Card counting is a blackjack strategy used to determine whether the player or the dealer has an advantage on the next hand. Card counters are advantage players who try to overcome the casino house edge by keeping a running count of high and low valued cards dealt. They generally bet more when they have an advantage and less when the dealer has an advantage. They also change playing decisions based on the composition of the deck.

Basics
Card counting is based on statistical evidence that high cards (aces, 10s, and 9s) benefit the player, while low cards, (2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, and 7s) benefit the dealer. High cards benefit the player in the following ways:

 They increase the player's probability of hitting a Blackjack, which often pays out at 3 to 2 odds (although some Casinos pay at 6 to 5).
 Doubling down increases expected value. The elevated ratio of tens and aces improves the probability that doubling down will succeed. The most common hand values that the player doubles down on are 11, 10, and 9; and drawing a high card to these will make a strong hand.
 They provide additional splitting opportunities for the player.
 They can make the insurance bet profitable by increasing the probability of dealer blackjack.
 They also increase the probability the dealer will bust, in the event that the dealer shows a low up-card (i.e. 2-6). This also increases the odds of the player busting, but the player can choose to stand on lower totals based on the count.

On the other hand, low cards benefit the dealer. The rules require the dealer to hit stiff hands (12–16 total), and low cards are less likely to bust these totals. A dealer holding a stiff hand will bust if the next card is a 10.

Card counters do not need unusual mental abilities; they do not track or memorize specific cards. Instead, card counters assign a point score to each card that estimates the value of that card. They track the sum of these values with a running count. The myth that counters track every card was portrayed in the 1988 film Rain Man, in which the savant character Raymond Babbitt counts through six decks with ease, and a casino employee comments that it is impossible to do so.

Systems
Basic card counting systems assign a positive, negative, or zero value to each card. When a card is dealt with, the count adjusts by that card's counting value. Low cards increase the count; they increase the percentage of high cards in the deck. High cards decrease the count for the opposite reason. For example, the Hi-Lo system subtracts one for each 10, jack, queen, king, or ace and adds one for any card between 2 and 6. 7s, 8s, and 9s count as zero and do not affect the count.

A card counting system aims to assign point values roughly correlating to a card's effect of removal (EOR). The EOR is the estimated effect of removing a given card from play. Counters gauge the effect of removal for all cards dealt and how that affects the current house edge. Larger ratios between point values create better correlations to actual EOR, increasing the efficiency of a system. Such systems are classified as level 1, level 2, level 3, and so on. The level corresponds to the ratio between values.

The Hi-Lo system is a level-1 count; the running count never increases or decreases by more than one. A multilevel count, such as Zen Count, Wong Halves, or Hi-Opt II, further distinguishes card values to increase accuracy. An advanced count includes values such as +2 and −2, or +0.5 and -0.5. Advanced players might also keep a side count of specific cards like aces. This is done where betting accuracy differs from playing accuracy.

Many side count techniques exist, including special-purpose counts used for games with nonstandard profitable-play options such as an over/under side bet.

Keeping track of more data with higher level counts can hurt speed and accuracy. Some counters earn more money playing a simple count quickly than by playing a complex count slowly.

This table illustrates some example counting systems.

Design and selection of systems
The primary goal of a card counting system is to assign point values to each card that roughly correlate to the card's "effect of removal" or EOR (that is, the effect a single card has on the house advantage once removed from play), thus enabling the player to gauge the house advantage based on the composition of cards still to be dealt. Larger ratios between point values can better correlate to actual EOR, but add complexity to the system. Counting systems may be referred to as "level 1", "level 2", etc., corresponding to the number of different point values the system calls for.

The ideal system is a system that is usable by the player and offers the highest average dollar return per period of time when dealt at a fixed rate. With this in mind, systems aim to achieve a balance of efficiency in three categories:

 Betting correlation (BC)
 When the sum of all the permutations of the undealt cards offers a positive expectation to a player using optimal playing strategy, there is a positive expectation to a player placing a bet. A system's BC gauges how effective a system is at informing the user of this situation.
 Playing efficiency (PE)
 A portion of the expected profit comes from modifying playing strategy based on the known altered composition of cards. For this reason, a system's PE gauges how effectively it informs the player to modify strategy according to the actual composition of undealt cards. A system's PE is important when the effect of PE has a large impact on the total gain, as in single- and double-deck games.
 Insurance correlation (IC)
 A portion of expected gain from counting cards comes from taking the insurance bet, which becomes profitable at high counts. An increase in IC will offer additional value to a card counting system.

Some strategies count the ace (ace-reckoned strategies) and some do not (ace-neutral strategies). Including aces in the count improves betting correlation since the ace is the most valuable card in the deck for betting purposes. However, since the ace can either be counted as one or eleven, including an ace in the count decreases the accuracy of playing efficiency. Since PE is more important in single- and double-deck games, and BC is more important in shoe games, counting the ace is more important in shoe games.

One way to deal with such tradeoffs is to ignore the ace to yield higher PE while keeping a side count which is used to detect an additional change in EV which the player will use to detect additional betting opportunities that ordinarily would not be indicated by the primary card counting system.

The most common side counted card is the ace since it is the most important card in terms of achieving a balance of BC and PE. In theory, a player could keep a side count of every card and achieve a near 100% PE, however, methods involving additional side counts for PE become more complex at an exponential rate as you add more side counts and the ability of the human mind is quickly overtasked and unable to make the necessary computations. Without any side counts, PE can approach 70%.

Since there is the potential to create an overtaxing demand on the human mind while using a card counting system another important design consideration is the ease of use. Higher-level systems and systems with side counts will obviously become more difficult and in an attempt to make them easier, unbalanced systems eliminate the need for a player to keep tabs on the number of cards/decks that have already entered play typically at the expense of lowering PE.

Running counts versus true counts in balanced counting systems
The running count is the running total of each card's assigned value. When using a balanced count (such as the Hi-Lo system), the running count is converted into a "true count", which takes into consideration the number of decks used. With Hi-Lo, the true count is the running count divided by the number of decks that have not yet been dealt; this can be calculated by division or approximated with an average card count per round times the number of rounds dealt. However, many variations of the true count calculation exist.

Back-counting

Back-counting, or "Wonging", consists of standing behind a blackjack table and counting the cards as they are dealt. Stanford Wong first proposed the idea of back-counting, hence the name.

The player will enter or "Wong in" to the game when the count reaches a point at which the player has an advantage. The player may then raise their bets as their advantage increases, or lower their bets as their advantage goes down. Some back-counters prefer to flat-bet, and only bet the same amount once they have entered the game. Some players will stay at the table until the game is shuffled, or they may "Wong out" or leave when the count reaches a level at which they no longer have an advantage.

Back-counting is generally done on shoe games, of 4, 6, or 8 decks, although it can be done on pitch games of 1 or 2 decks. The reason for this is that the count is more stable in a shoe game, so a player will be less likely to sit down for one or two hands and then have to get up. In addition, many casinos do not allow "mid-shoe entry" in single or double deck games which makes Wonging impossible. Another reason is that many casinos exhibit more effort to thwart card counters on their pitch games than on their shoe games, as a counter has a smaller advantage on an average shoe game than in a pitch game.

Advantages
Back-counting differs from traditional card-counting in that the player does not play every hand they see. This offers several advantages. For one, the player does not play hands without a statistical advantage. This increases the total advantage of the player. Another advantage is that the player does not have to change their bet size as much (or at all). Large variations in bet size are one way that casinos detect card counters.

Disadvantages
Back-counting has disadvantages, too. One is that the player frequently does not stay at the table long enough to earn comps. Another disadvantage is that some players may become irritated with players who enter in the middle of a game. They believe that this interrupts the "flow" of the cards. Their resentment may not merely be superstition, though, as this practice will negatively impact the other players at the table; with one fewer player at the table when the card composition becomes unfavorable, the other players will play through more hands under those conditions as they will use up fewer cards per hand. Similarly, they will play fewer hands in the rest of the shoe if the advantage player slips in during the middle of the shoe, when the cards become favorable; with one more player, more of those favorable cards will be used up per hand. This negatively impacts the other players whether they are counting cards or not. Also, a player who hops in and out of games may attract unwanted attention from casino personnel and may be detected as a card-counter.

Group counting
While a single player can maintain their own advantage with back-counting, card counting is most often used by teams of players to maximize their advantage. In such a team, some players called "spotters" will sit at a table and play the game at the table minimum, while keeping a count (basically doing the back "counting"). When the count is significantly high, the spotter will discreetly signal another player, known as a "big player", that the count is high (the table is "hot"). The big player will then "Wong in" and wager vastly higher sums (up to the table maximum) while the count is high. When the count "cools off" or the shoe is shuffled (resetting the count), the big player will "Wong out" and look for other counters who are signaling a high count. This was the system used by the MIT Blackjack Team, whose story was in turn the inspiration for the Canadian movie The Last Casino which was later re-made into the Hollywood version 21.

The main advantage of group play is that the team can count several tables while a single back-counting player can usually only track one table. This allows big players to move from table to table, maintaining the high-count advantage without being out of action very long. It also allows redundancy while the big player is seated as both the counter and big player can keep the count (as in the movie 21, the spotter can communicate the count to the big player discreetly as they sit down). The disadvantages include requiring multiple spotters who can keep an accurate count, splitting the "take" among all members of the team, requiring spotters to play a table regardless of the count (using only basic strategy, these players will lose money long-term), and requiring signals, which can alert pit bosses.

A simple variation removes the loss of having spotters play; the spotters simply watch the table instead of playing and signal big players to Wong in and out as normal. The disadvantages of this variation are reduced ability of the spotter and big player to communicate, reduced comps as the spotters are not sitting down, and vastly increased suspicion, as blackjack is not generally considered a spectator sport in casinos except among those actually playing (unlike craps, roulette, and wheels of fortune which have larger displays and so tend to attract more spectators).

Ranging bet sizes and the Kelly criterion
A mathematical principle called the Kelly criterion indicates that bet increases should be proportional to the player's advantage. In practice, this means that the higher the count, the more a player should bet to take advantage of the player's edge. Using this principle, a counter can vary bet sizes in proportion to the advantage dictated by a count. This creates a "bet ramp" according to the principles of the Kelly criterion. A bet ramp is a betting plan with a specific bet size tied to each true count value in such a way that the player wagers proportionally to the player's advantage to maximize bankroll growth. Taken to its conclusion, the Kelly criterion demands that a player not bet anything when the deck does not offer a positive expectation; "Wonging" implements this.

Expected profit
Historically, blackjack played with a perfect basic strategy offered a house edge of less than 0.5%. As more casinos have switched games to dealer hits soft-17 and blackjack pays 6:5, the average house edge in Nevada has increased to 1%. A typical card counter who ranges bets appropriately in a game with six decks will have an advantage of approximately 1% over the casino. Advantages of up to 2.5% are possible at normal penetrations from counting 6-deck Spanish 21, for the S17 or H17 with redoubling games. This amount varies based on the counter's skill level, penetration (1 – a fraction of pack cut off), and the betting spread (player's maximum bet divided by minimum bet). The variance in blackjack is high, so generating a sizable profit can take hundreds of hours of play. The deck will only have a positive enough count for the player to raise bets 10%-35% of the time depending on rules, penetration, and strategy.

At a table where a player makes a $100 average bet, a 1% advantage means a player will win an average of $1 per round. This translates into an average hourly winning of $50 if the player is dealt 50 hands per hour.

Under one set of circumstances, a player with a 1-15 unit bet spread with only one-deck cut off of a six-deck game will enjoy an advantage of as much as 1.2% with a Standard Deviation of 3.5 on a 2.1 unit average bet. Therefore, it is highly advisable for counters to set aside a large dedicated bankroll; one popular rule of thumb dictates a bankroll of 100 times the maximum bet per hand.

Another aspect of the probability of card counting is that, at higher counts, the player's probability of winning a hand is only slightly changed and still below 50%. The player's edge over the house on such hands does not come from the player's probability of winning the hands. Instead, it comes from the increased probability of blackjacks, increased gain and benefits from doubling, splitting, and surrender, and the insurance side bet, which becomes profitable at high counts.

Many factors affect expected profit, including:
 The overall efficiency of a card counting system at detecting player advantage; affects how often the player will actually play a hand at an advantage per period of time
 The overall efficiency at creating player advantage as a whole; a system may indicate a small advantage when in fact the advantage is much larger – this reduces the overall ROI of the system while in play.
 The rules of the game.
 Penetration will almost directly affect the magnitude of player advantage that is exploitable and the rate that hands are dealt with a player at an advantage.
 The number of players seated at a table will slow the game pace, and reduce the number of hands a player will be able to play in a given time frame.
 Game speed, table with side bets will be dealt at a slower pace than tables without them which will reduce the number of hands dealt over time.
 The use of an automatic shuffle machine or in rare cases, a dealer dedicated solely to shuffling a new shoe while another is in play, will eliminate the need for the dealer to shuffle the shoe prior to dealing a new one, increasing game speed.

Legal status
Card counting is not illegal under British law, nor is it under federal, state, or local laws in the United States provided that no external card counting device or person assists the player in counting cards. Still, casinos object to the practice, and try to prevent it, banning players believed to be counters. In their pursuit to identify card counters, casinos sometimes misidentify and ban players suspected of counting cards even if they do not.

Atlantic City casinos in the US state of New Jersey are forbidden from barring card counters as a result of a New Jersey Supreme Court decision. In 1979, Ken Uston, a Blackjack Hall of Fame inductee, filed a lawsuit against an Atlantic City casino, claiming that casinos did not have the right to ban skilled players. The New Jersey Supreme Court agreed, ruling that "the state's control of Atlantic City's casinos is so complete that only the New Jersey Casino Control Commission has the power to make rules to exclude skillful players." The commission has made no regulation on card counting, so Atlantic City casinos are not allowed to ban card counters. As they are unable to ban counters even when identified, Atlantic City casinos have increased the use of countermeasures.

Macau, the only legal gambling location in China, does not technically prohibit card counting but casinos reserve the right to expel or ban any customers, as is the case in the US and Britain. The use of electronic devices to aid such strategies, however, is strictly prohibited and can lead to arrest.

Casino reactions

Detection

Monitoring player behavior to assist with detecting the card counters falls into the hands of the on-floor casino personnel ("pit bosses") and casino-surveillance personnel, who may use video surveillance ("the eye in the sky") as well as computer analysis, to try to spot playing behavior indicative of card counting. Early counter-strategies featured the dealers learning to count the cards themselves to recognize the patterns in the players. Many casino chains keep databases of players that they consider undesirable. Casinos can also subscribe to databases of advantage players offered by agencies like Griffin Investigations, Biometrica, and OSN (Oregon Surveillance Network). Griffin Investigations filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2005 after losing a libel lawsuit filed by professional gamblers. In 2008 all Chapter 11 payments were said to be up to date and all requirements met, and information was being supplied using data encryption and secure servers. If a player is found to be in such a database, they will almost certainly be stopped from play and asked to leave regardless of their table play. For successful card counters, therefore, skill at "cover" behavior, to hide counting and avoid "drawing heat" and possibly being barred, may be just as important as playing skill.

Detection of card counters will be confirmed after a player is first suspected of counting cards; when seeking card counters, casino employees, whatever their position, could be alerted by many things that are most common when related to card counting but not common for other players. These include:
 Large buy-ins.
 Dramatic bet variation especially with larger bets being placed only at the end of a shoe.
 Playing only a small number of hands during a shoe.
 Refusal to play rated.
 Table hopping.
 Playing multiple hands.
 Lifetime winnings.

Card counters may make unique playing strategy deviations not normally used by non-counters. Plays such as splitting tens, doubling soft 18/19/20, standing on 15/16, and surrendering on 14, when basic strategy says otherwise, may be a sign of a card counter.

Extremely aggressive plays such as splitting tens and doubling soft 19 and 20 are often called out to the pit to notify them because they are telltale signs of not only card counters but hole carding.

Technology for detecting card counters
Several semi-automated systems have been designed to aid the detection of card counters. The MindPlay system (now discontinued) scanned card values as the cards were dealt. The Shuffle Master Intelligent Shoe system also scans card values as cards exit the shoe. Software called Bloodhound and Protec 21 allows voice input of card and bet values, in an attempt to determine the player edge. A more recent innovation is the use of RFID signatures embedded within the casino chips so that the table can automatically track bet amounts.

Automated card-reading technology has known abuse potential in that it can be used to simplify the practice of preferential shuffling – having the dealer reshuffle the cards whenever the odds favor the players. To comply with licensing regulations, some blackjack protection systems have been designed to delay access to real-time data on the remaining cards in the shoe. Other vendors consider real-time notification to surveillance that a shoe is "hot" to be an important product feature.

With card values, play decisions, and bet decisions conveniently accessible, the casino can analyze bet variation, play accuracy, and play variation.

Bet variation. The simplest way a card counter makes money is to bet more when they have an edge. While playing back the tapes of a recent session of play, the software can generate a scatter plot of the amount bet versus the count at the time the bet was made and find the trendline that best fits the scattered points. If the player is not counting cards, there will be no trend; their bet variation and the count variation will not consistently correlate. If the player is counting and varying bets according to the count, there will be a trend whose slope reflects the player's average edge from this technique.

Play variation. When card counters vary from basic strategy, they do so in response to the count, to gain an additional edge. The software can verify whether there is a pattern to play variation. Of particular interest is whether the player sometimes (when the count is positive) takes insurance and stands on 16 versus a dealer 10, but plays differently when the count is negative.

Countermeasures
Casinos have spent a great amount of effort and money in trying to thwart card counters. Countermeasures used to prevent card counters from profiting at blackjack include:
 Decreasing penetration, the number of cards dealt before a shuffle. This reduces the advantage of card counting.
 Banning known counters from playing blackjack, all games, or entering casino property (trespassing).
 Shuffling when a player increases their wager or when the casino feels the remaining cards are advantageous to the player (preferential shuffling).
 Changing rules for splitting, doubling down, or playing multiple hands. This also includes changing a table's stakes.
 Not allowing entry into a game until a shuffle occurs (no mid-shoe entry).
 Flat betting a player or making it so they cannot change the amount they bet during a shoe.
 Canceling comps earned by counters.
 Confiscation of chips.
 Detention (back rooming).

Some jurisdictions (e.g. Nevada) have few legal restrictions placed on these countermeasures. Other jurisdictions such as New Jersey limit the countermeasures a casino can take against skilled players.

Some countermeasures result in disadvantages for the casino. Frequent or complex shuffling, for example, reduces the amount of playing time and consequently the house winnings. Some casinos use automatic shuffling machines to counter the loss of time, with some models of machines shuffling one set of cards while another is in play. Others, known as continuous shuffle machines (CSMs), allow the dealer to simply return used cards to a single shoe to allow playing with no interruption. Because CSMs essentially force minimal penetration, they greatly reduce the advantage of traditional counting techniques. In most online casinos the deck is shuffled at the start of each new round, ensuring the house always has the advantage.

History
American mathematician Edward O. Thorp is the father of card counting. His 1962 book, Beat the Dealer, outlines betting and playing strategies for optimal play. Although mathematically sound, some of the techniques no longer apply, as casinos took countermeasures (such as no longer dealing with the last card). The counting system in Beat the Dealer, the 10-count, is harder to use and less profitable than later systems. A history of how counting developed can be seen in David Layton's documentary film The Hot Shoe.

Before Beat the Dealer, a small number of professional card counters were beating blackjack games in Vegas and elsewhere. One was Jess Marcum, who developed the first full-fledged point-count system. Another pre-Thorp card counter was professional gambler Joe Bernstein. He is described in 1961's I Want To Quit Winners by Reno casino owner Harold Smith as an ace counter feared throughout Nevada. And in the 1957 book, Playing Blackjack to Win, Roger Baldwin, Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel, and James McDermott (known as "The Four Horsemen") published the first accurate blackjack basic strategy and a rudimentary card counting system, devised solely with the aid of crude mechanical calculators – what used to be called "adding machines".

From the early days, some have been succeeded, including Al Francesco, the inventor of blackjack team play and the man who taught Ken Uston how to count cards, and Tommy Hyland, manager of the longest-running blackjack team in history. Ken Uston, perhaps the most famous card-counter through his 60 Minutes television appearance and his books, tended to overstate his winnings, as documented by players who worked with him, including Al Francesco and team member Darryl Purpose.

In the 1970s and 1980s, as computing power grew, more advanced and harder card counting systems came into favor. Many card counters agree, however, that a simpler and less advantageous system that can be played flawlessly for hours earns an overall higher return than a more complex system prone to user error.

Teams

In the 1970s Ken Uston was the first to write about a tactic of card counting he called the Big Player Team. The book was based on his experiences working as a "big player" (BP) on Al Francesco's teams. In big-player blackjack teams a number of card counters, called "spotters", are dispatched to tables around a casino, where their responsibility is to keep track of the count and signal to the big player when the count indicates a player advantage. The big player then joins the game at that table, placing maximum bets at a player advantage. When the spotter indicates that the count has dropped, they again signal the BP to leave the table. By jumping from table to table as called in by spotters, BP avoids all play at a disadvantage. In addition, since BP's play appears random and irrational, they avoid detection by the casinos. The spotters, who are doing the actual counting, are not themselves changing their bet size or strategy, so they are relatively inconspicuous.

With this style of play, a number of blackjack teams have cleared millions of dollars through the years. Well-known blackjack teams with documented earnings in the millions include those run by Al Francesco, Ken Uston, Tommy Hyland, various groups from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and, most recently, a team called "The Greeks". Ken Uston wrote about blackjack team play in Million Dollar Blackjack (), although many of the experiences he represents as his own in his books actually happened to other players, especially Bill Erb, a BP Uston worked with on Al Francesco's team. Ben Mezrich also covers team play in his book Bringing Down The House (), which describes how MIT students used it with great success. See also the Canadian movie The Last Casino and the American movie 21, which was based on Mezrich's book.

The publication of Ken Uston's books and of his landmark lawsuits against the casinos, both stimulated the growth of blackjack teams (Hyland's team and the first MIT team were formed in Atlantic City shortly after the publication of Million Dollar Blackjack) and increased casino awareness of the methods of blackjack teams, making it more difficult for such teams to operate. Hyland and Francesco soon switched to a form of shuffle tracking called "Ace sequencing". Also referred to as "cutting to the Ace", this technique involves various methods designed to spot the bottom card during a shuffle (ideally an Ace) and expertly cut the deck and play future hands to force the player to receive the Ace. This made it more difficult for casinos to detect when team members were playing with an advantage. In 1994, members of the Hyland team were arrested for ace sequencing and blackjack team play at Casino Windsor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It was documented in court that Nevada casinos with ownership stakes in the Windsor casino were instrumental in the decision to prosecute team members on cheating charges. However, the judge ruled that the players' conduct was not cheating, but merely the use of intelligent strategy.

Shuffling machines

Automatic shuffling machines (ASMs or batch shufflers), that randomly shuffle decks, interfere with the shuffle tracking variation of card counting by hiding the shuffle. Continuous shuffling machines (CSMs), that partially shuffle used cards back into the "shoe" after every hand, interfere with card counting. CSMs result in shallow penetration (number of seen cards), reducing the effectiveness of card counting.

See also
 Advantage gambling
 Blackjack Hall of Fame

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Blackjack
Gambling terminology

de:Black Jack#Kartenzählen

Card counting


Les mots arboreus, arborea et arboreum sont originellement trois déclinaisons (notamment le nominatif singulier masculin, féminin et neutre) d'un adjectif latin signifiant « d'arbre, arboré ».

Sciences et techniques
En biologie :
 Arborea est un genre éteint d'animaux de la classe des , appartenant à la faune de l'Édiacarien. Il a longtemps été considéré comme un synonyme de Charniodiscus mais on a montré en 2022 qu'il s'agissait bien de deux genres distincts ;
 en taxonomie, les mots arboreus, arborea et arboreum sont employés comme épithètes spécifiques pour nommer de nombreuses espèces animales ou végétales. Pour les articles consacrés à de telles espèces, consulter les listes générées automatiquement : arboreus, arborea, arboreum.

Culture et société
 Crystals of Arborea est un jeu vidéo de rôle médiéval-fantastique, développé et édité par la société française Silmarils en 1990.
 The exiled realm of Arborea est un jeu de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueur développé par Krafton, sorti en 2011.

Toponyme

 Arborea, une commune de la province d'Oristano (région Sardaigne) ;
 Palmas Arborea, une autre commune de la même province.

Notes et références

Épithète spécifique

Arborea (homonymie)


Ljubomir Glavaš (Drinovci kraj Gruda, 21. studenoga 1921. – Rheinfelden kraj Freiburga, 23. lipnja 1994.) bio je pripadnik ustaške vojske u Drugome svjetskom ratu, hrvatski politički emigrant i žrtva progona Udbe. Otac je Branimira Glavaša.

Djetinjstvo i mladost
Rođen je su selu Drinovci, općina Grude, u BiH, 21. studenog 1921., u obitelji Ante i Jake Glavaš (rođene Pandžić), kao jedno od petero djece.

Drugi svjetski rat i poraće

Živio je i radio u rodnim Drinovcima, gdje ga je zatekao početak Drugoga svjetskog rata, okupacija Kraljevine Jugoslavije i uspostava NDH. Godine 1942., kao dvadesetjednogodišnjak priključio se dobrovoljno vojsci NDH, te je prebačen u Zagreb, odakle su ga poslali na šestomjesečnu vojnu obuku u Stockerau. Tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata bio je pripadnik 369. legionarske Vražje divizije, kao hrvatski dobrovoljac u sklopu njemačkog Wehrmachta, u sklopu koje jedinice, 1942. sudjeluje u ratnim operacijama vođenim protiv NOP-a u Istočnoj Bosni. Završetak Drugoga svjetskog rata, u svibnju 1945., zatekao ga je u Zagrebu, gdje je sudjelovao u povlačenju prema Sloveniji i dalje u Austriju, ali skupa s jednim znancem iz jedinice, prilikom povlačenja, odlučili su se zajednički napustiti kolonu, te su se skrivali kod ovog, u Jaski, pola godine nakon završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata, zbog straha od možebitne odmazde, koje su se događale, prijavili su se dobrovoljno novim vlastima, kazavši im pritom kako su ratni put proveli u domobranstvu, što su im ovi povjerovali, te su kažnjeni prisilnim radom u zarobljeničkom logoru u okolici Gorskog kotara, do 1946., nakon čega je Glavaš morao još odslužiti trogodišnji vojni rok u jedinicama Jugoslavenske armije (JA). Nakon odsluženja tri vojske, NDH, Wehrmachta i JA, 1949., vraća se u rodne Drinovce, gdje ne zatječe nikoga kod kuće, jer su mu se braća i sestra još 1941. odselili u Osijek, otac mu je preminuo na početku rata, dok mu je majka, uvjerena da joj je sin poginuo u tijeku ratnih događanja ili nestao na križnom putu, umrla tri dana prije njegova konačnog povratka. Ubrzo se iste se godine oženio Zorkom Pandžić, iz Drinovaca, te su se negdje tijekom 1954. ili 1955., zajedno odlučili konačno preseliti u Osijek, gdje su mu otprije živjeli članovi uže obitelji.

Kako je Drugi svjetski rat ostavljao neizbrisiv trag na sudbinama ljudi, u Ljubomirovoj tazbini, odnosno u obitelji njegove supruge Zorke, jedan član njezine uže obitelji, pogiba u redovima ustaške vojnice, na samom kraju rata, 1945., dok je drugi cijelo vrijeme rata bio pripadnik NOP-a, te je 1945., razočaran društveno-političkom situacijom rodnom kraju, Hercegovini, gdje je bilo proglašeno izvanredno stanje te uvedeni prijeki sudovi, da bi Ozna nesmetano proganjala sve one za koje se sumnjalo da surađuju s križarima (škriparima), ali i zbog konstelacije novonastalih odnosa u državi, istupa od ideala i tekovina komunističke revolucije te se okreće Crkvi, ispovijeda se i redovito odlazio na nedjeljnu misu, da bi mu to bivši suborci zamjerali, te zbog toga, nedugo prije njegove rane smrti, 1947., po nalogu tadašnje hercegovačke Udbe, biva uhićen  i pritvoren njegov otac. U takvoj atmosferi nije bilo mjesta za bivšeg pripadnika poražene vojske NDH.

Život u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji

Zbog sudjelovanja u vojsci NDH i Wehrmachtu, vojnu iskaznicu, slike iz rata i ostale dokumente, pohranio je na sigurno, kod brata, u Osijeku, da bi ovaj, nakon sovjetske intervencije u Čehoslovačkoj i slamanja praškog proljeća, 1968., kada se pojačavala razina sigurnosti u Jugoslaviji, odnosi u tajnosti navedene dokumente njegovoj ženi, znajući što se može dogoditi ako bi ih slučajno milicija ili Služba pronašli, te ih ova odlučuje uništiti, osim jedne slike, koju je potajno skrivala. Glavaš se s druge strane, i u novom kraju, u Osijeku stalno nalazio pod prismotrom Udbe, te je bio prisiljen od 1964. odlaziti na rad u SR Njemačku, gdje je prvih mjesec dana radio u Frieburgu, zatim tri godine u Sachingenu, potom, 1967., prelazi na rad u tvornicu aluminija u Rheinfelden. Negdje od 1977., nalazio se pod opservacijom Službe državne sigurnosti (SDS) centra Osijek. U tom je razdoblju, obitelj u Jugoslaviji, posjećivao samo za božićne i novogodišnje blagdane, da bi 1980., kod kćerke i zeta u Biogradu na Moru, bio uhićen, pod sumnjom povezanosti s hrvatskom političkom emigracijom, točnije pripadnicima Hrvatskog revolucionarnog bratstva (HRB), te ilegalnog ulaska u Jugoslaviju, zatim biva tri dana pritvoren i pod prijetnjom i ucjenom prinuđen na suradnju sa Službom. Otišavši natrag u SR Njemačku, odbijao je surađivati s jugoslavenskom službom, te su mu jednom prilikom ovi poslali razglednicu, pod prijetnjom i zastrašivanjem podsjećajući ga na prethodno dovorenu suradnju, zbog svega toga, Glavaš se više nikad nije vraćao u Jugoslaviju, sve do demokratskih promjena 1990. godine.

Demokratske promjene i smrt

Uslijed demokratskih promjena, 1990., njegov je sin, Branimir Glavaš, bio istaknuti član i nositelj slavonske struje HDZ-a, sudionik osnivačke skupštine HDZ-a od 17. lipnja 1989. održane na zagrebačkom Jarunu, te jedan od glavnih zapovjednika obrane Osijeka 1991.

Ljubomir Glavaš umro je u emigraciji, 23. lipnja 1994., u mjestu Rheinfelden, pokraj Freiburga, u saveznoj državi Baden – Wurttenberg, u SR Njemačkoj. Pokopan je na gradskom groblju u Osijeku.

Izvori

Hrvatski oporbeni političari u iseljeništvu (1945. – 1989.)
Hrvatska politička emigracija (1945. – 1989.)

Ljubomir Glavaš


Dislipidemiile reprezintă tulburări ale metabolismului lipoproteinelor, inclusiv supraproducția sau deficitul de lipoproteine. Dislipidemiile reprezintă un factor de risc pentru dezvoltarea bolilor aterosclerotice cardiovasculare. Chiar dacă dislipidemiile sunt un factor de risc, prezența nivelelor anormale ale lipidelor serice nu înseamnă neapărat necesitatea începerii unui tratament medicamentos hipolipemiant.

Tipuri

Note

Tulburări metabolice

Dislipidemie


الورد الدمشقي  أو كما يعرف باسمه الشائع الورد الجوري   نوع نباتي ينتمي إلى الفصيلة الوردية. سمي بهذا الاسم في الغرب لأن الغرب عرفه أثناء حملاته على بلاد الشام، وليس لأن أصل هذا النوع من بلاد الشام، وذلك لأنه نبات هجين وليس بريا. أثبت فحص الحمض النووي أنه هذا النوع نتج من تهجين ثلاثة أنواع من الورد هي الورد المسكي والورد الفرنسي وورد فيدشنكو  من آسيا الوسطى، أي أن لا موطنًا أصليًا لها، ولا يعرف المكان الذي هُجنت فيه على وجه التحديد.

خلفية

تم نقل الوردة من سوريا إلى أوروبا خلال حملات الصليبيين في القرن الثالث عشر ميلادي، ويعتبر نبات الورد من أقدم مجموعات نباتات الزينة ويستخرج منه زيت عطري شهير وهو زيت الورد الذي يدخل في صناعة العطور وأيضًا أزهاره صالحة للقطف وتعيش مدة طويلة بعده، مواسم إزهاره هي الربيع والخريف ويجب زراعة الورد الجوري في مكان خاص بحديقة الزينة.

وفي العصر الحديث تنتشر زراعة الوردة الشامية في بلدة المراح بالقلمون الشرقي بريف دمشق الشمالي، حيث يبدأ موسم القطاف في شهر أيار ويتم جني المحصول مترافقا بمهرجان سنوي ضخم يشارك فيه المزارعون وكل الفعاليات في المنطقة ويتم فيه تقطير عطر الوردة الفواح واستخراج المواد الطبية والشراب والمربيات.

الخواص الجمالية والاستخدامات

يوحي مظهر الورد الجوري بالأمل والثقة بالنفس والانسجام والسكينة وعمق التأمل، وترمز الوردة إلى مفاهيم الحب والعواطف الصادقة، وتدل على مشاعر النبل والخلود. الورد هو زهرة عطرية تمتاز برائحتها النفاذة القوية، تدخل في تركيب العطور الشهيرة والنفيسة، تمتاز رائحتها بالنعومة والعذوبة التي تمثل الرمز لرائحة الورد الحقيقي والتأثير والجذب والعطور التي تستخلص من الورد الجوري أو الوردة الدمشقية من أفضل الأنواع في العالم.

يقطّر من الورد ماء الورد والذي يستخدم في صناعة المواد التجميلية والحلويات والمعطرات كما تستخدم بتلات الورد في صناعة مربى الورد ولتنكيه بعض الحلويات الشامية كالنوغا.

الزراعة

تجود زراعة الورد في الأراضي الصفراء (الرملية) الغنية بالمواد الغذائية بشرط أن تكون جيدة الصرف وخالية من الأملاح وتسمد بالسماد البلدي القديم بمعدل 25 متر/فدان وذلك بمعدل 1 مقطف/متر مربع من الأرض ولا يحتاج إلى الأسمدة الكيميائية.

الآفات التي تصيب الورد

 مرض البياض الدقيقي: مرض فطري يصيب الأوراق والبراعم على شكل بُقع بيضاء تشبه الدقيق ويعالج بالرش بمحلول الصودا الكاوية والصابون قوة 1.5%.
 الصدأ: وهو مرض فطري أيضًا يظهر على الأوراق والسيقان على شكل مسحوق أصفر برتقالي ويعالج بتقليم النبتات في آخر يناير ثم جمع الأجزاء المصابة وحرقها ثم ترش النباتات بمحلول كبريتات النحاس قوة 1%.
 حشرة المن: يعالج بالرش بسلفات النيونيكوتين.
 حشرة العنكبوت الأحمر: يعفر بالكبريت.

الوردة والتراث الإنساني

بتاريخ 2019-12-12، أعلنت منظمة الأمم المتحدة للتربية والعلم والثقافة "اليونيسكو" إدراج عنصر الوردة الشامية وما يرتبط بها من الممارسات والحرف التراثية ضمن قائمة التراث الإنساني اللامادي في المنظمة. وقالت المنظمة على موقعها الإلكتروني إن اللجنة الحكومية الدولية لحماية التراث الثقافي اللامادي خلال اجتماعها الرابع عشر المنعقد في العاصمة الكولومبية بوغوتا أدرجت الوردة الشامية والممارسات والحرف التراثية المرتبطة بها ضمن قائمة التراث الإنساني اللامادي.

وكانت سورية قدمت في العام السابق ملف الوردة الشامية لمنظمة اليونيسكو والذي يعرف ويحدد الممارسات والحرف التراثية المرتبطة بها في قرية المراح كأحد العناصر التراثية الثقافية السورية لتتم إضافته إلى القائمة التمثيلية للتراث الإنساني في المنظمة.

المراجع

الحياة النباتية في الوطن العربي
نباتات زينة
نباتات طبية من بلاد الشام
نباتات منسوبة إلى مناطق في سورية
نباتات هجينة
ورد

ورد جوري


سيباستيان غريمالدي  (10 سبتمبر 1979 في غيفورز) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز قلب الدفاع كما كان يجيد اللعب في خط الوسط .

المسيرة الرياضية
بدأ غريمالدي مسيرته الرياضية في نادي سانت روماين إنغير سنة 1984 ثم انتقل إلى نادي أولينز سنة 1992 ثم إلى نادي ليون سنة 1995 . في سنة 2000 انتقل إلى نادي كان وفي سنة 2002 انتقل إلى نادي أنغرز وفي سنة 2005 قرر الاحتراف خارج فرنسا وقبول عرض نادي موسكرون البلجيكي للانضمام إليه حيث قضى فيه موسمين ثم انتقل إلى نادي تشسترفيلد الإنجليزي في 31 يناير 2007 وشارك في أول مباراة رسمية في 3 فبراير أمام نادي بورنماوث وانتهت بالخسارة 0-1 . وبعد عدة أشهر اعتزل نهائيا لعب كرة القدم بسبب تجدد الإصابة .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من جيفور
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في بلجيكا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في قبرص
رياضيون من أوفيرني-رون ألب
لاعبو أنجيه
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو كان
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو موسكرون بيروفيلز
لاعبو نادي تشيسترفيلد
مواليد 1979
مواليد في جيفور
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوفيرني-رون ألب

سيباستيان غريمالدي


Gaston Raynaud ( à Paris -  à Boulogne-sur-Seine) est un philologue et bibliothécaire français.

Biographie
Après une classe préparatoire au lycée Louis-le-Grand, Gaston Reynaud entre à l'École nationale des chartes en 1870. En 1875, il y obtient le diplôme d'archiviste-paléographe après avoir soutenu une thèse sur le dialecte picard dans le comté de Ponthieu aux s. Publiée l'année suivante dans la Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, elle lui vaut la quatrième mention au concours des Antiquités de France de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres.

Il est président de la Société de l'École des chartes en 1899, de la Société de l'histoire de France en 1907. Cette même année, il est appelé à prendre place dans la section d'histoire et de philologie du Comité des travaux historiques.

Œuvre scientifique
En 1876, il est nommé au Département des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, où il restera près de quatorze ans, publiant des catalogues de manuscrits italiens, anglais et vénitiens, et la Bibliographie des chansonniers français des s.

Il collabore avec Gaston Paris à l'ouvrage Mystère de la passion d'Arnoul Gréban (1878).

En 1889, il quitte la bibliothèque pour se consacrer plus librement à ses ouvrages et aux fonctions d'administrateur de la Société des anciens textes français. Parmi ses travaux, on peut citer, en 1889, Rondeaux et autres poésies du  et, en 1904, Eustache Deschamps, sa vie, ses œuvres, son temps, 1346-1406. En 1882, il collabore avec Henri Michelant aux Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte, rédigés en français aux ,  et s ; en 1884, son recueil des Motets français des s, est honoré par l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres du prix Lagrange. En 1887, Les Gestes des Chiprois, traduits du latin, est un recueil de chroniques françaises écrites en Orient aux s, par Gérard de Montréal et Philippe de Novare.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Historien français du XIXe siècle
Médiéviste français
Archiviste paléographe
Philologue français
Historien des croisades
Personnel de la Bibliothèque nationale de France
Naissance en avril 1850
Naissance dans l'ancien 2e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en juillet 1911
Décès à Boulogne-Billancourt
Décès à 61 ans

Gaston Raynaud


Oxanul (denumit și tetrahidropiran, abreviat THP) este un compus heterociclic hexaciclic cu oxigen cu formula chimică C5H10O. Este omologul superior al oxolanului și analogul saturat al piranului.

Obținere
O metodă clasică de obținere presupune hidrogenarea izomerului 3,4-dihidropiran cu nichel Raney.

Note

Vezi și
 1,4-dioxan
 Piperidină
 Piran
 Tian

Oxan


Armata Republicii Cehe (în , AČR), cunoscută și sub numele de Armata Cehă sau Forțele Armate ale Cehiei, este serviciul militar responsabil pentru apărarea Republicii Cehe în conformitate cu obligațiile și tratatele internaționale privind apărarea colectivă. De asemenea, acesta este menit să sprijine operațiunile de menținere a păcii, de salvare și de ajutor umanitar atât pe teritoriul național, cât și în străinătate. Forțele armate sunt formate din Statul Major General, Forțele Terestre, Forțele Aeriene și unitățile de sprijin.

Referințe

Legături externe

  Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic
  Information Center about NATO

Forțele armate ale Republicii Cehia
Cooperare structurată permanentă
NATO

Forțele armate ale Cehiei


Posjetitelji (eng. V) američka je znanstvenofantastična TV serija iz 2009., čije su dvije sezone emitirane na ABC-ju od 3. studenog 2009. do 15. ožujka 2011. Prerada je istoimene miniserije iz 1983. koju je stvorio Kenneth Johnson, a prati iznenadan dolazak tehnološki napredne izvanzemaljske rase koja naizgled dolazi u miru, ali zapravo ima zlokobne motive. Glavni glumci su Elizabeth Mitchell i Morena Baccarin, a izvršni producenti Scott Rosenbaum, Yves Simoneau, Scott Peters, Steve Pearlman i Jace Halll.

Radnja
Divovski brodovi se pojavljuju iznad 29 glavnih gradova po cijelom svijetu, i Anna (Morena Baccarin), lijepa i karizmatična vođa vanzemaljskih "Posjetitelja", izjavljuje kako dolaze u miru. Posjetitelji tvrde da trebaju samo malu količinu Zemljinih resursa, i da su zauzvrat spremni dijeliti svoju naprednu tehnologiju i medicinska dostignuća. Dok mali broj ljudi počinje sumnjati u iskrenost naizgled dobronamjernih Posjetitelja, FBI-eva agentica Erica Evans (Elizabeth Mitchell) otkrije da su vanzemaljci zapravo reptili koji "nose" ljudsku kožu, kao i da se desetljećima infiltriraju u vlade, poslovni sektor i religijske institucije, a sada su u završnoj fazi plana osvajanja Zemlje. Erica ulazi u pokret otpora, u kojem je i Ryan Nichols (Morris Chestnut), Posjetiteljski "agent spavač", koji je s vremenom razvio ljudske emocije i sada želi spasiti čovječanstvo. Njihova pobuna postaje dio većeg pokreta otpora pod nazivom "Peta kolona", u kojem su i ljudi, ali i Posjetitelji koji se ne slažu s Anninim nedefiniranim, ali zlokobnim planovima za planet i čovječanstvo.

Glumački sastav i likovi

Glavni glumački sastav
 Elizabeth Mitchell kao Erica Evans – FBI-eva protuteroristička agentica, koja postaje vođa svjetske Pete kolone. Ironično, Erica razvija bliži odnos s Posjetiteljicom Lisom nego s vlastitim sinom Tylerom.
 Morris Chestnut kao Ryan Nichols – Posjetitelj koji se predstavlja kao čovjek, i petokolonaš koji pokušava potkopati Annine podmukle planove. Kasnije je prisiljen izdati Petu kolonu jer Anna ima njegovu kći. Kći ga zadavi dok ju pokušava maknuti s matičnog broda Posjetitelja (u New Yorku) na kraju 2. sezone.
 Joel Gretsch kao otac Jack Landry – katolički svećenik i bivši snajperist američke vojske, čija je nelagoda u vezi Posjetitelja ubrzo opravdana, kad, kao član Pete kolone otkrije Annine tajne planove.
 Logan Huffman kao Tyler Evans – Ericin sin, tinejdžer, član Posjetiteljskih "ambasadora mira" i Lisin dečko. S vremenom postaje bliži s Annom i udaljuje se od majke. Posjetitelji su mu kao bebi uklonili dio DNA, zbog čega mu je otac napustio majku jer je vjerovao da ga Erica vara. Ubije ga Lisina blizanka nakon parenja s njom na kraju 2. sezone.
 Lourdes Benedicto kao Valerie Stevens (1. sezona) – Ryanova zaručnica, koja u početku ne zna da je Ryan posjetitelj. Nakon što sazna za Ryanovu tajnu, Anna ju ubije nakon što rodi Ryanovo dijete, koje Anna uzme k sebi.
 Laura Vandervoort kao Lisa – Posjetiteljica i Tylerova djevojka, Annina kćer i buduća kraljica Posjetitelja. Postepeno prihvaća ljudske emocije tijekom prve sezone i postaje dio Pete kolone u završnici sezone. Lisa je bliža Erici nego svojoj majci, kojoj se često povjerava. U završnici druge sezone, Anna ju zatoči i zamijeni klonom (kojeg također glumi Laura Vandervoort).
 Charles Mesure kao Kyle Hobbs – bivši britanski vojnik Specijalne zračne službe (eng. Special Air Service, kratica SAS) i sadašnji plaćenik, na vrhu liste najtraženijih mnogih zakonskih organizacija. Postaje član Pete kolone. Posjetitelji ga ucjenjuju nekom njemu bliskom.
 Morena Baccarin kao Anna – hladna, dijabolički-manipulativna kraljica i vrhovna zapovjednica Posjetitelja. Održava lojalnost i kontrolu nad svojim podanicima kroz telepatski proces pacifikacije nazvan "blaženstvo".
 Scott Wolf kao Chad Decker – voditelj TV novosti, koji postaje glasnogovornik za Posjetitelje. Uhvaćen je između svoje novinarske etike i ambicije, kada položaj blizu Anne dolazi s cijenom. Postaje petokolonaš kad sazna mračnu istinu o Posjetiteljima, iako to Anna sazna tek u završnici 2. sezone.

Produkcija
U svibnju 2009. serija je najavljena, a otkrivena su i imena izvršnih producenata: Scott Peters, Jace Hall, Steve Perelman, i Jeffrey Bell. Snimanje ostalih epizoda (nakon pilot epizode) započelo je 10. kolovoza 2009. Elizabeth Mitchell naglasila je kako će serija podsjetiti na najlegendarnije trenutke iz originalne franšize.

Peters je kasnije potvrdio kako će serija, osim potencijalnih glumaca koji su se pojavljivali i u miniseriji, samo davati "migove" na nju. Izjavio je da, ako pitate ljude koji su im najznamenitiji dijelovi iz miniserije, među najpopularnijim odgovorima bit će "golemi brodovi, crvene uniforme, Dianino jedenje hrčka i beba vanzemaljac", dodavši kako su i oni svjesni tih trenutaka, pa ih dodaju i u novu seriju kako bi "skinuli kapu" starijoj publici.

Dana 13. svibnja 2011. ABC je objavio da je serija otkazana.

Reakcija na otkazivanje
Nakon što je ABC otkazao seriju u svibnju 2011., započela je kampanja "Projekt Alice", koja šalje pisma Warner Brosu kako bi obnovili seriju na drugom kanalu. Kampanja je u početku nastojala obnoviti seriju na TNT-u, a kasnije su napori usmjereni na CW Network. Obje mreže pripadaju Time Warneru.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Posjetitelji  na IMDb-u
 Posjetitelji  na TV.com
 Posjetitelji na TV Guide''

Znanstvenofantastične serije
Američke serije

Posjetitelji (televizijska serija)


Aqueduct ist eine US-amerikanische Indie-Rock-Band aus Seattle.

Geschichte
Ursprünglich war die Band ein One-Man-Act, erfunden und produziert von David Terry, in dessen Schlafzimmer. Mit der Zeit wurden einige Unterstützer Bandmitglieder. Sie spielten bereits mit mehreren in Seattle beheimateten Bands wie United State of Electronica, Modest Mouse und Death Cab for Cutie.

Einige Lieder erlangten Bekanntheit durch Serien wie O.C., California.

Diskografie
Alben
 2003: Power Ballads (Album)
 2004: Pistols at Dawn (EP)
 2005: I Sold Gold (Album)
 2007: Or Give Me Death (Album)
 2015: Wild Knights (Album)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

US-amerikanische Band
Rockband
Indie-Band
Musik (Seattle)

Aqueduct (Band)


The X's (Los X) fue una serie animada estadounidense emitida por Nickelodeon. Fue creada por Carlos Ramos, quien ya antes ha tenido participación en otras series originales de Nickelodeon (Nicktoons), tales como Oh Yeah! Cartoons y Zona Tiza.

La serie trata de una familia de espías con habilidades especiales que trabajan para una organización llamada SUPERIOR que combate contra S.N.A.F.U, una organización dedicada al mal y conquista del mundo; pero que sin embargo deben convivir como cualquier familia normal.

estrenada el día 25 de noviembre de 2005 en los Estados Unidos y el 2 de junio de 2006 en Latinoamérica. Tuvo solamente una temporada y fue cancelada por baja audiencia.

Historia
Los Equis no son solo cuatro de los mejores agentes secretos del mundo, son una familia. Viven y trabajan como una élite especial en una unidad clandestina y poseen talentos y habilidades extraordinarias, mucho más poderosas que las de cualquier familia normal. Los Equis trabajan para la mejor organización de espías del mundo llamada SUPERIOR, la cual siempre está luchando contra la famosa SNAFU, una agencia diabólica que ha regado la maldad por todo el mundo. Los Equis, como fuerza secreta, son los mejores. Vencen a los malos, salvan el mundo y explotan cosas de una manera espectacular. También, discuten a gritos sobre qué programa ver en la tele y dos de ellos tienen que irse a la cama temprano.

Personajes

Se clasifican en: Miembros de SUPERIOR y Miembros de SNAFU

Miembros de SUPERIOR

Los X
La familia protagonista del programa

Miembros

 Sr. X (Mr. Aaron Truman X ):

El Sr. Equis parece ser el agente secreto ideal. Luce bien en traje, de voz resonante, supremamente seguro de sí mismo, su corbata lanza rayos láser, experto en artes marciales y combate mano a mano. Tiene el Manual de Espía Secreto totalmente memorizado de principio a fin y lo sigue al pie de la letra, así signifique…¡muerte inmediata! Desafortunadamente, la mitad de su trabajo es mantener su identidad secreta y a pesar de poder desmontar un arma de fuego en 8 segundos, no sabe mucho sobre el comportamiento normal de una persona. Honestamente, no tiene ni idea de que es un 'poquitín' sospechoso el que recoja a sus hijos en la escuela en un jet o que pode sus matas con un lanzallamas. Y aunque el Sr. Equis nunca duda de sus acciones o comportamiento en el mundo del espionaje -lo cual es extremadamente importante en su profesión-, le cuesta desempeñarse como una persona normal y más bien luce como un excéntrico.

 Sra. X (Andrea Martha Coden X):
Si las cosas se ponen difíciles, quieres tener a la Sra. Equis a tu lado. Todo acerca de su personalidad es extra-grande. Cuando está feliz, rebosa de felicidad. Cuando está triste, se siente desdichada. Cuando está disgustada….¡escóndete! A pesar de que la Sra. Equis es de estatura normal, anda por el mundo como si fuera…¡gigante! Tiene la fuerza física de 10 hombres, entrenamiento en artes marciales y un arsenal propio que incluye desde hachas de batalla, hasta armas que provocan explosiones de plasma. Especialista en combate y en armas. Capaz de destruir un edificio ella sola. Su respuesta ante cualquier amenaza es la de destrozar inmediatamente todo lo que tiene a la vista. Lamentablemente, también puede ser su reacción cuando alguien la toma por sorpresa y le pregunta: "¿Puedo tomar su pedido?" Cuando no está quebrando cosas con su karate, la Sra. Equis se esfuerza tremendamente por mantener su imagen de 'mamá normal'. Pero, como su respuesta a todo es violencia extrema, desde matar a una cucaracha hasta desempolvar, sus esfuerzos se pierden.

 Tuesday "Tues" Elizabeth Tabatha X:
Tuesday (la hija), siendo solo una adolescente, sin duda, es la mejor entrenada de los Equis. Sus habilidades como espía están al día. Se pasa la vida aprendiendo desde interceptación de líneas telefónicas, hasta Kung Fu o identificación genética. Investigadora genética y con explosivos camuflados. Por supuesto que Tues también tiene que mantener una identidad normal, por lo que aprende las cosas rutinarias en la escuela, como: saber ignorar a los chicos que de verdad le gustan, la mejor manera de aplicar delineador de ojos cuando el bus se está moviendo y por qué las rayas verticales lucen mejor que las horizontales (dicen que las verticales te hacen lucir más delgada….). De toda la familia, Tuesday es la que más entiende lo que es un 'comportamiento normal'. Mejor dicho, sabe el 50% de esto. Mientras piensa que no está bien que sus padres la recojan en un jet, para ella es okey usar patines propulsados por cohetes…. Tuesday es práctica, con los 'pies en la tierra' (al menos, más que su familia), más madura que sus padres y mientras el resto de familia piensa que la manera de arreglar un inodoro tapado es con violencia, ella sugiere hacerlo con un simple destapador de inodoros. En algunos episodios ha cambiado el color de su cabello: verde, rosa, amarillo, rojo.
 Aaron Truman X Jr.:
El clásico niño malcriado, pero con armas para vaporizar un continente. Al igual que Tuesday, Truman ha sido entrenado para ser un operativo secreto desde que nació (los dos aprendieron a lanzar granadas antes que caminar). Experto en tecnología. Al igual que su madre, le encanta destrozar todo. Sin embargo, a Truman no le importa lo que una granada pueda destruir –la casa de un malhechor, la del vecino, su propia casa- solo quiere ver los daños que causa. Tiene su propio laboratorio en el cual mantiene inventando aparatos de espionaje. No es que sea un inventor genio, sino que tiene acceso ilimitado a la increíble hacerle 'la vida a cuadritos' a su hermana. En Truman X: Super Villano se convierte temporalmente en Truface.

 Base X (Homebase X):
Esta es la súper casa secreta de espionaje donde viven Los Equis, la cual luce como cualquier casa suburbana, pero detrás de la fachada, se encuentra La Base más secreta de la humanidad. Esta casa puede desde enviar misiles hasta lanzarse en órbita. Cada aparato en la casa tiene doble propósito/uso, la licuadora es un radar, la lavadora de platos es un helicóptero, etc., etc. Esta base es también la computadora más sofisticada del mundo, con información ilimitada y con la personalidad de un miedoso mayordomo inglés. A pesar de que esta computadora mantiene molesta por tener que proveerle información a esta familia de locos, no tiene la valentía de expresarlo. Los Equis generalmente explotan partes de la casa debido a su combinación de estupidez y entusiasmo excesivo, pero La Base opta por la vía pasiva, no la agresiva. No te extrañes si dice: "Ignoren que existo, sólo estoy aquí tranquilita esperando a que detonen explosivos en mi querida y limpia cocina". Y a pesar de que La Base no es capaz de confrontar a Los Equis, los mantiene bajo constante vigilancia y cualquier error que puedan cometer, y que La Base haya visto, podría terminar publicado en el internet de una manera "anónima".

 Rex X:
El perro de Truman, que Pie Grande le envío en su cumpleaños número 9.

Los Y
Los archienemigos de los Equis, los Yes tienen el mismo entrenamiento de espionaje, pero intentan destruir a los Equis. Son más maduros y saben cómo comportarse normalmente. Aparecen en Arriba los Yes y "Guerra Teatral". Ellos demuestran ser de nacionalidad india.

Miembros

 Señor Y: Es un tipo fuerte, al igual que el señor Equis, pero es cortes y se comporta normalmente.

 Señora Y: No tan fuerte como la señora Equis, pero es estratega.

 Siete Y: Es una investigadora fuerte y sigilosa. Odia mucho a Tuesday.

 Scout Y: Es tan malcriada como Truman, pero tiene armas el doble de poderosa.

 La Base Y: Es circular, verde y tiene más armas que Base Equis.

 Rey Y: Muy parecido a Rex pero es más salvaje y tiene protectores de acero en el pecho y garras.

Los Z
Otra familia de espías. Solo fueron mencionados en Arriba los Yes. Allí se dice que les paso algo horrible. Fue que los Yes pusieron una bomba en su Yet ya que ellos hicieron una competencia de quien derrotaba a Gronfeis (el hermano de Gloufeis además de ser mucho mejor villano) y los Yes quedaron en ridículo y se lo hicieron como venganza provocando que ellos evacuaran su Yet estando sobre la base "S" (superior) y destruyendo la mitad ya que es un enorme edificio como de negocios y les borrraron la mente y los cambiaron de casa además de devolver su apellido original.

Miembros
 Señor Z: Increíblemente fuerte y al igual que el Señor equis seguía todas las reglas e increíble estratega.

 Señora Z: Mucho mejor peladora en combate que la señora Equis y basto conocimiento sobre armas y ser normal.

 Brandon Z: Él que en realidad es Brandon (sobrino de Glowface) al cual recupera u obtiene cualquier objeto sin importar cual sea o cuanta seguridad tenga en menos de 2 minutos.

 Hija Z: Como Truman con gran cantidad de armas pero no es traviesa y al momento del combate incluso es mejor que la Señora Equis.

 Base Z: Es pentagonal y negra se llevaba bien con la base "A" en frente hasta ser desmantelada.

 Razo Z: Es un dóberman pero no ataca a menos que sea molestado o atacado se le activa un chip y se pone una armadura de acero y con armas.

Miembros de SNAFU

Glowface (Arthur Emmons)
Sin lugar de dudas, 'Glowface' es el líder de la SNAFU y de los villanos. Controla y maneja SNAFU desde su enorme base secreta, la que tiene que ser construida día de por medio en un lugar nuevo ya que los Equis se la destruyen precisamente antes de que la termine. No te extrañes si dice: "¡Malditos Equis ! ¿No se dan cuenta de lo que me costó escoger la loza?" Y, "¿podrían dejarme terminar mi jardín alguna vez?". Parece que un accidente súper científico le dio a 'Glowface' sus poderes eléctricos, que también lo convirtieron en un lunático y criminal. En su cabeza lleva una bola de cristal llena de descargas eléctricas, viste un vestido de caucho y unos guantes que poseen sus vastas energías. A pesar de sus tremendos poderes, 'Glowface' es como un chiquillo miserable cuyos planes son generalmente frustrados por su propia neurosis y triblaes obsesiones, de hecho, Los Equis vieron a 'Glowface' llorando porque creía que ellos localizaron su base cuando fueron a lavar su ropa, y porque creía que ellos sabían la debilidad de sus cañones plasma. No te extrañes si dice: "¡No me importa si el satélite de la muerte está listo! ¡Necesito una palabra de cinco letras que signifique súper forjado!". El pobre 'Glowface' ha dedicado toda su vida a conquistar el mundo, pero Los Equis siempre le desbaratan sus planes. De algo puedes estar seguro, 'Glowface' nunca va a dejar de ver cómo destruir a Los Equis. Si le pides un combate mano a mano el lo rechazara sin duda debido a que es muy débil en fuerza física. Al final de "Opulencia vs. Cautela" se vuelve billonario y se convierte en rapero.
Entre sus conspiraciones estúpidas están:
 Hacer que el mundo diga la verdad solamente
 Adueñarse de todo el café con crema del mundo
 Hacer que el Big Ben y la Torre Eiffel luchen.
 Convertir los Océanos del mundo en Sopa (Sin duda una pesadilla para Mafalda).
 Hacer que el dinero apeste
 Convertir las redes de fibra óptica en Spaghetti
 Hacer un arma para lanzar goma de mascar al mundo
 Destruir el Campamento Catonga

Brandon Z
Sobrino de 'Glowface'. Al igual que Tuesday, es responsable. Es el novio de Tuesday. Al igual que ella, Brandon, siendo solo un adolescente, sin duda, es el mejor entrenado de SNAFU. Sus habilidades como villano están al día. Se pasa la vida aprendiendo desde interceptación de líneas telefónicas, hasta Kung Fu. Por supuesto que Brandon también tiene que mantener una identidad normal, por lo que aprende las cosas rutinarias en la escuela, como: saber ignorar a las chicas que de verdad le gustan. De toda la organización de Super Villanos, Brandon es el que más entiende lo que es un 'comportamiento normal'. Mejor dicho, sabe el 50% de esto. Mientras piensa que no está bien que su tío lo recoja en una nave de batalla, para él es okey usar una motocicleta de velocidad supersónica. Brandon es práctico, con los 'pies en la tierra' (al menos, más que su tío), más maduro que 'Glowface' y mientras el resto de SNAFU piensa que la manera de arreglar un inodoro tapado es con láseres, el sugiere hacerlo con un simple destapador de inodoros. No te extrañes si dice: "Tues, sales conmigo el sábado"

Lorenzo Suave
Es la mano derecha de 'Glowface'. Es el más maduro de los miembros de SNAFU. A diferencia del típico mayordomo, es valiente y sabe mucho de artes marciales. Generalmente le da las ideas a 'Glowface'. No te extrañes si dice: "Señor, son ventiladores de techo"

Pie Grande
Posiblemente el más peligroso de la "Liga de Detestables" de la SNAFU. Pie Grande es un grandulón con fuerza fantástica y la personalidad de un luchador de lucha libre. Su propósito es despojar al hombre de sus poderes y dárselos a los animales, que según él, deberían ser los líderes del mundo. Se considera el campeón y defensor de los animales y no puede ver la realidad: es tan detestado por humanos como animales, ya que a estos últimos les importa un pepino el gobernar el mundo. Pero no importa si los animales lo aceptan o no, ya que su gran poder es un rugido que controla mentes, permitiéndole convertirlos en zombis y forzándoles a hacer lo que él quiera. A pesar de su punto de vista sobre los animales ser dueños del mundo, no le importa utilizar la tecnología humana, es más, siempre lleva un micrófono consigo que le ayuda a dar una mejor entrega de su retórica tipo lucha libre. No te extrañes si dice: "¡Pie Grande aplastará a los pobres y débiles humanos! ¡Pie Grande los volverá pedazos y hará sopa! ¡Una sopa sosal!"

Bio Harold
Un hombre cuyo sueño es hacer que la tierra sea radiactiva, y por tener un bio-traje podrá ser el sobreviviente y líder de una raza de malvados seres de radiación. No te extrañes si dice: ¡Dame ese celular con radiación!

Trollace
En Truman Equis: Super Villano, cuando 'Glowface' capturó a Truman, a cambio de una Súper Nave de Batalla, y el puesto de mano derecha, lo convirtió en 'Truface'. Pero solo le hizo una broma a su familia. Al parecer sus poderes eléctricos tienen el doble de poder de los de 'Glowface'.

Las Reinas Gritonas
Son 2 agentes de SNAFU. Tienen el superpoder de gritar para atacar. solo dicen: "¡HAAAAAAA!"

Un viejo
Se unió a SNAFU porque creía que era la liquidación del supermercado. No te extrañes si dice: "¿Aquí es la liquidación?"

El Eslabón perdido
El eslabón perdido fue descongelado por la electricidad de Glowface, quien se tardó 2 semanas en lograrlo. No te extrañes si dice: 'Uh ah ah!

Cabeza de Cobre
Es el más legendario de los espías malvados y héroe de 'Glowface', es un malvado espía con una línea de muñecos, pósteres de 'Destruir a cabeza de cobre' y un montón de productos. Tiene increíbles poderes magnéticos. No te extrañes si dice: 'TE DESTRUIRÉ!

Wednesday
Una villana parecida a Tuesday, pero con la capacidad de controlar mentes.

Los McVampiros
Son los Equis de SNAFU. Saben bien de espionage, y le roban la sangre a otros.

Episodios

Enlaces externos
 Los Equis en Mundonick.com

Animaciones en Flash
Equis, Los
X's
Series dobladas al español en Venezuela
Series dobladas al español en España
Series de televisión de Nickelodeon
Series de televisión iniciadas en 2005
Series de televisión finalizadas en 2006
Programas de televisión de Nickelodeon
Agentes secretos ficticios

The X's


Anna Bolena is a tragic opera (tragedia lirica) in two acts composed by Gaetano Donizetti. Felice Romani wrote the Italian libretto after Ippolito Pindemonte's Enrico VIII ossia Anna Bolena and Alessandro Pepoli's Anna Bolena, both recounting the life of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of England's King Henry VIII.

It is one of four operas by Donizetti dealing with the Tudor period in English history—in composition order, Il castello di Kenilworth (1829), Anna Bolena (1830), Maria Stuarda (named for Mary, Queen of Scots, it appeared in different forms in 1834 and 1835), and Roberto Devereux (1837, named for a putative lover of Queen Elizabeth I of England). The leading female characters of the latter three operas are often referred to as "the Three Donizetti Queens."

Anna Bolena premiered on 26 December 1830 at the Teatro Carcano in Milan, to "overwhelming success." Weinstock notes that only after this success did Donizetti's teacher, Johann Simon Mayr, "address his former pupil as Maestro." The composer had begun "to emerge as one of three most luminous names in the world of Italian opera", alongside Bellini and Rossini.

Performance history
19th century

After its opening performances in Italy in 1830, Anna Bolena was first given in London at the King's Theatre on 8 July 1831. Its first US performance was given in French (as Anne de Boulen) in New Orleans, at the Théâtre d'Orléans on 12 November 1839. The New York premiere of the opera, and the first Italian presentation of the work in the United States, took place at the Astor Opera House on January 7, 1850, with conductor Max Maretzek and Apollonia Bertucca in the title role. It appears to have been presented in Europe, up to 1850, in 25 cities and then again in 1881 in Livorno. After the rise of verismo, it was performed infrequently.

20th century and beyond

Rarely seen in the first half of the 20th century, it was revived more frequently after World War II. On 30 December 1947, the opera was performed at Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, to mark that theatre's centennial (it had opened in 1847 with Anna Bolena). The cast was Sara Scuderi as Anna, Giulietta Simionato as Jane Seymour and Cesare Siepi as Henry VIII. In April 1957, the opera was revived at La Scala for Maria Callas (one of the seven performances was recorded) in a lavish production directed by Luchino Visconti, with Giulietta Simionato as Jane Seymour.  It proved to be one of Callas' greatest triumphs. In the revival the following year, Callas and Simionato repeated their roles and were joined by Siepi as the king, this role having been sung by Nicola Rossi-Lemeni at the premiere the year before.

Since its 1850 performance, the opera was not performed again in the United States until it was presented in a concert version by the American Opera Society  in October 1957 with Gloria Davy the title role and Simionato as Giovanna Seymour for performances at both Town Hall and Carnegie Hall. On 26 June 1959, the Santa Fe Opera mounted the first fully staged production of the work since 1839. Several famous modern sopranos have lent their voices to the role, including Leyla Gencer, Montserrat Caballé, Marisa Galvany, Renata Scotto, Edita Gruberova and Mariella Devia. In the 1970s, Beverly Sills earned a considerable degree of fame when she appeared in all three of Donizetti's "Tudor" operas at the New York City Opera. (She also made studio recordings of all three operas.) And Anna was one of the last new roles performed by Dame Joan Sutherland, at San Francisco Opera in 1984.

While not yet part of the "standard repertory", Anna Bolena is increasingly performed today, and there are several recordings.

It was presented by the Dallas Opera in November 2010, which has also staged Maria Stuarda. The Minnesota Opera presented Anna Bolena as part of the "Three Queens" trilogy. The Vienna State Opera gave it in the Spring of 2011, with Anna Netrebko in the title role and Elīna Garanča as Giovanna Seymour. New York's Metropolitan Opera mounted it for the first time in September 2011, opening the company's 2011–2012 season, with Netrebko and with David McVicar directing. Opera Seria UK in Manchester, England, staged Anna Bolena in 2012 as the first in their "Tudor Queens" trilogy, which continues into 2014. And the Welsh National Opera presented the trilogy between September and November 2013, in many different venues in Britain. The Lyric Opera of Chicago also included Anna Bolena in their 2014–2015 season. Sondra Radvanovsky has sung the title role at several opera houses including the Met in 2015.

Roles

Synopsis
Time: 1536
Place: Windsor and London

Act 1
Scene One: Night. Windsor Castle, Queen's apartments

Courtiers comment that the queen's star is setting, because the king's fickle heart burns with another love.

Jane Seymour enters to attend a call by the Queen; Anna enters and notes that people seem sad. The queen admits to Jane that she is troubled. At the queen's request, her page Smeaton plays the harp and sings in an attempt to cheer the people present. The queen asks him to stop. Unheard by any one else, she says to herself that the ashes of her first love are still burning, and that she is now unhappy in her vain splendor. All leave, except Jane.

Henry VIII enters and tells Jane that soon she will have no rival, that the altar has been prepared for her, and that she will have husband, sceptre, and throne. Each leaves by a different door.

Scene Two: Day. Around Windsor Castle

Lord Rochefort, Anna's brother, is surprised to meet Lord Richard Percy, who has been called back to England from exile by Henry VIII. Percy asks if it is true that the Queen is unhappy and that the King has changed. Rochefort answers that love is never content.

Hunters enter. Percy is agitated at the prospect of possibly seeing Anna, who was his first love. Henry and Anna enter and express surprise at seeing Percy. Henry does not allow Percy to kiss his hand, but says that Anna has given him assurances of Percy's innocence but she still has feelings for Percy. Henry VIII tells Hervey, an officer of the king, to spy on every step and every word of Anna and Percy.

Scene Three: Windsor Castle, close to the Queen's apartments

Smeaton takes a locket from his breast containing Anna's portrait. He has stolen it and has come to return it. He hears a sound and hides behind a screen. Anna and Rochefort enter. Rochefort asks Anna to hear Percy. Then he leaves. Smeaton peeps out from behind the screen, but cannot escape. Percy enters. Percy says that he sees that Anna is unhappy. She tells him that the king now loathes her. Percy says that he still loves her. Anna tells him not to speak to her of love. Before leaving, Percy asks whether he can see Anna again. She says no. He draws his sword to stab himself, and Anna screams. In the mistaken belief that Percy is attacking Anna, Smeaton rushes out from behind the screen. Smeaton and Percy are about to fight. Anna faints, and Rochefort rushes in. Just then, Henry VIII enters and sees the unsheathed swords. Summoning attendants, he says that these persons have betrayed their king. Smeaton says that it is not true, and tears open his tunic to offer his breast to the king for slaying if he is lying. The locket with Anna's portrait falls at the king's feet. The king snatches it up. He orders that the offenders be dragged to dungeons. Anna says to herself that her fate is sealed.

Act 2
Scene One: London. Antechamber of the Queen's apartments

The guards note that even Jane Seymour has stayed away from Anna. Anna enters with a retinue of ladies, who tell her to place her trust in heaven. Hervey enters and says that the Council of Peers has summoned the ladies into its presence. The ladies leave with Hervey. Jane enters and says that Anna can avoid being put to death by admitting guilt. Anna says that she will not buy her life with infamy. She expresses the hope that her successor will wear a crown of thorns. Jane admits that she is to be the successor. Anna tells her to leave, but says that Henry VIII alone is the guilty one. Jane leaves, deeply upset.

Scene Two: Antechamber leading into the hall where the Council of Peers is meeting

Hervey tells courtiers that Anna is lost, because Smeaton has talked and has revealed a crime. Henry VIII enters. Hervey says that Smeaton has fallen into the trap. Henry VIII tells Hervey to continue to let Smeaton believe that he has saved Anna's life.
Anna and Percy are brought in, separately. Henry VIII says that Anna has made love to the page Smeaton, and that there are witnesses. He says that both Anna and Percy will die. Percy says that it is written in heaven that he and Anna are married. They are led away by guards.

Jane enters. She says that she does not want to be the cause of Anna's death. Henry VIII says that she will not save Anna by leaving. Hervey enters and says that the council has dissolved the royal marriage and has condemned Anna and her accomplices to death. Courtiers and Jane ask the king to be merciful. He tells them to leave.

Scene Three: Tower of London

Percy and Rochefort are together in their cell. Hervey enters and says that the king has pardoned them. They ask about Anna. Hearing that she is to be executed, they choose to be executed also. They leave, surrounded by guards.

In Anna's cell, a chorus of ladies comment on her madness and grief. Anna enters, she imagines that it is her wedding day to the king. Then she imagines that she sees Percy, and she asks him to take her back to her childhood home (Donizetti used the theme from the English/American song Home Sweet Home as part of Anna's Mad Scene to underscore her longing). Percy, Rochefort and Smeaton are brought in. Smeaton throws himself at Anna's feet and says that he accused her in the belief that he was saving her life. In her delirium, Anna asks him why he is not playing his lute. Cannon fire sounds and Anna regains her senses.  She is told that Giovanna and Enrico are being acclaimed by the populace on their wedding day.  Anna says she does not wish vengeance on them.  She faints.  Guards enter to lead the prisoners to the block.

Recordings

See also
Anne Boleyn in popular culture

References
Notes

Cited sources
Osborne, Charles, (1994),  The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini,  Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
Scott, Eleanor (1976), The First Twenty Years of The Santa Fe Opera, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press
 Weinstock, Herbert (1963), Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Pantheon Books.

Other sources
Allitt, John Stewart (1991), Donizetti: in the light of Romanticism and the teaching of Johann Simon Mayr, Shaftesbury: Element Books, Ltd (UK); Rockport, MA: Element, Inc.(USA)
Ashbrook, William (1982), Donizetti and His Operas, Cambridge University Press.
Ashbrook, William (1998), "Donizetti, Gaetano" in Stanley Sadie  (Ed.),  The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. One. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.
Ashbrook, William and Sarah Hibberd (2001), in  Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. .  pp. 224 – 247.
Black, John (1982), Donizetti's Operas in Naples, 1822—1848. London: The Donizetti Society.
Loewenberg, Alfred (1970). Annals of Opera, 1597-1940, 2nd edition.  Rowman and Littlefield
Sadie, Stanley, (Ed.); John Tyrell (Exec. Ed.) (2004), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.  2nd edition. London: Macmillan.    (hardcover).   (eBook).

External links
 Donizetti Society (London) website
 Libretto (Italian)
 Plot summary

1830 operas
Italian-language operas
Operas based on plays
Operas
Operas by Gaetano Donizetti
Operas set in London
Cultural depictions of Henry VIII
Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn
Libretti by Felice Romani

Anna Bolena


Srđevići su naseljeno mjesto u općini Gacko, Republika Srpska, BiH.

Povijest

Mjesto je vjerojatno dobilo ime po uglednoj obitelji Srđevićima. Gatački vojvode Srđevići ili njihovi srodnici Trkovići najvjerojatnije su sagradili srđevićku crkvu posvećenu sv. Nikoli. Nije točno utvrđena godina nastanka crkve sv. Nikole u Srđevićima, ali vrela potvrđuju da je sagrađena prije 1598. godine. Kao ktitori ove crkve povezuje se vojvode Trkovići, čija se grobnica nalazi nedaleko od crkve, na drugoj strani sela zvanom Vrtina. Ta grobnica jest zajednička grobnica trojice gatačkih vojvoda, Radoja, Petra i Ivana Trkovića.

Crkva sv. Nikole u Srđevićima je nacionalni spomenik BiH.

Stanovništvo

Popisi 1971. – 1991.

Popis 2013.

Poznate osobe

 Stojan Kovačević, hercegovački vojvoda

Izvori

Naselja u Republici Srpskoj
Gacko

Srđevići (Gacko, BiH)


La Puerta de Bilbao o Puerta de los Pozos de Nieve fue un acceso abierto en la cerca de Madrid. Se encontraba ubicada en el espacio de la actual Glorieta de Bilbao, siendo el punto extremo de la calle Fuencarral y acceso a la Carretera Real de Francia.

La puerta es demolida en el año 1865 junto con otros portillos como el de Fuencarral y de San Bernardo. La denominación alternativa de Puerta de los Pozos de Nieve se debe a la existencia de unos pozos de nieve, ubicados en la zona y en propiedad de Paulo Charquías. Se encontraba en las cercanías el Convento Real de la Paciencia de Cristo. Recibe el nombre de Bilbao, a partir de 1837, en honor de la ciudad invicta durante la Primera Guerra Carlista.

Historia
La primera Puerta de Bilbao fue construida en el año 1625 y se encontraba ubicada en la calle de Fuencarral (a la altura de la calle Divino Pastor). Por su salida se daba a la Carretera Real de Francia. Se denominó inicialmente como Puerta de los Pozos de Nieve o, de forma más abreviada, "de los Pozos", debido a la popularidad de los pozos subterráneos que se cargaban de nieve en invierno y que abastecían en los calurosos meses de verano a la ciudad, entregando hielo a establecimientos donde se elaboraban los granizados y refrescos.

En 1690 se edificó la finca de Monteleón y la Puerta de Bilbao se reedificó más al norte con el objeto de incluir a dicha finca dentro del recinto de la cerca. En 1767 se encontraba completamente elaborada con piedra de sillería, compuesta de un arco de medio punto y dos arcos adintelados. A partir del año 1837 se la denominó puerta de Bilbao en recuerdo de la defensa que hizo esta ciudad durante la Primera Guerra Carlista, su lado exterior (el que mira fuera de la ciudad) tenía labrada la inscripción: «Puerta de Bilbao» y en su parte interior otra inscripción en la que se leía:

Entre esta puerta de Bilbao, y la de Santa Bárbara se encontraba el popular Jardín de Apolo, ubicado a mediados del  en las afueras de la ciudad. La puerta es derribada en 1865, dando lugar a la actual Glorieta de Bilbao.

Referencias

Puertas monumentales de España del siglo XVIII
Bilbao
Patrimonio desaparecido de Madrid
Arquitectura en la Comunidad de Madrid en el siglo XVIII
Distrito Centro (Madrid)
Chamberí

Puerta de Bilbao


Hysterocrates hercules es una especie de araña que pertenece a la familia Theraphosidae (tarántulas). Es una especie endémica de Nigeria.

Véase también
 Lista de especies de Theraphosidae

Referencias
 (2010): The world spider catalog, versión 10.5. American Museum of Natural History.

Theraphosidae
Arácnidos de Nigeria
Arácnidos descritos en 1899
hercules hysterocrates

Hysterocrates hercules


Money in the Bank (2022) foi o 13º evento anual de luta livre profissional do Money in the Bank produzido pela WWE. Foi realizado para lutadores das divisões de marca Raw e SmackDown da promoção. O evento foi ao ar em pay-per-view (PPV) em todo o mundo e estava disponível para transmissão ao vivo pela Peacock nos Estados Unidos e pela WWE Network internacionalmente. Aconteceu no sábado, 2 de julho de 2022, no MGM Grand Garden Arena, no subúrbio de Paradise, em Las Vegas, Nevada; foi originalmente programado para ser realizado no Allegiant Stadium da cidade. O evento de 2022 foi o primeiro Money in the Bank a ser realizado em um sábado, e também elevou o Money in the Bank a ser considerado um dos cinco maiores eventos da WWE do ano, ao lado dos tradicionais "big four" do Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam e Survivor Series.

Sete lutas foram disputadas no evento. No evento principal, o participante não anunciado Theory, que perdeu o Campeonato dos Estados Unidos para Bobby Lashley no início da noite, venceu a luta de escada masculina Money in the Bank, enquanto Liv Morgan venceu a luta de escada feminina na luta de abertura. Em outras lutas de destaque, Ronda Rousey derrotou Natalya para manter o Campeonato Feminino do SmackDown, após o qual Morgan descontou seu contrato Money in the Bank e derrotou Rousey para ganhar o título, e The Usos (Jey Uso e Jimmy Uso) derrotaram The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins e Montez Ford) para reter o Campeonato Indiscutível de Duplas da WWE. O evento recebeu críticas principalmente positivas dos críticos, com elogios direcionados à luta Money in the Bank masculina e feminina e à luta pelo Campeonato Indiscutível de Duplas da WWE.

Produção

Introdução
Money in the Bank é um evento anual de gimmick, produzido pela WWE desde 2010, geralmente realizado entre maio e julho. O conceito do show vem do Money in the Bank ladder match da WWE, no qual vários lutadores usam escadas para recuperar uma maleta pendurada acima do ringue. A pasta contém um contrato que garante ao vencedor uma partida por um campeonato mundial de sua escolha a qualquer momento no próximo ano. O evento de 2022 contará com lutadores das marcas Raw e SmackDown; lutadores do sexo masculino irão competir por um contrato para garantir-lhes uma luta pelo Campeonato da WWE do Raw ou pelo Campeonato Universal do SmackDown, enquanto as lutadoras do sexo feminino competirão por um contrato de luta pelo Campeonato Feminino do Raw ou pelo Campeonato Feminino do SmackDown.

O evento de 2022 foi anunciado durante o SummerSlam de 2021, que foi realizado no Allegiant Stadium, no subúrbio de Paradise, em Las Vegas, Nevada. O Money in the Bank foi anunciado para ser realizado no mesmo local em 2 de julho de 2022, o que marcaria a primeira vez que um evento do Money in the Bank seria realizado em um estádio da National Football League. Em 26 de maio de 2022, no entanto, foi anunciado que o evento havia sido transferido para a MGM Grand Garden Arena, mas nenhuma alteração na data. Os ingressos comprados originalmente para o Allegiant Stadium foram reembolsados com os fãs obtendo o primeiro acesso à compra de ingressos para a MGM em 1º de junho, antes que os ingressos fossem colocados à venda para o público em geral em 3 de junho. Além de ser transmitido no tradicional pay-per-view (PPV), estará disponível para transmissão ao vivo no Peacock nos Estados Unidos e na WWE Network nos mercados internacionais.

Embora o Money in the Bank tenha sido estabelecido como um dos PPVs mensais da WWE realizados entre seus shows "Big Four" (Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam e Survivor Series), em agosto de 2021, o presidente e diretor de receita da WWE Nick Khan se referiu a Money in the Bank como um dos "cinco grandes anuais" da empresa, elevando assim seu status como um dos cinco maiores eventos da WWE do ano, coloquialmente conhecido como "Big Five". Em 24 de fevereiro de 2022, a WWE anunciou uma parceria com a On Location. uma empresa conhecida por fornecer experiências de hospitalidade premium para eventos de marquise. Através da parceria, os espectadores terão acesso a pacotes de hospitalidade para os cinco maiores eventos da WWE, incluindo WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, Survivor Series e Money in the Bank. O Money in the Bank de 2022 será o primeiro evento da WWE a oferecer pacotes de hospitalidade premium. Esses pacotes de ingressos e viagens incluem assentos premium, ofertas de hospitalidade premium e encontros com lutadores e lendas atuais da WWE.

O Money in the Bank será realizado na mesma noite do UFC 276, que acontece na vizinha T-Mobile Arena durante sua 10ª Semana Internacional da Luta, assim como foi o caso de Manny Pacquiao vs. Yordenis Ugás que aconteceu no dia mesma noite do SummerSlam do ano anterior.

Histórias
O evento incluirá lutas que resultam de histórias roteirizadas, onde lutadores retratam heróis, vilões ou personagens menos distinguíveis em eventos roteirizados que criam tensão e culminam em uma luta ou série de lutas. Os resultados são predeterminados pelos escritores da WWE nas marcas Raw e SmackDown, enquanto as histórias são produzidas nos programas de televisão semanais da WWE, Monday Night Raw e Friday Night SmackDown.

No episódio de 3 de junho do SmackDown, Natalya venceu um desafio six-pack para se tornar a desafiante número um pelo Campeonato Feminino do SmackDown de Ronda Rousey, enquanto no episódio de 6 de junho do Raw, Rhea Ripley venceu uma luta fatal four-way para determinar a próxima candidata ao Campeonato Feminino do Raw de Bianca Belair. Ambas as lutas pelo título foram posteriormente definidas para o Money in the Bank. No Raw de 20 de junho, foi revelado que Ripley não estava medicamente liberada para competir no evento, e uma nova candidata seria decidido em uma luta fatal five-way. Carmella venceu ao derrotar Alexa Bliss, Asuka, Becky Lynch e Liv Morgan para ganhar uma luta pelo título contra Belair no Money in the Bank.

As partidas de qualificação para a luta Money in the Bank masculino começaram no episódio de 10 de junho do SmackDown. Uma qualificatória entre Drew McIntyre vs. Sheamus terminou em dupla desqualificação, depois que os dois homens se atacaram com cadeiras de aço, portanto, nenhum dos dois se classificou. Na semana seguinte, entretanto, o oficial da WWE Adam Pearce anunciou que tanto McIntyre quanto Sheamus estariam na luta. Seth "Freakin" Rollins se tornou o primeiro a se qualificar do Raw depois que ele derrotou AJ Styles no episódio de 13 de junho do Raw. Na semana seguinte, Omos e Sami Zayn se tornaram o quarto e quinto participantes qualificados depois de derrotar Riddle e Shinsuke Nakamura, respectivamente. Na semana seguinte no Raw, Riddle ganhou um Last Chance Battle Royal eliminando por último The Miz para ser o sexto participante qualificado, enquanto Madcap Moss venceu uma luta fatal four-way também envolvendo Ezekiel, Happy Corbin e The Miz no 01 de julho episódio do SmackDown para ganhar o sétimo e último lugar na luta.

As partidas de qualificação para a luta Money in the Bank feminina também começaram no episódio de 10 de junho do SmackDown. Lacey Evans se tornou a primeira participante qualificada ao derrotar Xia Li. Na semana seguinte no Raw e SmackDown, Alexa Bliss e Liv Morgan derrotaram Doudrop e Nikki A.S.H. em uma qualificatória de duplas para ganhar duas vagas na luta. e Raquel Rodriguez derrotou Shayna Baszler para ganhar o quarto lugar na luta. Na semana seguinte no Raw e SmackDown, Asuka e Shotzi se tornaram o quinto e o sexto participantes qualificados depois de derrotar Becky Lynch e Tamina, respectivamente. Na semana seguinte no Raw, Lynch venceu uma luta Last Chance Elimination ao derrotar Doudrop, Nikki A.S.H, Baszler, Tamina e Li para se tornar a última participante qualificada.

Evento

Lutas preliminares
O pay-per-view começou com uma luta feminina Money in the Bank, com Alexa Bliss, Asuka, Becky Lynch e Liv Morgan do Raw e Lacey Evans, Raquel Rodriguez e Shotzi do SmackDown. Durante a luta, Lynch desceu e reposicionou uma escada, o que deu a Shotzi tempo suficiente para se recuperar e puxá-la para baixo. Fora do ringue, Lynch subiu uma escada e fez um leg drop em Asuka através de outra escada. De volta ao ringue, Lynch chutou a escada de Morgan em direção às cordas, mas Morgan empurrou as cordas com o pé para equilibrar sua escada. Morgan nocauteou Lynch e desenganchou a maleta para vencer a luta.

Em seguida, Theory defendeu o Campeonato dos Estados Unidos contra Bobby Lashley. Lashley executou um Spinebuster em Theory e tentou uma Spear, mas Theory rolou para fora. Mais tarde, Theory foi para a ATL, mas Lashley escapou e forçou Theory a se submeter ao Hurt Lock para ganhar seu terceiro Campeonato dos Estados Unidos.

Depois disso, Bianca Belair defendeu o Campeonato Feminino do Raw contra Carmella. Carmella evitou que Belair a atacasse, fazendo com que Belair batesse no poste do ringue. Carmella acertou um superkick em Belair. No final, Belair executou o Kiss of Death em Carmella para manter o título.

Na quarta luta, The Usos (Jey Uso e Jimmy Uso) defenderam o Campeonato Indiscutível de Duplas da WWE contra The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins e Montez Ford). Como The Usos tentou o 1D em Ford, o último contra-atacou em um hurricanrana e enviou The Usos para o ringue. Ford executou um Frog Splash em Jey, mas Jimmy interrompeu o pinfall. Os Usos acertaram um duplo superkick em Ford e executaram o 1D para manter o título. Após a luta, uma filmagem repetida do pinfall mostrou que o ombro de Ford estava fora do tatame, significando que o pinfall não deveria ter sido contado.

Na penúltima partida, Ronda Rousey defendeu o Campeonato Feminino do SmackDown contra Natalya. Rousey tentou uma chave de braço, mas Natalya rebateu em uma tentativa de sharpshooter, que Rousey rebateu em uma chave de tornozelo. No final, Rousey forçou Natalya a se submeter para manter o título. Após a luta, Liv Morgan correu para o ringue e trocou seu contrato com o Money in the Bank. Rousey aplicou a chave de tornozelo em Morgan, que chutou o joelho de Rousey e a rolou para ganhar o Campeonato Feminino do SmackDown. Esta foi a primeira vitória do campeonato de Morgan em sua carreira.

Evento principal
O evento principal foi o Money in the Bank ladder match masculino, com Omos, Riddle e Seth "Freakin" Rollins do Raw e Drew McIntyre, Madcap Moss, Sami Zayn e Sheamus do SmackDown. Antes da luta começar oficialmente, o oficial da WWE Adam Pearce saiu e anunciou que Theory, do Raw, participaria da luta, assim oito participantes completaram a luta (quatro de cada marca). Durante a luta, Theory saltou da corda superior em Omos, que pegou Theory e o estrangulou. Riddle e Sheamus bateram em Omos com escadas no ringue e o derrubaram. Riddle executou um Hangman's DDT (ou Vintage Orton como Michael Cole o chama) em Sheamus, cujas pernas estavam em uma escada em vez das cordas. Fora do ringue, todos os homens se juntaram a Omos e o jogaram pela mesa de locutores. Quando McIntyre subiu a escada, Butch correu e atacou McIntyre. Sheamus colocou a escada sobre McIntyre e subiu pelo outro lado, mas McIntyre pressionou a escada e derrubou Sheamus. Enquanto Rollins subia a escada, Riddle executou um RKO em Rollins fora da escada. Nos momentos finais, Theory empurrou Riddle para baixo e desenganchou a maleta para vencer a partida.

Resultados

Notes

Ligações externas

 Site Oficial Money In The Bank

2022
Eventos do WWE Network
2022 nos Estados Unidos
Eventos pay-per-view da WWE em 2022

Money in the Bank (2022)


Show Dream er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Sidse Carstens efter manuskript af Sidse Carstens.

Handling
Show Dream er en foruroligende visuel oplevelse. Et kig ind i drømmenes univers. Vi møder tryllekunstneren, hævneren, kvinden der får et nyt ansigt, hesten og damen med æggene.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2009

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Show Dream


1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska u sezoni 2011./12. predstavlja ligu petog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva. Prvak ovog natjecanja bio je HNK Dubrovnik 1919.

Iduće sezone ovaj rang je ponovno postao četvrti razred nogometnog natjecanja. 4. HNL – Jug je ukinuta i podjeljena na županijske lige. Svi klubovi koji su se natjecali u ovoj sezoni, nastavili su natjecanje u ovoj ligi i u 2012./2013.

Ljestvica
{| class="wikitable"

 Izvori:
 rsssf.com

Sudionici

 HNK Dubrovnik 1919, Dubrovnik
 NK Hajduk Vela Luka, Vela Luka
 NK Grk Potomje, Orebić
 NK Orebić, Orebić
 NK Omladinac, Lastovo
 NK Jadran Smokvica

Rezultati

Unutarnje poveznice
 4. HNL – Jug C 2011./2012.
 2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2011./2012.

Vanjske poveznice
 Facebook stranica ŽNS Dubrovačko - neretvanski
 Županijski nogometni savez Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije

Izvori

2011-12
dubrovačko-neretvanska-1

1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2011./12.


Barbados deltog første gang i olympiske lege under sommer-OL 1968 i Mexico by og har siden deltaget i samtlige sommerlege undtaget 1980 i Moskva, som nationen boykottede. En deltager fra Barbados var med på Vestindiske føderations hold under sommer-OL 1960 i Rom. Nationen har aldrig deltaget i olympiske vinterlege.

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Barbados' OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

Barbados ved sommer-OL
OL

Barbados ved OL


Yusuke Gondo (født 7. oktober 1982) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Consadole Sapporo og Mito HollyHock.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yusuke Gondo


Les Championnats du monde de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte 2022 se déroulent à Montréal au Canada du 8 au . L'événement est organisé par l'Union internationale de patinage (ISU).

Il y a dix épreuves au total : cinq pour les hommes et cinq pour les femmes. Les différentes distances sont le , le  mètres, le  mètres et le relais de  mètres ( mètres pour les hommes) et un titre décerné au meilleur patineur sur l'ensemble des épreuves.

Programme
Les horaires sont donnés en heure locale (UTC+1).

Source

Palmarès

Résultats

Tableau des médailles

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Championnats du monde de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte

Liens externes
  Liste des engagés
  Résultats sur le site de l'ISU

Notes et références

2022
Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte
Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte 2022
Sport au Canada en 2022
Sport en avril 2022


Gavran (Raven), kulturni heroj Indijanaca Sjeverozapadne obale (Ahtena, Haida, Quileute, Koyukon) te arktičkih naroda Eskima, Yupika i Aleuta. On je cijenjeni i dobronamjerni bog transformer koji pomaže ljudima i oblikuje njihov svijet za njih, ali u isto vrijeme, on je i prevarant i mnoge priče o Gavranu imaju veze s njegovim neozbiljnim ili loše promišljenim ponašanjem koje ga dovodi u nevolje. .

Domorodački narodi nazivaju ga Saghani Ggaay (Ahtena), Dotson'sa (Koyukon); Qanglaagix (Aleuti), Tulukaruq (Yupik Eskimi).

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (heroji kulture)
Eskimska mitologija
Ahtena mitologija
Haida
Koyukon mitologija
Quileute
Aleuti (narod)

Gavran (mitologija)


Poundal bir SI birimi olmayıp, 1879'da kullanıma giren İngiliz foot-pound-saniye birim sistemine ait bir kuvvet birimidir.

1 poundal; 1 lb·ft·s−2, veya bir başka deyişle, bir pound ağırlığındaki bir kütlenin hızını saniyede 1 foot/saniye arttırmak için gerekli kuvvet olarak tanımlanır.

1 poundal = 0.138254954376 Newton dur.

Örneğin;

150 pound ağırlığındaki bir insanı, 8 foot/saniye2 lik bir ivme ile hızlandırmak için gerekli kuvvet 1200 poundal dır:

Kuvvet birimleri

Poundal


Stern-Apotheke ist der Name folgender Apotheken bzw. Bauwerke:

 Stern-Apotheke (Augsburg)
 Stern-Apotheke (Kempten)
 Stern-Apotheke (Münster)
 Stern-Apotheke (St. Gallen)
 Apotheke zum Stern (Wien)

Stern-Apotheke