Aung San (, ; 13 February 191519 July 1947) was a Burmese politician, independence activist and revolutionary. He was instrumental in Myanmar's struggle for independence from British rule, but he was assassinated just six months before his goal was realized. Aung San is considered the founder of modern-day Myanmar and the Tatmadaw (the country's armed forces), and is commonly referred to by the titles "Father of the Nation", "Father of Independence", and "Father of the Tatmadaw".

Devoted to ending British Colonial rule in Burma, Aung San founded or was closely associated with many Burmese political groups and movements and explored various schools of political thought throughout his life. He was a life-long anti-imperialist and studied socialism as a student. In his first year of university he was elected to the executive committee of the Rangoon University Students' Union and served as the editor of its newspaper. He joined the Thakin Society in 1938 and served as its general secretary. He also helped establish the Communist Party of Burma in 1939 but quit shortly afterwards due to vehement disagreements with the rest of the party leadership. He subsequently co-founded the People's Revolutionary Party (later the Burma Socialist Party) with the primary goal of Burmese independence from the British.

Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Aung San fled Burma and went to China to solicit foreign support for Burmese independence. During the Japanese occupation of Burma, he served as the minister of war in the Japan-backed State of Burma led by Dr. Ba Maw. As the tide turned against Japan, he switched sides and merged his forces with the Allies to fight against the Japanese. After World War II, he negotiated Burmese independence from Britain in the Aung San-Attlee agreement. He served as the 5th Premier of the British Crown Colony of Burma from 1946 to 1947. He led his party, the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, to victory in the 1947 Burmese general election, but he and most of his cabinet were assassinated shortly before the country became independent.

Aung San's daughter, Aung San Suu Kyi, is a stateswoman, politician, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. She was Burma's State Counsellor and its 20th (and first female) Minister of Foreign Affairs in Win Myint's Cabinet until the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.

Early life and education
Aung San was born in Natmauk, Magway District, on 13 February 1915 during the British Raj. The family was considered middle-class. He was the youngest of nine siblings; he had three older sisters and five older brothers. Aung San's name was given to him by his brother Aung Than. Aung San received his primary education at a Buddhist monastic school in Natmauk, but he moved to Yenangyaung in grade 4 because his eldest brother, Ba Win, had become the principal of the high school there.

Aung San rarely spoke before the age of eight. As a teenager, he often spent hours reading and thinking alone, oblivious to those around him. In his youth he was generally unconcerned with his appearance and clothing. In his earliest articles, published in the "Opinion" section of The World of Books, he opposed the ideology of Western-style individualism supported by U Thant in favour of a social philosophy based on the "standardization of human life". Aung San later became friends with U Thant through their mutual friendship with U Nu.

University years

After Aung San entered Rangoon University in 1933, he quickly became a student leader. He was elected to the executive committee of the Rangoon University Students' Union (RUSU). He then became editor of the RUSU's magazine Oway (Peacock's Call). Aung San was described by contemporary students as being charismatic and keenly interested in politics.

In February 1936 he was expelled from the university, along with U Nu, for refusing to reveal the name of the author of an article he had run in the student newspaper called "Hell Hound at Large", which criticized a senior university official. The expulsion led to the three-month long Second University Students' Strike, after which the university authorities reinstated Aung San and Nu.

The events of 1936 had a profound effect on the future of Aung San. Before 1936 he was not well known outside of Rangoon University, but during the student strike his name and image were published and discussed in daily newspapers, and he became known nationwide as a nationalist revolutionary and a student leader. He also served in his first student leadership positions, first as secretary of the student boycott council and second as the student representative for the government's University Act Amendment Committee, which the government formed in response to the strike. Later in 1936, after the student strike was over, he was elected the vice president of the Rangoon University Student Union. Because of his participation in the student strike he was not able to sit for the examination in 1936, and received his Bachelor of Arts in 1937.

After his graduation Aung San began studying for a law degree. His intention at the time was to "take a shot at the examinations for the Indian Civil Service... and go into politics". Along with other student leaders he founded the All Burma Student Union (later known as All Burma Federation of Student Unions) in 1937, in which he was elected general secretary. In 1938 he became the president of both the All Burma Student Union and the Rangoon University Student Union, but his pursuit of these commitments did not leave him enough time to study, and he failed his examination in 1938. After 1938 he resolved to abandon the pursuit of a conventional career and committed himself to revolutionary politics.

Thakin revolutionary
In October 1938, Aung San left his law classes and entered national politics. At this point, he was anti-British and staunchly anti-imperialist. He became a Thakin ("lord" or "master": a title often used as an informal title for Westerners in Burma; the usage by Burmese proclaimed that the Burmese people were the true masters of their country) when he joined the Dobama Asiayone ("We Burmans Association"). He acted as its general secretary until August 1940. While in this role, he helped organize a series of countrywide strikes that became known as the ME 1300 Revolution. The name of this movement was based on the Burmese calendar year 1300: in the Western calendar this year occurred between August 1938 and July 1939.

On 18 January 1939 the Dobama Asiayone declared its intention to use force in order to overturn the government, leading the authorities to crack down on the organization. On 23 January Police raided their headquarters at Shwedagon Pagoda, arrested Aung San, and held him in prison for fifteen days on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the government, but these charges were dropped. Upon his release Aung San proposed a strategy of pursuing Burmese independence by staging countrywide strikes, anti-tax drives, and guerrilla insurgency.

In August 1939, Aung San became a founding member and the first Secretary General of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). Aung San later claimed that his relationship with the CPB was not smooth, since he joined and left the party twice. Shortly after founding the CPB, Aung San founded a similar organization, alternatively known as either the "People's Revolutionary Party" or the "Burma Revolutionary Party". This party was Marxist, formed with the goal of supporting Burmese independence against the British. It survived and was reformed into the Burma Socialist Party following World War II.

Aung San was not paid for most of his work as a student or political leader, and lived for most of this time in a state of poverty. He was recognized by his peers for his strong work ethic and organizational skills, but was sometimes criticized by them for having poor public relations skills or for a perceived arrogance. He never drank alcohol and abstained from romantic relationships.

World War II
Following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Aung San helped to found another nationalist organization, the Freedom Bloc, by forming an alliance between the Dobama, the All Burma Students Union, politically active monks, and Dr. Ba Maw's Poor Man's Party. Dr. Ba Maw served as the anarshin ("dictator") of the Freedom Bloc, while Aung San worked under him as the group's general secretary. The group's goals were organized around the idea of taking advantage of the war to gain Burmese independence. The organization, goals, and tactics of the Freedom Bloc were modeled on the Indian revolutionary group "Forward Bloc", whose leader, Subhas Chandra Bose, was in regular contact with Ba Maw. In 1939, Aung San was briefly arrested on the grounds of conspiring to overthrow the government by force, but was released after seventeen days. Upon his release Aung San proposed a strategy of pursuing Burmese independence by staging countrywide strikes, anti-tax drives, and guerrilla insurgency.

In March 1940, he attended an Indian National Congress Assembly in Ramgarh, India, along with other Thakins, including Than Tun and Ba Hein. While there, Aung San met many leaders of the Indian independence movement, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, and Subhas Chandra Bose. When Aung San returned to Burma, he found the Burmese government had issued a warrant for his arrest, and the arrest of many other leaders of the Thakins and the Freedom Bloc, due to those organizations' efforts to organize a revolution against the British, at least partially with Japanese support.

Besides his other warrants, the district superintendent of Henzada, a man named "Xavier", had issued a reward of 500 rupees for anyone who could capture Aung San. Some of Aung San's colleagues advised him to go to the Shanghai International Settlement and make contact with communist agents there, but he was in a hurry to leave and was unable to find passage on a ship travelling to that city. On 14 August 1939, Aung San and another Thakin colleague, Hla Myaing, boarded the Norwegian cargo ship Hai Lee to Xiamen, China. Neither Aung San nor Hla Myaing gave their real names, identifying themselves as "Tan Luang Shun" and "Tan Su Taung". They wandered the city for several weeks with no precise plan and little money, until they were intercepted by Japanese secret police who convinced them to go to Japan instead. The pair left for Tokyo via Taiwan and arrived in Japan on 27 September 1940.

Formation of the Thirty Comrades
In May 1940 Japanese intelligence officers led by Suzuki Keiji had arrived in Yangon posing as journalists in order to gather information and to seek the cooperation of local parties for the intended Japanese invasion of Burma, occupying an office at 40 Judah Ezekiel Street for that purpose. Among their network of local collaborators they made close connections with the Thakins, of which Aung San was a leading member. The familiarity of Japanese intelligence with prominent political actors in Burma ensured that they were aware of Aung San's activities by the time he arrived in Japanese-occupied China.

Aung San spent the rest of 1940 in Tokyo, learning the Japanese language and political ideology. At the time he wrote that he was opposed to Western individualism and that he intended to create an authoritarian state modelled on Japan with "one state, one party, [and] one leader". While in Japan he dressed in a Japanese Kimono and adopted a Japanese name, "Omoda Monji". During this time the Blue Print for a Free Burma was drafted. This document has been attributed to Aung San, though its authorship is disputed.

In February 1941 Aung San, working with Japanese intelligence, left Hla Myaing in Bangkok and secretly re-entered Burma and began efforts to contact and recruit additional Burmese agents to work with the Japanese. He entered the colony secretly through the port of Bassein, changed into a longyi, and booked a train to Rangoon using a pseudonym. Within weeks he had recruited thirty of his old revolutionary colleagues and smuggled them out of the country via Japanese intelligence networks. These "Thirty Comrades" were taken to the Japanese-occupied island of Hainan for further training. Aung San was twenty-five, the third-oldest of the group. While training on Hainan all thirty of the men took pseudonyms beginning with the word "Bo", meaning "officer", which had become a title used by Westerners in Burma. Aung San took the nom de guerre "Bo Teza" ("Teza" means "fire"). The Thirty Comrades trained for six months on Hainan with Suzuki Keiji and other Japanese officers. Aung San, Ne Win, and Setkya all received special training, since the Japanese intended to place them in senior positions in the Burmese government following the Japanese conquest of the territory.

Japanese invasion and wartime administration
Between November and December 1941 Aung San and his party were successful in recruiting approximately 3,500 Burmese volunteers from the Siam-Burma border to serve in their army. On 28 December 1941, Aung San and the rest of the Thirty Comrades formally inaugurated the Burma Independence Army in Bangkok. The event involved  the thwe thauk ("blood drinking") ceremony, a tradition inherited from the Burmese aristocracy. The participants collected their blood from a cut in their arms, mixing the participants' blood together with alcohol in a silver bowl, and drinking it while pledging eternal comradeship and loyalty. Three days later the BIA entered Burma behind the invading Japanese Fifteenth Army. The BIA left most of the fighting to the Japanese Army but occupied the areas behind Japanese lines after the British had retreated. The arrival of BIA units in many areas of Burma was followed by escalating communal violence, especially against Karen people and others who held privileged positions and whom they believe to have oppressed the Buddhist Burmese during the British administration. The violence lasted for several weeks until the Japanese Army intervened.

The capital of Burma, Rangoon, fell to the Japanese as part of the Burma Campaign in March 1942. The BIA formed an administration for the country under Thakin Tun Oke that operated in parallel with the Japanese military administration until the Japanese disbanded it. In July, the disbanded BIA was re-formed as the Burma Defense Army (BDA). Aung San was made a colonel and put in charge of the force. He was later invited back to Japan, and was presented with the Order of the Rising Sun by Emperor Hirohito.

On 1 August 1943, the Japanese held an independence ceremony in Rangoon, in which they formally granted Burma independence on condition that it would be under a wartime administration for the duration of the war. Burma was also required to declare war on the Allies. The Japanese had planned to make Aung San the leader of the country, but in the end they were more impressed with Dr. Ba Maw, and made him the leader instead, giving him virtually dictatorial control under their direction. Aung San was made the second most powerful person in the government. The government was modelled after Japan, and intentionally eschewed democratic principles and patterns of government. The army, still under the control of Aung San, took their motto, "One Blood, One Voice, One Command" at this time. It is still the official motto of the Burmese military.

As the tide of war turned against Japan, Aung San was increasingly skeptical of Japan's ability to win the war and made plans to organize an anti-Japanese uprising in Burma, secretly forming the "Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League" in August 1944. He organized a secret meeting in Bago between the Burma National Army, the Communist Party of Burma, and the People's Revolutionary Party (which later reformed into the Burma Socialist Party). After this meeting, Aung San's forces began to secretly store supplies in preparation of their fight against the Japanese. In late March 1945, as Allied forces advanced towards Rangoon, Aung San led the BNA in a parade in front of Government House in Rangoon, after which they were sent by the Japanese to the front. A few days later, on 27 March, the BNA switched sides and attacked the Japanese instead. 27 March came to be commemorated as Resistance Day, until the military regime renamed it "Tatmadaw (Armed Forces) Day".

After the Burmese army began the attack on the Japanese, it was renamed the "Patriotic Burmese Forces" and its command structure was divided into eight different regions. Aung San was given command of the first region, comprising the areas of Prome, Henzada, Tharrawaddy, and Insein. His designated political advisor was Thakin Ba Hein, a Communist Party leader. On 30 March, the Allied commander in Southeast Asia, Louis Montbatten, formally recognized the Burmese army as "an Allied force".

The Burmese National Army continued to harass the Japanese throughout the remainder of the war. When Allied forces retook Rangoon on 2 May 1945, the BNA were symbolically sent into the city two days before any other soldiers. The Allies helped to arm Aung San's forces somewhat after their defection, supplying the BNA with 3,000 small arms.

Aung San first met with General Bill Slim on 16 May 1945, appearing unexpectedly in Slim's camp in the uniform of a Japanese major general. At the meeting Aung San stated his intentions to ally with the British until the Japanese had been driven out of Burma, and agreed to incorporate his forces into Slim's British-led army. When Slim asked Aung San whether he was taking a risk by unexpectedly coming to his camp in the uniform of a Japanese officer and adopting a bold attitude, Aung San answered that he was not, "because you are a British officer." Slim later wrote that Aung San had made a good impression in the meeting.

Post World War II

World War II ended on 12 September 1945. Following the end of the war the Burma National Army was renamed the Patriotic Burmese Forces (PBF), and then gradually disarmed by the British as the Japanese were driven out of various parts of the country.

The leaders of the Patriotic Burmese Forces, while disbanded, were offered positions in the Burma Army under British command according to the Kandy conference agreement with Lord Louis Mountbatten in Ceylon in September 1945. Aung San was not invited to negotiate, since the British Governor General, Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, was debating whether he should be put on trial for his role in the public execution of a Muslim headman in Thaton during the war. The delegates agreed that the new Burmese army would be composed of 5,000 of Aung San's Japanese-trained Bamar soldiers, and 5,000 British-trained soldiers, most of whom were either Chin, Kachin, or Karen. Aung San wrote to U Seinda in Arakan, saying that he supported U Seida's guerrilla fight against the British, but that he would cooperate with them for tactical reasons. After the Kandy Conference, he reorganized his formally disbanded soldiers as a paramilitary organization the People's Volunteer Organization (PVO), which continued to wear uniforms and drill in public. The PVO was personally loyal to Aung San and his party rather than the government. By 1947, the PVO had over 100,000 members. In January 1946 a victory festival was held in the Kachin capital of Myitkyina. Governor Dorman-Smith was invited to attend, but neither Aung San nor anyone from his party were, due to "their connection with the Burma Independence Army".

In an audacious move, Aung San turned himself in for the execution of a village headman. As arresting him would mean a nationwide armed rebellion by the PVO, Dorman-Smith was replaced by a new Governor General of Burma, Sir Hubert Rance. Rance agreed to recognize and negotiate directly with Aung San, possibly to distance them both from the Communist Party of Burma. He also agreed to appoint Aung San to the position of counselor for defense on the Executive Council (a provisional cabinet made in lieu of the upcoming Burmese national election). On 28 September 1946, Aung San was appointed to the even higher position of deputy chairman, making him effectively the 5th Prime Minister of the British-Burma Crown Colony. Aung San had at first worked closely with the Communist Party of Burma, but after they began criticizing him for working with the British he banned all communists from his Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League on 3 November 1946.

Aung San-Attlee agreement and the Panglong Conference
Aung San was to all intents and purposes Prime Minister, although he was still subject to a British veto. British Prime Minister Clement Attlee invited Aung San to visit London in 1947 in order to negotiate the conditions of Burmese independence. At a press conference during a stopover in Delhi, while on the way to meet Attlee in London, he stated that the Burmese wanted "complete independence" and not dominion status, and that they had "no inhibitions of any kind" about "contemplating a violent or non-violent struggle or both" in order to achieve it. He concluded that he hoped for the best, but was prepared for the worst. He arrived in Britain by air in January 1947 along with his deputy Tin Tut, who he considered his brightest official. Attlee and Aung San signed their agreement on the terms of Burmese independence on 27 January; following the Burmese election in 1947 Burma would join the British Commonwealth (like Canada and Australia), though its government would have the option to leave, its government would control the Burmese Army once Allied armies had withdrawn, a constitutional assembly would be drawn up as soon as possible, with the resulting constitution presented to the British parliament as soon as possible, and Britain would nominate Burma's entrance into the newly founded United Nations. The agreement was not unanimous: two other delegates who attended the conference, U Saw and Thakin Ba Sein, refused to sign it, and it was denounced in Burma by Aung San's critics, including Than Tun and Thakin Soe. No delegates representing Burma's ethnic minorities were present, and both Karen and Shan leaders sent messages warning that they would not consider any agreement signed at the conference legally binding to their communities.

Two weeks after the signing of the agreement with Britain, Aung San signed an agreement at the second Panglong Conference on 12 February 1947, with leaders representing the Shan, Kachin, and Chin peoples. In this agreement these leaders agreed to join a united independent Burma, under the condition that they would have "full autonomy" and the right to secede in 1958, after ten years. Karen leaders were not consulted and were not a part of the agreement. They hoped for a separate Karen State within the British Empire. The date of the signing of the Panglong Agreement has been celebrated in Burma as "Union Day", even though Ne Win effectively dissolved any agreement with Burma's minority communities following his coup in 1962.

The general election held in April 1947 was not ideal; the Karens, Mon, and most of Aung San's other political opponents boycotted the process. Since they ran virtually unopposed, every delegate in Aung San's party was elected. In the end Aung San's AFPFL won 176 out of the 210 seats in the Constituent Assembly, while the Karens won 24, the Communists 6, and the Anglo-Burmans 4. In July, Aung San convened a series of conferences at Sorrenta Villa in Rangoon to discuss the rehabilitation of Burma.

Following the 1947 election Aung San began to form his own cabinet. In addition to ethnic Burmese statesmen like himself and Tin Tut, he also persuaded the Karen leader Mahn Ba Khaing, the Shan chief Sao Hsam Htun, and the Bamar leader U Razak (who was of Tamil ancestry) to join his cabinet. No Communists were invited to participate.

Assassination

In the final years of the British administration of Burma, Aung San became good friends with the second-last Governor of Burma, Colonel Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, an Anglo-Irishman with whom he would regularly discuss his personal difficulties. In early 1946, approximately a year before his death, Aung San complained to Dorman-Smith that he felt melancholic, that he did not feel close to his old friends in the Burmese military, that he had many enemies, and that he was worried that someone would attempt to assassinate him soon.

A little after 10:30 AM on 19 July 1947, a single army jeep carrying gunmen in military fatigues drove into the courtyard of the Secretariat Building, where Aung San was having a meeting with his new cabinet. There was no wall or gate protecting the government building, and although Aung San had been warned that someone may have been plotting to kill him the sentries guarding the building did not challenge or stop the car in any way. Four men from the car, armed with three Tommy Guns, a Sten gun, and grenades, ran up the stairs towards the council chamber, shot the guard standing outside, and burst into the council chamber. The gunmen shouted, "Remain seated! Don't move!" Aung San stood up and was immediately shot in the chest, killing him. The gunmen sprayed the area where he was standing with gunfire for approximately thirty seconds, killing four other council members immediately and mortally wounding another three. Only three in the room survived.

In addition to Aung San, eight other people were killed, seven of whom were also politicians. Thakin Mya was a minister without portfolio who had been a student leader and a close friend of Aung San. Ba Choe, the minister of information, had been the editor of a prominent nationalist journal. Abdul Razak, a Tamil Muslim, the minister of education, had been a headmaster. Ba Win, the minister of trade, was Aung San's older brother. Mahn Ba Khaing, the minister of industry, was one of the few Karen politicians not to have boycotted involvement in the new government. Sao Sam Htun, the minister of the Hill Regions, was a Shan prince who had taken an active lead in convincing the other ethnic minorities to join Burma in becoming independent. Ohn Maung was a deputy minister in the ministry of transportation who had just entered the conference room to deliver a report before the assassination. Abdul Razak's 18-year-old bodyguard, Ko Htwe, was killed before the gunmen entered the room.

Aftermath
Burma's last pre-World War II Prime Minister, U Saw (who had himself lost an eye surviving an assassination attempt in late 1946), was arrested for the murders the same day. U Saw was subsequently tried and hanged for his responsibility in the assassination, but there have been many other claims of responsibility from multiple parties ever since Aung San's death. Some claimed that a rogue faction in the British intelligence service was responsible.

Besides Aung San, most of his cabinet, and U Saw, there were a number of other assassinations and attempted assassinations carried out against other men who had been close to Aung San at that time. Two of these included Aung San's English lawyer, Frederick Henry, who was murdered in his house, and F. Collins, a private detective who was investigating Aung San's assassination. According to General Kyaw Zaw, these murders were evidence that somebody was trying to cover up their involvement in the assassination.
In September 1948, nine months after Burma's independence, somebody assassinated Tin Tut, who had been one of Aung San's closest advisors and who at the time was Burma's first foreign minister, by throwing a grenade into his car. The assassins were never caught and nobody was ever charged with his murder.

British involvement
A theory that the British were involved in Aung San's assassination was investigated in a documentary broadcast by the BBC on the 50th anniversary of the assassination in 1997. What did emerge in the course of the investigations at the time of the trial was that several low-ranking British officers had sold firearms to a number of Burmese politicians, including U Saw. Shortly after U Saw's conviction, Captain David Vivian, a British Army officer, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment for supplying U Saw with weapons. Vivian was freed from prison when Karen soldiers captured Insein Prison in May 1949. According to General Kyaw Zaw he then lived with the Karen people in Kawkareik until 1950, when he traveled back to Thailand and then to England, where he lived until his death in 1980. Little information about his motives was revealed either during or after the trial.

Kin Oung, the son of the deputy police inspector who arrested U Saw, claimed that U Saw bought the arms found at his house from the black market after they had been sold by British soldiers, not by the soldiers directly. Kin Oung claimed that the arms, before being smuggled into the black market, were in the process of being transported to Singapore in preparation for their withdrawal from Burma, so U Saw's possession of these weapons was not necessarily evidence of British complicity in Aung San's murder but rather the greed of the individual soldiers. He identified the officer responsible for selling the arms as Major Lance Dane, but claimed that Dane and his associates were later "secretly released" after being imprisoned. Kin Oung claimed that the name of one of Aung San's assassins was "Yan Gyi Aung".

Ancestry
Aung San's parents were U Phar and Daw Su. U Phar was a lawyer who was described by others as introverted and reserved. According to Aung San, U Phar studied law and passed his bar exam third in his class of 174, but after his education ended he never went on to work as a lawyer, instead focusing on doing business. U Phar died at the age of 51, when Aung San was in 8th grade.

Aung San's paternal grandmother was Daw Thu Sa, whose family traced their lineage from the royal family of the Pagan Kingdom through its last king, Narathihapate. Daw Thu Sa had several cousins who had worked within the government of the last Burmese kingdom. One of her cousins, Bo Min Yaung, had been the royal treasurer during the reign of King Mindon. King Mindon awarded Bo Min Yaung the title of "Mahar Min Kyaw Min Htin", an honorary title similar to knighthood given to those who are not close relatives of the Burmese royal family. He had a reputation for having a gentle and soft personality.

Bo Min Yaung had a younger brother of the same name who had a great impact on Aung San's patriotic outlook. The younger Bo Min Yaung was remembered by Daw Thu Sa as being popular in his hometown for his handsomeness, strength, writing ability, and swordsmanship, which he practiced every day. King Mindon employed him in diplomatic service, and by the reign of Burma's last king, Thibaw, he had been appointed to administer the region of Myo Lu Lin, close to the northern side of the Pegu Mountain Range in Upper Burma. After learning of King Thibaw's abdication and subsequent exile to the British Raj, following the brief Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885, Bo Min Yaung became angry, and made up his mind to resist the British. The rebellion failed. After his refusal to surrender, the British soldiers beheaded Bo Min Yaung.

Some sources have reported Bo Min Yaung's relationship to Aung San differently, claiming that he was Aung San's paternal grandfather, rather than his paternal grandmother's cousin.

Legacy

For his work towards Burmese independence and uniting the country, Aung San is revered as the architect of modern Burma and a national hero.

A Martyrs' Mausoleum was built at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda in 1947, and 19 July was designated Martyrs' Day, a public holiday. Aung San's original mausoleum was destroyed by the blast on 9 October 1983 when the President of South Korea, Chun Doo-hwan was nearly assassinated by North Korean agents. Another monument was built in its place. Within months of Aung San's assassination, on 4 January 1948, Burma was granted independence. By August 1948, a civil war began between the Burmese military and various insurgents, including communists and ethnic militias. The internal conflict within Myanmar continues to the present day.

Aung San's name had been invoked by successive Burmese governments since independence, until the military regime in the 1990s tried to eradicate all traces of Aung San's memory. Nevertheless, several statues of him adorn the former capital Yangon and his portrait still has a place of pride in many homes and offices throughout the country. Scott Market, Yangon's most famous market, was renamed Bogyoke Market in his memory, and Commissioner Road was retitled Bogyoke Aung San Road after independence. These names have been retained. Many other towns and cities in Burma have thoroughfares and parks named after him. In the decades following Aung San's assassination many people came to view him as a symbol of democratic reform; during the 8888 Uprising in 1988 against the military dictatorship, many protesters carried posters of Aung San as symbols of their movement. Many people at the time saw Aung San as a symbol of what Burma could have been, but was not at the time: prosperous, democratic, and peaceful.

In 1962 the Burmese military, led by Ne Win, overthrew the civilian government in a coup and instituted military rule. The Burmese military justified the legitimacy of their government partially by citing the legacy of Aung San in leading the country in WWII, when he was both a military and political leader. Following his coup Ne Win used official statements and propaganda to promote the idea that, as the leader of the armed forces and a member of the Thirty Comrades, he was the sole legitimate successor of Aung San.

Banknotes featuring Aung San were first produced in 1958, ten years after his assassination. The practice continued until the uprising in 1988, when the government replaced his picture with scenes of Burmese life, possibly in an attempt to decrease the popularity of his daughter, Aung San Suu Kyi. In 2017 the Myanmar parliament voted 286–107 in favor of reinstating Aung San's image. The new 1,000-kyat notes bearing Aung San's image were produced and released to the public on 4 January 2020, a date chosen to mark the 72nd anniversary of Independence Day.

Family

While he was War Minister in 1942, Aung San met and married Khin Kyi, and around the same time her sister met and married Thakin Than Tun, the Communist leader. Aung San and Khin Kyi had four children.

After Aung San's assassination his widow was appointed Burma's ambassador to India, and the family moved abroad.

Aung San's youngest surviving child, Aung San Suu Kyi, was only two years old when Aung San was assassinated. She is a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, served as State Counsellor of Myanmar, was the first female Myanmar Minister of Foreign Affairs, and is the leader of the National League for Democracy (NLD) political party. Aung San's oldest son, Aung San Oo, is an engineer working in the United States who has disagreed with his sister's political activities. Aung San's second son, Aung San Lin, died at age eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake in the grounds of the family's house.

Aung San's youngest daughter, Aung San Chit, born in September 1946, died on 26 September 1946, the same day Aung San got into Governor's Executive council, a few days after her birth. Aung San's wife Daw Khin Kyi died on 27 December 1988.

Names of Aung San
 Name at birth: Htein Lin ()
 As student leader and a thakin: Aung San ()
 Nom de guerre: Bo Teza ()
 Japanese name: Omoda Monji ()
 Resistance period code name: Myo Aung (), U Naung Cho ()
 Contact code name with General Ne Win: Ko Set Pe ()

References

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 South, Ashley. Ethnic Politics in Burma: States of Conflict. New York: Routelage. 2009.
 Stewart, Whitney. Aung San Suu Kyi: Fearless Voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century Books. 1997.
 Thant Myint-U. The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma. London: Faber and Faber Limited. 2008.
 Ye Mon and Myat Nyein Aye. "Martyr's Mausoleum Gets and Upgrade" . Myanmar Times. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
 Zaw Zaw Htwe. "Gen. Aung San Returns to Myanmar Banknotes After 30-Year Absence" . The Irrawaddy. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

External links

 Aung San's resolution to the Constituent Assembly regarding the Burmese Constitution, 16 June 1947.
 Kin Oung. Eliminate the Elite – Assassination of Burma's General Aung San & his six cabinet colleagues. Uni of NSW Press. Special edition – Australia 2011
 http://www.bogyokeaungsanmovie.org/

Burmese revolutionaries
Burmese generals
Aung San Suu Kyi
Assassinated Burmese politicians
Burmese collaborators with Imperial Japan
Deaths by firearm in Myanmar
1915 births
1947 deaths
People murdered in Myanmar
University of Yangon alumni
Communist Party of Burma politicians
Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League politicians
Government ministers of Myanmar
Defence ministers of Myanmar
State of Burma
People from Magway Division
People from British Burma
Family of Aung San
1940s assassinated politicians

Aung San


ප්‍රංශයේ මරී ටුසූ විසින් ඇරඹූ, කීර්තිමත් ඉටි කෞතුකාගාර දාමයේ කොටසක් වන, මැඩම් ටුසූ හොංකොං පිහිටා ඇත්තේ, හොංකොං හී, හොංකොං දූපතෙහි, පීක් ටවර් හී දී ය.

මැඩම් ටුසූ හොංකොං


Lieth, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Dithmarschen iline bağlı bölge. 4,66 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 388 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Hans Harbeck tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-heide-land.de

Lieth


Portugalska galija (znanstvenog imena Physalia physalis) pojedinačni su organizmi iz skupine žarnjaka. Spada u jedne od najotrovnijih životinja na svijetu.
Živi na površini mora (u tzv. eufotičnoj zoni) veličine 28-30 cm. Čovjeku može dodirom nanositi strašnu bol. Otrov najčešće rabi za za paraliziranje riba kojima se hrani.
Zbog globalnog zatopljenja galija obitava osim u toplim morima tropskih područja i u područjima koja nisu njezino prirodno stanište.

Vanjske poveznice
Biologija.hr

Izvori

Obrubnjaci

Portugalska galija


"Cea mai lungă povestire science-fiction scrisă vreodată" sau "Cea mai lungă poveste SF scrisă vreodată" (engleză: "The Longest Science-Fiction Story Ever Told" cunoscută și ca "A Recursion in Metastories") este o povestire științifico-fantastică scrisă de autorul britanic Arthur C. Clarke.  A apărut inițial în revista Galaxy Magazine din octombrie 1966. "" a fost publicată în colecția de povestiri The Wind from the Sun (1972).

În limba română a fost tradusă de Mioara Dristaru  și a apărut în revista Quasar 1/1992 și de Mihai-Dan Pavelescu și a apărut în colecția de povestiri Lumina întunericului din 2002 în Colecția Sci-Fi a Editurii Teora.

Prezentare

Editorul Stupefying Stories Moris K.Mobius îi răspunde domnului Jinx într-o scrisoare în care îi spune că ideea sa nu este originală, cu povestiri plagiate înainte de a fi scrise, deoarece săptămânal primește câte un manuscris care începe cu... și scrisoarea și semnătura se repetă la infinit...

În scrisoare, Arthur C. Clarke se referă la povestirea "Anticipator" scrisă de scriitorul englez Herbert George Wells. Clarke greșește, de fapt, povestirea a fost scrisă de un alt autor englez Morley Roberts. A. Clarke explică acest lucru în  lucrarea sa "Dragă domnule Herbert George Morley Roberts Wells.

Note

Legături externe

Povestiri americane
Povestiri de Arthur C. Clarke
Povestiri din 1966
Povestiri științifico-fantastice
1966 în științifico-fantastic


Sophie Pacini (* 12. Dezember 1991 in München) ist eine deutsch-italienische Pianistin.

Leben und musikalische Karriere
Sophie Pacini begann mit sechs Jahren, Klavier zu spielen. Im Alter von neun Jahren hatte sie ihr Konzertdebüt. Ein Jahr später übernahm der Klavierpädagoge Karl-Heinz Kämmerling am Salzburger Mozarteum ihre Ausbildung, danach wurde sie in das dort neu gegründete Hochbegabteninstitut Leopold Mozart aufgenommen. Ab 2007 setzte Sophie Pacini ihr Studium in der Meisterklasse von Pavel Gililov fort und schloss es 2011 mit Auszeichnung ab. Meisterkurse u. a. bei Dmitri Baschkirow und Fou Ts'ong vervollständigten ihre Ausbildung.

Sophie Pacini tritt weltweit in Konzertsälen auf wie u. a. Suntory Hall Tokio, Orchard Hall Tokyo, Laeiszhalle Hamburg, Beethovenhalle Bonn, Tonhalle Zürich, Konzerthaus Berlin, Philharmonie Berlin, Philharmonie am Gasteig München, Konzerthaus Dortmund, Gewandhaus Leipzig, Konzerthaus Wien, Wigmore Hall London, Elbphilharmonie Hamburg, Opéra de Dijon, Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles (BOZAR) und Philharmonie Haarlem.

Sie trat im Rahmen internationaler Festivals auf wie u. a. dem Piano-Festival Lucern, dem Klavierfestival Ruhr, dem Rheingau Musik Festival, dem MDR-Musiksommer, den Salzburger Festspielen, dem Piano Festival aux Jacobins, Toulouse, dem Kammermusikfest Lockenhaus mit Gidon Kremer, den Festspielen Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Progetto Martha Argerich in Lugano und Martha Argerich Festival Hamburg.

Als Solistin war Sophie Pacini zu Gast bei Orchestern wie dem Gewandhausorchester Leipzig, dem Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, dem Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, dem Luzerner Sinfonieorchester, den Dresdner Philharmonikern, dem Württembergischen Kammerorchester Heilbronn, der Deutschen Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz, dem Münchner Rundfunkorchester, dem Wiener Kammerorchester, dem Mozarteum-Orchester Salzburg, den Brandenburger Symphonikern, dem Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Berner Symphonieorchester und dem Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.

Für den Deutschlandfunk hat Sophie Pacini neue Sendeformate konzipiert und moderiert.

Sie ist seit 2023 ordentliches Mitglied der "Europäische Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste".

Diskografie

 2012: Schumanns Klavierkonzert a-Moll op. 54 und Mozarts Klavierkonzert Nr. 9 Es-Dur KV 271 mit der Deutschen Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz unter Radoslaw Szulc (Onyx Classics
 2012: "Schumann – Liszt" (Avi Music
 2014: "Chopin" (Avi Music)
 2016: "Solo Piano" Beethoven – Liszt  Warner Classics
 2018: "In Between" – Robert Schumann und Clara Schumann – Mendelssohn Bartholdy und Fanny Hensel  Warner Classics)
 2020: "Rimembranza" – Mozart, Schubert, Liszt, Love Theme Andrea Morricone's aus Cinema Paradiso (Avenir)
 2022: "Boundless" - Poulenc, Bernstein, Weinberg, Prokofjew - Duo: Sophie Pacini (Klavier), Pablo Barragán (Klarinette) (Aparté Label))
 2022: (DVD) "Sophie Pacini & Martha Argerich - New Year's Impression from Vienna"  (Arthaus Musik)
 2023: "Puzzle" - Chopin und Skrjabin (Outhere / Fuga libera)

Preise und Auszeichnungen
 2011 Prix Edmond de Rothschild-Thierry Scherz der Sommets musicaux de Gstaad
 2011 Förderpreis Deutschlandfunk bei Bremer Musikfest-Preis
 2013 Stipendium der Mozart-Gesellschaft Dortmund
 2015 ECHO Klassik als  Nachwuchskünstlerin des Jahres 2015
 2017 International Classical Music Award (ICMA) als "Young Artist of the Year"
 2023 Ordentliches Mitglied der Europäische Akademie der"Wissenschaften und Künste"

Weblinks
 Sophie Pacini – offizielle Website
 Porträt SZ-Magazin mit Martha Argerich
 Interview VAN Magazin über Musik-Streaming
 Sophie Pacini: Die Stille hören
 Beethoven-Brief
 Sophie Pacini – Chopin Trailer, CAvi Music 2014
 Einstündiges Interview am 28. Juni 2018 in "Eins zu Eins. Der Talk", Radio Bayern 2
 Musikerin mit Mission: Die Pianistin Sophie Pacini
 Sophie Pacini: Records Mendelssohn & Schumann: "In Between"

Einzelnachweise

Echo-Klassik-Preisträger
Klassischer Pianist
Italiener
Deutscher
Geboren 1991
Frau

Sophie Pacini


Osirus Jack, anciennement Loto Lotfi, de son vrai nom Lotfi Kent Sauvalle, né le 14 juillet 1995 à Dakar, est un rappeur sénégalais et camerounais . Il est membre du collectif 667 (Ligue des Ombres, la Secte ou Mangemort Squad), du CFR (avec Freeze Corleone et Norsacce) ainsi que du Black Pyramids Klan (avec Black Jack et Kaki Santana).

Biographie

Jeunesse
Il commence ses études à Dakar, où il rencontre la plupart des membres du 667 dont Freeze Corleone, mais c'est finalement à Lille qu'il pose ses valises et où il poursuit ses études.

Carrière musicale
Actif sur la plateforme SoundCloud depuis 2014, c'est la même année qu'il postera son premier clip "Lampadaire" en featuring avec Freeze Corleone sur la chaine YouTube Mangemort Squad.

Nibiru, son premier album, sort le 3 mai 2019. Il est composé de 12 titres aux dimensions ésotériques porté par un certain goût pour les complots et les théories conspirationnistes. Le nom de ce projet fait référence à un astre associé au dieu Marduk, le dieu le plus important de la mythologie babylonienne, mais fait également référence au nom de la Planète X, alias "Nibiru" dont l'existence est théorisée par Marshall Masters.

Nibiru est finalement rendu disponible une nouvelle fois le 10 avril 2021, sur la majorité des plateformes de streaming musical. L'album est surtout remarqué par les amateurs de rap technique, ou les fans du 667, l'album reste peu connu du grand public malgré un succès d'estime dans les communautés spécialisées.

Le 30 janvier 2022, Osirus Jack annonce la sortie de son album Nouvelle ère pour le 22 février 2022.

Controverse
En septembre 2020 à la suite de la sortie et au succès de l'album LMF de Freeze Corleone proche de Osirus Jack et membre lui aussi du collectif 667 (aussi appelé Mangemort Squad), Osirus Jack est remarqué par les médias grand public et est, en même temps que Freeze Corleone épinglé pour des accusations d'antisémitisme dans ses textes. À la suite de cela, son album Nibiru sera supprimé de Spotify pendant plusieurs mois.

Discographie

Album studio

Références

Rappeur sénégalais

Osirus Jack


Čereňany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prievidza din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.691 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Bystričany.

Istoric
Localitatea Čereňany este atestată documentar din 1329.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Čereňany


Touro Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Paiva belediyesine bağlı olan, 47,75 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.247 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova de Paiva

Touro (Vila Nova de Paiva)


Fan Pengfei ()est une chanteuse chinoise, née le  à Zhengzhou (Henan).Entre 2012 et 2022, il a sorti un total de quatre albums de musique.

carrière
Fan Pengfei n'a pas reçu de formation musicale depuis son enfance et a étudié la composition musicale pendant son temps libre à l'Université. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme de l'université, Fan Pengfei prend le temps d'écrire des paroles et de la musique tous les jours pendant son temps libre. Fan Pengfei a donné le premier concert de l'album "Li's Girl" 李家姑娘) Joignez - vous à Love Bean Music le 13 avril 2014. Single release of Li Pengfei and Zhang Pengfei 不相分离) 19 mai 2014. Fan Pengfei sort un single entre nous 你我之间) Le 22 novembre 2021. Le 10 janvier 2022, Fan Pengfei a remporté le prix lyrique pour avoir chanté de la musique chinoise en 2021. Le 14 mars 2022, Fan Pengfei a participé au service communautaire de volontaires pour la détection des acides nucléiques à Zhengzhou, Henan.

Discographie
 Album studio

 célibataire

Notes et références

Chanteuse chinoise
Naissance en février 1992

Fan Pengfei


රයිගම් ටෙලීස් හොඳම නැගී එන ටෙලිනාට්‍ය නිළිය සම්මානය රයිගම් සමාගම් විසින් වාර්ෂිකව පිරිනමනු ලැබේ.

මෙම සම්මානය ප්‍රථම වරට ලබා දුන්නේ 2005 වසරේදීය.

සෑම වසරකම සම්මාන ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්


Franck Henry Pierre Ribéry  (fæddur 7. apríl 1983 í Boulogne-sur-Mer, er frankur knattspyrnumaður, sem spilar með Fiorentina í ítölsku Serie A deildinni. Hann spilaði lengstan hluta af sínum ferli með Bayern München og vann þar m.a 9 deildarmeistaratitla og tókst einu sinni að vinna Meistaradeild Evrópu. Hann spilaði einnig fyrir Franska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu á árunum 2006-2014 og var hluti af silfurverðlauna liði þeirra árið 2006.

Félög
 Boulogne (2000-2002)
 Alès (2002-2003)
 Brest (2003-2004)
 Metz(2004-2005)
 Galatasaray (2005)
 Olympique de Marseille (2005-2007)
 Bayern München (2007-2019)
 Fiorentina (2019-)

Titlar

Galatasaray
 Tyrkneski Bikarinn: 2004-2005
Marseille
 UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005
Bayern Munchen
Bundesliga: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19
 Þýski Bikarinn: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2018–19
 Meistaradeild Evrópu: 2012–13
 Heimsmeistarakeppni félagsliða: 2013

Franska Landsliðið
HM 2006: Silfurverðlaun

Franskir knattspyrnumenn

Franck Ribery


تندرا قد تشير إلى:
 تندرا إقليم به غطاء نباتي يوجد في مناطق القطب الشمالي.
 تويوتا تندرا إحدى طرازات السيارات من إنتاج شركة تويوتا للسيارات.

تندرا (توضيح)


Reacția Diels–Alder este o reacție chimică organică, o cicloadiție de tipul [4+2], între o dienă conjugată și o alchenă substituită, cu formarea unui sistem ciclohexan-substituit. A fost descrisă pentru prima dată de către Otto Diels și Kurt Alder în 1928, iar munca acestora a fost premiată cu Premiul Nobel pentru Chimie în 1950. Reacția Diels–Alder este folositoare, în mod particular în sinteza chimică organică, fiind o metodă de formare a unor sisteme cu 6 membri, concomitent cu posibilitatea de avea sub control proprietățile stereochimice. Conceptul a fost de asemenea aplicat și la alte sisteme nesaturate, precum la carbonili sau imine, pentru obținerea heterociclurilor corespunzătoare. Reacțiile Diels–Alder pot fi reversibile în anumite condiții, caz în care se numesc reacții retro-Diels–Alder.

Mecanism de reacție
Se consideră că racția Diels-Adler se desfășoară fără mecanism de reacție, adică într-o singură etapă, printr-o tranziție de stare ciclică. Așadar, în timpul acestei reacții nu se formează intermediari.

Referințe

D
Invenții germane
Diels-Alder

Reacție Diels-Alder


Järise järv (järv=sø) er beliggende i Järise küla, Mustjala vald, Saaremaa i Estland.

Søen er beliggende ved foden af Saaremaas vestlige højland, 31,8 m over havet. Søens areal er 96,4 ha. Søen er 2,2 km lang og 800 m bred. Den gennemsnitlige dybde er 0,7 m, den største dybde er 1,4 m. Søens nedbørsopland er 11,1 km2, tilstrømning sker via Hiie oja (oja=bæk).

Der er næsten ingen vegetation i søen i den østlige del. I de sydlige og vestlige dele af den findes 14 arter af makrofytter.

Af fisk dominerer skalle og aborre mens gedde og knude findes i mindre mængder. Endvidere er fanget karusser.

Søen er ikke særskilt fredet men indgår i Lääne-Eesti saarestiku biosfäärikaitseala (Vest-Estlands ølandskabs biosfærebeskyttelsesområde).

Saaremaa
Søer i Estland

Järise järv


The Eyalet of Rûm (; ; originally Arabic for Eastern Roman Empire), later named as the Eyalet of Sivas (; ), was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire in northern Anatolia, founded following Bayezid I's conquest of the area in the 1390s. The capital was the city of Amasya, which was then moved to Tokat and later to Sivas. Its reported area in the 19th century was .

Rûm was the old Seljuk Turkish designation for Anatolia, referring to the Eastern Roman Empire, and in European texts as late as the 19th-century the word Rûm (or Roum) was used to denote the whole of central Anatolia, not just the smaller area comprising the Ottoman province (see Sultanate of Rum).

History
In the 14th century several autonomous towns (Amasya, Tokat, Sivas) were established, despite the continued Seljukid-Mongol rule in central Asia Minor.

When the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said died in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, a Uyghur. Eretna Bey ultimately declared independence, seeking the protection of the Mamluks, who were rivals of the Ilkhanids. He captured the area around Sivas-Kayseri, eventually establishing an emirate of Eretna, which grew stronger during the rule of his son, Mehmed Bey.

In 1381 Kadı Burhaneddin a kadı in Kayseri who was also appointed vizier to represent the emirate of Eretna in that town, replaced the Eretnid as ruler of Sivas and also captured Amasya and Tokat. His principality managed to resist interference in central Anatolia from both the Akkoyunlus and the Ottomans until it collapsed with his death in 1398.

Administrative divisions
The eyalet of Sivas consisted of seven sanjaks between 1700 and 1740:
 Sanjak of Sivas (Paşa Sancağı, Sivas)
 Sanjak of Amasya (Amasya)
 Sanjak of Janik (Canik Sancağı, Samsun)
 Sanjak of Diwriji (Divriği Sancağı, Divriği)
 Sanjak of Arabgir (Arabgir Sancağı, Arapgir)
 Sanjak of Chorum (Çorum Sancağı, Çorum)
 Sanjak of Bozok (Bozok Sancağı, Yozgat)

References

Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia
States and territories established in the 1390s
History of Amasya Province
History of Çorum Province
History of Kırıkkale Province
History of Malatya Province
History of Samsun Province
History of Ordu Province
History of Sivas Province
History of Tokat Province
History of Yozgat Province
1398 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1864 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire

Rûm Eyalet


Karl 4. (, Karl den Smukke ( 15. juni 1294 – 1. februar 1328) var konge af Frankrig og som Karl 1. af Navarra fra 1322 til 1328. Han var den sidste konge af  de direkte capetinger.

Eksterne henvisninger

Konger af Frankrig
Konger af Navarra
Huset Capet

Karl 4. af Frankrig


Come Away with Me is the debut studio album by American recording artist Norah Jones, released on February 26, 2002, by Blue Note Records. Recording sessions took place at Sorcerer Sound Studio in New York City and Allaire Studios in Shokan, New York.

Come Away with Me peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200, and received Grammy Awards for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album.  It was later certified Diamond by the RIAA on February 15, 2005, for shipments of over ten million copies in the United States, and has sold over 27 million copies worldwide as of 2016, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time.

In April 2022, Blue Note released a 20th anniversary expanded edition of Come Away with Me, with demos from the First Sessions EP, previously unreleased demos, and outtakes.

Composition

Come Away with Me is an acoustic pop album that features Jones supported by jazz musicians: Kevin Breit, Bill Frisell, Adam Levy, Adam Rogers, and Tony Scherr on guitar; Sam Yahel on organ; Jenny Scheinman on violin; Rob Burger on accordion; and Brian Blade, Dan Rieser, and Kenny Wollesen on drums. Jones wrote the title song. Guitarist Jesse Harris wrote "Don't Know Why". The album includes Jones' versions of  "The Nearness of You" by Hoagy Carmichael and "Cold, Cold Heart" by Hank Williams.

Come Away with Me incorporates blues, jazz, folk, soul, and country. Bobby Dodd of All About Jazz writes that although the album features jazz standards, jazz purists and academics "may deny [Jones] jazz credibility for her folk infusion".

Commercial performance
Come Away with Me debuted at number 139 on the Billboard 200 in the US upon its release in February 2002 selling 10,000 copies in its first week. Despite being released at a time when music piracy was high and album sales were declining, the album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in August that same year. The album eventually climbed to the top of the Billboard 200 in January 2003, almost a year after it was released selling 108,000 copies that week. By the time of the Grammy Awards the following month, Come Away with Me had already sold 3 million copies in the country.  Jones' success at the award show resulted in the album moving another 600,000 copies the week immediately following the awards.  In total, the album appeared on the Billboard 200 for 165 weeks and sold 11.1 million copies in the US as of March 2016. The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA in February 2005 for selling over ten million copies in the US. It was also the eleventh best-selling album of the Nielsen SoundScan era as of 2016.

As of October 2016, the album had sold more than 27 million copies worldwide. Polyphonic HMI's "Hit Song Science" software claimed to have predicted the album's success months before its release, contradicting skeptical executives.  In Germany, the album debuted at No. 37. It remained on the German Albums Chart for 141 weeks and reached No. 2 in its 37th week on that chart, where it stayed for four weeks. Come Away with Me sold 750,000 copies, reaching 5× gold, becoming her most successful album in Germany and one of the longest charting albums on the German Albums Chart.

Awards and honors
The album won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. The song "Don't Know Why" won Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

Rolling Stone ranked Come Away with Me at number 54 on its list of the 100 Best Albums of the Decade. Rhapsody ranked the album at 16 on its list of 100 Best Albums of the Decade, while Spinner listed the album at the 42nd Best Album of the 2000s.

Critical reception

Come Away with Me received acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 82 out of 100, which indicates "universal acclaim" based on 9 reviews.

The album received 3.5 out of 4 stars from both the Chicago Sun-Times and the Los Angeles Times reviews. AllMusic's David R. Adler wrote that "while the mood of this record stagnates after a few songs, it does give a strong indication of Jones' alluring talents." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice cited it as "the most unjazz album [Blue Note] has ever released" and criticized that "Jones's voice dominates the record."

The A.V. Club gave it a favorable review and called the album "A showcase for Jones' remarkable voice, the disc captures a singer whose rare instinct for interpretation always serves the song, rather than working against it." E! Online gave it an A and stated: "Gorgeous and intimate, the 14 songs on her debut disc ache with romantic maturity and a smart, slow-jam sexiness that belies the fact that, at 22, Jones is hardly older than Britney Spears." Kludge included it on their list of best albums of 2002.

20th anniversary edition
In April 2022, a remastered expanded edition of Come Away with Me was released, with demos from the promo-only First Sessions EP, and including 22 previously unreleased demos, outtakes, and alternative versions.

Track listing

Personnel
 Norah Jones – vocals, piano (except tracks 2, 4, 8), Wurlitzer electric piano (track 4)
 Sam Yahel – Hammond B-3 organ (6, 7, 11)
 Rob Burger – pump organ (8), accordion (10)
 Jesse Harris – acoustic guitar (1, 5, 6, 9, 11–13), electric guitar (1)
 Adam Levy – electric guitar (3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12), acoustic guitar (8, 10)
 Kevin Breit – acoustic guitar (2, 4), National guitar (2), electric guitar (4, 13)
 Adam Rogers – guitar (7)
 Tony Scherr – slide guitar and acoustic guitar (8)
 Bill Frisell – electric guitar (13)
 Jenny Scheinman – violin (9, 11)
 Lee Alexander – bass (exc. 14)
 Brian Blade – drums (2, 4, 6, 8–10, 12), percussion (2, 9)
 Dan Rieser – drums (1, 5, 7, 11)
 Kenny Wollesen – drums (13)

Technical personnel
 Producers: Arif Mardin, Norah Jones and Jay Newland (2, 4, 13, 2.4/17, original tracks of 1, 7), Craig Street (orig. tracks of 2, 4, 13, 2.1, 2.3/15)
 Engineers: Jay Newland, S. Husky Höskulds (orig. tracks of 2, 4, 13, 2.1, 2.3/15)
 Assistant engineers: Dick Kondas, Mark Birkey (1, 7), Brandon Mason (orig. tracks of 2, 4, 13)
 Mixing: Jay Newland, Arif Mardin (exc. 2, 4, 13)
 Mixing assistant: Todd Parker (2, 4, 13)
 Mastering: Ted Jensen

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications and sales

Awards
Grammy Awards

Brit Awards

Italian Music Awards

Japan Gold Disc Awards

See also
 List of best-selling albums
 List of best-selling albums by women
 List of best-selling albums in the United States
 List of best-selling albums in Australia
 List of best-selling albums in New Zealand
 List of best-selling albums in the United Kingdom

References

External links
 Come Away with Me at Discogs

2002 debut albums
Norah Jones albums
Albums produced by Arif Mardin
Albums produced by Craig Street
Blue Note Records albums
Grammy Award for Album of the Year
Albums arranged by Arif Mardin
Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album
Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical

Come Away with Me


Das Schmelztal ist ein Tal im Gebiet der Stadt Bad Honnef, das die Grenze zwischen dem Siebengebirge und dem Rheinwesterwälder Vulkanrücken markiert. Es verbindet den Talbereich von Bad Honnef mit dem bergseitigen Stadtbezirk Aegidienberg und wird von der Landesstraße 144 (Schmelztalstraße) begleitet.

Geographie
Das Schmelztal zieht sich vom Ortsteil Beuel ausgehend in nordöstlicher Richtung durch den Honnefer Stadtwald hinauf. Naturräumlich lässt sich das Tal selbst noch bis zu seinem oberen Nordrand dem sich nach Süden erstreckenden Rheinwesterwälder Vulkanrücken (großräumiger dem Niederwesterwald) zuordnen, wird aber als geographische Grenze zum sich im Norden anschließenden Siebengebirge betrachtet. Das Tal wird auf ganzer Länge vom Ohbach bzw. am oberen Taleingang dem Stenzbach begleitet. Ein rechtes Nebental ist das bei  mündende und zur Löwenburg hinaufführende Einsiedlertal. Zu den auf der linken (südlichen) Talseite sich erhebenden Bergen und Anhöhen gehören die Kitzenhardt, der Wingstberg und der Schultheisenleiberg, zu den rechtsseitigen (nördlichen) die Augusthöhe, die Jungfernhardt, der Schellkopf, die Ziegenhardt und der Reisberg.

Bergbau

Benannt ist das Schmelztal (früher auch Schmelzertal) nach den Schmelzereien, die an einige Erzgruben im und am Schmelz- sowie im benachbarten Einsiedlertal angeschlossen waren. Dort befindet sich im sogenannten Bergenstadter Gangzug die bedeutendste Zone von Blei- und Zinkerzgängen (Bleiglanz/Zinkblende) des Siebengebirgsraums. Der Bergbau im Gebiet von Honnef lässt sich erstmals für das Jahr 1753 belegen, als dem Kölner Bankier Wilhelm Hack eine Generalbelehnung für die Kirchspiele Aegidienberg, Dollendorf und Honnef erteilt wurde. Als älteste Gruben im Schmelztal werden Theresia, Glücklicher Johannes und St. Marcus Glück vermutet. Zwischen 1810 und 1816 wurden einige Gruben vorläufig stillgelegt, eine neue Blütezeit erlebte die Montanindustrie im Schmelztal aufgrund von Fortschritten in der Verhüttungs- und Förderungstechnik Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts.

In den 1870er-Jahren hatte ein Niedergang eingesetzt, da manche Erzgänge erschöpft und die Weltmarktpreise für Blei, Zink und Kupfer eingebrochen waren. Im Ersten Weltkrieg vereinzelt aufgrund des Wegfalls von Rohstoffimporten wiederaufgenommen, kam der Bergbau im Schmelztal anschließend endgültig zum Erliegen. Er hinterließ umfangreiche Haldenflächen, Stollenmundlöcher, Pingen und Hohlwege.

Zu den wichtigsten Gruben gehörten (von Westen nach Osten) Alter Fritz, Johannisberg (1876 konsolidiert u. a. aus den Gruben Glückliche Elise, Ludwig und Bergenstadt) und Adler.

 Grube Theresia/Glückliche Elise
Die zunächst unter dem Namen "St. Theresia" bekannte Grube im Einsiedlertal wurde bereits 1753, vermutlich durch den Bankier Wilhelm Hack, in Betrieb genommen. Später erfolgte die Umbenennung in Glückliche Elise. Abgebaut wurden hier vorwiegend Blei-, aber auch Zink- und Kupfererze. Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts kam es zu mehreren Wechseln der Betreiber und Inhaber, als deren Konsequenz sich eine eigene Grubengewerkschaft "Theresia" mit vorrangig aus Neuwied stammenden Eigentümern gründete. 1815 war der Betrieb der Grube eingestellt und 1847 wiederaufgenommen worden. In der neuen Aktivitätsphase entstanden ab 1853 nun auch eine Schmelzhütte für die Bleiherstellung in Verbindung mit einem Klärteich, ein Flammofen sowie ein Pochwerk. Ab 1857 wurde zur Förderung der Erze eine Dampfmaschine eingesetzt. Seinerzeit umfasste die Grube eine Fläche von 179 Hektar und ihre Belegschaft bis zu 60 Bergleute (zusammengeschlossen in einer eigenen Knappschaft), die Schachttiefe betrug 38 m. 1868 wurde der Grubenbetrieb eingestellt. Oberirdisch erhalten sind neben Bergehalden Reste einer Waschanlage und eines Stollenmundlochs. Die Grube steht als Bodendenkmal unter Denkmalschutz.

 Grube Alter Fritz
Die Grube erstreckte sich von der Südseite des Schmelztals bis zum Südhang des Wingstbergs, an dem ein Westnordwest streichender Bleizinkerzgang besteht. Zu letzterem gehörte auch das benachbarte Grubenfeld Eva. Zink-, Blei- und Kupfererze wurden dort zwar schon von 1804 bis 1811 gewonnen, in größerem Maße setzte der Abbau aber erst nach der Wiederaufnahme des Betriebs im Jahre 1852 ein. Die Weiterverarbeitung der Erze erfolgte ab 1854 in einer neu geschaffenen Aufbereitungsanlage. Ihr Transport wurde nun mittels einer Schienenbahn zwischen Stollenende und Halde abgewickelt, die auch diese neue Anlage anband. Zu dieser Zeit hatte die Rheinische Bergwerksgesellschaft in Köln die Grube übernommen.

1857 nahm der damalige Grubendirektor öffentliche Auseinandersetzungen über die Verschmutzung des Ohbachs durch Bergwerksmineralien, der bereits Jahre zuvor durch die Anlage von Klärteichen begegnet wurde, zum Anlass für die vorübergehende Einstellung des Betriebs. In diesem Jahr hatte die Grube ihr Fördermaximum mit 2.667 Zentnern Erzen bei einer Belegschaftsgröße von 68 Mitarbeitern und einer Stollenlänge von 300 Metern bereits überschritten. Nachdem die Fördermenge sich bis 1875 auf ein Zehntel reduziert hatte, wurde die Grube Alter Fritz 1881 endgültig stillgelegt. Nachfolgende Besitzer versuchten noch vereinzelt, den Betrieb wiederaufzunehmen, was aufgrund mangelnder Wirtschaftlichkeit nicht gelang. Zu den Hinterlassenschaften gehören Reste des Stollensystems, Pingen sowie einige, sich bis zum Honnefer Ortsbereich erstreckende Halden.

 Grube Ludwig
Diese Grube knapp nördlich des Schmelz- und westlich des Einsiedlertals im sog. "Johannisberg", in der Blei-, Zink- und Kupfererze gewonnen wurden, lässt sich ebenfalls bis 1753 zurückverfolgen. Zwischen 1816 und 1846 war sie stillgelegt, die zweite Betriebsphase endete im Jahre 1870. Sie bildete mit dem angrenzenden Erzgang Richard eine betriebliche Einheit mit einer Gesamtfläche von 20,8 ha. Der von einer Dampfmaschine betriebene Schacht wurde auf eine Tiefe von 90 m abgeteuft, die insgesamt vier Stollen erreichten eine Länge von 380 m. Die Fördermenge der Grube Ludwig war für ein Jahr mit 5.287 Zentnern Bleierzen angegeben.

 Grube Bergenstadt
Die zunächst als "Stadtberg" bezeichnete Grube verlieh dem Bergenstadter Gangzug ihren Namen und lag nahe der Mündung des Einsiedlertals. Für den Abbau nutzbar gemacht wurden die dortigen Blei- und Kupfererzvorkommen erst nach ihrer Entdeckung im Jahre 1851. Ausgebeutet wurde in mehreren Stollen eine Fläche von 32,6 ha, 1852 waren hier zehn Bergleute beschäftigt. 1866 erfolgte ein Verkauf der Grube. Überbleibsel des hiesigen Betriebs sind Hohlwege, Bodenvertiefungen und Haldenflächen.

 Grube/Konsolidationsfeld Johannisberg
Mit der fortschreitenden Erweiterung der Grubenfelder im oberen Schmelz- und unteren Einsiedlertal griffen die jeweiligen Stollen Anfang der 1870er-Jahre ineinander über, die Markscheiden waren aneinandergerückt. Daher wurden 1876 die Gruben Glückliche Elise, Ludwig, Bergenstadt und Mariannaglück (I/II) mit dem Ziel der gemeinsamen Erzverhüttung und des gemeinsamen Verkaufs zu einer Grube mit dem Namen Johannesberg konsolidiert. Bereits im Jahr der Zusammenlegung erfolgte ein Verkauf der Grube, die ab 1878 im Besitz der neugegründeten Gewerkschaft Johannisberg war. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt gehörten zu ihr unter anderem ein Maschinenhaus, zwei Schmieden, drei Walzwerke, eine Brecher- als Teil einer zentralen Aufbereitungsanlage und ein Bürogebäude.

Zwischenzeitlich stillgelegt, wurde die Grube Johannisberg im Ersten Weltkrieg durch ein Düsseldorfer Unternehmen wieder in Betrieb genommen. 1918 entstand für diesen Zweck im oberen Schmelztal ein neues Verwaltungsgebäude. Spätestens mit dem Kriegsende fiel die wirtschaftliche Basis für einen weiteren Bergbau weg, sodass die Grube liquidiert, verkauft und 1920 schließlich endgültig aufgegeben wurde. Der bogenförmige Erzgang des Konsolidationsfeldes Johannesberg ist der umfangreichste im Bergenstadter Gangzug und auf etwa 500 m bekannt. Die durchschnittliche Mächtigkeit der Bleierze beträgt 80 cm.

Verkehr
Durch das Schmelztal führte ein unausgebauter Weg als Teil der Rheinstraße zwischen Honnef und Flammersfeld, der um 1855 zur preußischen Bezirksstraße (der heutigen Landesstraße 144) ausgebaut wurde. 1894/95 wurde von der Basaltgewerkschaft Honnef eine Pferdebahn durch das Schmelztal ("Schmelztalbahn") errichtet, die dem Transport des am Himberg und am Dachsberg abgebauten Basalts diente. Sie war insgesamt 4,9 km lang, wechselte mehrfach die Straßenseite der damaligen Bezirksstraße und endete kurz vor Bad Honnef an einer Talstation auf etwa . Ende des Jahres 1905 wurde die Strecke stillgelegt.

Gebäude und Bauwerke

Wäscherei Mesenholl, Schmelztalstraße 39 Am unteren Ausgang des Schmelztals befand sich seit etwa 1900 die Großwäscherei Mesenholl, die zur 100 m oberhalb gelegenen Lungenklinik Hohenhonnef gehörte und mit dieser über einen Bremsberg verbunden war. Seit der Schließung der Wäscherei in den 1980er-Jahren sind die Werksgebäude leerstehend und waren bis zuletzt dem Verfall preisgegeben. Seit 2018 gibt es konkrete Planungen des Eigentümers für eine Wohnnutzung auf dem Areal, wobei das bestehende Hauptgebäude erhalten bleiben soll.

Jagdhaus Schmelztal, Schmelztalstraße 50 Im August 1903 wurde inmitten des Schmelztals das Jagdhaus im Schmelztal eröffnet, das zunächst als Pension mit Ausflugscafé, ab 1929 als sog. "Waldschenke" und später als Hotel (Stand: 1950) diente. 1988 wurde es zur Veranstaltungsstätte umfunktioniert, heute wird es als Swingerclub betrieben.

Haus Einsiedel, Schmelztalstraße 51 In dem 1918 anlässlich der zeitweiligen Wiederaufnahme des Bergbaus errichteten Verwaltungsgebäude wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ein Café und Hotel unter dem Namen Haus Einsiedel eingerichtet, in dem ab 1980 ebenfalls ein Swingerclub eröffnete. Das Gebäude brannte am Jahresende 2004 ab.
Sportplatz Am unteren Ausgang des Schmelztals bzw. am oberen Ortseingang von Honnef liegt der Sportplatz des FV Bad Honnef, der 2008 zum Kunstrasenplatz umgebaut wurde.

Literatur
 Klemens Dormagen/Christian Kieß:  (PDF; 469 kB). In: rheinkiesel. Magazin für Rhein und Siebengebirge, 8. Jahrgang, April 2004, S. 8–11.
 Klemens Dormagen/Christian Kieß:  (PDF; 426 kB). In: rheinkiesel. Magazin für Rhein und Siebengebirge, 8. Jahrgang, Mai 2004, S. 12–14.
 Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Rhöndorf (Hrsg.); August Haag: Bilder aus der Vergangenheit von Honnef und Rhöndorf. Gesamtherstellung J. P. Bachem, Köln 1954, S. 91–93.

Weblinks
 Schmelztal im Meßtischblatt von 1948 (Deutsche Fotothek)

Einzelnachweise

Tal in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Geographie (Bad Honnef)
Gemarkung Honnef

Schmelztal


التحويل المسافي  كما يعرف أيضاً باسم الحقل المسافي  هو عبارة عن تمثيل للصورة الرقمية. حيث يمثل كل بكسل في الصورة بقيمة عددية تمثل بعده عن أقرب جسم مهم في الصورة. من أكثر الأجسام التي تعتبر كأجسام مهمة هي الحدود الفاصلة للأجسام في الصور الثنائية. وعادة ما يتم التمييز بين أنواع التحويل المسافي على حسب نوع المسافة التي تم أخذها بعين الاعتبار وهذه المسافات هي:

 مسافة إقليدية
 مسافة سيارة الأجرة
 مسافة لوح الشطرنج

تطبيقات
يعتبر التحليل الرقمي للصور، تخطيط الحركة في الروبوتات من أهم التطبيقات للتحويل المسافي.

مراجع

معالجة رقمية للصور
هندسة رياضية رقمية

تحويل مسافي


Yixianopterus es un género de pterosaurio, perteneciente al grupo Pterodactyloidea, que vivió durante el período Cretácico Inferior en la actual China.

El género fue nombrado y descrito en 2006 por Lü Junchang, Ji Shuan, Yuan Chongxi, Gao Chunling, Sun Yue-Wu y Ji Qiang. El nombre del género se refiere a la formación Yixian (del Grupo Jehol, del Aptiense) en el oeste de la provincia de Liaoning, donde se encontró el fósil y el griego clásico latinizado pteron, "ala". La denominación de la especie tipo, Y. jingangshanensis se refiere a la capa de Jingangshan en la que fue hallado.

Debido a que el artículo descriptivo apreció en una revista científica publicada en un libro de un simposio, existe poca información sobre el animal en Occidente.

El fósil, el holotipo JZMP-V-12, consiste en un esqueleto parcialmente comprimido y dañado en una sola placa de roca, incluyendo el cráneo y la mandíbula. Adicionalmente, partes de ambas alas, el tórax y la cintura escapular se conservan. El cráneo es alargado y plano, sin cresta, con una longitud conservada de aproximadamente 25 centímetros. No es muy prolongado en comparación con otras especies contemporáneas, de hecho es relativamente corto, pero la parte delantera de la boca no fue encontrada por lo que la longitud exacta no es conocida. El cráneo del fósil termina en una punta roma y dientes delanteros cortos que son perpendiculares a la línea de la mandíbula. Las alas son relativamente largas y de constitución robusta, con el cuarto hueso metacarpiano relativamente corto. La envergadura alar estimada es de unos 3,5 metros.

De acuerdo con una publicación de Lü en 2006 Yixianopterus era un miembro de la familia Lonchodectidae, con ese grupo visto como emparentado con los Ornithocheiridae, según la interpretación de Alexander Kellner.

Una curiosidad es que Avgodectes, que es considerado generalmente como un embrión, quizás sea un ejemplar juvenil de Yixianopterus, en cuyo caso el primer nombre tendría la prioridad. Dicha identidad es difícil de determinar.

Dado que tenía grandes alas y una cabeza alargada es probable que Yixianopterus fuera un especializado planeador que se alimentaba de peces.

Referencias

Pterosaurios de Asia
Pterosaurios del Cretácico
Pterodactyloidea

Yixianopterus


Kosmos 2154, sovjetski vojni navigacijski i komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Parus.

Lansiran je 22. kolovoza 1991. godine u 12:35 s kozmodroma Pljesecka, s mjesta 132/1. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Kosmos-3M 11K65M. Orbita mu je 972 km u perigeju i 1008 km u apogeju. Orbitne inklinacije je 82,91°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 21666. COSPARova oznaka je 1991-059-A. Zemlju obilazi u 104,90 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 825 kg.

Iz misije je ostao još jedan dio koji je ostao kružiti u niskoj orbiti.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1991 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
N2YO Satellite Database - Tehnical Details - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions (engl.)
Gunter's Space Page Parus (GLONASS-M, 11F627) (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2154


شحيمة اٍحدى بلديات دائرة عين الذهب بولاية تيارت الجزائرية، ذات طابع شبه صحراوي تمتاز عن غيرها من بلديات الولاية بالمساحة الواسعة.

لمحة تاريخية
سميت بلدية شحيمة إبان الاستعمار بكلمة شايمة لوجود عين مائية أصبحت الآن بئر عميق يزود البلدية بالماء الصالح للشرب وتم وضع الحجر الأساسي كقرية فلاحية اشتراكية في : 27/09/1975 وكانت تسمى في هذه الفترة بجرجرة تابعة لبلدية توسنينة دائرة السوقر وبعد التقسيم الإداري سنة 1984 أدمجت كبلدية تابعة لدائرة السوقر، وفي سنة 1991 تم التقسيم الإداري الجديد فأصبحت تابعة لدائرة عين الذهب.

تحتوي بلدية شحيمة على عدة أعراش متباينة ومن بينها عرش الكعابرة  والمتمركزة بالمناطق المسماة المكمن –رجم الشارة – المرت، وعرش أولاد زيان والمتمركزة بالمناطق المسماة كيربو – بن شنة – و عرش سيدي خالد والمتمركزة بالمناطق: الصيادة  و الفياض.

تعتمد على تربية المواشي بالدرجة الأولى والزراعة بالدرجة الثانية.

الموقع الجغرافي
تقع بلدية شحيمة في اقصى جنوب ولاية تيارت وتبعد عن مقرها بـ73 كلم وتبعد عن مقر الدائرة بـ24 كلم أما بالنسبة للحدود الإدارية  فنجدها :
من الشمال: بلدية توسنينة
من الشرق: بلدية عين الذهب
من الغرب: بلدية مدريسة
من الجنوب: بلدية شقيق ولاية البيض وبلدية عين سيدي علي ولاية الاغواط

03- التوجه العام للبلدية والتوجه الفلاحي علي الخصوص:
تعتبر بلدية الشحيمة ذات طابع رعوي فلاحي إذا تبلغ مساحتها الكلية ب:220164هـ
المساحة السهبية الحصة الكبيرة والمقدرة ب:197790 هــ موزعة على نوعين من الأراضي أراضي للبلدية و أراضي تابعة الدولة.
وبما أن منطقة الشحيمة تحتوي علي مساحة من السهوب فإن وجود النباتات المشهورة هي نبات الجلفة والشيح والشبرق  )نبات شوكي( ونبات القفد  و السدرة فهي بذلك منطقة رعوية بالدرجة الأولى إذا ما توفرت الجهود في المحافظة على هذه المراعي بإنشاء محميات وقانون يسير الحفاظ علي بقائها , فبعدما كانت مساحة الحلفاء تحتل نصف المساحة السهبية لوحظ تدهور كبير وعوامل مختلفة فأصبح إنتاج الحلفاء علي الزوال .
بينما تبلغ المساحة الكلية للفلاحة 22 ألف هكتار مقسمة على القطاع الخاص والعام كما هو موضح في الجدول بينما تمثل مساحة المباني والطرقات 144 هكتار أما المساحة الصالحة للفلاحة فتقدر ب: 22050 هــ وتمثل 99 من المساحة الفلاحية الكلية

التضاريس
يتكون سطح بلدية الشحيمة من  :
أراضي منبسطة :
وتحتل نسبة كبيرة من مساحة البلدية وتمثل 89 %  لأن  بلدية الشحيمة تقع في منطقة الهضاب العليا التي هي عبارة عن مرتفع صغير ذو سطح مستوي حيث تمثل هذه الهضاب 11% هناك 03 أنواع من التربة :
طينة كلسية
فليساء تيفكرت صفائح طباشرية
أراضي رملية منتشرة في المناطق السهبية

المناخ المميز للمنطقة
يسود البلدية مناخ معتدل بارد في فصل الشتاء وحار في الصيف  كما تهب رياح قوية وخاصة الرملية التي هي كثيرة الوقوع

الفترة الرطبة
إن كمية الأمطار المتساقطة خلال السنوات الماضية غير منتظرة وفي الغالب تبدأ من منتصف سبتمبر إلى غاية شهر فيفري وتكاد تنعدم خلال الشهور الأخرى، مما جعل البلدية تعيش سنوات جفاف متتالية بحيث لا تتجاوز 200 ملم إلا في بعض السنوات التي يفوق معدلها 285 ملم مما يؤثر على الإنتاج وخاصة المحاصيل الكبرى.

الفترة الجافة
وتبدأ من شهر ماي إلى غاية شهر سبتمبر وتدوم خمسة أشهر تقل فيها كمية الأمطار وترتفع فيها درجة الحرارة إلى حوالي 38 درجة.

المجموع السكاني
حسب آخر إحصاء اجرى في افريل 2008  يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية شحيمة 8446 نسمة يتوزع هذا العدد على اقليم البلدية في تجمعات عمرانية والريفية كما هو موضح في الجدول التالي :

المصدر: إحصاء افريل 2008

المصادر

بلديات ولاية تيارت

شحيمة


El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Ecuador es el rector de la política internacional y es responsable de la gestión y coordinación de la misma, la integración latinoamericana y la movilidad humana, respondiendo a los intereses del pueblo ecuatoriano, al que le rendirá cuentas de sus decisiones y acciones en cumplimiento de los principios constitucionales y de las normas del derecho internacional, en el marco de los planes nacionales de desarrollo. También conocido como Cancillería (y por lo tanto quien lo detente es el/la canciller).

Sede central
Este ministerio tiene su sede en el Palacio de Najas, en el sector de La Mariscal al norte de Quito.

Véase también
Lista de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Ecuador

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana del Ecuador

 Archivo Histórico Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana (vídeo)

Relaciones Exteriores
Relaciones internacionales de Ecuador
Ecuador


Die Nationale Aktionsgemeinschaft für wirtschaftliche Verteidigung (NAG, franz. Communauté d'action nationale pour la défense économique des salariés) war ein kartellartiger Zusammenschluss von Arbeitnehmerorganisationen ausserhalb des Schweizerischen Gewerkschaftsbundes (SGB).

Geschichte
Die NAG wurde 1932 aufgrund einer Initiative der Vereinigung schweizerischer Angestelltenverbände (VSA) gegründet, um mit Mitteln der direkten Demokratie gemeinsam mit gleichgesinnten Organisationen Massnahmen zur Überwindung der Weltwirtschaftskrise zu unterstützen.

1934 und 1943 schlug die NAG in zwei Entwürfen für ein eidgenössisches Arbeitsgesetz im Gewerbebereich unter anderem vor, der Bundesrat solle auf dem Verordnungsweg eine eidgenössische Mutterschaftsversicherung einrichten, die den internationalen Bestimmungen (IAO-Übereinkommen von 1919) entspreche.

1935 kämpfte er gemeinsam mit dem SGB, der Bewegung um die Wochenzeitung Die Nation, dem Föderativverband des Personals öffentlicher Betriebe und Verwaltungen und der Bauernheimatbewegung in der Abstimmungskampagne für die Eidgenössische Volksinitiative zur Bekämpfung der Wirtschaftskrise, auch Kriseninitiative genannt. Der CNG warf der NAG wegen des Zusammengehens mit dem SGB eine «sozialistische Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik» vor und trat aus dem NAG aus.

Sie war Mitglied bei der Richtlinienbewegung, einer überparteilichen Organisation, die von 1937 bis 1940 zur Abwehr radikaler antidemokratischer Parteien im rechten und linken Parteienspektrum aktiv war.

Die NAG engagierte sich 1950 bei der Aktion gegen die Bundesfinanzreform (Bundesbeschluss über die verfassungsmässige Neuordnung des Finanzhaushaltes des Bundes vom 4. Juni 1950), die Massnahmen zur Sanierung der Bundesfinanzen vorsah.

Mitglieder
 Vereinigung schweizerischer Angestelltenverbände (VSA)
 Christlichnationaler Gewerkschaftsbund der Schweiz (CNG)
 Schweizerischer Verband evangelischer Arbeitnehmer (SVEA)
 Zentralverband des Staats- und Gemeindepersonals der Schweiz
 Schweizerischer Lehrerverein
 Schweizerische Vereinigung der Versicherungspersonalverbände

Schriften
 Nationale Aktionsgemeinschaft für wirtschaftliche Verteidigung: Zirkular betreffend: Zollerhöhung auf Kaffee, Tee etc. an die Mitglieder der eidgenössischen Räte. Zürich, 1933
 Nationale Aktionsgemeinschaft für wirtschaftliche Verteidigung (Hrsg.): Wege aus der Krise. 1933
 Richtlinien für die Zusammenarbeit der Mitgliedsverbände. 1934
 Schweizerisches Aktionskomitee zur Bekämpfung der Wirtschaftskrise (Hrsg.): Die Kriseninitiative. Bern 1935
 Revidierter Entwurf NAG zu einem Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit im Handel und in den Gewerben: Arbeitsgesetz vom 30. Oktober 1943, Autoren und Verlag: NAG 1943
 Nationale Aktionsgemeinschaft für wirtschaftliche Verteidigung: Die Bundesfinanzreform. Stellungnahme der NAG. Zürich 1947.

Weblinks
 Entwürfe eines Bundesgesetzes über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel (PDF; 10,9 MB)

Einzelnachweise

Gewerkschaft (Schweiz)


İshak Paşa Sarayı; Ağrı'nın Doğubayazıt ilçesinde bulunan bir saraydır. Yapımına 1685 yılında başlanan ve 1784'te tamamlanan saray; içinde barındırdığı cami, türbe, kütüphane, mahzenler, koğuşlar, harem ve selamlık bölümleri ile büyük bir yapı kompleksidir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde inşa edilmesine karşın genel olarak Selçuklu mimarisinden izler taşıyan İshak Paşa Sarayı'nda; Batı kökenli barok, gotik, rokoko ve ampir gibi sanat akımlarının etkileri de gözlemlenir. 2000 yılından beri UNESCO'nun Dünya Mirası Geçici Listesi'nde bulunmaktadır.

Tarihçe
İshak Paşa Sarayı ocaklık olarak Bayazid Sancağına tasarruf eden Kürt beylerinden Mahmut Paşa (sancak beyliği 1720-1768) tarafından yaptırılmış ve onun yeğeni veya akrabası olan İshak Paşa (1775-1799) zamanında yapılan eklemelerle tamamlanmıştır. Harem kapısı üzerindeki 1785 tarihli kitabeden ötürü İshak Paşa adı yerleşmiştir. Bu İshak Paşanın 1789-1790'da vezir rütbesiyle kısa bir süre Çıldır valisi olan diğer İshak Paşa ile herhangi bir ilgisi yoktur.

1554'ten itibaren Silvanlı Besyan hanedanından Kürt beylerine ocaklık olarak tahsis edilen Bayazid sancağı hakkında Katip Çelebi şöyle der:

"Kal'a-i Bayezid Kotur şimalinde bir kal'a ve livadır ve serhad-ı Acemdir iki kal'a dahi buna tabidir biri Diyadin kal'ası ve biri Hamur kal'ası bu livayı Behlül Bey ocaklık tarikiyle zabt ider bunlar dahi tevaif-i Ekraddan Besyan aşiretinden gayet şeci' taifelerdir Kızılbaşlar bunlardan gayet havf iderlerdi..."

Kürt fakih ve şair Ahmed-i Hani, Bayezid beylerinin kapısında katiplik yapmıştır. Türbe olarak ziyaret edilen kabri sarayın yakınındadır.

İshak Paşa Sarayı'nı 2022 yılında 226 bin 600 kişi ziyaret etti.

Mimari
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde yapılan en önemli sivil mimari örneklerinden biri olarak kabul edilen İshak Paşa Sarayı'nın inşa sürecinde tek bir mimari üsluba bağlı kalınmamıştır. Sarayın kapı, pencere ve kemer detaylarında sıkça kullanılan geometrik ve bitkisel taş süslemeler Türk sanatının yanı sıra barok, rokoko, ampir gibi Batı kökenli sanat akımları ile İran, Gürcistan, Ahıska ve Kafkasya bölgelerindeki geleneksel sanat anlayışlarının etkisinde kalınarak üretilmiştir.

Temelde üç ana bölümden oluşan İshak Paşa Sarayı'ndaki iki avlu ve has bahçe arasındaki geçişler büyük taç kapılarla sağlanır. Saray kompleksi içerisinde yer alan her yapı ise bu avluların etrafında konumlandırılmıştır. Cümle kapısının açıldığı birinci avluda muhafız koğuşları, zindanlar, arabalık ve tavla bölümleri ile bir çeşme bulunurken; ikinci avluda sarayın selamlık kısmı olan muayede salonu, kütüphane, türbe, cami ve ambarlar yer alır. İkinci avludan açılan başka bir büyük kapı aracılığıyla da harem, ziyafet salonu, hamam, kiler, mutfak ve bahçe gibi kısımlara ulaşılır.

Taç kapılar
İshak Paşa Sarayı'nın mimarisinde öne çıkan unsurların başında taç kapılar gelir. Farklı boyutlarda ve değişik tarzda süslemelerle inşa edilmiş bu kapıların her biri kendine özgü bir karakter kazanmıştır. Bu yönüyle yapı, Sivas'taki Divriği Ulu Camii ve Darüşşifası ile benzerlik gösterir. Saray taç kapılarında yaklaşık 110 farklı motifin kullanılması, yapının bulunduğu coğrafyanın farklı kültürel bölgelerin kesişiminde yer almasıyla açıklanabilir. Öte yandan İshak Paşa Sarayı'nın kapı detaylarına işlenen bezemeler; Türk-İslam sanatına başta Batı kökenli barok, gotik, rokoko ve ampir üslupları olmak üzere İran ve Kafkasya gibi bölgelere ait yabancı mimari unsurların girmesine de sebep olmuştur.

Cümle kapısı

Sarayın bölümleri arasında geçişi sağlayan, anıtsal nitelikte dört büyük kapı bulunur. Bu kapıların taç kemerlerinde kullanılan süslemeler ise birbirinden farklılık göstermekle birlikte yapıdaki estetiği ön plana çıkaran önemli unsurlardan biridir. Sarayın doğu cephesinde bulunan cümle kapısı, yapıya dışarıdan erişimi sağlayan tek kapıdır. 10.6 metre genişliğinde, 11.8 metre yüksekliğinde ve 4.8 metre derinliğinde olan bu kapı, tipik Selçuklu kapı mimarisinin etkisinde kalınarak inşa edilmiştir. Doğudaki beden duvarının güneye doğru çıkıntı yaptığı noktada bulunan kapının etrafını fazla derin olmayan mukarnaslı bir kavsara ve iç içe geçmiş yüksek pahlı iki sivri kemer çevreler. Beşi öndeki güney cephede, beşi ise arka tarafta kalan kuzey cephede bulunan toplamda on adet gömme sütun kapı boşluğunu sınırlarken bu sütunların arasına da dikdörtgen nişler yerleştirilmiştir. Yüksek kaideler üzerinde yükselen sütunlarda ampir üslubun etkileri gözlemlenir. Nişlerin içerisinde ise girift tekniğiyle oluşturulmuş simetrik madalyonlar bulunur. Bunları, rokoko tarzındaki bitki motifli kabartmalardan oluşan bordürler çevreler. Kompozisyonda kalp, palmet, lotus ve göz gibi motiflerin bulunması; sarayda yaşayanların neşesinin, kem gözlerden korunması adına bir nazarlık görevi görmesi için kullanıldığı şeklinde yorumlanır. Kapı boşluğunun birbirine bakan iç cephelerinde ise yine rokoko tarzda, düğümlenerek devam eden ve köşelerinde akantus yaprakları barındıran başka bir madalyon kullanılmıştır. Kısacası yapısal özellikleri itibarıyla geleneksel Selçuklu mimarisinin devamı niteliğinde olan cümle kapısının süslemelerinde Batılı sanat akımlarından da sıklıkla yararlanıldığı gözlemlenir.

Avlu kapısı
Birinci ve ikinci avluların arasında kalan avlu kapısı, ana giriş kapısının aksine üzerinde bulunduğu duvar ile kaynaştırılmış bir vaziyettedir. İç içe geçmiş fakat ilkine kıyasla daha yüksek boyutlu iki kemerin içerisinde yer alan bu kapıda genel olarak gotik mimarinin etkileri görülür ve cümle kapısı üzerinde bulunan süslemelere göre daha sade motifler tercih edildiği söylenebilir. İki katlı olan taç kapının alt kısmı, dikdörtgen bir çerçeve içine alınmış olan basık kemerli bir girişe ev sahipliği yapar. Burada başlayan beşik tonozlu ve düz tavanlı koridor, yaklaşık 11 metre boyunca kuzeye doğru ilerleyerek avluları birbirine bağlar. Tavanda bulunan madalyon, birbirinin içinden geçen dört şeritli bir rumî ve yaprak motifleriyle oluşturulmuştur. Her bir köşeye yerleştirilen çeyrek motif ise sonsuzluk fikrine işaret eder. Bu madalyonda kullanılan kompozisyonun benzerlerine, dönemin halı desenlerinde ve cilt kapağı süslemeciliğinde de rastlamak mümkündür. Kapının iki yan pahında karşılıklı yerleştirilmiş stilize servi ağacı kabartmaları bulunur. Servi, İslam sanatında da sıkça kendine yer bulan bir figür olmasına karşın burada tepesinin yana yatık oluşu ve lotus çiçeğiyle tamamlanması itibarıyla geleneksel kullanımından farklılaşmış bir tasarıma yer verilmiştir. Benzer bir kullanıma Azerbaycan'daki Şeki Han Sarayı'nda da rastlandığı için burada Kafkas sanatının etkisinden söz edilebilir.

Selamlık kapısı
İkinci avluya açılan kapılardan bir diğeri de sarayın kütüphane, muayede salonu ve cami gibi kısımlarını içeren selamlık bölümünün kapısıdır. Üzerinde bulunduğu duvarı ortalayan kapı, yapısal özellikleri bakımından tipik bir Selçuklu kapısıdır. Saraydaki diğer kapılar gibi iç içe geçmiş iki kemerden oluşan selamlık kapısının iç kısmında mukarnaslı kavsarayla birleşen gömme sütunlar yer alır. İlk kemerin içinde kapı kanatlarını çevreleyen ve yıldız çiçeği, tomurcuk, dal gibi motiflerden oluşan bir bordür bulunur. Kapı boşluğunun birbirine bakan cephelerine simetrik şekilde yerleştirilmiş dikdörtgen nişlerin içine ise barok tarzda tasarlanmış ve çağdaşı olan başka bir yapıda benzerine rastlanmayan iki ağaç motifi işlenmiştir. Bir vazodan çıkarak birbirine geçmiş şekilde ilerleyen dalların uçlarına stilize çilek veya üzüm figürleri yerleştirilmiştir. Geleneksel Türk İslam sanatına yabancı olan bu kompozisyonun erken dönemdeki kullanımlarına Kudüs'teki Kubbetü's-Sahre ve Tunus'taki Kayrevan Ulu Camii'nde rastlanır. Selamlık kapısındaki bir diğer süsleme ise diğerlerine nazaran iyi korunamamış olan ve kapı boşluğunda, kemerin hemen üzerinde yer alan bir kabartmadır. Dikdörtgen formunda bir panonun orta kısmında bulunan rozeti, iç içe geçmiş stilize rumî motifleri çevreler. Rozetin içindeyse tezhip sanatında kullanılan penç figürüyle benzerlikler taşıyan, yoğun yapraklı bir çiçek kompozisyonu yer alır.

Harem kapısı
İshak Paşa Sarayı'nın anıtsal nitelikteki son taç kapısı, yine ikinci avludan ulaşılan harem kapısıdır. İki katlı, dikdörtgen bir çerçeve ile üzerinde bulunduğu cepheden ayrılmış olan bu kapıya kesme bazalt taştan yapılmış, üç basamaklı bir merdiven aracılığıyla erişim sağlanır. Gömme sütunların yukarı doğru uzanıp tepede birleşerek dikdörtgen formunu aldığı bu çerçevenin iç kısmındaki bordürde bitkisel motiflerin yanı sıra hayvan kabartmalarında da yer verilmiştir. Bordürün alttaki başlangıç noktasında birbirine bakan iki aslan figürü görülür. Aslanların kuyruklarından dallanarak başlayan motifler birbirleriyle iç içe geçerek bir hayat ağacı oluşturur. Ağacın dallarında ise nar ve akantus betimleri göze çarpar. Aslan tasvirlerinin genel özellikleri incelendiğinde Selçuklu mimarisinde kullanılagelen formlardan ziyade İran sanatındaki aslan figürlerine daha çok benzediği söylenebilir. Harem kapısındaki aslan figürlerinin benzerlerine II. Gıyâseddin Keyhüsrev'in armalı gümüş parası üzerinde, Burdur'daki İncirhan Kervansarayı'nın taç kapısında ve Erzurum'daki Yakutiye Medresesi'nde de rastlanır. Saraydaki diğer taç kapıların tamamında olduğu gibi yine mukarnaslı bir kavsara içine alınmış olan kapı girişini de bitkisel bir bordür çevreler. Bu bordürün hemen üzerindeyse sekiz satırlık bir kitabe kuşağı yer alır. Sivri kemer formunu alarak sona eren kavsaranın yukarısında içi iri yaprak ve dal kabartmalarıyla doldurulmuş, kare çerçeveli bir niş bulunur. "Hüvel hallakul-baki" ifadesinin yazılı olduğu bu nişin üstündeyse kapı kompozisyonunun ikinci katını oluşturan balkon penceresi yer alır. Harem kapısını yapıdaki diğer taç kapılardan ayıran en önemli özellik ise dikdörtgen çerçevenin her iki yanına simetrik şekilde yerleştirilen üç boyutlu ağaç kabartmalarıdır. Vazoya benzer bir gövdeden çıkarak yine hayat ağacı formunu alan bu duvar heykelleri, tıpkı kapı çerçevesi gibi dikdörtgen nişler içine alınmıştır. Fakat geleneksel hayat ağacı motiflerinden ziyade burada palmet, akantus, stilize çiçekler, üzüm salkımı ve ay çiçeği gibi alışılagelmişin dışındaki tasarımlara yer verilmiştir. Dikkatli incelendiğinde palmiye yapraklarını andıran bu hayat ağacının dalları arasına cennet meyveleri yerine kartal veya melek benzeri kanatlı figürleri yerleştirildiği görülür. Dolayısıyla harem kapısındaki bu süslemeler, geleneksel Türk-İslam sanatına barok ve rokoko kökenli yabancı motiflerin dahil edildiği eklektik bir yapı teşkil eder. Harem kapısında kullanılan son motif grubu ise diğerlerine kıyasla daha fazla hasar almış olan servi ağacı tasvirleridir. Avlu kapısındakilerle benzerlikler taşımakla beraber daha küçük boyutlu ve vazosuzdur. Süsleme açısından da ayrıntıya girilmediği dikkat çeker.

Cami
Saraydaki yapı topluluğunun öne çıkan örneklerinden biri olan camiye, ikinci avluya açılan selamlık kapısı vasıtasıyla erişim sağlanır. Tek minareli ve kare planlı olarak inşa edilen cami, hemen hemen aynı büyüklükte olan iki bölümden oluşur. Güney kısmında üzeri kubbe ile örtülü harim kısmı yer alırken, kuzeyde ise dört adet sütun üzerinde yükselen tonozlu medrese bölümü bulunur. Yapının genel özellikleri incelendiğinde Osmanlı mimarisinden ziyade Selçuklu dönemindeki cami anlayışından etkilenildiği kolaylıkla görülür. Örneğin bölgenin iklim koşulları göz önünde bulundurulduğunda cami ve medresenin iç içe olması bölge mimarisinde sık rastlanan bir durum olsa da; bunun geleneksel Osmanlı mimarisinde yeri yoktur. Dolayısıyla bu durumun, Kayseri'deki Kölük Camii ve Hacı Kılıç Camii örneklerinde olduğu üzere, erken dönem Anadolu Selçuklu cami mimarisine ait bir uygulama olduğu söylenebilir. Medrese bölümündeki orta alanın üzerinde bulunan ve sütunlarla desteklenen tonoz örtünün merkezinde yıldız motifi işlemeli mozaik bezemeler bulunması da yine Osmanlı mimarisinde yeri olmayan pratiklerden bir tanesidir. Söz konusu süsleme tarzına Divriği Ulu Camii ve Darüşşifası, Ani Kervansarayı ve Mardin'deki Artuklu dönemi yapılarında rastlanır. Harim bölümünü örten yüksek kasnaklı ve şişkin karınlı kubbe formu da çoğunlukla Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu döneminde Orta Asya'dan Mısır'a kadar uzanan oldukça geniş bir coğrafyada kullanılmış olmakla birlikte benzer örneklerine Serahs, Mihne ve Merv şehirlerinde rastlanır. Çift cidarlı kubbede dikkat çeken bir diğer özellik ise Osmanlı'daki kurşun kaplı kubbe anlayışı yerine Selçuklu geleneğindeki taş kaplama kubbe anlayışının benimsenmiş olmasıdır. Caminin kuzeybatı ucunda yükselen iki renkli, düzgün kesme taş işçilikli minare de mimari ve bezeme özellikleri bakımından Selçuklu etkilerini taşımaktadır.

Türbe
Sarayın ikinci avlusunda, caminin güneydoğu köşesinde kalan noktada bir türbe bulunur. Üzerindeki kitabeye göre 1799-1800 yılları arasında inşa edilen yapı, iki katlı ve sekizgen planlıdır. Klasik Selçuklu kümbetleriyle büyük oranda benzerlikler taşımakla birlikte Bursa'daki Yeşil Türbe'de olduğu gibi cenazelik uygulamasının kullanıldığı ender Osmanlı türbelerinden biridir. Örtü elamanı olarak dilimli külah kullanılmış; bezemelerde de Selçuklu geleneğine sadık kalınmıştır. Türbenin dış duvarlarında yer alan ve hayat ağacını andıran üç boyutlu kompozisyonlar ise Batılı sanat geleneklerinin etkisinde kalarak tasarlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Kayseri'deki Döner Kümbet ile Niğde'de bulunan Hüdâvent Hatun Türbesi; süsleme özellikleri bakımından İshak Paşa Sarayı'ndaki türbe ile benzerlik gösterir.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Uzaydan İshak Paşa Sarayı
 İshak Paşa Sarayı Resimleri
 İshak Paşa Sarayı

Osmanlı sarayları
Ağrı ilindeki yapılar
Türk lirası üstünde görünen yapılar

İshak Paşa Sarayı


Santa Maria a Cetrella je franjevačka kapela i samotište u Anacapriju, na otoku Capriju, Italija. Nazivaju je "najnezemaljskom crkvom na Capriju", u njoj se nalazi kip Madone koji štuju hodočasnici, uključujući Rainera Mariju Rilkea. Izgrađena u srednjem vijeku, njezine značajke uključuju štukaturu, s niskim svodom.

Nalazi se na planini Solaro u regiji Cetrella. U srednjem vijeku stanovnici Capriotea molili su se Santa Maria a Cetrella da zagovara u korist otočkih ribara.

Izvori

Katolički samostani u Italiji
Građevine u Anacapriju
Crkve na Capriju
Franjevački samostani
Franjevci u Italiji

Santa Maria a Cetrella


Zaseoci Brezovac i Pavkovići, zaseoci u mjestu Brezovac Žumberački, općini Samobor, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis
Naselje Brezovac Žumberački locirano je u središnjem dijelu Parka prirode Žumberak-samoborsko gorje. Formirano je od 4 međusobno udaljena zaseoka: Brezovac, Pavkovići, Pavlanci i Višoševići. U neposrednom kontaktu uz okućnice su voćnjaci, vrtovi i oranice, a u širem prstenu su pašnjaci i šume. Zaseoci Brezovac i Pavkovići su do danas sačuvali prostorne i arhitektonske značajke karakteristične za seoske aglomeracije Žumberka, a nove intervencije nisu bitno narušile izvorne vrijednosti.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5257 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene ruralne cjeline u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Samobor

Zaseoci Brezovac i Pavkovići


Gruparea Arta nouă a fost o organizație artistică care s-a înființat în anul 1932 ca o alternativă a Grupării Contimporanul, care prin cea de a doua manifestație expozițională pe care a organizat-o, a stârnit ostilitatea publicului amator de artă. Câțiva din membrii Contimporanului au găsit de cuviință să ofere societății culturale bucureștene o o nouă opțiune societară ce cuprindea o participare mai largă a artiștilor ce urmăreau tendințele artistice din străinătate. Astfel, pe lângă inițiatorii Grupării Arta nouă - Milița Pătrașcu, Marcel Iancu, M. H. Maxy și Henri Daniel, s-a alipit o falangă de tinere pictorițe compusă din Nina Arbore, Micaela Eleutheriade, Tania Șeptilici, Lucreția Popp, Olga Greceanu, Claudia Millian și Margareta Sterian.

Societatea a organizat o expoziție ce s-a deschis în ziua de 25 ianuarie 1932 la Sala Ileana. Ostilitatea publicului, reținerea colecționarilor și reacțiile negative din presa de atunci au făcut ca organizația să dispară la scurt timp de la înființare. Cei mai zeloși dintre participanți au ales să se desfășoare folosind aceleași formule în manifestările Grupării plastice Criterion.

Referințe

Bibliografie
Petre Oprea: Societăți artistice bucureștene, Editura Meridiane, București, 1969, pag. 96

Legături externe

Fondări în 1932
Desființări în 1932
Organizații de artă din România
Evenimente în România

Gruparea Arta nouă