Alen Koludrović, bivši hrvatski košarkaš, danas košarkaški trener Splita. U karijeri igrao za Split i Dalvin. Igrač slavne utakmice KK Splita kad je pod ondašnjim imenom Jugoplastike Split pobijedio Crvenu zvezdu s kadetskim sastavom, jer su ostali igrači bili kažnjeni zbog izgreda na utakmici završnice kupa protiv Partizana.
Kao trener Mislava je udružio snage s Hrvojem Henjakom i Antom Grgurevićem unutar Splitsko-dalmatinske županije, da bi pokrenuli stvari i ostvarili bližu suradnju na dobrobit sporta, odnosno za pokušati stvoriti simbiozu klubova koji igraju u nižim rangovima natjecanja i skrenuti pozornost odgovornih da se o njima treba više brinuti. Koludrović je voditelj projekta županijske selekcije u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji.

Izvori

Hrvatski košarkaši
Košarkaši KK Splita
Košarkaši KK Dalvina

Alen Koludrović


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Žibritov enthält die fünf nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Žibritov im Okres Krupina.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Zibritov


حصين قد تشير إلى:
 حصين (تشريح): بنية في دماغ الفقاريات
 حصين (اسم): اسم علم عربي
 حصين (قرية): قرية في قضاء كسروان بمحافظة جبل لبنان اللبنانية

حصين (توضيح)


Pomone (título original en francés; en español, Pomona) es una ópera en un prólogo y cinco actos, con música de Robert Cambert y libreto en francés de Pierre Perrin. Se ha descrito como "efectivamente la primera ópera en francés." Se estrenó en París, en el teatro Jeu de Paume de la Bouteille perteneciente a la Académie d'Opéra de Cambert y Perrin el 3 de marzo de 1671. La producción tenía diseño escénico y maquinaria de Alexandre de Rieux, marqués de Sourdéac. La novedad de la obra atrajo a gran cantidad de público y la ópera disfrutó de 146 representaciones a lo largo de ocho meses de su temporada. La partitura de Pomone ha sobrevivido sólo parcialmente.

Historia
Se habían hecho intentos de introducir la ópera italiana en Francia a mediados del , pero al público francés no le gustó el género, prefiriendo su propia forma de música escénica, el ballet cortesano (ballet de cour), un ballet conteniendo elementos cantados. A pesar de todo, algunos compositores franceses empezaron a experimentar con el desarrollo de la ópera que se adecuaría mejor a los gustos musicales nacionales. El 28 de junio de 1669, el rey Luis XIV había conferido a Perrin y su Académie d'Opéra el monopolio de representar óperas en los escenarios parisinos. Pomone fue la primera producción de la Académie.<ref>Oxford Illustrated History pp.33 - 36</ref> Contenía muchos de los elementos que a los que el público estaba acostumbrado en el ballet de cour: danza, espectaculares efectos escénicos y rico vestuario. Las innovaciones estaban en que el diálogo hablado fue reemplazado por recitativos y el uso de conjuntos vocales más complicados. El tema pastoral de la obra no era nuevo, por ejemplo Cambert ya había compuesto música para una obra escénica titulada la Pastorale d'Issy en 1659. A pesar del éxito de Pomone, Perrin pronto tuvo dificultades financieras. La Académie representó otra ópera con música de Cambert, Les peines et les plaisirs de l'Amour, a principios de 1672, pero el rey revocó el monopolio de Perrin sobre las producciones operísticas y se lo entregó a su compositor favorito, Jean-Baptiste Lully, quien tendría más éxito a la hora de establecer una tradición operística francesa duradera. Cambert se trasladó a Londres con su alumno Louis Grabu, donde representó una versión de Pomone con música adicional de Grabu.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase no aparece entre las óperas representadas en el período 2005-2010.

 Personajes

 Argumento
Vertumno está enamorado de Pomona y el aya de Pomona, Beroé, está enamorada de Vertumnio. Vertumno asume varios disfraces en sus intentos de seducir a Pomona: un dragón, Plutón, Baco. Sólo tiene éxito cuando se disfraza de Beroé, porque Pomona no le puede negar un beso a su vieja aya.

Referencias
Notas

FuentesThe Viking Opera Guide ed. Amanda Holden (Viking, 1993)
Victoria Johnson Backstage at the Revolution: How the Royal Paris Opera Survived the End of the Old Regime (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
Roger Parker (ed.) Oxford Illustrated History of Opera (Oxford University Press, 1994)
"Magazine de l'opéra baroque" por Jean-Claude Brenac (en francés)
Licencia

 Grabación
Los 30 minutos que se conservan de música fueron grabados por Hugo Reyne, dirigiendo a La Simphonie de Marais, en un doble CD que también contenía Les fêtes de l'Amour et de Bacchus'' de Jean-Baptiste Lully (Accord, 2004).

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Robert Cambert
Óperas en francés
Óperas de 1671
Óperas estrenadas en París
Mitología romana en la ópera
Óperas perdidas

Pomone


Francisco de Orellana (1511-1546) var en spansk opdagelsesrejsende og conquistador. Han gennemførte den hidtil første dokumenterede navigation af hele Amazonfloden, som på det tidspunkt blev navngivet "Rio de Orellana". Han grundlagde også byen Guayaquil i hvad der i dag er Ecuador.

Orellana døde af malaria på sin anden ekspedition i Amazonas.

Baggrund
Født i Trujillo og en tæt ven, mulig slægtning, til conquistadoren Francisco Pizarro som opdagede Peru. Orellana rejse til Den Nye Verden omkring 1527. Han gjorde militærtjeneste i Nicaragua indtil han slog sig til Pizzaros hær i Peru i 1533, hvor han støttede Pizzaro i konflikten mod Diego de Almagro. Efter sejren blev han udnævnt til guvernør af La Culata og reetablerede byen Gyayaquil.

Opdagelsesrejsende fra Spanien

Francicso de Orellana


10. brdska brigada Armije RBiH, vojna je postrojba koja je tijekom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini djelovala u sastavu Prvog korpusa Armije RBiH. Pripadnici ove brigade se smatraju odgovornim za ratne zločine počinjene na Kazanima nadomak Sarajeva.

Povijest

Osnovana je kao 1. pješadijska brigada Stari Grad 19. srpnja 1992. od Odreda Stari Grad, Odreda Hrid-Jarčedoli, Odreda Mahmutovac i drugih manjih jedinica. U rujnu 1992. preimenovana je u 1. brdsku brigadu i bila je izravno potčinjena Stožeru Vrhovne komande. Dio 1. korpusa postala je 23. siječnja 1993. Dana 4. veljače 1993. u sastav brigade ušao je 1. protivdiverzantski odred Baščaršija Općinskog štaba obrane Stari Grad.

Od polovine studenog do početka prosinca 1992. od jedinica OpŠO Stari Grad osnovana je 10. brdska brigada, a u njen sastav ušli su odredi Širokača, Soukbunar i "5. april". Mušan Topalović zvani Caco je tom prilikom postavljen za njenog komadanta. Brigada je brojala oko 2.000 ljudi i branila je strateški važnu liniju fronta na planini Trebević. Topalović je bio čuveni komadant među svojim vojnicima a kao strah i trepet među stanovništvo, prije svega zbog njegovog običaja da građane s ulice prisilno šalje na front na kopanje rovova.

Protiv kriminalnih aktivnosti Mušana Topalovića ali i pripadnika brigade na području Sarajeva je su na poseban način iako ne isključivo, bile usmjerene protiv srpskih, Vlada dugo vremena nije poduzimala ništa, između ostalog i zato što je Topalović bio u dobrim odnosima s Alijom Izetbegovićem. U međuvremenu, Kazani su se punili ubijenim Sarajlijama koje su Caco i njegovi ubijali na monstruozan način. Do danas je samo 15 lica, pronađenih u Kazanima, identificirano.

Dana 26. listopada 1993. Predsjedništvo RBiH, MUP RBiH i Armija RBiH organizirali su Operaciju Trebević 2, s ciljem obračuna s kriminalom u vlastitim redovima i vraćanje odmetnutih vojnih grupa u sustav. Akcija je bila usmjerena protiv komandanta Desete brdske brigade Armije RBiH Mušana Topalovića Cace. Mušan Topalović Caco i njegovi ljudi su prilikom uhićenja ubili devet pripadnika MUP-a RBiH.

Nakon ove akcije 10. brdska brigada je rasformirana. Ušla je u sastav 12. diviziju brigada je preimenovana u 115. brdsku brigadu. 14 pripadnika 10. brdske brigade Armije RBiH je uhićeno i suđeno im je za zločine na Kazanima.

Po 10. brdskoj brigadi nazvana je ulica u Starom Gradu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Dossier Mušana Topalovića Cace: Od zločina na Kazanima do njegovog ubistva

Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini
Sarajevo

10. brdska brigada Armije RBiH


Le comte Vincenzo Ottorino Gentiloni (Filottrano,  - Rome, ) était un homme politique italien, éponyme du Pacte Gentiloni avec les libéraux de Giovanni Giolitti qui marqua l'entrée officielle des catholiques dans l'activité politique du Royaume d'Italie.

Biographie

Un catholique engagé dans le travail social
Le comte Vincenzo Ottorino Gentiloni du Saint Empire romain germanique était un dirigeant de l'Action catholique italienne (en italien: Azione Cattolica Italiana; ACI), président de l'Union catholique romaine et du Comité régional des Marches. En , le pape  le nomme directeur de l'Union électorale catholique italienne (en italien: Unione Elettorale Cattolica Italiana, UECI) , qu'il dirige jusqu'à peu avant sa mort.

L'Union des électeurs catholiques avait succédé à l'Opera dei Congressi, dissoute par le pape  le  en raison de l'opposition persistante entre les "intransigeants" (opposés à tout accord avec l'État unitaire - le Royaume d'Italie - qui avait occupé et évincé les États pontificaux) et les "transigeants" (favorables à un accord avec les libéraux du Risorgimento). Le comte Gentiloni était du côté des transigeants: il soutenait la monarchie et le gouvernement contre les avancées socialistes, marxistes et anarchistes qui les visaient, mais aussi tout ou partie du patrimoine de valeurs traditionnelles du monde catholique.

La nomination de Gentiloni à la tête de l'Union électorale en 1909 intervient peu de temps après la condamnation par le pape des soixante-cinq propositions modernistes contenues dans le décret Lamentabili sane exitu du , et après l'excommunication du modernisme lui-même, présenté comme une synthèse de toutes les hérésies, contenue dans l'encyclique Pascendi Dominici gregis du  suivant.

Le Pacte et le parti libéral pro-catholique
En 1912, bien que le non expedit décrété par le pape  n'ait pas encore été révoqué, Gentiloni, en sa qualité de plus haute autorité de l'UECI, conclut avec Giovanni Giolitti l'accord qui sera appelé le Pacte Gentiloni, basé sur trois orientations fondamentales :
 le financement des écoles privées (principalement catholiques) ;
 l'engagement de ne pas permettre l'introduction du divorce en Italie ;
 une juridiction séparée pour le clergé.
Dans l'esprit du Pacte, Gentiloni et Giolitti ont créé l'Union libérale de la période précédant immédiatement la Première Guerre mondiale, qui a inspiré les fondateurs du Parti libéral italien après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Dans le Parti libéral, fondé en 1912, se rejoignent le courant plus institutionnel du Risorgimento, lié à la tradition de la droite historique, et le courant catholique, largement majoritaire dans le pays, même si jusqu'à ce moment-là il était largement exclu de la participation officielle à la législation et à l'administration de l'État. À l'époque pré-fasciste, ce parti avait donc une orientation monarchiste, catholique et traditionaliste. Lors des élections politiques italiennes de 1913 - les premières de l'histoire italienne au suffrage universel masculin - le Parti libéral remporte une victoire écrasante. En favorisant l'élection des candidats qui s'étaient engagés à respecter les trois points du pacte Gentiloni, l'action du comte a soudainement inversé la subordination politique du catholicisme en Italie qui s'était produite après l'unification nationale.

Nominations papales
Il était l'une des cinq camériers du numéro d'épée et de cape, appartenait à la Congrégation des Sacconi et était gouverneur du Sacramento et de Maria Santissima del Carmine à Trastevere.

Décès
Au début de la Première Guerre mondiale, le comte Gentiloni s'engage dans l'armée comme officier d'artillerie. De retour chez lui en permission, il tombe malade d'une fièvre infectieuse (probablement le typhus) et, après 15 jours, il meurt à Rome, âgé de seulement cinquante ans.

Décorations
 - Commandeur de l'Ordre de

Notes et références

Source

Bibliographie
  Francesco Malgeri, « GENTILONI, Vincenzo Ottorino », dans le Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, volume 53, Rome, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2000.

Autres lectures
  Frank J. Coppa. « Giolitti and the Gentiloni Pact between Myth and Reality », Catholic Historical Review (1967) 53#2  sur le site

Voir aussi

Liens internes
Pacte Gentiloni
Action catholique italienne
Giovanni Giolitti

Liens externes

  Vincenzo Ottorino, dans le Dizionario di storia, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2010.
  Comte Gentilóni, Vincènzo Ottorino, sur le site sapere.it, De Agostini
  Francesco Malgeri, GENTILONI, Vincenzo Ottorino, dans le Dizionario biografico degli italiani, , Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2000.

Naissance dans la province d'Ancône
Personnalité italienne du XIXe siècle
Personnalité italienne du XXe siècle
Personnalité politique italienne
Personnalité du Parti socialiste italien
Décès à Rome
Naissance en octobre 1865
Décès en août 1916
Décès à 50 ans
Député de la XXIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXIIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXIVe législature du royaume d'Italie

Vincenzo Ottorino Gentiloni


Ruellia rosea é uma espécie de planta do gênero Ruellia e da família Acanthaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1847 por Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Ligações externas

Acanthaceae
Ruellia
Plantas descritas em 1847
Flora do Brasil
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)

Ruellia rosea


Idols is a television show on the South African television network Mzansi Magic, and previously on M-Net, based on the popular British show Pop Idol. The show is a contest to determine the best young singer in South Africa.

The general format of the show is that thousands of hopeful performers from across South Africa audition in front of the judges. They are narrowed down to approximately 100 to enter the theatre rounds. They perform in group and solo rounds until 16 finalists are chosen by the judges (usually 8 males and 8 females). From these, the top 10 are selected, then each week viewers have several hours following the broadcast of the previous episode to vote by phone, SMS or online for their favourite contestant. The contestant(s) with the fewest votes is sent home each week.

It was presented by Candy Litchfield and Matthew Stewardson in the first season. Halfway through the season, Stewardson was replaced by Sami Sabiti. After Colin Moss and Letoya Makhene co-hosted the second season, Moss went solo for the third and fourth seasons. Liezl van der Westhuizen became the host in the fifth season, and was sidekicked by ProVerb in the sixth season who hosted the semi-final rounds. ProVerb became the sole presenter from the seventh season until present.

Randall Abrahams, Dave Thompson, Marcus Brewster and Penny Lebyane were the judges in the first season. Judges provide critiques of each contestant's performance. Brewster and Lebyane did not return for the second season and were replaced by Mara Louw-Thomson and Gareth Cliff. Unathi Nkayi replaced Louw-Thomson in the seventh season. Somizi Mhlongo was added to the judging panel in the eleventh season. Cliff left the show after the twelfth season. After several seasons as judges, Abrahams and Nkayi did not return for the eighteenth season. In February 2022, Thembi Seete and JR replaced the two.

In February 2023, it was announced that the nineteenth season would be the final season of the competition.

In 2006, the show had a spin-off called Afrikaanse Idols on sister channel KykNet, where exactly the same format was executed. However, the entire programme was in Afrikaans as well as the songs that were performed. There was only one season due to low ratings. The judges were Mynie Grové, Deon Maas and Taliep Petersen, while the presenter was Sean Else.

Series overview

English series
Colour key

Afrikaans series
Colour key

Season synopsis

Season 1

The first season of South African Idols started in March 2002. Auditions were held prior in January. After Poland, it was the second international spin-off of the original Pop Idol series that went on air. However, the South African show did last shorter than the Polish version and therefore Heinz Winckler became the second Idol winner worldwide on 17 June 2002. He triumphed over Brandon October who came second and Melanie Lowe who finished third.

Season 2

The second season ran from June to October 2003 and was won by then 20-year-old Anke Pietrangeli who was given the nickname The Kimberlite' by the viewers during the show.

Half of the judging panel were replaced as were the two hosts, with Colin Moss and Letoya Makhene now hosting. It was also the first time worldwide on an Idol show that only two male singers managed to advance to the top 12.

 Season 3

The third season aired in the second half of 2005 with an unchanged judging panel and Colin Moss as the only host of the show. The Grand Final took place at Gold Reef City, Johannesburg on 27 November 2005 between Karin Kortje and Gift Gwe. Each contestant sang a favourite song chosen by them, a favourite song chosen by the judges, and a brand new single. After a record number of votes cast, Karin Kortje was crowned as the 2005 Idol with 62.58% of the votes.

 Afrikaans season

In 2006, the English format of Idols took a break to make room for the Afrikaans version. The Afrikaans Idols season represented a unique change in Idols format on a global scale by replacing all previous judges and hosts, moving networks (M-Net to sister station KykNet) and therefore changing the lingua franca of the show from English to Afrikaans as KykNET is solely an Afrikaans network.

 Season 4

On 13 April 2007, M-Net announced the series would return to their network for a fourth season in English. The initial auditions were completed on 6 August with the judging and public vote stages due to start on 19 August. The results from each show display a merge of the judges (49%) and audience (51%) vote. Jody Williams, a 17-year-old from Cape Town, emerged as the eventual winner. Her best performances included moving ballads such as "Greatest Reward" by Celine Dion and "Dance with my Father" by Luther Vandross. However, she proved her versatility and impressed the judges with excellent renditions of more up-tempo songs such as "Dance with Somebody" by Whitney Houston and "Ain't no Other Man" by Christina Aguilera. Her first single, which she and fellow finalist, Andriëtte Norman, performed at the finale, was called "Love is All Around" and was sold out the day after the finale.

 Season 5

M-Net announced a fifth season of South African Idols which premiered on Sunday, 1 February 2009, with a summer vibe and new rules.

In addition to upping the heat of the selection process the strict a capella rule was abandoned. Instead, auditioners were allowed to bring instruments to the casting. The judges did not seem too pleased with the instruments, especially guitars which were very rarely played in tune.

On the official finale, Sasha-Lee Davids was announced the winner, with 52.77% of the votes. Four days later, Idols announced that there had been problems with the voteline, and some of the votes that were sent before the cut-off time were not counted. The investigation hit the front page of the Times on 8 May 2009 and later in the day it was announced on the Idols website that the recount had showed that Jason Hartman had received 200000 more votes than Sasha-Lee Davids(of 2.3 million total votes in the finale (recount)). After discussion between M-Net and FremantleMedia (the format owners), Jason Hartman and Sasha-Lee Davids were declared winners. They both received identical full prizes.

 Season 6

Despite the previous seasons voting fiasco in the finale, M-Net announced a sixth season of South African Idols which premiered on 18 July 2010. Idols judge Dave Thompson did not return to the panel this season. During the auditions, which started in April, he was replaced with guest judges from the South African music industry, similar to the American Idol (Season 9) audition stages.

For the first time since the second season, the jury has no impact on the outcome which now reflected a 100% viewer's verdict. On 2 November 2010, 30-year-old Elvis Blue from George in the Western Cape was declared the winner.

 Season 7

It was announced during the sixth season finale that the show had been renewed for a seventh season in 2011. Auditions took place in February and March 2011. On 20 January 2011, it was announced that Mara Louw would not return to the judging panel for the seventh season. The decision came after she was reprimanded for drinking a mix of painkillers and alcohol before a show. She was also involved in a racism scandal after she said the show should be moved to SABC3 so that a black person could win Idols, as many black people did not have DStv and could not send hundreds of SMSes to vote for their favourites. She was replaced by media personality and singer-songwriter Unathi Nkayi. On 4 October 2011, Dave Van Vuuren from Johannesburg in Gauteng was declared the winner.

 Season 8

It was announced on 9 January 2012 that the show had been renewed for an eighth season in 2012. Nationwide auditions took place from February 2012. The eighth season of Idols was shown on M-Net and Mzansi Magic on DStv simultaneously. On 2 October 2012, Khaya Mthethwa from Durban in KwaZulu-Natal was declared the winner, becoming the first black contestant in the show's history to win.

 Season 9

It was announced on 11 January 2013 that the show had been renewed for a ninth season in 2013. Nationwide auditions took place from February 2013. The ninth season of Idols was broadcast simultaneously on M-Net and Mzansi Magic on DStv. The season was won by Musa Sukwene and the runner-up was Brenden Ledwaba. This was the first time in South African Idol history that the top three contestants were all male.

 Season 10

Broadcasting of the tenth season of Idols commenced on M-Net on 13 July 2014 and the finale was broadcast on M-Net and Mzansi Magic. Vincent Bones' inspiring life story of being a street kid at the age of 12 after his mother died touched the hearts of many as he emerged as the tenth South African Idols winner on 23 November 2014. Runner-up was Bongiwe Silinda, the second black woman in South African Idols history to go as far as the finale.

 Season 11

The eleventh season of Idols South Africa began broadcasting on 12 July 2015. Somizi Mhlongo was added to the judging panel, and the duration of each episode was increased to two hours. Karabo Mogane won the season and Mmatema Moremi was the runner-up.

 Season 12

The twelfth season began broadcasting in July 2016 and ended on 27 November 2016. The top two were Noma Khumalo and second-timer Thami Shobede, where Noma won. Unfortunately, Thami passed away three years later.

 Season 13

The thirteenth season began to broadcast on 9 July 2017 and final was on 19 November 2017. The season ended with Paxton Fielies being crowned the winner, while the runner-up was Mthokozisi Ndaba.

 Season 14

The fourteenth season of Idols began to broadcast on 8 July 2018 and finale was held on 18 November 2018, naming the winner 17-year-old Yanga Sobetwa. The runner-up was Thato Makape.

 Season 15

The fifteenth season premiered on 7 July 2019, 17:30 CAT on the Mzansi Magic television network. On 17 November 2019, just before 19:00 CAT, the show's presenter and producer, ProVerb announced that the fifteenth season winner was 24-year-old Luyolo Yiba.

 Season 16

The sixteenth season of Idols started on the 2nd of August 2020 and concluded on the 13th of December 2020. The season's winner was 18-year-old Zama Khumalo, while the runner-up was Mr Music.

 Season 17

The seventeenth season of Idols started on the 11th of July 2021 and concluded on the 21st of November 2021. The winner was 31-year-old singer Berenike "Berry" Trytsman, while the runner-up was Karabo Mathe. It was the first time in South African Idols history that the top three contestants were all female.

Judge Somizi Mhlongo only appeared in the pre-recorded episodes to deal with personal issues. He was replaced by a guest judge for all the live episodes. This was the last season for resident judges Unathi Nkayi and Randall Abrahams.

Season 18

The eighteenth season of Idols premiered on 17 July 2022 and ended on 13 November 2022 on Mzansi Magic. The season was won by Thapelo Molomo, while Nozi Sibiya was the runner-up.

The Top 16 round was replaced with a Top 12 one. It was the first season without Randall Abrahams as a judge since the inception of the Idols South Africa franchise. The seventeenth season was also the last for Unathi Nkayi as judge after it was announced at the end of that season that the two would not be returning. Two new judges replaced them, Thembi Seete and JR.

Season 19

The nineteenth and final season of Idols premiered on 8 July 2023 on Mzansi Magic and Mzansi Wethu.

 Controversy
The show has gone through a lot of controversies since its first broadcast.

In the first season, presenter Matthew Stewardson was replaced halfway through the show by Sami Sabiti. Soon after that, Stewardson checked himself into a drug rehabilitation centre.

The outcome of Idols I was followed by a row of complaints about Heinz Winckler's victory, as many viewers saw the result as injustice and racially biased.

Third season winner Karin Kortje was not so lucky in her personal life as her boyfriend was charged with robbery and murder just months after the show. Unlike other finalists of her season, Kortje was not invited to take part in the final of the following season.

In the final showdown of the fifth season, there were problems with the voteline. This resulted in some of the votes that were sent before the cut-off time not being counted. The investigation hit the front page of The Times on 8 May 2009, and later in the day it was announced on the official Idols website that the recount had showed that Jason Hartman had received 200,000 more votes than Sasha-Lee Davids, who was originally declared as the winner in the grand finale, with 52.77% of the votes. Four days later, Idols'' announced that, after discussions between M-Net and FremantleMedia (the format owners), Hartman and Davids were declared joint winners. They both received identical full prizes. This was the first time a win was shared on an Idols show.

In the fifteenth season, top five contestant, Viggy Qwabe, withdrew from the competition shortly after her identical twin-sister, Virginia, failed to advance to the top five round. The twins' father alleged that the voting process was rigged. Reportedly, police had to be called to the scene backstage to intervene after some of the twins' family and fans threatened violence. The girls also didn't return for the finale as is usually done by the top ten contestants of each season.

The seventeenth season saw judge Somizi Mhlongo being asked to step-aside by the show to deal with domestic abuse allegations against him by his husband Mohale Motaung. As a result, he only appeared in the first few episodes that were pre-recorded by the time the allegations surfaced. There was subsequently a ratings plunge for the show following his departure.

References

External links
 Official website (season 1-4 )
 Official website (Afrikaanse season 1)
 TVSA's Idols Mini-Site

South African music television series
South African reality television series
2002 South African television series debuts
2006 South African television series debuts
2006 South African television series endings
M-Net original programming
KykNET original programming
Television series by Fremantle (company)
2000s South African television series
2010s South African television series
South African television series based on British television series

Idols South Africa


සැපතිල්ලා (මැන්රිලාරා පොප්ටා) යනු දිගු කාලයක් ජීවත් වූ සදාහරිත ශාකයකි. මෙක්සිකෝවේ ඉන්දියාවේ විශාල වශයෙන් වගා කෙරෙන අතර ස්පාඤ්ඤ යටත්විජිත සමයේදී පිලිපීනය වෙත හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදි.

Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) is a long-lived, evergreen tree native to southern Mexico and Central America. It is grown in huge quantities in India, Mexico and was introduced to the Philippines during Spanish colonisation.

විස්තරය(Description)

සැපතිල්ලා 3-4 මීටර් උසයි. සුළඟින් ප්රතිරෝධී වන අතර පොත්තේ සුදු පැහැති, ගම්මිරිස් යන චිකන් ලෙස පොහොසත් වේ. විසිතුරු කොළ මධ්යම හරිත හා ග්ලැසියි. ඔවුන් විකල්ප ආවරණය, ඉලිප්පීම් සඳහා සෙමී 7-15 සෙ.මී. දිග, සම්පූර්ණ ආන්තිකය සමග. සුදු මල් නොකැඩී හා සීනුව වැනි හිසකෙස් හාරන ලද සොරොල්ලක් සමඟ. මෙම පළතුරු විෂ්කම්භය 4-8 සෙ.මී. විශාල, ඉලිප්සායිඩ බෙරී, සුමට මුහුණැති අර්තාපල් හා 2-5 බීජ අඩංගු වේ. ඇතුළත, එහි මස් කහ පාට කහ සිට පෘෂ්ඨීය දුඹුරු වර්ණයෙන් යුක්ත වේ. බීජ අඳුරු වී ඇති අතර, උන්ගේ ගෙලෙහි අල්ලා ගත හැකි එක් කකුලක කොක්කක් සමග බෝංචි වැනි සමාන වේ. රසය ඉතා රසවත් හා රසවත් වන අතර එය රසවත් රසයක් ලෙස විස්තර කළ හැකිය. නොගැඹුරු පළතුරු ස්පන්දනයට දැඩි හා සන්හීනින අධික ප්රමාණයක් අඩංගු වේ. ටැන්ින්ට ආලේපිත ගුණ ඇති අතර මුඛය වියළීම. සැපතිල්ලා ගස් වසරකට දෙවරක් ඵල දරයි. නමුත් මල් හට වසරක් ගත විය හැකිය. පළතුරු උරාබෙන අධික රබර් කිරි අඩංගු වන අතර එය තෝරා නොගත්තද ඉදිමීම සිදු නොවේ. සමහරු වටා ඇති අතර ඇතැම් ඒවා දිදුලන කෙළවරවල් සහිත වේ.

Sapodilla grows to 3-4 m tall. It is wind-resistant and the bark is rich in a white, gummy latex called chicle. The ornamental leaves are medium green and glossy. They are alternate, elliptic to ovate, 7-15 cm long, with an entire margin. The white flowers are inconspicuous and bell-like, with a six-lobed corolla.

The fruit is a large ellipsoid berry, 4-8 cm in diameter, very much resembling a smooth-skinned potato and containing 2-5 seeds. Inside, its flesh ranges from a pale yellow to an earthy brown color with a grainy texture akin to that of a well-ripened pear. The seeds are black and resemble beans, with a hook at one end that can catch in the throat if swallowed.

The flavor is exceptionally sweet and very tasty, with what can be described as a malty flavor. The unripe fruit is hard to the touch and contains high amounts of saponin, which has astringent properties similar to tannin, drying out the mouth.

The sapodilla trees yield fruit twice a year, though flowering may continue year round. The fruit has a high latex content and does not ripen until picked. Some are round and some are oval with pointed ends.

වෙනත් නම්(Other Names)
සැපතිල්ලා, චීනයේ ("චිකිකෝ" හෝ "චිකු", "චිකෝ") සහ ඉන්දියාවේ sapota ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. නැගෙනහිර ඉන්දියාවේ සෝෆෙඩා සහ බංග්ලාදේශය, ඉන්දුනීසියාව, හොන්ග් xiêm ("සිමාසියා පර්සිමොන්") හෝ xa pô chê තායිලන්තය, කාම්බෝජය, වියට්නාම, කම්බෝඩියාව, ග්වාන සපාතිල්ලා, කොලොම්බියාව, නිකරගුවාව, එල් සැල්වඩෝර්, ඩොමිනිකානු ජනරජය සහ වෙනිසියුලාව, කියුබාවේ, පුවර්ටෝ රිකෝ සහ ඩොමිනිකානු ජනරජයේ ඩිලීසියානු ජනරජයේ ඩිලීසෝ බහමාස්, කැරිබියානු සෙසු නසීබෙරි, බ්රසීලයේ sapoti සහ හවායි හි දකුනු කැලිෆෝනියාවේ හා දකුණු ෆ්ලොරිඩා හි චිකෝ සපෝටේය. කෙලන්තානෙස් මැලේහි, පලතුරු "සම්මත සිලෝ නිලෝ" යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. එය සම්මත මැලේ "ciku" වලට වඩා මුල් නාමයට සමීපව පිහිටා තිබේ. චීන භාෂාවෙන්, මෙම නම දළ වශයෙන් "ගින්සෙන් ගෙඩිය" ට පරිවර්තනය කරයි. මෙය අනිත්ය පලතුරක් වන pepino සඳහා භාවිතා කරන නමකි.

Sapodilla is known as chikoo ("चिक्कू" or "chiku," "चीकू,") and sapota in India, sofeda  in eastern India and Bangladesh, sawo in ඉන්දුනීසියාව, hồng xiêm (lit. "Siamese persimmon") or xa pô chê in Vietnam, lamoot (ละมุด) in Thailand and Cambodia, sapodilla in Guyana sapathilla or rata-mi in Sri Lanka, níspero in Colombia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Dominican Republic and Venezuela, nípero in Cuba, Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic, dilly in The Bahamas, naseberry in the rest of the Caribbean, sapoti in Brazil, and chico sapote in Hawaii, southern California and southern Florida. In Kelantanese Malay, the fruit is called "sawo nilo" which is closer to the original name than the standard Malay "ciku". In Chinese, the name translates roughly to "ginseng fruit" (人參果), though this is also the name used for the pepino, an unrelated fruit.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
තෙත් හා මැද රට කලාපයේ වගාකළ හැකි පලතුරකි.

External links

 CRFG Publications: Sapodilla
 Sapodilla

References

පලතුරු
ශාක

සැපදිල්ලා


Kuglački klub "Željezničar" (KK Željezničar; KK Željezničar Belišće; Željezničar; Željezničar Belišće) je muški kuglački klub iz Belišća, Osječko-baranjska županija, Republika Hrvatska.
U sezoni 2019./20. klub se natječe u "2. hrvatskoj kuglačkoj ligi - Istok", ligi trećeg stupnja hrvatske kuglačke lige za muškarce.

O klubu
Kuglački klub "Željezničar" je osnovan 1957. godine, a 1983. godine registriran kao pravna osoba.
Osamostaljenjem Hrvatske, klub je nastupao u ligama hrvatske kuglačke regije "Istok", a u sezoni 2012./13. su bili članovi "1. hrvatske kuglačke lige".
U sezoni 2016./17. "Željezničar" je bio član "1. B hrvatske kuglačke lige - Sjever".
Klub tradicionalno u sklopu proslave za Dan grada Belišća, "Željezničar" igra susret s klubom "Monte-mont" iz Osijeka.

Uspjesi

Ekipno
 2. HKL - Istok
 prvak: 2011./12., 2014./15.
 doprvak: 2013./14.

 3. HKL
 prvak: 2005./06. (Zona Osijek), 2010./11. (Istok), 2022./23. (Istok)

Pojedinačno

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Belišće

Vanjske poveznice
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Željezničar - 810156 (Kuglački savez Osječko baranjske županije)
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Željezničar
 kuglanje.hr, Željezničar
 portal.kuglanje.hr, Željezničar
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, KK Željezničar Belišće
 sportilus.com, KUGLAČKI KLUB ŽELJEZNIČAR BELIŠĆE
 aktivni.net, Kuglački klub Željezničar

Izvori

 sib.net.hr, VIDEO: Belišće dobilo kuglačkog prvoligaša, objavljeno 29. srpnja 2012., pristupljeno 1. svibnja 2020.
 zsugbelisce.hr, Udruge članice, pristupljeno 1. svibnja 2020.
 tzbelisce.net, Sport i rekreacija, pristupljeno 1. svibnja 2020.
 poslovna.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB ŽELJEZNIČAR BELIŠĆE
 fininfo.hr, KK  "ŽELJEZNIČAR" BELIŠĆE
 bisnode.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB "ŽELJEZNIČAR" BELIŠĆE

Željezničar
Belišće

Kuglački klub Željezničar Belišće


Podocarpus macrophyllus er sígrænt tré frá Japan og Kína.

Tilvísanir

Gagnviðarætt

Podocarpus macrophyllus


An Mormodes ocanae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Jules Linden ngan Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Mormodes ocanae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mormodes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Mormodes

Mormodes ocanae


In der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Großharthau sind die Kulturdenkmale der sächsischen Gemeinde Großharthau verzeichnet, die bis August 2017 vom Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen erfasst wurden (ohne archäologische Kulturdenkmale). Die Anmerkungen sind zu beachten.

Diese Liste ist eine Teilliste der Liste der Kulturdenkmale im Landkreis Bautzen.

Großharthau

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Bühlau

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Schmiedefeld

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Seeligstadt

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Streichungen von der Denkmalliste

Streichungen von der Denkmalliste (Großharthau)

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Streichungen von der Denkmalliste (Bühlau)

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Streichungen von der Denkmalliste (Schmiedefeld)

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Streichungen von der Denkmalliste (Seeligstadt)

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Tabellenlegende

Anmerkungen

Ausführliche Denkmaltexte

Quellen
 Denkmalschutzliste des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Sachsen, Stand: 15. April 2014
 Liste der Denkmäler, Bühlau, Stand 2. November 2009
 Liste der Denkmäler, Großharthau, Stand 2. November 2009
 Liste der Denkmäler, Schmiedefeld, Stand 2. November 2009
 Liste der Denkmäler, Seeligstadt, Stand 2. November 2009
 Denkmalkarte Sachsen, abgerufen am 9. August 2017

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Grossharthau
!

Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Großharthau


Karl Hugo Wieslander (d 11 Haziran 1889 - ö. 24 Mayıs 1976), İsveçli atlet.

Wieslander 1911 yılında İsveç'in Göteborg kentinde düzenlenen yarışmada 5516 puanla pentatlonda dünya rekoru kırmıştır. Bir yıl sonra Stokholm'de düzenlenen 1912 Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda yarıştı. Dekatlonda Amerikalı Jim Thorpe'un ardından 688 puanla ikinci oldu. 1913 yılında Thorpe'un profesyonel olarak beyzbol oynadığı ortaya çıkınca, Amerikalı isim diskalifiye edildi. Bunun üzerine Wieslander, 1912 Olimpiyatları'nın altın madalyasının sahibi olarak açıklandı. 1982 yılında ise Jim Thorpe'a altın madalyası iade edildi ve iki atlet altın madalyanın ortak sahibi olarak açıklandı.

1889 doğumlular
1976 yılında ölenler
İsveçli dekatletler
1908 Yaz Olimpiyatları atletleri
1912 Yaz Olimpiyatları atletleri
İsveçli Olimpiyat atletleri
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı İsveçli sporcular

Hugo Wieslander


OZ er et dansk tidsskrift udgivet af Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører (EDR) primært henvendt til danske radioamatører. OZ er blevet udgivet siden april 1929. Navnet OZ kom fra de første to bogstaver i radioamatørkaldesignaler fra Danmark. (Siden 2007 kan danske radioamatørkaldesignaler også starte med OU, OV, 5P og 5Q.)

Historisk har OZ været hurtig med at formidle information om nye landvindingerne relateret til amatørradio - både generelt og om nye produkter - fx: transistorer, dioder (tunneldioder, selenensrettere), elektronrør, radioantenner. Tekniske emner: Superheterodynprincippet, enkeltsidebåndsmodulation, effektforstærker til audio og radiofrekvenser, antennemaster, printplader, lodning, standbølgeforhold, frekvensmodulation, amplitudemodulation, gitterdykmeter, elektroniske oscillatorer, fjernsyn.

Målgruppe:
 Fra 1929 til december 1971 har den primære målgruppe været kortbølge radioamatører:
 Fra april 1933 til 1944: Citat: "Tidsskrift for kortbølge-teknik og amatør-radio".
 Fra 1945 til 1971: Citat: "Tidsskrift for kortbølge-radio".
 Fra 1972 er målgruppen radioamatører der anvender alle radioamatørbånd: Citat: "Tidsskrift for amatør-radio".

OZ har igennem tiderne indeholdt følgende artikelemner eller afsnit:
 Leder
 Konstruktioner - fx radiosendere, radiotransceivere, radiomodtagere og elektroniske måleinstrumenter.
 Anmeldelser - af fx udstyr og bøger relevante for radioamatører.
 "Traffic-department", "Traffic notes" - radioamatør aktiviteter.
 Fra industri og videnskab - nyheder.
 Teknisk brevkasse - spørgsmål fra læserne.
 "Silent key" - dødsfald. "Key" henviser til en morsenøgle.
 DX-jægeren - information der er relevant for DXing.
 Fra afdelingerne - fylder en stor procentdel.
 Nye medlemmer.
 Amatørannoncer - køb og salg.

Se også
Radioamatør tidsskrifter:
 CQ Amateur Radio - USA
 CQ ham radio - japansk
 QST (tidsskrift) - USA
 73 Magazine - USA
 RadCom - britisk

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 edr.dk: OZ  - fri download af ældre OZ blade.

Amatørradio-tidsskrifter
Tidsskrifter fra Danmark

OZ (foreningsblad)


Orientalsk Dans er en dansk kortfilm fra 1911.

Medvirkende

 Ellen Tegner

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Dansefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1911

Orientalsk Dans (film)


John Holbrook Powers (1831–1918), who was known as "Honest John," was a Nebraska pioneer who ran for governor as a populist in 1892.  Mr. Powers was born in Madison County, Illinois, and served in the Union Army in the Civil War before moving to Nebraska.  In 1884, Powers joined the Farmers' Alliance and rose rapidly in the organization.  In 1892, he was nominated as the gubenarorial candidate of the People's Party, the political wing of the Alliance.  Of the three candidates, Powers received the most votes, but after a long and bitter fight, James E. Boyd, the Democrat, was declared elected.  In his History of Nebraska, James Olson described Powers as "a modest man who lived in a sod house on his homestead in Hitchcock County."(Page 222).

Robert B. Crosby, the Republican Governor of Nebraska from 1954 to 1955, was John Powers' great grandson.

Further reading
James C. Olson, History of Nebraska, Second Edition. (Lincoln, NE:  University of Nebraska Press, 1966).

Nebraska Populists
People from Madison County, Illinois
1831 births
1918 deaths
People from Hitchcock County, Nebraska
People of Illinois in the American Civil War

John Holbrook Powers


Identitet (eng. Identity), američki triler iz 2003. godine.

Sažetak radnje
Desetero putnika zatekne oluja u Nevadi. Sklonište su pronašli u napuštenom motelu. Osjećaj radosti uskoro zamijenio je osjećaj tjeskobe i straha kad su zaredale smrti. Pribravši se, shvate da ih je nešto tajno okupilo ondje i da ako riješe tu tajnu jedino tako će preživjeti. Glavni likovi su policajac koji prevozi ubojicu, vozač razmažene glumice i prostitutka koja se želi povući i uzgajati naranče

Izvori

Američki filmovi 2000-ih

Identitet (2003.)


4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.

However, in December 2010, the ITU expanded its definition of 4G to include Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+).

The first-release WiMAX standard was commercially deployed in South Korea in 2006 and has since been deployed in most parts of the world.

The first-release LTE standard was commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world. However, it has been debated whether the first-release versions should be considered 4G. The 4G wireless cellular standard was defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and specifies the key characteristics of the standard, including transmission technology and data speeds.

Each generation of wireless cellular technology has introduced increased bandwidth speeds and network capacity. 4G has speeds of up to 150 Mbit/s download and 50 Mbit/s upload, whereas 3G had a peak speed of 7.2 Mbit/s download and 2 Mbit/s upload.

 4G technology constitutes 58% of the worldwide mobile telecommunication technologies market.

Key Features and Advancements

 Speed: 4G networks offer faster data download and upload speeds compared to 3G. Theoretically, 4G can achieve speeds of up to 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for stationary users.
 Latency: Reduced latency, resulting in more responsive user experiences.
 Capacity: Enhanced network capacity allowing more simultaneous connections.
 Advanced Antenna Techniques: Use of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and beamforming for better signal quality and improved spectral efficiency.

Technical overview
In November 2008, the International Telecommunication Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R) specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s)(=12.5 megabytes per second)   for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).

Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. On December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed".

Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m) and LTE Advanced
(LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two systems, standardized during the spring 2011, and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s. Services were expected in 2013.

As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but instead relies on all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and other frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.

Background
In the field of mobile communications, a "generation" generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/Hertz/site).

New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and a minimum peak bit rate of 200 kbit/s, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.

While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standard bodies such as IEEE, WiMAX Forum, and 3GPP.

In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 2000 kbit/s peak bit rate. In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which has been commercially available since 2009 and offers 21 Mbit/s downstream (11 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e. with only one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers) or
2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream.

Frequencies for 4G LTE networks
See here: LTE frequency bands

IMT-Advanced requirements
This article refers to 4G using IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements:
 Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.
 Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.
 Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.
 Use scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.
 Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15bit/s·Hz in the downlink, and 6.75bit/s·Hz in the up link (meaning that 1Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
 System spectral efficiency is, in indoor cases, 3bit/s·Hz·cell for downlink and 2.25bit/s·Hz·cell for up link.
 Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.

In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:

 LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
 802.16m standardized by the IEEE

Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE were largely considered a stopgap solution that would offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m specification) and LTE Advanced was deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011.

The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008. LTE Advanced was standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification.

Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G, as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100Mbit/s for mobile.

Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly referred to as 3.9G, which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards, but today can be called 4G according to ITU-R. Vodafone Netherlands for example, advertised LTE as 4G, while advertising  LTE Advanced as their '4G+' service. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards.

System standards

IMT-2000 compliant 4G standards
As of October 2010, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced) for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced program (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that will be available several years from now.

LTE Advanced

LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2013. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements. LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology, but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds.

IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced

The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced (WiMAX 2) evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.

Forerunner versions

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G – LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.

The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA).
The first LTE USB dongles do not support any other radio interface.

The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on December 14, 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung. As of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by MetroPCS, Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular, Sprint, and T-Mobile US.

T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on 7 October 2011, and has offered commercial 4G LTE services since 1 January 2012.

In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have enabled access to LTE service since 1 July 2011 for data devices, slated to go nationwide by 2012. KT Telecom closed its 2G service by March 2012 and completed nationwide LTE service in the same frequency around 1.8 GHz by June 2012.

In the United Kingdom, LTE services were launched by EE in October 2012, by O2 and Vodafone in August 2013, and by Three in December 2013.

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels.

In June 2006, the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea.

Sprint has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of 29 September 2008, branding it as a "4G" network even though the current version does not fulfill the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems.

In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access were offered by a Russian company Scartel, and was also branded 4G, Yota.

In the latest version of the standard, WiMax 2.1, the standard has been updated to be not compatible with earlier WiMax standard, and is instead interchangeable with LTE-TDD system, effectively merging WiMax standard with LTE.

TD-LTE for China market

Just as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX are being vigorously promoted in the global telecommunications industry, the former (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile communications leading technology and has quickly occupied the Chinese market. TD-LTE, one of the two variants of the LTE air interface technologies, is not yet mature, but many domestic and international wireless carriers are, one after the other turning to TD-LTE.

IBM's data shows that 67% of the operators are considering LTE because this is the main source of their future market. The above news also confirms IBM's statement that while only 8% of the operators are considering the use of WiMAX, WiMAX can provide the fastest network transmission to its customers on the market and could challenge LTE.

TD-LTE is not the first 4G wireless mobile broadband network data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that was amended and published by China's largest telecom operator – China Mobile. After a series of field trials, is expected to be released into the commercial phase in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president said: "the Chinese Ministry of Industry and China Mobile in the fourth quarter of this year will hold a large-scale field test, by then, Ericsson will help the hand." But viewing from the current development trend, whether this standard advocated by China Mobile will be widely recognized by the international market is still debatable.

Discontinued candidate systems

UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)

UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favoring LTE instead. The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.

Flash-OFDM
At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.

iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems
The iBurst system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an early stage considered to be a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.

Principal technologies in all candidate systems

Key features
The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies:
 Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:
 MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
 Frequency-domain-equalization, for example multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex equalization
 Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or (single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users based on the channel conditions
 Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR at the reception side
 Channel-dependent scheduling: To use the time-varying channel
 Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes
 Mobile IP utilized for mobility
 IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)

As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support circuit switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards lack soft-handover support, also known as cooperative relaying.

Multiplexing and access schemes

Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA, and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic scheduling.

WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the LTE (telecommunication), OFDMA is used for the downlink; by contrast, Single-carrier FDMA is used for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus requires energy-inefficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.

The other important advantage of the above-mentioned access techniques is that they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently require high complexity equalization at the receiver.

In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.

IPv6 support
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes, 4G is based on packet switching only. This requires low-latency data transmission.

As IPv4 addresses are (nearly) exhausted, IPv6 is essential to support the large number of wireless-enabled devices that communicate using IP. By increasing the number of IP addresses available, IPv6 removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, which has a number of problems and limitations. When using IPv6, some kind of NAT is still required for communication with legacy IPv4 devices that are not also IPv6-connected.

, Verizon has posted Specifications   that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6.

Advanced antenna systems

The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.

Open-wireless Architecture and Software-defined radio (SDR)
One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.

History of 4G and pre-4G technologies
The 4G system was originally envisioned by the DARPA, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems. Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony.

 In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT Advanced—was laid out.
 In 2004, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan.
 In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface E-UTRA.
 In November 2005, KT Corporation demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea.
 In April 2006, KT Corporation started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea.
 In mid-2006, Sprint announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years ($ in real terms). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On 7 May 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".
 In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
 In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.
 In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T. Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting LTE.
 In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.
 On 15 February 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.
 In November 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.
 In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
 In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.
 On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G
 On 15 December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage conglomerate in southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country. Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.
 On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states.
 In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).
 On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland. TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer net bit rates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.
 On 4 June 2010, Sprint released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the HTC Evo 4G.
 On November 4, 2010, the Samsung Craft offered by MetroPCS is the first commercially available LTE smartphone
 On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the ITU stated that LTE, WiMAX and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".
 In 2011, Argentina's Claro launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network in the country.
 In 2011, Thailand's Truemove-H launched a pre-4G HSPA+ network with nationwide availability.
 On March 17, 2011, the HTC Thunderbolt offered by Verizon in the U.S. was the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially.
 In February 2012, Ericsson demonstrated mobile-TV over LTE, utilizing the new eMBMS service (enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service).

Since 2009, the LTE-Standard has strongly evolved over the years, resulting in many deployments by various operators across the globe. For an overview of commercial LTE networks and their respective historic development see: List of LTE networks. Among the vast range of deployments, many operators are considering the deployment and operation of LTE networks. A compilation of planned LTE deployments can be found at: List of planned LTE networks.

Disadvantages
4G introduces a potential inconvenience for those who travel internationally or wish to switch carriers.  In order to make and receive 4G voice calls (VoLTE), the subscriber handset must not only have a matching frequency band (and in some cases require unlocking), it must also have the matching enablement settings for the local carrier and/or country.  While a phone purchased from a given carrier can be expected to work with that carrier, making 4G voice calls on another carrier's network (including international roaming) may be impossible without a software update specific to the local carrier and the phone model in question, which may or may not be available (although fallback to 2G/3G for voice calling may still be possible if a 2G/3G network is available with a matching frequency band).

Beyond 4G research

A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, and also by Beam-Division Multiple Access (BDMA).

Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.

Past 4G networks

The future of 4G
As of 2023, many countries and regions have started the transition from 4G to 5G, the next generation of cellular technology. 5G promises even faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect a vast number of devices simultaneously.

4G networks are expected to coexist with 5G networks for several years, providing coverage in areas where 5G is not available.

See also
 4G-LTE filter
 Comparison of mobile phone standards
 Comparison of wireless data standards
 Wireless device radiation and health

Notes

References

External links
 3GPP LTE Encyclopedia
Nomor Research: Progress on "LTE Advanced" - the new 4G standard
  (118kb)
 Information on 4G mobile services in the UK – Ofcom
 The Scope of 4G Technology: A Review - OM Institute of Technology & Management

Audiovisual introductions in 2007
Computer-related introductions in 2007
Telecommunications-related introductions in 2007
Internet of things
Mobile telecommunications
Software-defined radio
Videotelephony
Wireless communication systems

4G


Sorgono (sardinski: Sòrgono) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Nuoru u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 700 metara i ima 1 671 stanovnika. Prostire se na 56,05 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 30 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Atzara, Austis, Belvì, Neoneli, Ortueri, Samugheo, Tiana i Tonara.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Sorgono


Arhitectura 16-bit este o arhitectură de microprocesor sau calculator al cărui cuvânt, adrese de memorie și regiștri interni, au lungimea de 16 biți sau 2 octeți. Procesoarele pe 16 biți utilizează o magistrală de date pe 16 biți și o magistrală de adrese pe 32 biți, care determină limitarea la 64 KB memorie adresabilă (216  sau 65.536 valori unice (numere întregi de la 0 la 65.535 sau de la -32 768 la 32 767).

Primul microprocesor multi-cip de 16 biți a fost National Semiconductor IMP-16, introdus la începutul anului 1973. În același an, National a introdus primul microprocesor cu un singur chip de 16 biți, PACE, care a fost urmată ulterior de o versiune NMOS, INS8900. Primul microprocesor cu un singur chip de 16 biți a fost TMS 9900 TI, introdus în 1976, care era, de asemenea, compatibil cu linia de minicomputere TI-990. Intel a produs primul său procesor de 16 biți, 8086, în 1978.

Cele mai cunoscute procesoare pe 16 biți au fost TI TMS9900, Intel 8086, Intel 80186,  Intel 80286, Motorola 68000, Motorola 68010 și WD W65C816S, produse la sfârșitul anilor '70.

Procesoarele pe 16 biți au fost înlocuite aproape în totalitate în calculatoarele personale cu procesoarele mai puternice de 32 și 64 biți, dar rămân în uz într-o mare varietate de sisteme înglobate, cum ar fi microprocesorul XAP  utilizat în multe ASIC-uri.

Microprocesoare 16-bit

AMD
Am29100
Am286
Intel
8086
8088
80186
80188
80286
Firchild MicroFlame 9440
Ferranti F100-L
HP MC2
National

IMP-16
PACE
INS8900
NEC V50
Texas Instruments
TMS9900
TMS9980
TMS9995
TMS99105
TMS99110
USSR 1801
WDC 65816
Zilog Z8000

Microcontrolere 16-bit

AMD
Am186Ex
Am186Cx
Hitachi H8/500
Intel
MCS-96
80C196
National HPC16164
NEC μPD78K3
TI MSP430

Sisteme 16-bit
PDP-11
Neo Geo
Sega Genesis
Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Atari Lynx
Game Boy

Sisteme de operare pe 16 biți
DOS
GEOS
TomOS
Windows 2.0
Windows 3.0

Vezi și
1-bit
4-bit
8-bit
32-bit
Sistem înglobat

Note

Legături externe
 Stack Computers: Architecture of 16-bit Systems
 Rest-in-peace: The 16-bit processor

Arhitectura calculatoarelor

16-bit


Rogério Augusto de Abreu Amoreira Martins (Pinhal do Norte, Carrazeda de Ansiães, 22 de dezembro de 1920 - Braga,  7 de setembro de 1988), foi um distinto elemento do quadro administrativo do Ministério do Ultramar, atividade que exerceu em Angola no período de 1946 até 1975.

Biografia
Licenciado em 1945 pela Escola Superior Colonial, seguiu para Angola, onde foi colocado na Circunscrição dos Bundas, Moxico, como Chefe de Posto Estagiário, no Lumai, junto ao rio Lungué-Bungo (a 1300 km da capital de Angola), terminando a sua carreira como Inspector Administrativo em Luanda, como Sub-Director Provincial dos Serviços Administrativos, em Maio de 1975.

No Lumai, onde iniciou a sua carreira em 1946, foi acompanhado de sua Mulher, Marcela Eucária Frazão Martins Rosinha, e a primeira casa onde viveram era uma "cubata melhorada", coberta a colmo, com um ligeiro tecto falso de madeira, com o chão em terra compacta, sem instalações sanitárias para além de uma bacia, uma banheira de folha de Flandres e um "trinta-de-alto", um curioso bacio de madeira cujo nome é elucidativo. Sem instalação eléctrica, a iluminação era assegurada por um pequeno candeeiro a óleo. De manhã tinham de aguardar que o cabo de cipaios lhes batesse à porta, sinal de que o caminho estava livre...de leões.

Ao longo do seu trajecto profissional foi colocado sucessivamente em Benguela (secretário), Caála (secretário), Buco-Zau (administrador de 3ª classe), Vila Artur de Paiva (administrador de 2ª classe), Quimbele (administrador de 1ª classe), Carmona (intendente), Sá da Bandeira (intendente), Moçâmedes (governador de distrito) e Luanda (inspector e sub-director dos Serviços Administrativos). Percorreu assim, em 29 anos, todos os postos do Quadro Administrativo.

O Dr. Amoreira Martins, enquanto responsável directo pela administração do território, no Uíge, Huíla, Moçâmedes e Luanda, destacou-se pela forma serena, firme e esclarecida como deu seguimento a diversos projectos de desenvolvimento e mecanismos de acção governativa, mas ainda como implementou e recomendou práticas de governo que permitissem a resolução de problemas concretos das populações, em territórios vastíssimos, com meios de deslocação escassos e um número de quadros técnico sempre muito limitado.

Defesa do Quimbele
Em 1961, na sequência dos graves incidentes no Norte de Angola que deram início à luta armada, o então Administrador Amoreira Martins encontrava-se à frente da Circunscrição do Cuango (área de 6680 km2), com sede na Vila do Quimbele, a escassas dezenas de quilómetros da República do Congo, de onde partiam inúmeras tentativas de desestabilização das populações nativas e iniciativas de ataque às povoações e postos administrativos daquela circunscrição. O Quimbele encontrava-se numa zona bastante isolada, a cerca de 300 quilómetros (por estrada de areia) a nordeste de Carmona, a capital do distrito, e onde, de acordo com o censo de 1960, residiam 135 europeus ou seus descendentes e 33.015 indígenas, distribuídos por mais de 40 aldeias (povos) .

Encontrando-se cercada por elementos hostis desde finais de Abril de 1961, o governador geral por mensagem cifrada, a partir de Luanda, reconheceu ser impossível a defesa do Quimbele por forças militares, sugerindo a evacuação da vila, o que o Adm. Amoreira Martins recusou, sem disso dar conhecimento aos 51 elementos da população (na sua maioria civis) que ali se encontravam na expectativa de rapidamente receberem reforços para salvaguarda dos seus teres e haveres.
Na noite de 24 de Maio de 1961 e até altas horas da madrugada do dia 25, o Quimbele foi atacado, depois de alguns dias de cerco, por um numeroso grupo de assaltantes da UPA estimado em mais de 2500 elementos. Entrincheirados em dois redutos, na residência do administrador e do delegado de saúde, os defensores do Quimbele provocaram 263 mortes ao inimigo, só na povoação, e mais 7 que foram depois encontrados caídos nas redondezas. O número de feridos não foi determinado mas terá atingido números proporcionais (mais de 500, certamente) sendo provável que muitos deles tenham perecido por falta de socorro adequado. Da parte dos defensores verificaram-se alguns ferimentos provocados por balas ou zagalotes.

A defesa, além de ter desmoralizado os atacantes, permitiu ganhar tempo para que em finais de Junho pudesse ser para ali destacado um pequeno contingente militar, terminando desse modo o sobressalto em que a povoação vivia desde Março.

Condecorações e Distinções:

 Medalha de Ouro de Serviços Distintos no Ultramar
 Medalha de Prata de Serviços Distintos no Ultramar
 Medalha de Serviços Distintos no Ultramar
 Prémio Governador-Geral de Angola
 Promoção a Intendente por distinção


Miri, toponim na više lokacija
 Katcha-Kadugli-Miri jezik
 villa rustica na Mirima u Ostrvici

Miri


es un manga creado por Tamami Momose. También cuenta con una adaptación al anime, la cual fue producida por Studio Deen, que fue transmitida por la TBS. Fue transmitida en Japón del 25 de agosto de 1998, hasta el 1 de octubre de ese mismo año.

Momoiro Sisters es un anime dirigido al público adulto joven, debido a su humor verde y sus toques de lesbianismo (Véase cuando Sakura juega con los pechos de Yukari). Trata sobre las aventuras de Momoko, una estudiante de bachillerato y Sakura, una oficinista solterona y que cuya preocupación (aparte de divertirse) es encontrar un novio decente con el cual casarse. En Momoiro Sisters, podemos encontrar aventuras sumamente hilarantes y personajes sumamente extravagantes.

Argumento
Momoko y Sakura son dos hermanas que viven en un apartamento en Tokio. Una es una estudiante de bachillerato y la otra trabaja como oficinista en una gran compañía.

Personajes
Momoko Murakami
La protagoista. Es una adolescente de 17 años (18 al final de la serie) que cursa el bachillerato. Momoko vive aterrorizada por ser una de las pocas chicas de su clase que conserva su virginidad y lo peor es que aún no se ha besado con ningún chico. Tímida y reservada, es prácticamente lo contrario que su hermana mayor. A medida que la serie progresa, Momoko conocerá a Akira, un chico que Momoko conoció por pura casualidad tras que ella pisara accidentalmente sus gafas y las rompiera, haciendo que Akira se enamorara de ella a primera vista. Akira es dos años más joven que ella y que presta cierto interés por Momoko. Momoko terminará siendo la novia de Akira.

Sakura Murakami
La hermana de Momoko. A sus 23 años, podríamos decir que es todo lo contrario que su hermana menor. Es muy extrovertida y un tanto desvergonzada, y se las pasa bebiendo y yendo al karaoke con sus íntimas amigas. Trabaja como oficinista es una gran compañía junto con otros compañeros. A su edad, Sakura está soltera con lo que según ella tendrá que apechugar en encontrar un buen marido ya que está en la edad en la que una mujer japonesa se tiene que espabilar para encontrar marido o si no se le pasará el arroz. Sakura suele juguetear con los grandes pechos de su compañera Yukari Ootani, acosándola inocentemente.

Akira Tobari
Es el novio de Momoko. Conoció a Momoko por casualidad tras que ella accidentalmente pisara y posteriormente rompiera, sus gafas. Desde entonces, Akira se enamoró profundamente de Momoko.

Miki Shimizu
Una de las amigas de Momoko. Es la más experimentada del grupo en cuanto chicos y es una de las muchas de su clase que no es virgen (Y la única en su círculo de amigas). Suele aconsejar a Momoko acerca su trato a Akira, ya que tiene un amplio conocimiento del sexo, aunque siempre lo hace entre bromas y suele ser un tanto malpensada.

Moeko Kaneko
Una amiga de Momoko. La típica amiga friki. Tiene una obsesión por cualquier tipo de novela o manga que cuyo contenido sea Yaoi y también es partidaria del Cosplay. Suele preguntarle a Akira si le gustan los chicos, todo para inventar un nuevo Dōjinshi, cosa que enfurece a Momoko con mucha frecuencia.

Keiko Fukuya
Una chica atractiva de cabello negro y ojos azul verdosos que acude como alumna de intercambio a la escuela de Momoko y que rápidamente se adaptará a su grupo de amigas. Pese a ser una chica atractiva, cuida mucho de las apariencias y tiene un secreto. Keiko sufre constantemente de hemorroides y debido a esto le produce una insana y bizarra obsesión por el ano.

Yukari Ootani
Yukari es una de las amigas y compañeras de trabajo de Sakura. Suele ser un objeto de envidia por parte de sus compañeras de trabajo debido a sus prominentes senos y carisma. Suele ser acosada por Sakura, ya que esta última disfruta jugeteando con los pechos de Yukari. Yukari presenta interés por su compañero de trabajo Keisuke Tsuchikawa, pero este en un principio, le suele ser indiferente debido a su poco trato a las mujeres.

Yuki Kurakata
Una de las mejores amigas y también compañera de trabajo de Sakura, de cabello corto negro azulado y ojos castaños. Se pasa todo el tiempo divirtiéndose y cotilleando con Sakura. Es muy temperamental y es una de las pocas de su trabajo que a lo largo de la serie se casa (Incluso podría llegar a quedarse embarazada).

Keisuke Tsuchikawa
Un compañero de trabajo de Sakura. Su principal obsesión es la comida, y suele untar curry a rebanadas de pan para después comérselas como bocadillo. Es un hombre prácticamente insensible a los sentimientos de las mujeres, sobre todo a los de Yukari.

Episodios

|1	¡Empecemos!
|2	La emocionante dieta de verano
|3	Las nenas hermosas mueren jóvenes
|4	A lo mejor algún día...
|5	Tiempos difíciles para Yukari-chan
|6	La comida es la canción del amor
|7	Feliz San Valentín
|8	En verano, un amor caluroso
|9	¡He conseguido un novio!
|10	¡Aah, el primer beso!
|11	El primer beso
|12	Unión de amor
|13	El súper balneario de los pechos grandes
|17	¡Voy de caza con Rin-chan!
|18	Cuando me giré, estabas a mi lado
|19	Pasados por agua...
|20	La reina de la jungla
|21	Arrecife de coral azul
|22	Es un festival escolar. ¡Todo el mundo a ayudar!
|23	La casa encantada del amor
|24	¡La legendaria ídolo Momoko!

Referencias

Manga de 1995
Anime de 1998
Anime y manga ecchi
Manga publicado en Young Animal

Momoiro Sisters


جسر ريتشموند-سان رافاييل جسر يقع في خليج سان فرانسيسكو بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وهو يصل بين مدينتي ريتشموند وسان رافاييل.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1956 في كاليفورنيا
جسور اكتملت في سنة 1956
جسور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
جسور طرقات في كاليفورنيا
جسور عبور برسوم في كاليفورنيا
جسور في مقاطعة كونترا كوستا (كاليفورنيا)
جسور في مقاطعة مارين (كاليفورنيا)
جسور في منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
جسور مشاة في كاليفورنيا
خليج سان فرانسيسكو
مبان ومنشآت في ريتشموند (كاليفورنيا)
مبان ومنشآت في سان رافاييل (كاليفورنيا)
معالم منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو

جسر ريتشموند-سان رافاييل


243536 Mannheim este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
243536 Mannheim este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Moorook de Erwin Schwab. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,11 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 7,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 243001-244000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2010
Centura de asteroizi

243536 Mannheim


ලංකාව පාලනයකල බටහිර ජාතිකයෝ විසින් තෝරාගත් ස්වදේශිකයනට ලබාදුන් තානාන්තරයකි.

යටත්විජිත ලංකාව

මහමුදලි


Det 11. økumeniske koncil eller Tredje Laterankoncil blev samlet i Lateranpaladset i Rom i marts 1179 (5. til 19. marts - muligvis til 22. marts) som det 11. økumeniske koncil. Pave Alexander og 302 biskopper var til stede.

Ved den enighed, som blev opnået ved freden i Venezia i 1177, blev den bitre konflikt mellem pave Alexander III og kejser Frederik I af Det tysk-romerske rige endelig afsluttet. Da pave Hadrian IV døde i 1159 valgte de delte kardinaler to paver: Rolando af Siena, som tog navnet Alexander III, og Ottaviano di Monticelli af Rom, som tog navnet Viktor IV, som til trods for, at han var blevet nomineret af færre kardinaler, blev støttet af kejser Frederik I. Kejseren, som ønskede at fjerne alt, som stod i vejen for hans autoritet i Italien, erklærede krig mod de italienske stater, og særlig Kirken, som havde stor myndighed og magt. En alvorlig splittelse opstod fra denne konflikt, og efter, at Viktor IV døde i 1164, blev yderligere to modpaver nomineret i opposition til Alexander III: Paschalis III (1164–1168) og Calixtus III (1168–1178). Til sidst, ved freden i Venezia, hvor Alexander sejrede, måtte han love Frederik I, at han ville sammenkalde et økumenisk koncil.

Foruden at fjerne levningerne fra den tidligere splittelse fordømte rådet valdensere og katarer som kætteri og pressede på for at genoprette kirkens disciplin. Det blev også det første kirkeråd, som gav love mod sodomi, det vil her sige homofil praksis. Tre sessioner blev holdt, 5. marts, 14. marts og 19. marts og hvor 27 kanonisk love, som regulerede kirkelig disciplin, blev kundgjorte.

De vigtigste af disse var:
 Kan. 1: For at kunne forhindre muligheden af fremtidige splittelser (skisma), skulle kun kardinaler have retten til at vælge en pave. Desuden blev der stillet krav om 2/3 flertal for, at valget skulle være gyldigt. Hvis en kandidat kom til at erklære sig selv som pave uden, at han havde opnået det nødvendige flertal, skulle han og hans tilhængere blive bandlyste.
 Kan. 2: De ordinationer, som blev udført af modpaverne Viktor IV, Paschalis III, og Calixtus III blev erklærede void ab initio, ugyldige, som om de aldrig havde eksisteret.
 Kan 7: Forbud mod at kræve penge for at udføre begravelser, velsigne et ægteskab eller at udføre en hvilken som helst del af sakramenterne.
 Kan. 11: Forbud for gejstlige mod at have kvinder i sine hus eller at besøge nonneklostre uden en god grund; erklærede at gifte gejstlige skulle miste deres præsteembede; og at præster, som var engageret i sodomi, skulle blive frataget sine embede og påkrævet at gøre bod – mens lægfolk skulle blive bandlyste.
 Kan. 18: Det blev krævet, at hver eneste katedralkirke måtte udpege en mester for at undervise de gejstlige og fattige elever af kirken. Denne beslutning bidrog til at igangsætte katedralskoler, som igen udviklede sig til universiteter.
 Kan. 19: Erklærede bandlysning af de, som forsøgte at beskatte kirkerne og de gejstlige uden tilladelse fra en biskop. Dette blev grundlaget for en strid mellem kirke og stat, som varede middelalderen ud.
 Kan. 25: Bandlysning af de (kristne), som var engagerede i åger. Det var årsagen til, at jøder kunne udlåne penge mod renter, efter som de ikke var kristne.
 Kan. 26: Forbød jøder og muslimer fra at have tjenere, som var kristne, og samtidig blev det slået fast, at vidnesmål fra en kristen altid måtte accepteres mod en jødes vidnesbyrd. I praksis betød det, at hvis der var en retssag mellem en kristen og en jøde, måtte den kristne vinde i alle tilfælde.
 Kan. 27: Understregede pligterne for herskerne om at undertrykke og standse alt kætteri, og fordømte "brabantanere, aragonere, baskere, navarrere og andre, som praktiserede sådanne grusomheder mod kristne, at de respekterede hverken kirker eller klostre, sparede hverken enker eller forældreløse, hverken alder eller køn, men på hedensk vis ødelagde og lagde alt øde." (De Brabantionibus et Aragonensibus, Navariis, Bascolis, Coterellis et Triaverdinis, qui tantam in Christianos immanitatem exercent, ut nec ecclesiis, nec monasteriis deferant, non viduis, et pupillis, non senibus, et pueris, nec cuilibet parcant aetati, aut sexui, sed more paganorum omnia perdant, et vastent).

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Third Lateran Council (1179)
 Third Lateran Council

Økumeniske konciler
1179

11. økumeniske koncil