Grimsby Town Football Club is a professional football club based in Cleethorpes, North East Lincolnshire, England, that competes in , the fourth tier of the English football league system.

Nicknamed "the Mariners", the club was founded as Grimsby Pelham Football Club in 1878, changed its name to Grimsby Town a year later, and moved to its current stadium, Blundell Park, in 1898. Grimsby Town is the most successful team of the three professional clubs in historic Lincolnshire, being the only one to play top-flight English football. It is also the only club of the three to reach an FA Cup semi-final (doing so on two occasions, both times during the 1930s). It has also spent more time in the English game's first and second tiers than any other club from Lincolnshire. Notable former managers include Bill Shankly, who went on to guide Liverpool to three League titles, two FA Cups and a UEFA Cup triumph, and Lawrie McMenemy who, after securing promotion to the then Third Division in 1972, moved to Southampton where he won the FA Cup in 1976. Alan Buckley is the club's most successful manager; he had three spells between 1988 and 2008, guiding the club to three promotions and two appearances at Wembley Stadium during the 1997–98 season, winning both the Football League Trophy and the Football League Second Division play-off Final. In 2008, Buckley took Grimsby to the capital again, but lost out to MK Dons in the final of the Football League Trophy. The Mariners had also reached the Football League Two play-off Final in 2006 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, but lost the match 1–0 to Cheltenham Town, Later trips to Wembley in 2013 and 2016 saw them defeated in the FA Trophy final by Wrexham and FC Halifax Town respectively, having also lost at the venue in the 2015 National League play-off final to Bristol Rovers before finally gaining promotion by winning the 2016 final against Forest Green Rovers. Grimsby were again relegated out of the Football League in 2021, but secured an immediate promotion at the first attempt with victory over Solihull Moors in the 2022 National League play-off final at the London Stadium. In 2022–23, Grimsby Town became the first team in FA Cup history to beat five teams from higher divisions following a 2–1 win at Premier League side Southampton to advance to the quarter-finals, before eventually losing to Brighton & Hove Albion.

Grimsby Town's relegation in 2010 made them the sixth club to compete in all top five divisions of English football (after Wimbledon, Wigan Athletic, Carlisle United, Oxford United and Luton Town, and before Leyton Orient, Notts County and Oldham Athletic). Grimsby's 1939 FA Cup semi-final attendance of 76,962 versus Wolverhampton Wanderers is still a record at Manchester United's Old Trafford stadium. In 1954 they became the first English club to appoint a foreign manager, Hungarian Elemér Berkessy. The club's record appearance holder is John McDermott, who made 754 appearances between 1987 and 2007, while their leading scorer is Pat Glover, with 180 goals (1930–39).

History

Early years (1878–1918)

Grimsby Town was formed in 1878 after a meeting held at the Wellington Arms public house in Freeman Street, Grimsby. Several attendees included members of the local Worsley Cricket Club who wanted to form a football club to occupy the empty winter evenings after the cricket season had finished.

The club was originally called Grimsby Pelham, this being the family name of the Earl of Yarborough, a significant landowner in the area. In 1880 the club purchased land at Clee Park which was to become their ground until 1889 when they relocated to Abbey Park, before moving again in 1899 to their present home, Blundell Park. The original colours were blue and white hoops, which were changed to chocolate brown and blue quartered shirts in 1884.

In 1888 the club first played league football, joining the newly formed 'Combination'. The league soon collapsed and the following year the club applied to join the Football League, an application that was refused. Instead the club joined the Football Alliance. In 1890 the club became a limited company and in 1892 finally entered the Football League, when it was expanded to two divisions. The first game was a 2–1 victory over Northwich Victoria.

The 1901–02 season saw promotion to the First Division, having finished as champions; two seasons later they were relegated and within a decade they would be a non-League side again, failing re-election in 1910 and falling to the Midland League. However, they finished as champions at the first attempt and at the subsequent re-election vote, replaced local rivals Lincoln City in the Football League.

Grimsby Town and Hull City were the only two professional teams which had official permission to play league football on Christmas Day because of the demands of the fish trade, but that tradition has now disappeared following the dramatic reduction of their trawler fleets in recent years.

Inter-War years (1918–1945)
This was the most successful period in the club's history. The first full season after World War I the club were relegated to the new Third Division; in the initial 1920–21 season they played against the former members of the Southern League who had been invited to form the new division, but after a year an equivalent Third Division North was created and Grimsby moved across to that. By 1929 they were back in Division One, where they stayed (with a brief break from 1932 to 1934) until 1939, obtaining their highest-ever league position, 5th in Division One, in the 1934–35 season. In 1925 they adopted the black and white stripes as their colours.

Three Grimsby Town players, forward Jackie Bestall, goalkeeper George Tweedy and defender Harry Betmead each received a solitary England cap during the period 1935–1937. They remain the only players from the club to have received full England honours.

Grimsby reached the semi-final of the FA Cup in 1936, the game was played at Huddersfield Town's Leeds Road, but lost 1–0 to Arsenal, with the goal coming from Cliff Bastin five minutes before half time.

On 20 February 1937, the club's record attendance of 31,651 was recorded when the club met Wolverhampton Wanderers in the FA Cup.

Grimsby also reached the semi-final of the FA Cup on 25 March 1939, Grimsby played Wolverhampton Wanderers, in a FA Cup semi-final at Old Trafford. The attendance of 76,962 remains Old Trafford's largest ever attendance. The Mariners lost the game 5–0 after goalkeeper George Moulson was injured early in the match. With the rules forbidding substitutes for injuries, Grimsby had to play with 10 men and an outfield player in goal.

Post-war decline (1946–1970)

With the resumption of the Football League for the 1946–47 season after World War II the club was relegated at the end of the 1947–48 season and has never returned to the highest level. Much of the 1950s and 1960s were spent alternating between the Second Division and the Third Division North, later the Third Division. From July 1951 to January 1953 they were managed by Bill Shankly. His main problems were that Grimsby had been relegated twice in recent seasons, dropping from the First to the Third Division, and some good players had been transferred before he arrived. Shankly believed he still had good players to work with and was able to buy some additional players on the transfer market for low fees.

Grimsby made a strong challenge for promotion in 1951–52 but finished second, three points behind Lincoln City (only one team was promoted from Division Three North, with one from Division Three South).

Grimsby's aging team made a bright start in 1952–53 with five straight wins but eventually slipped and finished in 5th place. In 1953–54, Shankly became disillusioned when the board could not give him money to buy new players. He was reluctant to promote some promising reserves because of loyalty to the older players (a fault that was to resurface at Liverpool years later) and he finally resigned in January 1954, citing the board's lack of ambition as his main reason. Shankly's record in league football at Grimsby was 62 wins and 35 defeats from 118 matches. Shankly went on to win the Football League, FA Cup and UEFA Cup with Liverpool.

Grimsby became the first English football club to appoint a foreign manager with the appointment of Hungarian Elemér Berkessy in 1954. Shortly afterwards Allenby Chilton became Grimsby's first player-manager, he joined late in the 1954–55 season from Manchester United. However, Chilton was unable to stop Grimsby from being relegated. But the following season, Chilton led Grimsby to the Division Three North title – the only club ever to go from relegation to promotion in one season. Chilton continued as manager at Grimsby Town until April 1959 when he joined Wigan Athletic as manager for one season during 1960–61.

In 1968 Grimsby slipped into the Fourth Division for the first time. The following season the club had to apply for re-election to the league having finished second from bottom. It was in this season that the lowest-ever attendance for a Football League match at Blundell Park was ever recorded; 1,833 saw a 2–0 defeat to Brentford. Arthur Drewry, a local businessman, married the daughter of Grimsby Town's chairman, and subsequently served as a director of the club before his own chairmanship. Drewry became President of the Football League and Chairman of the Football Association after Grimsby, before he was elected as the 5th President of FIFA.

Revival of the 1970s (1970–1980)

Grimsby Town broke their transfer record in 1972 with a fee of £20,000 for the signing of Phil Hubbard. In the same year 22,489 people witnessed a home victory against Exeter City that saw the club promoted as Division Four Champions. This turnaround was credited to the appointment of Lawrie McMenemy as manager.

The club stayed in Division Three until relegation in 1977 but were promoted again in 1979. A year later they finished as Third Division Champions under the stewardship of George Kerr and returned to the second tier of the English game, a level they had not been at for 16 years.

A popular myth has it that in 1976 the local Member of Parliament and then Foreign Secretary Anthony Crosland invited the then United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to watch the Mariners play Gillingham. Despite this being widely reported in the media, with some outlets claiming Kissinger subsequently became a Grimsby fan, in reality Kissinger's Boeing 747 simply stopped off for a two-hour breakfast discussion with Crosland on the issue of Rhodesia at nearby RAF Waddington before flying directly to Nairobi. However, Crosland's decision to force the US foreign policy leader to fly from London to Lincolnshire for their Saturday morning meeting was influenced by his desire to stay in his constituency and watch his local football team.

Return to the Second Division (1980–1987)
The first season back (1980–81) saw the club finish 7th. Work started that year on a new £1 million stand, originally called the Findus Stand (now known as the Young's Stand) after the former Barrett's Stand had been declared unsafe, the stand opened for the first time on 29 August 1982, as the Mariners played hosts to Leeds United. In the 1983–84 season the club finished 5th in the Second Division after spending most of the latter part of the campaign in the top three promotion places. This was their highest league finish since the 1947–48 season. Grimsby Town's stay in the Second Division ended in 1987, having spent much of the 1986–87 season in the top half of the table, but a run of 8 losses and 2 draws in the final 10 games saw them fall from 8th to 21st.

Initial decline and double promotion (1987–1997)
1987–88 saw Grimsby Town suffer a second consecutive relegation, placing them in the Fourth Division. The club's financial situation was also dismal, and as the 1988–89 season began, the task at Grimsby was to avoid relegation to the Football Conference, avoid expulsion from the FA and avoid going out of business completely. This was achieved, finishing 9th. Following the resignation of Dave Booth in 1986 (to pursue outside business interests) the club had two managers in two years (Mick Lyons and Bobby Roberts). Alan Buckley was appointed after the 1988 relegation and by 1991 had led the club to two successive promotions with the chairman at that time being Peter Furneaux. Grimsby were to remain in football's second flight for six years. Buckley's crop of players consisting of some of the most popular and biggest cult heroes in the club's history; players such as Shaun Cunnington, Keith Alexander, Mark Lever, Dave Gilbert, Steve Livingstone, Paul Futcher, Paul Groves and Clive Mendonca made the club a solid second-tier side (the Second Division became Division One in 1992 upon the creation of the Premier League from the old First Division). In 1992–93, Grimsby finished 9th in the new Division One, and until well into April they were in the hunt for a play-off place that would have given them the chance of a third promotion in four years. They dipped to 16th place a year later, though they were never in any real danger of relegation.

The Mariners began to produce homegrown talent from the club's youth academy, including Jack Lester, John Oster, Gary Croft and Peter Handyside. Buckley departed Grimsby in October 1994 to join West Bromwich Albion and he was replaced by defender Brian Laws. Laws steered Grimsby to a 10th-place finish in his first season as manager. During his tenure, Laws became famous for a changing-room altercation after a defeat at Luton with Italian striker Ivano Bonetti, which left the latter with a fractured cheekbone, and caused the popular player to leave the club at the end of the season. Grimsby finished 17th and were in the battle to avoid relegation right up to the penultimate game of the season. In the 1996–97 season the Mariners were relegated from Division One. Despite flowing goals from Clive Mendonca, notably good performances from John Oster and newcomer Kingsley Black, Grimsby failed to save themselves. The club had suffered from the losses of Gary Croft, who made a £1.7 million move to Blackburn Rovers and ever present goalkeeper Paul Crichton.

Double Wembley season (1997–98)

The 1997–98 season saw the return of Alan Buckley as manager, after an unsuccessful period at West Bromwich Albion, for Grimsby Town's most successful post-war season. In the summer of 1997, Buckley succeeded in bringing in players to the club who were to be instrumental in the club's upcoming season; former skipper Paul Groves was re-signed from West Bromwich Albion, and Kevin Donovan and David Smith also joined the club from Albion. The mid-season capture of Huddersfield Town midfielder Wayne Burnett proved to be a great bit of business for Buckley. After a seemingly poor start to the League campaign, performances improved, which propelled the club into a promotion battle with Watford, Bristol City and an expensively assembled Fulham (at the time the only club at this level to have spent seven-figure sums on players), with Grimsby finishing the season in 3rd place.

A good run in the League Cup saw the Mariners knock holders Leicester City and fellow Premier League side Sheffield Wednesday out of the competition before finally losing out to Liverpool. A decent run of form had ignited the careers of such younger players as Daryl Clare, Danny Butterfield and Jack Lester who were becoming an integral part of the Blundell Park set-up. The Mariners went on to dump Burnley out of the Football League Trophy Northern section area final, which would see the club book its first trip to Wembley Stadium. The club were drawn against Southern section champions AFC Bournemouth and in a tight game, an equaliser from substitute Kingsley Black took the game into extra time, and in the 112th minute Grimsby secured the game courtesy of a golden goal from Wayne Burnett. This was the first major trophy awarded to the club following its first appearance at Wembley. It took only four weeks for Grimsby to return to the stadium though, this time to face Northampton Town in the Division Two play-off Final. Town won the game 1–0 thanks to a first half Kevin Donovan goal which gave the club a historic Wembley double and the Mariners promotion back to Division One.

Return to the second tier (1998–2003)
The 1998–99 season saw Grimsby Town finish in 11th place, but the 1999–2000 season saw Grimsby struggle and finish 20th, avoiding relegation at the expense of Buckley's old club Walsall. The 2000–01 season saw a boardroom change with Doug Everitt taking over from Bill Carr. Everitt dismissed manager Alan Buckley just two games into the season, replacing him with Lennie Lawrence, who earlier in his managerial career had guided both Charlton Athletic and Middlesbrough into the top flight. The new manager chopped and changed the playing squad around and brought in some expensive loan signings from abroad such as Zhang Enhua, Menno Willems signing from Vitesse for 160K, David Nielsen and Knut Anders Fostervold. Despite this, the club struggled to avoid relegation, only securing their place in Division One on the last day of the season with a win over promoted Fulham.

The Mariners started the 2001–02 season strongly, topping the league table after five games. The club advanced to the third round of the League Cup where they met holders Liverpool at Anfield. In one of the club most famous victories, Grimsby held the Premier League team to a 0–0 draw after 90 minutes taking the game into extra time. Despite Gary McAllister scoring a penalty following a David Beharall handball to put the Reds 1–0 up, loan signing Marlon Broomes equalised before ex-Everton youth player Phil Jevons hit a 35-yard strike into the top corner of Chris Kirkland's goal to give the club a historic victory. Grimsby's push for promotion faltered and the team's form declined rapidly, with Lawrence being dismissed halfway into the season. Paul Groves, the skipper, was chosen to replace him and he steered them to a 19th in the final table, enough to avoid relegation, but a disappointing end to a season which had begun so promisingly. The season was overshadowed by the collapse of ITV Digital putting enormous strain on finances for the club.

The 2002–03 season would bring relegation with the Mariners finishing bottom of Division One and relegated after five successive seasons at this level. At the time only one of their previous 12 seasons had been spent below the second tier of English football.

Sliding down the divisions (2004–2010)
The sudden collapse of ITV Digital had left the club with debts of over £2 million, £700,000 of which was owed to the Inland Revenue and a further substantial amount to their bankers, Lloyds Bank. The collapse had seen a lot of the smaller clubs playing in the second tier of English football struggle to make ends meet. Coupled with this, it meant first-team players such as Danny Coyne and Georges Santos moved on to other clubs. For the new season, the club also had to supply its own kits following the closure of long serving kit suppliers Avec Sportswear. Grimsby Town played the season using the brand "Grimsby Town Sports".

Groves was dismissed in February 2004 following a poor stretch of games that had seen the club drop down the table, his replacement Nicky Law was sacked himself only a few months later as Grimsby were relegated for a second consecutive season. Russell Slade was appointed as the new manager in May 2004.

In 2005, director John Fenty became the controlling shareholder in the club after a search for outside investors failed, and a sale of shares to the local public was poorly received. He owned a 51% majority stake in the club and had made significant loans to the club to ensure its continued operation. Former Leicester City chairman John Elsom also joined the board of directors along with racehorse stable trainer and owner Michael Chapman in December 2002.

Having guided Grimsby to a mid table finish in his first season, Russell Slade began the 2005–06 season with a good start to the season and much improved results and performances had seen Grimsby Town rise to the top of Football League Two. A good run in the League Cup saw Town beat Derby County away at Pride Park in round one, and defeat Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur at home in the second round, with Jean-Paul Kamudimba Kalala hitting an 87th-minute winner. The Mariners eventually suffered elimination by Newcastle United in the third round, losing 1–0 at home. Grimsby would fall out of the promotion places on the final day of the season and after defeating Lincoln City in the play-off semi-finals they would lose 1–0 to Cheltenham Town in the final at the Millennium Stadium. On 31 May, manager Russell Slade left the club after failing to agree terms on a new contract.

Slade's Assistant Graham Rodger was his replacement but by November he had been dismissed following a poor start to the season, he was replaced by Alan Buckley who arrived back with The Mariners for a third time but could only produce a bottom half finish in League Two. During the 2007–08 season the club enjoyed a good run in the Football League Trophy and on 4 March 2008 Grimsby booked their place at the new Wembley Stadium after beating Morecambe in a two-legged Northern Final. A Paul Bolland goal in the away first leg was enough to see Town through. They went on to play MK Dons in the Final on 30 March, losing 2–0 after Danny Boshell missed an early penalty. The season ended with eight straight defeats. After a 13–game winless streak in the league stretching from 22 March 2008, on 15 September 2008 Alan Buckley was sacked as manager for a second time. The board appointed Mike Newell as manager. The Mariners would finish 22nd in League Two narrowly avoiding relegation on the final day.

Following another slow start to the season, and despite previous backings from the Grimsby Town board, on 18 October 2009 the club's official website declared they had sacked Mike Newell due to "irretrievable breakdown". Neil Woods was controversially made permanent manager on 23 November 2009. The other main candidate for the job was former boss Russell Slade, but the board decided upon Woods ahead of Slade. Almost immediately Woods was dealt a blow when the club decided to do a U-turn and sell captain Ryan Bennett to Peterborough United for £500,000 despite rejecting this offer in the summer and the player only recently signing a new four-year deal. Grimsby under Woods struggled and despite winning four and drawing one of their last six games to give them a chance of league survival going into the last game of the season., they were defeated 3–0 by Burton Albion, and thus were relegated from the Football League for the first time in nearly 100 years.

Non-League (2010–2016)
Neil Woods was relieved of his duties on 24 February 2011 after 15 months in charge, leaving the club in 9th position in the Conference National. On 23 March 2011, former Boston United managerial duo of Rob Scott and Paul Hurst were announced as the new joint managers. They finished the 2010–11 season in 11th on 62 points. On 19 September 2011, John Fenty resigned as chairman of Grimsby Town with immediate effect, a position he had held for 7 years.

Following an 11th place finish in 2012, the Mariners enjoyed a positive cup run in the 2012–13 season FA Trophy and reached the final at Wembley Stadium where they played Wrexham on 24 March 2013. Grimsby went ahead in the second half with 20 minutes left to go, through an Andy Cook strike. However, they conceded a penalty with 9 minutes left and Wrexham equalised. This took the game to extra time, and then penalties, where Grimsby lost the shoot-out 4–1. Grimsby finished the season in good form, with a 9-match unbeaten run, finishing the season with a 3–0 win against Newport County. This led them to finish in 4th place with 83 points. They faced Newport County again straight away in the play-off semi-finals, where they were knocked out by a 1–0 loss in both legs. The managerial duo was broken up on 6 September 2013 due to Rob Scott being suspended and Paul Hurst was placed in sole charge of the team.

Grimsby came third in the Conference Premier 2014–15 season, and secured a play-off spot. Grimsby reached the 2015 Conference Premier play-off final against Bristol Rovers in front of a Conference record 47,029 crowd at Wembley Stadium. The game was forced to penalties where Jon-Paul Pittman missed the penultimate penalty in their 5–3 shootout.

Grimsby would play in the final of the FA Trophy, but lost 1–0 to FC Halifax Town. The week before, Grimsby Town beat Forest Green Rovers 3–1 in the 2016 National League play-off final at Wembley Stadium, seeing Grimsby promoted back to League Two after a six-year absence from the Football League.

Return to the Football League (2016–2021)
After promotion, manager, Paul Hurst, released a number of players, many of whom were pivotal to the previous season's promotion push. On 24 October 2016, Paul Hurst was appointed as Shrewsbury Town manager, Chris Doig also left Grimsby and made Hurst's assistant at Shrewsbury, thus leaving Dave Moore and Stuart Watkiss as caretaker managers. On 7 November 2016, Marcus Bignot, then manager of non-League side, Solihull Moors, was officially announced as the new Grimsby Town manager, along with the appointment of Micky Moore as his assistant. On 10 April 2017, Marcus Bignot was sacked. His replacement was Russell Slade, who joined the club for the second time as manager on 12 April 2017. The Mariners would finish 14th, with a total of 62 points.

Slade was sacked on 11 February 2018 after the team failed to win in 12 league games, with eight losses; he left the team 17th in League Two. Paul Wilkinson took over as caretaker manager following the sacking. Michael Jolley was appointed as the new manager on 2 March 2018 and twice secured Grimsby's Football League status as well as securing cup runs that culminated in an FA Cup tie away at Crystal Palace and a League Cup tie at Chelsea. Jolley left the club by mutual agreement and was replaced on a temporary basis by assistant manager Anthony Limbrick.

On 29 December 2019, Ian Holloway joined Grimsby Town as manager, at the same time becoming a shareholder in the club. On 23 December 2020, just under one year later, Holloway left the club abruptly in controversial circumstances, announcing on Twitter that he was resigning with immediate effect. His decision was down to several boardroom issues, a big loss in form and his unwillingness to work with a consortium looking to buy out John Fenty. Ben Davies was caretaker manager for two games.

On 30 December 2020, Paul Hurst was re-appointed as permanent manager, but could not prevent the club from being relegated back to the National League following a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City, after a five-year stay in the Football League.

New takeover (2021–)

On 5 May 2021, local businessmen Jason Stockwood and Andrew Pettit under their company 1878 Partners completed their takeover of the football club after buying out majority shareholder John Fenty.

In the 2021–22 season, Grimsby finished 6th in the National League. They defeated Notts County in the quarter-final of the play-offs, and Wrexham in the semi-final 5–4. In the 2022 National League play-off final, they defeated Solihull Moors 2–1 after extra time to win promotion back to League Two at the London Stadium.

On 1 March 2023, Grimsby advanced to the quarter-finals of the FA Cup for the first time since 1939 by beating Premier League side Southampton 2–1 away from home, becoming the first club in the competition's history to knock out five teams from a higher division.

Colours and strip

The original 1878 kit of Grimsby Pelham, featured a shirt with narrow horizontal stripes in royal blue and white, with long white shorts and black socks. Between 1884 and 1910, various kit colours were introduced, with the most common colours being variations of pale blue and chocolate brown, worn with white shorts and black socks. Other kits from this period include:

1897–1898 – Plain white shirt, with royal blue shorts and socks
1904–1906 – Pale red shirt, with black shorts and socks
1906–1908 – White shirt with red collar and cuffs, red shorts, black socks with red bands

Black and white vertical stripes were adopted in 1910 and with a few exceptions, they have rarely been missing from the kit design ever since and have become one of the most recognisable features of the club. The 1911 kit included the black and white striped t-shirt, white shorts and black socks.  Exceptions from the traditional bar-stripe kit:

1935–1936 – Plain white shirt featuring the coat of arms of the County Borough of Great Grimsby, black shorts and red socks
1958–1959 – White shirt with black pin stripes, black shorts, red socks
1960–1962 – White shirt with black collar and cuffs, red shorts, red socks
1963–1966 – White shirt with black pin stripes, black shorts with white stripe, white socks with black bands
2006–2007 – Black and white halves, black shorts, black socks

Since the introduction of the black and white bar stripes in 1910, the GTFC kits have featured exclusively red, black and white. The only exceptions to this are the corporate colours used in a sponsor logo and the yellow/gold trim used between 2001 and 2003. The official GTFC club logo first appeared on the club kit in 1974.

Grimsby Town announced for their game on 26 February 2023, that they would wear a special one-off shirt that promotes green energy, with the sponsor being labelled "Europe's Green Town" in nod towards the "Food Town" sponsorship of the 1990's.

Stadium

Grimsby Town play their home games at Blundell Park in Cleethorpes. This is the club's fourth stadium. They originally played at Clee Park until 1879, they then moved to Lovett Street for a single season, before returning to Clee Park for a further nine years. The Mariners then moved to Abbey Park until 1899 before a move to Blundell Park, the club's current stadium.

In 1953 the club introduced its first floodlights to the ground and with that enabling Grimsby Town to play night-time fixtures. Tall floodlights were purchased second hand from Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1958 and installed in 1960 at a cost of £9,000 which was raised by the supporters club, they have illuminated matches ever since when required. However, in 2019, these original lights were replaced with newer, brighter lights. Three of the four original pylons remain.  The stadium has had an all-seated capacity of just under 10,000 in recent years, being in and around 27,000 before the stadium was made all seated in 1995. The club's demise from the second tier of English football, down to the fourth meant the expansion seating was removed. This brought the overall capacity down from around 12,000 to what it is today. Situated inside the Findus Stand at Blundell Park, is "McMenemy's Function Suite", named after former manager Lawrie McMenemy.

Since the late 1990s, there have been plans for a new 20,200-seat stadium at nearby Great Coates – tentatively titled the Conoco Stadium after a naming rights deal with the American energy corporation ConocoPhillips. There have been numerous delays to the development of the new stadium. The plans have been met with resistance from many residents of the local area surrounding the proposed stadium site, but other factors have also slowed progress. One of the most notable difficulties for the club was in demonstrating how it planned to finance the scheme. As a result, they later amended their proposal to include a retail park on the site, which would help to fund the development. This raised other problems, due to a rival proposal by the property developer Henry Boot, who are continuing with plans for their own retail park, which will be in direct competition with the Grimsby Town site and which has also been approved by the local council. Henry Boot attempted to have the football team's development plan stopped, by asking for it to be sent for judicial review by the Government, however their attempt failed. Currently, the Grimsby Town stadium development proposal has satisfied all the conditions that were imposed by planning officials and consent for the project has been granted. Initial estimates had suggested that the club would be able to move to the new stadium for the start of the 2011–12 season. However, as a result of the ongoing global recession, the club has halted all progress on the new development and it is unlikely that any work will begin until an upturn in the economy.

As of the 2012–13 season, the GTFC Supporters Trust known as the 'Mariners Trust' has taken over responsibility for the operation of most of the bars at the stadium, which hopefully will lead to refurbishment, and new ideas from fans as to how the bars operate.

Plans were underway to relocate the club to land at the side of the Peaks Parkway in Grimsby. As of 2020, new plans have been agreed with the council, Grimsby Town FC and The Freemen of Grimsby to build the stadium on recently cleared land off Freeman Street.

Rivalries

Grimsby Town's geographical region pits them against three main professional rivals, two of which like Grimsby are from the former county of Humberside. Hull City, on the north bank of the Humber Estuary have traditionally been viewed as Grimsby's main rival but a contrast in their recent fortunes has meant that the two clubs have not met in the League since 1987, prior to a 2020 EFL Trophy victory for Hull the clubs had last met in 1997 when The Mariners won 1-0 in the same competition. The closest football club to Grimsby are Scunthorpe United, The Iron are mainly regarded as Town's biggest rival although historically Scunthorpe have played most of their football in divisions below The Mariners. In the mid 2000s Grimsby's fall from the second tier to the fourth was followed closely with Scunthorpe earning several promotions, with the 2004–05 season being the only campaign both sides met in the same division before being reunited once more in 2019. Games involving any of the former Humberside clubs are known as the Humber derby.

In more recent times games against Lincoln City (a Lincolnshire derby) has been Grimsby's primary derby game, although historically Lincoln are another local side who have predominantly spent a lot of time in lower divisions to the ones Grimsby have regularly featured in, Town's relegation to League Two in 2004 renewed this rivalry with notable games being the play-off semi-final in 2006 in which Grimsby ran out 3–1 winners on aggregate. In a contrast to Mariners fans regarding Scunthorpe as their main rival, supporters of Lincoln City would regard Grimsby as theirs. A slight rivalry with Sheffield Wednesday intensified between 2000 and 2004, with the two clubs competing with each other in relegation battles over four seasons in both the First and Second Division but the clubs have not met since this period. Barnsley, Doncaster Rovers and Boston United are three other examples of clubs who have shared some kind of rivalry with Grimsby in past seasons, whilst they were in the second and fourth tiers respectively. There are two other clubs within the Borough of Grimsby who are on the football ladder, Grimsby Borough and Cleethorpes Town, coupled with other non-League sides in Lincolnshire such as Gainsborough Trinity, games with these clubs only form pre-season friendlies or fixtures in the Lincolnshire Senior Cup.

Mascot
The Mighty Mariner is Grimsby Town's mascot. He wears the club's home strip and normally parades in front of the Pontoon Stand as well as tormenting the opposition's fans. He also plays football with the mascots and warms up the Grimsby Town fans. Up until 1998, there were two club mascots, Mighty and Mini Mariner, and until then they used to wear yellow fishing rain coats, before Mini was dropped, and Mighty was given the home strip to wear. Formerly, the mascot was a character named "Harry Haddock", so-called after Grimsby's fishing industry, who is actually a rainbow trout.

Supporters
The newly rebranded Mariners Trust has been working with the fans and the club on a number of projects and events with the aim of improving the match day experience for the fans. It has a new Junior Mariners section, works with similar GTFC-friendly organisations like the internet mariners and the PPAG and is run by volunteers of 400+ members and continues to encourage GTFC fans to join and get involved. Since the late 1990s Grimsby Town have had a Scandinavian supporters group based in Norway and Sweden. Mariners fans since 2006 have also had a friendship with the supporters of Belgian club Eendracht Aalst.

Actor and comedian Sacha Baron Cohen who is most widely known for creating and portraying the characters Ali G and Borat was spotted at Grimsby Town's home game against Cambridge United during the 2013–14 season. He watched The Mariners 1–0 defeat before talking to fans in the Blundell Hotel dressed in a Grimsby shirt and hat. Cohen had been in the town to think of ideas for a new film and had also visited the town's fish docks. In December 2013 it was announced that Cohen would be appearing in a new film called Grimsby. Notable Mariners fans include Soccer AM presenter and comedian Lloyd Griffith, American actor and television presenter Adam Richman. Despite not being from Grimsby or England, the Man v. Food presenter said he is a supporter of the club, and was involved in a BBC Radio 5 Live phone-in before the 2013 FA Trophy final between Grimsby and Wrexham. In 2015 Richman contributed to a fan fundraiser "Operation Promotion" and in June 2020 became a club shareholder.

Grimsby-born actor Thomas Turgoose, who starred as the lead role character Shaun Fields in the drama film This Is England and the TV follow-up's This Is England '86, This Is England '88 and This Is England '90, is a season ticket holder. He appeared as a guest on Sky show Soccer AM in 2007 sporting a Grimsby Town shirt.

Other famous fans include politician Norman Lamont, former professional snooker players Mike Hallett and Dean Reynolds, singer and songwriter Ella Henderson and BBC weather presenter Keeley Donovan.

Grimsby Town Women
In 2019, it was announced that Grimsby Town would enter the world of female football with the launch of its first ever affiliated women's team. The 2019/20 season saw the team venture into the Lincolnshire Women's League for the very first time led by newly appointed manager Dale Houlston. This was the 7th tier of the women's football pyramid.

In a season that was cut short in March 2020 because of the Covid-19 pandemic, Grimsby Town Women remained undefeated. They also reached the League Cup final and the Lincolnshire Women's County Cup final. None of those cup finals took place because of the Covid-19 pandemic.

During the summer of 2020, the FA announced that following a restructure to the leagues, Grimsby Town Women would be promoted to the 6th tier of the women's football pyramid, meaning that the team commenced the 2020–21 season in the East Midlands Women's Regional Football League, Division 1 North. The 2020–21 season also saw Grimsby Town Women enter The FA Women's Cup for the very first time.

Grimsby Town Women commenced the 2021–22 season well and led the league. In November of this season, manager Dale Houlston resigned his position, having played 7 games, winning 6 and drawing just 1.

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Academy squad

Women's team

Player of the Year

Club officials

Board and management officials

Coaching staff and support staff

Managerial history

Managers

Assistant managers

Chairman

Notable former players and managers

Honours and achievements

League
 Second Division / First Division / Championship  (level 2)
Champions: 1898–99, 1933–34
Runners-up: 1928–29
Third place: 1895–96, 1896–97

 Third Division / Third Division North / Second Division / League One (level 3)
Champions: 1925–26, 1955–56, 1979–80
Runners-up: 1951–52, 1961–62
Third place: 1921–22, 1990–91
Play-off winners: 1998

 Fourth Division / Third Division / League Two (level 4)
Champions: 1971–72
Runners-up: 1978–79, 1989–90

 National League (level 5)
Play-off winners: 2016, 2022

Midland League
Champions: 1910–11, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1933–34, 1946–47

Cup
 Football League Group Cup / Football League Trophy
Winners: 1981–82, 1997–98
Runners-up: 2007–08

 FA Trophy
Runners-up: 2012–13, 2015–16

Minor
 Lincolnshire Senior Cup
Winners (39): 1885–86, 1888–89, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1900–01, 1901–02, 1902–03, 1905–06, 1908–09, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1922–23, 1924–25, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1946–47, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1967–68, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1979–80, 1983–84, 1986–87, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15

Midland Youth Cup
Winners: 2005–06, 2009–10

 Puma Youth Alliance League Cup
Winners: 2008–09

Seasons

Club records

More clubs have lost their managers after meeting Grimsby Town than after playing any other club.

Games
Biggest League attendance: 26,605 vs. Stockport County on 11 April 1952
Biggest FA Cup attendance: 31,651 vs. Wolverhampton Wanderers on 20 February 1937
Biggest League Cup attendance: 23,115 vs. Wolverhampton Wanderers on 4 December 1979
Biggest neutral venue attendance: 76,972 vs. Wolverhampton Wanderers on 25 March 1939 in the FA Cup semi-final at Old Trafford, Manchester
Smallest League attendance: 1,833 vs. Brentford on 3 May 1969
Smallest cup attendance: 248 vs. Sunderland U23's in the EFL Trophy on 8 November 2017
Biggest League home win: 8–0 vs. Tranmere Rovers on 4 September 1925
Biggest cup defeat: 1–8 vs. Phoenix Bessemer on 25 November 1882
Biggest League defeat: 1–9 vs. Arsenal on 28 January 1931
Seasons spent at Level 1 of the football league system: 12
Seasons spent at Level 2 of the football league system: 55
Seasons spent at Level 3 of the football league system: 28
Seasons spent at Level 4 of the football league system: 19
Seasons spent at Level 5 of the football league system:  7

Player records
Most League goals in a season: 42, Pat Glover (1933–34)
Most League goals in total: 180, Pat Glover (1930–39)
Most League appearances: 647, John McDermott (1987–2007)
Most appearances (all competitions): 754, John McDermott (1987–2007)
Most capped player while at club: 7 caps, Pat Glover for Wales
Most capped player: 68 caps, Zhang Enhua for China
Highest transfer fee paid: £550,000 to Preston North End for Lee Ashcroft, 11 August 1998
Highest transfer fee received: £1.5 million rising to £2 million from Everton for John Oster, 1 August 1997
Longest serving current player: Harry Clifton since August 2015.
Youngest player: Louis Boyd, 15 years and 324 days, vs. Harrogate Town on 8 September 2020.
Oldest player: Peter Beagrie, 40 years and 322 days, vs. Hartlepool United on 26 September 2006.

In popular culture
 In April 2007, it was announced that Grimsby Town had struck a deal with Sky channel Propeller TV to show four 30-minute shows named GTTV. The show mainly focused on player and staff interviews and, match reviews. After the first four shows had aired, the project was eventually scrapped.

 In the 2001 film Mike Bassett: England Manager, Grimsby Town are mentioned as one of the teams Mike Bassett played for during his playing career.

 In the 1995 football hooligan film ID, Grimsby are mentioned as one of the opponents of the fictional Shadwell Town.

 Grimsby Town is the football club that Sacha Baron Cohen's character Nobby supports in the 2016 action comedy film Grimsby.

 The clubs 4-5 victory away at Wrexham in the National League play-off semi-final is the main feature of Season 1, Episode 18 of the documentary Welcome to Wrexham which follows the purchase of Wrexham by Hollywood actors Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney. The episode features a segment about the club and an interview with Grimsby chairman Jason Stockwood.

References

Further reading

External links

Official websites
Grimsby Town Football Club website
Official website for McMenemys Function Suite
News sites
Grimsby Telegraph

Grimsby Town news from Sky Sports
Cod Almighty
The Fishy

Supporters' trust
The Mariners Trust; Grimsby Town FC supporters organisation

Sport in Grimsby
Borough of North East Lincolnshire
Football clubs in Lincolnshire
1878 establishments in England
Football clubs in England
National League (English football) clubs
English Football League clubs
EFL Trophy winners
Association football clubs established in 1878

Grimsby Town F.C.


أبسر أبو علي هي إحدى قرى لواء الطيبة التابعة لمحافظة اربد بالأردن . تقع في الشمال من بلدة الطيبة وتفصل لواء الطيبة عن لواء الوسطيه. بلغ عدد سكانها 817 نسمة وذلك وفقا لإحصاء عام 2015.

التسمية
ورد في الجزء الأول من (موسوعة الديار الأردنية) لمؤلفه محمد حتاملة إن إبسر أبو علي «كان اسمها (بسر)، بضم الباء ، وقد وردت بهذا الاسم في دفاتر الطابو العثمانية. والبُسر: البعض من كل شيء، والبَسر (بفتحها): الماء الطري الحديث العهد بالمطر ساعة ينزل المزن. والبسر: حفر الأنهار إذا عرا الماء أوطانه، وبسر النهر إذا حفر فيه بئرا وهو جاف. ويوجد في لواء الطيبة، حيث تقع قرية ابسر أبو علي، واديان هما: وادي دان ووادي البسور، وبسر مفرد بسور، وربما أخذت اسمها من الوادي، ثم طرأ على الاسم تحريف عبر الزمن فأضيفت الهمزة إلى أوله.

مراجع

قرى الأردن
قرى محافظة إربد
أماكن مأهولة في لواء الطبية

أبسر أبو علي (إربد)


Najib Ammari ()

Note

Nașteri în 1992
Fotbaliști algerieni
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai CFR Cluj
Algerieni în viață
Fotbaliști ai Levski Sofia
Nașteri pe 10 aprilie

Najib Ammari


Chonburi is the capital of Chonburi Province, Thailand.

Chonburi may also refer to:
Chonburi province, a province of Thailand
Mueang Chonburi district, the capital district of the province
Chonburi F.C., a Thai professional football club based in the city of Chonburi
Chonburi Stadium, a multi-use stadium in Chonburi Province, Thailand

See also
CentralPlaza Chonburi, a shopping and entertainment complex

Chonburi (disambiguation)


Seymour Solomon Kety (* 25. August 1915 in Philadelphia; † 25. Mai 2000 in Westwood bei Boston) war ein US-amerikanischer Psychiater und Neurowissenschaftler.

Leben und Wirken
Kety wuchs in einer Familie der Nachkommen russisch-jüdischer Einwanderer in Philadelphia auf. Er erlitt als Siebenjähriger bei einem Verkehrsunfall eine Fußverletzung, die ihn von vielen Sportspielen ausschloss. Stattdessen interessierte er sich schon jung für Naturwissenschaften, insbesondere für Chemie.

Kety erwarb 1936 einen Bachelor an der University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. 1940 schloss er sein Medizinstudium dort mit dem M.D. ab. Als Assistenzarzt arbeitete er zunächst im Philadelphia General Hospital. Kety führte bereits als junger Assistenzarzt die Chelat-Therapie bei Bleivergiftung ein – zunächst mit Citrat. In der Folge erhielt Kety ab 1942 ein Stipendium des National Research Council für seine Arbeit als Postdoktorand bei Joseph Aub am Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Aub hatte sich allerdings kriegsbedingt von den Schwermetallvergiftungen ab- und der Erforschung des traumatischen und hämorrhagischen Schocks zugewendet. Kety beschäftigte sich dort mit der Frage, wie im Schock die Durchblutung des Gehirns auf Kosten der Peripherie des Körpers aufrechterhalten wird. 1943 ging Kety zu Carl Frederic Schmidt, einem damals führenden Forscher auf dem Gebiet der Hirndurchblutung, zurück an die University of Pennsylvania. Schmidt hatte gerade eine Arbeit zur Messung des zerebralen Blutflusses (engl. cerebral blood flow, CBF) im Tierversuch (narkotisierte Affen) veröffentlicht. Kety begann als Mitarbeiter Schmidts auch erste Vorlesungen in Pharmakologie zu halten.

In Anwendung des Fickschen Prinzips gelang es Kety schließlich, durch Messung der arterio-venösen Konzentrationsdifferenz von Distickstoffmonoxid (N2O, später 79Krypton und 133Xenon) den zerebralen Blutfluss (CBF) beim wachen Menschen zu quantifizieren. Durch einfache Multiplikation des CBF mit der jeweiligen arterio-venösen Konzentrationsdifferenz ließen sich jetzt auch die Stoffwechselraten des Gehirns zum Beispiel für Sauerstoff, Kohlendioxid, Glucose oder Laktat bestimmen. Die 1948 im Journal of Clinical Investigation veröffentlichte Methode fand zahlreiche Anwendungen in der medizinischen Forschung, insbesondere Neurologie, Psychiatrie und Physiologie. Für diese Arbeiten wurde Kety 1988 mit dem ersten NAS Award in the Neurosciences ausgezeichnet.

1949 erhielt Kety eine Professur in der Abteilung für Physiologie und Pharmakologie an der University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. 1951 wechselte er als wissenschaftlicher Leiter des in Gründung befindlichen gemeinsamen Forschungsprogramms des National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) und des National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (NINDB, heute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) an die National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland. Kety holte renommierte Forscher wie Wade Marshall, William Windle, Giulio Cantoni, Kenneth Cole, David Shakow und John Clausen als Arbeitsgruppenleiter an das Forschungsprogramm von NIMH und NINDB. In seiner eigenen Arbeitsgruppe entwickelte Kety Methoden zur Bestimmung regionaler Hirndurchblutung und zur funktionellen Bildgebung des Hirns, die Grundlage heutiger Methoden der funktionellen Hirndarstellung mit 15O-markiertem Wasser in der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie sind.

1956 trat Kety von der Funktion des Leiters des wissenschaftlichen Programms von NIMH und NINDB zurück und konzentrierte sich mit seiner Arbeitsgruppe auf die Neurobiologie der Schizophrenie. Hierbei nutzte er unter anderem radioaktiv markiertes Adrenalin und Noradrenalin. In einiger Serie wichtiger Arbeiten in Science forderte er die Intensivierung der Grundlagenforschung auf dem Gebiet von Hirnfunktion und Verhalten, womit er als einer der Gründer einer modernen biologischen Psychiatrie gelten kann.

1961 wurde Kety Ordinarius für Psychiatrie an der Johns Hopkins University, kehrte aber bereits nach einem Jahr an das NIMH zurück, wo er sich auf die Erforschung der genetischen Grundlagen der Schizophrenie konzentrierte. Hierbei konnte er – zunächst gestützt auf die Daten einer dänischen Adoptions-Studie, später mit eigenen Daten – zeigen, dass Schizophrenie zwar keine Erbkrankheit ist, aber zumindest familiär gehäuft ist. Sie hängt von weiteren Faktoren ab, aber nicht ausschließlich vom Erziehungsstil der Ursprungs- oder Adoptivfamilie.

1967 wechselte Kety an die Harvard University, als das NIMH umorganisiert wurde und die Grundlagenforschung des Gehirns zugunsten der Erforschung gesellschaftlicher Ursachen von Geisteskrankheiten zurückgestellt wurde. In Harvard hatte Kety verschiedene akademische Positionen inne, zuletzt als Professor für Neurowissenschaften in der Abteilung für Psychiatrie. 1983 ging er – nach seiner Emeritierung in Harvard – zurück an das NIMH, dessen wissenschaftliche Ausrichtung sich wieder mehr der Grundlagenforschung zugewandt hatte. Seine Adoptionsstudien führte Kety insgesamt über mehr als 25 Jahre fort; sie erbrachten wichtige Erkenntnisse über das Wesen der Schizophrenie und dienten gleichzeitig als Forschungsmodell zur Untersuchung weiterer psychischer Erkrankungen. 1996 ging Kety endgültig in den Ruhestand.

Ketys Frau, Josephine Gross, arbeitete ebenfalls als Ärztin. Das Paar hatte eine Tochter und einen Sohn.

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 1960 Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 1962 Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences
 1973 Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal
 1975 Mitglied der American Philosophical Society
 1980 Passano Award
 1984 Goldene Kraepelin-Medaille
 1986 Ralph-W.-Gerard-Preis
 1988 Erster NAS Award in the Neurosciences (gemeinsam mit Louis Sokoloff)
 1999 Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award

Schriften (Auswahl)

Literatur
 Philip S. Holzman: Seymour S. Kety, M.D., 1915–2000. In: The American journal of psychiatry. Band 157, Nr. 7, Juli 2000, S. 1057, . PMID 10873910.
 Louis Sokoloff: Seymour S. Kety 1915–2000. In: Biographical Memoirs. Band 83, The National Academies Press 2003 (PDF, 1,4 MB, bei nasonline.org)
 Seymour S. Kety. In: Larry R. Squire (Hrsg.): The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography. Society for Neuroscience 1996, ISBN 0-916110-51-6, S. 382–413 (PDF, 2,5 MB bei der Society for Neuroscience, sfn.org)

Einzelnachweise

Psychiater
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (University of Pennsylvania)
Hochschullehrer (Johns Hopkins University)
Hochschullehrer (Harvard University)
Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der American Philosophical Society
Geboren 1915
Gestorben 2000
US-Amerikaner
Mann

Seymour S. Kety


التولوين مادة عضوية مذيبة عديمة اللون وذات رائحة خاصة، وهو من الهيدروكربونات العطرية صيغته C6H5-CH3.

تستخدم كيميائيا كبديل عن البنزين السام.
تضاف إلى الوقود. وتستعمل كوسيطة لعدد كبير من المركبات بما فيها العقاقير والصبغات والمنظفات والعطور والمتفجرات والراتنجات المخلقة.

الاسم العلمي حسب منظمة IUPAC هو ميثيل البنزين (Methylbenzen)
التولوين هو سائل عديم اللون ينتمي إلى البنزين. ويسمى أيضا البنزين المثيلي
. ينتمي التولوين إلى مجموعة من المركبات تسمى الهيدروكربونات العطرية (أو الأروماتية) وصيغته الكيميائية C6H5CH3. يحتوي جزيء التولوين على ست ذرات كربون مرتبة على شكل حلقة مع خمس ذرات هيدروجين ومجموعة ميثيل
(CH3). ويصنع التولوين بمعالجة النفط أو تقطير قطران الفحم الحجري. ويستخدم الكيميائيون التولوين كمادة خام لإنتاج مواد كيميائية أخرى. فهم على سبيل المثال، يصنعون حمض البنزويك
منه أحياناً. ويُستخدم حمض البنزويك مادة حافظة في المواد الغذائية والمشروبات ومستحضرات التجميل. كما أن المطهر المعروف بكلورامين T مصنوع أيضا من التولوين. أما صُنَّاع المتفجرات فإنهم يستخدمون التولوين لصناعة ثالث نتريت التولوين، والمعروف باسم تي. إن. تي. (TNT). ويستخدم صُنَّاع الدهانات التولوين مذيبًا للك (الورنيش). ويدخل التولوين كذلك في صناعة الكثير من الصبغات والعطور. وتشترط الأنظمة الصحية في بعض الدول أن يقلل الصناع من كمية التولوين في الهواء الذي يتنفسه العمال. وتؤدي زيادة التعرض للتولوين إلى تلف جلد البشرة والعيون والجهاز العصبي المركزي.
 تحدث حالات وفاة كل سنة لأشخاص اشتنشقوا بإرادتهم التولوين من اجل الشعور بالسكر لأنه يؤدي لأذى شديد في الخلايا الدماغية.

مراجع

ألكيلات البنزين
الصحة والسلامة المهنية
بتروكيمياويات
فينيلات
مذيبات هيدروكربونية
مسببات الابتهاج
معدلات تفارغية موجبة لمستقبل غابا أ
ملوثات هواء خطرة
مناهضات مستقبل ن-مثيل-د-أسبارتات
مواد كيميائية أولية
موانع خبط المحرك
ناهضات مستقبل الغلايسين

تولوين


Eurypylos () ist in der Griechischen Mythologie ein Heros von Patrai.

Der griechische Schriftsteller Pausanias, der als einzige erhaltene Quelle über Eurypylos berichtet, identifiziert diesen mit dem gleichnamigen Thessaler, Sohn des Euaimon, und verwirft eine von manchen Autoren vorgenommene Gleichsetzung mit einem anderen Eurypylos, Sohn des Dexamenos.

Laut der Darstellung des Pausanias bekam Eurypylos nach der Eroberung Trojas, als die Griechen die Beutestücke verteilten, eine heilige Lade, die das von Hephaistos gefertigte Bildnis des Dionysos Aisymnetes enthielt. Diese Lade war entweder von Aineas bei seiner Flucht zurückgelassen oder nach einer anderen Version von Kassandra absichtlich weggeworfen worden, da sie jeden Griechen, der sie fand, ins Verderben stürzte. Tatsächlich wurde Eurypylos wahnsinnig, nachdem er den Deckel geöffnet und das darin aufbewahrte Bild des Gottes gesehen hatte. Er befragte das Orakel von Delphi und erhielt von der Pythia die Antwort, er finde dann Heilung, wenn er sich dort ansiedele, wo er Leute bei der Vollziehung eines seltsamen Opferrituals antreffe.

Auf dem Schiffsweg gelangte er nach Aroë, einem Urort von Patrai, und sah, dass gerade ein Bursche und ein Mädchen der Artemis Triklaria geopfert werden sollten. Um den Zorn dieser Göttin über einen in ihrem Tempel von der Priesterin Komaitho mit Melanippos begangenen Frevel zu besänftigen, mussten der Artemis Triklaria nämlich alljährlich der schönste Knabe und das schönste Mädchen als Opfer dargebracht werden. Diese alte Verpflichtung werde aber laut einem Spruch des delphischen Orakels dann aufhören, wenn ein fremder König mit einem fremden Gott komme.

Als Eurypylos nun in Aroë eingetroffen war, erkannte er, dass er hier das von der Pythia gemeinte Opferritual beobachtete, und die Bewohner Aroës wiederum erkannten, dass Eurypylos in seiner Lade einen fremden Gott mitgebracht hatte. So erfüllten sich zwei Orakel: Eurypylos war von seinem Wahnsinn geheilt und der blutige Menschenopferkult für Artemis Triklaria hatte ein Ende gefunden und wurde durch die Verehrung des Dionysos ersetzt.

Unterhalb des an der Straße vom Markt zum Hafen gelegenen Heiligtums des Dionysos Aisymnetes stiftete Eurypylos nach der Genesung von seinem Wahnsinn einen Tempel der Artemis Soteria. Sein Grabmal wurde auf der Akropolis von Patrai zwischen dem Altar und dem Tempel der Artemis Laphria gezeigt. Als Heros verehrt erhielt er alljährlich während des Dionysos-Festes seine eigenen Opfer.

Literatur

Anmerkungen

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Eurypylos (Heros von Patrai)


Diana Scarwid (født 27. august 1955) er en amerikansk teater-, tv- og filmskuespiller.

Scarwid har en grad fra både Pace University og American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Hun filmdebuterede i Pretty Baby (1978) og modtog en nominering for en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle for Ta' det med et smil i 1981(1980). Derefter skildrede hun Joan Crawfords adoptivdatter Christina Crawford i filmatiseringen af hendes biografi Mor er den værste i verden (1981). Filmen modtog ikke den forventede modtagelse; Scarwid blev tildelt en af de fem Razzie Awards som filmen modtog, for værste kvindelige birolle. Hun medvirkede i en anden biografisk film Silkwood (1983), men ellers optrådte hun for det meste i B-film som Psycho III (1986).

I løbet af 2000'erne er hun blevet screenet i Bag facaden (2000), A Guy Thing, Party Monster (begge 2003), tv-serien Wonderfalls og en gæsterolle i Prison Break.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Savannah
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet

Diana Scarwid


Google jam board ,google ආයතනයේ නිපැයුමකි. මෙය අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරී සුදු පුවරුවකි.

Google jam board


Svemoguća Kim (eng. Kim Possible) je američka animirana serija, dijelomićno nadahnuta znanstvenom fantastikom. Kreatori su Bob Schooley i Mark McCorkle. Serija ima 4 sezone i sve skupa 87 epizoda od po 25 minuta. Neke su podijeljene na dva dijela, no višak su samostalne.

U Hrvatskoj su do sada prikazane samo prve dvije sezone.

Radnja

Kim Svemoćna je srednjoškolka koja živi s obitelji u gradiću Middletonu. Njezin je otac James znanstvenik, tj. raketni inženjer, a majka joj je liječnica. Odlazi u školu i najbolji prijatelj joj je Ron Nemoćni i oni se zajedno bore protiv zločinaca. Njihov je najveći neprijatelj doktor Drakken i njegovi sluge. Drakken želi osvojiti svijet.

Likovi

Junaci

Kim Svemoćna: Crvenokosa, atletski građena srednjoškolka, brza, vješta i sarkastična. Pametna je i dobra u školi. Najbolji prijatelj joj je Ron. Bori se protiv zlikovaca i obično u tome uspijeva.

Ron Nemoćni: Kimin najbolji prijatelj, plavokosi nespretnjaković koji je nepopularan u školi. Loš je u učenju, ali je dobar kao Kimin pomoćnik. Ponekad i sam rješava slučajeve. Ima golu krticu za ljubimca.

Rufus: Ronov ljubimac, ružičasta gola krtica. Malen je i pomaže gospodaru u raznim prilikama.

Wade: Kimin prijatelj s kojim komunicira preko svog uređaja. Ima crnu kosu i iznimno je vješt u informatici, a IQ mu je preko 140. Pomaže Kim tako što iskopava podatke i analizira razne stvari.

Negativci

Dr. Drakken: Ludi znanstvenik, koristi nadimak. Ima crnu kosu i plavu kožu. Cilj mu je pokoriti svijet, glavna pomoćnica mu je Shego i nekoliko robota. Mrzi Kim Svemoćnu i uvijek je pokušava ubiti, no planovi mu neslavno propadnu. Ipak, vrlo je pametan, može stvarati robote, osmišljati dobre planove i graditi oružja.

Shego: Drakkenova mlada i lijepa pomoćnica. Crnokosa je i zelenooka, a ima i odjeću u te dvije boje. Ruke joj mogu gorjeti i izazvati eksploziju. Obično se bori s Kim, sarkastična je i podbada Drakkena. Inače je vrlo vješta i atletski građena kao Kim.

Lord Majmunoliki: Mutant s majmunskim rukama i nogama. Prije je bio plemić i arheolog. Ima svoje majmune kao sluge, i ne voli Kim. Cilj mu je postati vladar majmuna.

Obitelj Senior: Otac i sin, obojica milijunaši, zbog dosade čine zlo. Senior stariji je ipak vođa, star je i mudar, a sin je crnokos i želi biti pjevač. Ne voli Kim, iako je često poštedi jer mu je dala ideju čime bi se bavio. Pokušava sina poučiti zlikovstvu.

Ima još mnogo negativaca: Drakkenovi roboti, znanstvenica Amy Hall, golfer Killigan, Adrena Lynn i ostali...

Drugi

Ostali likovi su Kimina obitelj i prijatelji iz škole.

Glasovi
Kim Svemoćna (Kim Possible) - Mia Krajcar
Ron Nemoćni (Ron Stoppable) - Darije Somi
Rufus - Goran Vrbanić
Wade - Zoran Pribičević
Mama Svemoćna (Mom Possible) - Ivana Bakarić
Tata Svemoćni (Dad Possible) - Vinko Štefanac
Jim i Tim (Jim & Tim) - Sandra Hrenar
Bonnie Rockwaller - Anja Nigović
Doktor Drakken (Doctor Drakken) - Daniel Dizdar
Shego - Zrinka Antičević
Duff Killigan - Siniša Ružić
Señor Senior Sr. - Branko Smiljanić
Dr. Betty direktorica - Mirta Zečević
Adrena Lin - Monika Mihajlović

Izvori

Animirane televizijske serije
Američke serije
Znanstvena fantastika

Svemoguća Kim


Telesto may refer to:
 Telesto (mythology), a figure in Greek mythology
 Telesto (moon), moon of Saturn
 Telesto (coral), genus of Octocorallia

Telesto


Ceres, Roma mitolojisinde anne sevgisinin ve büyüyen bitkilerin (özellikle tahılların) tanrıçasıydı. Satürn ve Rhea'nın kızı, Jüpiter'in eşi ve kız kardeşiydi. Jüpiter'den Persephone'nun annesiydi ve Juno, Vesta, Neptün ve Plüton'un da kız kardeşiydi. Ayrıca Sicilya'nın baş tanrıçası, koruyucusuydu. Yunan mitolojisindeki tanrıça Demeter'e denktir.

Roma tanrıçaları
Ziraat tanrıçaları
Roma mitolojisi
Demeter
Ana tanrıçalar
Yeryüzü tanrıçaları
Bereket tanrıçaları
Doğa tanrıçaları

Ceres (mitoloji)


سوغينامي  وتعني «حي سوغينامي» هو أحد أحياء طوكيو ال 23.

جغرافيا
يقع حي سوغينامي في الجزء الغربي من منطقة أحياء طوكيو، محاطاً بأحياء أخرى هي شيبويا، ناكانو، نيريما، سيتاغايا، ومدينتي ميتاكا وموساشينو.

تاريخ
تم تأسيس الحي في 15 مارس  1947.

توأمة
لسوغينامي (طوكيو) اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 نايورو (يونيو 2006 - )

أعلام
 تاكانوهانا كوجي، يوكوزونا

انظر أيضًا

 المدرسة المركزية للصم

مواقع خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمدينة سوغينامي باللغة الإنكليزية

مراجع

سوغينامي (طوكيو)
أحياء طوكيو

سوغينامي (طوكيو)


Gabestokken (Originaltitel: The Trespasser) er en amerikansk dramafilm fra 1929, instrueret af Edmund Goulding. Filmen havde Gloria Swanson, Robert Ames, Purnell Pratt, Henry B. Walthall og Wally Albright i hovedrollerne.
Filmen blev udgivet af United Artists i både en stumfilmsudgave og en tonefilmudgave. Gloria Swanson blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle for sin rolle i filmen.

Medvirkende
 Gloria Swanson som Marion Donnell
 Robert Ames som Jack Merrick
 Purnell Pratt som Hector Ferguson
 Henry B. Walthall som Fuller
 Wally Albright som Jackie
 William Holden som John Merrick Sr.
 Blanche Friderici som Miss Potter (as Blanche Frederici)
 Kay Hammond som Catherine 'Flip' Merrick
 Mary Forbes som Mrs. Ferguson
 Marcelle Corday som Blanche

Eksterne Henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1929
Engelsksprogede film
Dramafilm fra USA
Sort-hvide film fra USA
Film fra United Artists

Gabestokken


Kenneth Harold Norrie (born 1946) is a Canadian economic historian specializing in the economy of Western Canada at the turn of the century.

Born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Norrie received his undergraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan and his PhD from Yale University. He spent much of his career at the University of Alberta, serving as chair of the Department of Economics and then as dean of the Faculty of Arts (1999–2001). He was provost of McMaster University from January 1, 2002, succeeding psychologist Harvey Weingarten who had left to become president of the University of Calgary. On September 22, 2006, Norrie suddenly resigned the provost position and resumed teaching and research activities as a member of the Faculty of Social Science. Since then he has been appointed as Vice-President (Research) of the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.

Norrie is perhaps best known for his work with prairie wheat farming.   He was a key researcher for the MacDonald Commission of the early 1980s, which recommended signing the Canadian-American Free Trade Agreement.

Publications
The National Policy and Prairie Economic Discrimination, 1870–1930

Notes

1946 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Writers from Saskatoon
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
21st-century Canadian historians

Kenneth Norrie


شَلُوقَة أو المَسَاجد ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قادس, التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 61.908 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

توأمة
لشلوقة اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 بالوس دي لا فرونتيرا

 ألمونتي

أعلام

 ألونسو فرنانديز دي لوغو
 فرانسيسكو باتشيكو ديل ريو
 نوليتو
 حزقيال كارلوس ريوس فيدال
 لويزا دي غوزمان
 ألونسو بيريث دي غوثمان إي سوتومايور
 الأميرة بياتريس أميرة ساكس كوبورج وغوتا

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قادس
بلديات قادس

شلوقة (قادس)


Sammy Kibet Kipkorir (* 2. Februar 1982) ist ein kenianischer Marathonläufer.

2007 wurde er Vierter bei den 20 km von Paris und Zweiter beim Halbmarathonbewerb des Reims-Marathon. 2008 wurde er Dritter beim Halbmarathonbewerb des Marrakesch-Marathons, Siebter beim CPC Loop Den Haag, Zweiter beim Enschede-Marathon und Neunter beim Eindhoven-Marathon. Im Jahr darauf wurde er Dritter beim Marrakesch-Marathon und erneut Zweiter in Enschede.

2011 stellte er beim Warschau-Marathon mit 2:08:17 h einen Streckenrekord auf.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 20-km-Straßenlauf: 58:10 min, 14. Oktober 2007, Paris
 Halbmarathon: 1:01:16 h, 21. Oktober 2007, Reims
 Marathon: 2:08:17 h, 25. September 201, Warschau

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt auf marathoninfo.free.fr

10-km-Straßenläufer (Kenia)
Marathonläufer (Kenia)
Kenianer
Geboren 1982
Mann

Sammy Kibet Kipkorir


Berliner Ensemble, Almanya'nın en meşhur tiyatrolarından birisidir ve kurucusu Bertolt Brecht'in eserlerini sahnelemesiyle ünlenmiştir. Almanca'nın en önemli sahnelerinden birisi olarak kabul edilen Berliner Ensemble, 1954 yılından bu yana Berlin'in Mitte ilçesinde, Schiffbauerdamm caddesinde bulunan tiyatro sahnesini (Theater am Schiffbauerdamm) kullanmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Berliner Ensemble, Kasım 1949'da kuruldu. Berthold Brecht'in Almanya'da bir çalışma yeri araması ve Sovyetler Birliği'nin II. Dünya Savaşı'nda sonra "Sovyet sektörü" kendi kontrölüne bırakılan Doğu Berlin'de "Batı"yı imrendirecek bir kültür ve sanat ortamı oluşturma çabaları arasında doğrudan bir bağlantı vardır.

ABD'de yaşadığı olumsuz tecrübe (30 Ekim 1947'de Amerika'ya Karşı Etkinlikleri Soruşturma Komisyonu tarafından sorgulanması) ve İsviçre'deki sıkı denetim ve takiplerden sonra Brecht, Doğu Berlin'de büyük bir sevinçle karşılandı. Berlin Alman Tiyatrosu'nda geçici olarak oyun sahneye koydukları 1949 ile 1954 yılları arasında çok sabır göstermek zorunda kalmışlar ve tiyatronun o zamanki yönetmeni Wolfgang Langhoff taşınmaları için çok baskı yapmıştır.

Berliner Ensemble'in ilk kadrosu, topluluğun sahneye koyduğu ilk eser "Cesaret Ana ve Çocukları" oyunundaki oyuncular ve teknik görevlilerden oluşmaktaydı. 19 Mart 1954 tarihinden itibaren kendi tiyatrolarında (Theater am Schiffbauerdamm) oyunlarını oynamaya başladılar.

Brecht'in 1953 yılından bu yana taşıdığı, sanatsal ve toplumsal olarak Berliner Ensemble'yi ileriye taşıyacak çeşitli birlikler kurma ideali, 1959 yılında gerçekleştirildi. Diğerlerinin yanı sıra Tiyatro Teorisi Birliği, Stüdyo Birliği ve İzleyici ile birlikte Çalışma Birliği gibi birlikler kuruldu.

Ensemble'nin çalışmalarını önemli ölçüde, yönetmen ve yazar olarak Ensemble'yi kendi tiyatrosu haline getiren, Bertolt Brecht şekillendiriyor ve etkiliyordu. Tiyatronun simgesi, perdede bulunan Picasso'nun barış güvercini idi. Ününün, kaliteli ve mükemmel tiyatro olarak yayılması sayesinde sık sık Almanya içinde ve yurtdışında Fransa, İngiltere, Avusturya, İsviçre ve İtalya'ya turnelere çıkıyorlardı.

Londra'da sahneleyecekleri bir oyunun hazırlıkları esnasında Brecht 1956 yılında öldü. Onun epik tiyatro ve imece usulü iş yapma anlayışını, kuruluşundan 1971 yılındaki ölümüne kadar Berliner Ensemble'nin sanat yönetmenliğini yapan, eşi Helene Weigel devam ettirdi. Reji asistanlığını Brecht'in yanında öğrenen Manfred Wekwerth, Peter Palitzsch, Isot Kilian ve Joachim Tenschert gibi reji asistanları, oyuncularla birlikte çalışmaları devam ettirdiler.

Helene Weigel'den sonra, sanat yönetmenliğini, 1949 yılında Cesaret Ana'nın müziğini yeniden gözden geçiren besteci Paul Dessau'nun eşi Ruth Berghaus üstlendi. Onun deneysel tiyatro tarzındaki sahneleme çalışmaları, Ensemble çalışanları ve seyirciler tarafından direnişle karşılandı ve istifasına yol açtı. 1977 yılında Manfred Wekwerth onun yerine geçti ve 1991 yılına kadar bu görevde kaldı.

Organizasyon açısından bundan sonraki yıllar trajedi olarak değerlendirilir. Matthias Langhoff, Fritz Marquardt, Peter Palitzsch, Peter Zadek, Heiner Müller'in birlikte yürüttükleri, 1992'den 1993'e kadar süren tartışmalı "ortak sanat yönetmenliği" uygulamasından sonra, Marquardt, Palitzsch, Zadek, Müller 1993'ten 1994'e kadar; Marquardt, Palitzsch, Müller 1994'ten 1995'e kadar; Müller 1995 yılında, Martin Wuttke 1996 yılında ve Stephan Suschke 1997'den 1999'a kadar sanat yönetmenliğini üstlendiler.

Yapılan tadilat sonrasında, Brecht'in FBI tarafından izlenmesini konu alan Brecht Dosyası ("Die Brecht Akte" Yılmaz Onay tarafından Türkçeye de tercüme edildi.) isimli oyunun 8 Ocak 2000 tarihinde sahneye konulması ile birlikte, şimdiki sanat yönetmeni Claus Peymann'ın yönetiminde yeniden açıldı.

Berliner Ensemble için birçok tanınmış sanatçı çalışıyordu. Fotoğraf sanatçısı Ruth Berlau oyunların çeşitli sahnelerini fotoğraflayarak kitap haline getirdi. Dekoratör Karl von Appen yıllarca iddialı dekorasyonlar ve plaketler tasarladı. Bu konuda John Heartfield ve Wieland Herzfeld kardeşler ve Karl-Heinz Drescher'de tanınmış sanatçılardı.

Sanat yönetmenleri

 1949–1971: Helene Weigel
 1971–1977: Ruth Berghaus
 1977–1991: Manfred Wekwerth
 1992–1993: Matthias Langhoff, Fritz Marquardt, Heiner Müller, Peter Palitzsch, Peter Zadek
 1993–1994: Fritz Marquardt, Heiner Müller, Peter Palitzsch, Peter Zadek
 1995: Heiner Müller
 1996: Martin Wuttke
 1997–1999: Stephan Suschke
1999–2017: Claus Peymann
 2017'den beri: Oliver Reese

Ensemble'nin geçmişteki tanınmış oyuncuları
 Peter Bause
 Curt Bois
 Ernst Busch
 Barbara Dittus
 Angelica Domröse
 Erwin Geschonneck
 Therese Giehse
 Christine Gloger
 Annemone Haase
 Jutta Hoffmann
 Angelika Hurwicz
 Wolf Kaiser
 Peter Palitzsch
 Manfred Karge
 Regine Lutz
 Gisela May
 Lotte Meyer
 Günter Naumann
 Hans-Peter Reinecke
 Ekkehard Schall
 Heinz Schubert
 Willi Schwabe
 Bruno Carstens
 Hilmar Thate
 Sabine Thalbach
 Helene Weigel
 Eleonore Zetzsche
 Simone Frost

Berliner Ensemble'nin bugünkü kadrosu

 Constanze Becker
 Andreas Döhler
 Stephanie Eidt
 Judith Engel
 Patrick Güldenberg
 Nico Holonics
 Jürgen Holtz
 Bettina Hoppe
 Ingo Hülsmann
 Gerrit Jansen
 Corinna Kirchhoff
 Oliver Kraushaar
 Peter Luppa
 Sina Martens
 Annika Meier
 Wolfgang Michael
 Peter Moltzen
 Sascha Nathan
 Tilo Nest
 Josefin Platt
 Owen Peter Read
 Felix Rech
 Stefanie Reinsperger
 Martin Rentzsch
 Laurence Rupp
 Veit Schubert
 Aljoscha Stadelmann
 Kathrin Wehlisch
 Carina Zichner

Sahnelenen oyunlar (Seçmeler)
 1949 – Bertolt Brecht: Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (Cesaret Ana ve Çocukları), Brecht: Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti (Bay Puntilla ile Uşağı Matti), Maxim Gorki: Wassa Schelesnowa
 1950 – Lenz: Der Hofmeister (Lala)
 1951 – Brecht: Die Mutter (Brecht), Gerhart Hauptmann: Biberpelz und Roter Hahn (Kunduz Kürkü ve Kızıl Horoz),
 1952 – Heinrich von Kleist: Der zerbrochne Krug (Kırık Testi), Nikolaj Fjodorowitsch Pogodin: Das Glockenspiel des Kreml (Kremlin'in Çan Sesleri), Johann Wolfgang Goethe: Urfaust (Eski Faust), Brecht: Die Gewehre der Frau Carrar (Carrar Ananın Silahları), Anna Seghers: Der Prozeß der Jeanne d'Arc zu Rouen 1431 (Jan Darc Davası Rouen 1431)
 1953 – Erwin Strittmatter: Katzgraben, Tokajew: Ein fremdes Kind (Bir Yabancı Çocuk)
 1954 – Martin Hayneccius: Hans Pfriem oder Kühnheit zahlt sich aus (Hans Pfriem veya Cesaret Kazandırır), Moliere'den uyarlama: Don Juan, Brecht: Der kaukasische Kreidekreis (Kafkas Tebeşir Dairesi), Altes chinesisches Volksstück (Eski bir Çin halk oyunu): Hirse für die Achte (Çocuklar için Darı)
 1955 – Johannes R. Becher: Winterschlacht (Kış Savaşı), George Farquhar: Pauken und Trompeten (Davullar ve Trompetler), Alexander Nikolajewitsch Ostrowski: Die Ziehtochter oder Wohltaten tun weh (Ev kızı ve İyilik acı verir), Neues chinesisches Volksstück (Yeni bir Çin halk oyunu): Der Tag des großen Gelehrten Wu (Büyük Düşünür Wu'nun Günü)
 1956 – John Millington Synge: Der Held der westlichen Welt (Batı Dünyasının Kahramanı)
 1957 – Brecht: Leben des Galilei (Galilei'nin Yaşamı), Brecht: Furcht und Elend des Dritten Reiches (Hitler Rejiminin Korku ve Sefaleti), Brecht: Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (Sezuan'ın İyi İnsanı)
 1958 – Wsewolod Witaljewitsch Wischnewski: Optimistische Tragödie (İyimser Trajedi)
 1959 – Brecht: Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (Arturo Ui'nin Önlenebilir Yükselişi)
 1960 – Brecht/Kurt Weill: Die Dreigroschenoper (Üç Kuruşluk Opera)
 1961 – Helmut Baierl: Frau Flinz (Bayan Flinz)
 1962 – Brecht: Die Tage der Commune (Komün Günleri), Brecht: Schweyk im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Şvayk 2.Dünya Savaşında)
 1963 – Brecht/Kurt Weill: Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (Mahagonny Kentinin Yükselişi ve Düşüşü), Brecht: Der Messingkauf (Bakır Alımı)
 1964 – William Shakespeare: Coriolan
 1965 – Heinar Kipphardt: In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer (J. Robert Oppenheimer Olayı)
 1966 – Sean O'Casey: Purpurstaub (Erguvani Toz), Brecht: Flüchtlingsgespräche (Kaçak Sohbetleri)
 1967 – Brecht: Mann ist Mann (Adam Adamdır), Brecht: Der Brotladen (Ekmekçi Dükkânı)
 1968 – Peter Weiss: Viet Nam Diskurs (Vietnam Tartışması), Lang: Die Zwerge (Cüceler), Brecht: Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe (Mezbahaların Kutsal Johanna'sı)
 1969 – Helmut Baierl: Johanna von Döbeln (Döbelnli Johanna), Aiskhylos: Sieben gegen Theben (Tebai'ye Karşı Yediler)
 1970 – Georg Büchner: Woyzeck
 1971 – Sean O'Casey: Kikeriki, Brecht: Im Dickicht der Städte (Kentlerin Vahşi Ormanında), Brecht: Die Gewehre der Frau Carrar, Brecht: Leben des Galilei
 1972 – Karl Mickel: Wolokolamsker Chaussee (Wolokolamske Şosesi), Peter Hacks: Omphale, Erwin Strittmatter: Katzgraben
 1973 – Brecht: Turandot oder Der Kongreß der Weißwäscher (Turandot ya da Aklayıcılar Kongresi), Brecht: Das Badener Lehrstück vom Einverständnis (Kabullenmenin Baden Öğretisi), Heiner Müller: Zement (Çimento), Helmut Baierl: ...stolz auf 18 Stunden (18 saatle Övünmek), George Bernard Shaw: Frau Warrens Beruf (Bayan Warren'in Mesleği)
 1974 – Frank Wedekind: Frühlings Erwachen (Baharın Uyanışı), Brecht: Leben Eduards des zweiten von England (İngiltere'li İkinci Eduard'ın Yaşamı), Brecht: Die Mutter, (Ana) Karl Mickel: Celestina
 1975 – Brecht: Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti, August Strindberg: Fräulein Julie (Matmazel Julie), Leon Kruczkowski: Der erste Tag der Freiheit (Özgürlüğün İlk Günü)
 1976 – Brecht: Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, Helmut Baierl: Der Sommerbürger (Yaz Vatandaşı), Johann Nestroy: Der Unbedeutende (Önemsiz)
 1977 – Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz: Der Hofmeister
 1978 – Heiner Müller: Der Lohndrücker (Ücret Baskısı), Helmut Baierl: Die Feststellung (Saptama), Brecht: Leben des Galilei, Brecht: Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder, Dario Fo: Bezahlt wird nicht! (Ödenmeyecek!)
 1979 – Paul Gratzik: Lisa, Alfred Matusche: Prognose (Teşhis), Volker Braun: Großer Frieden (Büyük Barış), Conrad: Knuppepütze, Maxim Gorki: Jegor Bulytschow und die anderen (Jegor Bulytschow ve Diğerleri)
 1980 – Brecht: Die Ausnahme und die Regel (Kuraldışı Kurallar), Volker Braun: Simplex Deutsch (Basit Alman), Shakespeare: Die Zähmung der Widerspenstigen (Laf anlamazların Dizginlenmesi), Michail Schatrow: Blaue Pferde auf rotem Gras (Kızıl Çimenlerdeki Mavi Atlar)
 1981 – Brecht: Mann ist Mann, Brecht: Turandot oder Der Kongreß der Weißwäscher, Brecht/Kurt Weill: Die Dreigroschenoper, Saint-Exupéry: Der kleine Prinz (Küçük Prens)
 1982 – Friedrich Dürrenmatt: Die Physiker (Fizikçiler), Hans Bunge: HUAC – Der Fall Eisler (HUAC – Eisler Davası), Hanns Eisler: Johann Faustus, Volker Braun: Tinka
 1983 – Patrick Süskind: Der Kontrabass, (Kontrabas), Brecht: Trommeln in der Nacht (Gecede Trampet Sesleri), Aiskhylos: Die Perser (Persler), Brecht: Die Tage der Kommune
 1984 – Manfred Karge: Jacke wie Hose (Pantolon gibi Ceket), Goethe: Faust-Szenen (Faust'dan Sahneler), Peter Weiss: Der neue Prozeß (Yeni Dava)
 1985 – Georg Seidel: Jochen Schanotta, Shakespeare: Troilus und Cressida (Troilus ve Cressida), Carl Sternheim: Bürger Schippel (Vatandaş Schippel)
 1986 – Maurice Maeterlinck/Paul Heinz Dittrich: Die Blinden (Körler), Federico Garcia Lorca: Komödie ohne Titel (Adsız Komedi), Uwe Saeger: Außerhalb der Schuld (Suçun Dışında), Carl Zuckmayer: Der Hauptmann von Köpenick. Ein deutsches Märchen (Köpenik Yüzbaşısı. Bir Alman Masalı), Dario Fo: Zufällig eine Frau: Elisabeth (Tesadüfen Bir Kadın: Elisabeth)
 1987 – Jorge Diaz: Diese ganze lange Nacht (Ah Bu Uzun Gece), Brecht/Heiner Müller: Untergang des Egoisten Fatzer (Egoist Fatzer'in Çöküşü), Marieluise Fleißer: Fegefeuer von Ingolstadt (Ingolstad'ın Arafı), Samuel Beckett/Paul Heinz Dittrich: Spiel (Oyun), Brecht: Baal
 1988 – Brecht: Die Mutter, Volker Braun: Lenins Tod (Lenin'in Ölümü)
 1989 – Heiner Müller: Germania Tod in Berlin (Berlin'de Almanya'nın Ölümü), Nicolai Erdmann: Der Selbstmörder (İntiharcı), Georg Seidel: Carmen Kittel (Karmen Gömleği), Sergej Tretjakow: Ich will ein Kind haben ! (Ben bir Çocuk Sahibi Olmak İstiyorum!), Heiner Müller: Wolokolamsker Chaussee I-V
 1990 – Walter Jens: Der Fall Judas (Judas Davası), Sławomir Mrożek: Tango, Heinrich von Kleist: Prinz Friedrich von Homburg oder die Schlacht bei Fehrbellin (Homburg Prensi Friedrich veya Fehrbellin Savaşı), Thomas Brasch: Rotter
 1991 – Georg Seidel: Villa Jugend (Gençlerin Villası), Raymond Cousse: Strategie eines Schweins (Bir Domuzun Stratejisi), Brecht: Der gute Mensch von Sezuan, Brecht: Schweyk im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Heinrich von Kleist: Die Familie Schroffenstein (Schoffenstein Ailesi), José Sanchis Sinisterra: Ay, Carmela !, Eugène Marin Labiche: Florentiner Strohhut (Florentin'in Hasır Şapkası)
 1992 – Ernst Barlach: Der arme Vetter (Zavallı Kuzen), Werner Schwab: Volksvernichtung oder Meine Leber ist sinnlos (Halkın yok Edilmesi veya Benim Karaciğerimin bir Anlamı Yok), Gerhart Hauptmann: Vor Sonnenaufgang (Güneşin Batışından Önce)
 1993 – Rolf Hochhuth: Wessis in Weimar (Weimar'daki Batı), Shakespeare: Pericles, Peter Turrini: Grillparzer im Pornoladen (Grillparzer Sexshopda), Ödön von Horváth: Sladek oder Die schwarze Armee (Sladek veya Kara Ordu), Cesare Zavattini/Vittorio De Sica/Peter Zadek: Das Wunder von Mailand (Milano Mucizesi), Brecht/Heiner Müller: Duell (Düello), Traktor (Traktör), Fatzer, Brecht: Der Brotladen, Brecht: Lebenslauf des Mannes Baal (Baal'ın Özgeçmişi), Sean O'Casey: Juno und der Pfau (Tanrıça Juno ve Tavuskuşu), Brecht: Der Jasager und der Neinsager (Evet diyenle Hayır diyen)
 1994 – Heiner Müller: Quartett, Shakespeare: Der Kaufmann von Venedig (Venedik Taciri), Friedrich Hölderlin: Pharsalia, Edward Bond: Ollys Gefängnis (Olly'nin Hapishanesi), Heiner Müller: Zement, Shakespeare: Antonius und Cleopatra (Antonius ve Kleopatra), Franz Xaver Kroetz: Ich bin das Volk (Ben Halkım)
 1995 – Samuel Beckett: Endspiel (Son Oyun), Henrik İbsen: Eyolf, Brendan Behan: Die Geisel (Rehine), Harold Pinter: Mondlicht (Ay Işığı), Michael Wildenhain: Schlagschatten des Mondes (Ayın Şavkı) + Hänsel und Gretel (Hänsel ve Gretel), Brecht: Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui, Heiner Müller: Philoktet
 1996 – Heiner Müller: Der Bau (İnşaat), Thomas Brasch: Mercedes, Brecht: Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti, Lothar Trolle: die Baugrube (İnşaat Çukuru), Heiner Müller: Der Auftrag (Müller) (Görev), Heiner Müller: Germania 3 Gespenster am Toten Mann (Almanya Ölü Adamda 3 Hayalet), Eugene Ionesco: Der König stirbt (Kral Ölüyor), Stefan Kolditz: EVA – Hitlers Geliebte (EVA – Hitler'in Sevgilisi)
 1997 – Brecht/Hanns Eisler: Die Maßnahme (Önlem), Charles Chaplin: Monsieur Verdoux, Heiner Müller: Die Bauern (Çiftçiler), Lothar Trolle: Die Heimarbeiterin (Ev İşçisi), Andreas Baader ve diğerleri: Projekt RAF (RAF Projesi), Brecht: Leben des Galilei, Brecht: Die Judith von Shimoda (Shimoda'lı Judith)
 1998 –Brecht/Heiner Müller/Dostoyevski: Der Ozeanflug (Okyanus Uçuşu) + Landschaft mit Argonauten (Argonautlu Tarla) + Aufzeichnungen aus einem toten Winkel (Ölüler Evinden Anılar), Brecht: Joe Fleischhacker, Shakespeare: Der Sturm (Shakespeare) (Fırtına), Brecht: Die Rundköpfe und die Spitzköpfe (Yuvarlak Kafalar Sivri Kafalar), Georg Büchner: Dantons Tod (Danton'un Ölümü)
 1999 – Heiner Müller: Philoktet, Heiner Müller: Anatomie Titus Fall of Rome Ein Shakespearekommentar (Romalı Titus Davasının Anatomisi. Bir Shakespear yorumu)
 2000 – Thomas Brasch: Prolog, George Tabori: Die Brecht Akte (8.Ocak.2000) (Brecht Dosyası), Thomas Bernhard: Wittgensteins Neffe (Wittgenstein'ın Yeğeni), Moliere: Tartuffe, Brecht: Die Jüdische Frau (Yahudi Kadın), Christoph Hein: Mutters Tag (Anneler Günü), Tom Peuckert: Artaud erinnert sich an Hitler und das Romanische Café (Artaud, Hitler ve Roman Kahvesini Hatırlıyor), Brecht: Die Kleinbürgerhochzeit (Küçük Burjuva Düğünü), Franz Kafka: Ein Bericht für eine Akademie (Bir Akademi için Rapor), Elfriede Jelinek: Das Lebewohl (Les adieux) (Hoşçakal), Thomas Bernhard: Claus Peymann kauft sich eine Hose und geht mit mir essen (Claus Peymann Kendisine Bir Pantolon Satın Alıyor ve Benimle Yemek Yemeye Gidiyor), Shakespeare: Hamlet, Franz Xaver Kroetz: Die Eingeborene (Yerli), Thomas Bernhard: Der Theatermacher (Tiyatrocu), Peter Weiss: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung Jean-Paul Marats... (Jean Paul Marat'ın Kovuşturması ve Öldürülmesi...), Shakespeare: König Richard II. (Kral II.Richard), Kurt Schwitters: Fümms Bö Wö Tää Zää Uu & Ribble Bobble Pimplico, George Tabori: Frühzeitiges Ableben (Erken Ölüm)
 2001 – Franz Wittenbrink: Zigarren (Purolar), Heiner Müller: Bildbeschreibung (Fotoğraf Alt Yazısı), Shakespeare: Maß für Maß, (Ölçme için Ölçü) Elfriede Jelinek: Gier (Hırs), Rolf Hochhuth: Der Stellvertreter (Temsilci), Christoph Ransmayr: Die Unsichtbare (Görünmezler), Marieluise Fleißer: Fegefeuer in Ingolstadt, Peter Turrini: Ich liebe dieses Land (Ben Bu Memleketi Seviyorum), Martin Crimp: Auf dem Land (Memleketde)
 2002 – Thomas Bernhard: Ein Fest für Boris (Boris için Festival), Georg Kreisler: Adam Schaf hat Angst oder Das Lied vom Ende (Adam Schaf Korkuyor veya Şarkının Sonu), Einar Schleef: Gertrud, Rainer Werner Fassbinder: Das Kaffeehaus (Kahve), Peter Turrini: Da Ponte in Santa Fe, Peter Handke: Der Wahnsinn der Wörter Quodlibet (Quodlibet Kelimelerinin Çılgınlığı), Hans Magnus Enzensberger: Der Untergang der Titanic (Titanik'in Batışı), Shakespeare: Ein Sommernachtstraum (Bir Yaz Gecesi Rüyası), Botho Strauß: Unerwartete Rückkehr (Beklenmeyen Dönüş), Samuel Beckett: Glückliche Tage (Şanslı Günler, Max Frisch: Biedermann und die Brandstifter (Biedermann ve Kundakçı), George Tabori: Das Erdbeben-Concerto (Deprem Konçertosu),
 2003 – Thomas Bernhard: Der deutsche Mittagstisch (Alman Öğle Yemeği Masası), Shakespeare: Der Sturm (Shakespeare), Brecht: Kriegsfibel (Savaş Alfabesi), Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Die Juden (Yahudiler), Brecht: Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe, Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Elektra, Jewgeni Schwarz/Rainer Kirsch: Die verzauberten Brüder (Büyülenmiş Kardeşler), Georg Büchner: Leonce und Lena (Leonce ve Lena), Gerhart Hauptmann: Michael Kramer, Brecht: Die Mutter (Brecht), Brecht: Verschollener Ruhm der Riesenstadt New York. Ein Amerika-Abend (Dev gibi Şehir New York'un Kaybolan Şöhreti. Bir Amerika Akşamı)
 2004 – Friedrich Schiller: Die Räuber (Haydutlar), Peter Handke: Untertagblues (Yeraltı Mavisi), George Tabori: Purgatorium, Henrik Ibsen: Die Wildente (Yaban Ördeği), Heiner Müller: Leben Gundlings Friedrich von Preußen (Prusyalı Gundlings Friedrich'in Yaşamı), Henrik Ibsen: Peer Gynt
 2005 – George Tabori: Jubiläum (Jübile), Franz Wittenbrink: Die Farbe Rot (Kırmızı Renk), Botho Strauß: Die Eine und die Andere (Birisi ve Ötekisi), Max Frisch: Andorra, Elfriede Jelinek: Wolken. Heim. Und dann nach Hause (Bulutlar. Ev. Ve Ardından Eve Gidiş), Thomas Bernhard: Ritter, Dene, Voss (Şövalye, Dene, Voss)
 2006 – Samuel Beckett: Warten auf Godot (Godot'yu Beklerken), Brecht: Mann ist Mann, Botho Strauß: Schändung (Tecavüz), Friedrich Schiller: Die Jungfrau von Orleans (Orleanslı Bakire), Brecht: Die Antigone des Sophokles (Sofokles'in Antigonesi), August Strindberg: Totentanz (Ölülerin Dansı), Brecht: Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder
 2007 - 2008 – Brecht/Kurt Weill: Die Dreigroschenoper (Üç Kuruşluk Opera), Brecht: Trommeln in der Nacht (Gecede Trampet Sesleri), Schiller: Wallenstein (3 Bölüm birden)
 2008 - 2009 - Heinrich von Kleist: Der zerbrochne Krug (Kırık Testi), Jacques Offenbach: Le Perichole, Brecht: Schweyk im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Şvayk 2.Dünya Savaşında), Frank Wedekind: Frühlings Erwachen (Baharın Uyanışı), Federico Garcia Lorca: Dona Rosita bleibt ledig oder die Sprache der Blumen (Dona Rosita Bekar Kalıyor veya Çiçeklerin Dili)), Shakespeare: Sonette (Sonatlar)
2007 – Brecht: "Üç Kuruşluk Opera" Robert Wilson
2010 – Sophokles: "Ödipus Kolonos'ta"
2015 – Goethe: "Faust I" ve "II" Robert Wilson/Herbert Grönemeyer
2017 – Camus: "Caligula" (Yönetmen: Antú Romero Nunes), Brecht: "Kafkas Tebeşir Mıntıkası" (Yönetmen: Michael Thalheimer)

Kaynaklar

 Christoph Funke ve Wolfgang Jansen: Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. Die Geschichte einer Berliner Bühne ('Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. Bir Berlin Sahnesi'nin Tarihi). Links Yayınevi, Berlin, 1992 ISBN 3-86153-047-3
 Friedrich Dieckmann: Die Plakate des Berliner Ensembles 1949–1989 (Berliner Ensemble'nin Afişleri: 1949-1989) Europäische Verlags-Anstalt, Hamburg, 1992 ISBN 3-434-50013-8
 Bertolt Brecht ve Helene Weigel maddelerindeki kaynakları da inceleyebilirsiniz.

Dış bağlantılar
 Berliner Ensemble*
 Berliner Ensemble'ın Eğitim Faaliyetleri

Almanya'daki tiyatrolar
Almanya'daki tiyatro toplulukları
Almanya merkezli kuruluşlar
Berlin kültürü
Mitte

Berliner Ensemble


Le Duan () a fost un politician comunist din Vietnam. A intrat în conducerea partidului la sfârșitul anilor 1950 și a devenit secretar general al Comitetului Central al Partidul Comunist Vietnamez (VCP) la cel de-al treilea congres național din 1960. A continuat politica de guvernare a lui Hồ Chí Minh prin intermediul conducerii colective. De la mijlocul anilor 1960 (când sănătatea lui Hō s-a deteriorat) până la moartea sa în 1986, el a fost principalul factor decident din Vietnam.

El s-a născut într-o familie de clasă inferioară din provincia Quảng Trị, în partea de sud a Indochinei, ca Lê Văn Nhuận. Se cunosc puțin informații despre familia și despre copilăria sa. El a intrat pentru prima oară în contact cu ideile revoluționare în anii 1920, când lucra ca funcționar la Căile Ferate. Lê Duân a fost membru fondator al Partidului Comunist din Vietnam în 1930. A fost încarcerat în 1931 și eliberat în 1937. Din 1937 până în 1939 a urcat în ierarhia partidului. A fost rearestat în 1939 pentru că a provocat o revoltă în Sud. Lê Duăn a fost eliberat din închisoare după succesul Revoluției comuniste din august 1945.

Note

Nașteri în 1907
Decese în 1986
Conducători comuniști
Comuniști vietnamezi
Laureați ai Premiului Lenin pentru Pace

Le Duan


I tre mariti (título original en italiano; en español, Los tres maridos) es una farsa en un acto con música de Giuseppe Mosca y libreto en italiano de Gaetano Rossi.

Conocida también como La moglie di tre mariti ("La mujer con tres maridos"), la ópera fue representada por primera vez el 27 de diciembre de 1811 en el Teatro San Moisè de Venecia.

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Giuseppe Mosca
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1811
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia

I tre mariti


Dreptul de proprietate al străinilor se referă la proprietatea/controlul complet sau majoritar al unei afaceri sau a resurselor dintr-o țară de către persoane fizice care nu sunt cetățeni din această țară, sau de către persoane juridice al căror sediu nu este în țară.

În general, dreptul de proprietate al persoanelor fizice și juridice din străinătate este invocat atunci când corporațiile multinaționale, care sunt societăți care desfășoară activități economice în mai multe țări, oferă un aport de capital pentru investiții pe termen lung într-o țară străină, de obicei sub formă de investiții străine directe sau de achiziții.

Dacă o corporație multinațională dobândește jumătate sau mai mult de jumătate dintr-o companie, corporația multinațională devine un holding, iar compania care a primit investiții străine devine o filială. De asemenea, acet tip de drept de proprietate se aplică atunci când o proprietate dintr-o anumită țară este dobândită de către o persoană fizică străină. De exemplu, un om de afaceri indian care cumpăra o casă în Hong Kong.

Definiție
Posesia străină este dreptul unei persoane fizice sau al unei persoane juridice de a deține proprietăți în altă țară.

Evaluarea dreptului de proprietate străină a societăților
Potrivit Departamentului American de Apărare, următoarele elemente referitoare la o companie, interesul străin și guvernul de interes străin sunt examinate în ansamblu pentru a determina dacă o companie aparține acționarilor străini, dacă este controlată de acționari străini sau se află sub influența lor:

 Evidența spionajului economic și guvernamental împotriva obiectivelor SUA,
 Evidența executării și/sau angajamentului în transferul neautorizat de tehnologie,
 Tipul și sensibilitatea informațiilor care vor fi accesate,
 Sursa, natura și aria de acoperire,
 Date despre respectarea pertinentă a legilor,  reglementărilor și contractelor din USA
 Natura oricăror garanții bilaterale sau multilaterale și acorduri de schimb de informații care ar avea legătură
 Posesia sau controlul, în tot sau în parte, de către un guvern străin.

Efecte

Beneficii
 Transferul de tehnologie și de cunoștințe practice organizaționale duce la o productivitate mai mare.

Compania din țara gazdă poate învăța de la corporațiile multinaționale

 Crește nivelul de ocupare a forței de muncă și a salariilor.

Investițiile străine directe interne au un efect global pozitiv în ocuparea forței de muncă și companiile au mai mult capital pentru a se extinde.

 Prețuri mai mici și calitate mai bună pentru produse.

Acesta este rezultatul unei productivități mai mari, ceea ce este benefic pentru consumatori și pentru competitivitatea bazată pe costurile exporturilor companiilor.

Dezavantaje
 Prețul produselor crește

Un număr ridicat de posesori străini poate duce la creșterea cererii de produse, de unde rezultă creșterea prețurilor.

 Pierderea de profit de către companiile naționale

Ca urmare a creșterii productivității întreprinderilor aflate sub posesie străină, alte companii naționale sunt relativ mai puțin competitive, de unde rezultă un profit mai scăzut.

 Influență în guvern

Corporațiile multinaționale pot influența politicile guvernamentale datorită puterii lor, mai ales în țările mai puțin dezvoltate. Acest lucru poate avea un impact negativ asupra dezvoltării economice.
Fie prin scăderea ocupării forței de muncă din cauza optimizării operaționale, fie prin creșterea acesteia din cauza extinderii planificate. Salariile reduse pentru noii angajați pe baza noilor politici corporatiste, pachetul optimizat de beneficii pentru angajați pot genera  beneficii reduse pentru toți.
Contribuie la distrugerea economiilor locale prin sustragerea de dolari din comunități și elite globale.

Politicile privind dreptul de proprietate al străinilor în diferite țări

Indonesia
Cu scopul de a acorda prioritate firmelor locale mai mici, Camera Deputaților din Indonezia a adoptat un proiect de lege pentru a stabili norme mai stricte privind dreptul de proprietate al străinilor în sectorul în care își va produce efectele această lege. Nu există o anumită valoare procentuală prin care este limitată posesia deținută de străini dar, anterior, Comisia IV a cerut ca posesia deținută de străini să nu depășească 30%.

Grupurile de afaceri existente, precum și Ministerul Agriculturii au criticat anterior proiectul de lege, exprimându-și îngrijorarea că acesta ar avea un impact negativ asupra firmelor și producătorilor deja existenți, deoarece investițiile străine ar putea fi reduse.

Deși proiectul de lege a fost promulgat pentru a limita posesia străină, legea încurajează întreprinderile naționale și străine, universitățile și persoanele fizice să coopereze în cercetare și dezvoltare

O limitare a dreptului de proprietate al cetățenilor străini poate reduce investițiile străine, dar poate ajuta la creșterea veniturilor pentru firmele de pe piața internă și la dezvoltarea economică.

Qatar
Ca parte a reformelor financiare, emirul statului Qatar a emis o lege care permite investitorilor străini să obțină până la 49% din companiile menționate în piața de valori pentru expansiune și pentru a stimula dezvoltarea în industria financiară.

Înainte de emiterea legii, în prevederile firmelor menționate se regăseau  plafoanele pentru a restricționa posesia străină la nu mai mult de 25%.

Reforma are ca scop atragerea mai multor investiții străine pe termen lung. Cu toate acestea, potrivit unui administrator de avere din Golf: "este un pas în direcția cea bună, dar va trebui să fie susținută de o bună performanță de la companii, în scopul de a atrage investiții străine. De asemenea, într-o perioadă scurtă de timp ar trebui să fie un impact limitat din partea legii din cauza problemelor de lichiditate și numărului limitat de acțiuni disponibile."

Rusia
Parlamentul rus a adoptat o lege pentru a reduce de la 50% la 20% plafonul proprietăților deținute de străini pentru publicații în formă tipărită și canale radio sau de televiziune. Legea a fost adoptată de statul Duma cu un vot de 430-2. Legislația interzice guvernelor străine, organizațiilor, companiilor și persoanelor fizice să fondeze sau să dețină mai mult de 20% din totalul mijloacelor de informare ruse.

Potrivit lui Vadim Dengin, unul dintre autorii proiectului: "o limită mai strictă privind proprietatea străină ar ajuta la protejarea Rusiei de influența occidentală."  Cu toate acestea, editorii și redactorii companiilor media independente din Rusia a susținut că noua lege va reduce și mai mult diversitatea de opinie.

Vezi și
 Filială

Note

Investiții străine directe

Dreptul de proprietate al străinilor


Cristina Nemerovschi (n. 10 mai 1980, București) este o scriitoare laureată a premiilor "Tiuk!" și "Cartea Anului 2011", descrisă ca fiind "o revelație" a literaturii românești, cu peste 15 cărți publicate.

Lucrări
Sânge satanic (Herg Benet, 2010, 2011, 2013)
Pervertirea (Herg Benet, 2012, 2013, 2014)
Ani cu alcool și sex (Herg Benet, 2012, 2014)
nymphette_dark99" (Herg Benet, Cărțile Arven, 2013, 2013, 2015)
Rezervația unicornilor (Herg Benet, 2014)
Cum a ars-o Anghelescu o lună ca scriitor de succes (Herg Benet, 2014)
Păpușile (Herg Benet, 2014)
Vicky, nu Victoria (Herg Benet, 2015)
Rockstar (Herg Benet, 2016)
Zilele noastre care nu vor mai fi niciodată (Herg Benet, 2016)
Dresoarea (Herg Benet, 2017)
Răzvrătiții (Herg Benet, 2019)

Premii și distincții
Tiuk! Premiul pentru debut
"Sânge satanic" – finalist al "Premiers Romans En Lecture" (A 25-a ediție)

Note

Legături externe
https://www.hergbenet.ro/autor/cristina-nemerovschi-2
https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4927275.Cristina_Nemerovschi

Nașteri în 1980
Nașteri pe 10 mai
Scriitori români în viață
Scriitoare române

Cristina Nemerovschi


Lee Jin-ki (født 14. december 1989), bedre kendt under sit kunstnernavn Onew, er en sydkoreansk sanger, skuespiller, og studievært. Han er leder af det sydkoreanske boyband SHINee.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Sydkorea
Skuespillere fra Sydkorea

Onew


Ilıcabaşı, Eskişehir ilinin Çifteler ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kırım Tatarları'nın yaşadıkları bölgeler
Çifteler'in mahalleleri

Ilıcabaşı, Çifteler