford ex Hässel
 genus: Isophyllaria E.A. Hodgs. & Allison
 genus: Lophochaete R.M. Schust.
 genus: Pseudolepicolea Fulford & J. Taylor
 genus: Temnoma Mitt. & Hook. f.

Izvori

Lophocoleineae

Pseudolepicoleaceae


Sanderumskolen er en skole i Odense Kommune. Skolen har 0.-9. årgang, med 3 spor på hver, og heldagsafdeling. Siden 1. august 2018 har Claus Fagerlund Bayer været skoleleder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Folkeskoler i Odense Kommune

Sanderumskolen


Aksaray, Türkiye'nin İç Anadolu Bölgesi'nde, kısmen Konya Havzası'nda ve kısmen Kapadokya'da yer alan, merkezi Aksaray kenti olan ildir. Daha öncesinde il iken 1933'te ilçe yapılmış ve 15 Haziran 1989 tarih ve 3578 sayılı yasa ile Niğde'den ayrılarak yeniden il olmuştur. Niğde'nin kuzeybatısında, Konya'nın doğusunda, Ankara'nın güneydoğusunda yer almaktadır. 433.055 nüfusa (2022) ve 7.659 km² yüz ölçümüne sahiptir.

2022 yılında TÜİK verilerine göre merkez ilçeyle beraber 8 İlçe, 22 belediye, bu belediyelerde 157 mahalle ve ayrıca 175 köyü vardır.

İsmin kökeni
Hitit tabletlerinde Kurşura, İlk Çağ'da Garsaura olarak anılan şehir, Kapadokya Kralı Archeleos zamanında yeniden inşa edilerek Archeleos'un şehri anlamında Archelais adı verilmiştir (Caesar- Kayseri, Herakleios-Ereğli gibi). Türkler Anadolu'ya geldikten sonra ismi Türk diline çekimleyerek Aksaray olarak anmaya başlamış, bazı Osmanlı belgelerinde "Aksara" olarak da geçtiği olmuştur. Yaklaşık bin yıldır tarihi adını muhafaza etmiştir. Halk arasında ve Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi'nde II. Kılıçarslan'ın yaptırdığı beyaz saraydan ismini aldığı gibi bir yakıştırma da dolaşmaktadır, resmi ve tarihi dayanağı yoktur.

Tarih
İlkçağ'da Arkhelais adını taşıyan kenti, son Kapadokya kralı Arkhelaos'un Garsuara adlı yerleşmeyi geliştirerek kurduğu sanılmaktadır. Roma İmparatoru Cladius I kente koloni ayrıcalığı tanıdı. Ayrıcalık, Anadolu'daki birçok önemli yolun kavşak noktasında bulunan kentin daha da gelişmesine yol açtı. Bizans ile Müslüman Araplar arasında birçok kez el değiştiren şehir Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi'nin (1071) ardından Türkler'in egemenliğine girdi. Şehirde günümüze kadar gelemeyen Danişmendliler eserleri vardı. Şehirde Danişmend parası basılmıştır. Günümüze ulaşan Danişmendli eseri, kümbet şeklindeki, Bekarlar yakınındaki Bekar Sultan Türbesi'dir. Şehir Arap akınlarıyla virane hale gelmişti. Kılıç Arslan II (1155-1192), yıkık durumdaki Aksaray'ı yeniden kurdu, kentin çevresini surla çevirdi, camii, medrese, çarşı, hamam vb. yaptırdı. Azerbaycan'dan getirdiği din bilgini, zanaatkar ve tüccarları kente yerleştirdi. Ticaret yolları üzerinde bulunan Aksaray, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin önemli merkezlerinden biri olarak gelişti. Selçuklu'lardan sonra Karamanoğulları'nın eline geçti. Bir süre Eretna Beyliği'nin egemenliğinde kalan (1341-1365) ve 1 yıllığına Kadı Burhanettin Devletinin eline geçen kentte Karamanoğulları yeniden egemen oldu. 1396'da Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından ele geçirildiyse de Timur istilasından sonra yeniden Karamanoğulları egemen oldu. 1467'de Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminde Aksaray kesin olarak Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Aksaray, Cumhuriyet dönemi'nde 1920'de il durumuna getirildi. 1933'te çıkartılan hususi kanunla Niğde'ye bağlandı ve 1989'da yeniden il oldu.

İbn-i Battuta'nın Büyük Dünya Seyahatnâmesi'nde Aksaray
14. yüzyıl İbn-i Battuta'nın kaleminden kayda geçen bilgiler:Sultan Bedreddin'in yanında çok kısa süre kalarak Aksaray'a hareket ettik. Burası Bilâd-ı Rûm'un en güzel ve sağlam şehirlerindendir. Her yandan akarsular ve bağlarla çevrilidir. Şehirden üç kanal geçer ve bunlar evlerin içinden akar. Şehrin içinde üzüm bahçeleri, bağlar ve bostanlar vardır. Aksaray'ın koyun yününden üretilen zarif halı ve kilimlerinin dünyada bir benzeri daha yoktur. Bunlar, Şam, Mısır, Irak, Hindistan, Çin ve diğer Türk ülkelerine ihraç edilir.Aksaray, Irak Sultanı'nın idaresi altındadır. Burada Eretna Beyliğinin naibi Şerif Hüseyin'nin zaviyesine indik. Eretna Beğ, Irak hükümdarının Bilâd-ı Rûm'daki genel valisiydi. Şerif Hüseyin ise Ahiler'den olup, beldede yoldaşları pek çoktur. Bize son derece ikram ve izzette bulunarak aynen diğerleri gibi dostça davrandı.

Evliya Çelebi'nin Seyahatnâme'sinde Aksaray

17. yüzyıl Evliya Çelebi'nin kaleminden kayda geçen bilgiler:

Bor kalesinden Aksaray'a gitmemiz
İlk durağımız Ortaköy oldu. Aksaray Sancağı'nda yüzelli akçe payesiyle ayrı bir kazadır. Geniş ve ürünü bol bir kaza olup bağ, bahçe, cami ve mescidi olan gelişmiş bir köydür. Bu köye bağlı otuzaltı adet nahiye köyleri vardır. Buradan kuzey tarafa doğru gidip köylerden geçilir. Bir menzilde Helvadere Köyü'ne inilir. Burası da meyvesi bol, verimli, güzel, hanı, hamamı ve cami olan bir Müslüman köyüdür. Aksaray nahiyeleri köylerindendir. Buradan da kuzeye doğru giderek Aksaray şehri vardır.

Beyaz Saray

Bu şehrin Şem'un Safâ'nın isteği ile yapıldığını söylerler. Hükümdardan hükümdara geçtikten sonra Herakl adlı kralın oğlu Helena'nın elinde iken, adı geçen kral, Arap kavminin üzerine sefer açmıştır. Binlerce pis askeri ile Şam üzerine giderken, Safraz denilen yerde yenilgiye uğramış ve kendisi de ölmüştür. Yerine, oğlu Mikale kral olmuştur. Sonra bununda elinden Melik Mesud'un oğlu İzzeddin Kılıç Arslan 569 tarihinde burayı almıştır. Fetihten sonra bu şehirde nice büyük evliya oturduklarından, bu şehre birçok tarihçiler "Sâlihler yeri" demişlerdir.

Aksaray denmesinin sebebi
Kılıç Arslan'ın taht merkezi olması dolayısı ile ona büyük bir saray yaparlar. Saray giriş kapısının sağında ve solunda tunçtan iki adet heybetli arslan heykeli varmış. Bu saraya bir kötülük yapılmak istense, yapmak isteyen kişi, bu arslanların ağızlarından saçtığı kıvılcımlardan helâk olurmuş. Bu saray uzaktan bembeyaz göründüğünden, bulunduğu şehre de Aksaray demişler. Rumlar bu şehre hâlen Pegahelna derler.

Şehir, sonra Karamanoğlu Yakub Bey'in eline geçmiş ve ondan da Yıldırım Beyazıt Hân'ın eline geçmiştir. Hâlen Osmanlı Devleti'nin elinde olup, Gâzi Süleyman Hân kaydı üzere Karaman Eyâleti'nde sancakbeyi merkezidir. Kanun üzere, yılda beyine yirmi kese gelir olur. Beş yüz askere sahip bir tuğlu mirlivadır. Alaybeyisi, çeribaşısı ve yüzbaşısı vardır. Kanun üzere cebeliler ile bin askeri olur. Yüzelli akçelik şerif kazadır. Kadısına senede beş kese gelir olur. Müftüsü, nakîbi, kethüdâ yeri, yeniçeri serdârı, kale dizdârı, muhtesibi, şehir subaşısı, âyân ve eşrâfı, saygın zâtları vardır.

Aksaray Kalesi
Geniş bir alanda, büyük bir ırmak kenarında dört köşeli, taş yapılı, sağlam yapılı bir kaledir. Şehrin ortasında yapılmıştır. Burç ve kuleleri çok yüksek değildir. Bütün burçları, dişleri ve bedenleri ile mazgal delikleri, hesaplı olarak düzenlenmiş kuleleri hep birbirine bakar. Kuşatma sırasında, her kulenin güçlü savaşçıları tüfek ile kuleleri korurlar. Hisarları tarafında beş kapısı vardır. Küçükkapı batıya bakar. Demirkapı kıbleye açılır. Keçikapısı da kıbleye doğru açılır. Ereğlikapısı güneye doğru, Konyakapısı da batı tarafına açılır. Bu kapıların nöbetçileri, vergi alan muhtesib kimselerdir. Kale içinde isyancılar zamanında buğday saklamak için ambar yapılmıştır. Cephaneliği yoktur. Ramazan ayında ve başka şenliklerde atılan büyük topları vardır.

Camileri
 Karamanoğlu İbrahimbey Camii(Ulu Camii)
Eski bir ibâdet yeridir. Dört kemer üzerine kâgir kubbeli bir camidir. Cami içinde oniki adet sütun ile iki adet sanat eseri kapı vardır. Minberi, müezzinler yeri sade ve güzeldir. Yuvarlak minaresi camiden uzak olup, cami kubbeleri kireçle örtülüdür.
 Şeyh Hamid Veli Camii
Şeyhler Mahallesi'nde, kubbeli, bir minareli camidir.
 Debbağlar Camii:
Kireçle yapılmış, cemaati bol bir camidir.
 El-Hac Seyyid Hasanefendi Camii
Başköprü yanında güzel bir camidir. bunlardan başka doksansekiz adet mescidi vardır.

Medreseleri
 Yılancık Medresesi
eski bir yapıdır.
 Sulu Medrese
çeşitli bilimler yeridir.
 Karamanoğlu Camii Medresesi
bu medresenin öğrencilerine ve hocalarına vakıf tarafından aydan aya aylık ve erzakları verilir. Ayrıca parasız görev yapan dersiâmları da vardır. Halkı fıkıhçı olup ferâiz ilmini atalarından beri okuya gelmişlerdir.

Bu şehirde özel Kur'ân okulları yoktur. Fakat Kur'ân hâfızları pek çoktur. Şehir onyedinci örfi iklimdedir. Ortasından akan Uluırmak, imâreleri sulayıp Alâaddin köprüsünden geçer. Bursa gibi her evden su akar.

Ziyaret yerleri
Bu şehirde yedi binden fazla büyük evliyânın yattığı söylenmektedir. "Dâr'ül-ervâh" denilen bu yere nice defalar nur inmiştir. Üzüntülü olan bir kimse burayı ziyaret etse üzüntüsü gider.
 Şeyh Hamid Veli; Rum diyarı irfân ehlinin başıdır. Üstü açık bir kubbede medfûndur. Çoğunlukla saralı kimseler ziyaret ederler. Buna yakın
 Şeyh Kemal Sultan olgunluk yolunda tamama ermiş büyük bir zattır. Bunun yanında
 Şeyh Pertevi Sultan, Yesevî tarihinde yahşi bir erdir.
 Kırkkızlar; çoğunlukla kadınlar ziyaret ederler.
 Şeyh Necmeddin Kibri,
 Bedreddin Sultan Veli,
 Hımarlı Dede Sultan şehir içindedir.
 Şeyh Gaznevî Sultan ve
 Şeyh Hakîkî bin Şeyh Hamid Veli: El-hac Bayram Veli öğrencilerinden olup, Ankara'da ledün ilmini tamamlayıp Aksaray'da Bayramî tarikatinde öncü olmuştur.
 Şeyh Butak, Taşpazarı Mahallesi'nde medfûn olup gönül erbâbının ziyaret yeridir. Cennetderesi semtinde Çelebilik ziyareti ve bunun üst yanında Hızırlık ziyareti vardır.
 Kılıç Arslan Sultan'ın kabirleri de Hızırlık ziyaretgâhındadır. Bu Hızırlık'a yakın
 Şeyh Hamza, Bayrami tarikatinin büyük zâtlarındandır. Bir de
 Şeyh Hızır Efendi ziyareti vardır.
 Somuncu Baba türbesi
 Zinciriye Medresesi
Aksaray'dan bir menzilde Saratlı Köyü'ne, oradan Ürgüp kazası içindeki Dübani'ye geldik. Halkı Müslümandır. Oradan Muşkara'ya ve sonra da Kayseri Kalesi'ne geldik. (Evliya Çelebi-Seyahatname)

Aksaray ve Vilayetlik
Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminde ele geçirildiğinde defterlere vilayet olarak kaydedilen Aksaray, İstanbul'a yaptırılan zorunlu ev göçleri ve Osmanlı devlet politikası nedeniyle gerilemiş, ilk olarak liva, daha sonraları ise kaza haline getirilmiştir.

6 Ekim 1920'de merkezi Aksaray kazası olmak üzere, Aksaray, Arabsun (Gülşehir) ve Şereflikoçhisar kazalarından oluşan müstakil bir liva oluşturulmasına dair İçişleri Bakanlığı tarafından Bakanlar Kurulu'na gönderilen kanun tasarısı ertesi gün kabul edilmiştir. Ancak Aksaray, 13 yıl vilayetlik yapmış, 20 Mayıs 1933 tarihli 2197 sayılı kanunla Niğde'ye, kendi ilçesi olan Şereflikoçhisar da Ankara'ya bağlanmıştır.

1989 yılının 15 Haziran gününe kadar 56 yıl ilçe olarak kalmış olan Aksaray, bu tarihte eski hakkı iade edilmek suretiyle tekrar vilayet olmuştur.

Aksaray nüfusu

Güncel Nüfus Değerleri(TÜİK 6 Şubat 2023 verileri )

Aksaray ili nüfusu: 433.055'dur. Bu nüfusun %82,35'i şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2022 sonu).İlin yüzölçümü 7.659 km2'dir. İlde km2'ye 56 kişi düşmektedir. (Bu sayı merkez ilçede 90.) İlde yıllık nüfus artış oranı % 0,93 olmuştur. Nüfus artış oranı en yüksek ve en düşük ilçeler: Sultanhanı (% 2,17), Güzelyurt(% -1,99)

06 Şubat 2023 TÜİK verilerine göre merkez ilçeyle beraber 8 İlçe, 22 belediye, bu belediyelerde 157 mahalle ve ayrıca 175 köy vardır.

{| class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#33FFCC"
| colspan="12" |2022 yılı sonunda Aksaray ili ve ilçelerinin yerleşim yeri ve  nüfusla ilgili sayısal bilgileri|-
|-bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|İlçe|Nüfus 2021|Nüfus  2022|Nüfus  Artışı%|Belediye  Sayısı|MahalleSayısı|Köy  Sayısı|Köy  Nüfusu|Şehir nüfusu|Şehirde oturan%|Alanı  km2| km2'ye düşen kişi|-
|Ağaçören
|7.633
|7.577
| -0,74
|1
|6
|27
|4.739
|2.838
|37,46
|407
|19
|-
|Eskil
|27.151
|27.188
|0,14
|2
|17
|11
|6.570
|20.618
|75,83
|1701
|16
|-
|Gülağaç
|19.443
|19.158
| -1,48
|4
|20
|9
|5.518
|13.640
|71,20
|326
|59
|-
|Güzelyurt
|10.677
|10.467
|-1,99|3
|11
|8
|3.823
|6.644
|63,48
|285
|37
|-
|Merkez|315.222
|319.865|1,46
|9
|76
|83
|42.293
|277.572
|86,78
|3539
|90|-
|Ortaköy
|32.130
|31.818
| -0,98
|1
|12
|30
|11.196
|20.622
|64,81
|727
|44
|-
|Sarıyahşi
|5.183
|5.097
| -1,67
|1
|8
|6
|1.620
|3.477
|68,22
|210
|24
|-
|Sultanhanı
|11.630
|11.885
|2,17|1
|7
|1
|671
|11.214
|94,35
|463
|26
|-
|-bgcolor="#AFEEEE"
|Aksaray|429.069|433.055|0,93|22|157|175|76.430|356.625|82,35|7.658|57|}

*Sultanhanı, 2017 yılında ilçe olmuştur.

 İlin yıllara göre nüfusları

 Yönetim

İllerde protokolde ilk sırada yer alan Vali, merkezi yönetimi temsil eder ve Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından atanır. Büyükşehir dışındaki illerde yerel yönetim, şehirler düzeyindedir. Belediye Başkanı, belediye sınırları içinde kalan seçmenin oy çokluğu ile seçilir. Ayni seçmen İlçe Belediye Meclisi için de oy kullanarak ilçelerin belediye meclisleri oluşturur. İldeki bütün seçmenler ayrıca il genel meclisi için de oy kullanarak, İl Genel Meclisinin oluşumunu sağlarlar.

İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üyelikleri için yapılan seçimlerde, onda birlik baraj uygulamalı nispi temsil sistemi, belediye başkanlığı seçiminde ise çoğunluk sistemi uygulanır İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üye sayıları ilçe nüfusuna göre, kontenjandan kalan sayıların partilere dağılımı ise D'Hondt Sistemine göre belirlenir (Kanun:2972-Madde:23)

İl Genel Meclisi, İl Özel İdaresinin karar organıdır, başkanını üyeleri arasından gizli oyla seçer. Ayrıca, İl Genel Meclisi kendi içinden gizli oyla bir yıl görev yapacak 5 kişilik İl Encümenini seçer.

Merkezi yönetim, Vali ve İl Müdürlerinden oluşur. İl Özel İdaresi (İl Genel Meclisi ve İl Encümeni) seçilmişlerden oluşur, ancak Vali başkanlığında görev yapar. Yerel yönetim ise belediye başkanları ve belediye meclislerinden oluşur.

Aksaray Valisi, 1967-Çaykara doğumlu Mehmet Ali Kumbuzoğlu'dur. Ağustos 2023/376 sayılı kararla TBMM Genel Sekreteri iken atanmıştır.

Aksaray Belediye Başkanı, 1981-Aksaray doğumlu Evren Dinçer (AK PARTİ), 31 Mart 2019 seçimlerinde %40,47 oy oranıyla seçilmiştir.

2019 Türkiye yerel seçimleri sonuçlarına göre Aksaray İl Genel Meclisi üye sayısı, 13 AK Parti, 10 MHP olmak üzere 23'dür. Aksaray Belediye meclisi ise 16 AK Parti, 12 MHP ve 3 İYİ P. olmak üzere 31 üyeden oluşur.

2023 Türkiye genel seçimleri sonucuna göre Aksaray'ın Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'ndeki üyelerinin siyasi partilere dağılımı: 2 AK Parti, 1 İYİ Parti, 1 MHP'dir.

 Konum

 Arkeoloji ve mimarlık
İl sınırları içinde bulunan Aşıklıhöyük yenitaş dönemi kültürüne ışık tutarken, Acemhöyük ilk tunç çağda Asur ticaret kolonileri dönemini aydınlatır. İle 46 km. uzaklıktaki Ihlara Vadisi'nde hıristiyanlık dönemi dinsel mimarlık ve resim sanatını yansıtan önemli örnekler bulunur. Selime Kasabası yakınındaki küçük kilise ve katedral, Helvadere'deki yunan haçı planlı Kemerli kilise de bu dönemdendir. Anadolu Selçukluları zamanında önemli bir üs olan ilde, II. Kılıç Arslan zamanında yaptırılan Aksaray Kalesi'nden (1170) yalnızca sur kalıntıları görülebilir. Eğri (Kızıl) Minare (13. yüzyıl) kırmızı tuğladan, silindir gövdeli bir yapıdır. Gövde ince bir silmeyle iki bölüme ayrılmış, altı zikzak, üstü yeşil mavi çinilerle bezenmiştir. Karamanoğulları döneminden Ulu Camii (1431), dörtgen planlı mihrap duvarına dikey 5 sahınlı bir yapıdır. Mihrap önü kubbe, sahınlar tonoz örtülüdür. Yazılı kaynaklardan bilinen medreselerin bugüne ulaşan tek örneği Zinciriye Medresesi'dir (1336). Karamanoğulları döneminden olan yapı, tek katlı, dört eyvanlı planı, revaklı avlusu, çin mozaik bezemeli ana eyvanıyla, açık avlulu medreselere örnektir. Ana eyvanın yanlarında kubbeli odalar vardır. Kervan yolları üstündeki ilde, sultan hanlarının önemli örnekleri bulunur. Aksaray-Kayseri yolundaki Alayhan, Selçuklu sultan hanlarının ilk örneklerindendir (1192). Konya-Aksaray yolundaki Sultanhan (1229), bu yapı türünün klasikleşmiş bir örneği olarak nitelenir. Aksaray-Nevşehir yolundaki Ağzıkarahan (1231,1237) da anıtsal taçkapısı ve kuleleriyle kale görünümündedir.

 Tarihi ve turistik zenginlikler
 Müzeler ve ören yerleri
 Aksaray Müzesi
 Aşıklı Höyük
 Acemhöyük
 Antik Nora Şehri
 Manastır Vadisi
 Ihlara Vadisi
 Musular
 Ziga Kaplıcaları (Güzelyurt)

 Camiler, türbeler, kiliseler
 Ulu Cami (Karamanoğlu Cami-Merkez)
 Eğri Minare (Kızıl Minare-Merkez)
 Şeyh Hamid-i Veli (Somuncu Baba)
 Kaya Cami (Güzelyurt)
 Selime Sultan Türbesi (Selime Köyü)
 Kilise Camii (Aziz Gregorius Kilisesi) (Güzelyurt)
 Aziz Anargiros Kilisesi (Güzelyurt)
 Sivişli Kilise (Güzelyurt)
 Selime Katedrali (Selime)
 Kale Manastırı Kilisesi (Selime)
 Yüksek Kilise (Merkez)
 Kızıl Kilise (Sivrihisar)
 Pürenli Seki Kilisesi (Ihlara)
 Kokar Kilise (Ihlara)
 Eğritas Kilisesi (Ihlara)
 Sümbüllü Kilise (Ihlara)
 Yılanlı Kilise (Ihlara)
 Saint Georges Kilisesi (Kırkdamaltı Kilisesi-Belisırma)
 Bahattin Samanlığı Kilisesi (Belisırma)
 Direkli Kilise (Belisırma)
 Ala Kilise (Belisırma)
 Karagedik Kilisesi (Belisırma)
 Ziga Kaplıcaları (Güzelyurt)

 Hanlar
 Ağzıkarahan (Aksaray-Nevşehir yolu 15. km)
 Alayhan (Aksaray-Nevşehir yolu 35. km)
 Öresinhan
 Sultanhanı (Türkiye'nin en büyük kervansarayı, Aksaray-Konya yolu 42. km)
 Yerköyhanı
 Akhan [Aksaray-Konya 18. km]

 Kuş gözlem alanları
 Eşmekaya Sazlığı Kuş Alanı
 Sultanhanı Sazlığı Kuş Alanı

Yerel Etkinlikler
 Yunus Emre Ağaçlandırma Haftası
 Sultanhanı Halı, Turizm ve Kültür Festivali
 Aksaray Ihlara Turizm ve Kültür Festivali
 Uluslararası Türk-Yunan Dostluk, Kardeşlik Kültür Festivali
 Alaaddin Keykubat'ı Anma Günü
 Yunus Emre'yi Anma Etkinlikleri

 Mutfak

 Aksaray Tava
 Sıkma
 Bulama Helvası
 Saç Böreği

 Spor

2018-19 sezonu sonunda, futbolda 68 Aksaray Belediyespor, Bölgesel Amatör Lig'den 3. Lige çıkmıştır. 68 Aksaray Belediyespor  2022-2023 sezonunda TFF 3.Lig 3.Grupta mücadele etmektedir.

Türkiye Voleybol Bayanlar Sultanlar Liginde Aksaray'ı temsil eden Kuzey Boru Gençlik Spor Kulübü, 3 sezondur bu ligde mücadele etmektedir.

Aynı zamanda TVF Kadınlar 2.Lig 13.Grupta  Aksaray 1989 Spor ile Kuzeyboru SK Altyapı takımları mücadele etmektedir.

Hentbol Kadınlar 1.Lig B grubunda 68 Aksaray Belediyespor Hentbol mücadele etmektedir.

Önemli spor tesisleri: 7.000 kişilik Dağılgan Stadyumu, 3,000 kişilik Aksaray Spor Salonu, 500 kişilik Aksaray Olimpik Kapalı Yüzme Havuzu' Kaynakça

 Büyük Dünya Seyahatnamesi, İbn-i Battuta, Üçdal Neşriyat
 Seyahatnâme, Evliya Çelebi bin Derviş Mehmet Zillî, Üçdal Neşriyat
 Büyük Larousse'', Milliyet, Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse (GDEL) 1986

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

 Aksaray Valiliği
 Aksaray Belediyesi
 yerelnet iller

Aksaray (il)


The year 1682 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 A comet is observed, which later becomes known as Comet Halley, after Edmund Halley successfully predicts its return in 1758.

Discoveries
 Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discovers the banded pattern of muscle fibers.

Botany
 John Ray publishes his Methodus plantarum nova, which sets out his system to divide flowering plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

Exploration
 René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle canoes down the Mississippi River, naming the Mississippi basin Louisiana in honour of Louis XIV.

Medicine
 English naval surgeon James Yonge (1646–1721) publishes Wounds of the Brain Proved Curable, probably the first monograph in English on surgery of the head.

Births
 February 4 – Johann Friedrich Böttger, German alchemist and developer of porcelain manufacture (died 1719)
 February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (died 1771)
 March 24 – Mark Catesby, English naturalist (died 1749)
 April 16 – John Hadley, English mathematician (died 1744)
 July 10 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician (died 1716)

Deaths
 July 12 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (born 1620)
 October – J. J. Becher, German physician and chemist (born 1635)

17th century in science
1680s in science

1682 in science


Owen Chamberlain (født 10. juli 1920 i San Francisco, Californien, død 28. februar 2006 i Berkeley, Californien) var en amerikansk fysiker og nobelprisvinder. Han modtog Nobelprisen i fysik i 1959 sammen med italieneren Emilio Segrè for deres opdagelse af antiproton.

Han studerede fysik ved Dartmouth College hvor han var medlem af Theta Chi Fraternity og ved University of California, Berkeley. Han forblev på skolen frem til starten af 2. verdenskrig og blev en del af Manhattanprojektet i 1942, hvor han arbejdede sammen med Segrè, både ved Berkeley og ved Los Alamos i New Mexico. Han giftede sig med Beatrice Babette Copper (d. 1988) i 1943 og parret fik fire børn.

Nobelprismodtagere i fysik
Personer fra San Francisco

Owen Chamberlain


Rabča este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Námestovo din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 5.006 locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna .

Istoric
Localitatea Rabča este atestată documentar din 1550.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Rabča


ධීරාජ් ධූපර් (උපත 1984 දිල්ලි) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නළුවකු සහ මෝස්තර නිරූපණ ශිල්පියෙකි. ඔහු ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් අතර වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත වූයේ කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාවෙන් විකාශය වූ ජනප්‍රිය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වන සසුරාල් සිමර් කාහි ප්‍රේම් භාරද්වාජ්ගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කිරීම හේතුවෙනි.

වෘත්තිය
ධීරාජ් ධූපර් වර්තමානය වන විට රසවින්දන කර්මාන්තයේ ජනප්‍රිය මුහුණක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. නළුවකු ලෙස, කාලයත් සමග ඔහු දායක වී ඇති නිර්මාණ තුළින් ඔහු දක්වන උනන්දුව සහ කැපවීම වටහාගත හැක. ධීරාජ් සිය වෘත්තිය ආරම්භ කළේ මෝස්තර නිරූපණ ශිල්පියකු ලෙස වන අතර, ඔහු වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් 100කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සඳහා නිරූපණයෙන් දායක වී ඇතැයි පැවසේ. මෙම වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් සන්නාම අතරට මරුති සුසුකි, පාකර්, ඩාබර් හනී, සම්සුං ගැලැක්සි, වීඩියෝකොන් මොබයිල් සහ TATA AIG වැනි ප්‍රකට වෙළඳ නාම ඇතුළත් ය. ඔහු රූපවාහිනී ක්ෂේත්‍රය වෙත සිය ප්‍රවිෂ්ඨය සනිටුහන් කළේ කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාවෙන් විකාශය වූ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වූ මාත් පිතා කේ චර්නොන් මේන් ස්වර්ග් කතාමාලාව තුළිනි. මෙහි ඔහු විසින් අංශ් නම් චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන ලදී. ඉන් අනතුරුව ඔහු ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් නාළිකාවේ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වූ බෙහෙනෙයින් සමග සම්බන්ධ විය. මෙහි ඔහු භවේශ් පයිල් නැමැති චරිතයක් නිරූපණය කළේ ය. එසේම ඔහු එස්ඒබී ටීවී නාළිකාවේ මිසිස් තෙන්දුල්කාර් නම් මාලා නාට්‍යයේ සුශාන්ත්ගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කොට තිබේ. මීට අමතරව ධූපර් සෝනි ටීවී නාළිකාවේ කුච් තෝ ලොග් කහෙන්ගේ කතාමාලාව තුළ පසුබිම් චරිත නිරූපණයක් ද සිදුකළේ ය. වර්තමානය වන විට ඔහු කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාවේ අතිශයින් ජනප්‍රියාදරයට පත් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වන සසුරාල් සිමර් කා කතාමාලාවේ සුප්‍රකට ප්‍රේම් භාරද්වාජ්ගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරනු ලබයි. මෙය කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාවේ ඉහළම ප්‍රේක්ෂක ප්‍රතිචාර ලත් මෙන්ම වඩාත්ම නැරඹූ රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන්වලින් එකක් ද වේ. ප්‍රේම් ලෙස ඔහු සිදු කළ චරිත නිරූපණය ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් අතර අතිශය ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත් වූ අතර, වර්තමානය වන විට "ප්‍රේම්" යන්න ධීරාජ් ධූපර් හඳුන්වන විකල්ප නාමයක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. (මෙම නාමයම සල්මන් ඛාන් හැඳන්වීමට ද රසිකයින් විසින් භාවිතා කරනු ලබයි) මින් පෙර සුසරාල් සිමර් කා කතාමාලා‍වේ එම චරිතය නිරූපණය කළේ ෂොආයිබ් ඊබ්‍රහිම් විසිනි.

ධීරාජ් විසින් ඕර් දිඛාඕ විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද එවැනි ගණයේම වෙබ් කතාමාලාවක් වූ SOAPHOLICS (සෝෆොලික්ස්) සඳහා ද සිය දායකත්වය සපයයි. මෙය ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් පිළිබඳ වන හාස්‍යජනක නිර්මාණයකි. එම වීඩියෝ පෙළ මගින් මිනිසුන් රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් සහ ඒවායේ ඇතැම් චරිත වෙත ඇබ්බැහි වනු නිරූපණය කෙරේ. සිය ගැඹුරු හැසිරීමෙන් මිදී ධීරාජ් සාර්ථකව සිය චරිතය තුළ හාස්‍යය ජනනය කිරීමට සමත්ව ඇත. මීට අමතරව 2016දී ඔහු Yellow නැමැති කෙටි චිත්‍රපටයක ද පෙනී සිටියේ ය.

රූපවාහිනිය

පෞද්ගලික දිවිය
2016 නොවැම්බර් 16 දින නව දිල්ලියේ දී ධූපර් රූපවාහිනී නිළියක වන විනී අරෝරා සමග විවාහ විය. ඔවුන් පළමුව මුණගැසී තිබුණේ  2009දී මාත් පිතා කේ චර්නොන් මේන් ස්වර්ග් දර්ශන තලයේ දී ය.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නළුවන් ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ජීවත්වන්නෝ
1984 උපත්
දිල්ලියෙහි නළුවන්
ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නළුවෝ
ඉන්දියානු සෝප් ඔපෙරා නළුවන්
ඉන්දියානු මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ ශිල්පීන්

ධීරාජ් ධූපර්


Karl Viktor Erjavec (* 21. Juni 1960 in Aiseau, Belgien) ist ein slowenischer Politiker.

Leben
Erjavec kehrte mit seinen Eltern, die als jugoslawische Gastarbeiter in Belgien lebten, 1972 nach Kranj zurück. Er studierte Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Ljubljana und war dann in der Stadtverwaltung von Kranj tätig. 1993 wurde er Mitglied der konservativen Partei Slovenski krščanski demokrati (Slowenische Christdemokraten). Von 1995 bis 2000 war er Ombudsmann für Menschenrechte, von 2001 bis 2004 Staatssekretär im slowenischen Justizministerium.

2004 gehörte er kurzzeitig der Liberaldemokratie Sloweniens an, wurde aber noch im selben Jahr Mitglied der Demokratischen Pensionistenpartei Sloweniens; von 2005 bis Anfang 2020 war er deren Vorsitzender. Dieses Amt bekleidete er erneut zwischen dem 5. Dezember 2020 und dem 10. März 2021.

Von 2004 bis 2008 war er Verteidigungsminister, im Anschluss daran bis 2010 Minister für Umwelt und Raumplanung. Ab Februar 2012 war er Außenminister Sloweniens in der Regierung von Janez Janša, er gab am 22. Februar 2013 seinen Rücktritt bekannt, da sich wenige Wochen nach der Državljanska lista auch seine Partei wegen Janšas Korruptionsaffäre aus der Regierungskoalition zurückzog. In der nächsten, am 20. März 2013 vom Parlament bestätigten Regierung von Alenka Bratušek war er erneut Außenminister. Nach dem Rücktritt des Gesundheitsministers Tomaž Gantar im November 2013 übernahm Karl Erjavec zusätzlich kommissarisch dessen Ressort.

Bei den vorgezogenen Parlamentswahlen 2014 gewann die DeSUS mit Erjavec als Spitzenkandidaten über 10 % der Stimmen (10 Abgeordnete), das beste Ergebnis der Parteigeschichte. Im nach den Wahlen gebildeten Kabinett unter Leitung von Miro Cerar blieb Erjavec Außenminister und übernahm zusätzlich das Amt des Vizeministerpräsidenten. Erjavec war auch Spitzenkandidat der DeSUS bei den nachfolgenden Parlamentswahlen 2018. Die DeSUS verlor nun über 5 % der Stimmen und schaffte mit 4,93 % der Stimmen nur noch knapp den Sprung ins Parlament (5 Angeordnete). Erjavec verpasste allerdings seine Wiederwahl als Angeordneter. Nach langwierigen Verhandlungen gelang es Marjan Šarec ein neues Kabinett zusammenzustellen, dem Erjavec erneut als Verteidigungsminister angehörte.

Bei der turnusmäßigen Wahl des Parteivorsitzes der DeSUS am 18. Januar 2020 unterlag Erjavec seiner Herausforderin, Landwirtschaftsministerin Aleksandra Pivec, mit 143 zu 80 Stimmen, so dass Erjavec den Parteivorsitz nach 15 Jahren abgeben musste. Kurz darauf zerbrach auch die Regierungskoalition und Ministerpräsident Šarec trat zurück. Obwohl die DeSUS auch an der am 13. März 2020 neugebildeten Regierung vertreten ist, gehörte Erjavec dem neuen Kabinett von Janez Janša nicht mehr an.

Nach dem Rücktritt Aleksandra Pivec sowohl von ihrem Amt als Ministerin als auch als Parteivorsitzende im Herbst 2020 wurde Erjavec auf einem außerordnetlichen Parteitag am 5. Dezember 2020 mit 146 zu 71 Stimmen für den Kandidaten Felix Krope wieder zum Vorsitzenden der DeSUS gewählt.

Im Anschluss daran traten erhebliche Differenzen zwischen Erjavec und der DeSUS-Fraktion im Parlament hinsichtlich des Verbleibs der Partei in der Regierung auf, welche von Erjavec kritisch gesehen wurde. Die Fraktion beteiligte sich jedoch mehrheitlich nicht an Erjavecs Bestrebungen zum Sturz der Regierung gemeinsam mit der Opposition. Anfang März 2021 nahm Erjavec eine neue Beschäftigung bei der slowenischen Firma Iskratel an und trat am 10. März 2021 vom Vorsitz der DeSUS zurück.

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf auf der Homepage der slowenischen Regierung (englisch)
  Artikel über Erjavec in Mladina vom 17. April 2005 (slowenisch)

Einzelnachweise

Außenminister (Slowenien)
Umweltminister (Slowenien)
Verteidigungsminister (Slowenien)
DeSUS-Mitglied
Mitglied der Liberaldemokratie Sloweniens
Slowene
Geboren 1960
Mann

Karl Erjavec


Andrea Masiello (Viareggio, Provincia de Lucca, Italia, 5 de febrero de 1986) es un futbolista italiano. Juega de defensa y su equipo es el F. C. Südtirol de la Serie B.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con la . Debutó el 1 de febrero de 2006, en un encuentro amistoso ante la selección de  que finalizó con marcador de 2-0 a favor de los italianos.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil y estadísticas

Futbolistas de la Juventus de Turín
Futbolistas de la Unione Sportiva Avellino 1912
Futbolistas de la Associazione Calcio Robur Siena 1904
Futbolistas del Genoa Cricket & Football Club en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Genoa Cricket & Football Club en los años 2020
Futbolistas del Football Club Bari 1908
Futbolistas del Atalanta Bergamasca Calcio
Futbolistas del Fussball Club Südtirol
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-18 de Italia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-19 de Italia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-20 de Italia
Nacidos en Viareggio

Andrea Masiello


Kosmos 2537, ruski vojni satelit nepoznate namjene iz programa Kosmos. Pretpostavlja se da je vjerojatno vrste Napraženije br. 2. Prema izjavi ruskog ministarstva obrane, satelit je za proučavanje umjetnih i prirodnih učinaka svemira na ruske svemirske letjelice i kalibriranje radarskih sustava zračnih i svemirskih snaga.

Lansiran je 10. srpnja 2019. godine s kozmodroma Pljesecka, s mjesta 43/4. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Sojuz-2.1v/Volga. Orbita mu je 611 km u perigeju i 623 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 97,89°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 44422. COSPARova oznaka je 2019-039-B. Zemlju obilazi u 97,04 minute.

S njim su lansirana još tri satelita nepoznate namjene. Razgonski blok Volga 14S46 br. 3 je u niskoj orbiti oko Zemlje.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
N2YO Satellite Database - Tehnical Details - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions (engl.)
Space Page Kosmos 2535, ..., 2538 (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2537


Aloha ( , ) is the Hawaiian word for love, affection, peace, compassion and mercy, that is commonly used as a simple greeting but has a deeper cultural and spiritual significance to native Hawaiians, for whom the term is used to define a force that holds together existence.

The word is found in all Polynesian languages and always with the same basic meaning of "love, compassion, sympathy, kindness", although the use in Hawaii has a seriousness lacking in the Tahitian and Samoan meanings.  Mary Kawena Pukui wrote that the "first expression" of aloha was between a parent and child.

Lorrin Andrews wrote the first Hawaiian dictionary, called A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. In it, he describes aloha as "A word expressing different feelings: love, affection, gratitude, kindness, pity, compassion, grief, the modern common salutation at meeting; parting". Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert's Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian also contains a similar definition. Anthropologist Francis Newton states that "Aloha is a complex and profound sentiment. Such emotions defy definition". Anna Wierzbicka concludes that the term has "no equivalent in English".

The word aloha is hard to translate into any other language because it comprises complex ways of being and of interacting with and loving all of creation.  An ethic of care and respect for all people and all elements of the land is wrapped up in aloha--it is a way of showing connection and reverence.  Queen Liliʻuokalani is known to have said, "Aloha is to learn what is not said, to see what cannot be seen, and to know the unknowable."

Another way to interpret aloha is as an energy exchange--the giving and receiving of positive energy is the spirit of aloha.   As we create positive thoughts and interactions, they ripple out into the world and are merged and multiplied with the actions and energy of others.  Aloha has been described as the coordination of the heart and mind to foster connectivity and peace.

The state of Hawaii introduced the Aloha Spirit law in 1986, which mandates that state officials and judges treat the public with Aloha.

The University of Hawai'i's Center for Labor Education and Research resorts the statute of the Spirit of Aloha which breaks down the concept into an acronym using each of the letters of the word:

"'Akahai,' meaning kindness, to be expressed with tenderness;

'Lokahi,' meaning unity,to be expressed with harmony;

'Oluolu,' meaning agreeable,to be expressed with pleasantness;

'Haahaa,' meaning humility, to be expressed with modesty;

'Ahonui,' meaning patience, to be expressed with perseverance."

Etymology
Aloha was borrowed from the Hawaiian aloha to English language. The Hawaiian word has evolved from the Proto-Polynesian greeting *qarofa, which also meant "love, pity, or compassion". It is further thought to be evolved from Proto-Oceanic root *qarop(-i) meaning "feel pity, empathy, be sorry for", which in turn descends from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *harep.

Aloha has numerous cognates in other Polynesian languages, such as talofa in Samoan, ta'alofa in Tuvaluan, and aro'a in Cook Islands Māori. Māori given name Aroha is also descended from the Proto-Polynesian root.

Aloha is derived from Proto-Polynesian roots alo, meaning 'presence' and ha, meaning 'breath,' making the literal meaning something close to 'the presence of breath.'  In this context, it makes sense that the word has been simplified in some contexts to mean merely hello and goodbye.  When we greet people and when we leave people, we are experiencing the sharing of breath in one another's presence.

See also

As-salamu alaykum, a greeting in Arabic that means "Peace be upon you"
Mahalo, a Hawaiian word meaning thanks, gratitude, admiration, praise, esteem, regards, or respects
Kia ora, a Maōri greeting
Mabuhay, a Filipino greeting
Namaste, a customary Hindu greeting
Ohana, a Hawaiian term meaning "family"
Shalom, a Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare and tranquility
Talofa, a Samoan greeting

References

Hawaiiana
Hawaiian words and phrases
Greeting words and phrases
Parting phrases

Aloha


صاحبة العصمة هو فيلم فكاهي من بطولة إسماعيل ياسين يؤدي فيه دور مونولوجيست (مغني أغاني خفيفية) تتحسن أوضاعه بعد زاجه من سيدة ثرية (تحية كاريوكا) التي تشترط أن تكون العصمة في يدها (أي أن يكون لها حق تطليق نفسها في الوقت الذي تريد)، ومع ذلك فإن إخوتها يتعرضون على هذا الزواج.

جميع أغاني الفيلم من تأليف فتحي قورة، وقد لحنها كل من محمود الشريف، ومنير مراد، وعطية شرارة، ومن أجمل تلك الأغاني هي الأغنية التي يتحدث فيها إسماعيل ياسين عن مزايا الفقر ويقول: «اللهم افقرني كمان...اللهم أغني عدويني»، فتردد الفرقة من وراءه: «اللهم آمين...واجعلنا عدوين».

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام جريمة كوميدية إنتاج عقد 1950
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام إسماعيل ياسين
أفلام محمود المليجي
أفلام زينات صدقي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1956
أفلام تحية كاريوكا
أفلام أبو السعود الإبياري
أفلام حسن فايق
أفلام عن الزواج
أفلام عدلي كاسب
أفلام أخرجها حسن الصيفي
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام كوميدية 1956

صاحبة العصمة (فيلم)


Le Naval Station Norfolk Chambers Field ( IATA : NGU , ICAO : KNGU , FAA LID : NGU), est connue simplement sous le nom de Chambers Field du nom du capitaine  . C'est un aéroport militaire à Norfolk, en Virginie, qui fait partie de la base navale de Norfolk. Il soutient les forces aéronavales de l'United States Fleet Forces Command, celles opérant dans l'océan Atlantique, la mer Méditerranée et l'océan Indien. Il est important de noter que "Chambers Field" ne fait référence qu'à la zone géographique de la piste de l'aéroport, des voies de circulation, de deux héliports et de six héliports.

Historique

Origine
Le Naval Air Station Norfolk a commencé la formation des aviateurs le . Les avions, tous des hydravions, étaient amarrés à des piquets jusqu'à la construction de hangars en toile. Sa mission était de mener des patrouilles anti-sous-marines, de former des aviateurs et des mécaniciens et de gérer une installation expérimentale.

Première guerre mondiale
Durant les 19 mois de participation des Etats-Unis à la première guerre mondiale une force de 6.716 officiers et 30.693 enrôlés a servi dans l'aviation navale. Après la guerre, la base a connu une décroissance des formations à cause de la réduction des budgets militaires et au krach boursier de 1929. Mais la base aérienne a pu développer la formation des pilotes aux atterrissages sur le pont du premier porte-avions de la flotte, l' et le développement du catapultage. La formation de groupes aériens se fit à partir de porte-avions nouvellement mis en service tels que l'USS Langley, l' et l'.

À la fin des années 1930, d'importants travaux de construction ont eu lieu à NS Norfolk. En 1939, lorsque la flotte de l'Atlantique est revenue sur la côte est, la station navale était clairement la plus grande installation navale de la côte atlantique avec une flotte d'environ 100 navires et l'expansion de l'aviation à bord des navires a remis l'accent sur la Naval Air Station Norfolk.

Seconde guerre mondiale
Après la déclaration officielle de la guerre à la suite de Pearl Harbor, l'Allemagne a lancé une offensive de sous-marins, "Operation Drumbeat", contre la navigation le long de la côte atlantique. La réponse américaine fut la mise en service des unités de la Fleet Air Wing Five aux unités d'aviation de la flotte de l'Atlantique. AIRLANT a également fourni des groupes aériens de porte-avions prêts au combat, des escadrons de patrouille et des unités d'aviation de cuirassés et de croiseurs pour les flottes de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique.

À la suite de la formation de la Naval Air Force Atlantic (AIRLANT) la base est passée à un lieu d'entraînement avancé pour les hommes allant directement au combat. De 1943 à la fin de la guerre, un total de 326 unités américaines ont été mises en service et entraînées sous le contrôle d'AIRLANT.

L'après-guerre
La base aérienne a accueilli plus de 70 unités locataires. Le NAS Norfolk a également répondu à des périodes de stress nationales, telles que l' opération Sincere Welcome en 1994, lorsque 2000 travailleurs civils, personnes à charge et militaires non essentiels ont été évacués vers Norfolk depuis la base navale de la baie de Guantánamo à Cuba. Cet afflux de personnes était un exemple de répétition de l'histoire, car la station avait également accueilli des évacués lors de la crise des missiles de Cuba en 1962.

En 1968, la station aérienne a joué un rôle majeur dans la vision de John F. Kennedy de mettre un homme sur la lune (Programme Apollo). La station aérienne est devenue le Recovery Control Center (RCC) Atlantic, qui assurait le commandement, le contrôle et les communications des navires et des aéronefs qui participaient aux opérations de récupération d'Apollo 7.

Depuis les années 1990
Après la guerre froide, pour réduire leurs coûts d'exploitation, améliorer leur efficacité et mieux adapter leur capacité à la taille réduite de la Marine, il y eut la fusion de la base navale  et de la base aéronavale en 1998. En 2012, la fusion a été pleinement consommée lorsque le personnel du détachement de la Naval Air Station Oceana à Norfolk a été dissout et intégré au département des opérations aériennes de la station navale Norfolk.

Les unités subordonnées

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
  NAS Norfolk - Site GlobalSecurity.org

Liens internes

 Base navale de Norfolk

Norfolk
Norfolk
Base militaire en Virginie

Naval Air Station Norfolk


SQS Supastars es una banda de género pop indio formada en la ciudad de Mumbai. El grupo está integrado por Sanam Puri (voz principal), Samar Puri (guitarra y voz), Venky (Bajo y voz) y Quesh (batería y voz). La banda obtuvo un éxito instantáneo entre los jóvenes adolescentes indios con temas musicales como Hawa Hawa y Behka También se les ha xonocido como "Supastars SQS.

Carrera
Samar Puri y Venky fueron compañeros en la Indian School Muscat, y con Sanam Puri comenzaron a unirse para formar el grupo y empezaron a interpretar música de género pop y rock, mientras cursaban la escuela secundaria. Unos años después, cuando los hermanos Samar y Puri Puri Sanam, se trasladaron a Mumbai desde Delhi, Venky les presentó a Quesh, a quien había conocido y realizado en el pasado. Quesh se había trasladado para trabajar con Furtados en Mumbai como gerente en una empresa productora llamada Zildjian, Pearl y Evans. En conjunto, Samar Puri, Puri y Quesh Sanam formaron "SQS Supastars" en la que realizaron en hacer música para diferentes tareas, como jingles, las puntuaciones de fondo y la composición. Comenzaron a trabajar en su propio material con canciones escritas por Samar Puri.

Discografía

Álbuem de estudio

Viedos musicales

Referencias
 http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/just-talk/sqs-no-contest-indias-done-so-much-a-band. Radio and Music. Retrieved 2011-02-24
 http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sqs-supastars-reviving-indian-pop-music/140574-45-76.html . IBNlive. Retrieved 2011-01-20
 http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/sqs-project-bags-title-supastar-times-music-band-hunt. Radio and Music. 2010-08-30
 http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/hawa-hawa/id408698263?i=408698352&ign-mpt=uo%3D4. iTunes.apple.com
 https://web.archive.org/web/20111121032307/http://www.ragatorock.com/artiste.asp. Retrieved 2011-04-18

Enlaces externos
 SQS Supastars on Facebook

Grupos de pop de India

SQS Supastars


Caps are flat headgear.

Caps or CAPS may also refer to:

Science and technology

Computing
 CESG Assisted Products Service, provided by the U.K. Government Communications Headquarters
 Composite Application Platform Suite, by Java Caps, a Java framework
 Computer Animation Production System, a film animation post-production system developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation and Pixar

Biology, medicine and psychology

Genetics
 Calcyphosin, the CAPS gene and its protein
 Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, markers used to detect a polymorphic sequence

Medical conditions
 Auditory processing disorder (APD), formerly Central Auditory Processing Syndrome
 Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
 Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, a spectrum of autoinflammatory syndrome

Other uses in biology, medicine and psychology
 CAPS (buffer), N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, in biochemistry, a buffering agent
 Cognitive-affective personality system, a model within psychology of personality

Other uses in science and technology
 Cassini Plasma Spectrometer, a direct sensing instrument that measures the energy and electrical charge of particles
 Cirrus Airframe Parachute System, a whole-aircraft emergency parachute system developed by Ballistic Recovery Systems and Cirrus
 Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation, a program of the European Commission

Companies and organizations
 Californians for Population Stabilization
 Captive Animals Protection Society
 Center for Advanced Public Safety at the University of Alabama
 Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms
 Comic Art Professional Society
 Policy Planning Staff (France), Centre d'Analyse, de Prévision et de Stratégie

Sport
 Caps (gamer), Danish esports player
 Cap (sport), a measure of a player's international appearances, especially in football
 Washington Capitals, an American ice hockey team

Other uses
 Caps (party), an 18th-century Swedish political faction
 All caps, formatting text to only use capital/uppercase letters
 Caps, Texas, Taylor County, Texas, U.S.
 Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy, a government program in Illinois, U.S.

See also

 Cap (disambiguation)
 Capps (disambiguation)
 St. John's IceCaps, an AHL team
 Raleigh IceCaps, an ECHL team

Caps